OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Reidar Waaler

Reidar Waaler (February 12, 1894 – February 5, 1979) was a soldier in the United States Army who received the Medal of Honor for his actions during World War I.

## Biography

Waaler was born in Norway on February 12, 1894, and died February 5, 1979. He is buried in Forest Hills Memorial Park and Mausoleum Palm City, Florida. His grave can be found in the NEAGS section, row A, lot 5.

## Medal of Honor Citation

Rank and organization: Sergeant, U.S. Army, Company A, 105th Machine Gun Battalion, 27th Division. Place and date: At Ronssoy, France; September 27, 1918. Entered service at: New York, New York. Birth: February 12, 1894; Oslo, Norway. General Orders: War Department, General Orders No. 5 (1920).
Citation:
   In the face of heavy artillery and machinegun fire, he crawled forward to a burning British tank, in which some of the crew were imprisoned, and succeeded in rescuing two men. Although the tank was then burning fiercely and contained ammunition which was likely to explode at any time, this soldier immediately returned to the tank and, entering it, made a search for the other occupants, remaining until he satisfied himself that there were no more living men in the tank.

## Military Awards

Waaler's military decorations and awards include:
| 1st row | Medal of Honor | Medal of Honor | World War I Victory Medal w/three bronze service stars to denote credit for the Somme Offensive, Ypres-Lys and Defensive Sector battle clasps. | World War I Victory Medal w/three bronze service stars to denote credit for the Somme Offensive, Ypres-Lys and Defensive Sector battle clasps. |
| 2nd row | Distinguished Conduct Medal (Great Britain) | Distinguished Conduct Medal (Great Britain) | Médaille militaire (French Republic) | Médaille militaire (French Republic) | Croix de guerre 1914–1918 w/bronze palm (French Republic) | Croix de guerre 1914–1918 w/bronze palm (French Republic) |
| 3rd row | Croce al Merito di Guerra (Italy) | Croce al Merito di Guerra (Italy) | Medal for Military Bravery (Kingdom of Montenegro) | Medal for Military Bravery (Kingdom of Montenegro) | Medalha da Cruz de Guerra, Third Class (Portuguese Republic) | Medalha da Cruz de Guerra, Third Class (Portuguese Republic) |
# Montague (given name)

Montague (/ˈmɒntəɡjuː/ MON-tə-ghew) is a male given name. Notable people with the name include:
* Montague Ainslie (1792–1884) English forester and businessman
* Montague Aldous (1850–1946) British Dominion topographical surveyor
* Monty Banks (1897–1950) Italian comedian and director
* Sir Montague Barlow
* Montague Bertie, 11th Earl of Lindsey
* Montague Bertie, 12th Earl of Lindsey
* Montague Birch
* Montague Browning (1863–1947) Royal Navy officer
* Montague Burton
* Montague Castle (1939–1867) Canadian-born American stained glass artist, businessperson, and painter
* Montague Chambers (1799–1885) British politician
* Montague Chamberlain
* Sir Montague Cholmeley, 1st Baronet of the Cholmeley baronets
* Sir Montague Cholmeley, 2nd Baronet of the Cholmeley baronets
* M. Graham Clark
* Montague John Druitt
* Montague James Furlong, boxer commonly known as Jim Hall
* Montague Harry Holcroft
* Montague James Mathew
* Sir Montagu Aubrey Rowley Cholmeley, 4th Baronet of the Cholmeley baronets
* Sir Montague John Cholmeley, 6th Baronet of the Cholmeley baronets
* Montague Dawson
* Monty Don
* Montague Eliot, 8th Earl of St Germans (1870–1960) British peer and courtier
* Montague Fordham
* Montague Glover
* Montague Gore
* Montague Guest
* Montague Hambling
* M. R. James (1862–1936) British author and scholar
* Montague Jayawickrama (1911–2001), Sri Lankan Sinhala politician
* Montague Lessler
* Montagu Love (1877–1943) English actor
* Montague Miller
* Montague Modlyn (1921–1994) British journalist and radio host
* Montague Muir-Mackenzie
* Montague Napier
* Montague Noble
* Montague Ongley
* Monte Pfeffer (1891–1941) American baseball player
* Monty Porter
* Montague Scott
* Montague Shearman (1857–1930) English judge
* Montague Edward Smith (1806–1891) British politician and judge
* Montague Sturt
* Montague Summers (1880–1948) English writer
* Montague Tyrwhitt-Drake
* Montague Ullman (1916–2008) American psychiatrist
* Montague Waldegrave, 5th Baron Radstock
* Monty Wedd
* Monty Westmore
* Montague White
* Montague Williamson
* Montague Wilmot
* Montague Woodhouse, 5th Baron Terrington
* Montague Younger
# Prismatoid

In geometry, a prismatoid is a polyhedron whose vertices all lie in two parallel planes. Its lateral faces can be trapezoids or triangles. If both planes have the same number of vertices, and the lateral faces are either parallelograms or trapezoids, it is called a prismoid.

## Volume

If the areas of the two parallel faces are A$_1$ and A$_3$, the cross-sectional area of the intersection of the prismatoid with a plane midway between the two parallel faces is A$_2$, and the height (the distance between the two parallel faces) is h, then the volume of the prismatoid is given by $V={\frac {h(A_{1}+4A_{2}+A_{3})}{6}}.$ This formula follows immediately by integrating the area parallel to the two planes of vertices by Simpson's rule, since that rule is exact for integration of polynomials of degree up to 3, and in this case the area is at most a quadratic function in the height.

## Prismatoid families

| Pyramids | Wedges | Parallelepipeds | Prisms | Antiprisms | Antiprisms | Antiprisms | Cupolae | Frusta |
Families of prismatoids include:
* Pyramids, in which one plane contains only a single point;
* Wedges, in which one plane contains only two points;
* Prisms, whose polygons in each plane are congruent and joined by rectangles or parallelograms;
* Antiprisms, whose polygons in each plane are congruent and joined by an alternating strip of triangles;
* Star antiprisms;
* Cupolae, in which the polygon in one plane contains twice as many points as the other and is joined to it by alternating triangles and rectangles;
* Frusta obtained by truncation of a pyramid or a cone;
* Quadrilateral-faced hexahedral prismatoids:
** Parallelepipeds – six parallelogram faces
** Rhombohedrons – six rhombus faces
** Trigonal trapezohedra – six congruent rhombus faces
** Cuboids – six rectangular faces
** Quadrilateral frusta – an apex-truncated square pyramid
** Cube – six square faces

## Higher dimensions

In general, a polytope is prismatoidal if its vertices exist in two hyperplanes. For example, in four dimensions, two polyhedra can be placed in two parallel 3-spaces, and connected with polyhedral sides.
# Oregon chub

The Oregon chub (Oregonichthys crameri) is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish beloinging to the family Leuciscidae, the shiners, daces and minnows. It is endemic to Oregon in the United States. From 1993 to 2015 it was a federally listed threatened species.Their scales are relatively large, with less than 40 on their lateral line. The scales towards the caudal fin are outlined with a darker pigment.
This chub is native to the drainage of the Willamette River in Oregon. It was once distributed throughout the drainage in shallow water habitat, but changes in the hydrology of the region have eliminated much of this habitat and restricted the chub to several streams and rivers. Dams and channels were constructed and non-native species of fish were introduced to the area. The chub was listed as endangered in 1993 and downlisted to threatened in 2010.
In early 2014, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service said that the small, silver-speckled minnow would become the first fish to be taken off the endangered species list when its numbers returned from fewer than 1,000 individuals to an estimated 160,000. It was delisted on February 17, 2015 with populations of more than 140,000 in 80 different locations.
# 1987 Scottish Masters

The 1987 Langs Scottish Masters was a professional non-ranking snooker tournament that took place between 17 and 20 September 1987 at the Hospitality Inn in Glasgow, Scotland.
Joe Johnson won the tournament by defeating Terry Griffiths 9–7 in the final.

## Prize fund

The breakdown of prize money for this year is shown below:
* Winner: £16,000
* Runner-up: £10,000
* Semi-final: £5,000
* Quarter-final: £3,125
* Highest break: £1,500
* Total: £50,000

## Tournament draw

| Quarter-finals Best of 9 frames | Quarter-finals Best of 9 frames | Semi-finals Best of 11 frames | Semi-finals Best of 11 frames | Final Best of 17 Frames | Final Best of 17 Frames |
| Joe Johnson (ENG) | 5 | | |
| Stephen Hendry (SCO) | 2 | | |
| Stephen Hendry (SCO) | 2 | Joe Johnson | 6 |
| | | Cliff Thorburn | 3 |
| Cliff Thorburn (CAN) | 5 | Cliff Thorburn | 3 |
| Dennis Taylor (NIR) | 2 | | | | |
| Dennis Taylor (NIR) | 2 | | | Joe Johnson | 9 |
| | | | | Terry Griffiths | 7 |
| Terry Griffiths (WAL) | 5 | | | Terry Griffiths | 7 |
| Neal Foulds (ENG) | 4 | | | | |
| Neal Foulds (ENG) | 4 | Terry Griffiths | 6 | | |
| | | Jimmy White | 3 |
| Jimmy White (ENG) | 5 | Jimmy White | 3 |
| Alex Higgins (NIR) | 3 | | |
# Tariq Mahmood (detainee)

Tariq Mahmood is a British Pakistani man who was captured in Islamabad by Pakistani security forces in October 2003. His family reports that Tariq was tortured, while in Pakistani custody, with the knowledge or cooperation of UK and American security officials.

## Background

Tariq Mahmood is a married father of two from Sparkhill, Birmingham. The former taxi driver flew to Pakistan in 2001 to settle a land dispute over a family home there.

## Arrest

In October 2003, Mahmood was held on suspicion of being associated with a "banned organization" under the Security of Pakistan Act, Section 10, and was not given immediate access to courts despite his British citizenship. Pakistani officials confirmed on the 17th of November that they had detained and were questioning Mahmood. At the time of his arrest, Mahmood had been living in Pakistan for three years. His wife and two children joined him, and been living in Pakistan for two years. They moved back to their Birmingham home following Mahmood's arrest.
In early 2004 Mahmood was arrested by police in Rawalpindi. The police report stated that ISI had released him from custody on the side of a road. Police were called with details on where to find him, and that he was a foreigner with no identification, a crime under Pakistani law. His brother, Asif Mahmood claimed that Mahmood had been mistreated by MI5, and the FBI while in ISI custody.
Pakistani security reportedly turned him over to American forces, prompting fears he would be sent to Guantanamo Bay Naval Base. In February 2004, Pakistani intelligence sources indicated Tariq Mahmood had been transported to Bagram Airfield, Afghanistan, a "stepping stone" to Guantanamo Bay.
Human Rights Watch listed him as one of 39 ghost detainees in 2005, who are not given any legal rights or access to counsel, and who are likely not reported to or seen by the International Committee of the Red Cross.
On February 19, 2004, The Guardian listed the nine UK citizens then known to have been held in Guantanamo. They listed him as a possible 10th UK citizen held in Guantanamo. His presence in Guantanamo has never been confirmed.
The Guardian spoke to Mahmood's friends and relatives, who claimed he was now living in Dubai. The Guardian was unable to make contact with Mahmood to discuss his case.
# Cyber Org

Cyber Org (サイバーオーグ SAIBAOGU) is an action video game developed by FuzzBox, published by Square and released in 1999 for the PlayStation.

## Gameplay

Classified as a Space Opera, a new type of action game, Cyber Org is set in a futuristic world, with three different playable characters and multiple areas to explore. Each area has puzzles and fight sequences rendered in polygonal 3D. The gameplay is easy to understand even for beginners, utilizing a single button combined with a secondary button for combo attacks.

## Audio

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Chudah's Corner | (A) |
| Square Enix Music Online | (9/10) |
The music of Cyber Org was composed by Yoshihiro Sato.

## Development

The game was announced in December 1998.
# Domingo Arévalo

Domingo Arévalo (born 15 September 1968) is a Paraguayan footballer who played for clubs from Paraguay, Argentina and Chile and for the Paraguay national team.
# Nkoranza North District

Nkoranza North District is one of the eleven districts in Bono East Region, Ghana. Originally it was formerly part of the then-larger Nkoranza District on 10 March 1989, until the northern part of the district was split off to create Nkoranza North District on 1 November 2007 (effectively 29 February 2008); thus the remaining part has been renamed as Nkoranza South District; which it was later elevated to municipal district assembly status on 28 June 2012 to become Nkoranza South Municipal District. The district assembly is located in the southern part of Bono East Region and has Busunya as its capital town.

## List of settlements

Settlements of Nkoranza North District :
| No. | Settlement | Population | Population year |
| 1 | Busunya | | |
| '2' | Akrudwa | | |

## Sources

* "Nkoranza North District". Statoids.
* District: Nkoranza North District
# Margaret Brown (mathematics educator)

Margaret Louise Brown OBE is a British mathematics educator known for her research on numeracy and the learning stages of mathematics. She is an emeritus professor of mathematics education at King's College London, the former head of the School of Education at King's College London, the former president of the British Educational Research Association, , the former director of Graded Assessment in Mathematics (GAIM), the former chair of the trustees of the School Mathematics Project, and the former president of the Mathematical Association.

## Education and career

Brown was a secondary school teacher of mathematics in the 1960s before becoming a lecturer at Chelsea College, now part of King's College London. After the 1985 merge of Chelsea and King's College London, she headed the School of Education from 1992 to 1996. She was president of the Mathematical Association in 1990, and president of the British Educational Research Association for 1997–1998.

## Recognition

Brown won the 2013 Kavli Medal "for her significant impact on mathematics education within the UK". She was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in the 2015 New Year Honours.
# Franz Halberg

Franz Halberg (July 5, 1919 – June 9, 2013 ) was a scientist and one of the founders of modern chronobiology. He first began his experiments in the 1940s and later founded the Chronobiology Laboratories at the University of Minnesota. Halberg published many papers also in the serials of the History Commission of International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy. He also published in "Wege zur Wissenschaft, Pathways to Science". He was a member of many international bodies, was awarded five honorary doctorates and was a member of the Leibniz Sozietät der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. In the 1950s, he introduced the word circadian, which derives from the Latin about (circa) a day (diem).

## Nominations for the Nobel Prize

Halberg was nominated several times for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. In 1988, and again in 1989, upon invitation by Professor Björn Nordenström of the Karolinska Institute in Sweden, then a member of the Nobel committee, Germaine Cornelissen, close associate of Halberg, nominated Halberg for the prize, highlighting the different ingredients contributed by Franz in developing the discipline of chronobiology. Nordenström had come to the University of Minnesota to give a major lecture and accepted Halberg's invitation to come and visit his laboratory. The invitation was extended upon Nordenström's return to Sweden, at the Minneapolis airport where Halberg and Cornelissen had accompanied him to continue discussions of work of mutual interest. After Nordenström left the committee, Halberg's dossier assembled by Cornelissen was handed over to Dr. Dora K. Hayes of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, who had a colleague eligible to make nominations.
# Krakatoa (film)

Krakatoa is a 1933 American Pre-Code short documentary film produced by Joe Rock. It won the Academy Award in 1934 for Best Short Subject (Novelty). Educational Pictures (or Educational Film Exchanges, Inc.) was the film distributor of the film.
This film was notable for overwhelming the sound systems of the cinemas of the time. In Australia, the distributors insisted on a power output of 10 watts RMS as a minimum for cinemas wishing to show the film. This was then considered a large system, and forced many cinemas to upgrade. A revised version was made in 1966 for the Library of Congress.

## Synopsis

The story describes how the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa on the island blew half of the large island into the air, producing a tsunami, and an air wave that was felt seven times around the globe. The eruption also emitted tons of dust that dimmed sunlight all over the world for many months.
# Polyspora singaporeana

Polyspora singaporeana is a species of plant in the family Theaceae. It is a tree found in Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. It is threatened by habitat loss.
# Nørre Vosborg

Nørre Vosborg is a manor house located near Vemb, 19 km (12 mi) west of Holstebro in the west of Jutland, Denmark. The original building dates from c. 1532 with additions in 1640, 1750 and the mid-19th century. In 1946, restoration of the complex began under the leadership of H.H. Engqvist. The work was completed by Realdania in 2008, leading to a hotel with conference facilities. Nørre Vosborg is now furnished as a hotel and cultural office with restaurant, cafe and banquet facilities.

## Architecture

The original structure from 1552, now renovated, was in the Gothic style. The Ida Lange building (1642) is a half-timbered Renaissance residence while the De Linde building (1770) is Baroque with fine period staircases. The Tang building (1839) is Neoclassical in design. Inspired by Dutch architecture, the free standing gate tower from 1790 was added by the estate's owner at the time, Peder Tang.

## Surroundings

The estate which covers 533 acres offers birdlife along the coasts of the North Sea and Nissum Fjord. The forested area also contains a moraine landscape around Skovbjerg Bakkesø to the southeast.
# Old Flame

Old Flame may refer to:

## Music
### Albums

* Old Flame (album), by Juice Newton, 1985
* Old Flames, by Sonny Rollins, 1993

### Songs

* "Old Flame" (Alabama song), 1981
* "Old Flame" (Poco song), 1984; covered by Juice Newton, 1985
* "Old Flame", by Arcade Fire from Arcade Fire, 2003
* "Old Flame", by Johnny Reid from Dance with Me, 2009
* "Old Flame", by Kimbra from Vows, 2011

## Television episodes

* "Old Flame" (8 Simple Rules), 2005
* "Old Flame" (Dexter's Laboratory), 1998
* "An Old Flame" (Upstairs, Downstairs), 1975
* "The Old Flame" (Hiller and Diller), 1997
* "The Old Flame" (The Jeffersons), 1977
* "Old Flames" (Cheers), 1983
* "Old Flames" (Screen Two), 1990

## Other uses

* "An Old Flame" (short story), a 1901 Raffles story by E. W. Hornung
* An Old Flame, a 1930 Krazy Kat film
* "The Old Flame", a poem by Robert Lowell included in his 1964 collection For the Union Dead
# Colin Kirkham

Colin Kirkham (born 30 October 1944) is a male retired British long-distance runner.

## Early life

Kirkham studied Mathematics at Durham University, where he was a member of St Cuthbert's Society and won the Northern Counties Marathon Championship.
He taught Maths at Arley, Warwickshire.

## Career

Kirkham competed in the marathon at the 1972 Summer Olympics. He represented England in the marathon event, at the 1974 British Commonwealth Games in Christchurch, New Zealand.
# Salam Jassem Hussein

Salam Jassem Hussein al-Obeidi (aka Major Salam, b: 1979) is an Iraqi officer who received media appraisal during the war against ISIS and the Second battle of Mosul (2016–2017). Salam Hussein is now a Brigadier General.

## Early life

Salam Jassem Hussein studied linguistics at university, studying English and Hebrew when the 2003 Iraqi war began. After the defeat of Saddam Hussein, Salam, against his father's wishes, entered the newly formed and Western-sponsored Iraqi army in late 2003. He was assigned to the Iraqi Counter-Terrorism Force (ICTF).
In 2004 he joined the fighting during the battle of Najaf against Shia militants from the Mahdi army.

## War against ISIS

When the war against ISIS erupted, Major Salam Hussein led the 2nd battalion of the 1st Brigade (ISOF-1), part of the Iraqi Special Operations Forces, known as the Golden Division. Major Hussein is critical of Iraq's political establishment, especially former Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki, whom he regards as the main cause of his country's crisis. He forbade the use of influential Shia cleric Hussein's flag, frequently seen flying over Iraqi army's vehicles and voiced his opposition to anti-Sunni sectarian policies and violence supported or encouraged by various Shia politicians in power.
He joined the battles of Tikrit and Ramadi. On 9 June 2016, while involved in the battle of Fallujah where he sustained injuries from a missile attack.
In late 2016, while taking part in the second battle of Mossul, he led the 2nd ICTF Battalion which breached Mosul's Eastern defenses on 1 November 2016. In late December 2016, after the conquest of the Eastern side of Mosul, he left for the US to train 6 months. He returned to Mosul in June 2017 with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, to lead the offensive on Mosul's old town, on the western bank of the river.
# Mack Rides BigDipper

BigDipper is a type of steel roller coasters by Mack Rides. Being the first of its kind, the roller coaster Lost Gravity opened at Walibi Holland in March 2016.

## Driving system

The trains run on steel rails. The short trains make it possible to drive through very tight curve radii. The roller coasters are basically driven by a chain lift hill, whereby the wagon after the lift covers the rest of the distance solely through gravity.

## Trains

The trains consist of individual wagons with two rows each. In each row there are four seats next to each other, with the two inner seats placed above the rail and the outer two next to the rail. The outer seats are also slightly offset upwards. This means there is space for 8 people in one train.

## Installations

| Name | Amusement park | Layout | Opening date | Status |
| Lost Gravity | Walibi Holland | Custom | 24 March 2016 | Operating |
| Dynamite | Freizeitpark Plohn | Custom | 18 May 2019 | Operating |
| Wiener Looping | Prater | Custom | 2025 | Construction Finished |
# Selina Hastings (writer)

Lady Selina Shirley Hastings (born 5 March 1945) is a British journalist, author and biographer.

## Biography

The elder daughter of Francis, 16th Earl of Huntingdon, by his second marriage to Margaret Lane, Hastings was educated at St Hugh's College, Oxford, where she took an MA degree.
Hastings's books include Sir Gawain and the Loathly Lady (1985), Nancy Mitford (1986), The Singing Ringing Tree, The Man Who Wanted to Live Forever (both 1988), The Firebird, Evelyn Waugh (both 1995), Beibl Lliw Y Plant (1998), Rosamond Lehmann (2002) and The Secret Lives of Somerset Maugham (2010). She is a past recipient of the Marsh Biography Award.
Reviewing Nancy Mitford for The New York Times, William McBrien questioned Hastings' sparse documentation of some of the facts in the book. He praised the book for its depiction of that historical period. Evelyn Waugh was reviewed by The New York Times, The Guardian and The Spectator. Rosamond Lehmann was reviewed in The Guardian and The Daily Telegraph. The Secret Lives of Somerset Maugham was reviewed in The New York Times, The Guardian, The Washington Post and the Los Angeles Times.
Hastings was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature (FRSL) in 1994. Among others she and her sister, Lady Harriet Shackleton, are in remainder to several ancient English baronies, including those of Hastings and Botreaux.