# Jean Simmons

Jean Merilyn Simmons OBE (31 January 1929 – 22 January 2010) was a British actress and singer. One of J. Arthur Rank's "well-spoken young starlets," she appeared predominantly in films, beginning with those made in Britain during and after the Second World War, followed mainly by Hollywood films from 1950 onwards.
Simmons was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for Hamlet (1948), and won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress for Guys and Dolls (1955). Her other film appearances include Great Expectations (1946), Black Narcissus (1947), The Blue Lagoon (1949), So Long at the Fair (1950), Angel Face (1953), Young Bess (1953), The Robe (1953), The Big Country (1958), Elmer Gantry (1960), Spartacus (1960), and the 1969 film The Happy Ending, for which she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress. She also won an Emmy Award for the miniseries The Thorn Birds (1983).

## Biography
### Early life

Simmons was born on 31 January 1929, in Islington, London, to Charles Simmons, a bronze medalist in gymnastics at the 1912 Summer Olympics, and his wife, Winifred Ada (née Loveland). Jean was the youngest of four children, with siblings Lorna, Harold, and Edna. She began acting at the age of 14.
During the Second World War, the Simmons family was evacuated to Winscombe, Somerset. Her father, a physical education teacher, taught briefly at Sidcot School, and sometime during this period, Simmons followed her eldest sister onto the village stage and sang popular songs such as "Daddy Wouldn't Buy Me a Bow Wow". At this point, her ambition was to be an acrobatic dancer.

### Early films

On her return to London, Simmons enrolled at the Aida Foster School of Dance. She was spotted by director Val Guest, who cast her in the Margaret Lockwood-starring vehicle Give Us the Moon (1944) in a large role as Lockwood's sister. Small roles in several other films followed, including Mr. Emmanuel (1944), Kiss the Bride Goodbye (1945), Meet Sexton Blake (1945), and the popular The Way to the Stars (1945), as well as the short Sports Day (1945).
Simmons had a small part as a harpist in the high-profile Caesar and Cleopatra (1945), produced by Gabriel Pascal, starring Vivien Leigh, and co-starring Simmons's future husband Stewart Granger. Pascal saw potential in Simmons, and in 1945 he signed her to a seven-year contract with the J. Arthur Rank Organisation.

### Great Expectations and stardom

Simmons became a star in Britain when she was cast as the young Estella in David Lean's version of Great Expectations (1946). The movie was the third-most-popular film at the British box office in 1947, and Simmons received excellent reviews.
The experience of working on Great Expectations caused her to pursue an acting career more seriously:
   I thought acting was just a lark, meeting all those exciting movie stars, and getting £5 a day which was lovely because we needed the money. But I figured I'd just go off and get married and have children like my mother. It was working with David Lean that convinced me to go on.
Simmons had support roles in Hungry Hill (1947) with Margaret Lockwood and the Powell-Pressburger film Black Narcissus (1947), playing an Indian woman in the latter alongside Sabu.
Simmons was top-billed for the first time in the drama Uncle Silas (1947). She followed it with The Woman in the Hall (1947). Neither was particularly successful, but Simmons was then in a huge international hit, playing Ophelia in Laurence Olivier's Hamlet (1948), for which she received her first Oscar nomination. Olivier offered her the chance to work and study at the Old Vic, advising her to play anything they offered her to get experience, but she was under contract to the J. Arthur Rank Organisation, which vetoed the idea.
Simmons had the lead in Frank Launder's The Blue Lagoon (1949), based on the 1908 novel by Henry De Vere Stacpoole and co-produced with Launder's partner Sidney Gilliat, a project originally announced for Lockwood a decade earlier. It was a considerable financial success.

### Stewart Granger

Simmons starred with Stewart Granger in the comedy Adam and Evelyne (1949). It was her first adult role, and Granger and she became romantically involved; they soon married.
Simmons made two films that were popular at the local box office: So Long at the Fair (1950) with Dirk Bogarde and Trio (1950), where she was one of several stars. She was then in Cage of Gold (1950) with David Farrar and Ralph Thomas' The Clouded Yellow (1950) with Trevor Howard. In 1950, Simmons was voted the fourth-most popular star in Britain.

### Howard Hughes and Victor Mature

Granger became a Hollywood star in King Solomon's Mines (1950) and was signed to a contract by MGM, so Simmons moved to Los Angeles with him. In 1951, Rank sold her contract to Howard Hughes, who then owned RKO Pictures.
Hughes was eager to start a sexual relationship with Simmons, but Granger put a stop to his advances by angrily telling Hughes over the phone: "Mr. Howard bloody Hughes, you'll be sorry if you don't leave my wife alone." To punish Simmons and Granger, Hughes refused to lend her to Paramount where director William Wyler wanted to cast her in the female lead for his film Roman Holiday; the role made a star of Audrey Hepburn.
Her first Hollywood film was Androcles and the Lion (1952), produced by Pascal and co-starring Victor Mature. It was followed by Angel Face (1953), directed by Otto Preminger with Robert Mitchum. David Thomson wrote that "she might now be spoken of with the awe given to Louise Brooks" if Simmons only starred in that film. Smarting over his rebuff from Granger, Hughes instructed Preminger to treat Simmons as roughly as possible, leading the director to demand that costar Mitchum repeatedly slap the actress harder and harder, until Mitchum turned and punched Preminger, asking if that was how he wanted it. He also made her appear in She Couldn't Say No (1954), a comedy with Mitchum.
A court case freed Simmons from the contract with Hughes in 1952. They settled out of court; part of the arrangement was that Simmons would do one more film for no additional money. Simmons also agreed to make three more movies under the auspices of RKO, but not actually at that studio—she would be lent out. She would make an additional picture for 20th Century Fox while RKO got the services of Victor Mature for one film.
MGM cast her in the lead of Young Bess (1953) playing a young Queen Elizabeth I with Granger. She went back to RKO to do the extra film under the settlement with Hughes, titled Affair with a Stranger (1953) with Mature; it flopped.

### 20th Century Fox

Fox asked Simmons back for The Egyptian (1954), another epic, but it was not especially popular. She had the lead in Columbia's A Bullet Is Waiting (1954). More widely seen was Désirée (1954), where Simmons played Désirée Clary opposite Marlon Brando's Napoleon Bonaparte.
Simmons and Granger returned to England to make the thriller Footsteps in the Fog (1955). Then, Joseph Mankiewicz cast her opposite Brando in the screen adaptation of Guys and Dolls (1955), where she did her own singing in a role turned down by Grace Kelly; it was a big hit.
Simmons played the title role in Hilda Crane (1956) at Fox, a box-office disappointment. So, too, were This Could Be the Night (1957) and Until They Sail (1957), both at MGM.
Simmons had a big success, though, in The Big Country (1958), directed by William Wyler. She starred in Home Before Dark (1958) at Warner Bros. and This Earth Is Mine (1959) with Rock Hudson at Universal. In the opinion of film critic Philip French, Home Before Dark was "perhaps her finest performance as a housewife driven into a breakdown in Mervyn LeRoy's psychodrama."

### Elmer Gantry and Richard Brooks

Simmons went into Elmer Gantry (1960), directed by Richard Brooks, who became her second husband. It was successful, as was Spartacus (1960), where she played Kirk Douglas's character's love interest. Simmons then did The Grass Is Greener (1960) with Mitchum, Cary Grant, and Deborah Kerr.
She took some years off screen, then returned in All the Way Home (1963) with Robert Preston. She did Life at the Top (1965) with Laurence Harvey, Mister Buddwing (1966) with James Garner, Divorce American Style (1967) with Dick Van Dyke, and Rough Night in Jericho (1967) with George Peppard and Dean Martin.
Simmons did Heidi (1968) for TV, then Brooks wrote and directed The Happy Ending (1969) for her, and she received her second Oscar nomination.

### 1970s and 1980s

By the 1970s, Simmons turned her focus to stage and television acting. She toured the United States in Stephen Sondheim's A Little Night Music, then took the show to London, thus originating the role of Desirée Armfeldt in the West End. Performing in the show for three years, she said she never tired of Sondheim's music; "No matter how tired or 'off' you felt, the music would just pick you up."
She portrayed Fiona "Fee" Cleary, the Cleary family matriarch, in the miniseries The Thorn Birds (1983); she won an Emmy Award for her role. She appeared in North and South (1985–86), again playing the role of the family matriarch as Clarissa Main, and starred in The Dawning (1988) with Anthony Hopkins and Hugh Grant. In 1989, Simmons appeared as murder mystery author Eudora McVeigh Shipton, a self-proclaimed rival to Jessica Fletcher, in the two-part Murder, She Wrote episode "Mirror, Mirror, On the Wall" with Angela Lansbury.

### 1990s and 2000s

In 1989, she starred in a remake of Great Expectations, this time playing the role of Miss Havisham, Estella's adoptive mother. In 1991, she appeared in the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "The Drumhead" as a retired Starfleet admiral and hardened legal investigator who conducts a witch hunt; and as Elizabeth Collins Stoddard/Naomi Collins, in the short-lived revival of the 1960s daytime series Dark Shadows, in roles originally played by Joan Bennett. From 1994 until 1998, Simmons narrated the A&E documentary television series Mysteries of the Bible. In 1995, she appeared in How to Make an American Quilt with Winona Ryder, Maya Angelou, Ellen Burstyn, Anne Bancroft, and Alfre Woodard. In 2004, she voiced the lead role of Sophie in the English dub of Howl's Moving Castle.

## Personal life

Simmons was married and divorced twice. At 21, she married Stewart Granger in Tucson, Arizona, on 20 December 1950. She and Granger became US citizens in 1956; in the same year, their daughter Tracy Granger was born. They divorced in 1960.
On 1 November 1960, Simmons married director Richard Brooks; their daughter, Kate Brooks, was born a year later, in 1961. Simmons and Brooks divorced in 1980. Although both men were significantly older than Simmons, she denied that she was looking for a father figure. Her father had died when she was just 16, but she said:
   They were really nothing like my father at all. My father was a gentle, softly spoken man. My husbands were both much noisier and much more opinionated ... it's really nothing to do with age ... it's to do with what's there – the twinkle and sense of humour.
In a 1984 interview, given in Copenhagen at the time she was shooting the film Going Undercover (1988, a.k.a. Yellow Pages; completed 1985) she elaborated slightly on her marriages, stating,
   It may be simplistic, but you could sum up my two marriages by saying that, when I wanted to be a wife, Jimmy [Stewart Granger] would say: "I just want you to be pretty." And when I wanted to cook, Richard would say: "Forget the cooking. You've been trained to act – so act!" Most people thought I was quite helpless – a clinger and a butterfly – during my first marriage. It was Richard Brooks who saw what was wrong and tried to make me stand on my own two feet. I'd whine: 'I'm afraid.' And he'd say: 'Never be afraid to fail. Every time you get up in the morning, you are ahead.'
Simmons had two daughters, Tracy Granger (a film editor since 1990), and Kate Brooks (a TV production assistant and producer), one by each marriage – their names bearing witness to Simmons's friendship with Spencer Tracy and Katharine Hepburn. Simmons moved to the East Coast of the US in the late 1970s, briefly owning a home in New Milford, Connecticut. She returned to California, settling in Santa Monica, California, where she lived until her death.
In the 2003 New Year Honours, Simmons was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) for services to acting.
In 2003, she became the patron of the British drugs and human rights charity Release. In 2005, she signed a petition to British Prime Minister Tony Blair asking him not to upgrade cannabis from a class C drug to class B.

## Death

Simmons died from lung cancer at her home in Santa Monica on 22 January 2010, nine days before her 81st birthday. She is interred in Highgate Cemetery, north London.

## Filmography

| Year | Film | Role | Notes |
| 1944 | Give Us the Moon | Heidi | |
| 1944 | Mr. Emmanuel | Sally Cooper | Billed as Jean Simmonds |
| 1944 | Sports Day | Peggy | |
| 1945 | Kiss the Bride Goodbye | Molly Dodd | |
| 1945 | Meet Sexton Blake! | Eva Watkins | |
| 1945 | The Way to the Stars | A singer | |
| 1945 | Caesar and Cleopatra | Harpist | Uncredited |
| 1946 | Great Expectations | Estella as a girl | |
| 1947 | Hungry Hill | Jane Brodrick | |
| 1947 | Black Narcissus | Kanchi | |
| 1947 | Uncle Silas | Caroline Ruthyn | |
| 1947 | The Woman in the Hall | Jay Blake | |
| 1948 | Hamlet | Ophelia | Volpi Cup for Best Actress Nominated — Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress |
| 1949 | Adam and Evelyne | Evelyne Kirby | |
| 1949 | The Blue Lagoon | Emmeline Foster | |
| 1950 | So Long at the Fair | Vicky Barton | Bambi Award for Best Actress – International (2nd place) |
| 1950 | Trio | Evie Bishop | Segment "Sanatorium" Bambi Award for Best Actress – International (2nd place) |
| 1950 | Cage of Gold | Judith Moray | |
| 1950 | The Clouded Yellow | Sophie Malraux | |
| 1952 | Androcles and the Lion | Lavinia | |
| 1953 | Angel Face | Diane Tremayne Jessup | |
| 1953 | Young Bess | Princess Elizabeth | National Board of Review Award for Best Actress (also for The Robe and The Actress) |
| 1953 | Affair with a Stranger | Carolyn Parker | |
| 1953 | The Robe | Diana | National Board of Review Award for Best Actress (also for Young Bess and The Actress) |
| 1953 | The Actress | Ruth Gordon Jones | National Board of Review Award for Best Actress (also for Young Bess and The Robe) |
| 1954 | She Couldn't Say No | Corby Lane | AKA Beautiful but Dangerous |
| 1954 | The Egyptian | Meryt | |
| 1954 | A Bullet Is Waiting | Cally Canham | |
| 1954 | Désirée | Désirée Clary | |
| 1954 | Demetrius and the Gladiators | Diana | Appeared in a clip from The Robe |
| 1955 | Footsteps in the Fog | Lily Watkins | |
| 1955 | Guys and Dolls | Sergeant Sarah Brown | Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Nominated – BAFTA Award for Best Foreign Actress |
| 1956 | Hilda Crane | Hilda Crane Burns | |
| 1957 | This Could Be the Night | Anne Leeds | Nominated – Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy |
| 1957 | Until They Sail | Barbara Leslie Forbes | |
| 1958 | The Big Country | Julie Maragon | |
| 1958 | Home Before Dark | Charlotte Bronn | Laurel Award for Top Female Dramatic Performance (4th place) Nominated – Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama |
| 1959 | This Earth Is Mine | Elizabeth Rambeau | |
| 1960 | Elmer Gantry | Sharon Falconer | Laurel Award for Top Female Dramatic Performance (3rd place) Nominated – BAFTA Award for Best Foreign Actress Nominated – Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama |
| 1960 | Spartacus | Varinia | |
| 1960 | The Grass Is Greener | Hattie Durant | Laurel Award for Top Female Comedy Performance (5th place) |
| 1963 | All the Way Home | Mary Follett | |
| 1965 | Life at the Top | Susan Lampton | |
| 1966 | Mister Buddwing | The Blonde | |
| 1967 | Divorce American Style | Nancy Downes | |
| 1967 | Rough Night in Jericho | Molly Lang | |
| 1968 | Heidi | Fräulein Rottenmeier | TV |
| 1969 | The Happy Ending | Mary Wilson | Nominated – Academy Award for Best Actress Nominated – Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama |
| 1971 | Say Hello to Yesterday | Woman | |
| 1972 | The Odd Couple | Princess Lydia | Episode: "The Princess" |
| 1975 | Mr. Sycamore | Estelle Benbow | |
| 1975 | The Easter Promise | Constance Payne | TV |
| 1977 | Hawaii Five-O | Terri O'Brien | TV; Episode "A Cop on the Cover" |
| 1978 | The Dain Curse | Aaronia Haldorn | TV |
| 1978 | Dominique | Dominique Ballard | |
| 1979 | Beggarman, Thief | Gretchen Jordache Burke | TV |
| 1981 | A Small Killing | Margaret Lawrence | TV |
| 1981 | Golden Gate | Jane Kingsley | TV |
| 1981 | Jacqueline Susann's Valley of the Dolls | Helen Lawson | TV |
| 1983 | The Thorn Birds | Fee Cleary | TV Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie Nominated – Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film |
| 1984 | December Flower | Etta Marsh | TV |
| 1984 | All for Love | Deidre Mackay | Episode: "Down at the Hydro" |
| 1985 | Midas Valley | Molly Hammond | TV |
| 1985 | North and South | Clarissa Gault Main | TV |
| 1986 | North and South Book II | Clarissa Gault Main | TV |
| 1987 | Perry Mason: The Case of the Lost Love | Laura Robertson | TV |
| 1988 | Inherit the Wind | Lucy Brady | TV |
| 1988 | The Dawning | Aunt Mary | |
| 1988 | Going Undercover | Maxine de la Hunt | Released as Going Undercover in the US in 1988. Straight to video in the UK as Yellow Pages (completed 1985). |
| 1989 | Great Expectations | Miss Havisham | TV |
| 1989 | Murder, She Wrote | Eudora McVeigh Shipton | Episode: "Mirror, Mirror on the Wall" Nominated – Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series |
| 1991 | Star Trek: The Next Generation | Rear Admiral Norah Satie | Episode: "The Drumhead" |
| 1991 | Dark Shadows | Elizabeth Collins Stoddard Naomi Collins | |
| 1991 | They Do It with Mirrors | Carrie-Louise Serrocold | TV; Miss Marple (TV series) |
| 1994 | In the Heat of the Night | Miss Cordelia | TV; Episode: "Ches and the Grand Lady" |
| 1994–1998 | Mysteries of the Bible | Narrator | |
| 1995 | How to Make an American Quilt | Em Reed | Nominated – Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture |
| 1995 | Daisies in December | Katherine Palmer | |
| 2001 | Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within | Council Member 2 | Voice |
| 2003 | Winter Solstice | Countess Lucinda Rhives | Released in Germany as Wintersonne |
| 2004 | Jean Simmons: Rose of England | Herself | |
| 2004 | Howl's Moving Castle | Old Sophie | Voice, English version |
| 2005 | Thru the Moebius Strip | Shepway | Voice |
| 2009 | Shadows in the Sun | Hannah | Final film role |

## Box office ranking

For a number of years, British film exhibitors voted Simmons among the top ten British stars at the box office via an annual poll in the Motion Picture Herald.
* 1949 – 4th (9th most popular overall)
* 1950 – 2nd (4th most popular overall)
* 1951 – 3rd

## Awards and nominations

| Year | Association | Category | Nominated work | Result |
| 1949 | Academy Awards | Best Supporting Actress | Hamlet | Nominated |
| 1950 | Daily Mail National Film Awards | Most Outstanding British Actress of the Year | | Won |
| 1953 | National Board of Review | Best Actress | The Actress / The Robe / Young Bess | Won |
| 1956 | Golden Globe Awards | Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy | Guys and Dolls | Won |
| 1957 | BAFTA Awards | Best Foreign Actress | Guys and Dolls | Nominated |
| 1958 | Golden Globe Awards | Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy | This Could Be the Night | Nominated |
| 1959 | Golden Globe Awards | Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama | Home Before Dark | Nominated |
| 1961 | BAFTA Awards | Best Foreign Actress | Elmer Gantry | Nominated |
| 1961 | Golden Globe Awards | Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama | Elmer Gantry | Nominated |
| 1970 | Academy Awards | Best Actress | The Happy Ending | Nominated |
| 1970 | Golden Globe Awards | Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama | The Happy Ending | Nominated |
| 1983 | Primetime Emmy Awards | Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie | The Thorn Birds | Won |
| 1984 | Golden Globe Awards | Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television | The Thorn Birds | Nominated |
| 1989 | Primetime Emmy Awards | Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series | Murder, She Wrote | Nominated |
| 1996 | Screen Actors Guild Awards | Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture | How to Make an American Quilt | Nominated |