# Spiegel im Spiegel

Spiegel im Spiegel (lit.Tooltip literal translation 'mirror(s) in the mirror') is a composition by Arvo Pärt written in 1978, just before his departure from Estonia. The piece is in the tintinnabular style, wherein a melodic voice, operating over diatonic scales, and tintinnabular voice, operating within a triad on the tonic, accompany each other. It is about ten minutes long.

## Description

The piece was originally written for a single piano and violin – though the violin has often been replaced with either a cello or a viola. Versions also exist for saxophone, double bass, clarinet, horn, flugelhorn, flute, oboe, bassoon, trombone, harmonica, and percussion. The piece is an example of minimal music.
The piece is in F major in 6/4 time, with the piano playing rising crotchet triads and the second instrument playing slow F major scales, alternately rising and falling, of increasing length, which all end on the note A (the mediant of F). The piano's left hand also plays notes, synchronised with the violin (or other instrument).
"Spiegel im Spiegel" in German can literally mean both "mirror in the mirror" and "mirrors in the mirror", referring to an infinity mirror, which produces an infinity of images reflected by parallel plane mirrors: the tonic triads are endlessly repeated with small variations as if reflected back and forth. The structure of the melody is made by a pair of phrases characterized by the alternation between ascending and descending movement with the fulcrum on the note A. This alternation, along with the overturning of the final intervals between adjacent phrases (for example, ascending sixth in the question – descending sixth in the answer), contributes to give the impression of a figure reflecting on a mirror and walking back and toward it.
In 2011, the piece was the focus of a half-hour BBC Radio 4 programme, Soul Music, which examined pieces of music "with a powerful emotional impact". Violinist Tasmin Little discussed her relationship to the piece.

## Adaptation

The piece has been used in television, film, and theatre including:

### Film

| Year | Type | Title | Director |
| 1996 | film | Mother Night | Keith Gordon |
| 2001 | film | In Praise of Love | Jean-Luc Godard |
| 2001 | film | The Officers' Ward | François Dupeyron |
| 2001 | film | Wit | Mike Nichols |
| 2002 | film | Gerry | Gus Van Sant |
| 2002 | short film | Dans le Noir du Temps | Jean-Luc Godard |
| 2002 | film | Heaven | Tom Tykwer |
| 2002 | film | Soldados de Salamina (Spain) | David Trueba |
| 2002 | film | Swept Away | Guy Ritchie |
| 2002 | film | On the Occasion of Remembering the Turning Gate | Hong Sang-soo |
| 2004 | film | Dear Frankie | Shona Auerbach |
| 2005 | film | Time to Leave | François Ozon |
| 2005 | documentary | Auschwitz: The Nazis and 'The Final Solution' | Laurence Rees and Catherine Tatge |
| 2008 | film | Elegy | Isabel Coixet |
| 2011 | film | Burning Man | Jonathan Teplitzky |
| 2011 | film | This Must Be the Place | Paolo Sorrentino |
| 2011 | documentary | The Umbrella Man - New York Times Op-Docs | Errol Morris |
| 2013 | film | About Time | Richard Curtis |
| 2012 | trailer | Silent House | |
| 2013 | trailer | Gravity | Alfonso Cuarón |
| 2013 | film | The East | Zal Batmanglij |
| 2013 | film | Movie 43 | Peter Farrelly and others |
| 2014 | film | The Way He Looks | Daniel Ribeiro |
| 2015 | film | Arabian Nights: Volume 1 - The Restless One | Miguel Gomes |
| 2017 | film | Foxtrot | Samuel Maoz |
| 2020 | TV | The Good Place | Michael Schur |
| 2021 | film | You Won't Be Alone | Goran Stolevski |
| 2023 | TV | Ted Lasso | Nick Mohammed |

### Dance

* David Nixon's Dracula performed by the Northern Ballet (UK, 2009)
* Pilobolus' Rushes in a scene choreographed using chairs. (US, 2007)
* Christopher Wheeldon's 2005 ballet After the Rain, part two (Pärt's "Tabula Rasa" is the score to part one)
* John Neumeier's ballet Othello (1985), the central pas de deux (Pärt's "Tabula Rasa" is the score to part two)
* Mats Ek's Smoke performed by Sylvie Guillem and Niklas Ek (1995)
* Stephen Mills' Desire performed by Ballet Austin (1998)

### Theatre

* The New York production of Eurydice, a play by Sarah Ruhl (2007)
* Venezuelan production called 120 vidas x minuto ("120 Lives a Minute"), a play by Gustavo Ott (2007)
* Czech production of Forgotten Light ("Zapomenuté světlo"), a play by Jakub Deml
* French production of The Glass Menagerie (Tennessee Williams) a play by Daniel Jeanneteau (2016)
* Canadian production of Othello, a play by William Shakespeare, directed by Ian Farthing at the St. Lawrence Shakespeare Festival (2012)

### Television

* The BBC documentary Touched by Auschwitz (2015)
* The BBC documentary Auschwitz: The Nazis and 'The Final Solution' (2005) (which also uses Fratres)
* The BBC drama Hattie (2011)
* The RTS and Colossal production documentary Izgubljeni orden (The Lost Medal) (2010)
* The BBC television series Criminal Justice (2009)
* The BBC medical drama Casualty (2008, 2010) and its spin-off show Holby City (2016, 2019)
* The season two episode of Supernatural, titled "What is and What Should Never Be" (2007)
* The BBC dramatisation of Elizabeth Gaskell's North and South (2004)
* The BBC documentary Century of the Self by Adam Curtis (2002)
* The BBC documentary John Steinbeck: Voice of America by Melvyn Bragg (2011)
* The FOX television show The Simpsons episode 534 Yolo (2013)
* The RTÉ News, on New Year's Eve, at the end of news editions as a memorial to victims of road traffic deaths during the year
* The Carlton series The Wrong Side of the Rainbow (2001)
* The S4C television drama Gwaith/Cartref (2015).
* The BBC documentary The Secret Life of Chaos (2010) presented by Jim Al-Khalili
* The season four episode and series finale of The Good Place, titled "Whenever You're Ready" (2020)
* The BBC documentary series Modern Masters, uses it in the second episode about Henri Matisse. Presented by Alastair Sooke. (2010)
* The ITV soap opera Emmerdale (2022)
* The AppleTV television comedy Ted Lasso in season 3, episode 10, titled "International Break" (2023)

### Sport

* U.S. ice dancers Maia Shibutani and Alex Shibutani in their free dance titled Evolution for the 2016-17 season.
* Russian figure skater Kamila Valieva adapted for her short programme music for two seasons: 2018-19 and 2019–20.
* Japanese figure skater Shoma Uno, as part of his free program for the 2023-24 season.
* U.S. ice dancers Caroline Green and Michael Parsons as part of their free dance for the 2024-25 season.
* U.S. figure skater Jason Brown for his 2024-25 season free skate.

## Recordings

Spiegel im Spiegel was recorded by Gidon Kremer and Elena Kremer in December 1979 and featured on the 1980 album Konzert nach dem Konzert on the Eurodisc label. Spiegel im Spiegel is featured on the 1999 album Alina on the ECM New Series label. The album, which was recorded with the participation of Pärt, includes three versions of Spiegel im Spiegel, two for violin and piano and one for cello and piano, alternated with two variations of Pärt's piano piece Für Alina. The tempo of the first version of Spiegel im Spiegel is 69 bpm (larghetto or adagio) and has a more somber feel. The tempo of the second version is faster at 85 bpm (andante) and gives the sense of pushing forward. The tempo of the third version is faster than the first and slower than the second at 78 bpm (a slower andante).
Spiegel im Spiegel is featured on the 2016 album Sacred by Australian violinist Niki Vasilakis and features Deanna Djuric on piano.
Scottish violinist Nicola Benedetti has the track on her 2009 album Fantasie.