# Haplogroup M8

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup M8 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

## Origin

Haplogroup M8 is a descendant of haplogroup M. Haplogroup M8 is divided into subclades M8a, C and Z.

## Distribution

It is an East Asian haplogroup. Today, haplogroup M8 is found at its highest frequency in indigenous populations of East Siberia such as Evenk and Yukaghir. Haplogroup M8 is one of the most common mtDNA haplogroups among Yakut, Tuvan. Haplogroup C, the most major one of three subclades, is highly distributed among the Amerindian and Indigenous peoples of East Siberia. Haplogroup Z, another one of three subclades, is highly distributed among Even from Kamchatka (8/39 Z1a2a, 3/39 Z1a3, 11/39 = 28.2% Z total). mtDNA Haplogroup M8a, a not well known one of the three subclades, is highly distributed among Northern Han Chinese from Liaoning (16/317 = 5.0%).

### Table of Frequencies by ethnic group

| Population | Frequency | Count | Source | Subclades |
| Yakut | 0.407 | 378 | Pakendorf 2006 | C=153, Z=1 |
| Mongolian | 0.277 | 47 | Jin 2009 | M8a=1, C=10, Z=2 |
| Xibe (Xinjiang) | 0.145 | 137 | | C=13, Z=7 |
| Han Chinese (Liaoning) | 0.120 | 317 | | M8a=16, C=14, Z=8 |
| Korean (Chungcheong) | 0.103 | 117 | | - |
| Han Chinese (Shandong) | 0.099 | 393 | | M8a=8, C=14, Z=17 |
| Han Chinese (Shanghai) | 0.097 | 51 | | M8a=7, C=5, Z=2 |
| Han Chinese (Henan) | 0.086 | 208 | | M8a=9, C=7, Z=2 |
| Korean (Gangwon) | 0.079 | 114 | | - |
| Manchurian | 0.075 | 40 | Jin 2009 | M8a=1, C=1, Z=1 |
| Korean (Gyeongsang) | 0.071 | 112 | | - |
| Korean (Seoul) | 0.067 | 134 | | - |
| Korean (Jeolla) | 0.059 | 118 | | - |
| Korean (Gwangju) | 0.033 | 60 | | M8a=2 |
| Japanese | 0.032 | 1312 | Tanaka 2004 | M8a=18, C=7, Z=17 |
| Vietnamese | 0.029 | 35 | | - |
| Han Chinese (South) | 0.026 | 78 | | - |
| Korean (Jeju Island) | 0.009 | 113 | | - |
| Okinawan | 0.003 | 326 | Umetsu 2005 | CZ=1 |
| Taiwan Aboriginal | 0.000 | 640 | Trejaut 2005 | - |
| Philippines | 0.000 | 59 | Tajima 2004 | - |

## Subclades

Haplogroup C, the most major one of three subclades is highly distributed among the Amerindian and Indigienous peoples of East Siberia. Haplogroup Z, the other one of three subclades is highly distributed among Even from Kamchatka (8/39 Z1a2a, 3/39 Z1a3, 11/39 = 28.2% Z total), mtDNA Haplogroup M8a, not well known one of three subclades is highly distributed among Northern Han Chinese from Liaoning (16/317 = 5.0%).

### Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup M8 subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation and subsequent published research.
* M8
** M8a
*** M8a1 - Ulch
**** M8a1a - Japanese
*** M8a2'3
**** M8a2 - Japanese, Han Chinese
**** M8a2-a* - Japanese, Russia
***** M8a2a'b (T152C!) - Japanese
****** M8a2a - Han Chinese
******* M8a2a1 - Japanese, Han Chinese(Hunan)
******** M8a2a1a1
******* M8a2a1b
******* M8a2a1c - Japanese
****** M8a2b - Japanese, Han Chinese (Shandong)
******* M8a2b1
******* M8a2b2 - Russia
***** M8a2c - Japanese, Han Chinese
***** M8a2d - Han Chinese
***** M8a2e - Ami(Taiwan Aborigines), Han Chinese (Taiwan)
**** M8a3 - Japanese, Han Chinese
***** M8a3a - Han Chinese
****** M8a3a1 - Han Chinese
** CZ
*** C
**** C1
***** C1a - Ulch, Swedish
***** C1b - Amerindian
****** C1b1
****** C1b2
****** C1b3
****** C1b4
****** C1b5
******* C1b5a
******* C1b5b
****** C1b6
****** C1b7'10 (T16311C!)
******* C1b7
******** C1b7a
******* C1b10
****** C1b8
****** C1b9
****** C1b11
****** C1b12
****** C1b13
******* C1b13a
******** C1b13a1
******* C1b13b
******* C1b13c
******** C1b13c1
******* C1b13d
******* C1b13e
****** C1b14
***** C1c - Amerindian
****** C1c1
******* C1c1a
******* C1c1b
****** C1c2
****** C1c3
****** C1c4
****** C1c5
****** C1c6'7
******* C1c6
******* C1c7
****** C1c8
***** C1d - Amerindian
****** C1d1
******* C1d1a
******** C1d1a1
******* C1d1b
******** C1d1b1
******* C1d1c
******** C1d1c1
******* C1d1d
****** C1d2
******* C1d2a
****** C1d3
***** C1e - Amerindian
***** C1f - Amerindian
**** C4 - Siberian, Mongolian, Han Chinese
***** C4a'b'c
****** C4a
******* C4a1
******** C4a1a
********* C4a1a1
********** C4a1a1a
********* C4a1a2'3'4
********** C4a1a2
*********** C4a1a2a
********** C4a1a3
*********** C4a1a3a
************ C4a1a3a1
*********** C4a1a3b
*********** C4a1a3c
*********** C4a1a3d
********** C4a1a4
*********** C4a1a4a
********* C4a1a5
********* C4a1a6
******* C4a2
******** C4a2a
********* C4a2a1
********** C4a2a1a
********** C4a2a1b
******** C4a2b
********* C4a2b1
********* C4a2b2
********** C4a2b2a
******** C4a2c
********* C4a2c1
********* C4a2c2
********** C4a2c2a
****** C4b
******* C4b1
******** C4b1a
******** C4b1b
******* C4b2
******** C4b2a
******* C4b3
******** C4b3a
********* C4b3a1
******** C4b3b
******* C4b5
******* C4b6
******* C4b7
******* C4b8
******** C4b8a
****** C4c
******* C4c1
******** C4c1a
******** C4c1b
******* C4c2
***** C4d'e
****** C4d
****** C4e
***** C5 - Siberian, Mongolian, Han Chinese
****** C5a
******* C5a1
******* C5a2
******** C5a2a
******** C5a2b
********* C5a2b1
****** C5b
******* C5b1
******** C5b1a
********* C5b1a1
******** C5b1b
********* C5b1b1
****** C5c'd
******* C5c
******** C5c1
********* C5c1a
******* C5d
******** C5d1
******** C5d2
***** C7 - Han Chinese, Indo-China Peninsulan
****** C7a
******* C7a1
******** C7a1a
********* C7a1a1
********* C7a1a2
******** C7a1c
******** C7a1d
******* C7a2
******** C7a2a
****** C7b
**** Z
***** Z1'2'3'4'7
****** Z1 - Tofalar
******* Z1a - Tubalar
******** Z1a1
********* Z1a1a - Saami, Kets
********* Z1a1b - Nganasan, Estonian
******** Z1a2 - Ulch
********* Z1a2a - Nivkh
******** Z1a3 - Yakuts, Estonian
****** Z2 - Japanese
****** Z3 - Japanese
*** Z3a
**** Z3a1
***** Z3a1a - Han Chinese, Indian
**** Z3a2 - Indian
*** Z3b - Indian
**** Z3c - Persian(Iranian), Japanese
**** Z3d - Han Chinese, Taiwanese
****** Z4 - Han Chinese
******* Z4a - Japanese
******** Z4a1 - Han Chinese
********* Z4a1a
********** Z4a1a1 - Japanese
****** Z7 - Indian
***** Z5 - Japanese

## Popular culture

The American figure skater Kristi Yamaguchi is a member of haplogroup M8a.