# Zenith (watchmaker)

Zenith SA is a French owned Swiss luxury watch manufacturing subsidiary of LVMH. The company was started in 1865 by Georges Favre-Jacot in Le Locle in the canton of Neuchâtel and is one of the oldest continuously operating watchmakers. Favre-Jacot invented the concept of "in house movements", believing that only through control of the entire watchmaking process could the highest quality be achieved. Zenith was purchased by LVMH in November 1999, becoming one of several brands in its watch and jewelry division, which includes TAG Heuer and Hublot. Benoit de Clerck is the company's current president and CEO.

## History

In 1865, at the age of 22, George Favre-Jacot began manufacturing watches under his name at a small workshops in Le Locle, Switzerland. After witnessing the success of American watch companies Waltham and Elgin utilizing mass production to sell affordable and reliable timepieces, he invested heavily in his own company to create a vertically integrated watchmaking operation, becoming the first manufacture d'horlogerie. At the 1900 Paris World's Fair, George Favre-Jacot & Co. was awarded the Grand Prix for their "Zenith" movement, so named because Favre-Jacot believed it represented the best of precision timekeeping. In 1911, the company was renamed to Fabrique des Montres Zenith S.A. after the prized movement.
To further support vertical integration of watch manufacturing, Zenith purchased movement maker Martel in 1959. Through the acquisition, and at the direction of Zenith leadership, the company began work on an automatic chronograph movement that was to commemorate the watchmaker's 100th anniversary. In 1969, four years after the original target date, they announce their achievement with the El Primero movement.
Due to ongoing naming disputes with the Zenith Radio Company, the company was unable to achieve a sizable market share in the United States. In 1968, Zenith merged with Movado (and later Mondia as Movado-Zenith-Mondia) to sell in the United States under the already established Movado brand. With the popularity of quartz watches increasing, Zenith Radio Company decided to enter the market in 1972 through acquisition of Zenith, joining the two companies of the same name. It was during this ownership that production of mechanical movements was halted and the production shifted to quartz movements, a move meant to save the company, but ultimately led to it being put up for sale in 1978.
Dixi, who already had purchased many struggling Swiss watchmakers, purchased Movado-Zenith-Mondia from Zenith Radio Company in 1978 under the leadership of Paul Castella. While other brands slowly shuttered production due to the quartz crisis, Zenith was continuing to produce wristwatches as it struggled to survive. As automatic movements began to come back into demand, Ebel (and later Rolex) sourced the El Primero movement for their own chronograph timepieces, which breathed new life into the struggling brand. In 1999, as watch consortiums (led by Swatch Group) began to acquire brands, LVMH purchased Zenith for $48.4 million USD, which continues to be a part of the luxury goods conglomerate today.

### George Favre-Jacot

George Favre-Bulls was born in 1843. At the age of nine he stopped attending school to pursue an apprenticeship in watchmaking, and by the age of 13, he had already established his own business. He married Louise-Philippine Jacot-Descombes at the age of 20, and was known from that point on as George Favre-Jacot. He died in 1917 at the age of 74.
Favre-Jacot at some time requested that a house be built for himself at Le Locle, by the architect Le Corbusier. He was also closely involved with another prominent architect, named Alphonse Laverrière. His relationship with this latter architect was the source of influence upon the Werkbund movement. The two men collaborated with a shared artistic vision of the nature of production, to the extent to which they themselves somewhat reformed the artistic situation within francophone Switzerland at the time.

## Chronometry

At the 1900 Paris Universal Exhibition, Zenith won its first award for chronometry and in honor of that award, the manufacturer released the Grand Prix Paris 1900 pocket watch featuring a depiction of the prize on the case. In the 1920s, Zenith developed the Calibre 26x series of chronometers based on an 8-day car clock, which were used for both marine and observatory competitions. In the 1940s, Zenith continued their efforts to develop precision movements, and won five straight (1950-1954) Neuchatel Observatory prizes with their Caliber 135. In total, Zenith has won over 2,300 prizes for chronometry.
Today, while very few Zenith timepieces feature COSC certification (required to display the word "Chronometer" on the dial), the wristwatches meet or exceed these rigorous timekeeping standards, reflecting Zenith's history of innovative precision timekeeping.

## Collections

Currently, Zenith has the following collections:
* Defy ("the future of tradition")
* Chronomaster ("an icon worn on the wrist")
* Elite ("timeless elegance by Zenith")
* Pilot ("heading for far horizons")
Previous collections include:
* Academy
* Captain
* Class
* Clipper
* Cosmopolitan
* De Luca (1988-1996) - Automatic chronograph
* Epervier
* Espada
* Port Royal
* Rainbow (1992-1999) - Automatic chronograph. Named for a William Starling Burgess Design J Class sailboat that won the 1934 America's Cup.
* Respirator
* Silhouette
* Sporto
* Star
* Stellina
* Surf

## Movements
### El Primero

The El Primero calibre, when it was first unveiled on January 10, 1969, was the first high frequency automatic chronograph movement, and certainly the one to put Zenith Watches on the map. One of the original watchmakers who worked on the movement, Charles Vermot, took it upon himself to save the brilliant calibre when the owners of the brand decided to abandon the idea of a mechanical chronograph and focus on Quartz timepieces in 1975. While all the tools, components etc. used to manufacture the calibre were being dumped or sold, Vermot gathered all the necessary technical plans and tools and hid them in a walled-off attic at the Zenith manufacture to protect the El Primero for future generations.
A decade later, when it was resurrected in 1986. the same tools, plans and components helped start the production of the El Primero again.
It was one of the first automatic chronograph movements and has a frequency of 36,000 vibrations per hour (5 Hz). Zenith's El Primero movement was used by Rolex from 1988 to 2000 for the Rolex Daytona chronograph. The El Primero movement's high rate allows a resolution of 1⁄10 of a second and a potential for greater positional accuracy over the more common standard frequency of 28,800 vibrations per hour (4 Hz). The El Primero was honoured with a 2012 release of the El Primero Stratos Flyback Striking 10th, limited to 1,969 pieces (in honour of the original 1969 release date), that housed the same 36,000 vph movement and a sub-dial measuring in tenths of a second to make a complete rotation every ten seconds.

### Elite

In 1991, Zenith began development of a modular, slim, adaptable, and multipurpose in-house movement that could be housed within a wide variety of timepieces across their various collections. Led by technical director Jean-Pierre Gerber, and aided by the manufacturer's first utilization of CAD, they developed an ultra-thin movement that ranged from 2.83mm to 6.20mm of thickness, depending on the inclusion of complications. Operating at 28,800 vibrations per hour (4 Hz), and featuring an annual Glucydur balance wheel, a self-compensating balance spring, and an automatic winding system with a large diameter tungsten carbide rotor mounted on ball bearings, the movement was designed for precision timekeeping that required minimal maintenance. When introduced at BaselWorld in 1994, it was awarded the title of "Best Movement of the Year".
Under Jean-Frederic Dufour tenure as CEO, the company decided to replace the Elite movement in their entry-level wristwatches with a more economical Sellita movement, and further develop a double-barrel version of the Elite for higher-end models. Upon Dufour's departure to Rolex in 2014, incoming CEO Aldo Magada reversed this decision, and the Elite is still being built by the company today.
The first wristwatches to include the movement were released in a similarly named Elite collection, which remain a feature of the present-day collection. Additionally, the movement has been a feature of the Defy collection.

## Chief Executive Officer

The current CEO (and President) of Zenith is Benoit de Clerck, who was named into the role in January 2024. Prior to joining Zenith, he spent 25 years at Richemont Group, most recently as Chief Commercial Officer at Panerai.

### Previous CEOs

* Julien Tornare (LVMH) - April 2017 to January 2024
* Jean-Claude Biver (LVMH) - January 2017 to April 2017
* Aldo Magada (LVMH) - July 2014 to January 2017
* Jean-Frédéric Dufour (LVMH) - June 2009 to April 2014
* Theirry Nataf (LVMH) - October 2001 - April 2009
* François Manfredini (LVMH) - November 1999 - October 2001
* Paul Castella (Dixi) - 1978-1999

## Photo gallery

* Chronograph El Primero, first version 1970
* Zenith El Primero
* Zenith El Primero
* Zenith El Primero
* Zenith El Primero
* El Primero De Luca, Ref #02.2310.400
* Zenith pocket watch c. 1900–1910 (original mechanism, but no original casing)
* Inside of Zenith pocket watch c. 1900–1910 (original mechanism, but no original casing)
* Zenith Grande Chronomaster XXT, Quantième perpétuel