# New York's 26th congressional district

New York's 26th congressional district is a congressional district for the United States House of Representatives in Western New York. It includes parts of Erie and Niagara counties. The district includes the cities of Buffalo, Lackawanna, Niagara Falls, Tonawanda, and North Tonawanda.
Democrat Tim Kennedy was elected in a special election on April 30, 2024, to serve the remainder of Brian Higgins's term. Higgins had represented the district from 2013 to his resignation on February 2, 2024, to become president of Shea's Performing Arts Center.

## Recent election results from statewide races

| Year | Office | Results |
| 2008 | President | Obama 63% - 36% |
| 2012 | President | Obama 64% - 36% |
| 2016 | President | Clinton 56% - 39% |
| 2016 | Senate | Schumer 74% - 24% |
| 2018 | Senate | Gillibrand 67% - 33% |
| 2018 | Governor | Cuomo 57% - 38% |
| 2018 | Attorney General | James 57% - 40% |
| 2020 | President | Biden 62% - 37% |
| 2022 | Senate | Schumer 61% - 38% |
| 2022 | Governor | Hochul 58% - 42% |
| 2022 | Attorney General | James 59% - 41% |
| 2022 | Comptroller | DiNapoli 62% - 38% |
| 2024 | President | Harris 60% - 40% |

## History

Historically, most of this district was located Upstate; however, over the years, until the 2002 redistricting, most of this area was in the 27th District. During the 1980s, this area was primarily in the 31st District. Two districts covered this area in the 1970s: the Erie County-based 38th, and the Monroe County-based 35th. The 26th District covered the area now in the 22nd District during the 1990s, and the area now in the 23rd District during the 1980s. In the 1970s, this district was centered in Orange and Rockland counties. During the 1960s, it covered areas in Westchester County, now in the 18th and 19th Districts.

## Representatives
### 1823–1833: two seats

From the creation of the district in 1823 to 1833, two seats were apportioned, elected at-large on a general ticket.
| Years | Cong ress | Seat A | Seat A | Seat A | Seat B | Seat B | Seat B |
| Years | Cong ress | Member | Party | Electoral history | Member | Party | Electoral history |
| March 4, 1823 – March 3, 1825 | 18th | Dudley Marvin (Canandaigua) | Democratic-Republican | Elected in 1822. Re-elected in 1824. Re-elected in 1826. Lost re-election. | Robert S. Rose (Geneva) | Democratic-Republican | Elected in 1822. Re-elected in 1824. [data missing] |
| March 4, 1825 – March 3, 1827 | 19th | Dudley Marvin (Canandaigua) | Anti-Jacksonian | Elected in 1822. Re-elected in 1824. Re-elected in 1826. Lost re-election. | Robert S. Rose (Geneva) | Anti-Jacksonian | Elected in 1822. Re-elected in 1824. [data missing] |
| March 4, 1827 – March 3, 1829 | 20th | Dudley Marvin (Canandaigua) | Anti-Jacksonian | Elected in 1822. Re-elected in 1824. Re-elected in 1826. Lost re-election. | John Maynard (Ovid Village) | Anti-Jacksonian | Elected in 1826 |
| March 4, 1829 – March 3, 1831 | 21st | Jehiel H. Halsey (Lodi) | Jacksonian | Elected in 1828. [data missing] | Robert S. Rose (Geneva) | Anti-Masonic | Elected in 1828. [data missing] |
| March 4, 1831 – March 3, 1833 | 22nd | William Babcock (Penn Yan) | Anti-Masonic | Elected in 1830. [data missing] | John Dickson (West Bloomfield) | Anti-Masonic | Elected in 1830. Re-elected in the single-seat district. |

### 1833–present: one seat

| Member | Party | Years | Cong ress | Electoral history | Counties in the district |
| John Dickson (West Bloomfield) | Anti-Masonic | March 4, 1833 – March 3, 1835 | 23rd | Re-elected in 1832. [data missing] | [data missing] |
| Francis Granger (Canandaigua) | Anti-Jacksonian | March 4, 1835 – March 3, 1837 | 24th | Elected in 1834. Lost re-election as a Whig. | [data missing] |
| Mark H. Sibley (Canandaigua) | Whig | March 4, 1837 – March 3, 1839 | 25th | Elected in 1836. [data missing] | [data missing] |
| Francis Granger (Canandaigua) | Whig | March 4, 1839 – March 5, 1841 | 26th 27th | Elected in 1838. Re-elected in 1840. Resigned to become U.S. Postmaster General. | [data missing] |
| Vacant | Vacant | March 5, 1841 – May 21, 1841 | 27th | | [data missing] |
| John Greig (Canandaigua) | Whig | May 21, 1841 – September 25, 1841 | 27th | Elected May 13, 1841, to finish Granger's term, and seated May 21, 1841. Resigned. | [data missing] |
| Vacant | Vacant | September 25, 1841 – November 27, 1841 | 27th | | [data missing] |
| Francis Granger (Canandaigua) | Whig | November 27, 1841 – March 3, 1843 | 27th | Elected November 1, 1841, to finish Greig's term, and seated November 27, 1841. Retired. | [data missing] |
| Amasa Dana (Ithaca) | Democratic | March 4, 1843 – March 3, 1845 | 28th | Elected in 1842. [data missing] | [data missing] |
| Samuel S. Ellsworth (Penn Yan) | Democratic | March 4, 1845 – March 3, 1847 | 29th | Elected in 1844. [data missing] | [data missing] |
| William T. Lawrence (Cayutaville) | Whig | March 4, 1847 – March 3, 1849 | 30th | Elected in 1846. [data missing] | [data missing] |
| William T. Jackson (Havana) | Whig | March 4, 1849 – March 3, 1851 | 31st | Elected in 1848. [data missing] | [data missing] |
| Henry S. Walbridge (Ithaca) | Whig | March 4, 1851 – March 3, 1853 | 32nd | Elected in 1850. Retired. | [data missing] |
| Andrew Oliver (Penn Yan) | Democratic | March 4, 1853 – March 3, 1857 | 33rd 34th | Elected in 1852. Re-elected in 1854. Lost re-election as a Know Nothing. | [data missing] |
| Emory B. Pottle (Naples) | Republican | March 4, 1857 – March 3, 1861 | 35th 36th | Elected in 1856. Re-elected in 1858. [data missing] | [data missing] |
| Jacob P. Chamberlain (Seneca Falls) | Republican | March 4, 1861 – March 3, 1863 | 37th | Elected in 1860. Retired. | [data missing] |
| Giles W. Hotchkiss (Binghamton) | Republican | March 4, 1863 – March 3, 1867 | 38th 39th | Elected in 1862. Re-elected in 1864. Lost renomination. | [data missing] |
| William S. Lincoln (Owego) | Republican | March 4, 1867 – March 3, 1869 | 40th | Elected in 1866. Retired. | [data missing] |
| Giles W. Hotchkiss (Binghamton) | Republican | March 4, 1869 – March 3, 1871 | 41st | Elected in 1868. Retired. | [data missing] |
| Milo Goodrich (Dryden) | Republican | March 4, 1871 – March 3, 1873 | 42nd | Elected in 1870. Lost re-election. | [data missing] |
| William H. Lamport (Canandaigua) | Republican | March 4, 1873 – March 3, 1875 | 43rd | Redistricted from the 25th district and re-elected in 1872. Retired. | [data missing] |
| Clinton D. MacDougall (Auburn) | Republican | March 4, 1875 – March 3, 1877 | 44th | Redistricted from the 25th district and re-elected in 1874. Lost renomination. | [data missing] |
| John H. Camp (Lyons) | Republican | March 4, 1877 – March 3, 1883 | 45th 46th 47th | Elected in 1876. Re-elected in 1878. Re-elected in 1880. Retired. | [data missing] |
| Sereno E. Payne (Auburn) | Republican | March 4, 1883 – March 3, 1885 | 48th | Elected in 1882. Redistricted to the 27th district. | [data missing] |
| Stephen C. Millard (Binghamton) | Republican | March 4, 1885 – March 3, 1887 | 49th | Redistricted from the 28th district and re-elected in 1884. Retired. | [data missing] |
| Milton De Lano (Canastota) | Republican | March 4, 1887 – March 3, 1891 | 50th 51st | Elected in 1886. Re-elected in 1888. Retired. | [data missing] |
| George W. Ray (Norwich) | Republican | March 4, 1891 – September 11, 1902 | 52nd 53rd 54th 55th 56th 57th | Elected in 1890. Re-elected in 1892. Re-elected in 1894. Re-elected in 1896. Re-elected in 1898. Re-elected in 1900. Resigned to become a U.S. District Judge. | [data missing] |
| Vacant | Vacant | September 11, 1902 – November 4, 1902 | 57th | | [data missing] |
| John Wilbur Dwight (Dryden) | Republican | November 4, 1902 – March 3, 1903 | 57th | Elected to finish Ray's term. Redistricted to the 30th district. | [data missing] |
| William H. Flack (Malone) | Republican | March 4, 1903 – February 2, 1907 | 58th 59th | Elected in 1902. Re-elected in 1904. Died. | [data missing] |
| Vacant | Vacant | February 2, 1907 – March 3, 1907 | 59th | | [data missing] |
| George R. Malby (Ogdensburg) | Republican | March 4, 1907 – July 5, 1912 | 60th 61st 62nd | Elected in 1906. Re-elected in 1908. Re-elected in 1910. Died. | [data missing] |
| Vacant | Vacant | July 5, 1912 – November 5, 1912 | 62nd | | [data missing] |
| Edwin A. Merritt (Potsdam) | Republican | November 5, 1912 – March 3, 1913 | 62nd | Elected to finish Malby's term. Redistricted to the 31st district. | [data missing] |
| Edmund Platt (Poughkeepsie) | Republican | March 4, 1913 – June 7, 1920 | 63rd 64th 65th 66th | Elected in 1912. Re-elected in 1914. Re-elected in 1916. Re-elected in 1918. Resigned when appointed to the Federal Reserve Board. | 1913–1943 All of Dutchess, Orange, Putnam |
| Vacant | Vacant | June 7, 1920 – November 2, 1920 | 66th | | 1913–1943 All of Dutchess, Orange, Putnam |
| Hamilton Fish III (Garrison) | Republican | November 2, 1920 – January 3, 1945 | 66th 67th 68th 69th 70th 71st 72nd 73rd 74th 75th 76th 77th 78th | Elected to finish Platt's term and elected in 1920 to the following term. Re-elected in 1922. Re-elected in 1924. Re-elected in 1926. Re-elected in 1928. Re-elected in 1930. Re-elected in 1932. Re-elected in 1934. Re-elected in 1936. Re-elected in 1938. Re-elected in 1940. Re-elected in 1942. Lost re-election. | 1913–1943 All of Dutchess, Orange, Putnam |
| Peter A. Quinn (New York) | Democratic | January 3, 1945 – January 3, 1947 | 79th | Elected in 1944. Lost re-election. | 1943–1953 Parts of Bronx |
| David M. Potts (New York) | Republican | January 3, 1947 – January 3, 1949 | 80th | Elected in 1946. Lost re-election. | 1943–1953 Parts of Bronx |
| Christopher C. McGrath (New York) | Democratic | January 3, 1949 – January 3, 1953 | 81st 82nd | Elected in 1948. Re-elected in 1950. Elected Bronx County Surrogate Court Judge. | 1943–1953 Parts of Bronx |
| Ralph A. Gamble (Larchmont) | Republican | January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1957 | 83rd 84th | Redistricted from the 28th district and re-elected in 1952. Re-elected in 1954. Retired. | | 1953–1973 Parts of Westchester |
| Edwin B. Dooley (Mamaroneck) | Republican | January 3, 1957 – January 3, 1963 | 85th 86th 87th | Elected in 1956. Re-elected in 1958. Re-elected in 1960. Lost renomination. | | 1953–1973 Parts of Westchester |
| Ogden Reid (Purchase) | Republican | January 3, 1963 – March 22, 1972 | 88th 89th 90th 91st 92nd | Elected in 1962. Re-elected in 1964. Re-elected in 1966. Re-elected in 1968. Re-elected in 1970. Redistricted to the 24th district. | | 1953–1973 Parts of Westchester |
| Ogden Reid (Purchase) | Democratic | March 22, 1972 – January 3, 1973 | 88th 89th 90th 91st 92nd | Elected in 1962. Re-elected in 1964. Re-elected in 1966. Re-elected in 1968. Re-elected in 1970. Redistricted to the 24th district. | | 1953–1973 Parts of Westchester |
| Benjamin Gilman (Middletown) | Republican | January 3, 1973 – January 3, 1983 | 93rd 94th 95th 96th 97th | Elected in 1972. Re-elected in 1974. Re-elected in 1976. Re-elected in 1978. Re-elected in 1980. Redistricted to the 22nd district. | 1973–1983 All of Orange, Rockland, parts of Ulster |
| David O'Brien Martin (Canton) | Republican | January 3, 1983 – January 3, 1993 | 98th 99th 100th 101st 102nd | Redistricted from the 30th district and re-elected in 1982. Re-elected in 1984. Re-elected in 1986. Re-elected in 1988. Re-elected in 1990. Retired. | 1983–1993 All of Clinton, Essex, Franklin, Fulton, Hamilton, Herkimer, Jefferson, Lewis, St. Lawrence |
| Maurice Hinchey (Saugerties) | Democratic | January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2003 | 103rd 104th 105th 106th 107th | Elected in 1992. Re-elected in 1994. Re-elected in 1996. Re-elected in 1998. Re-elected in 2000. Redistricted to the 22nd district. | 1993–2003 All of Ulster, parts of Broome, Delaware, Dutchess, Orange, Sullivan, Tioga, Tompkins |
| Thomas M. Reynolds (Clarence) | Republican | January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2009 | 108th 109th 110th | Redistricted from the 27th district and re-elected in 2002. Re-elected in 2004. Re-elected in 2006. Retired. | 2003–2013 All of Genesee, Livingston, Wyoming, Parts of Erie, Monroe, Niagara, Orleans |
| Chris Lee (Clarence) | Republican | January 3, 2009 – February 9, 2011 | 111th 112th | Elected in 2008. Re-elected in 2010. Resigned. | 2003–2013 All of Genesee, Livingston, Wyoming, Parts of Erie, Monroe, Niagara, Orleans |
| Vacant | Vacant | February 9, 2011 – June 1, 2011 | 112th | | 2003–2013 All of Genesee, Livingston, Wyoming, Parts of Erie, Monroe, Niagara, Orleans |
| Kathy Hochul (Amherst) | Democratic | June 1, 2011 – January 3, 2013 | 112th | Elected to finish Lee's term. Lost re-election when redistricted to the 27th district. | 2003–2013 All of Genesee, Livingston, Wyoming, Parts of Erie, Monroe, Niagara, Orleans |
| Brian Higgins (Buffalo) | Democratic | January 3, 2013 – February 2, 2024 | 113th 114th 115th 116th 117th 118th | Redistricted from the 27th district and re-elected in 2012. Re-elected in 2014. Re-elected in 2016. Re-elected in 2018. Re-elected in 2020. Re-elected in 2022. Resigned. | 2013–2023 Parts of Erie, Niagara |
| Brian Higgins (Buffalo) | Democratic | January 3, 2013 – February 2, 2024 | 113th 114th 115th 116th 117th 118th | Redistricted from the 27th district and re-elected in 2012. Re-elected in 2014. Re-elected in 2016. Re-elected in 2018. Re-elected in 2020. Re-elected in 2022. Resigned. | 2023–2025 Parts of Erie, Niagara |
| Vacant | Vacant | February 2, 2024 – May 6, 2024 | 118th | | 2023–2025 Parts of Erie, Niagara |
| Tim Kennedy (Buffalo) | Democratic | May 6, 2024 – present | 118th | Elected to finish Higgins's term. Re-elected in 2024. | 2023–2025 Parts of Erie, Niagara |
| Tim Kennedy (Buffalo) | Democratic | May 6, 2024 – present | 118th 119th | Elected to finish Higgins's term. Re-elected in 2024. | 2025–present Parts of Erie, Niagara |

## Election results

In New York electoral politics, there are numerous minor parties at various points on the political spectrum. Certain parties will invariably endorse either the Republican or Democratic candidate for every office; hence, the state electoral results contain both the party votes, and the final candidate votes (Listed as "Recap").
1996 election :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Democratic | Maurice D. Hinchey (incumbent) | 122,850 | 55.2 |
| | Republican | Sue Wittig | 94,125 | 42.3 |
| | Independence | Douglas Walter Drazen | 5,531 | 2.5 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 28,725 | 12.9 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 222,506 | 100 |
1998 election :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Democratic | Maurice D. Hinchey (incumbent) | 108,204 | 61.8 | +6.6 |
| | Republican | Bud Walker | 54,776 | 31.3 | −11.0 |
| | Right to Life | Randall Terry | 12,160 | 6.9 | +6.9 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 53,428 | 30.5 | +17.6 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 175,140 | 100 | −21.3 |
2000 election :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Democratic | Maurice D. Hinchey (incumbent) | 140,395 | 62.0 | +0.2 |
| | Republican | Bob Moppert | 83,856 | 37.0 | +5.7 |
| | Right to Life | Paul J. Laux | 2,328 | 1.0 | −5.9 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 56,539 | 25.0 | −5.5 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 226,579 | 100 | +29.4 |
2002 election :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Republican | Thomas M. Reynolds | 135,089 | 73.6 | +36.6 |
| | Democratic | Ayesha F. Nariman | 41,140 | 22.4 | −39.6 |
| | Right to Life | Shawn Harris | 4,084 | 2.2 | +1.2 |
| | Green | Paul E. Fallon | 3,146 | 1.7 | +1.7 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 93,949 | 51.2 | +26.2 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 183,459 | 100 | −19.0 |
2004 election :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Republican | Thomas M. Reynolds (incumbent) | 157,466 | 55.6 | −18.0 |
| | Democratic | Jack Davis | 125,613 | 44.4 | +22.0 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 31,853 | 11.3 | −39.9 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 283,079 | 100 | +54.3 |
2006 election :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Republican | Thomas M. Reynolds (incumbent) | 109,257 | 52.0 | −3.6 |
| | Democratic | Jack Davis | 100,914 | 48.0 | +3.6 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 8,343 | 4.0 | −7.3 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 210,171 | 100 | −25.8 |
2008 election :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Republican | Chris J. Lee | 148,607 | 55.0 | +3.0 |
| | Democratic | Alice Kryzan | 109,615 | 40.5 | −7.5 |
| | Working Families | Jon Powers | 12,104 | 4.5 | +4.5 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 38,992 | 14.5 | +10.5 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 270,326 | 100 | +28.6 |
2010 election :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Republican | Chris J. Lee (incumbent) | 151,449 | 73.6 | +18.6 |
| | Democratic | Philip A. Fedele | 54,307 | 26.4 | −14.1 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 97,142 | 47.2 | +32.7 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 205,756 | 100 | −23.9 |
2011 Special Election :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Democratic | Kathy Courtney Hochul | 47,519 | 42.58 |
| | Working Families | Kathy Courtney Hochul | 5,194 | 4.65 |
| | Total | Kathy Courtney Hochul | 52,713 | 47.24 |
| | Republican | Jane L. Corwin | 35,721 | 32.01 |
| | Conservative | Jane L. Corwin | 9,090 | 8.15 |
| | Independence | Jane L. Corwin | 2,376 | 2.13 |
| | Total | Jane L. Corwin | 47,187 | 42.28 |
| | Tea Party | Jack Davis | 10,029 | 8.99 |
| | Green | Ian L. Murphy | 1,177 | 1.05 |
| | | Blank and void | 259 | 0.23 |
| | | Scattering | 232 | 0.21 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 111,597 | 100.0 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | | |
| | Democratic gain from Republican | Democratic gain from Republican | Democratic gain from Republican | Democratic gain from Republican |
2012 election :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Democratic | Brian Higgins | 212,588 | 74.8 | +48.4 |
| | Republican | Michael Madigan | 71,666 | 25.2 | −48.4 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 140,922 | 49.6 | +2.4 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 284,254 | 100 | +38.2 |
2014 election :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Democratic | Brian Higgins (incumbent) | 113,210 | 68.1 | −6.7 |
| | Republican | Kathy Weppner | 52,909 | 31.9 | +6.7 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 60,301 | 36.2 | −13.4 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 166,119 | 100 | −41.6 |
2016 election :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Democratic | Brian Higgins (incumbent) | 215,289 | 74.6 | +6.5 |
| | Republican | Shelly Schratz | 73,377 | 25.4 | −6.5 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 141,912 | 50.2 | +14.0 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 288,666 | 100 | +73.4 |
2018 election :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Democratic | Brian Higgins | 156,968 | 68.0 |
| | Working Families | Brian Higgins | 8,929 | 3.9 |
| | Women's Equality | Brian Higgins | 3,269 | 1.4 |
| | Total | Brian Higgins (incumbent) | 169,166 | 73.3 |
| | Republican | Renee Zeno | 61,488 | 26.7 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 230,654 | 100.0 |
| | Democratic hold | Democratic hold | Democratic hold | Democratic hold |
2020 election :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Democratic | Brian Higgins | 202,315 | 63.3 |
| | Working Families | Brian Higgins | 20,304 | 6.4 |
| | SAM | Brian Higgins | 657 | 0.2 |
| | Total | Brian Higgins (incumbent) | 223,276 | 69.9 |
| | Republican | Ricky Donovan | 91,687 | 28.7 |
| | Green | Michael Raleigh | 4,628 | 1.4 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 319,591 | 100.0 |
| | Democratic hold | Democratic hold | Democratic hold | Democratic hold |
2022 election :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Democratic | Brian Higgins | 141,942 | 57.8 |
| | Working Families | Brian Higgins | 14,941 | 6.0 |
| | Total | Brian Higgins (incumbent) | 156,883 | 63.9 |
| | Republican | Steven Sams | 70,547 | 28.7 |
| | Conservative | Steven Sams | 17,792 | 7.2 |
| | Total | Steven Sams | 88,339 | 36.0 |
| | Write-in | Write-in | 149 | 0.06 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 245,371 | 100.0 |
| | Democratic hold | Democratic hold | Democratic hold | Democratic hold |
2024 New York's 26th congressional district special election :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Democratic | Tim Kennedy | 44,411 | 62.60% | +4.80 |
| | Working Families | Tim Kennedy | 3,639 | 5.13% | −0.97 |
| | Total | Tim Kennedy | 48,050 | 67.73% | +3.83 |
| | Republican | Gary Dickson | 16,859 | 23.76% | −4.94 |
| | Conservative | Gary Dickson | 5,123 | 7.22% | −0.08 |
| | Total | Gary Dickson | 21,982 | 30.98% | −5.02 |
| | Write-in | Write-in | 159 | 0.22% | +0.12 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 70,946 | 100.0% | |
| | Democratic hold | Democratic hold | Democratic hold | Democratic hold | Democratic hold |