# Levan II Dadiani

Levan II Dadiani (also Leon; Georgian: ლევან [ლეონ] II დადიანი; 1597-1657) was a member of the House of Dadiani and ruler of the Principality of Mingrelia in western Georgia. Levan is known for his extensive raiding of neighboring countries and taking hostages for ransom.

## Biography

Levan grew up in Kakheti under his grandfather King Alexander II, but at the age of fourteen became prince of Mingrelia when his father Manuchar I fell from a horse and died while hunting. Initially, Levan ruled under the regency of his uncle, Giorgi I Lipartiani.
In the 1620s, Levan allied with the Principality of Abkhazia and Principality of Guria against George III of Imeretia after George's son Alexander accused his wife Tamar of adultery and divorced her, sending her back to her father, Mamia II Gurieli. The alliance was further cemented when Levan's sister Mariam married Mamia's son Simon and Levan married Seteman Sharvashidze's daughter Tamunia. However, the alliance was shattered when Levan accused Tamunia of adultery, cut off her ears and nose and cast her from Mingrelia. He then invaded and looted Abkhazia, poisoned his two sons by Tamunia, then abducted and married Darejan Chiladze, the wife of his uncle and former regent, Giorgi I Lipartiani. He then repeatedly raided Imeretia and Abkhazia, confiscating livestock. While a common practice amongst the Mongols and Seljuks, Levan was the first to in the Caucausus to extensively take hostages for ransom, making raiding a profitable venture.
When Simon murdered his father and ascended to the Gurian throne in 1625, Levan demanded his sister back. Instead, Simon released Levan Dadiani's disgraced vizier Paata "Tsutski" Tsulukidze, who had been handed by Dadiani to Mamia Gurieli for custody. Tsulukidze and Gurieli plotted Levan's murder, but Dadiani survived their Abkhaz assassin and had Tsulukidze strangled and quartered, firing the remains from a cannon. Thereafter, he exploited the patricide committed by Simon as a casus belli and invaded Guria. Simon resisted, but was defeated at Lanchkhuti and taken prisoner. Levan had him blinded and replaced with Kaikhosro I Gurieli, the son of Vakhtang I Gurieli. Simon's wife and son were taken to Mingrelia.
Levan allied with Sultan Murad IV of the Ottoman Empire trading Turkish cavalry for smelted iron, slaves and wool.
In 1633, he allied to Rostom of Kartli, who married his sister Mariam. The alliance pleased the Persian shah Safi, who sent 1.5 tons of silver as a wedding present. George III of Imereti attempted to intercept Levan on his way to the marriage, but was defeated and taken prisoner.
In 1646 he destroyed the walls of Kutaisi with cannon fire and plundered the country. He blinded Prince Mamuka of Imereti, who had been planned as the future king to unite Georgia, for resisting his actions. This prompted King Rostom of Kartli to solemnly curse him. George III's successor, Alexander III took an oath of fealty to Tsar Alexis of Russia in hopes of ending Levan's devastation. However the Russian were still too far from South Caucasus and this move had virtually no effect on the course of events.
Throughout Levan's forty-six year reign he was known for practicing various forms of barbarity, mutilation and torture. He normalized the practice of holding prisoners for ransom, making war more profitable among warlords in western Georgia. He also encouraged commerce from foreign merchants and was known as a competent administrator. He spurred the practice of goldsmithing and used large amounts of wealth for the decoration of churches and monuments.
In March 1657, while despairing over his remaining son's corpse, he struck himself with a staff and dropped dead. He would be succeeded by his nephew Liparit III.

## Marriages and issue

Levan's first wife was Princess Tamuria (also spelled Tamar, Tanuria, Tamunia, Tanuri) Shervashidze, daughter of Prince Seteman Sharvashidze. Their marriage produced two sons whose identity is unknown and (possibly) a daughter; in 1622 The Prince accused his wife of adultery with Grand Vizir Paata Tsulukia, and had her nose, ears and tongue cut off as punishment. Eventually, he sent her back to her father, whose lands of Abkhazeti were attacked by Levan as a revenge for the alleged adultery. Her children were:
* Princess Zilihana (or Zilikhana) (1619 ca. – 1698), often identified as Şemsişah Sultan, one of the wives of Sultan Murad IV of the Ottoman Empire. Sometimes she is referred to be a daughter of Princess Tamuria, Levan II's first wife.
* Unknown Prince (? – ?), poisoned.
His second wife was Princess Darejan Chiladze (died 1639), daughter of Prince Rovanoz Chiladze (she was kidnapped by Levan II and her marriage to his uncle Giorgi I Lipartiani was dissolved), with whom he had issue:
* Prince Alexander (1625 ca. – 1657), who married a Princess from Kabardia and had a son by her;
* Princess Zira (1627 ca. – ?), who was promised in marriage to King Alexander III of Imereti's son Bagrat, but did not marry him;
* Prince Manuchar (1632 ca. – 1640);
* Princess Gul (? – ?).