# List of sovereign states by date of formation

Below is a list of sovereign states with the dates of their formation (date of their independence or of their constitution), sorted by continent.
This list includes the 195 states which are currently member states of the United Nations or non-member observer states with the United Nations General Assembly. This does not include extinct states, but does include several states with limited recognition.
For proposed states or various indigenous nations which consider themselves still under occupation, see list of active autonomist and secessionist movements.
Nation-building is a long evolutionary process, and in most cases the date of a country's "formation" cannot be objectively determined; e.g., the fact that England and France were sovereign kingdoms on equal footing in the medieval period does not prejudice the fact that England is not now a sovereign state (having passed sovereignty to Great Britain in 1707), while France is a Republic founded in 1870 (though the term France generally refers to the current French Fifth Republic government, formed in 1958).
Around 60 countries gained independence from the United Kingdom throughout its history, the most in the world, followed by around 40 countries that gained independence from France throughout its history. Over 50% of the world's borders today were drawn as a result of British and French imperialism.
An unambiguous measure is the date of national constitutions; but as constitutions are an almost entirely modern concept, all formation dates by that criterion are modern or early modern (the oldest extant constitution being that of San Marino, dating to 1600).
Independence dates for widely recognized states earlier than 1919 should be treated with caution, since prior to the founding of the League of Nations, there was no international body to recognize nationhood, and independence had no meaning beyond mutual recognition of de facto sovereigns (the role of the League of Nations was effectively taken over by the United Nations after the Second World War). See also: disputed territories.
Many countries have some remote (or fantastically remote) symbolic foundation date as part of their national mythology, sometimes artificially inflating a country's "age" for reasons of nationalism, sometimes merely gesturing at a long and gradual process of the formalizing national identity. Such dates do not reflect the formation of a state (an independent political entity).
The following list contains the formation dates of countries with a short description of formation events. For a more detailed description of a country's formation and history, please see the main article for that country.

## Africa

| Country | Date of current form of government | Birth of current form of government | Date of acquisition of sovereignty | Acquisition of sovereignty | Date of territorial modification | Most recent significant territorial modification |
| Algeria | 19 September 1958 | Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic proclaimed | 5 July 1962 | Algeria reclaims sovereignty over the entire Algerian territory upon independence from France | 18 March 1845 | Lalla Maghnia treaty between French administration in Algeria and the Sherifian empire, the treaty confirms the Sherifian acquisitions in 1813, the Moulouya river is no longer the border between the two territories and is relocated to Oued Kiss. Algerian territory no longer comprises Oujda and Figuig |
| Angola | 1975 | | 11 November 1975 | Independence from Portugal | | |
| Benin | 1 March 1960 | | 1 August 1960 | Independence from France | 15 January 1894 | Borders of French Protectorate of Dahomey set at conclusion of Second Franco-Dahomean War |
| Botswana | 30 September 1966 | | 30 September 1966 | Independence from the United Kingdom | 31 December 1999 | Sedudu ruled to belong to Botswana rather than Namibia by the International Court of Justice. |
| Burkina Faso | 30 September 2022 | Coup d'état | 5 August 1960 | Independence from France | | |
| Burundi | 28 November 1966 | Monarchy replaced by republic | 1 July 1962 | Independence from Belgium | | |
| Cabo Verde | 5 July 1975 | | 5 July 1975 | Independence from Portugal | | |
| Cameroon | 20 May 1972 | | 1 January 1960 | Independence from France | 1 October 1961 | Merger of part of British Cameroons with Cameroon |
| Central African Republic | 21 September 1979 | Monarchy replaced by republic | 13 August 1960 | Independence from France | | |
| Chad | 10 October 2022 | National Transitional Council established | 11 August 1960 | Independence from France | 3 February 1997 | Aouzou Strip awarded to Chad |
| Comoros | | | 6 July 1975 | Independence from France declared | | |
| Democratic Republic of Congo | 17 May 1997 | | 30 June 1960 | Independence from Belgium | | |
| Republic of Congo | | | 15 August 1960 | Independence from France | | |
| Djibouti | | | 27 June 1977 | Independence from France | | |
| Egypt | 18 June 1953 | Egyptian revolution of 1952, Egyptian monarchy overthrown in a military coup, republic declared | 28 February 1922 | The UK ends its protectorate, granting independence to Egypt | 1925 | The eastern borders of Libya and British Egypt are changed to their present boundaries. |
| Equatorial Guinea | | | 12 October 1968 | Independence from Spain | | |
| Eritrea | | | 27 April 1993 | Independence from Ethiopia declared | 1 April 2002 | Badme ruled to be Eritrean by the Eritrea–Ethiopia Boundary Commission (EEBC after the Eritrean–Ethiopian War). Contested by Ethiopia |
| Eswatini | 8 February 2006 | Constitution of Eswatini | 6 September 1968 | Independence from the United Kingdom | | |
| Ethiopia | 21 August 1995 | 1995 Constitution of Ethiopia | 900 | Zagwe dynasty | 1 April 2002 | Badme ruled to be Eritrean by the Eritrea–Ethiopia Boundary Commission (EEBC after the Eritrean–Ethiopian War). Contested by Ethiopia |
| Gabon | | | 17 August 1960 | Independence from France | | |
| Gambia | | | 18 February 1965 | Independence from the United Kingdom | | |
| Ghana | | | 6 March 1957 | Independence from the United Kingdom | 13 December 1956 | Union of British Togoland with Gold Coast |
| Guinea declaration | | | 2 October 1958 | Independence from France | | |
| Guinea-Bissau | | | 24 September 1973 | Independence from Portugal declared | | |
| Guinea-Bissau | | | 10 September 1974 | Independence from Portugal recognized | | |
| Ivory Coast | | | 4 December 1958 | Autonomous republic within French Community | | |
| Ivory Coast | | | 7 August 1960 | Independence from France | | |
| Kenya | | | 12 December 1963 | Independence from the United Kingdom | | |
| Lesotho | | | 4 October 1966 | Independence from the United Kingdom | 12 March 1868 | Area that is now Lesotho placed under British rule |
| Liberia | | | 26 July 1847 | Independence from American Colonization Society | 6 January 1986 | Current constitution came into effect |
| Libya | 4 August 2014 | House of Representatives takes power. | 24 December 1951 | Independence from UN Trusteeship (British and French administration after Italian governance ends in 1947) | 13 February 1984 | Aouzou Strip awarded to Chad. |
| Madagascar | | | 14 October 1958 | The Malagasy Republic was created as autonomous state within French Community | | |
| Madagascar | | | 26 June 1960 | France recognizes Madagascar's independence | | |
| Malawi | | | 6 July 1964 | Independence from the United Kingdom | | |
| Mali | | | 25 November 1958 | French Sudan gains autonomy | 8 April 1960 | Senegal secedes from Mali Federation |
| Mali | | | 22 September 1960 | Independence from France | 8 April 1960 | Senegal secedes from Mali Federation |
| Mauritania | | | 28 November 1960 | Independence from France | 11 August 1979 | Mauritania withdraws from Tiris al-Gharbiyya (part of Western Sahara) |
| Mauritius | | | 12 March 1968 | Independence from the United Kingdom | 1965 | Separation of Chagos Archipelago |
| Morocco | 18 November 1955 | Protectorate Abolished | 788 AD | Enthronement of Idris I in Volubilis | 6 November 1975 | Green March |
| Mozambique | 27 October 1994 | Mozambique holds its first multiparty election since the Civil War | 25 June 1975 | Independence from Portugal | | |
| Namibia | | | 21 March 1990 | Independence from South African rule | 1 March 1997 | Walvis Bay integrated into Namibia |
| Niger | | | 4 December 1958 | Autonomy within French Community | | |
| Niger | | | 3 August 1960 | Independence from France | | |
| Nigeria | | | 1 October 1960 | Independence from the United Kingdom | 15 January 1970 | Biafra re-integrated into Nigeria |
| Nigeria | | | 1 October 1960 | Independence from the United Kingdom | 1 June 1961 | Northern Cameroons integrated in Nigeria |
| Rwanda | | | 1 July 1962 | Independence from Belgium | | |
| São Tomé and Príncipe | | | 12 July 1975 | Independence from Portugal | | |
| Senegal | | | 20 August 1960 | Independence from France | | |
| Seychelles | | | 29 June 1976 | Independence from the United Kingdom | | |
| Sierra Leone | | | 27 April 1961 | Independence from the United Kingdom | | |
| Somalia | 20 August 2012 | Federal Government of Somalia established. | 1 July 1960 | Union of Trust Territory of Somalia (former Italian Somaliland) and State of Somaliland (formerly British Somaliland) | 18 May 1991 (disputed) | Somaliland declares independence, but is not recognized by any UN state. |
| South Africa | 31 May 1961 | Republic declared | 11 December 1931 | Statute of Westminster, which establishes a status of legislative equality between the self-governing dominion of the Union of South Africa and the UK | 21 March 1990 | De facto: South West Africa declares independence, forming Namibia |
| South Africa | 4 February 1997 | The post-Apartheid Constitution of South Africa comes into effect | 31 May 1910 | Creation of the autonomous Union of South Africa from the previously separate colonies of the Cape, Natal, Transvaal and Orange River | 27 April 1994 | De jure: Reincorporation of the nominally independent but unrecognised bantustans into post-apartheid South Africa |
| South Sudan | 9 July 2011 | 2011 South Sudanese independence referendum | 9 July 2011 | Separation of Southern Sudan from Sudan | | |
| Sudan | 15 April 2010 | First democratic election since the Second Sudanese Civil War | 1 January 1956 | Independence from Egyptian and British joint rule | 9 July 2011 | South Sudan secedes from Sudan |
| Tanzania | 1 July 1991 | Amendment to Constitution of Tanzania ends status as one-party state | 9 December 1961 | Independence of Tanganyika from the United Kingdom | 26 April 1964 | Merger of Zanzibar with Tanganyika to form Tanzania |
| Togo | | | 30 August 1958 | Autonomy within French Union | | |
| Togo | | | 27 April 1960 | Independence from France | | |
| Tunisia | 25 July 2022 | 2022 Constitution of Tunisia | 20 March 1956 | Independence from France | | |
| Uganda | | | 1 March 1962 | Self-government granted | | |
| Uganda | | | 9 October 1962 | Independence from the United Kingdom | | |
| Zambia | | | 24 October 1964 | Independence from the United Kingdom | | |
| Zimbabwe | 22 December 1987 | Robert Mugabe revises the Constitution of Zimbabwe to create an executive presidency. | 11 November 1965 | Unilateral declaration of independence by Southern Rhodesia | 1901 | BSAC separates North-Eastern Rhodesia from Southern Rhodesia |
| Zimbabwe | 22 December 1987 | Robert Mugabe revises the Constitution of Zimbabwe to create an executive presidency. | 18 April 1980 | Recognized independence from the United Kingdom as Zimbabwe | 1901 | BSAC separates North-Eastern Rhodesia from Southern Rhodesia |

## Americas

| Country | Date of current form of government | Birth of current form of government | Date of acquisition of sovereignty | Acquisition of sovereignty | Date of territorial modification | Most recent significant territorial modifi­cation |
| Antigua and Barbuda | | | 1 November 1981 | Independence from the United Kingdom | | |
| Argentina | 10 December 1983 | The current Constitution of Argentina enters in force | 25 May 1810 | May Revolution installs first local government | 18 October 1884 | Conquest of the Desert |
| Argentina | 10 December 1983 | The current Constitution of Argentina enters in force | 9 July 1816 | Argentine Declaration of Independence from Spain. | 18 October 1884 | Conquest of the Desert |
| Bahamas | | | 7 January 1964 | Internal self-governance granted | | |
| Bahamas | | | 10 July 1973 | Independence from the United Kingdom | | |
| Barbados | | | 30 November 1966 | Independence from the United Kingdom | | |
| Belize | | | 1 January 1964 | Self-governing colony | 1859 | Treaty establishes border between British Honduras and Guatemala |
| Belize | | | 21 September 1981 | Independence from the United Kingdom | 1859 | Treaty establishes border between British Honduras and Guatemala |
| Bolivia | 25 January 2009 | Constitution of Bolivia | 6 August 1825 | Bolivian War of Independence from Spain. | 11 November 1903 | Treaty of Petrópolis with Brazil whereby Bolivia gained lands in Mato Grosso in exchange for the territory of Acre |
| Bolivia | 25 January 2009 | Constitution of Bolivia | 21 July 1844 | Independence recognized by Spain | 11 November 1903 | Treaty of Petrópolis with Brazil whereby Bolivia gained lands in Mato Grosso in exchange for the territory of Acre |
| Brazil | 5 October 1988 | Constitution of Brazil established as the third Federative Republic | 7 September 1822 | Independence from the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves declared | 11 November 1903 | Signing of the Treaty of Petrópolis with Bolivia whereby Brazil was given the territory of Acre in exchange for lands in Mato Grosso |
| Brazil | 5 October 1988 | Constitution of Brazil established as the third Federative Republic | 29 August 1825 | Independence recognized by Portugal | 11 November 1903 | Signing of the Treaty of Petrópolis with Bolivia whereby Brazil was given the territory of Acre in exchange for lands in Mato Grosso |
| Brazil | 5 October 1988 | Constitution of Brazil established as the third Federative Republic | 15 November 1889 | Proclamation of the Federal Republic | 11 November 1903 | Signing of the Treaty of Petrópolis with Bolivia whereby Brazil was given the territory of Acre in exchange for lands in Mato Grosso |
| Canada | 1 July 1867 | Granted nominal independence (Dominion status), establishing as a federation | 11 December 1931 | Statute of Westminster | 1 April 1999 | Nunavut Territory created as per native land claims act from two thirds of the area of Northwest Territories. |
| Canada | 1 July 1867 | Granted nominal independence (Dominion status), establishing as a federation | 17 April 1982 | Constitution Act, 1982 established | 1 April 1999 | Nunavut Territory created as per native land claims act from two thirds of the area of Northwest Territories. |
| Chile | 17 August 1989 | Amendment to the Constitution of Chile ends the military dictatorship | 18 September 1810 | First Government Junta | 3 July 1929 | Chile awarded Arica district in Treaty of Lima |
| Chile | 17 August 1989 | Amendment to the Constitution of Chile ends the military dictatorship | 12 February 1818 | Chilean Declaration of Independence from Spain | 3 July 1929 | Chile awarded Arica district in Treaty of Lima |
| Chile | 17 August 1989 | Amendment to the Constitution of Chile ends the military dictatorship | 25 April 1844 | Independence recognized by Spain | 3 July 1929 | Chile awarded Arica district in Treaty of Lima |
| Colombia | 4 July 1991 | Colombian Constitution of 1991 established as a presidential republic. | 20 July 1810 | Colombia declares independence from Spain. | 4 July 1991 | The Sovereign territory was organized under the National Constituent Assembly. |
| Colombia | 4 July 1991 | Colombian Constitution of 1991 established as a presidential republic. | 17 December 1819 | Colombia merged with Venezuela, Panama, and Ecuador. | 4 July 1991 | The Sovereign territory was organized under the National Constituent Assembly. |
| Colombia | 4 July 1991 | Colombian Constitution of 1991 established as a presidential republic. | 19 November 1831 | Gran Colombia dissolved creating a pact with Panama as the Republic of New Granada. | 4 July 1991 | The Sovereign territory was organized under the National Constituent Assembly. |
| Colombia | 4 July 1991 | Colombian Constitution of 1991 established as a presidential republic. | 22 May 1858 | The Republic of New Granada was replaced to the Granadine Confederation under the 1858 constitution. | 4 July 1991 | The Sovereign territory was organized under the National Constituent Assembly. |
| Colombia | 4 July 1991 | Colombian Constitution of 1991 established as a presidential republic. | 8 May 1863 | The Granadine Confederation was replaced to the United States of Colombia under the constitutional change of 1864. | 4 July 1991 | The Sovereign territory was organized under the National Constituent Assembly. |
| Colombia | 4 July 1991 | Colombian Constitution of 1991 established as a presidential republic. | 30 January 1881 | Declaration of Independence recognized by Spain | 4 July 1991 | The Sovereign territory was organized under the National Constituent Assembly. |
| Colombia | 4 July 1991 | Colombian Constitution of 1991 established as a presidential republic. | 8 August 1886 | Establishment of the current sovereignty of Colombia as a republic. | 4 July 1991 | The Sovereign territory was organized under the National Constituent Assembly. |
| Costa Rica | 7 November 1949 | Constitution of Costa Rica | 15 September 1821 | Costa Rica declared independence from Spain | 25 July 1824 | Partido de Nicoya |
| Costa Rica | 7 November 1949 | Constitution of Costa Rica | 15 November 1838 | Independence from Federal Republic of Central America | 25 July 1824 | Partido de Nicoya |
| Costa Rica | 7 November 1949 | Constitution of Costa Rica | 10 May 1850 | Independence recognized by Spain | 25 July 1824 | Partido de Nicoya |
| Cuba | 1 January 1959 | Cuban Revolution | 10 October 1898 | Several wars were declared against Spain from 1868 to 1898, ending with the military support of USA to the Cuban Revolution. | | |
| Cuba | 1 January 1959 | Cuban Revolution | 10 December 1898 | Spain loses the war against the United States and the military occupation of Cuba by the U.S. begins. | | |
| Cuba | 1 January 1959 | Cuban Revolution | 20 May 1902 | United States military occupation ends | | |
| Dominica | 3 November 1978 | Constitution of Dominica | 27 February 1967 | Became an associated state of the United Kingdom | | |
| Dominica | 3 November 1978 | Constitution of Dominica | 3 November 1978 | Independence from the United Kingdom | | |
| Dominican Republic | 28 November 1966 | Civilian constitution of the Dominican Republic following the Dominican Civil War. | 27 February 1844 | The Dominican Republic gains independence from Haiti | 9 May 1936 | Haiti and the Dominican Republic sign a treaty setting a definitive border. |
| Dominican Republic | 28 November 1966 | Civilian constitution of the Dominican Republic following the Dominican Civil War. | 14 October 1874 | Independence recognized by Spain | 9 May 1936 | Haiti and the Dominican Republic sign a treaty setting a definitive border. |
| Ecuador | 28 September 2008 | Constitution of Ecuador established. | 10 August 1809 | First declaration of Independence from Spain | 26 February 1946 | Rio Protocol ends border dispute with Peru |
| Ecuador | 28 September 2008 | Constitution of Ecuador established. | 24 May 1822 | Second declaration of independence from Spain of Gran Colombia, of which Ecuador is a part of | 26 February 1946 | Rio Protocol ends border dispute with Peru |
| Ecuador | 28 September 2008 | Constitution of Ecuador established. | 13 May 1830 | Dissolution of Gran Colombia | 26 February 1946 | Rio Protocol ends border dispute with Peru |
| Ecuador | 28 September 2008 | Constitution of Ecuador established. | 16 February 1840 | Declaration of Independence recognized by Spain | 26 February 1946 | Rio Protocol ends border dispute with Peru |
| El Salvador | 16 December 1983 | Constitution of El Salvador established as the third Unitary presidential republic | 15 September 1821 | El Salvador becomes independent from Spain, and 4 months later becomes province in First Mexican Empire | | |
| El Salvador | 16 December 1983 | Constitution of El Salvador established as the third Unitary presidential republic | 1 July 1823 | El Salvador becomes a state of Federal Republic of Central America from the First Mexican Empire | | |
| El Salvador | 16 December 1983 | Constitution of El Salvador established as the third Unitary presidential republic | 2 February 1841 | Dissolution of the Federal Republic of Central America, El Salvador becomes independent nation | | |
| El Salvador | 16 December 1983 | Constitution of El Salvador established as the third Unitary presidential republic | 18 February 1841 | El Salvador was internationally recognized. | | |
| El Salvador | 16 December 1983 | Constitution of El Salvador established as the third Unitary presidential republic | 24 June 1865 | Independence recognized by Spain | | |
| Grenada | 30 September 1978 | Paul Scoon Takes power after the US Invasion Which Ousted the PRG | 27 February 1967 | Associated state of the United Kingdom | | |
| Grenada | 30 September 1978 | Paul Scoon Takes power after the US Invasion Which Ousted the PRG | 7 February 1974 | Full independence from the United Kingdom | | |
| Guatemala | 31 May 1985 | Constitution of Guatemala established | 15 September 1821 | Guatemala becomes state in Federal Republic of Central America, which declared independence from Spain | | |
| Guatemala | 31 May 1985 | Constitution of Guatemala established | 17 April 1839 | Independence from Federal Republic of Central America declared | | |
| Guatemala | 31 May 1985 | Constitution of Guatemala established | 29 May 1863 | Independence recognized by Spain | | |
| Guyana | | | 26 May 1966 | Independence from the United Kingdom | | |
| Haiti | March 1987 | Constitution of 1987 (superseded) | 1 January 1804 | The French colony Saint-Domingue gains independence as Haiti | 27 February 1844 | The Dominican Republic gains independence from Haiti |
| Haiti | March 1987 | Constitution of 1987 (superseded) | 1 January 1804 | The French colony Saint-Domingue gains independence as Haiti | 9 May 1936 | Haiti and the Dominican Republic sign a treaty setting a definitive border. |
| Honduras | 11 January 1982 | Constitution of Honduras. | 15 September 1821 | Honduras becomes state in Federal Republic of Central America, which declared independence from Spain | 1 September 1972 | Swan Islands returned to Honduras from United States occupation |
| Honduras | 11 January 1982 | Constitution of Honduras. | 26 October 1838 | Independence from Federal Republic of Central America | 1 September 1972 | Swan Islands returned to Honduras from United States occupation |
| Honduras | 11 January 1982 | Constitution of Honduras. | 17 November 1894 | Independence from Spain recognized | 1 September 1972 | Swan Islands returned to Honduras from United States occupation |
| Jamaica | | | 6 August 1962 | Independence from the United Kingdom | | |
| Mexico | 7 February 1917 | Constitution of Mexico | 16 September 1810 | Independence from Spain declared | 30 December 1853 | Gadsden Purchase |
| Mexico | 7 February 1917 | Constitution of Mexico | 27 September 1821 | Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire | 30 December 1853 | Gadsden Purchase |
| Mexico | 7 February 1917 | Constitution of Mexico | 28 December 1836 | Declaration of Independence recognized by Spain | 30 December 1853 | Gadsden Purchase |
| Nicaragua | 9 January 1987 | Constitution of Nicaragua established | 15 September 1821 | Nicaragua becomes state in Federal Republic of Central America, which declared independence from Spain | | |
| Nicaragua | 9 January 1987 | Constitution of Nicaragua established | 5 November 1838 | Independence from Federal Republic of Central America | | |
| Nicaragua | 9 January 1987 | Constitution of Nicaragua established | 24 July 1850 | Independence recognized by Spain | | |
| Panama | 11 October 1972 | Constitution of Panama established | 3 November 1903 | Independence from Colombia | 31 December 1999 | Sovereignty of Panama Canal Zone transferred to Panama from the United States |
| Panama | 11 October 1972 | Constitution of Panama established | 10 May 1904 | Independence from Spain recognized | 31 December 1999 | Sovereignty of Panama Canal Zone transferred to Panama from the United States |
| Paraguay | 20 June 1992 | Democratic Constitution of Paraguay | 14 May 1811 | Independence from Spain declared | 1938 | Paraguay awarded a large portion of the Gran Chaco as a result of the Chaco War |
| Paraguay | 20 June 1992 | Democratic Constitution of Paraguay | 10 September 1880 | Independence from Spain recognized | 1938 | Paraguay awarded a large portion of the Gran Chaco as a result of the Chaco War |
| Peru | 31 December 1993 | Constitution of Peru established | 28 July 1821 | Independence from Spain declared | 26 February 1942 | Rio Protocol ends border dispute with Ecuador |
| Peru | 31 December 1993 | Constitution of Peru established | 14 August 1879 | Independence from Spain recognized | 26 February 1942 | Rio Protocol ends border dispute with Ecuador |
| Saint Kitts and Nevis | | | 27 February 1967 | Associated state of the United Kingdom | 19 December 1980 | Anguilla separated from Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla |
| Saint Kitts and Nevis | | | 19 September 1983 | Independence from the United Kingdom | 19 December 1980 | Anguilla separated from Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla |
| Saint Lucia | | | 27 February 1967 | Associated statehood | | |
| Saint Lucia | | | 22 February 1979 | Independence from the United Kingdom | | |
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | | | 27 October 1969 | Associated statehood | | |
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | | | 27 October 1979 | Independence from the United Kingdom | | |
| Suriname | | | 15 December 1954 | Self-government granted | | |
| Suriname | | | 25 November 1975 | Independence from Netherlands | | |
| Trinidad and Tobago | | | 31 August 1962 | Independence from the United Kingdom | | |
| United States | 4 March 1789 | United States Constitution enters into force, replacing the previous Articles of Confederation and creating a new system of government | 4 July 1776 | Declaration of Independence from Great Britain is adopted by the Continental Congress | 21 August 1959 | United States Territory: Territory of Hawaii joins the United States as the State of Hawaii |
| United States | 4 March 1789 | United States Constitution enters into force, replacing the previous Articles of Confederation and creating a new system of government | 3 September 1783 | Independence from Great Britain recognized | 7 September 1981 | Insular area: The United States cedes Serrana Bank and Roncador Bank to the Republic of Colombia as a result of a treaty signed in 1972 |
| Uruguay | 8 December 1996 | 1996 Uruguayan constitutional referendum | 25 August 1825 | Independence from Empire of Brazil declared, joined in union with United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (current Argentina). | 1861 | Brazil-Uruguay border treaty |
| Uruguay | 8 December 1996 | 1996 Uruguayan constitutional referendum | 27 August 1828 | Treaty of Montevideo signed, recognizing Uruguay's independence by Brazil | 1861 | Brazil-Uruguay border treaty |
| Uruguay | 8 December 1996 | 1996 Uruguayan constitutional referendum | 19 July 1870 | Independence recognized by Spain | 1861 | Brazil-Uruguay border treaty |
| Venezuela | 20 December 1999 | New Constitution of Venezuela establishes the Bolivarian Fifth Republic | 19 April 1810 | Independence from Spain declared | 3 October 1899 | Tribunal of Arbitration awards most of disputed territory to British Guyana. |
| Venezuela | 20 December 1999 | New Constitution of Venezuela establishes the Bolivarian Fifth Republic | 13 January 1830 | Dissolution of Gran Colombia | 3 October 1899 | Tribunal of Arbitration awards most of disputed territory to British Guyana. |
| Venezuela | 20 December 1999 | New Constitution of Venezuela establishes the Bolivarian Fifth Republic | 30 March 1845 | Independence recognized by Spain | 3 October 1899 | Tribunal of Arbitration awards most of disputed territory to British Guyana. |

## Asia

| Country | Date of current form of government | Birth of current form of government | Date of acquisition of sovereignty | Acquisition of sovereignty | Date of territorial modification | Most recent significant territorial modification |
| Afghanistan | 15 August 2021 | Fall of Kabul reestablished the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. | 1747 | Durrani Empire | 12 November 1893 | Durand Line Agreement |
| Armenia | 21 September 1991 | 2015 Armenian constitutional referendum creates a parliamentary republic | 189 BC | Kingdom of Armenia under Artaxiad dynasty | 5 December 1936 | Establishment of the Armenian SSR |
| Armenia | 21 September 1991 | 2015 Armenian constitutional referendum creates a parliamentary republic | 880 | Evolving as a feudal kingdom in the ninth century, Armenia experienced a brief cultural, political and economic renewal under the Bagratuni dynasty. | 5 December 1936 | Establishment of the Armenian SSR |
| Armenia | 21 September 1991 | 2015 Armenian constitutional referendum creates a parliamentary republic | 21 September 1991 | Independence recognized by the Soviet Union | 5 December 1936 | Establishment of the Armenian SSR |
| Bahrain | 14 February 2002 | 2002 Constitution of Bahrain | 15 August 1971 | End of treaties with the United Kingdom | 1 July 1521 | Portuguese conquest of current territory |
| Bangladesh | 4 November 1972 | De jure: Constitution of Bangladesh | 26 March 1971 | Independence from Pakistan declared | 31 July 2015 | India and Bangladesh exchange enclaves |
| Bangladesh | February 27, 1991 | De facto: First general election since restoration of parliamentary democracy. | 26 March 1971 | Independence from Pakistan declared | 31 July 2015 | India and Bangladesh exchange enclaves |
| Bhutan | 24 March 2008 | First elections to the National Assembly | 1885 | Ugyen Wangchuck ends period of civil war and unites Bhutan | 11 November 1865 | Treaty of Sinchula |
| Brunei | 29 September 1959 | De jure: Constitution of Brunei | 1 January 1984 | Brunei regains its independence after an agreement with the British on 4 January 1979 | 18 August 1841 | Kingdom of Sarawak founded |
| Brunei | 12 December 1962 | De facto: Martial law declared during the Brunei Revolt, suspending democratic elections indefinitely. | 1 January 1984 | Brunei regains its independence after an agreement with the British on 4 January 1979 | 18 August 1841 | Kingdom of Sarawak founded |
| Cambodia | 21 September 1993 | Constitution of Cambodia | 802 | Khmer Empire | | |
| Cambodia | 21 September 1993 | Constitution of Cambodia | 9 November 1953 | France grants Cambodia independence | | |
| Cambodia | 21 September 1993 | Constitution of Cambodia | 26 September 1989 | Becomes free from Vietnamese occupation; it gets back its name instead of the People's Republic of Kampuchea | | |
| Republic of China (Taiwan) | 1 January 1912 | A republic was formally established following the Xinhai Revolution, | August 15, 1945 | End of Japanese rule of Taiwan | 20 January 1955 | Loss of Yijiangshan Islands, resulting in the current free area of the Republic of China |
| Republic of China (Taiwan) | 25 December 1947 | The Republic of China adopted its constitution during the National Assembly on 25 December 1947, with further revisions and amendments since 1991 | April 28, 1952 | Treaty of San Francisco came into force | 20 January 1955 | Loss of Yijiangshan Islands, resulting in the current free area of the Republic of China |
| People's Republic of China | 1 October 1949 | Proclamation of the People's Republic of China in Beijing | 2070 BC | The Xia dynasty is canonically the first Chinese state in traditional Chinese histography | 6 October 2011 | Tajikistan ceded 1158 square kilometers of land to China |
| People's Republic of China | 4 December 1982 | The People's Republic of China adopted its constitution during the 5th National People's Congress on 4 December 1982, with further revisions about every five years | 1600 BC | The Shang dynasty is the earliest dynasty with known archaeological evidence | 6 October 2011 | Tajikistan ceded 1158 square kilometers of land to China |
| India | 26 January 1950 | De jure: Constitution of India | 15 August 1947 | Independence from the British Empire | 31 July 2015 | India and Bangladesh exchange exclaves |
| India | 26 January 1950 | De jure: Constitution of India | 321 BC | Emperor Chandragupta Maurya with his mentor and teacher Chanakya unifies India | 31 July 2015 | India and Bangladesh exchange exclaves |
| Iran | 11 February 1979 | Iranian Revolution ended the monarchy and establishes the Islamic Republic on 11 February 1979 | 2600 BC | Founded by the Elamite | 10 February 1828 | Signing of the Treaty of Turkmenchay, whereby the territories that now constitute Armenia, Azerbaijan (the remaining part which hadn't been lost by the Treaty of Gulistan (1813)), and Iğdır are ceded to Russia |
| Iran | 11 February 1979 | Iranian Revolution ended the monarchy and establishes the Islamic Republic on 11 February 1979 | 2600 BC | Founded by the Elamite | 14 August 1971 | Bahrain's independence from Iran |
| Iran | 11 February 1979 | Iranian Revolution ended the monarchy and establishes the Islamic Republic on 11 February 1979 | 2600 BC | Founded by the Elamite | 30 November 1971 | Recapture of Abu Musa and the Greater and Lesser Tunbs |
| Iran | 3 December 1979 | the new constitution was approved according to the results of the constitutional referendum of 2 and 3 December 1979 | 2600 BC | Founded by the Elamite | 30 November 1971 | Recapture of Abu Musa and the Greater and Lesser Tunbs |
| Iraq | 15 October 2005 | Constitution of Iraq following the Iraq War | 762 | The Abbasid Caliphate built the city of Baghdad along the Tigris in the 8th century as its capital, and the city became the leading metropolis of the Arab and Muslim world for five centuries | 28 February 1991 | Kuwait liberated. |
| Iraq | 15 October 2005 | Constitution of Iraq following the Iraq War | 3 October 1932 | Kingdom of Iraq | 28 February 1991 | Kuwait liberated. |
| Israel | 14 May 1948 | Democratic state of Israel. Reading of the Declaration of Independence of Israel | 14 May 1948 | Democratic state of Israel. Reading of the Declaration of Independence of Israel | 14 December 1981 | The Golan Heights Law annexes the Golan Heights, conquered from Syria in the Six-day war to Israel proper; they were administered as a militarily-occupied territory until that point. |
| Israel | 14 May 1948 | Democratic state of Israel. Reading of the Declaration of Independence of Israel | 14 May 1948 | Democratic state of Israel. Reading of the Declaration of Independence of Israel | 12 September 2005 | The Completion of Israel's unilateral disengagement from the Gaza Strip |
| Japan | 22 December 1885 | On December 22, 1885, "Daijo-kan No. 69" were established, and the Cabinet system was established in place of the Daijo-kan system. | 11 February 660 BC | Traditional founding date of the imperial dynasty by Emperor Jimmu. | 15 May 1972 | Return of the Ryukyu Islands to Japan and abolition of the United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands |
| Jordan | 1 January 1952 | Constitution of Jordan | 25 May 1946 | End of the British Mandate for Palestine | 26 October 1997 | Signing of the Israel–Jordan Treaty of Peace, whereby most of the disputed 400 square-kilometer area in the Arabah was handed back to Jordan |
| Jordan | 12 June 2011 | The Cabinet of Jordan is made an elected body | 25 May 1946 | End of the British Mandate for Palestine | 26 October 1997 | Signing of the Israel–Jordan Treaty of Peace, whereby most of the disputed 400 square-kilometer area in the Arabah was handed back to Jordan |
| North Korea | 9 September 1948 | Kim Il-sung declared Premier of North Korea, establishing the still-ruling Kim dynasty. Independence declared from the Soviet Union. | 25 July 918 | Foundation of the Goryeo Dynasty, the exonym Korea originated from the word Goryeo. | 12 October 1962 | Signing of the Sino–Korean Border Agreement with the People's Republic of China |
| North Korea | 25 December 1972 | The Constitution of North Korea replaced Communism with Juche as North Korea's governing philosophy. | 25 July 918 | Foundation of the Goryeo Dynasty, the exonym Korea originated from the word Goryeo. | 12 October 1962 | Signing of the Sino–Korean Border Agreement with the People's Republic of China |
| South Korea | 15 August 1948 | First Republic of Korea established, Independence declared from the United States | 25 July 918 | Foundation of the Goryeo Dynasty, the exonym Korea originated from the word Goryeo. | 27 July 1953 | Cease-fire in the Korean War creates the northern border along the Military Demarcation Line |
| South Korea | 29 October 1987 | Current Sixth Republic of South Korea founded, ending military rule | 25 July 918 | Foundation of the Goryeo Dynasty, the exonym Korea originated from the word Goryeo. | 27 July 1953 | Cease-fire in the Korean War creates the northern border along the Military Demarcation Line |
| Kuwait | 11 November 1962 | Constitution of Kuwait | 1752 | Establishment of the Sheikhdom of Kuwait | 18 December 1969 | Formal division of Saudi-Kuwaiti neutral zone |
| Kyrgyzstan | 10 June 2010 | Constitution of Kyrgyzstan introduces parliamentary system. | 31 August 1991 | Independence from the Soviet Union | 5 December 1936 | Establishment of the Kirghiz SSR |
| Laos | 2 December 1975 | Lao PDR formed | 22 October 1953 | Independence from France | | |
| Lebanon | 23 May 1926 | Lebanese Republic formed | 26 November 1941 | Independence from France declared | 1 September 1920 | France establishes State of Greater Lebanon with current boundaries |
| Lebanon | 23 May 1926 | Lebanese Republic formed | 22 November 1943 | Independence from France recognized | 1 September 1920 | France establishes State of Greater Lebanon with current boundaries |
| Malaysia | 16 September 1963 | Formation of Malaysia | 31 August 1957 | Malayan Independence from the United Kingdom was declared in Dataran Merdeka (Independence Square) | 9 August 1965 | Singapore expelled from the Federation of Malaysia |
| Malaysia | 16 September 1963 | Formation of Malaysia | 16 September 1963 | Malaysia was formed by the federation of North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore with the existing States of the Federation of Malaya. | 9 August 1965 | Singapore expelled from the Federation of Malaysia |
| Maldives | 11 November 1968 | Declaration of Republic | 26 July 1965 | Independence from the United Kingdom | | |
| Mongolia | 12 February 1992 | Constitution of Mongolia declares the country a parliamentary democracy. | 1206 | Mongol Empire formed | | |
| Mongolia | 12 February 1992 | Constitution of Mongolia declares the country a parliamentary democracy. | 29 December 1911 | Proclamation of Mongolian independence from Manchu's Qing dynasty | | |
| Myanmar | 1 February 2021 | The SAC with help from the Tatmadaw overthrows the elected government | 849 | Early Pagan Kingdom formed | 4 January 1948 | Myanmar (Burma) declares independence from the British Empire |
| Myanmar | 1 February 2021 | The SAC with help from the Tatmadaw overthrows the elected government | 1956 | Signing of border treaty with the People's Republic of China | 4 January 1948 | Myanmar (Burma) declares independence from the British Empire |
| Nepal | 28 May 2008 | Formation of Republic | 25 September 1768 | Nepali unification | 2 December 1815 | Sugauli Treaty ends the Gurkha War |
| Oman | 10 June 1749 | Beginning of the Al Said dynasty, current absolute monarchical line of Oman. | 26 January 1650 | Expulsion of the Portuguese | 8 December 1958 | Gwadar sold to Pakistan |
| Oman | 1996 | Basic Law of Oman | 26 January 1650 | Expulsion of the Portuguese | 8 December 1958 | Gwadar sold to Pakistan |
| Pakistan | 14 August 1973 | Constitution of Pakistan | 14 August 1947 | Establishment from the Indian Empire after Independence from the British Empire and Partition of India | | |
| Palestine | 4 May 1994 | Agreement on the Gaza Strip and the Jericho Area | 15 November 1988 | Palestinian Declaration of Independence | 15 June 2007 | Hamas takeover of the Gaza Strip |
| Philippines | 2 February 1987 | The current form of government was established in 1987, as a compromise between different versions of the previous constitutions and patterned after the 1935 Commonwealth constitution | 12 June 1898 Independence declared from Spain, but not recognized. | The evolving revolutionary movement in the Philippines declares itself independent from the Spanish Empire. Spain regarded this as an expression of continued rebellion. This difference in viewpoints was not resolved. | 2012 | In 2012, the United Nations approved a 2009 claim by the Philippines to the Benham Rise. |
| Philippines | 2 February 1987 | The current form of government was established in 1987, as a compromise between different versions of the previous constitutions and patterned after the 1935 Commonwealth constitution | 10 December 1898 | Spain, still sovereign, cedes the Philippines to the United States via the Treaty of Paris (1898). | 2012 | In 2012, the United Nations approved a 2009 claim by the Philippines to the Benham Rise. |
| Philippines | 2 February 1987 | The current form of government was established in 1987, as a compromise between different versions of the previous constitutions and patterned after the 1935 Commonwealth constitution | 11 April 1899 | Sovereignty passes from Spain to the United States with completion of treaty ratification and the U.S. Insular Government of the Philippine Islands is established. | 2012 | In 2012, the United Nations approved a 2009 claim by the Philippines to the Benham Rise. |
| Philippines | 2 February 1987 | The current form of government was established in 1987, as a compromise between different versions of the previous constitutions and patterned after the 1935 Commonwealth constitution | 4 July 1946 | The United States recognizes Philippine independence under the provisions of the Treaty of Manila (1946). The 1935 Constitution remained in effect until 1973, when the Marcos regime promulgated a newer one, in turn replaced by the present 1987 Constitution. | 2012 |
| Qatar | 8 September 1971 | Influence from Britain concluded | 18 December 1878 | Independence from the Ottoman Empire | 4 November 2021 | Acquisition of the rest of Khor Al Adaid |
| Saudi Arabia | 23 September 1932 | Regions of al-Hasa, Qatif, Nejd and Hejaz unified to become Saudi Arabia | 13 January 1902 | Establishment of the Third Saudi State | 4 November 2021 | Fixed border territory with Qatar |
| Singapore | 9 August 1965 | Singapore ceased to be a state of Malaysia | 3 June 1959 | Self-government under the United Kingdom | 9 August 1965 | Establishment of Singapore as an independent sovereign state |
| Singapore | 9 August 1965 | Singapore ceased to be a state of Malaysia | 9 August 1965 | separate from and independent of Malaysia | 9 August 1965 | Establishment of Singapore as an independent sovereign state |
| Sri Lanka | 22 May 1972 | Constitution of Sri Lanka | 4 February 1948 | Independence from United Kingdom | 14 February 1815 | De jure: The Kandyan Kingdom is annexed by British Ceylon |
| Sri Lanka | 22 May 1972 | Constitution of Sri Lanka | 4 February 1948 | Independence from United Kingdom | 18 May 2009 | De facto: The Sri Lankan government regains control of the whole island following the end of the Sri Lankan Civil War. |
| Syria | 8 December 2024 | Formation of the Syrian transitional government after the fall of the Assad regime | 28 September 1961 | End of the United Arab Republic | 8 November 1941 | De jure: Lebanon declares independence from the French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon |
| Syria | 8 December 2024 | Formation of the Syrian transitional government after the fall of the Assad regime | 28 September 1961 | End of the United Arab Republic | 10 June 1967 | De facto: Israel conquers the Golan Heights from Syria during the Six-day War |
| Tajikistan | | | 9 September 1991 | Independence from the Soviet Union | 5 December 1929 | Establishment of the Tajik SSR |
| Thailand | 6 April 2017 | Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand 2017 | 6 November 1767 | Salvage Independence by King Taksin the Great consist of expulsion of Burmese out of former capital (Through Taksin's reunification of Siam on October-6 November 1767) and Establish a New kingdom together with reunification of Thailand | 10 March 1909 | Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 |
| Timor-Leste | 20 May 2002 | Constitution of East Timor | 20 May 2002 | Independence was recognized by the international community following the UN-sponsored act of self-determination of 1999 | 1914 | The borders of Portuguese Timor are agreed. |
| Turkmenistan | 28 September 2008 | Constitution of Turkmenistan | 27 October 1991 | Independence from the Soviet Union | 7 August 1921 | Establishment of the Turkmen SSR |
| United Arab Emirates | | | 2 December 1971 | End of treaty relationship with the United Kingdom | 11 February 1972 | Ras al-Khaimah joins the UAE |
| Uzbekistan | | | 31 August 1991 | Independence from the Soviet Union declared | 24 October 1924 | Establishment of the Uzbek SSR |
| Vietnam | 31 December 1959 | North Vietnam declared a socialist republic | 2 September 1945 | Withdrawal of the Japanese after World War II | 2 July 1976 | Reunification of North Vietnam and South Vietnam as Socialist Republic of Vietnam |
| Vietnam | 1 January 2014 | Current Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam | 2 September 1945 | Withdrawal of the Japanese after World War II | 2 July 1976 | Reunification of North Vietnam and South Vietnam as Socialist Republic of Vietnam |
| Yemen | 22 May 1990 | Unification of North Yemen and South Yemen | 1597 | Qasimid State/Zaidi Imamate | | |
| Yemen | 22 May 1990 | Unification of North Yemen and South Yemen | 1 November 1918 | North Yemen independence from the Ottoman Empire | 21 September 2014 | Houthis seized control of the bulk of the former North Yemen territory and its capital Sana'a |
| Yemen | 22 May 1990 | Unification of North Yemen and South Yemen | 30 November 1967 | South Yemen independence from the United Kingdom | 26 April 2020 | Southern Transitional Council declares self-governance of Socotra and some areas controlled by the former PDR Yemen. |

### Table notes

* ↑ Taiwan: For some clarification and more detail including the sovereignty status of the Republic of China, see the following articles: Cross-Strait relations, One-China policy and Political status of Taiwan.
* ↑ Palestinian National Authority: For some clarification and more detail, see History of the State of Palestine.
* ↑ Philippines: For some clarification and more detail, see Timeline of Philippine Sovereignty and Sovereignty of the Philippines.

## Europe

| Country | Date of current form of government | Birth of current form of government | Date of acquisition of sovereignty | Acquisition of sovereignty | Date of territorial modification | Most recent significant territorial modification |
| Albania | 29 April 1991 | Socialist People's Republic of Albania was replaced by the Republic of Albania. | 1190 c. | Principality of Arbër was established by archon Progon. | 1945 | Occupied Kosovo, west Macedonia and border region of Montenegro returned to Yugoslavia |
| Albania | 29 April 1991 | Socialist People's Republic of Albania was replaced by the Republic of Albania. | 28 November 1912 | Declaration of independence from Ottoman Empire | 1945 | Occupied Kosovo, west Macedonia and border region of Montenegro returned to Yugoslavia |
| Albania | 29 April 1991 | Socialist People's Republic of Albania was replaced by the Republic of Albania. | 28 November 1944 | Albanian state re-established after Italian/German occupation | 1945 | Occupied Kosovo, west Macedonia and border region of Montenegro returned to Yugoslavia |
| Andorra | 28 April 1993 | Current Constitution of Andorra entered force | 1278 | Independence from Aragon | 28 August 2001 | The Andorra–France border is adjusted to allow Andorra to construct the Envalira Tunnel access bridge |
| Austria | 12 November 1918 | Declaration of the Republic of German-Austria | 17 September 1156 | Privilegium Minus: Sovereignty from Duchy of Bavaria as a Duchy of the Holy Roman Empire | 14 December 1921 | City of Sopron, and 8 other towns moved to Hungary after plebiscite |
| Austria | 12 November 1918 | Declaration of the Republic of German-Austria | 11 August 1804 | Proclamation of the Austrian Empire | 14 December 1921 | City of Sopron, and 8 other towns moved to Hungary after plebiscite |
| Austria | 12 November 1918 | Declaration of the Republic of German-Austria | 27 April 1945 | Restoration of the Republic of Austria | 14 December 1921 | City of Sopron, and 8 other towns moved to Hungary after plebiscite |
| Belarus | 28 November 1996 | Constitutional amendment abolishes the Supreme Soviet and establishes the National Assembly | 27 July 1990 | Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic | 1945 | Western border with Poland: modification of the Curzon Line determined at the 1945 Yalta Conference |
| Belarus | 28 November 1996 | Constitutional amendment abolishes the Supreme Soviet and establishes the National Assembly | 25 August 1991 | Independence recognized by Soviet Union | 1945 | Western border with Poland: modification of the Curzon Line determined at the 1945 Yalta Conference |
| Belgium | 21 July 1831 | King Leopold I of Belgium swears allegiance to the constitution making the country a constitutional monarchy | 4 October 1830 | Independence was proclaimed by the provisonial government | 28 June 1919 | Belgian proper: Treaty of Versailles and annexation of the East Cantons |
| Belgium | 21 July 1831 | King Leopold I of Belgium swears allegiance to the constitution making the country a constitutional monarchy | 4 October 1830 | Independence was proclaimed by the provisonial government | 1 July 1962 | Belgian colonial empire: Ruanda-Urundi declares independence and split within two countries: Rwanda and Burundi. |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 3 March 1992 | | 3 March 1992 | Independence declared from the SFR Yugoslavia | 25 November 1943 | Establishment of SR Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia |
| Bulgaria | 10 November 1989 | People's Republic of Bulgaria was replaced by the Republic of Bulgaria | 681 on territories of the Eastern Roman Empire | (Danubian) Bulgaria | 28 October 1944 | Under the 1944 Armistice with the Allies, Bulgaria renounces the 1941 annexation of Vardar Macedonia from Yugoslavia and Eastern Macedonia and Western Thrace from Greece. Formally confirmed on 10 February 1947 by Paris Peace Treaties. |
| Bulgaria | 10 November 1989 | People's Republic of Bulgaria was replaced by the Republic of Bulgaria | 1185 | Second Bulgarian Empire formed | 28 October 1944 | Under the 1944 Armistice with the Allies, Bulgaria renounces the 1941 annexation of Vardar Macedonia from Yugoslavia and Eastern Macedonia and Western Thrace from Greece. Formally confirmed on 10 February 1947 by Paris Peace Treaties. |
| Bulgaria | 10 November 1989 | People's Republic of Bulgaria was replaced by the Republic of Bulgaria | 13 July 1878 | Autonomy within Ottoman Empire recognized internationally by the Treaty of Berlin | 28 October 1944 | Under the 1944 Armistice with the Allies, Bulgaria renounces the 1941 annexation of Vardar Macedonia from Yugoslavia and Eastern Macedonia and Western Thrace from Greece. Formally confirmed on 10 February 1947 by Paris Peace Treaties. |
| Bulgaria | 10 November 1989 | People's Republic of Bulgaria was replaced by the Republic of Bulgaria | 22 September 1908 | Independence from Ottoman Empire | 28 October 1944 | Under the 1944 Armistice with the Allies, Bulgaria renounces the 1941 annexation of Vardar Macedonia from Yugoslavia and Eastern Macedonia and Western Thrace from Greece. Formally confirmed on 10 February 1947 by Paris Peace Treaties. |
| Croatia | 8 October 1991 | Independence from SFR Yugoslavia | 879 | Duke Branimir was recognized as an independent ruler of the Duchy of Croatia by Pope John VIII. | 10 February 1947 | Annexation of most of Istria to SR Croatia as a result of signing the 1947 Paris Peace Treaties |
| Croatia | 8 October 1991 | Independence from SFR Yugoslavia | 925 | Formation of Kingdom of Croatia by King Tomislav | 10 February 1947 | Annexation of most of Istria to SR Croatia as a result of signing the 1947 Paris Peace Treaties |
| Czech Republic | 1 January 1993 | Dissolution of Czechoslovakia, creating the Czech Republic and Slovakia | 870 | Formation of the Duchy of Bohemia | | |
| Denmark | 5 June 1953 | Constitutional Act of Denmark | 965 | Harald Bluetooth unifies Denmark | 15 June 1920 | Denmark proper: Sønderjylland was recovered from Germany. |
| Estonia | 24 February 1918 | Estonian Declaration of Independence, whereby a republic was declared | 20 August 1991 | Independence (from the Soviet Union) reasserted, end of occupation | 1 January 1945 | De facto: Eastern coast of Narva river and most of Petseri County were transferred to Russian SFSR |
| Finland | 29 March 1809 | Diet of Porvoo, birth of Finland as an autonomous state entity within Russian Empire | 6 December 1917 | Independence from Russian Empire declared | 26 January 1956 | Porkkala returned from Soviet control |
| Finland | 29 March 1809 | Diet of Porvoo, birth of Finland as an autonomous state entity within Russian Empire | 3 January 1918 | Independence from Russia recognized by the highest Soviet executive body, VTsIK | 26 January 1956 | Porkkala returned from Soviet control |
| France | 4 October 1958 | Establishment of the current semi-presidential system known as the Fifth Republic | 481 then 843 | First creation with (Clovis), king of the Franks. Then creation of the Kingdom of France (West Francia), Treaty of Verdun | 10 February 1947 | Metropolitan France: Annexation of Tende, La Brigue and other villages formerly in Italy. |
| France | 4 October 1958 | Establishment of the current semi-presidential system known as the Fifth Republic | 22 September 1792 | French Republic founded. | 30 July 1980 | Overseas France: The New Hebrides Condominium declares independence and becomes Vanuatu. |
| Germany | 23 May 1949 | The Basic Law of Germany comes into effect. | 843 then 962 | Creation of East Francia East Francia becomes the Holy Roman Empire (with the Kingdom of Germany as a main part of the empire) | 3 October 1990 | Reunification of West Germany and East Germany |
| Germany | 23 May 1949 | The Basic Law of Germany comes into effect. | 1815 | German Confederation founded | 3 October 1990 | Reunification of West Germany and East Germany |
| Germany | 23 May 1949 | The Basic Law of Germany comes into effect. | 18 January 1871 | German Empire founded | 3 October 1990 | Reunification of West Germany and East Germany |
| Germany | 23 May 1949 | The Basic Law of Germany comes into effect. | 1954 | German Democratic Republic (commonly referred to at the time as East Germany) declared fully sovereign | 3 October 1990 | Reunification of West Germany and East Germany |
| Germany | 23 May 1949 | The Basic Law of Germany comes into effect. | 5 May 1955 | Federal Republic of Germany (commonly referred to at the time as West Germany) declared fully sovereign | 3 October 1990 | Reunification of West Germany and East Germany |
| Germany | 23 May 1949 | The Basic Law of Germany comes into effect. | 15 May 1991 | Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany ends the Four Power occupation. | 3 October 1990 | Reunification of West Germany and East Germany |
| Greece | 11 June 1975 | Third Hellenic Republic | 600 BC | Peloponnesian League / Spartan Alliance | 10 February 1947 | Peace treaty with Italy awards the Dodecanese to Greece |
| Greece | 11 June 1975 | Third Hellenic Republic | 478 BC | Delian League / Athenian Empire | 10 February 1947 | Peace treaty with Italy awards the Dodecanese to Greece |
| Greece | 11 June 1975 | Third Hellenic Republic | 338 BC | League of Corinth / Hellenic League | 10 February 1947 | Peace treaty with Italy awards the Dodecanese to Greece |
| Greece | 11 June 1975 | Third Hellenic Republic | 3 February 1830 | Modern Greece Independence recognized by the London Protocol as Kingdom of Greece. | 10 February 1947 | Peace treaty with Italy awards the Dodecanese to Greece |
| Hungary | 23 October 1989 | People's Republic of Hungary was replaced by the Republic of Hungary. | 895 | Principality of Hungary formed | 10 February 1947 | With the Paris Peace Treaty, Hungary loses all territories that were regained with the First and Second Vienna Awards and during World War II, thus it returns to the 1937 borders (except for three villages in the northwest given to Czechoslovakia). |
| Hungary | 1 January 2012 | The Basic Law of Hungary comes into effect. | 1000 | Formation of the Kingdom of Hungary by Stephen I of Hungary. | 10 February 1947 | With the Paris Peace Treaty, Hungary loses all territories that were regained with the First and Second Vienna Awards and during World War II, thus it returns to the 1937 borders (except for three villages in the northwest given to Czechoslovakia). |
| Iceland | 1 July 1845 | The Althingi resumes meeting after hiatus since 1799. | 1 December 1918 | Iceland becomes sovereign and independent from Denmark as the Kingdom of Iceland but retains a personal union with the King of Denmark. | 1 September 1972 | No territorial changes on land have taken place, however the expansion of the Exclusive Economic Zone was such an important change in territory for Iceland that it merits a special inclusion here. |
| Iceland | 1 July 1845 | The Althingi resumes meeting after hiatus since 1799. | 17 June 1944 | Kingdom of Iceland becomes a Republic. | 1 September 1972 | No territorial changes on land have taken place, however the expansion of the Exclusive Economic Zone was such an important change in territory for Iceland that it merits a special inclusion here. |
| Ireland | 21 January 1919 | Elected Irish Parliament Dáil Éireann unilaterally declares Ireland's independence from the United Kingdom | 6 December 1922 | Irish Free State secedes from United Kingdom by agreement in accordance with the terms of the Anglo-Irish Treaty but remains a dominion of the British Empire | 8 December 1922 | De facto: Northern Ireland secedes from the Irish Free State and rejoins the United Kingdom in accordance with the Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922 |
| Ireland | 21 January 1919 | Elected Irish Parliament Dáil Éireann unilaterally declares Ireland's independence from the United Kingdom | 11 December 1931 | Statute of Westminster confers legislative independence from the United Kingdom | N/A | De facto: Northern Ireland secedes from the Irish Free State and rejoins the United Kingdom in accordance with the Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922 |
| Ireland | 29 December 1937 | Constitution of Ireland establishes the roles of Taoiseach and President, and replaces the Irish Free State (or Saorstat Eireann in Irish language) with a new state named Ireland (or Éire in Irish language). | 18 April 1949 | Republic of Ireland Act 1948 terminates the functions of the British King in Ireland's diplomatic relations; domestic United Kingdom law purports that Ireland was one of the King's dominions until this date; Irish law does not accept this interpretation. | 2 December 1999 | De jure: Amendment to the Irish constitution removes irredentist claims to Northern Ireland. |
| Italy | 2 June 1946 | Italian Republic founded. | 1720 | Sovereignty of the Kingdom of Sardinia, existing since 1324 as part of the Spanish Empire first and subsequently of the Holy Roman Empire. | 1 January 1948 | The Peace treaty with Italy officially determines the boundaries of the Republic of Italy. The Italian Constitution of 1948 implements it at articles 10 and 117. |
| Italy | 2 June 1946 | Italian Republic founded. | 17 March 1861 | Italian unification | 1 January 1948 | The Peace treaty with Italy officially determines the boundaries of the Republic of Italy. The Italian Constitution of 1948 implements it at articles 10 and 117. |
| Italy | 2 June 1946 | Italian Republic founded. | 25 April 1945 | Disestablishment of the German-backed Italian Social Republic, whereby the unity and independence of the Italian state was restored | 1 January 1948 | The Peace treaty with Italy officially determines the boundaries of the Republic of Italy. The Italian Constitution of 1948 implements it at articles 10 and 117. |
| Kosovo | 17 February 2008 | Kosovo Republic founded | 2008 | Kosovan-Serbian War | 2008 | Kosovo War |
| Latvia | 7 November 1922 | Constitution of Latvia enforced | 4 May 1990 | Independence (from Soviet Union) reasserted | 1944 | Abrene district ceded to Russian SFSR (modern Russia) |
| Liechtenstein | 16 March 2003 | The 2003 Liechtenstein constitutional referendum increases the Prince's powers and makes the country an absolute monarchy | 18 August 1866 | Dissolution of the German Confederation | 23 January 1719 | Purchase of Vaduz |
| Lithuania | 11 March 1990 | Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania independence (from the Soviet Union) reasserted, end of occupation | 16 February 1918 | Independence declared from Germany and Russia | 27 October 1939 and 3 August 1940 | Western part (approximately half) of Vilnius Region ceded to Lithuania |
| Luxembourg | 23 November 1890 | Separates from union with the Kingdom of the Netherlands, becomes Grand Duchy in its own right | 1945 | End of German occupation during World War II | 19 April 1839 | Partition of Luxembourg under the Treaty of London |
| Malta | 13 December 1974 | The State of Malta became a republic | 21 September 1964 | Independence from United Kingdom | 20 August 1801 | Gozo rejoined Malta |
| Moldova | 27 August 1997 | Constitution of Moldova (1997) | 27 August 1991 | Independence from Soviet Union | 2 August 1940 | De jure: Moldavian SSR formed |
| Moldova | 27 August 1997 | Constitution of Moldova (1997) | 27 August 1991 | Independence from Soviet Union | 2 September 1990 | De facto: Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic declares independence. The government is not recognized by any UN member, but has de facto control over the Transnistria region. |
| Monaco | 17 December 1962 | Amendment to Constitution of Monaco curtails the power of the prince and establishes the modern National Council | 1297 | François Grimaldi captures the fortress atop the Rock of Monaco. | 1848 | Secession of Menton and Roquebrune-Cap-Martin. |
| Montenegro | 22 October 2007 | Constitution of Montenegro | 3 June 2006 | Declaration of independence from Serbia and Montenegro. | | |
| Netherlands | 24 August 1815 | Adoption of the constitution of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. | 26 July 1581 | Plakkaat van Verlatinghe signed, independence from Spain | 16 March 1839 | European Netherlands: The United Kingdom of the Netherlands divided under the Treaty of London (1839). |
| Netherlands | 15 December 1954 | Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands signed | 5 May 1945 | Surrender of Nazi forces occupying the Netherlands | 25 November 1975 | Kingdom of the Netherlands: Suriname declares independence. |
| North Macedonia (until 2019 Republic of Macedonia) | 17 November 1991 | Constitution of North Macedonia | 8 September 1991 | After a referendum, the Socialist Republic of Macedonia declared independence from Yugoslavia | 2 August 1944 | Establishment of SR Macedonia |
| Norway | 1814 | Constitution of Norway | 872 | King Harald I of Norway unifies the Petty kingdoms of Norway. | 27 February 1930 | Jan Mayen was made part of the Kingdom of Norway. |
| Norway | 1814 | Constitution of Norway | 1814 | Dissolution of the union between Norway and Denmark. | 27 February 1930 | Jan Mayen was made part of the Kingdom of Norway. |
| Norway | 1814 | Constitution of Norway | 7 June 1905 | Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden. | 27 February 1930 | Jan Mayen was made part of the Kingdom of Norway. |
| Norway | 1814 | Constitution of Norway | 8 May 1945 | German occupying forces surrender. | 27 February 1930 | Jan Mayen was made part of the Kingdom of Norway. |
| Poland | 4 June 1989 | The first partially free Parliament's vote after 45-year-long Soviet domination | 966 | Adoption of Christianity by the first historically documented Polish ruler Mieszko I. | 15 February 1951 | Polish-Soviet border adjustment treaty |
| Poland | 4 June 1989 | The first partially free Parliament's vote after 45-year-long Soviet domination | 11 November 1918 | Poland regains its independence. | 15 February 1951 | Polish-Soviet border adjustment treaty |
| Portugal | 2 April 1976 | Constitution of Portugal | 5 October 1143 | Formation of Kingdom of Portugal by Treaty of Zamora signing. | 6 June 1801 | Continental Portugal: Spain occupies the present day border town of Olivença since the War of the Oranges. |
| Portugal | 2 April 1976 | Constitution of Portugal | 5 October 1143 | Formation of Kingdom of Portugal by Treaty of Zamora signing. | 20 December 1999 | Portuguese Overseas: De facto: Portuguese Macau transferred to the People's Republic of China |
| Portugal | 2 April 1976 | Constitution of Portugal | 5 October 1143 | Formation of Kingdom of Portugal by Treaty of Zamora signing. | 20 May 2002 | Portuguese Overseas: De jure: Portuguese Timor, occupied by Indonesia since 1975, officially dissolved to form the independent state of East Timor. |
| Romania | 22 December 1989 | Romanian Revolution of 1989 | 24 January 1859 | Autonomous Principality of Romania founded; becomes kingdom in 1866 and achieved independence 1878 Ottoman Empire | 10 February 1947 | Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina |
| Romania | 22 December 1989 | Romanian Revolution of 1989 | 13 July 1878 | International recognition by the Treaty of Berlin. | 10 February 1947 | Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina |
| San Marino | 1600 | Constitution of San Marino | 3 September 301 | Independence from Roman Empire | 1463 | Added Fiorentino, Montegiardino, Serravalle, and Faetano |
| Serbia | 27 April 1992 | Dissolution of the SFR Yugoslavia, forming the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. | 780 | 8th century-Creation of the Principality of Serbia in the Southeastern Europe. | 17 February 2008 (disputed) | The region of Kosovo declared independence unilaterally on 17 February 2008, and is recognized by 97 UN states. Serbia recognizes the government of Kosovo but claims its territory as an Autonomous Province. |
| Serbia | 8 June 2006 | Republic of Serbia declared legal successor to Serbia and Montenegro, ending the process of the dissolution of Yugoslavia. | 13 July 1878 | International recognition by the Treaty of Berlin. | 17 February 2008 (disputed) | The region of Kosovo declared independence unilaterally on 17 February 2008, and is recognized by 97 UN states. Serbia recognizes the government of Kosovo but claims its territory as an Autonomous Province. |
| Slovakia | 1 January 1993 | Dissolution of Czechoslovakia | 820s | Principality of Nitra formed | | |
| Slovenia | 13 December 1991 | Constitution of Slovenia | 25 June 1991 | Declaration of independence from Yugoslavia | 19 February 1945 | Formation of SR Slovenia |
| Spain | 6 December 1978 | Spanish Constitution | 568 | The Visigothic king Leovigild unifies the Iberian Peninsula under his rule. | 26 February 1976 | Spanish Sahara is lost following the Madrid Accords, resulting in the partition of the territory between Mauritania and Morocco. |
| Spain | 6 December 1978 | Spanish Constitution | 718 | The Battle of Covadonga takes place between the forces of the Umayyad Caliphate and a small group of Christian rebels led by Pelagius of Asturias. The Christian forces achieve victory, establishing the Kingdom of Asturias. | 26 February 1976 | Spanish Sahara is lost following the Madrid Accords, resulting in the partition of the territory between Mauritania and Morocco. |
| Spain | 6 December 1978 | Spanish Constitution | 1479 | Dynastic unification of the Crown of Castile and the Crown of Aragon under the rule of the Catholic Monarchs. | 26 February 1976 | Spanish Sahara is lost following the Madrid Accords, resulting in the partition of the territory between Mauritania and Morocco. |
| Spain | 6 December 1978 | Spanish Constitution | 1707~1716 | De jure unification of Spain under the Nueva Planta decrees. | 26 February 1976 | Spanish Sahara is lost following the Madrid Accords, resulting in the partition of the territory between Mauritania and Morocco. |
| Spain | 6 December 1978 | Spanish Constitution | 1831 | Formal dissolution of the historical crowns and kingdoms, resulting in the de jure creation of the unified Kingdom of Spain. | 26 February 1976 | Spanish Sahara is lost following the Madrid Accords, resulting in the partition of the territory between Mauritania and Morocco. |
| Sweden | 1 January 1974 | Instrument of Government | 970 (Or prior) | Eric the Victorious, the first king of Sweden about whom anything definite is known, becomes king. | 29 March 1809 | Loss of Finland to Imperial Russia. |
| Sweden | 1 January 1974 | Instrument of Government | 6 June 1523 | Gustav Vasa elected King of Sweden and marking a definite secession from the Kalmar Union. | 29 March 1809 | Loss of Finland to Imperial Russia. |
| Switzerland | 12 November 1848 | Foundation of the federal state after Sonderbund war | 1291 | Traditional founding | 4 August 1815 | The canton of Valais joins the Swiss Confederation, following the cantons of Neuchâtel (19 May 1815) and Geneva (6 April 1815). |
| Switzerland | 12 November 1848 | Foundation of the federal state after Sonderbund war | 7 August 1815 | Restoration of the Ancien Régime (federalism), reverting the changes imposed by Napoleon Bonaparte. | 4 August 1815 | The canton of Valais joins the Swiss Confederation, following the cantons of Neuchâtel (19 May 1815) and Geneva (6 April 1815). |
| Ukraine | 24 August 1991 | Independence of former Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic from Soviet Union declared. | 882 | Formation of the Kievan Rus' | 30 September 2022 (disputed) | Annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts by Russia |
| Ukraine | 24 August 1991 | Independence of former Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic from Soviet Union declared. | 22 January 1918 | Ukraine declares independence as the Ukrainian People's Republic. | 30 September 2022 (disputed) | Annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts by Russia |
| United Kingdom | 8 December 1922 | The Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland by agreement in accordance with the terms of the Anglo-Irish Treaty and the Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922, however Northern Ireland opted to exclude itself from the Irish Free State two days later creating the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. | 927 | Kingdom of England | 1603 | The Kingdoms of Scotland, England and Ireland were united in a personal union when James VI, King of Scots inherited the crowns of England and Ireland; each country nevertheless remained a separate political entity and retained its separate political, legal and religious institutions. |
| United Kingdom | 8 December 1922 | The Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland by agreement in accordance with the terms of the Anglo-Irish Treaty and the Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922, however Northern Ireland opted to exclude itself from the Irish Free State two days later creating the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. | 843 | Kingdom of Scotland (Devolved Parliament since 1999) | 1603 | The Kingdoms of Scotland, England and Ireland were united in a personal union when James VI, King of Scots inherited the crowns of England and Ireland; each country nevertheless remained a separate political entity and retained its separate political, legal and religious institutions. |
| United Kingdom | 8 December 1922 | The Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland by agreement in accordance with the terms of the Anglo-Irish Treaty and the Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922, however Northern Ireland opted to exclude itself from the Irish Free State two days later creating the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. | 1057 then 1165 | Kingdom of Wales then Principality of Wales (Annexed by England in 1542) (Devolved Assembly since 1999) | 1603 | The Kingdoms of Scotland, England and Ireland were united in a personal union when James VI, King of Scots inherited the crowns of England and Ireland; each country nevertheless remained a separate political entity and retained its separate political, legal and religious institutions. |
| United Kingdom | 8 December 1922 | The Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland by agreement in accordance with the terms of the Anglo-Irish Treaty and the Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922, however Northern Ireland opted to exclude itself from the Irish Free State two days later creating the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. | 1171 then 1542 | Lordship of Ireland then Kingdom of Ireland | 1603 | The Kingdoms of Scotland, England and Ireland were united in a personal union when James VI, King of Scots inherited the crowns of England and Ireland; each country nevertheless remained a separate political entity and retained its separate political, legal and religious institutions. |
| United Kingdom | 8 December 1922 | The Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland by agreement in accordance with the terms of the Anglo-Irish Treaty and the Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922, however Northern Ireland opted to exclude itself from the Irish Free State two days later creating the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. | 1 May 1707 | Kingdom of Great Britain (United the parliaments of Scotland and England) | | |
| United Kingdom | 8 December 1922 | The Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland by agreement in accordance with the terms of the Anglo-Irish Treaty and the Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922, however Northern Ireland opted to exclude itself from the Irish Free State two days later creating the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. | 1 January 1801 | United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (United the parliaments of Great Britain and Ireland) | 6 December 1922 then 8 December 1922 | Irish Free State secedes from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland by agreement in accordance with the terms of the Anglo-Irish Treaty and the Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922. |
| United Kingdom | 8 December 1922 | The Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland by agreement in accordance with the terms of the Anglo-Irish Treaty and the Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922, however Northern Ireland opted to exclude itself from the Irish Free State two days later creating the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. | 12 April 1927 | United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (Updated to current name) | 2 December 1999 | De jure: Removal of the Government of Ireland Act 1920 and implementation of the Northern Ireland Act 1998 removes irredentist claims to the Republic of Ireland |
| Vatican City | 1274 | Birth of current form of government the Papal conclave in 1274 | 7 June 1929 | Ratification of the Lateran Treaty, making the Vatican City a sovereign state | 11 February 1929 | Signing of the Lateran Treaty |

### Table notes

* 1 2 3 The date of formation of the current states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania is subject to an international dispute. Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania all maintain that they were illegally occupied by the Soviet Union, and that the current states are direct continuations of the pre-WWII states, which continued to exist through governments-in-exile. Russia maintains that the current three states are legally distinct entities newly created after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. All three states were admitted the UN as independent nations, not successor states of the USSR. For more information, see State continuity of the Baltic states.

## Oceania

| Country | Date of current form of government | Birth of current form of government | Date of acquisition of sovereignty | Acquisition of sovereignty | Date of territorial modification | Most recent significant territorial modification |
| Australia | 1 January 1901 | Commonwealth of Australia established as federation. | 1 January 1901 | Independence from United Kingdom. | 16 September 1975 | Papua New Guinea becomes formally independent of Australia |
| Australia | 1 January 1901 | Commonwealth of Australia established as federation. | 11 December 1931 | Statute of Westminster | 16 September 1975 | Papua New Guinea becomes formally independent of Australia |
| Australia | 1 January 1901 | Commonwealth of Australia established as federation. | 3 March 1986 | Australia Act 1986 | 16 September 1975 | Papua New Guinea becomes formally independent of Australia |
| Cook Islands | | State in free association with New Zealand with a local prime minister | 4 August 1965 | 1962 autonomy of New Zealand | | |
| Fiji | | | 10 October 1970 | Independence from the United Kingdom | | |
| Kiribati | | | 12 July 1979 | Independence from United Kingdom | 1 October 1975 | Separation of the Gilbert Islands (later Kiribati) and the Ellice Islands (later Tuvalu) |
| Marshall Islands | 1 May 1979 | Constitution and local government established | 21 October 1986 | Compact of Free Association with the United States | | |
| Federated States of Micronesia | 10 May 1979 | Constitution ratified | 3 November 1986 | Compact of Free Association with the United States | 10 May 1979 | Yap, Chuuk, Pohnpei, and Kosrae unite to form the Federated States of Micronesia |
| Nauru | | | 31 January 1968 | Independence from Australia and cessation of UN Trust Territory status | | |
| New Zealand | 6 February 1840 | Treaty of Waitangi where the British Crown established a right to govern from indigenous Māori tribes | 17 January 1853 | Self-Government | 1 June 1962 | Samoa becomes fully independent from New Zealand. It is also the first small-island country in the Pacific to become independent. |
| New Zealand | 6 February 1840 | Treaty of Waitangi where the British Crown established a right to govern from indigenous Māori tribes | 18 April 1856 | Responsible Government | 1 June 1962 | Samoa becomes fully independent from New Zealand. It is also the first small-island country in the Pacific to become independent. |
| New Zealand | 6 February 1840 | Treaty of Waitangi where the British Crown established a right to govern from indigenous Māori tribes | 26 September 1907 | Granted nominal independence (Dominion status). | 1 June 1962 | Samoa becomes fully independent from New Zealand. It is also the first small-island country in the Pacific to become independent. |
| New Zealand | 6 February 1840 | Treaty of Waitangi where the British Crown established a right to govern from indigenous Māori tribes | 25 October 1926 | Balfour Declaration of 1926 — Great Britain and the Dominions are "autonomous Communities within the British Empire, equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another in any aspect of their domestic or external affairs" | 1 June 1962 | Samoa becomes fully independent from New Zealand. It is also the first small-island country in the Pacific to become independent. |
| New Zealand | 6 February 1840 | Treaty of Waitangi where the British Crown established a right to govern from indigenous Māori tribes | 27 July 1938 | Governor-General ceases to represent the British Government and becomes the personal representative of the King. | 1 June 1962 | Samoa becomes fully independent from New Zealand. It is also the first small-island country in the Pacific to become independent. |
| New Zealand | 6 February 1840 | Treaty of Waitangi where the British Crown established a right to govern from indigenous Māori tribes | 25 November 1947 | Statute of Westminster adopted — Britain loses the power to legislate for New Zealand except by request | 1 June 1962 | Samoa becomes fully independent from New Zealand. It is also the first small-island country in the Pacific to become independent. |
| New Zealand | 6 February 1840 | Treaty of Waitangi where the British Crown established a right to govern from indigenous Māori tribes | 10 December 1947 | Full power to amend own constitution | 1 June 1962 | Samoa becomes fully independent from New Zealand. It is also the first small-island country in the Pacific to become independent. |
| New Zealand | 6 February 1840 | Treaty of Waitangi where the British Crown established a right to govern from indigenous Māori tribes | 1 December 1967 | Governor-General becomes a New Zealand appointment | 1 June 1962 | Samoa becomes fully independent from New Zealand. It is also the first small-island country in the Pacific to become independent. |
| Palau | 1 January 1981 | Republic of Palau created upon adoption of constitution | 1 October 1994 | Emerged from United Nations trusteeship (administered by the United States). | | |
| Papua New Guinea | | | 1 December 1973 | Self-governing territory | | |
| Papua New Guinea | | | 16 September 1975 | Independence from Australia | | |
| Samoa | | | 1 June 1962 | Independence from New Zealand | | |
| Solomon Islands | | | 2 January 1976 | Self-government granted by United Kingdom | | |
| Solomon Islands | | | 7 July 1978 | Independence from the United Kingdom | | |
| Tonga | | | 4 July 1970 | Independence from United Kingdom | 4 December 1845 | Unification of what is now the islands of Tonga by George Tupou I of Tonga |
| Tuvalu | 1 October 1975 | Separation of Gilbert Islands (later Kiribati) and Ellice Islands (later Tuvalu) | 1 October 1978 | Independence from United Kingdom | 7 February 1979 | Treaty with United States recognizing Tuvaluan control over Funafuti, Nukufetau, Nukulaelae, and Niulakita atolls |
| Vanuatu | | | 30 July 1980 | Independence from joint British-French condominium | | |

## Transcontinental states

| Country | Date of current form of government | Birth of current form of government | Date of acquisition of sovereignty | Acquisition of sovereignty | Date of territorial modification | Most recent significant territorial modification |
| Azerbaijan | 18 October 1991 | Declaration of independence from the Soviet Union | 28 May 1918 | Establishment of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic. | 28 April 1920 | Establishment of the Azerbaijan SSR |
| Colombia | 4 August 1886 | Creation of the Republic of Colombia | 20 July 1810 | Independence declared from Spain | 3 November 1903 | Separation of Panama from Colombia |
| Colombia | 4 August 1886 | Creation of the Republic of Colombia | 7 August 1819 | Independence recognized by Spain | 3 November 1903 | Separation of Panama from Colombia |
| Colombia | 4 August 1886 | Creation of the Republic of Colombia | 1830 | Dissolution of Gran Colombia | 3 November 1903 | Separation of Panama from Colombia |
| Cyprus | 16 August 1960 | Constitution of Cyprus establishes consocial government. Consociationalism de facto suspended in 1963. | 16 August 1960 | Independence from United Kingdom | 23 July 1974 | Establishment of the United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus |
| Cyprus | 16 August 1960 | Constitution of Cyprus establishes consocial government. Consociationalism de facto suspended in 1963. | 16 August 1960 | Independence from United Kingdom | 15 November 1983 (disputed) | Northern Cyprus declares independence. The government has de facto control of the northern part of the island, but is only recognized by Turkey |
| Egypt | 18 June 1953 | Egyptian revolution of 1952, Egyptian monarchy overthrown in a military coup, republic declared | 28 February 1922 | The UK ends its protectorate, granting independence to Egypt | 1925 | The eastern borders of Libya and British Egypt are changed to their present boundaries. |
| France | 22 September 1792 | French Republic founded. | 481 then 843 | First creation with (Clovis), king of the Franks. Then creation of the Kingdom of France (West Francia), Treaty of Verdun | 10 February 1947 | Metropolitan France: Annexation of Tende, La Brigue and other villages formerly in Italy. |
| France | 4 October 1958 | Establishment of the current semi-presidential system known as the Fifth Republic | 481 then 843 | First creation with (Clovis), king of the Franks. Then creation of the Kingdom of France (West Francia), Treaty of Verdun | 30 July 1980 | Overseas France: The New Hebrides Condominium declares independence and becomes Vanuatu. |
| Georgia | 9 April 1991 | Independence from the Soviet Union declared | 1008 | Establishment of the Kingdom of Georgia | 23 July 1992 | Abkhazia unilaterally declared independence |
| Georgia | 9 April 1991 | Independence from the Soviet Union declared | 26 May 1918 | Establishment of Democratic Republic of Georgia | 28 November 1991 | South Ossetia unilaterally declared independence |
| Indonesia | 18 August 1945 | Ratification of the Constitution of Indonesia by the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence | 17 August 1945 | Indonesian Declaration of Independence from Netherlands | 20 May 2002 | Independence of East Timor, formerly administered as a province of Indonesia |
| Indonesia | 18 August 1945 | Ratification of the Constitution of Indonesia by the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence | 27 December 1949 | Independence from the Netherlands recognized | 20 May 2002 | Independence of East Timor, formerly administered as a province of Indonesia |
| Kazakhstan | 30 August 1995 | Constitution of Kazakhstan | 16 December 1991 | Independence declared from the Soviet Union | 5 December 1936 | Establishment of the Kazakh SSR |
| Kazakhstan | 30 August 1995 | Constitution of Kazakhstan | 16 December 1991 | Independence declared from the Soviet Union | 30 March 1993 (disputed) | Baikonur Cosmodrome and surrounding areas leased to Russia. |
| Panama | | | 3 November 1903 | Separation of Panama from Colombia, independence from Spain | 1 October 1979 | Panama Canal Zone |
| Russia | 25 December 1993 | 1993 Russian constitutional referendum replaces the Supreme Soviet with the Federal Assembly and increases presidential power. | 882 | Formation of the Kievan Rus' | 30 September 2022 (disputed) | Annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts by Russia |
| Russia | 25 December 1993 | 1993 Russian constitutional referendum replaces the Supreme Soviet with the Federal Assembly and increases presidential power. | 25 December 1991 | After the USSR ceased to exist, the Russian Federation became an independent state and was recognized by the international community as the successor state of the USSR. | 30 September 2022 (disputed) | Annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts by Russia |
| Spain | 6 December 1978 | Spanish Constitution | 1479 | Dinastical unification of the Crown of Castile and the Crown of Aragon by the Catholic Monarchs. The governments, institutions, and legal traditions of each kingdom remained independent of each other; alien laws (Leyes de extranjeria) determined that the national of one kingdom was a foreigner in the other Crowns/States. | 26 February 1976 | Spanish Sahara is lost following the Madrid Accords. |
| Spain | 6 December 1978 | Spanish Constitution | 1707~1716 | De jure by the Nueva Planta decrees | 26 February 1976 | Spanish Sahara is lost following the Madrid Accords. |
| Spain | 6 December 1978 | Spanish Constitution | 1831 | Dissolution of crowns and kingdoms and creation de jure, of the unified Kingdom of Spain. | 26 February 1976 | Spanish Sahara is lost following the Madrid Accords. |
| Turkey | 24 June 2018 | 2017 Turkish constitutional referendum comes into effect; Turkey transitions from a parliamentary republic to a presidential republic. | 1299 | Formation of the Ottoman Empire | 29 June 1939 | Republic of Hatay joins Turkey after a public referandum. |
| Turkey | 24 June 2018 | 2017 Turkish constitutional referendum comes into effect; Turkey transitions from a parliamentary republic to a presidential republic. | 29 October 1923 | The provincial government, formed in 1920, declares the foundation of the Republic of Turkey, as the legal successor state to the Ottoman Empire. | 29 June 1939 | Republic of Hatay joins Turkey after a public referandum. |

## Sortable list

In this list, "date of last subordination" refers to the last date of control by an external government. The list shows large groupings associated with the dates of independence from decolonization (e.g., 41 current states gained control of sovereignty from the United Kingdom and France between 1956 and 1966) or dissolution of a political union (e.g., 18 current states gained control of sovereignty from the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia between 1990 and 1992). In other cases, a sovereign state submitted to foreign military occupation or political subjugation for a period of time and later regained its independence (e.g., 6 current states gained control of sovereignty from Nazi Germany between 1944 and 1945).
Dates refer to de facto rule or occupation of the major territory, whether or not legitimized by international recognition.
In a union such as Czechoslovakia, the Soviet Union, or the Kalmar Union, one of the constituents can be considered the dominant power – generally where the seat of government was located. The United Kingdom is a particularly complicated case. If England is viewed as the dominant member, then history can be traced from Roman conquest, Saxon invasions, 10th-century unification, and the 1066 Norman Conquest before the union of England and Scotland in 1707. However, if viewed from a Scottish perspective, an unbroken history of sovereignty can be traced from unification in 843 through the 1707 union with England (with a brief annexation by England from 1657 to 1660). Some Scots view the 1707 union as a ceding of sovereignty to England.
There are cases where a state is completely extinguished or abolished without having any successor states. Cases like this occur when, for example, one state is annexed or conquered by another and ceases to exist even in nominal form (i.e., not even a "government in exile" is established). The most recent case in human history is the German Democratic Republic (East Germany), which was completely abolished after the German reunification. Modern Germany is a continuation of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany), not a successor state.
The Holy Roman Empire is not considered a state by modern historians, but a political entity bringing together several sovereign states in a confederation.
The concept of sovereign state should not be confused with that of nation (for example there are even stateless nations). This list has the date of creation of current sovereign states but not of nations. The historiography of some nations, such as the Bulgarians, even separates the different states founded by these nations (for example First, Second and Third Bulgarian State)
| Country | Continent | Date of latest territorial change | Acquisition of sovereignty | Date of last subordination | Previous governing power | Historical Notes | Capital |
| Afghanistan | Asia | 12 November 1893 | July 1747 (Durrani Empire) | 1796 | Afsharid Empire | 2021–present: Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (de facto) 2004–2021: Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (de jure; internationally recognized Government) 2002–2004: Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan 1996–2001: Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan 1992–2002: Islamic State of Afghanistan (controlled only a small part of the country from 1996 to 2001, but still recognized by the UN and most of the world's countries as the legitimate government of Afghanistan) 1987–1992: Republic of Afghanistan 1978–1987: Democratic Republic of Afghanistan 1973–1978: Republic of Afghanistan 1926–1973: Kingdom of Afghanistan 1823–1926: Emirate of Afghanistan (protectorate of the United Kingdom 1879–1919) 1747–1823: Durrani Empire (also called Sadozai Kingdom) 1738–1796: Part of the Afsharid Empire 1709–1738: Hotak Emirate 1506–1709: Part of the Khanate of Bukhara 1405–1506: Center of the Timurid Empire 1369–1405: Part of the Timurid Empire 1231–1369: Part of the Mongol Empire 1163–1231: Part of the Khwarazmian Kingdom 1003–1163: Ghaznavid Sultanate 873–1003: Saffarid Emirate 821–873: Part of Tahirid Emirate 750–821: Part of Abbasid Caliphate 661–750: Part of Umayyad Caliphate 500–661: Part of Sasanian Empire 320–500 AD: Kidarite Kingdom 30–320 AD: Kushan Empire 150 BC–30 AD: Part of Indo-Parthian Kingdom and the Indo-Scythians 256–150 BC: Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 549–256 BC: Part of Macedonian Empire 549–330 BC: Part of Achaemenid Empire 678–549 BC: Part of Median Kingdom/Empire Since 48,000 BC humans have been known to be living in the region, starting as Part of Indus Valley civilisation and Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex | Kabul |
| Albania | Europe | 1945 | 28 Nov 1912 | Nov 1944 | Germany | 1992–present: Republic of Albania 1946–92: People's Socialist Republic of Albania 1944–46: Democratic Government of Albania 1943–44: Albanian Kingdom, independent country militarly occupied by Germany 1939–43: Kingdom of Albania, a monarchy in personal union with Italy as the 1928–39: Albanian Kingdom 1925–1928: Albanian Republic 1914–1925: Principality of Albania (via Albanian Declaration of Independence) 1912–1914: Independent Albania 1479–1912: Part of Ottoman Empire as Sanjak of Scutari 1444–1479: League of Lezhë (military alliance of Albanian feudal lords) 1190–1444: Various Albanian principalities (including the Principality of Albania) 1255–1368: Kingdom of Albania, Dependency of the Angevin Kingdom of Sicily/Naples 1190–1255: Principality of Arbanon, oldest of the Albanian principalities, also autonomous principality of the Byzantine Empire and later of the Despotate of Epirus 324–1190: Part of the Byzantine Empire as the province of Macedonia 148 BC-324 AD: Part of the Roman Empire as the province of Macedonia Since 40,000 BC humans have been settled in the Kryegjata Valley, near the antique site of Apollonia, including Illyria. | Tirana |
| Algeria | Africa | 18 March 1845 | 3 July 1962 | 3 July 1962 | France | 1962–present: People's Democratic Republic of Algeria (via Évian Accords) 1830–1962: Part of French Colonial Empire (as an integral territory) 1659–1830: De facto Independence of Regency of Algiers 1519–1659: Part of the Ottoman Empire (as the Regency of Algiers) 1516-1519: Sultanate of Algiers 1235–1554: Kingdom of Tlemcen 1121–1269: Part of the Almohad Caliphate 1014–1152: Hammadid Sultanate 973–1014: Center of the Zirid Emirate 909–973: Fatimid Caliphate 800–909: Part of the Aghlabid Emirate 778–909: Rustamid Imamate 750–778: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate 661–750: Part of the Umayyad Caliphate 590–698: Part of the Byzantine Empire (as the Exarchate of Africa) 484–703: Kingdom of the Aurès 439–534: Part of the Vandal Kingdom 435–439: Center of the Vandal Kingdom 395–435: Part of the Western Roman Empire as province 40 BC–395 AD: Part of the Roman Empire as province 202 BC – 40 BC: Kingdom of Numidia 814–202 BC: Part of the Carthaginian Empire 2500–539 BC: Part of Phoenicia 10,000–2500 BC: Inhabited by Caspians 20,000–10,000 BC: Inhabited by Iberomaurusians 80,000–20,000 BC: Inhabited by Aterians Since 1.8 Million BC, humans have been settled in Algeria as demonstrated by the discovery of Oldowan stone tools found at Ain Hanech in 1992. | Algiers |
| Andorra | Europe | 28 August 2001 | 7 Sep 1278 | Nov 1944 | France | 1278–present: Principality of Andorra (via Paréage of Andorra; occupied by France 1812–13, 1870, 1914, 1936, 1939, 1944) 987–1278: Part of France 843–987: Part of West Francia 481–843: Part of Francia 395–481: Part of the Western Roman Empire 27 BCE-481: Part of the Roman Empire 197 BCE – 27 BCE: Part of the Roman Republic | Andorra la Vella |
| Angola | Africa | 11 November 1975 | 11 Nov 1975 | 11 Nov 1975 | Portugal | 1992–present: Republic of Angola 1975–1992: People's Republic of Angola (via the Alvor Agreement) 1972–1975: State of Angola (part of the Portuguese Empire) 1951–1972: Overseas Province of Angola (part of the Portuguese Empire) 1575–1951: State of West Africa (part of the Portuguese Empire) The territory of Angola has been inhabited since the Paleolithic Era, hosting a wide variety of ethnic groups, tribes and kingdoms (like the kingdoms of Kongo, Ndongo and Matamba). | Luanda |
| Antigua and Barbuda | The Americas | 1 November 1981 | 1 Nov 1981 | 1 Nov 1981 | United Kingdom | 1981–present: Antigua and Barbuda 1632–1981: Part of the British Empire as its West Indies (interrupted by France in 1666) Since 3100 BC, humans have been settled starting with the indigenous peoples of the Americas. | St. John's |
| Argentina | The Americas | 18 October 1884 | 25 May 1810 | 9 July 1816 | Spain | 1861–present: Argentine Republic (a Federal state; originally the federation had 14 federated states [ Provinces of Argentina ], after the Conquest of the Desert, federal territories was established in Patagonia, the last territory, Tierra del Fuego, became the Province of Tierra del Fuego, Antarctica and South Atlantic Islands and joined the federation in 1990. Currently Argentina has 23 provinces) 1831–1861: Argentine Confederation 1816–1830: United Provinces of South America (On 9 July 1816, the Congress of Tucumán issued the formal Declaration of Independence, the country became a republic) 1810–1816: United Provinces of South America (via the 1810 May Revolution; nominally a monarchic state in personal union with Spain, recognizing Ferdinand VII as king) 1776–1810: Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata (Part of the Spanish Empire) 1542–1776: Part of the Viceroyalty of Peru (Part of the Spanish Empire) 1528–1542: Governorate of New Andalusia, part of the Spanish Empire 11,000 BC-1528 AD: Inhabited by Native Argentines, including the Inca Empire, Selkʼnam, Chonan peoples and Guaycuru peoples. | Buenos Aires |
| Armenia | Asia/Europe | 5 December 1936 | 28 May 1918 | 23 Sep 1991 | Soviet Union | 1991–present: Republic of Armenia 1920–1991: Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, federated state of the Soviet Union 1918–1920: First Republic of Armenia April–May 1918: Part of the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic November 1917 – April 1918: Part of the Russian Republic as Transcaucasian Commissariat 1829–1917: Part of the Russian Empire as Caucasus Viceroyalty 1502–1829: Part of the Ottoman Empire 1468–1502: Part of the Timurid Empire 1374–1468: Part of the Kara Koyunlu 1335–1374: Part of the Jalairid Sultanate 1236–1335: Part of the Mongol Empire as its territory 1201–1360: Zakarid Principality of Armenia 1071–1194: Part of the Seljuk Empire 987–1170: Kingdom of Syunik 883–1045:Bragatid Kingdom of Armenia 654–884: Arminiya, Province (largely autonomous vassal principalities) of the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates 428–654: Divided between the Byzantine Empire on the west, and the east by the Sasanian Empire. 321 BCE–AD 428: Kingdom of Armenia 549 BCE–331 BC: Part of Achaemenid Empire 860 BCE–590 BC: Kingdom of Ararat 1114 BCE–860 BC: Nairi Confederation 1300 BCE–1190 BC: Kingdom of Arme-Shupria 1500 BCE–1290 BC: Hayasa-Azzi Confederation 2492 BCE: Traditional foundation Since 6000 BC humans have been settled starting with the Shulaveri-Shomu and Kura–Araxes eras. | Yerevan |
| Australia | Australia | 16 September 1975 | 9 Oct 1942 | 9 Oct 1942 | United Kingdom | 1942–present: Commonwealth of Australia, a Federal state, (consisted of six states, three internal territories, and seven external territories, via Constitution of Australia) and a monarchy in personal union with the United Kingdom 1901–1942: Commonwealth of Australia, a federation with a Dominion status within the British Empire) 1788–1901: Part of the British Empire Possibly 70,000 BC – 1788 AD: Inhabited by Indigenous Australians | Canberra |
| Austria | Europe | 14 December 1921 | 1156 | 27 Apr 1945 | World War II Allies (Allied-occupied Austria) | 1955–present: Republic of Austria, a Federal state (via Austrian State Treaty) 1945–55: Allied-occupied Austria 1938–45: Annexed by Nazi Germany 1934–38: Federal State of Austria (client state of Italy) 1919–34: First Republic of Austria (via Treaty of Saint Germain) 1918–19: Republic of German-Austria (via Proclamation of Charles I) 1867–1918: Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, a dual monarchy with Hungary (via Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867) 1866: Austrian Empire 1815–1866: Austrian Empire (In union with other 38 states in the German Confederation) 1806–1815: Austrian Empire 1804–1806: Austrian Empire (State of the Holy Roman Empire) 1457–1804: Archduchy of Austria (State of the Holy Roman Empire) 1156–1457: Duchy of Austria (state of the Holy Roman Empire) | Vienna |
| Azerbaijan | Asia/Europe | 28 April 1920 | 28 May 1918 | 30 Aug 1991 | Soviet Union | 1991–present: Republic of Azerbaijan (independence from Soviet Union declared 1991 1920–1991: Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic, federated state of the Soviet Union 1918–1920: Azerbaijan Democratic Republic 1824–1918: Part of Russian Empire 1796–1824: Part of Qajar Empire 1747–1796: Part of Afsharid Empire (1760–1794): Part of Zand Empire 1736–1747: Part of Afsharid Empire (1722–1729): Part of Hotaki Emirate 1501–1736: Part of Safavid Empire 1468–1508: Part of Agh Qoyunlu 1405–1507: Part of Timurid Empire 1406–1468: Part of Qara Qoyunlu 1370–1405: Part of Timurid Empire 1337–1376: Part of Sarbadars 1336–1432: Part of Jalayirid Sultanate 1335–1393: Part of Muzaffarid dynasty 1335–1357: Part of Chobanid dynasty 1256–1335: Part of Ilkhanate 1077–1231: Part of Khwarazmian Kingdom 1037–1194: Part of Great Seljuq Empire 963–1186: Part of Ghaznavid Sultanate 875–999: Part of Samanid Emirate 936–1055: Part of Buyid Empire 934–936: Part of Buyid Emirate 928–1043: Part of Ziyarid Kingdom 750–1258: Part of Abbasid Caliphate 661–750: Part of Umayyad Caliphate (642–759/760): Part of Dabuyid dynasty 224–651: Part of Sassanid Empire 247 BC – 224 AD: Part of Parthian Empire 312–63 BC: Part of Seleucid Empire 550–330 BC: Part of Achaemenid Empire (652–625 BC): Part of Scythian Kingdom 678–550 BC: Part of Median Empire 850–616 BC: Inhabited by Mannaeans 2700–539 BC: Inhabited by Elamites 3200–2700 BC: Inhabited by Proto-Elamites | Baku |
| Bahamas | The Americas | 7 January 1964 | 10 July 1973 | 10 July 1973 | United Kingdom | 1973–present: Commonwealth of the Bahamas, a monarchy in personal union with the United Kingdom (Self-government gained from the United Kingdom in 1964; independence gained on 10 July 1973) 1718–1973: Part of the British Empire as its West Indies 1492–1718: Part of the Spanish Empire 500 to 800–1492: Inhabited by the Lucayans (a Taino people) | Nassau |
| Bahrain | Asia | 1 July 1521 | 16 Dec 1971 | 16 Dec 1971 | United Kingdom | 1971–present: Kingdom of Bahrain 1861–1971: Protectorate of the British Empire by way of the Perpetual Truce of Peace and Friendship 1783–1861: In union with other states in the Bani Utbah Confederation 1717–1783: Ruled by Oman after a successful invasion 1602–1717: Part of Persia under the Safavid dynasty 1521–1602: Part of the Portuguese Empire Mid-1400s–1521: Ruled by the Jabrid dynasty 1253-mid–1400s: Ruled by the Usfurid dynasty 1076–1235: Ruled by the Uyunid Emirate 976–1076: Ruled as part of the Abbasid Caliphate 899–976: Ruled by the Qarmatian Republic 3rd century AD – 899: Ruled by the Sassanids of Persia 130 BC – 3rd century BC: Ruled by the Parthians 6th century BC – 3rd century BC: Part of the Persian Empire under the Achaemenids 4th millennium BC – 6th century BC: Dilmun civilization | Manama |
| Bangladesh | Asia | 31 July 2015 | 16 Dec 1971 | 16 Dec 1971 | Pakistan | 1972–present: People's Republic of Bangladesh 1971–1972: Provisional Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh 1955–1971: East Pakistan (Part of Pakistan) 1947–1955: East Bengal (Part of Pakistan) 1858–1947: Part of the British Empire as Bengal Province, within India 1757–1858: Part of the British Empire as Bengal Presidency, of the East India Company 1717–1880: Ruled by the Nawabs, nominally subordinate to the Mughal Empire until 1757, and to the British Empire after 1757 (Lost ruling power after the Battle of Plassey in 1757) 1576–1757: Part of the Mughal Empire as Bengal Subah 1352–1576: Bengal Sultanate 1235–1352: Part of the Delhi Sultanate 1204–1297: Deva dynasty c.1070–1204: Sena Kingdom c. 750–c. 1070: Pala Empire c. 650–c. 750: Bengal was divided between various kingdoms, like Vanga and Samatata (Both ruled by the Khadga dynasty) 590–626: Gauda Kingdom 350–655: Part of Kamarupa under the Varman dynasty 358–590: Part of the Gupta Empire 26 BC – 358 AD: Bengal was divided between various kingdoms. 73 BC – 26 BC: Part of the Kanva Kingdom 185 BC–73 BC: Part of the Shunga Empire 232 BC – 800 AD: Part of Samatata 319–185 BC: Part of the Maurya Empire 340–319 BC: Part of the Kingdom of Magadha 600–340 BC: Ancient Bengal was divided between various kingdoms. 700–200 BC: Inhabited by the Pundravardhana culture Since 100,000 BC humans have been settled on Bangladesh, although the prehistoric evidences are weak. | Dhaka |
| Barbados | The Americas | 30 November 1966 | 30 Nov 1966 | 30 Nov 1966 | United Kingdom | 1966–present: Barbados 1625–1966: Part of the British Empire as its West Indies Claimed by Spain and Portugal in the 16th century. c. 1200–c.1500 AD: Inhabited by the Kalinago c. 800–c. 1200 AD: Inhabited by the Saladoids Archeological evidence suggests humans may have first settled or visited the island circa 1600 BC. | Bridgetown |
| Belarus | Europe | 1945 | 25 Aug 1991 | 25 Aug 1991 | Soviet Union | 1990–present: Republic of Belarus 1943–1990: Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, a federated state of the Soviet Union (USSR) 1941–1943: Occupation by Nazi Germany 1922–1941: Byelorussian SSR, a federated state of the Soviet Union (USSR) 1920–1922: Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic 1919–1919: Lithuanian–Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic 1918–1919: Belarusian People's Republic 1917–1918: Part of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic 1795–1917: Part of the Russian Empire 1569–1795: Part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1397–1569: Part of Grand Duchy of Lithuania 1307–1397: Principality of Polotsk, part of Grand Duchy of Lithuania 987–1307: Principality of Polotsk (independent principality) Before 987: In the 9th century the territory of modern Belarus became part of Kievan Rus', a loose federation of East Slavic and Finnic peoples, ruled by the Rurikid dynasty The region that is now Belarus was first settled by Baltic tribes in the 3rd century. Around the 5th century, the area was taken over by Slavic tribes. | Minsk |
| Belgium | Europe | 1 July 1962 | 4 Oct 1830 | 1945 | Germany | 1839-present: Belgium 1908-1960: Belgian Congo 1885-1908: Congo Free State 1879-1884: School War 1815-1830: Dutch Rule 1714-1793: Austrian Netherlands | Brussels |
| Belize | The Americas | 1859 | 21 Sep 1981 | 21 Sep 1981 | United Kingdom | 1981–present: Belize Belizean-Guatemalan territorial dispute 1783-1981: British Honduras Largely as a result of the costly military expeditions against the Maya, the expenses of administering the new colony of British Honduras increased, at a time when the economy was severely depressed. Great landowners and merchants dominated the Legislative Assembly, which controlled the colony's revenues and expenditures. Some of the landowners were also involved in commerce but their interest differed from the other merchants of Belize Town. The former group resisted the taxation of land and favored an increase in import duties; the latter preferred the opposite. 1506-1783: Early colonial period 20000 BC-1506: Mayan Belize In the tenth century, Mayan society suffered a severe breakdown. Construction of public buildings ceased, the administrative centres lost power, and the population declined as social and economic systems lost their coherence. Some people continued to occupy, or perhaps reoccupied, sites such as Altun Ha, Xunantunich, and Lamanai, but these sites ceased being splendid ceremonial and civic centres. | Belmopan |
| Benin | Africa | 15 January 1894 | 1 Aug 1960 | 1 Aug 1960 | France | 1990–present: Republic of Benin 1975–1990: People's Republic of Benin 1958–1975: Republic of Dahomey (French self-governing colony) 1904–1958: French Dahomey (as part of French West Africa) 1894–1904: Kingdom of Dahomey (French Protectorate) c.1600–1894: Kingdom of Dahomey (African kingdom) | Cotonou (De facto) and Porto-Novo (official) |
| Bhutan | Asia | 11 November 1865 | 1634 | 1634 | (none) | 1910–1947: protectorate of the British Empire Autonomous since at least the 10th century. Unified 1634, after the Battle of Five Lamas. Early history is sketchy, but may have been part of Kamarupa kingdom, and may have been occupied by Tibetan-Mongol forces ca. 10th century. | Thimphu |
| Bolivia | The Americas | 11 November 1903 | 6 Aug 1825 | 6 Aug 1825 | Spain | 2009–present: Plurinational State of Bolivia 1839–2009: Republic of Bolivia 1836–1839: In union with North Peru and South Peru in the Peru–Bolivian Confederation 1825–1839: Republic of Bolivia (The name of the country is a tribute to Simon Bolivar (considered as the country's first president), who always referred to the country as Upper Peru. There were doubts if the region should be an independent nation or join Argentina or Peru. After Antonio José de Sucre was elected as the second president, he convened the Constituent Assembly in Chuquisaca to determine the future of the region. Almost all delegates wanted that Bolivia became an independent country and rejected any annexation to Argentina (former Río de la Plata) or Peru). 1821–1825: Center of the Viceroyalty of Peru (viceroyalty of the Spanish Empire) 1810–1821: Part of the Viceroyalty of Peru (viceroyalty of the Spanish Empire) 1776–1810: Part of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata (viceroyalty of the Spanish Empire) 1542–1776: Part of the Viceroyalty of Peru (viceroyalty of the Spanish Empire) 1528–1542: Governorate of New Toledo(governorate of the Crown of Castille) 1471–1542: Part of the Inca Empire 1000–1500: Mollo culture 550–c.1000: Tiwanaku state The region now known as Bolivia had been occupied for over 2,500 years when the Native Bolivians, including Aymara, arrived. | La Paz and Sucre |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Europe | 25 November 1943 | 3 Mar 1992 | 3 Mar 1992 | Yugoslavia | 1997–present: Bosnia and Herzegovina (a Federal state) 1992–1997: Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina 1945–1992: Federated state of Yugoslavia 1941–1945 Part of Independent State of Croatia (Nazi Germany invasion) 1918–1941: Part of Kingdom of Yugoslavia 1878–1918: Part of Austria-Hungary Empire 1463–1878: Part of Ottoman Empire 1377–1463: Kingdom of Bosnia 1154–1377: Banate of Bosnia (subject to Kingdom of Hungary) | Sarajevo |
| Botswana | Africa | 31 December 1999 | 30 Sep 1966 | 30 Sep 1966 | United Kingdom | 1966–present : Republic of Botswana 1885–1966: Part of the British Empire as Bechuanaland Protectorate 600 AD: Bantu-speaking peoples first moved into the country from the north The territory of Botswana has been inhabited since the Paleolithic Era. The original inhabitants of southern Africa were the San and Khoi peoples. | Gaborone |
| Brazil | The Americas | 11 November 1903 | 7 Sep 1822 | 29 Aug 1825 (Treaty of Rio de Janeiro) | United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves | 1985–Present: Federative Republic of Brazil (Sixth Brazilian Republic) (a federal state, the federation have 26 federated states and 1 federal district) 1964–1985: Brazilian Military Dictatorship (Fifth Brazilian Republic) (a federal state, the federation had 22 federated states, 1 federal district and 4 federal territories) 1946–1964: United States of Brazil (Fourth Brazilian Republic) (a federal state, the federation had 22 federated states, 1 federal district and, 4 federal territories) 1930–1946: Brazilian Vargas Era (Second and Third Brazilian Republics) (a federal state, the federation had 20 federated states, 1 federal district and 7 federal territories) 1889–1930: Republic of the United States of Brazil (First Brazilian Republic) (a federal state, the federation had 20 federated states, 1 federal district and, from 1903, 1 federal territory) 1822–1889: Empire of Brazil (a unitary state) 1815–1822: Brazil, elevated to kingdom so that it was legally possible to achieve a political union with the Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves to create the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and Algarves (Portuguese Empire) 1772–1775: State of Maranhão and Piauí, part of the Portuguese Empire 1772–1775: State of Grão-Pará and Rio Negro, part of the Portuguese Empire 1751–1772: State of Grão-Pará and Maranhão, part of the Portuguese Empire 1621–1751: State of Maranhão, part of the Portuguese Empire 1621–1815: State of Brazil, part of the Portuguese Empire 1613–1621: Governorate General of Brazil, part of the Portuguese Empire 1607–1613: Divided in Governorate General of Bahia and Governorate General of Rio de Janeiro, part of the Portuguese Empire 1578–1607: Governorate General of Brazil, part of the Portuguese Empire 1572–1578: Divided in Governorate General of Bahia and Governorate General of Rio de Janeiro, part of the Portuguese Empire 1549–1572: Governorate General of Brazil, part of the Portuguese Empire 1534–1549: Captaincy Colonies of Brazil, private and autonomous colonies of the Portuguese Empire 9000 BC – 1500 AD: Inhabited by Native Brazilians, including Tupi people, Gê peoples, Kalina people and Arawaks. | Brasília |
| Brunei | Asia | 18 August 1841 | 1 Jan 1984 | 1 Jan 1984 | United Kingdom | 1984–present: Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace 1945–1984: Part of the British Empire 1942–1945: Occupied by Japan 1888–1942: Part of the British Empire 1368–1888: Sultanate of Brunei 1294–1368: Part of the Majapahit Kingdom 1276–1294: Part of the Kingdom of Singhasari c. 1000 AD – 1276 AD: Part of the Kingdom of Srivijaya | Bandar Seri Begawan |
| Bulgaria | Europe | 28 October 1944 | 5 Oct 1908 | 5 Oct 1908 | Ottoman Empire Soviet Union | 1990–present: Republic of Bulgaria 1946–1990: People's Republic of Bulgaria 1908–1946: Tsardom of Bulgaria (reunified with Eastern Rumelia where was a part of the Ottoman Empire) 1878–1908: Principality of Bulgaria 1396–1878: Part of the Ottoman Empire 1185–1396: Second Bulgarian Empire 1018–1185: Part of the Byzantine Empire 681–1018: First Bulgarian Empire 632–668: Old Great Bulgaria 324–681: Part of the Byzantine Empire as the province of Thracia 46–324 AD: Part of the Roman Empire as the province of Thracia 480 BC–46 AD: Odrysian kingdom Since c.1.4 million BC humans have been settled starting with Lower Paleolithic. | Sofia |
| Burkina Faso | Africa | 5 August 1960 | 5 Aug 1960 | 5 Aug 1960 | France | 1984–present: Burkina Faso 1960–1984:Republic of Upper Volta (independent) 1958–1960: Republic of Upper Volta, self-governing colony within the French Empire 1896–1958: Part of the French West Africa, federation of colonies of the French Empire 11th century – 1896: Burkina Faso is divided in several Mossi Kingdoms | Ouagadougou |
| Burundi | Africa | 1 July 1962 | 1 July 1962 | 1 July 1962 | Belgium | 1966–present: Republic of Burundi 1962–1966: Kingdom of Burundi (independent) 1890–1962: Kingdom of Burundi, subnational monarchy and part of Ruanda-Urundi (Part of the Belgian Empire) 1890–1919: Kingdom of Burundi, subnational monarchy and part of German East Africa (Part of the German Empire) c.1680–1890: Kingdom of Burundi | Bujumbura (De facto) and Gitega (De jure) |
| Cambodia | Asia | 9 November 1953 | 9 Nov 1953 | 9 Nov 1953 | France | 1993–present: Kingdom of Cambodia 1992–1993: United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia 1989–1992: State of Cambodia 1979–1989: People's Republic of Kampuchea 1975–1979: Democratic Kampuchea 1970–1975: Khmer Republic 1954–1970: Kingdom of Cambodia 1945–1953:French protectorate of Cambodia 1945: Japanese occupation of Cambodia 1863–1945: French protectorate of Cambodia, a French protectorate within French Indochina — a collection of Southeast Asian protectorates within the French Empire. 1431–1863: Kingdom of Cambodia 802–1431: Khmer Empire founded 802 according to Sdok Kok Thom Inscription 706/717–802: Separation in Land Chenla and Water Chenla 550 – c.706/717: Kingdom of Chenla c.50/68 AD–550 AD: Kingdom of Funan | Phnom Penh |
| Cameroon | Africa | 1 October 1961 | 1 Jan 1960 | 1 Oct 1961 | United Kingdom | Republic of Cameroon French Cameroons gained independence in 1960; added British Southern Cameroons in 1961. 1922–1961: British Cameroon, part of the British Empire 1918–1960: French Cameroon, part of the French Empire 1884–1916: German Cameroon, part of the German Empire The territory of Cameroon has been inhabited since the Neolithic Era, hosting a wide variety of ethnic groups, tribes, fondoms and kingdoms (such as the kingdoms of Kotoko, Mandara and Bamum). | Iaundé |
| Canada | The Americas | 1 April 1999 | 11 Dec 1931 | 11 Dec 1931 | United Kingdom | 1982–present: Canada asserts its full independence from the UK by patriating its constitution. 1931–1982: Canada, a federal state and monarchy in personal union with the United Kingdom (Statute of Westminster in 1931.) 1867–1931: Dominion of Canada (By the 1st of July 1867, Canada has been established as a federation with a Dominion status within the British Empire) 1783–1867: British North America, part of the British Empire. (Included the Province of Quebec (1763–1791) and the Rupert's Land. In 1791 Quebec was split into two provinces: The Upper Canada and Lower Canada, and in 1841 the provinces merged to make the United Province of Canada. 1760–1783: British America (After the Seven Years' War, the British conquers all French territories in the future modern territory of Canada) 1535–1760: Canada, part of the French Empire, established in 1535. The Newfoundland Colony, part of the English Empire, is established in 1610. Later the English establishes the Rupert's Land in 1670. The English territories in America would become part of the British America after 1707 Since 14000 BC humans have been settled from Native Canadians with tribes, chiefdoms and confederations. | Ottawa |
| Cape Verde | Africa | 5 July 1975 | 5 July 1975 | 5 July 1975 | Portugal | Republic of Cabo Verde 1460–1975: Part of the Portuguese Empire Portuguese Cape Verde In 1456, Alvise Cadamosto, Antoniotto Usodimare (Venetian and Genoese captains, respectively, in the service of Prince Henry the Navigator) and an unnamed Portuguese captain discovered some of the islands. During the next decade, Diogo Gomes and António de Noli (also captains in the service of Prince Henry) discovered the remaining islands of the archipelago. When they first landed in Cape Verde, the islands were barren of people but not of vegetation. | Praia |
| Central African Republic | Africa | 13 August 1960 | 13 Aug 1960 | 13 Aug 1960 | France | Central African Republic 1903–1960: Ubangi-Shari, part of the French Equatorial Africa, federation of colonial possessions of the French Empire The territory of Central African Republic has been inhabited since the Neolithic Era, hosting a wide variety of ethnic groups | Bangui |
| Chad | Africa | 3 February 1997 | 11 Aug 1960 | 11 Aug 1960 | France | 1960–present: Republic of Chad 1900–1960: French Chad, part of the French Equatorial Africa, federation of colonial possessions of the French Empire 1501–1912: Wadai Sultanate 1480/1522–1897: Sultanate of Bagirmi c. 700–1900: Kanem–Bornu Empire The territory of Chad has been inhabited since the Paleolithic Era. | N'Djamena |
| Chile | The Americas | 3 July 1929 | 12 Feb 1818 | 12 Feb 1818 | Spain | 1990–Present: Republic of Chile (Democracy Restored) 1973–1990: Chilean Military Dictatorship 1925–1973: Chilean Presidential Republic 1891–1925: Parliamentary Chile 1861–1891: Liberal Chile 1830–1861: Conservative Chile 1823–1830: Republic of Chile (Organization of the Republic) 1818–1823: Republic of Chile (Patria Nueva, New Fatherland) 1814–1818: Captaincy General of Chile (Reconquest by the Spanish Empire 1810–1814: Kingdom of Chile (Patria Vieja, Old Fatherland) (nominally a monarchic state in personal union with Spain, recognizing Ferdinand VII as king) 1798–1818: Captaincy General of Chile or Governorate of Chile (known unofficially as the Kingdom of Chile), with self-administration without vice-royal dependence, part of the Spanish Empire 1533–1798: Captaincy General of Chile or Governorate of Chile (known unofficially as the Kingdom of Chile), under supervision of the Viceroyalty of Peru, part of the Spanish Empire 1438–1533: Part of the Inca Empire Between 18,500 and 14,000 BC – 1541 AD: Inhabited by Chilean Natives, including Aymara, Mapuche, and Rapa Nui | Santiago |
| China | Asia | 6 October 2011 | 1600 BC c. (Shang dynasty) | 2 September 1945 | Japan (partial occupation) | 1949–present: People's Republic of China 1937–1945: Japanese Invasion 1916–present: Republic of China (based in Taiwan since 1949) 1915–1916: Empire of China 1912–1915: Republic of China 1895–1945: Japanese Taiwan 1895: Republic of Formosa 1644–1912: Qing dynasty 1624–1662: Dutch Formosa / Spanish Formosa 1368–1644: Ming dynasty 1271–1368: Yuan dynasty 960–1279: Song dynasty 907–1125: Divided in Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms / Liao dynasty 618–907: Tang dynasty 581–618: Sui dynasty 420–589: Divided in Northern and Southern dynasties 266–420: Jin dynasty 220–280: Divided in Three Kingdoms 206 BC – 220 AD: Han dynasty 221–206 BC: Qin dynasty (first imperial dynasty) c. 1046–256 BC: Zhou dynasty c. 1600–c. 1046 BC: Shang dynasty c. 2070–c. 1600 BC: Xia dynasty (first royal dynasty) c. 8500–c. 2070 BC: Neolithic The PRC government in Beijing considers itself the successor of the Republic of China (1912–1949) which legally inherited the whole of China from the Qing dynasty. The ROC government in Taipei denies the legitimacy of the PRC and considers itself the sole legitimate government of the whole of China. | Beijing |
| Colombia | The Americas | 4 July 1991 | 20 July 1810 | 7 Aug 1819 | Spain | 1886–present: Republic of Colombia (unitary state) 1863–1886: United States of Colombia (federal state) 1858–1863: Granadine Confederation (confederal state) 1831–1858: Republic of New Granada (unitary state) 1819–1831: Republic of Colombia (Gran Colombia) (federal state) 1816–1819: Viceroyalty of New Granada, part of the Spanish Empire(Reconquest by the Spanish Empire) 1811–1816: Patria Boba period (Foolish Fatherland period) United Provinces of New Granada, a federal and republican state 1810–1814: Patria Boba period (Foolish Fatherland period): Free and Independent State of Cundinamarca (a monarchical state in personal union with Spain, recognizing Ferdinand VII as king, in 1813 declared itself a republic and joined the United Provinces of New Granada in 1814) 1739–1810: Viceroyalty of New Granada, part of the Spanish Empire 1723–1739: New Kingdom of Granada, within the Viceroyalty of Peru, part of the Spanish Empire 1717–1723: Viceroyalty of New Granada, part of the Spanish Empire 1538–1717: New Kingdom of Granada, within the Viceroyalty of Peru, part of the Spanish Empire Since 10,000 BC humans have been settled from Native Colombians with tribes, chiefdoms, and confederations (like the Muisca Confederation). | Bogotá |
| Comoros | Africa | 6 July 1975 | 6 July 1975 | 6 July 1975 | France | 2001–present:Union of the Comores (a Federal state) 1975–2001: Federal and Islamic Republic of Comoros 1886–1975: part of the French Empire c.1000 BC: when the archipelago was first inhabited. The Comoros have been inhabited by various groups throughout this time. | Moroni |
| Congo, Democratic Republic of the | Africa | 30 June 1960 | 30 June 1960 | 30 June 1960 | Belgium | 1997–present: Democratic Republic of the Congo 1971–1997: Republic of Zaire 1964–1971: Democratic Republic of the Congo (Kinshasa) 1960–1964: Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville) 1908–1960: Part of the Belgian Empire as Belgian Congo 1885–1908: Part of the Belgian Empire as the Congo Free State (as sovereign entity, a private domain of King Leopold II of Belgium) 1390–1914: Part of the Kingdom of Kongo Since 80,000 BC humans has been settled from with tribes, chiefdoms and confederations. | Kinshasa |
| Congo, Republic of the | Africa | 15 August 1960 | 15 Aug 1960 | 15 Aug 1960 | France | 1992–present: Republic of the Congo 1969–1992: People's Republic of the Congo 1960–1969: Republic of the Congo (Brazzaville) 1910–1960: Part of the French Empire as French Equatorial Africa 1882–1910: Part of the French Empire as Middle Congo 1390–1914: Part of the Kingdom of Kongo Since 80,000 BC humans has been settled from with tribes, chiefdoms and confederations. | Brazzaville |
| Cook Islands | Australia | 4 August 1965 | 1965 | 4 Aug 1965 | New Zealand | 1965–present: Cook Islands 1893-1965: Colony of New Zealand 1858-1893: Kingdom of Rarotonga 1893-1901: Federation of Cook Islands 950-1865: part of the Tui'Tonga Empire 900-1200 Tahiti immigrants come to the Cook Islands 500-1200: Polynesian culture | Avarua |
| Costa Rica | The Americas | 25 July 1824 | 14 Nov 1838 | 1838 | Federal Republic of Central America | 1948–present: Republic of Costa Rica (Second) 1848–1948: First Costa Rican Republic 1838–1847: Free State of Costa Rica 1823–1838: Federated state of the Federal Republic of Central America 24 September 1821 – 1823: Part of the First Mexican Empire as province of Costa Rica 15–24 September 1821: Republic of Costa Rica 1609–1821: Part of the Captaincy General of Guatemala (alternativelly Kingdom of Guatemala) within the Viceroyalty of New Spain (Part of the Spanish Empire) 1535–1609: Part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain (Part of the Spanish Empire) 1525–1535: Part of the Columbian Viceroyalty (Part of the Spanish Empire) Before 1525: The Huetar people establishes some kingdoms in the modern territory of Costa Rica: Eastern Huetar Kingdom, domains of the King Garabito, Kingdom of Pacaca and Western Huetar Kingdom. There was also the Kingdom of Nicoya and the Kingdom of Talamanca Since about 10,000 to 7,000 BC humans have been settled by Native Costa Ricans, including Chibchans and Nahuatl. | San José |
| Croatia | Europe | 10 February 1947 | 8 Oct 1991 | 8 Oct 1991 | Yugoslavia | 1991–present: Republic of Croatia 1945–1991: Federated state of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia as SR Croatia 1941–1945: Occupied by Nazi Germany as the Croatia, a Fascist puppet. 1918–1941: Part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes) 1868–1918: Part of the Austria-Hungary as the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia 1527–1868: Kingdom of Croatia (in the union with Kingdom of Hungary within Habsburg Monarchy, Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary) 1102–1526: Kingdom of Croatia (in the union with Kingdom of Hungary) 925–1102: Kingdom of Croatia 681–925 AD: Divided between the Pannonian and Dalmatian 324–681: Part of the Byzantine Empire as the province of Dalmatia 32 BC – 324 AD: Part of the Roman Empire as the province of Dalmatia and Illyricum Since 128,000 BC humans have been settled from Pre-Croats with tribes, chiefdoms and confederations. | Zagreb |
| Cuba | The Americas | 12 June 1901 | 20 May 1902 | 2 February 1909 | United States | 1959–present: Republic of Cuba, sovereign communist state 1934–1959: Republic of Cuba, sovereign capitalist state 1909–1934: Republic of Cuba, Protectorate of the United States 1906–1909: Second American Occupation of Cuba 1902–1906: Republic of Cuba, Protectorate of the United States 1898–1902: Occupied but not annexed by United States 1821–1898: Captaincy General of Cuba (part of the Spanish Empire) 1607–1821: Captaincy General of Cuba, under supervision of the Viceroyalty of New Spain, part of the Spanish Empire (part of the Spanish Empire) 1535–1607: Part of the Captaincy General of Santo Domingo, part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain (part of the Spanish Empire) 1510–1535: Part of the Columbian Viceroyalty (part of the Spanish Empire) The territory that is now Cuba was inhabited by the Taíno people from the 4th millennium BC until Spanish colonization in the 15th century. | Havana |
| Cyprus | Europe | 15 November 1983 (disputed) | 16 Aug 1960 | 16 Aug 1960 | United Kingdom | 1960–present: Republic of Cyprus 1878–1960: Part of the British Empire as crown colony 1571–1878: Part of the Ottoman Empire 1489–1571: Part of the Republic of Venice 1192–1489: Kingdom of Cyprus 965–1192: Part of the Byzantine Empire as Province 750–965: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate 668–750: Part of the Umayyad Caliphate 31 BC-668 AD: Part of the Roman Empire 305–31 BC: Part of the Ptolemaic Kingdom 321–305 BC: Part of the Macedonian Empire 545–321 BC: Part of the Achaemenid Empire 626–545 BC: Part of the Neo-Babylonian Empire 911–669 BC: Part of the Neo-Assyrian Empire Since around the 10th millennium BC humans have been settled on the island dates. Note: Cyprus has been divided between two ethnicities as one sovereign state: Greek Cyprus and Turkish Cyprus from 1983. | Nicosia |
| Czechia | Europe | 1 January 1993 | 870 | 1 Jan 1993 | Czechoslovakia | 1993–present: Czech Republic 1945–1993: Part of the Czechoslovakia (interrupted by Warsaw Pact armies in 1968) 1945: Occupied by WWII Allies in 1945 1939–1945: Occupied by Germany 1918–1939: Part of the Czechoslovakia 1867–1918: Lands of the Bohemian Crown, held in personal union within Austria-Hungary 1806–1867: Lands of the Bohemian Crown, held in personal union within the Austrian Empire 1198–1806: Kingdom of Bohemia, State of the Holy Roman Empire (in personal union with Austria from 1526) 1002–1198: Duchy of Bohemia, State of the Holy Roman Empire 935–1002: Unified with Moravia and Silesia under Boleslaus I, Duke of Bohemia, who acceded to the throne in 935. 870–935: Duchy of Bohemia first independent from Great Moravia | Prague |
| Denmark | Europe | 15 June 1920 | 714 | 5 May 1945 | Germany | 2022: The sovereignty of Hans Island is partitioned between Denmark and Canada 2014: Denmark submits a claim for the North Pole to the UN 2009: Greenlandic Self-Governance after a referendum 1973–2022: Dispute with Canada over sovereignty of Hans Ø 1948: Faroe Islands granted home rule 1940–1945: German occupation 1920: Northern Schleswig (Sønderjylland) re-united with Denmark 1918: Independence of Iceland 1917: Denmark's last tropical colony, sold to United States 1864: Schleswig, Holstein & Lauenburg is lost to Prussia 1863– : House of Glücksburg 1849: New constitution with elected parliament 1814: Norway becomes independent with new constitution. Greenland, Iceland & Faroe Islands remain under Danish rule 1721: Denmark-Norway re-establish claim to Greenland 1679: Denmark forced to leave Gotland for good 1665: Kongeloven, Denmark's first constitution 1658: The sovereignty over Skåneland is transferred to Sweden 1620: First overseas colony 1536: Reformation in Denmark 1534–1536: War of succession 1448: Christian I first king of House of Oldenburg 1397–1523: Kalmar Union 1380–1814: Personal union between Denmark and Norway 1375–1412: Queen Margaret 1332–1340: Interregnum, Denmark controlled by German counts 1241: Code of Jutland "Jyske Lov" 1219–1223/27: Dominant Baltic power under the reign of Valdemar II 1154–1182: Valdemar the Great 1131–1157: Civil war 1047– : Unbroken line of Danish monarchs ruling the kingdom, al descending from titular Queen Estrid Svendsdatter 1042–1047: Norwegian rule 1010s–1040s: Anglo-Danish kingdom under the kings Sweyn, Cnut & Harthacnut 970s–1035: In periods the Danish kings Harald, Sweyn & Cnut (& perhaps Harald II ?) exercises supremacy over Norway Country re-united under Gorm the Old & Harald Bluetooth The decades from the 890s to the 930s are only sparse documented in written sources. The country possibly divided into smaller parts ruled by various families Second half of the 9th century, an increasing number of Viking raids on Western Europe, many originating from Denmark 814–854: Horik I king (in periods ruling jointly with others) 812: Civil war c. 800–810: King Gudfred c. 714: Ongendus king Danish kingship documented from the 8th century, though the institution possibly established prior to that | Copenhagen |
| Djibouti | Africa | 27 June 1977 | 27 June 1977 | 27 June 1977 | France | 1977–present: Republic of Djibouti 1894–1977: Part of the French Colonial Empire as French Somaliland 1862–1883: Ruled by Afar and Somali sultans 1577–1862: Part of the Ottoman Empire 1415–1577:Part of the Sultanate of Adal 1285–1415: Part of the Sultanate of Ifat | Djibouti |
| Dominica | The Americas | 27 February 1967 | 3 Nov 1978 | 3 Nov 1978 | United Kingdom | 1978–present: Commonwealth of Dominica 1763–1978: Part of the British Empire as its West Indies c.1690–1763: Part of the French Empire The island was originally inhabited by the Kalinago. | Roseau |
| Dominican Republic | The Americas | 9 May 1936 | 27 Feb 1844 | 27 Feb 1844 | Haiti | 1844–present: Dominican Republic 1822–1844: Part of the Republic of Haiti 1821–1822: Republic of Spanish Haiti 1809–1821: Part of the Spanish Empire 1806–1809: Part of the Republic of Haiti 1805: Part of the Empire of Haiti 1795–1805: Part of the French Colonial Empire 1535–1795: Captaincy General of Santo Domingo, part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain (Part of the Spanish Empire) 1492–1535: Captaincy General of Santo Domingo, part of the Columbian Viceroyalty (Part of the Spanish Empire) At the time of Columbus' arrival in 1492, the island's territory consisted of five Taíno chiefdoms: Marién, Maguá, Maguana, Jaragua, and Higüey. | Santo Domingo |
| Ecuador | The Americas | 26 February 1946 | 13 May 1830 | 13 May 1830 | Gran Colombia | 1830–present: Republic of Ecuador 1824–1830: Divided in Azuay, Guayaquil and Ecuador, federated states of the Gran Colombia 1821–1824: Federated state of the Gran Colombia 1717–1821: Part of the jurisdiction of the Royal Audience of Quito (sometimes referred unofficially as the Presidency of Quito or Kingdom of Quito) within the Viceroyalty of Nueva Granada, part of the Spanish Empire 1563–1717: Part of the jurisdiction of the Royal Audience of Quito (sometimes referred unofficially as the Presidency of Quito or Kingdom of Quito) within the Viceroyalty of Peru, part of the Spanish Empire 1542–1562: Part of the Viceroyalty of Peru, within the Spanish Empire 1532–1542: Part of the Governorate of New Castile, part of the Spanish Empire 1486–1532: Part of the Inca Empire Since 8000 BC humans has been settled, starting with Native Ecuadorians such as Cotocollao, Tayos, Machalilla, and Manteños | Quito |
| Egypt | Africa/Asia | 1925 | 28 Feb 1922 | 28 Feb 1922 | United Kingdom | 1971–present: Arab Republic of Egypt 1958–1971: United Arab Republic (In union with Syria) 1953–1958: Arab Republic of Egypt 1922–1953: Kingdom of Egypt 1914–1922: Part of the British Empire as the Sultanate of Egypt (British protectorate) 1867–1914: Khedivate of Egypt, a de jure Ottoman autonomous state (Occupied by the British Empire from 1882 to 1922). 1798–1801: Occupied by the First French Empire 1517–1867: Part of the Ottoman Empire as Eyalet of Egypt 1250–1517: Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt (Baḥrī and Burjī dynasties) 1218–1250: Center of the Ayyubid Sultanate 1174–1218: Part of the Ayyubid Sultanate 1171–1174: Center of the Ayyubid Sultanate 973–1171: Center of the Fatimid Caliphate 969–973: Part of the Fatimid Caliphate 935–969: Ikhshidid State, autonomous state within the Abbasid Caliphate 868–935: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate 868–905: Tulunid Emirate 750–868: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate 661–750: Part of the Umayyad Caliphate 641–661: Part of the Rashidun Caliphate 619–629: Part of the Sasanian Empire as Province 324–641: Part of the Byzantine Empire as province 30 BC-324 AD: Part of the Roman Empire as province 332–30 BC: Ptolemaic Kingdom (in association with Macedonia) 332–323 BC: Part of the Macedonian Empire 343–332 BC: Part of the Achaemenid Empire as the 31st Dynasty 404–343 BC: 28th–30th Dynasties of Ancient Egypt 525–404 BC: Part of the Achaemenid Empire as the 27th Dynasty 664–525 BC: 26th Dynasty of Ancient Egypt 1069–664 BC: 21st–25th Dynasties of Ancient Egypt 1550–1069 BC: 18th–20th Dynasties of Ancient Egypt as a new kingdom 1650–1550 BC: 13th–17th Dynasties of Ancient Egypt 2055–1650 BC: 11th and 12th Dynasties of Ancient Egypt as the middle kingdom 2181–2055 BC: 8th–10th Dynasties of Ancient Egypt 2575–2150 BC: 3rd–7th Dynasties of Ancient Egypt as kingdom 3150–2575 BC: 1st–2nd Dynasties of Ancient Egypt (Unified by Pharaoh Menes or probably Narmer, founder of the First Dynasty between Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt). Since 598,000 BC humans have been settled starting within a 30-metre (100 ft) terrace, with primitive Acheulean and Abbevillian (Chellean). | Cairo |
| El Salvador | The Americas | 2 February 1841 | 29 Nov 1898 | 29 Nov 1898 | Greater Republic of Central America | 1982–present: Republic of El Salvador 1979–1982: Revolutionary Junta of El Salvador 1922–1979: Republic of El Salvador 1921–1922: Federated state of the Federal Republic of Central America 1915–1921: Republic of El Salvador (As an official name from June 7) 1898–1915: Republic of Salvador 1896–1898: Federated state of the Greater Republic of Central America November 1852 – 1896: Republic of Salvador October–November 1852: Federated state of the Federation of Central America 1841–1852: Republic of Salvador 1823–1841: Federated state of the Federal Republic of Central America 1821–1823: Part of the First Mexican Empire as province of Salvador 1609–1821: Part of the Captaincy General of Guatemala (alternatively Kingdom of Guatemala) within the Viceroyalty of New Spain (Part of the Spanish Empire) 1535–1609: Part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain (Part of the Spanish Empire) 1525–1535: Part of the Columbian Viceroyalty (Part of the Spanish Empire) c.1200–1525: Divided between Cuzcatlan (Western part) and Lenca (Eastern part) Since 8000 BC humans have been settled by Native Salvadorans, including Mayans, Nahuatl, and Pipils. | San Salvador |
| Equatorial Guinea | Africa | 12 October 1968 | 12 Oct 1968 | 12 Oct 1968 | Spain | 1968–present: Republic of Equatorial Guinea 1979: 1979 coup d'état 1778–1968: Part of the Spanish Empire 1640-1902: Aro Confederacy Equatorial Guinea was Spanish Guinea (Spanish Cameroons) 1474–1778: Part of the Portuguese Empire | Malabo |
| Eritrea | Africa | 1 April 2002 | 24 May 1993 | 24 May 1993 | Ethiopia | 1993–present: State of Eritrea 1952–1993: Part of Ethiopia 1941–1952: Occupied by the British Empire 1889–1941: Part of the Italian Empire 1879–1889: Part of the Ethiopian Empire 1555–1879: Part of the Ottoman Empire 1137–1889: Medri Bahri kingdom c. 100 AD – c. 940 AD: Part of the Kingdom of Aksum c. 980 BC–c. 400 BC: Part of Dʿmt | Asmara |
| Estonia | Europe | 1 January 1945 | 24 Feb 1918 | 20 Aug 1991 | Soviet Union | 1991–present: Republic of Estonia 1940–1991: Occupation by the Soviet Union (1940–1941), Germany (1941–1944) and again by the Soviet Union (1944–1991) 1918–1940: Republic of Estonia 1917–1918: Autonomous Governorate of Estonia, autonomous entity of the Russian Republic 1721–1917: Governorate of Estonia, part of the Russian Empire 1561–1721: Duchy of Estonia, dominion of the Swedish Empire 1465–1561: Part of the Livonian Confederation 1346–1435: Part of the State of the Teutonic Order 1219–1346: Duchy of Estonia, a direct dominion (Latin: dominium directum) of the King of Denmark The territory of Estonia has been inhabited since at least 9,000 B.C | Tallinn |
| Eswatini | Africa | 6 September 1968 | 6 Sep 1968 | 6 Sep 1968 | United Kingdom | 2018–present: Kingdom of Eswatini 1968–2018: Kingdom of Swaziland 1902–1968: Part of the British Empire Swaziland Protectorate 1745–1902:Kingdom of Swaziland | Lobamba (royal and legislative) and Mbabane (administrative) |
| Ethiopia | Africa | 1 April 2002 | 900 c. (Zagwe Kingdom) | 5 May 1941 | Italy | 1995–present: Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (a Federal state, constituted by 10 regional states and 2 chartered cities) 1991–1995: Transitional Government of Ethiopia 1987–1991: People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 1974–1987: Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia 1941–1974: Ethiopian Empire 1936–1941: Occupied by Italy 1734–1936: Sultanate of Aussa 1647–1887: Emirate of Harar 1577–1672: Imamate of Aussa 1415–1577: Adal Sultanate 1285–1415: Part of the Sultanate of Ifat 1270–1936: Ethiopian Empire c. 900/1137–1270: Zagwe Kingdom c. 325–1627: Kingdom of Semien c. 80 BC – c. 940 AD: Kingdom of Aksum c. 980 BC–c. 400 BC: Kingdom of D'mt | Addis Ababa |
| Fiji | Australia | 10 October 1970 | 10 Oct 1970 | 10 Oct 1970 | United Kingdom | 1987–present: Republic of Fiji 1970–1987: Dominion of Fiji 1874–1970: Part of the British Empire 1874-1970: Colony of Fiji 1871–1874: Kingdom of Fiji The Kingdom of Fiji was the first unified Fijian state, and it covered all of modern Fiji, except the island of Rotuma. Cakobau was the Vunivalu (Warlord or Paramount Chief) of the island of Bau. His father, Tanoa Visawaqa, had conquered the Burebasaga Confederacy but never subdued western Fiji. Cakobau controlled most of the eastern parts of the Fijian Islands and declared himself King of Fiji (Self-proclaimed Tui Viti). This met with opposition from other chiefs, who regarded him as at best first among equals. However, in June 1871, John Bates Thurston, the British honorary consul, persuaded the Fijian chiefs to accept a constitutional monarchy with Cakobau as the King, but with real power in the hands of a cabinet and legislature dominated by Australian settlers. The Legislative Assembly met for the first time in Levuka in November 1871. 900 BC: Discovery of Fiji The majority of Fiji's islands were formed through volcanic activity starting around 150 million years ago. Today, some geothermic activity still occurs on the islands of Vanua Levu and Taveuni. Fiji was settled first by the Lapita culture, around 1,500–1,000 years BC, followed by a large influx of people with predominantly Melanesian genetics about the time of the beginning of the Common Era. Europeans visited Fiji from the 17th century, and, after a brief period as an independent kingdom, the British established the Colony of Fiji in 1874. Fiji was a Crown colony until 1970, when it gained independence as the Dominion of Fiji. A republic was declared in 1987, following a series of coups d'état. | Suva |
| Finland | Europe | 26 January 1956 | 6 Dec 1917 | 4 Jan 1918 | Russia | 1919–present: Republic of Finland 1918–1919: Kingdom of Finland 1809–1917: Grand Duchy of Finland, Governorate-General of the Russian Empire c.1200s–1809: Part of the Kingdom of Sweden, as an integral region. | Helsinki |
| France | Europe | 30 July 1980 | 481 | 1944 | Germany | 1958—Present: French Republic (Fifth; consisted of integral regions (five being overseas regions) and several overseas collectivities) 1946–1958: French Fourth Republic 1944–1946: Provisional Government of the French Republic 1940–1944: Free France, a government-in-exile of France, and member of the allies during WWII. 1940–1944: Occupied by Germany in WWII making Vichy France, a Nazi Puppet. 1870–1940: French Third Republic 1852–1870: Second French Empire 1848–1852: French Second Republic 1830–1848: July Monarchy 1814/5–1830: Bourbon Restoration 1804–1814/5: First French Empire 1792–1804: First French Republic 987–1792: Focusing with West Francia, the Kingdom of France was established. 843–987: with the Treaty of Verdun established West Francia 768–843: Part of the Kingdom of the Franks 481–768: Center of the Kingdom of the Franks 395–480 AD: Gaul, part of the Western Roman Empire 121 BC – 395 AD: Gaul, part of the Roman Empire French Tribes from 5th century to 121 BC: Gauls and Celtics First human settlement from 1.8 Million BC Note: The French Colonial Empire was founded by the order of Francis I of France. In 1534, Francis sent Jacques Cartier to explore the St. Lawrence River in Quebec. | Paris |
| Gabon | Africa | 17 August 1960 | 17 Aug 1960 | 17 Aug 1960 | France | 1960–present: Gabonese Republic 1910–1960: Part of the French Equatorial Africa, federation of colonial possessions of the French Empire 1839–1910: Part of the French Empire as a protectorate | Libreville |
| Gambia | Africa | 18 February 1965 | 18 Feb 1965 | 18 Feb 1965 | United Kingdom | 1970–present: Republic of The Gambia 1965–1970: Gambia (monarchy) 1821–1965: Part of the British Empire 1287–1480: Part of the Mali Empire | Banjul |
| Georgia | Asia/Europe | 23 July 1992 | 26 May 1918 | 9 Apr 1991 | Soviet Union | 1991–Present: Republic of Georgia 1921–1991: Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic, a federated state of the Soviet Union 1918–1921 : Democratic Republic of Georgia 1801–1918: Part of the Russian Empire 1490–1801 Fragmentized into three independent kingdoms – Kartli, Kakheti, and Imereti and five semi-independent principalities – Odishi, (Mingrelia), Guria, Abkhazia, Svaneti, and Samtskhe 1008–1490: Kingdom of Georgia | Tbilisi |
| Germany | Europe | 3 October 1990 | 1 July 1867 (North German Confederation) | 15 Mar 1991 | West Germany East Germany West Berlin | 1990–Present: Federal Republic of Germany (Become fully sovereign reunification on 15 March 1991 after the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany came into effect). 1949–1990: Divided between Federal Republic of Germany and German Democratic Republic ( West Berlin was an exclave of West Germany). 1945–1949: Germany occupied between the Allies (USA, UK and France) and the Soviet Union (The occupation lasted from 1945 until the ratification of Bonn–Paris conventions in 1955). 1933–1945: Nazi Germany 1918–1933: Weimar Germany (a federal republic) 1878–1918: German Empire (Prussia Unified in a federal monarchy with all state kingdoms of Germany, excluding Austria). 1867–1878: North German Confederation, federal union of 22 German-speaking states . 1815–1866: German Confederation, confederal union of 39 German-speaking sovereign states in Central Europe, including Prussia and Austrian Empire (Interrupted by the German Empire (1848–49)). 1806–1815: Confederation of the Rhine, confederal union of 37 German-speaking sovereign states, in a military alliance with the First French Empire 962-1806: Holy Roman Empire (federation composed of many kingdoms, principalities, duchies, counties, prince-bishoprics, Free Imperial Cities, and other domains). 843–962: Kingdom of Germany or East Francia 768–843: Center of the Kingdom of the Franks 481–768: Part of the Kingdom of the Franks 395–480 AD: Germania Superior and Germania Inferior, parts of the Western Roman Empire 83–395 AD: Germania Superior and Germania Inferior, parts of the Roman Empire Germanic Tribes from 5th century to 480 AD: Germania First human settlement from the year 598,000 BC. | Berlin |
| Greece | Europe | 10 February 1947 | 25 Mar 1822 | 1945 | Bulgaria Nazi Germany Italy | 1974–Present: Third Hellenic Republic 1967–1974: : Greek Dictatorship 1944–1973: Kingdom of Greece 1941–1944: Hellenic State, a government-in-exile during the axis occupation, and member of the allies during WWII. 1935–1941: Kingdom of Greece 1924–1935: Second Hellenic Republic 1832–1924: Kingdom of Greece 1822–1832: After the War of Independence Greece declared independent as the First Hellenic Republic 1453–1822: Part of the Ottoman Empire 1453–1460: Despotate of Morea, ruled by the Palaiologos dynasty 1346–1566: Island of Chios and port of Phocaea, Part of the Republic of Genoa (Maona of Chios and Phocaea) 1348–1360: Part of the Serbian Empire 1310–1522: Rhodes, under the Knights Hospitaller 1261–1453: Part of the Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty 1261–1458: Duchy of Athens 1261–1432: Principality of Achaea 1231–1244: Part of the Second Bulgarian Empire 1205–1669: Crete, part of the Republic of Venice as part of its Stato da Màr. 1205–1337/40: Despotate of Epirus 1204–1261: Part of the Latin Empire 920s–1010s: Part of the First Bulgarian Empire 324–1204: Part of the Byzantine Empire 148 BC-324 AD: Part of the Roman Empire 323–148 BC: Ancient Greece (Hellenistic period), Greece was divided in the Kingdom of Macedonia, Kingdom of Epirus, and the Aetolian League, Achaean League, and the city-states of Sparta and Athens. 338–323 BC: League of Corinth, a confederation of Greek states created by Philip II of Macedon (father of Alexander the Great). Sparta and Crete did not join this league 776–338 BC: Ancient Greece (Archaic and Classical Period): Greece was divided into many states, including Athens, Sparta, Thebes and Macedonia c.1100–776 BC: Greek Dark Ages c. 1600–c. 1100 BC: Mycenaean civilization Since 7000 BC humans have been settled passing the first Greek ages such as the Neolithic era, the Minoan era and the Helladic era. | Athens |
| Ghana | Africa | 13 December 1956 | 6 May 1957 | 6 May 1957 | United Kingdom | 1957–Present: Republic of Ghana 1867–1957: British Gold Coast 1658–1850: Danish Gold Coast 1598–1872: Dutch Gold Coast 1650–1663: Swedish Gold Coast 1682–1721: Branderberger/Prussian Gold Coast c.1670–1957: Kingdom of Ashanti 1482–1642: Portuguese Gold Coast 1409–1700: Kingdom of Dagbon, founded by the Dagomba people c.13th century: Modern day Ghana was divided in many states like Bonoman, Ashanti, Denkyira, Mankessim Kingdom, and Akwamu c.11th century: Akans were firmly established in the Akan state called Although the area of present-day Ghana in West Africa has experienced many population movements, the Akans were firmly settled by the 5th century CE | Accra |
| Grenada | The Americas | 27 February 1967 | 7 Feb 1974 | 7 Feb 1974 | United Kingdom | 1974–present: Grenada 1783–1974: Part of the British Empire, as its West Indies 1779–1783: Part of the French Empire 1763–1779: Part of the British Empire 1650–1763: Part of the French Empire | St. George's |
| Guatemala | The Americas | 1859 | 17 Apr 1839 | 17 Apr 1839 | Federal Republic of Central America | 1922–present: Republic of Guatemala 1921–1922: Federated state of the Federal Republic of Central America 1840–1921: Republic of Guatemala 1823–1838: Federated state of the Federal Republic of Central America 24 September 1821 – 1823: Part of the First Mexican Empire as province of Guatemala 15–24 September 1821: Republic of Guatemala 1609–1821: Captaincy General of Guatemala (alternativelly known as Kingdom of Guatemala), within the Viceroyalty of New Spain, part of the Spanish Empire. Since its foundation the Captaincy had self-administration without vice-royal dependence. 1535–1609: Part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain 1523–1535: Part of the Columbian Viceroyalty Since 8000 BC humans have been settled by Native Guatemalans, including Mayans (that established city-states in the region) and Nahuatl (founders of the Aztec Empire). | Guatemala City |
| Guinea | Africa | 2 October 1958 | 2 Oct 1958 | 2 Oct 1958 | France | 1958–present: Republic of Guinea 1894–1958: French Guinea, part of the French West Africa, part of the French Empire 1878–1898: Wassoulou Empire 1725–1894: Imamate of Futa Jallon 1559–1670: part of the Mali Empire 1235–1559: center of the Mali Empire | Conakry |
| Guinea-Bissau | Africa | 24 September 1973 | 24 Sep 1973 | 10 Sep 1974 | Portugal | 1974–present: Republic of Guinea-Bissau 1474–1974: Portuguese Guinea Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and Algarves Portuguese Empire 1226-1474: Mali Empire | Bissau |
| Guyana | The Americas | 26 May 1966 | 26 May 1966 | 26 May 1966 | United Kingdom | 1970–present: Co-operative Republic of Guyana 1966–1970: Guyana (monarchy) 1814–1966: British Guyana, part of the British Empire 1616–1814: Divided in three Dutch colonies: Demerara, Essequibo and Berbice First human settlement from the year 35,000 BC. | Georgetown |
| Haiti | The Americas | 27 February 1844 | 1 Jan 1804 | 1 Jan 1804 | France | 1859–present: Republic of Haiti 1849–1859: Second Empire of Haiti 1820–1849: Republic of Haiti 1811–1820: Kingdom of Haiti 1806–1811: State of Haiti 1804–1806: First Empire of Haiti 1625–1804: Part of the French Empire as Saint-Domingue 1492–1625: Part of the Spanish Empire At the time of Columbus' arrival in 1492, the island's territory consisted of five Taíno chiefdoms: Marién, Maguá, Maguana, Jaragua, and Higüey. | Port-au-Prince |
| Honduras | The Americas | 1 September 1972 | 29 Nov 1898 | 29 Nov 1898 | Greater Republic of Central America | 1922–present: Republic of Honduras 1921–1922: Federated state of the Federal Republic of Central America 1898–1921: Republic of Honduras (United States has been occupied on the Honduran Land in 1903, 1907, 1911, 1912, 1919, 1924 and 1925). 1896–1898: Federated state of the Greater Republic of Central America November 1852 – 1896: Republic of Honduras October–November 1852: Federated state of the Federation of Central America 1838–1852: Republic of Honduras 1823–1838: Federated state of the Federal Republic of Central America September 24, 1821 – 1823: Part of the First Mexican Empire as province of Honduras 15–24 September 1821: Republic of Honduras 1609–1821: Part of the Captaincy General of Guatemala (alternativelly Kingdom of Guatemala) within the Viceroyalty of New Spain (Part of the Spanish Empire) 1535–1609: Part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain (Part of the Spanish Empire) 9000 BC–1525 AD: Inhabited by Native Hondurans, including Mayans, and Toltecs. | Tegucigalpa |
| Hungary | Europe | 10 February 1947 | 895 | 1918 23 Oct 1989 | Austria-Hungary Soviet Union | 1989–present: Third Hungarian Republic 1949–1989: Hungarian People's Republic 1946–1949: Second Hungarian Republic 1920–1946: Kingdom of Hungary 1919–1920: Hungarian Republic 1918–1919: First Hungarian Republic 1867–1918: Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, a dual monarchy with Austria (via Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867) 1000–1867: Kingdom of Hungary 895–1000: Principality of Hungary | Budapest |
| Iceland | Europe | 1 December 1918 | 1 Dec 1918 | 1 Dec 1918 | Denmark | 1945–present: Republic of Iceland 1944–1945: Republic of Iceland (occupied by the United States) 1918–1944: Kingdom of Iceland, with a personal union with Denmark (Occupied by the United Kingdom and Canada in 1940 and 1941 and by the United States in 1941–1944) 1814–1918: Part of the Kingdom of Denmark 1523–1814: Part of Denmark-Norway, a real union between the kingdoms of Norway and Denmark 1397–1523: Part of the Kingdom of Norway, within the Kalmar Union (personal union between the kingdoms of Norway, Denmark and Sweden) 1262–1397: Part of the Kingdom of Norway 930–1262: Icelandic Commonwealth.in 1262; Part of the Kingdom of Denmark after 1814; Kingdom of Iceland (1918–1944) with a Personal union with Denmark, Republic of Iceland founded 1944. | Reykjavík |
| India | Asia | 31 July 2015 | 15 Aug 1947 | 15 Aug 1947 | United Kingdom | 1950–present: Republic of India (a federal state. The States Reorganisation Act, 1956 reorganised the states based on linguistic lines. Currently the Indian Union comprises 28 states and 8 union territories) 1947–1950: Dominion of India, a monarchy in a personal union with the United Kingdom (a federal state. Between 1947 and 1950 the territories of the princely states were politically integrated into the Indian Union.) 1858–1947: Part of the British Empire as India (the territory was sometimes called the Indian Empire, though not officially.)(India was divided into provinces (formerly, called Presidencies) that were directly governed by the Crown and princely states which were ruled by a prince who acknowledged suzerainty to the Crown.) 1757–1858: Part of the British Empire as the East India Company 1717–1857: India divided during the Mughal Era: Maratha Empire (later, the "Maratha Confederacy"), Kingdom of Mysore, and the Sikh Kingdom. However, the Mughal Emperor (in Maratha) continued to be the highest manifestation of sovereignty. The Muslim, Hindu (including Maratha), and Sikh leaders took part in ceremonial acknowledgements of the emperor as the sovereign of India. 1555–1717: Mughal Empire 1540–1556: Sur Empire 1526–1556 AD: Mughal Empire 13th century-16th century: Politics in Northern India was dominated by the Delhi Sultanate, and in Southern India by the Vijayanagar Empire. However, there were other regional powers present, like the Chero dynasty, Reddi kingdom, Rajput states, Gajapati Kingdom, Ahom kingdom and the Kingdom of Manipur 1347–1527: Three sultanates declared independent from Delhi Bahmani Sultanate (1347–1527), Malwa Sultanate (1392–1562), and Gujarat Sultanate (1407–1573). Plus the Vijayanagara Empire (1336–1646) 1336–1646: Vijayanagara Empire (also called Kingdom of Bisnegar), ruled a major part of the southern Indian subcontinent 1206–1526: Delhi Sultanate, ruled a major part of the northern Indian subcontinent 230 BC–1206 AD: India divided between the 49 middle kingdoms. The well-known kingdoms are Shunga Empire (187 to 78 BC), Gupta Empire (280–550 AD), Satavahana dynasty (1st century BC–2nd century AD), Pala Empire (8th century–12th century), Rashtrakuta Kingdom (753–982), Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty (mid-8th century AD–1036 AD) and the Chola Empire (300s BC–1279 AD). 322–185 BC: Maurya Empire (Political unity in verified historiography was first achieved by Chandragupta Maurya). 5th or 4th century–322 BC: Nanda Empire c.600–345 BC: Indian Subcontinent was divided in 16 kingdoms called Mahajanapadas 1500–500 BC: Inhabited by Vedic 1700–1500 BC: Inhabited by Cemetery H c.3300–c.1300 BC: Indus Valley civilisation, era when the India's local name Bhārat derives from the legendary Bharata (either Dushyanta's son Bharata or Rishabha's son Bharata), held by tradition as the first emperor to unite India in 2000 BC. Since 2.2 million BC, India has been settled starting with Hominins who were from Africa by the expansion of civilization with the Madrasian and Soanian cultures.$^{:147}$$^{:167–170}$ | New Delhi |
| Indonesia | Asia/Australia | 20 May 2002 | 17 Aug 1945 | 27 Dec 1949 | Netherlands | 1949–present: Republic of Indonesia 1945–1949: Indonesian Struggle for Independence 1942–1945: Part of Japan in World War II 1816–1942: Part of the Dutch Empire as Dutch East Indies 1812–1816: Part of British India (following Dutch-French defeat in the Napoleonic War) 1802–1812: Part of Batavian Republic (Client State of the Napoleonic France) 1619–1802: Under Administration of the Dutch East India Company, being part of the Dutch Empire 15th–19th century: Various Islamic Kingdoms, most notably Demak (successor state to the Majapahit Empire), Pajang (successor state to Demak), Mataram (successor state to Pajang) and Banten in Java; Malaka, Johor-Riau, Minang and Aceh in Sumatra; Brunei and Banjarmasin in Kalimantan, Makassar in Sulawesi, and Ternate and Tidore in Moluccas 1292–1478: Majapahit Empire, united Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia and parts of Philippines under the reign of Hayam Wuruk 4th century–13th century: Various Hindu-Buddhist Kingdoms, most notably Srivijaya in 8th–10th century AD 4th century: First Hindu Kingdom of Kutai in Kalimantan | Jakarta |
| Iran | Asia | 30 November 1971 | 1501 (Safavid Empire) | 17 October 1941 | United Kingdom/ Soviet Union Anglo-Soviet withdrawal from Tehran | 1980–present: Islamic Republic of Iran 1979–1980: Under an Interim Government 1925–1979: Pahlavi dynasty (Anglo-Soviet occupation 1941–1946) 1796–1925: Qajar dynasty 1747–1796: Afsharid dynasty (1760–1794): Zand dynasty 1736–1747: Afsharid dynasty (1722–1729): Part of Hotaki Empire 1501–1736: Safavid dynasty 1468–1508: Part of Agh Qoyunlu 1405–1507: Part of Timurid Empire 1406–1468: Part of Qara Qoyunlu 1370–1405: Part of Timurid Empire 1337–1376: Sarbadars 1336–1432: Part of Jalayirid dynasty 1335–1393: Muzaffarid dynasty 1335–1357: Chobanid dynasty 1256–1335: Ilkhanate Empire (Hulagu dynasty) 1225–1231: Center of the Khwarazmian Empire 1077–1225: Part of the Khwarazmian Empire 1037–1194: Part of the Great Seljuq Empire 963–1186: Part of the Ghaznavid Empire 875–999: Part of the Samanid dynasty 934–1055: Buyid dynasty 867–1002: Part of Saffarid dynasty 928–1043: Ziyarid dynasty 750–1258: Part of Abbasid Caliphate c.1236 661–750: Part of Umayyad Caliphate (642–759/760): Dabuyid dynasty 224–651: Sassanid dynasty 247 BC – 224 AD: Parthian Empire (Arsacid dynasty) 312–63 BC: Part of Seleucid Empire 330–323 BC: Part of the Empire of Alexander the Great 550–330 BC: Achaemenid dynasty (652–625 BC): Part of Scythian Kingdom 678–550 BC: Median Empire 850–616 BC: Inhabited by Mannaeans 2700–539 BC: Elamites 3200–2700 BC: Proto-Elamites | Tehran |
| Iraq | Asia | 28 February 1991 | 3 Oct 1932 | 1 May 2003 | United Kingdom | 2003–present: Republic of Iraq (a federal state, consisting of 19 governorates, four of which make up the autonomous Kurdistan Region) 2003: American Invasion 1968–2003: Iraqi Republic 1958–1968: Iraqi Republic 1958: Arab Federation of Iraq and Jordan 1932–1958: Kingdom of Iraq 1920–1932: Kingdom of Iraq under British Administration 1534–1923: Part of the Ottoman Empire 1509–1534: Part of the Safavid Empire 1469–1509: Part of the Aq Qoyunlu 1451–1469: Part of the Qara Qoyunlu 1434–1451: Part of the Qara Qoyunlu, except the east that was part of the Timurid Empire 1410–1434: Part of the Qara Qoyunlu, except the south and east that was part of the Timurid Empire 1394–1410: Part of the Timurid Empire 1335–1394: Jalairid Sultanate in the south, Artuqid Beylik in the north 1258–1335: Part of the Ilkhanate 1234–1258:Abbasid Caliphate in the center, Ayyubid Sultanate in the north, Mongol Empire in the east 1194–1234: Abbasid Caliphate in the center, Ayyubid Sultanate in the north, Khwaraszmian Sultanate in the east 1185–1194: Part of the Seljuk Empire in the south, west and center, Ayyubid Sultanate in the north 1130–1185: Part of the Seljuk Empire in the south, west and center, Zengid Emirate in the north 1071–1130: Part of the Seljuk Empire 1055–1071: Part of the Seljuk Empire in the south, west and center, Uqaylid Emirate in the north 1024–1055: Part of the Buyid Empire in the south, west and center, Uqaylid Emirate in the north, Kakuyid Emirate in the east 996–1024: Part of the Buyid Empire in the south, west and center, Uqaylids in the north 945–996: Part of the Buyid Empire in the south, west and center, Hamdanid Emirate in the north 937–945: Center of the Abbasid Caliphate, Ziyarid Kingdom and Buyid Empire in the east, Hamdanid Emirate in the north 931–937: Center of the Abbasid Caliphate, Ziyarid Kingdom in the east, Hamdanid Emirate in the north 900–931: Center of the Abbasid Caliphate, Samanid Emirate in the east, Hamdanid Emirate in the north 890–900: Center of the Abbasid Caliphate, Saffarid Emirate in the east, Hamdanid Emirate in the north 876–890: Center of the Abbasid Caliphate, eastern regions are part of the Saffarid Emirate 809–876: Center of the Abbasid Caliphate 796–809: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate 750–796: Center of the Abbasid Caliphate 661–750: Part of the Umayyad Caliphate 656–661: Center of the Rashidun Caliphate 637–656: Part of the Rashidun Caliphate 224–637: Part of the Sassanid Empire 128 BC-224 BC: Part of the Parthian Empire 148 BC–128 BC: Divided between the Seleucid Empire and the Parthian Empire 301–148 BC: Seleucid Empire 310-301: Divided between the Antigonid Empire and the Seleucid Empire 318-310: Part of the Antigonid Empire 323-318: Divided in the satraps of Mesopothamia and Babylonia 330–323 BC: Part of the Empire of Alexander the Great 539–330 BC: Part of the Achaemenid Empire 606–539 BC: Babylonian Empire 630 BC-606 BC: Divided between Babylonian Empire and Assyrian Empire 730 BC-630 BC: Assyrian Empire 770–730 BC: Divided between Babylonian Empire and Assyrian Empire c.850 BC–770 BC: Assyrian Empire c.1450–c.850 BC: Divided between Babylonian Empire and Assyrian Empire (between c.1020 BC-c.890 BC there is also the presence of small independent states orbiting the two empiress) c.2000–c.1450 BC: Divided in many states like Assyria, Isin and Babylonia c.2100 BC: Neo-Sumerian Empire c.2200 BC: Divided in many states along the Tigris–Euphrates river system c.2300 BC: Akkadian Empire c.2550 BC: Divided in many states along the Tigris–Euphrates river system c.4000 BC: Sumer Civilization (the first Civilization in the world) | Baghdad |
| Ireland | Europe | 2 December 1999 | 11 Dec 1931 | 11 Dec 1931 | United Kingdom | 1937–Present: Ireland (additionally described as the Republic of Ireland) (Constitution of Ireland (1937): name change to "Ireland" (Irish: Éire), the country still was a monarchy in a personal union with Great Britain) (Republic of Ireland Act 1948: Ireland becomes a republic, ending the monarchy). 1931–1937: Irish Free State, monarchic state in a personal union with the United Kingdom 1922–1931: Irish Free State, a Dominion within the British Empire (Irish War of Independence: Ireland unilaterally declared itself independent in 1919, war ended with Anglo-Irish Treaty with the Partition of Ireland).. 1801–1922: constituent country of the United Kingdom (political union) 1707–1801: Kingdom of Ireland (in a personal union with Great Britain) 1659–1707: Kingdom of Ireland (in a personal union with England) 1659–1660: Part of the Commonwealth of England 1653–1659: Part of The Protectorate 1653: Part of the Commonwealth of England 1642–1652: Confederate Ireland (a confederal monarchy that pledged allegiance to the English monarch) 1603–1642: Kingdom of Ireland. After the Tudor conquest of Ireland, the entire country came under the nominal control of the King of Ireland (the monarch of England held the crowns of England and Ireland in a personal union). 1542–1603: Kingdom of Ireland is established. However, most of Ireland was still held by Gaelic Irish dynasties. 1171–1542: Lordship of Ireland, a papal possession held in fief by the King of England. The kings of England claimed lordship over the whole island, but in reality the king's rule only ever extended to parts of the island. The rest of the island —known as Gaelic Ireland—remained under the control of various Gaelic Irish kingdoms 800–1171: Divided in many states. Some states, like the Kingdom of Dublin, was founded by Nordic invaders 150–800:-: Divided in many states, like the kingdoms of Osraige, Munster and Ulaid. 10,500 BC – 853 AD: Inhabited by the Native Irish, including Gaelic and Celtic cultures. | Dublin |
| Israel | Asia | 12 September 2005 | 14 May 1948 | 14 May 1948 | United Kingdom | The 12 tribes conquer the holy land under the leadership of Joshua, then Israel goes through "The period of the judges" leading to the Kingdom of Israel unified under King Saul, c. 1020 BC, divided into separate kingdoms of Israel and Judea, which fall to Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian empires in 722 and 586 BC, respectively. In the 2nd century BC, Judea re-gains independence as Hasmonean kingdom after revolt against the Hellenist Seleucid Empire. Conquered by Pompey of the Roman Empire in 63 BC, and subsequently falls to Byzantine, Umayyad, Abbasid, Crusader, Mamluk, Ottoman Turkish, and British rule, before regaining independence as the State of Israel in 1948. | Jerusalem |
| Italy | Europe | 1 January 1948 | 1003 (County of Savoy) | 17 May 1861 | Sardinia Lombardy–Venetia Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Papal States United Provinces of Central Italy | 1946–present: Italian Republic 1945–1946: Kingdom of Italy 1943–1945: Italian Social Republic, a Nazi Puppet. 1861–1943: Kingdom of Italy (Unified by the Two Sicilies, Sardinia, the Papal States, Lombardy–Venetia, and its Central United Provinces) 1859–1860: United Provinces of Central Italy 1816–1861: Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 1815–1866: Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia 1805–1814: Napoleonic Italy, part of the First French Empire 1802–1805: Italian Napoleonic Republic, part of the First French Empire 1720–1861: Kingdom of Sardinia 962–1801: the Italian peninsula divided into many states, among them the medieval Kingdom of Italy (774–1806) within the Holy Roman Empire 855–962: Divided between the Kingdom of Italy, Duchy of Benevento, Duchy of Naples, the Giudicati, Republic of Venice and Byzantine Empire 843–855: Divided between the Middle Francia, Duchy of Benevento, Duchy of Naples, the Giudicati, Republic of Venice and Byzantine Empire 775–843: Divided between the Frankish Kingdom, Duchy of Benevento, Duchy of Naples, the Giudicati, Republic of Venice and Byzantine Empire 754–775: Divided between the Kingdom of the Lombards, the Papal States, Duchy of Benevento and the Byzantine Empire 568–754: Kingdom of the Lombards, later the Kingdom of (all) Italy (Latin: Regnum totius Italiae). For most of the kingdom's history, the Byzantine-ruled Exarchate of Ravenna and Duchy of Rome separated the northern Lombard duchies, from the two large southern duchies of Spoleto and Benevento. 553–1071: Part of the Byzantine Empire. Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian declared war on the Ostrogoths in 535 in an effort to restore the former western provinces of the Roman Empire. The Catepanate of Italy, the last Roman (Byzantine) outpost in Italy was lost in 1071. 493–553: Ostrogothic Kingdom, officially the Kingdom of Italy (Latin: Regnum Italiae). Zeno negotiated with the invading Ostrogoths, convincing their king Theodoric to depart for Italy as magister militum per Italiam ("commander in chief for Italy") with the aim of deposing Odoacer. The Ostrogoths was never recognised by the eastern emperors as "kings" (rex). 476–493: Kingdom of Italy (Odoacer). Odoacer assumed control of the peninsula as a de jure representative of the de jure Western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos. With the death of Nepos in 480, the Eastern Roman Emperor Zeno legally abolished the title and position of Western Roman Emperor and assumed the role of Odoacer's sovereign. In Roman constitutional theory, the Empire was still simply united under one emperor, implying no abandonment of territorial claims. 395–476: Center of the Western Roman Empire 27 BC – 395 AD: Center of the Roman Empire 509–27BC Roman Republic. Italy was unified by Rome in the third century BC. For 700 years, it was a de facto territorial extension of the capital of the Roman Republic and Empire, and for a long time experienced a privileged status and was not converted into a province. 753 BC–509 BC: Roman Kingdom, founded by an Italic tribe known as the Latins 12th century – 100 BC:Various ancient peoples dispersed throughout modern-day Italy, the most predominant being the Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name, there also the presence of Phoenicians and Carthaginians in insular Italy, Greeks in Southern Italy, and Etruscans and Celts in central and northern Italy respectively. Since 848,000 BC humans have been settled by the first hominins at Monte Poggiolo. | Rome |
| Ivory Coast | Africa | 4 December 1958 | 7 Aug 1960 | 7 Aug 1960 | France | 1960–present Ivory Coast 1886–1962: Part of the French Empire as French Ivory Coast, part of the Western Africa 1740–1843: Kingdom of Sanwi 1710–1898: Kong Empire 1460–1895: Gyaaman Possibly since the Upper Paleolithic humans have been settled before 1460. | Abidjan (former capital; still hosts some government offices) and Yamoussoukro (de jure) |
| Jamaica | The Americas | 6 August 1962 | 6 Aug 1962 | 6 Aug 1962 | United Kingdom | 1962–present: Jamaica 1707–1962: Part of the British Empire 1655–1707: Part of the English Empire 1509–1655: Part of the Spanish Empire Originally inhabited by the indigenous Arawak and Taíno peoples, the island came under Spanish rule following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1494. | Kingston |
| Japan | Asia | 15 May 1972 | 539 c.. | 28 Apr 1952 | Allied occupation of Japan | 1952–present: Japan (after the Treaty of San Francisco ended postwar occupation). 1945–1952: Allied-occupation of Japan with the United States and the United Kingdom in the post-war period. 1868–1945: Empire of Japan 1603–1868: Tokugawa shogunate 1568–1603: Japanese Azuchi–Momoyama 1336–1568: Ashikaga shogunate 1333–1336: Kenmu Restoration 1185–1333: Kamakura shogunate 794–1185: Heian era 710–794: Nara era 538–710: Asuka era 300–578: Kofun era (Era when all Japanese states merged into one in c. 400 AD). 1000 BC – 300 AD: Yayoi era (Era when Japan was founded in 660 BC by Emperor Jimmu mythologically). 14,000 – 900 BC: Jōmon era Since 40,000 BC humans have been settled crossing through the Korean-Japanese bridge, and Japan made as an island in 12,000 BC warming the planet. | Tokyo |
| Jordan | Asia | 26 October 1997 | 25 May 1946 | 2 Aug 1958 | Arab Federation | 1958–present: Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Feb–Aug 1958: Federated state of the Arab Federation, governed from Baghdad, Iraq. 1946–1958: Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan 1921–1946: Emirate of Transjordan, part of the British Empire 1918–1920: Occupied Enemy Territory Administration 1517–1918: Part of the Ottoman Empire 1250–1517: Part of the Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo) 1174–1250: Part of the Ayyubid Sultanate 1071–1174: Part of the Seljuk Empire 969–1071: Part of the Fatimid Caliphate 750–969: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate 661–750: Part of the Umayyad Caliphate 636–661: Part of the Rashidun Caliphate 625–636: Part of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) 614–625: Part of the Sassanid Empire 286–614: Part of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) 273–286: Part of the Roman Empire 269–273: Part of the Palmyrene Empire 107–269: Part of the Roman Empire 330 BC-107 AD: Nabatean Kingdom 539–330 BC: Part of the Achaemenid Empire 596–539 BC: Part of the Babylonian Empire 607–596 BC: Ammon, Moab and Edom c.719–607 BC: Part of the Assyrian Empire 13th century – 719 BC: Three stable kingdoms emerged there at the end of the Bronze Age: Ammon, Moab and Edom. What is now Jordan has been inhabited by humans since the Paleolithic period. | Amman |
| Kazakhstan | Asia/Europe | 30 March 1993 (disputed) | 16 Dec 1991 | 16 Dec 1991 | Soviet Union | 1991–present: Republic of Kazakhstan 1936–1991:Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, federated state of the Soviet Union 1920–1936: Part of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, federated state of the Soviet Union 1918–1920: Alash Autonomy 1731–1917: Part of the Russian Empire 1465–1731: Kazakh Khanate 1240s–1456: Part of the Golden Horde 1220s–1240s: Part of the Mongol Empire The territory of Kazakhstan has historically been inhabited by nomadic groups and empires. In antiquity, the nomadic Scythians have inhabited the land and the Persian Achaemenid Empire expanded towards the southern territory of the modern country. Turkic nomads who trace their ancestry to many Turkic states such as the First Turkic Khaganate etc. have inhabited the country throughout its history. | Astana |
| Kenya | Africa | 12 December 1963 | 12 Dec 1963 | 12 Dec 1963 | United Kingdom | 1964–present: Republic of Kenya 1963–1964: Kenya (monarchy) 1920–1963: Colony and Protectorate of Kenya, part of the British Empire 1895–1920: East Africa Protectorate, part of the British Empire c.1st century AD: The Kenyan coast had served host to communities of ironworkers and communities of Bantu subsistence farmers, hunters, and fishers who supported the economy with agriculture, fishing, metal production, and trade with foreign countries. These communities formed the earliest city-states (like Mombasa and Malindi) in the region which were collectively known as Azania. As city-states settled on the coast, several nomadic tribes inhabited the rest of what is today Kenya. What is now Kenya has been inhabited by humans since the Paleolithic period. | Nairóbi |
| Kiribati | Australia | 1 October 1975 | 12 July 1979 | 12 July 1979 | United Kingdom | 1979–present: Republic of Kiribati 1877-1976: British Western Pacific Territories 1892–1976: Gilbert and Ellice Islands, part of the British Empire Kiribati Colonial 600 BC-1892: Pre-Colonial Kiribati The islands which now form the Republic of Kiribati have been inhabited for at least seven hundred years, and possibly much longer. The initial Austronesian peoples’ population, which remains the overwhelming majority today, was visited by Polynesian and Melanesian invaders before the first European sailors visited the islands in the 17th century. For much of the subsequent period, the main island chain, the Gilbert Islands, was ruled as part of the British Empire. The country gained its independence in 1979 and has since been known as Kiribati. | Tarawa do Sul |
| Kosovo | Europe | 17 February 2008 | 17 Feb 2008 | 17 Feb 2008 | Serbia | 2008–present: Kosovo North Kosovo crisis (2011–2013) Clashes between the Republic of Kosovo and ethnic Serbs in northern Kosovo began on 25 July 2011. Second Republic of Kosovo 2008 Kosovo Declaration of Independence Kosovo War First Republic of Kosovo 1992-2006: Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija 1992-2006: Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 1945-1992: Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo 1928-1939: Kingdom of Albania German Occupation of Albania Italian Occupation of Albania Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia 1918-1941: Kingdom of Yugoslavia First Balcan War 1882-1918: Kingdom of Serbia 1455-1912: Ottoman Kosovo 1387-1478: Principality of Dukagjini 1402-1459: Serbian Despotate 1371-1402: Moravian Serbia 1371-1412: District of Brancovíc 1346-1371: Serbian Empire 1217-1346: Kingdom of Serbia 1185-1396: Second Bulgarian Empire 681-1018: First Bulgarian Empire Roman Kosovo Dardani Peoples 400 BC-28 BC: Kingdom of Dardania The Dardani were the most stable and conservative ethnic element among the peoples of the central Balkans, retaining an enduring presence in the region for several centuries. | Pristina |
| North Korea | Asia | 12 October 1962 | 9 Sep 1948 | 9 Sep 1948 | Soviet Union | 1948–present: Democratic People's Republic of Korea 1945–1948: Occupied by the Soviet Union under the Provisional People's Committee, and later the People's Committee 1945–1946: People's Republic of Korea 1910–1945: Part of the Empire of Japan 1897–1910: Korean Empire 1392–1897: Kingdom of Great Joseon 918–1392: Kingdom of Goryeo 901–918: Kingdom of Taebong 892–936: Later Baekje 698–926: Kingdom of Balhae 668–935: Unified Silla 18 BC – 660 AD: Kingdom of Baekje 37 BC – 668 AD: Kingdom of Goguryeo 108 BC – 37 AD: Divides between the kingdoms of Korea 2333–108 BC: Kingdom of Gojoseon (Founded by Dangun according to legend) Since around 498,000 BC humans have been settled in the Korean Peninsula and Manchuria began roughly half a million years ago., including Jeulmun and Mumun. | Pyongyang |
| South Korea | Asia | 27 July 1953 | 15 Aug 1948 | 15 Aug 1948 | United States | 1987–present: Republic of Korea (Sixth) 1981–1987: Fifth Republic of Korea 1972–1981: Fourth Republic of Korea 1963–1972: Third Republic of Korea 1961–1963: Supreme Council for National Reconstruction 1960–1961: Second Republic of Korea 1948–1960: First Republic of Korea 1945–1948: Occupied by the United States under the Army Military. 1919–1945: Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea 1910–1945: Part of the Empire of Japan 1897–1910: Korean Empire 1392–1897: Kingdom of Great Joseon 918–1392: Kingdom of Goryeo 901–918: Kingdom of Taebong 892–936: Later Baekje 668–935: Unified Silla 42–562: Gaya confederacy 18 BC – 660 AD: Kingdom of Baekje 37 BC–668 AD: Kingdom of Goguryeo 57 BC – 935 AD: Kingdom of Silla 108 BC – 37 AD: Divides between the kingdoms of Korea 2333–108 BC: Kingdom of Gojoseon (Founded by Dangun according to legend) Since around 498,000 BC humans have been settled in the Korean Peninsula and Manchuria began roughly half a million years ago., including Jeulmun and Mumun. | Seoul |
| Kuwait | Asia | 18 December 1969 | 1752 | Feb 1991 | Iraq | 1991–present: State of Kuwait 1990–1991: Kuwait Governorate, governorate of Iraq 1990: Republic of Kuwait 1963–1990: State of Kuwait 1919–1963: Sheikhdom of Kuwait, part of the British Empire as a protectorate 1889–1919: Sheikhdom of Kuwait, part of the British Empire as a protectorate (not recognized by the Ottomans) 1871–1899: Sheikhdom of Kuwait, de facto part of the Ottoman Empire 1752–1871: Sheikhdom of Kuwait, independent state 1670–1752: Part of the Khalidi Emirate 1613–1670: In 1613, the town of Kuwait was founded in the present-day location of Kuwait City. Part of the Ottoman Empire | Kuwait City |
| Kyrgyzstan | Asia | 5 December 1936 | 31 Aug 1991 | 31 Aug 1991 | Soviet Union | 1991–present: Kyrgyz Republic (the name "Republic of Kyrgyzstan" was adopted in 1990, changed to current in 1993) 1936–1991: Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic, federated state of the Soviet Union 1922–1936: Part of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, federated state of the Soviet Union 1918–1922: Part of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic 1867–1918:Part of the Russian Empire | Bishkek |
| Laos | Asia | 22 October 1953 | 22 Oct 1953 | 22 Oct 1953 | France | 1975–present: Lao People's Democratic Republic 1953–1975: Kingdom of Laos, independent state 1947–1953: Kingdom of Laos, Part of the French Empire 1945–1947: French Protectorate of Laos a French protectorate within French Indochina — a collection of Southeast Asian protectorates within the French Empire. 1940–1945: Occupied by Japan 1893–1940: French Protectorate of Laos, a French protectorate within French Indochina — a collection of Southeast Asian protectorates within the French Empire. 1707–1893: Divided between the Kingdom of Luang Phrabang (1707–1893), Kingdom of Champasak (1713–1904), Principality of Phuan (1707–1899) and Kingdom of Vientiane (1707–1828) (which lost its sovereignty to the Kingdom of Siam from 1828 until 1893), 1354–1707: Kingdom of Lan Xang | Vientiane |
| Latvia | Europe | 1944 | 18 Nov 1918 | 4 May 1990 | Soviet Union | 1991–present: Republic of Latvia 1940–1991: Occupation by Germany (1940–1944) and later by the Soviet Union (1944–1991) 1918–1940: Republic of Latvia 1918: Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, de jure independent state (was a client state of Germany) 1918: Divided in the Courland Governorate, part of the Russian Republic, and a region occupied by Germany (Ober Ost) 1795–1918: Divided between the Courland Governorate and the Governorate of Livonia, both part of the Russian Empire 1721–1795: Divided between the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and the Governorate of Livonia, part of the Russian Empire 1629–1721: Divided between the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and the Swedish Livonia, part of the Swedish Empire 1569–1629: Divided between the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia and the Duchy of Livonia, both part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1561–1569: Divided between the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the Duchy of Livonia, part of the Kingdom of Poland 1215–1561: Terra Mariana (later known as Livonian Confederation), a directly subject to the Holy See 1207–1215: Terra Mariana, State of the Holy Roman Empire The territory of Latvia has been inhabited since at least 9,000 B.C | Riga |
| Lebanon | Asia | 1 September 1920 | 22 Nov 1943 | 31 Dec 1946 | France | Lebanese Republic (1943–present) 1920–1943: State of Greater Lebanon (constituent of the French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon) 1917–1920: Part of the Occupied Enemy Territory Administration 1516–1917: Part of the Ottoman Empire (as the Eyalet of Sidon and later the Beirut Vilayet) 1289–1516: Part of the Mamluk Sultanate 1109–1289: County of Tripoli 1071–1109: Part of the Seljuk Empire 969–1071: Part of the Fatimid Caliphate 935–969: Ikhshidid State, autonomous state within the Abbasid Caliphate 905–935: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate 876–905: Part of the Tulunid Emirate 750–876: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate 661–750: Part of the Umayyad Caliphate 637–661: Part of the Rashidun Caliphate 626–637: Part of the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire) 611–626: Part of the Sassanid Empire 395–611: Part of the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire) 273–395: Part of the Roman Empire 270–273: Part of the Palmyrene Empire 63 BC–270: Part of the Roman Republic (and later the Roman Empire) 301 BC–63 BC: Part of the Seleucid Empire 314 BC–301 BC: Part of the kingdom of Antigonus I Monophthalmus 320 BC–314 BC: Part of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt 323 BC– 320 BC: Part of the Satrap of Laomedon of Mytilene 332 BC–323 BC: Part of the Empire of Alexander the Great 538 BC–332 BC: Part of the Achaemenid Empire 605 BC–538 BC: Part of the Babylonian Empire 858 BC–608 BC: Part of the Assyrian Empire 2500 BC–858 BC: Ancient Phoenicia: Lebanon was divided into many states, like Tyre, Sidon, Arwad, Berytus, Byblos | Beirut |
| Lesotho | Africa | 12 March 1868 | 4 Oct 1966 | 4 Oct 1966 | United Kingdom | 1966–present: Kingdom of Lesotho (resumed) 1884–1966: Basutoland, Part of the British Empire 1822–1884: Kingdom of Lesotho | Maseru |
| Liberia | Africa | 6 January 1986 | 26 July 1847 | 26 July 1847 | American Colonization Society | 1847–present: Republic of Liberia 1980-1984: People's Redemption Council 1980 coup d'etat 1821–1847: Settled but not claimed by the United States 1834-1857: Republic of Maryland 1822-1847: Colony of Liberia American Colonization Society Pepper Coast | Monrovia |
| Libya | Africa | 13 February 1984 | 24 Dec 1951 | 24 Dec 1951 | Cyrenaica Emirate France United Kingdom | 2011–present: State of Libya (Sometimes refer to as Libya) 1977–2011: Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (before 1986 without the word "Great" in the full name of the country) 1969–1977: Libyan Arab Republic 1963–1969: Kingdom of Libya 1951–1963: United Kingdom of Libya 1949–1951: Emirate of Cyrenaica 1943–1951: French Military Territory of Fezzan-Ghadames 1942–1951: British Military Administration of Libya 1911–1943: Italian Libya, part of the Italian Empire 1558–1911: Part of the Ottoman Empire (Ottoman Tripolitania). Ottomans conquered Fezzan between 1556 and 1577 1544–1558: Divided between the Banu Sulaym tribe (Cyrenaica) and the Ottoman Empire (Tripolitania) 1404–1544: Divided between the Banu Sulaym tribe (Cyrenaica) and the Sultanate of Tunis (Tripolitania) 1203–1404: Banu Sulaym tribe (coastal areas) 1187–1203: Banu Ghanyia tribe (coastal areas) 1184–1187: Divided between the Banu Sulaym tribe (Cyrenaica) and the Banu Ghanyia tribe (Tripolitania) 1159–1184: Divided between the Banu Sulaym tribe (Cyrenaica) and the Almohad Caliphate (Tripolitania) 1148–1159: Divided between the Banu Sulaym tribe (Cyrenaica) and the Kingdom of Africa (Tripolitania) 1097–1148: Divided between the Banu Sulaym tribe (Cyrenaica) and the Banu Jami tribe (Tripolitania) 1051–1097: Banu Sulaym tribe (coastal areas) 973–1051: Divided between the Fatimid Caliphate (Cyrenaica) and the Zirid Emirate (Tripolitania) 961–973: Part of the Fatimid Caliphate 945–961: Divided between the Abbasid Caliphate (Cyrenaica) and the Fatimid Caliphate (Tripolitania) 969-945: Part of the Fatimid Caliphate (coastal areas) 909–969: Divided between the Abbasid Caliphate (Cyrenaica) and the Fatimid Caliphate (Tripolitania) 906–909: Divided between the Abbasid Caliphate (Cyrenaica) and the Aghlabid Emirate (Tripolitania) 868–906: Divided between the Tulunid Emirate (Cyrenaica) and the Aghlabid Emirate (Tripolitania) 800–868: Divided between the Abbasid Caliphate (Cyrenaica) and the Aghlabid Emirate (Tripolitania) 750–800: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate 694–750: Part of the Umayyad Caliphate 683–694: Divided between the Umayyad Caliphate (Cyrenaica) and the Byzantine Empire (Tripolitania) 663–683: Part of the Umayyad Caliphate 648–656: Part of the Rashidun Caliphate 553–648: Part of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) 439–533: Divided between the Eastern Roman Empire (Cyrenaica) and the Vandal Kingdom (Tripolitania) 395–439: Divided between the Eastern Roman Empire (Cyrenaica) and the Western Roman Empire (Tripolitania) 97 BC – AD 395: Part of the Roman Republic (later the Roman Empire) 107 BC–95 BC: Divided between the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt (Cyrenaica) and the Roman Republic (Tripolitania) 201 BC–107 BC: Part of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt (Cyrenaica) 323 BC–201 BC: Divided between the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt (Cyrenaica) and Carthage (Tripolitania) 331 BC–323 BC: Divided between the Empire of Alexander the Great (Cyrenaica) and Carthage (Tripolitania) 525 BC–331 BC: Divided between the Achaemenid Empire (Cyrenaica) and Carthage (Tripolitania) Phoenicians (Ancient Lebanese) and Ancient Greeks arrived in the country in the 7th century BC and established colonies and cities. The Phoenicians are fixed in Tripolitania, and the Greeks, in Cyrenaica. Fezzan was home to a Beber people known as Garamantes Archaeological evidence indicates that the coastal plain was inhabited by Neolithic peoples (ancestors to the Bebers) from as early as 8000 BCE. | Tripoli |
| Liechtenstein | Europe | 23 January 1719 | 18 August 1866 | 18 August 1866 | German Confederation | 1866–present: Liechtenstein 1866: Dissolution of the German Confederation County of Vaduz Lordship of Schellenberg | Vaduz |
| Lithuania | Europe | 3 August 1940 | 16 Feb 1918 | 11 Mar 1990 | Soviet Union | 1991–present: Republic of Lithuania 1940–1991: Occupation by Germany (1940–1944) and later by the Soviet Union (1944–1991) 1918–1940: Republic of Lithuania 1918: Kingdom of Lithuania 1914–1918: German Occupation 1812–1914: Part of the Russian Empire 1812: French Occupation 1795–1812: Part of the Russian Empire 1569–1795: Grand Duchy of Lithuania, federated state of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1253–1569: Grand Duchy of Lithuania | Vilnius |
| Luxembourg | Europe | 19 April 1839 | 15 Mar 1815 | 1945 | Germany | 1890–present: Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, independent state with its own dynasty 1866–1890: Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, independent state in personal union with Netherlands 1815–1866: Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, independent from France in 1815 and in union with other 37 sovereign states in the German Confederation, but also in personal union with Netherlands | Luxembourg |
| Madagascar | Africa | 14 October 1958 | 26 June 1960 | 26 June 1960 | France | 2014–present: Republic of Madagascar (Fourth Republic) 2009–2014: High Transitional Authority 1992–2009: Republic of Madagascar (Third Republic) 1975–1992: Democratic Republic of Madagascar 1960–1975: Malagasy Republic, independent state 1958–1960: Malagasy Republic, an autonomous republic within the French Community 1897–1958: French Madagascar, part of the French Empire 1882–1897: Malagasy Protectorate, part of the French Empire 1840–1882: Most of the island was united by Imerina as the Kingdom of Madagascar 1540–1840: Madagascar was divided in many states, one of this states was the Kingdom of Imerina By the Middle Ages, over a dozen predominant ethnic identities had emerged on the island, typified by rule under a local chieftain. Among some communities, such as the Sakalava, Merina and Betsimisaraka, leaders seized the opportunity to unite these disparate communities and establish true kingdoms under their rule. Around the 9th century AD Bantu migrants crossed the Mozambique Channel from East Africa. Human settlement of Madagascar occurred between 350 BC and 550 AD by Indianized Austronesian peoples, arriving on outrigger canoes from Indonesia. | Antananarivo |
| Malawi | Africa | 6 July 1964 | 6 July 1964 | 6 July 1964 | United Kingdom | 1964–present: Republic of Malawi 1963–1964: Nyasaland, part of the British Empire 1953–1963: Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, part of the British Empire 1907–1953: Nyasaland, part of the British Empire 1893–1907: British Central Africa Protectorate, part of the British Empire 1891–1893: Nyasaland Districts Protectorate, part of the British Empire 1480–1891: Kingdom of Maravi The part of Africa now known as Malawi was settled by migrating Bantu groups around the 10th century. | Lilongwe |
| Malaysia | Asia | 9 August 1965 | 31 Aug 1957 | 31 Aug 1957 | United Kingdom | The Federation of Malaya gained independence in 1957; in 1963 it added territories of Sabah, Sarawak and Singapore, and changed its name to Malaysia (a federal state).[52] Singapore became independent in 1965. Peninsular Malaysia: 1826–1957: British Malacca: Straits Settlements, Federated Malay States, Unfederated Malay States 1636–1826: Divided in many states like the Johor Sultanate, the Perak Sultanate, the Selangor Sultanate, Kingdom of Besut Darul Iman, etc. 1641–1824: Dutch Malacca, part of the Dutch Empire 1620–1636: Occupied by the Aceh Sultanate 1528–c.1620: Divided between the Johor Sultanate and the Perak Sultanate 1511–1641: Portuguese Malacca, part of the Portuguese Empire 1499–1511: Divided between the Kedah Sultanate and the Malacca Sultanate c.1467–1499: Divided between the Kedah Sultanate, Malacca Sultanate, Pahang Sultanate and the Majapahit Empire 1402-c.1467: Divided between the Majapahit Empire and the independent Malacca Sultanate 1392–1402: Part of the Majapahit Empire 1380–1392: Peninsular Malaysia was divided in many states like Kedah Sultanate, Samudera Pasai Sultanate, Langkasuka, Pahang Tua, etc. 1355–1380: Part of the Majapahit Empire 1293–1355: Peninsular Malaysia was divided in many states like Kedah Sultanate, Samudera Pasai Sultanate, Langkasuka, Pahang Tua, etc. 1287–1293: Part of the Kingdom of Singhasari 1250–1287: Peninsular Malaysia was divided in many states like Kedah Sultanate, Samudera Pasai Sultanate, Langkasuka, Pahang Tua, etc. 1090–1250: Part of the Dharmasraya 687–1090: Part of the Srivijaya Empire c.100–687:Peninsular Malaysia was divided in many states like Gangga Negara, Langkasuka, Chi Tu, Pan Pan, Kedah, Melayu Kingdom, etc. Malaysian Borneo: 1841–1963: British Borneo 1599–1641: Sultanate of Sarawak 1568–1888: Divided between the Sultanate of Brunei and the Sultanate of Sulu 1368–1568: Part of the Sultanate of Brunei 1294–1368: Part of the Majapahit Kingdom 1276–1294: Part of the Kingdom of Singhasari c.900 AD–1276 AD: Part of the Srivijaya Kingdom | Kuala Lumpur (de jure, legislative and royal) and Putrajaya (administrative and judicial) |
| Maldives | Asia | 26 July 1965 | 26 July 1965 | 26 July 1965 | United Kingdom | Unified according to legend by King Koimala (1117–1141). Independent sultanate until 1887, when it became a British protectorate. | Malé |
| Mali | Africa | 8 April 1960 | 20 Aug 1960 | 20 Aug 1960 | Mali Federation | 1960–present: Republic of Mali 1959–1960: part of Mali Federation, a territory with self-rule within the French Community, governed from Dakar, Senegal. 1893–1958: French Sudan, part of the French West Africa, federation of territories of the French Colonial Empire in Africa 1848–1893: Toucouleur Empire 1818–1862: Massina Empire 1670–1818: Pashalik of Timbuktu, part of Morocco 1559–1670: Center of the Mali Empire c. 1235–1559: part of the Mali Empire 1464–1591: Songhai Empire c. 9th century–1430: Gao Empire | Bamako |
| Malta | Europe | 20 August 1801 | 21 Sep 1964 | 21 Sep 1964 | United Kingdom | 1974–present: Republic of Malta 1964–1974: State of Malta 1813–1964: Crown Colony of Malta 1800–1813: Protectorate of Malta 1798–1800: French occupation of Malta, the insurrection and independent Gozo 1530–1798: Hospitaller Malta 1130–1530: part of the Kingdom of Sicily 1091–1130: part of the County of Sicily 909–1091: part of the Fatimid Caliphate 870–909: part of the Abbasid Caliphate 395–870: part of the Byzantine Empire 218 BC-395 AD: part of Roman Sicilia 480 BC-218 BC: part of the Carthaginian Empire 800 BC-480 BC: part of the Phoenician Empire | Valletta |
| Marshall Islands | Australia | 1 May 1979 | 21 Oct 1986 | 21 Oct 1986 | United States | 1986–present: Republic of the Marshall Islands (independent state) 1943–1986: part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, administered by the United States 1914–1943: part of the South Seas Mandate, part of the Japanese Empire 1898–1914: part of the German New Guinea, part of the German Empire 1878–1898: part of the German Empire Micronesian colonists reached the Marshall Islands using canoes circa 2nd millennium BC, with interisland navigation made possible using traditional stick charts. | Majuro |
| Mauritania | Africa | 11 August 1979 | 28 Nov 1960 | 28 Nov 1960 | France | 1960–present: Islamic Republic of Mauritania 1903–1960: Colony of Mauritania, part of the French West Africa (a federation of French colonial territories), part of the French Empire 1600s–1903: Various Berber and Arabic tribes early 1500s-early 1600s: Southern regions are part of the Songhai Empire c.early 1200s-early 1500s: Southern regions are part of the Mali Empire 1086 – c.early 1200s: Ghana Empire 1076–1086: Part of the Almoravid Emirate c.300–1076: Ghana Empire Various Berber tribes. | Nouakchott |
| Mauritius | Africa | 1965 | 12 Mar 1968 | 12 Mar 1968 | United Kingdom | 1992–present: Republic of Mauritius 1968–1992: Mauritius, independent state (monarchy) 1814–1968: British Mauritius, part of the British Empire 1710–1814: Isle de France, part of the French Empire 1638–1710: Dutch Mauritius, part of the Dutch Empire The island of Mauritius was uninhabited before its first recorded visit by the Dutch in the late 16th century. The name Dina Arobi has been associated with Arab sailors, but this is speculative, as the name is evidently of Sankritic origin (dwip (island) > diba > dina). | Port Louis |
| Mexico | The Americas | 30 December 1853 | 16 Sep 1810 | 1864 | Spain | 1867–Present: United Mexican States (a federal state, composed of 32 federal entities: 31 states and the Mexico City) 1864–1867: Second Mexican Empire (a unitary state) 1846–1863: Second Federal Republic of Mexico (a federal state, composed of 24 federated states, 1 federal territory and 1 federal district) 1835–1846: Centralist Republic of Mexico (a unitary state) 1824–1835: First Mexican Republic (a federal state, originally composed of 19 federated states and 4 territories. In its later years was composed of 20 federated states, 6 territories and a federal district) 1823–1824: Provisional Government of Mexico 1821–1823: First Mexican Empire (unitary state) 1521–1821: Viceroyalty of New Spain (Part of the Spanish Empire) 1421–1521: Aztec Empire (or the Triple Alliance, a confederation of allied city-states), but also Maya city-states and some city-states that was not allied with the Aztecs 1122–1421: Several small states in the modern territory of Mexico (except in the northern regions, inhabited by nomad tribes) 674–1122: Toltec Kingdom c.100 AD–c.700 AD: Mexica-Tenochtitlan c.700 BC – 1521 AD: Zapotec civilization c.1500 BC – 1521 AD: Mixtec Civilization c.2000 BC – 1539 AD: Maya Civilization c.2,500 BC–400 BC:Olmec Civilization Since 19,000 BC humans has been settled by the Native Mexicans, including Nahuatl. | Mexico City |
| Micronesia, Federated States of | Australia | 10 May 1979 | 3 Nov 1986 | 3 Nov 1986 | United States | 1979–present: Federated States of Micronesia 1947–1979: Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands 1919–1947: South Seas Mandate 1914–1919: Imperial Japanese Navy occupation 1899–1914: Part of German New Guinea 1574–1899: Part of the Captaincy General of the Philippines | Palikir |
| Moldova | Europe | 2 September 1990 | 27 Aug 1991 | 27 Aug 1991 | Soviet Union | 1991–present: Moldova 1940-1991: RSS of Moldova 1924-1940: Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 1941-1944: Governorate of Transnístria 1881-1947: Kingdom of Romania 1917-1918: Moldovian Democratic Republic 1873-1918: Russian Empire 1346-1859: Moldavia | Chișinău |
| Monaco | Europe | 1848 | 2 Feb 1861 | 1945 | Germany | 1911–present: Monaco 1911: Constitution of Monaco Sixth Coalition 1814: part of French Empire 1297-1814: House of Grimaldi (under the sovereignty of the Republic of Genoa) Grimaldi Man Grimaldi Manis the name formerly given to two human skeletons of the Upper Paleolithic discovered in Italy in 1901. The remains are now recognized as representing two individuals, and are dated to ca. 26,000 to 22,000 years ago (i.e. c. 24000–20000 BC) and classified as part of the wider Early European modern humans population of the late Aurignacian to early Gravettian. | Monaco |
| Mongolia | Asia | 29 December 1911 | 29 Dec 1911 | 13 Mar 1921 | Republic of China | 1990-present: Mongolia Modern Mongolia Mongolian Revolution of 1990 1945: Inner Mongolian People's Republic was a state in Inner Mongolia founded shortly after the Second World War. It existed from 9 September 1945 until 6 November 1945 ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠥᠪᠥᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ 1924-1992: Mongolian People's Republic Outer Mongolia gained independence from Qing China in 1911, and enjoyed brief autonomy before it was seized by the Republic of China in 1919. After a Soviet-backed revolution in 1921, the Mongolian People's Republic was established in 1924. Mongolian Revolution of 1921 1919-1921: Chinese Mongolia ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ 1911-1919: Bogd Khanate of Mongolia Mongolian Revolution of 1911 1691-1911: Qing Dynasty 1634-1757: Dzungar Khanate 1399-1634: Oirat Confederation 1368-1635: Northern Yuan 1271-1368: Yuan Dynasty 1206-1368: Mongol Empire The Mongol Empire emerged from the unification of several nomadic tribes in the Mongol heartland under the leadership of Temüjin, known by the more famous title of Genghis Khan (c. 1162 – 1227), whom a council proclaimed as the ruler of all Mongols in 1206. The empire grew rapidly under his rule and that of his descendants, who sent out invading armies in every direction. The vast transcontinental empire connected the East with the West, and the Pacific to the Mediterranean, in an enforced Pax Mongolica, allowing the exchange of trade, technologies, commodities, and ideologies across Eurasia. 1130-1206: Khamag Mongol 9th-12th century: Mongol khanates 907-1125: Liao Dynasty 744-840: Uyghur Khaganate 647-682: Protectorate General to Pacify the North 628-646: Xueyantuo 682-744: Second Turkic Khaganate Eastern Turkic Khaganate First Turkic Khaganate (Celestial Turks were a Turkic people in medieval Inner Asia. The Göktürks, under the leadership of Bumin Qaghan (d. 552) and his sons, succeeded the Rouran Khaganate as the main power in the region and established the First Turkic Khaganate, one of several nomadic dynasties that would shape the future geolocation, culture, and dominant beliefs of Turkic peoples) 330-555: Rouran Khaganate 93-234: Xianbei State 209 BC-93 AD: Xiongnu 600-300 BC: Pazyryk Culture 700-300 BC: Chandman Culture 1100-300 BC: Slab-grave Culture 1400-700 BC: Deer stones Culture 1450-1150 BC: Ulaanzuukh Culture 1500-1000 BC: Sagsai Culture 1800-1600 BC: Munkhkhairkhan culture 2750-1900 BC: Chemurchek Culture 330-2500 BC: Afanasievo Culture | Ulaanbaatar |
| Montenegro | Europe | 3 June 2006 | 21 May 2006 | 21 May 2006 (independence referendum) June 3, 2006 | Serbia and Montenegro | 2006–present: Montenegro 2003–2006: Part of the union of Serbia and Montenegro 1992–2003: Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (with Serbia) 1945–1991: Part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 1943–1945: Occupied by Nazi Germany 1941–1943: Occupied by the Kingdom of Italy 1918–1941: Part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes) 1910–1918: Kingdom of Montenegro 1852–1910: Principality of Montenegro 1516–1852: Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro 1499–1516: Part of the Ottoman Empire 1356–1499: Principality of Zeta 1346–1356: Part of the Serbian Empire 1217–1346: Part of the Kingdom of Serbia 1186–1217: Part of the Grand Principality of Serbia 1077–1186: Kingdom of Duklja 843–1077: Principality of Duklja 625–843: Duklja (vassal state of the Byzantine Empire) | Podgorica |
| Morocco | Africa | 6 November 1975 | 788 | 7 Apr 1956 | France Spain | 1955–present: Kingdom of Morocco 1912–1956:French protectorate of Morocco 1912–1956:Spanish protectorate of Morocco 1666–1912: Alaouite Sultanate of Morocco 1510–1659:Saadi Sultanate 1472–1554:Wattasid dynasty 1244–1465:Marinid Sultanate 1121–1269:Almohad Caliphate 1040–1147:Almoravid dynasty 750–778:Idrisid dynasty 744–1058:Barghawata 710–1019:Kingdom of Nekor 661–750: Part of the Umayyad Caliphate 590–698: Part of the Byzantine Empire (as the Exarchate of Africa) 484–703: Kingdom of the Aurès 439–534: Part of the Vandal Kingdom 435–439: Center of the Vandal Kingdom 395–435: Part of the Western Roman Empire as province 42 AD–395 AD: Part of the Roman Empire as province 300 BC – 42 AD: Kingdom of Mauretania 814–202 BC: Part of the Carthaginian Empire 2500–539 BC:Phoenician trading posts in the coasts 10,000–2500 BC: Inhabited by Capsians 20,000–10,000 BC: Inhabited by Iberomaurusians 80,000–20,000 BC: Inhabited by Aterians Idris I of Morocco convinced the Awraba Berber tribes to break their allegiance to the distant Abbasid caliphs in Baghdad and he founded the Idrisid dynasty in 788. Since 1.3 Million BC, humans have been settled in Morocco as demonstrated by the discovery of Stone Age hand-axe manufacturing site found at Casablanca in 2021. | Rabat |
| Mozambique | Africa | 25 June 1975 | 25 June 1975 | 25 June 1975 | Portugal | Portuguese colony from 1498 to 1975. | Maputo |
| Myanmar | Asia | 4 January 1948 | 4 Jan 1948 | 4 Jan 1948 | United Kingdom | Pagan Kingdom founded 849. Occupied by Japan 1942–1945 | Naypyidaw |
| Namibia | Africa | 1 March 1997 | 21 Mar 1990 | 21 Mar 1990 | South Africa | German colony from 1884; governed by South Africa 1915–1990 | Windhoek |
| Nauru | Australia | 31 January 1968 | 31 Jan 1968 | 31 Jan 1968 | Australia/ New Zealand/ United Kingdom Trust Territory of Nauru | Previously occupied by Germany 1888, Australia 1914, Japan 1942–45, | Yaren |
| Nepal | Asia | 2 December 1815 | 1559 c. (Gorkha Kingdom) | 1768 (Unification of Nepal) | (none) | 1816–1923: protectorate of the British Empire Autonomous throughout its recorded history, and certainly since its 1768 unification. The ancient Maurya Empire occupied southern Nepal, but not the core Kathmandu valley. | Kathmandu |
| Netherlands | Europe | 25 November 1975 | 26 July 1581 (de facto) 30 Jan 1648 (de jure) | 1945 | Germany | 1945–present: Kingdom of the Netherlands (reestablished in 1945. Aruba, Curaçao, the Netherlands, and Sint Maarten are the constituent countries of the Kingdom) 1940–1945: Occupied by Nazi Germany establishing as Dutch government-in-exile, a member of the allies during WWII. 1839–1940: Kingdom of the Netherlands 1815–1839: United Kingdom of the Netherlands 1813–1815: Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands 1810–1813: Part of the First French Empire 1806–1810: Occupied by the First French Empire as Kingdom of Holland 1795–1806: Occupied by France as the Batavian Republic 1648–1795: The Dutch Republic, recognized as a full independent state 1581–1648: The Dutch Republic declares its independence as a confederacy of seven Dutch provinces-seceded from the Spanish Empire. The new republic was still considered a state of the Holy Roman Empire until the Peace of Münster in 1648 1556–1714: Spanish Netherlands, part of the Spanish Empire 1549–1556: Seventeen Provinces(personal union of states of the Holy Roman Empire, administered by the Archduke of Austria (that was also Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain. The Archduchy of Austria was a state of the HRE. But the Kingdom of Spain was not) 1482–1549: Habsburg Netherlands (personal union of fiefs of the Kingdom of France and of the Holy Roman Empire (the County of Artois was ceded by France to the Holy Roman Empire in 1493, all the fiefs became Imperial States after this year), held by the Archdukes of Austria (that was also Holy Roman Emperors, the Archduchy of Austria was itself a State of the HRE) 1384–1482: Burgundian Netherlands (personal union of fiefs of the Kingdom of France (in the case of the County of Artois) and of the Holy Roman Empire (the other fiefs), held by the Dukes of Burgundy (vassals of the French king and of the Holy Roman Emperor) 1190–1384: States of the Holy Roman Empire: County of Hainaut, Duchy of Luxembourg, County of Artois, Duchy of Guelders, County of Namur, Duchy of Brabant, County of Holland, Bishopric of Utrecht, Frisian Freedom (autonomous confederation within the Holy Roman Empire). 959–1190: Duchy of Lower Lotharingia, part of the Kingdom of East Francia, later the Kingdom of Germany and later a state of the Holy Roman Empire 855–959: Part of Lotharingia 843–855: Part of Middle Francia 600–734: Frisian Kingdom 481–843: Part of Francia 385–481 AD: Part of the Western Roman Empire as Gallia Belgica and Germania Inferior 3rd century: Inhabited by Salian Franks 22 BC – 385 AD: Parts of the Roman Empire as Gallia Belgica and Germania Inferior 55 BC – 600 AD: Part of Germania 800–22 BC: Inhabited by the Celts, Gauls, and Germanic peoples. 1800–800 BC: Inhabited by the Elps 2700–1800 BC: Inhabited by the Beakers Since 38,000 BC humans have been settled since Neanderthals from the North Sea floor off the coast of Zeeland. Note: The Dutch Empire was created in 1602, after the foundation of the Dutch East India Company, in the government of the stadtholder Maurice, Prince of Orange. | Amsterdam |
| New Zealand | Australia | 1 June 1962 | 25 Nov 1947 | 25 Nov 1947 | United Kingdom | 1947–present: Realm of New Zealand, a monarchy in a personal union with the United Kingdom. New Zealand (a sovereign state) has one Antarctic territorial claim (the Ross Dependency), one dependent territory (Tokelau), and two associated states (the Cook Islands and Niue) 1907–1947: Dominion of New Zealand, a Dominion within the British Empire 1841–1907: Colony of New Zealand, part of the British Empire 1788–1841: Part of the Colony of New South Wales, part of the British Empire c.1280–1788 CE: Inhabited by Native New Zealanders (Maori), divided in tribes (iwi) | Wellington |
| Nicaragua | The Americas | 1930 | 29 Nov 1898 | 29 Nov 1898 | Greater Republic of Central America | 1898–Present: Republic of Nicaragua 1896–1898: Federated state of the Greater Republic of Central America November 1852 – 1896: Republic of Nicaragua October–November 1852: Federated state of the Federation of Central America 1838–1852: Republic of Nicaragua 1823–1838: Federated state of the Federal Republic of Central America 24 September 1821 – 1823: Part of the First Mexican Empire as province of Nicaragua 15–24 September 1821: Republic of Nicaragua 1638–1894: Mosquito Coast, part of the British Empire 1609–1821: Part of the Captaincy General of Guatemala (alternativelly Kingdom of Guatemala) within the Viceroyalty of New Spain (Part of the Spanish Empire) 1535–1609: Part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain (Part of the Spanish Empire) 1525–1535: Part of the Columbian Viceroyalty (Part of the Spanish Empire) Since c.2000 BC humans have been settled by Native Nicaraguans, including Chibcha. | Managua |
| Niger | Africa | 4 December 1958 | 3 Aug 1960 | 3 Aug 1960 | France | Became part of France in 1900, became independent on 3 August 1960 1804-1903: Sokoto Caliphate 1403-1901: Songhai Empire 1404-1500: Agadéz Sultanate 1235-1632: part of Mali Empire 700-1430: Gao Empire 700-1380: Kanem Empire | Niamey |
| Nigeria | Africa | 15 January 1970 | 1 Oct 1960 | 1 Oct 1960 | United Kingdom | Became part of the United Kingdom as the Colony and Protectorate (1914–1954)/Federation of Nigeria(1954–1960), became independent on 1 October 1960 1900-1914: Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate were British protectorates in Nigeria during the period of colonization of the African continent, dividing Nigeria into the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and the Northern Nigeria Protectorate in this region of Africa. 1502-1897: Zazzau Sultanate 1430-1591: Songhai Empire 1380-1893: Bornu Empire 1500-1840: Kwararafa, a pre-colonial confederation in the north of what is now Nigeria | Abuja |
| North Macedonia | Europe | 2 August 1944 | 8 Sep 1991 | 8 Sep 1991 | Yugoslavia | 2019–present: Republic of North Macedonia 1991–2019: / Republic of Macedonia (the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) 1946–1992: Part of the Yugoslavia as Socialist Republic of Macedonia 1943–1946: Part of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia as Democratic Republic of Macedonia 1929–1943: Part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia as Vardar Banovina 1918–1929: Part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes as South Serbia 1913–1918: Part of the Kingdom of Serbia 1365–1913: Part of the Ottoman Empire as Rumelia Eyalet 1346–1365 Part of the Serbian Empire 1185–1396: Part of the Second Bulgarian Empire 681–1018: Part of the First Bulgarian Empire 324–681: Part of the Byzantine Empire as the province of Macedonia 148 BC – 324 AD: Part of the Roman Empire as the province of Macedonia 324–148 BC: Part of the Macedonian Empire 479–324 BC: Part of the Achaemenid Empire Since 5700 BC humans have been settled passing the Vinča. | Skopje |
| Norway | Europe | 27 February 1930 | 872 | 8 May 1945 | Germany | 1940–present: Kingdom of Norway (The Bouvet Island, located in the Subantarctic, is a dependency of the Kingdom of Norway. Norway also lays claims to the Antarctic territories of Peter I Island and Queen Maud Land). 1940–1945: Occupied by Germany (Reichskommissariat). 1905–1940: Kingdom of Norway (Haakon VII elected Norwegian king in a referendum in 1905). 1814–1905: United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway. A personal union between the Kingdom of Norway and the Kingdom of Sweden. 1537–1814: Denmark-Norway – Kingdom of Norway, in real union with the Kingdom of Denmark, Duchy of Schleswig, and the Duchy of Holstein. 1523–1533: Denmark-Norway – Kingdom of Norway, in personal union with the Kingdom of Denmark, Duchy of Schleswig, and the Duchy of Holstein. 1397–1523: Kingdom of Norway, in personal union with the Kingdom of Sweden and the Kingdom of Denmark. This union was known as the Kalmar Union 872–1397: Kingdom of Norway (According to tradition, Harald Fairhair unified all the small kingdoms into one in 872 after the Battle of Hafrsfjord in Stavanger, thus becoming the first king of a united Norway. In 1163, Norway adopted its current Law of Succession) c.700s–872: The modern territory of Norway was divided in several small kingdoms. This age was characterised by expansion and emigration by Viking seafarers. The Viking Age itself only ended later in 1066. About 10,000 BC, following the retreat of the great inland ice sheets, the earliest inhabitants migrated north into the territory which is now Norway. | Oslo |
| Oman | Asia | 8 December 1958 | 1626 | 1743 | Afsharid Empire | 1970–present Oman 1856-1970: Muscat and Oman 749-1959: Imamate of Oman 1744: House of Busaid 1696-1856: Omani Empire 1624: Ya'rubids are a native people of Oman 1507-1656: Portuguese Oman 1154-1624: Nabhani Dynasty they were rulers of Oman from 1154 until 1624, when the Yaruba dynasty came to power. One of its most visible legacies is Bahla Fort, a large complex of mud-brick buildings on stone foundations that is registered as a UNESCO world heritage site. The Nabhanid dynasty may be a possible ancestor of the Nabhan family, a family of Syrian and Lebanese descent that has influential members in the United States, some of whom immigrated and settled in New York City in the mid-20th century, and some who have influence in Brazil. Previously occupied by Great Seljuq Empire, Ottoman Empire, Portugal (1508–1650), etc. 1400: Azd | Mascate |
| Pakistan | Asia | 14 August 1947 | 14 Aug 1947 | 14 Aug 1947 | United Kingdom | 1956–present: Islamic Republic of Pakistan 1947–1956: Dominion of Pakistan 1858–1947: Part of the British Empire as Punjab Province, Balochistan Province, Baluchistan Agency, North West Frontier Province, North-West Frontier States Agency in the Indian Empire 1849–1858: Part of the Bengal Presidency of the East India Company 1799–1849: Sikh Empire 1747–1826: Durrani Empire 1716–1799: Sikh Misl 1591–1707: Mughal Empire 1520–1591: Divided between Arghun dynasty and Tarkhan dynasty 1351–1524: Samma dynasty 13th century-1351: Divided between parts of the Mongol Empire and Delhi Sultanate 879–1215: Ghurid Sultanate 879–1026: Hindu Shahi 854–1011: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate under the Habbari dynasty 819–999: Samanid Empire Mid-8th–12th Centuries: Pratihara Empire 670–860: Part of the Umayyad Caliphate as Umayyad Sindh 643–661: Rashidun Caliphate 632–724: Brahman dynasty of Sindh 524–632: Rai dynasty 450–560: Hephthalite Empire 240–410 AD: Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom, part of the Sasanian Empire 30–375 AD: Kushan Empire 19–c.240 AD: Indo-Parthian Kingdom, part of the Parthian Empire 150 BC–400 AD: Parts of the Indo-Scythian Kingdom as Apracharajas and Paratarajas 256 BC–125 BC: Part of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 322–200 BC: Part of the Maurya Empire 329–323 BC: Part of the Macedonian Empire 550–330 BC: Part of the Achaemenid Empire 1500–500 BC: Inhabited by Vedic 1700–1500 BC: Inhabited by Cemetery H c.3300–c.1300 BC: Part of the Indus Valley civilisation Since 2 million BC, Pakistan has been settled starting with Proto-humans. | Islamabade |
| Palau | Australia | 1 January 1981 | 1 Oct 1994 | 1 Oct 1994 | United States | Previously ruled by Spain, Germany, Japan. | Ngerulmud |
| Palestine | Asia | 15 June 2007 | Sovereignty disputed by Israel | 15 Nov 1988 | Israel | On 15 November 1988, the Palestine Liberation Organization also proclaimed its independence of the State of Palestine and attained its autonomy as the Palestinian National Authority in 1994 in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, the territories that are occupied by Israel since 1967. Parts of West Bank are controlled by Israel, except for the Area A of the Palestinian National Authority. The Gaza Strip has been occupied by Hamas since the 2007 war after Israeli disengagement from Gaza in 2005. The West Bank was occupied by Jordan from 1948 to 1967, and the Gaza Strip was occupied by Egypt from 1957 to 1967. | Ramalá |
| Panama | The Americas | 31 December 1999 | 3 Nov 1903 | 31 Jan 1990 | Colombia | 1990–present: Republic of Panama 1989–1990: American Invasion 1903–1989: Republic of Panama 1886–1903:Part of the Republic of Colombia 1863–1886: Federated state of the United States of Colombia 1858–1863: In union with other 7 states in the Granadine Confederation 1831–1858: Part of the Republic of New Granada 1819–1831: Part of the Gran Colombia 1717–1819: Viceroyalty of New Granada, part of the Spanish Empire 1542–1776 : Viceroyalty of Peru (viceroyalty of the Crown of Castile, and after 1715, of the Crown of Spain) 1528–1542: Governorate of New Toledo, governorate of the Crown of Castile Before Europeans arrived Panama was widely settled by Chibchan, Chocoan, and Cueva peoples. | Panama City |
| Papua New Guinea | Australia | 1 December 1973 | 16 Sep 1975 | 16 Sep 1975 | Australia | Papuan, Polynesians, and Melanesians before then. | Port Moresby |
| Paraguay | The Americas | 1938 | 14 May 1811 (de facto) Nov 25, 1845 (formal declaration of Independence) | 1876 | Empire of Brazil  Argentina  Uruguay | 1876–present: Republic of Paraguay Occupied 1870–1876 by Brazil, in Triple Alliance with Argentina and Uruguay. (Paraguayan independence was assured only after the War of the Triple Alliance, when Brazil resisted Argentine offers to divide and annex the country) 1813–1870: Republic of Paraguay (Paraguay refused to join the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata and the Argentine Confederation [future Argentina], which considered Paraguay to be a break-away province. On 12 October 1813 the Paraguayan Republic was proclaimed. Paraguay only made a formal declaration of independence in 1845. It was only recognized by Argentina as an independent country on 17 July 1852. However, this recognition was rejected by the Congress of Argentina and the actual recognition of independence came only in 1856) 1811–1813: Province of Paraguay (de facto independent of Spain, but still de jure part of the Spanish Empire) 1776–1811: Part of the Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata (part of the Spanish Empire) 1542–1776: Part of the Viceroyalty of Peru (part of the Spanish Empire) 1524–1544: Part of the Governorate of New Andalusia (part of the Spanish Empire) 11,000 BC – 1524 AD: Inhabited by Native Paraguayans, including the Tupi-Guarani peoples, Mascoian peoples and Mataco-Guaycuru peoples. | Asunción |
| Peru | The Americas | 26 February 1942 | 28 July 1821 | 25 Aug 1839 | North Peru South Peru | 1839–Present: Republic of Peru 1836–1839: Divided in North Peru and South Peru, in union with Bolivia in the Peru–Bolivian Confederation 1822–1836: Republic of Peru 1824-1822: Protectorate of Peru, protectorate of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (Argentina) 1542–1824: Viceroyalty of Peru (Part of the Spanish Empire) 1542–1824: Governorate of New Castile (Part of the Spanish Empire) 1534–1572: Neo-Inca State, a rump state of the Inca Empire 1438–1542: Inca Empire(The Kingdom of Cuzco gradually conquers several small kingdoms and became an Empire) 1197–1438: Kingdom of Cuzco and other several small Quechua kingdoms 6th–11th Centuries AD: Tiwanaku-Wari Empire Since 24,000 BC humans has been settled, including Native Peruvians such as Tiwanaku, Moche, Lima, Nasca Chavín and Virú. | Lima |
| Philippines | Asia | 2012 | 4 July 1946 | 4 July 1946 | United States | 1986–present: Fifth Philippine Republic 1981–1986: Fourth Philippine Republic 1973–1981: Under the Martial Law 1946–1972: Third Philippine Republic 1942–1943: A puppet state of the Japanese Empire (Second Philippine Republic) 1935–1942, 1945–1946: Commonwealth of the Philippines, unincorporated territory of the United States with Commonwealth status 1899–1899/1901: First Philippine Republic (terminated by USA (as an insurgency)) 1898–1935: An unincorporated territory of The United States 1821–1898: Captaincy General of the Philippines, following the independence of Mexico, all control was transferred to Madrid (Part of the Spanish Empire) 1535–1821: Captaincy General of the Philippines, part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain(Part of the Spanish Empire) Pre-1535: The Philippine Islands had a numerous sinified states, Indianized kingdoms and Muslim states. In Luzon, there were the Ivatan people, the Society of Cordillera, the Kingdoms of Pangasinan and Ma-i, Kota Selurong and the Tondo dynasty. The Confederation of the Madyas and the Rajahnate of Cebu were in Visayas. Lastly, in Mindanao, there were the Sultanate of Maguindanao, Butuan Rajahnate and the Sultanate of Sulu. The Bruneian Empire occupied Palawan_(island) and parts of Mindanao too. | Manila |
| Poland | Europe | 15 February 1951 | 11 November 1918 (as a new state, not as a nation) | 1945 | Germany Soviet Union | 1989–present: Republic of Poland (third) 1947–1989: Polish People's Republic 1945–1947: Provisional Government of National Unity 1939–1990: Government of the Republic of Poland in exile 1939–1945: Occupied by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union during WWII making the Polish Underground State as an emergency state, and later in 1944 Poland was proposed to make a Government. 1918–1939: Republic of Poland (second) 1917–1918: Kingdom of Poland, a puppet of German Empire and Austria-Hungary 1915–1917: Occupied by German Empire and Austria-Hungary during World War I 1867–1915: Part of the Russian Empire as Vistula Land 1832–1867: Kingdom of Poland (Congress Poland), in real union with the Russian Empire 1815–1832: Kingdom of Poland (Congress Poland), in personal union with the Russian Empire 1807–1815: Duchy of Warsaw, in personal union with the Kingdom of Saxony (Interrupted by the General Confederation of the Kingdom of Poland (1812–1813)) 1795–1807: Divided between Austrian Empire, Prussia, and Russian Empire 1569–1795: Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, federated state of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (first republic) 1385–1569: Kingdom of Poland, in personal union with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania 1025–1385: Kingdom of Poland 9th century – 1025: Civitas Schinesghe (era when Poland was unified ca 966 by Mieszko I). Since 498,000 BC humans have been settled in Poland starting with Homo species, and later settled by Lusatian culture, Celts, Germanics, and others. | Warsaw |
| Portugal | Europe | 20 May 2002 | 25 July 1139 | 30 Aug 1808 | France | 1975–present: Portuguese Republic (Third) 1974–1975: Junta de Salvação Nacional 1933–1974: Second Portuguese Republic 1926–1933: Ditadura Nacional 1910–1926: First Portuguese Republic 1834–1910: Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves 1815-1822/1825: United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves 1808: Convention of Cintra ended French occupation of Lisbon 1777–1834: Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves (Napoleonic era) 1640–1777: Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves 1580–1640: Iberian Union (Portuguese Empire in a personal union with the Spanish Empire under the king Philip II). 1415–1580: Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves (Portugal became into an empire until 2002). 1139–1415: Kingdom of Portugal (Independent after the Battle of Ourique, Although it was not until 4 years later in 1143, when independence was recognized). 910–1139: Part of the Kingdom of León as the County of Portugal 756–929: Emirate of Córdoba c.721–750: Umayyad Caliphate 418–c.721: Visigothic Kingdom 409–585: Kingdom of the Suebi 385–418 AD: Part of the Western Roman Empire as Hispania 218 BC – 385 AD: Part of the Roman Empire as Lusitania and Gallaecia 7th century – 218 BC: Inhabited by Iberians, Cynetes, Lusitanians, Celtici, and Gallaeci Since 398,000 BC humans have been settled in Portugal, starting with Homo heidelbergensis. | Lisbon |
| Qatar | Asia | 4 November 2021 | 3 Sep 1971 | 3 Sep 1971 | United Kingdom | Ottoman Empire Abbasid Caliphate Umayyad Caliphate Rashidun Caliphate Various nomadic Arab tribesmen before that. | Doha |
| Romania | Europe | 10 February 1947 | 13 July 1878 | 13 July 1878 | United Principalities Soviet Union | 1944–1958. Ottoman Empire Wallachia | Bucharest |
| Russia | Asia/Europe | 30 September 2022 (disputed) | 1471 (Grand Duchy of Moscow) | 26 Dec 1991 (de facto) 12 Dec 1993 (de jure) | Soviet Union | 1993–present: Russian Federation (a federal state, currently have 85 federal subjects. Two federal subjects are not internationally recognized as part of Russia.) 1991–1993: Russian Federation (a federal state, originally comprising 89 federal subjects)(with the 1978 constitution) 1922–1991: Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Federated state of the Soviet Union (The RSFSR was itself a federal state, comprising 77 federal subjects) 1918–1922: Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (a federal state) 19 January 1918: Russian Democratic Federative Republic (a federal state) 1917–1918: Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (a federal state) 14 Sep – 7 Nov 1917: Russian Republic (a federal state) 1721–1917: Russian Empire (a unitary state) 1547–1721: Tsardom of Russia 1480–1547: Grand Duchy of Moscow, sovereign and independent state 1283–1480: Grand Duchy of Moscow (From 1283 to 1294 it was a part of the Mongol Empire. From 1294 to 1480 it was part of the Golden Horde) 1157–1331: Grand Duchy of Vladimir (From 1238 to 1294 it was a part of the Mongol Empire thanks to the Great stand on the Ugra river. From 1294 to 1331 it was part of the Golden Horde) 1136–1478: Novgorod Republic(Until 1238 it was a part of the Kievan Rus') c.862–1240: Kievan Rus', a loose federation of East Slavic and Finnic peoples, was founded by the Rurik dynasty in the city of Novgorod. Later in 882 the capital city was moved to Kiev (in modern-day Ukraine) Since 38,000 BC humans have been settled, including Rus' people, an East Slavic people. There is also the presence of Turkic, Mongolic, Finnic, Northeast and Northwest Caucasian peoples. | Moscow |
| Rwanda | Africa | 1 July 1962 | 1 July 1962 | 1 July 1962 | Belgium | Became German East Africa (1885–1918), Rwanda-Urundi (1916–1962), became independent on 1 July 1962 | Kigali |
| Saint Kitts and Nevis | The Americas | 19 December 1980 | 19 Sep 1983 | 19 Sep 1983 | United Kingdom | 1882-1983: Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla 1689-1782: British West Indies and French West Indies In the 18th century it was owned by Britain and France, who claimed it as an island of the French and East Indies, and Britain claimed it as part of the British West Indies. 1493: Arawak and Taino peoples | Basseterre |
| Saint Lucia | The Americas | 27 February 1967 | 22 Feb 1979 | 22 Feb 1979 | United Kingdom | 1833-1959: British Windwar Islands was an administrative grouping of British colonies in the Windward Islands of the West Indies, existing from 1833 until 31 December 1959 and consisting of the islands of Grenada, Saint Lucia | Castries |
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | The Americas | 27 October 1969 | 27 Oct 1979 | 27 Oct 1979 | United Kingdom | War in Saint Vicent: Os habitantes indígenas das ilhas de São Vicente e Granadinas eram vários grupos ameríndios . A chegada dos europeus no início do século XVI não levou a um assentamento de longo prazo, apenas em 1717 os franceses ocuparam a ilha de Barrouallie, embora os ingleses tenham reivindicado São Vicente em 1627. O Tratado de Paris (1763) viu São Vicente ... Vincent cedeu à Grã-Bretanha . Os atritos com os britânicos levaram à Primeira e à Segunda Guerra do Caribe em meados do século XVIII | Kingstown |
| Samoa | Australia | 1 June 1962 | 1 Jan 1962 | 1 Jan 1962 | New Zealand | German colony 1900 to 1914; occupied by New Zealand 1914; Trust Territory first of the League of Nations, then of the United Nations and administered by New Zealand, 1920 to 1962. | Apia |
| San Marino | Europe | 1463 | 1243 | 21 Sep 1944 | World War II Allies | 1944: Brief occupation by Germany, then Allies during Battle of San Marino 1739: Brief occupation by the Papal States 1503: Brief occupation by Rimini 1243: The people of San Marino established the positions of Captains Regent (Capitani Reggenti) as a joint heads of state Before 1243: Part of the Roman Empire | San Marino |
| São Tomé and Príncipe | Africa | 12 July 1975 | 12 July 1975 | 12 July 1975 | Portugal | 1975-1991: Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe 1485-1975: Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe | São Tomé |
| Saudi Arabia | Asia | 4 November 2021 | 13 Jan 1902 (Emirate of Riyadh) | 23 Sep 1932 | Emirate of Jabal Shammar | 1932–present: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 1926–1932: Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd, a dual monarchy that was the precursor to the modern day Saudi Arabia 1916–1925: Kingdom of Hejaz (Not recognized by the Ottoman Empire, last Ottoman troops evicted from Medina by Kingdom of Hejaz in 1919) 1921–1926: Sultanate of Nejd (Third Saudi State) 1916–1923: Sheikdom of Upper Asir 1913–1921: Emirate of Nejd and Hasa (Third Saudi State) 1909–1930: Idrisid Emirate of Asir 1902–1913: Emirate of Riyadh (Third Saudi State) 1836–1921: Emirate of Jabal Shammar 1824–1891: Emirate of Nejd (Second Saudi State) 1818–1824: Diriyah became part of the Egypt Eyalet, part of the Ottoman Empire 1814–1916: Sharifate of Mecca, part of the Ottoman Empire 1744–1818: Emirate of Diriyah (First Saudi State), unified all Arabian Peninsula (except Yemen and Oman) 1670–1790: Eastern Arabia, ruled by the Khalidi Emirate 1633–1934: Principality of Najran 1551–1670: Eastern Arabia, part of the Ottoman Empire 1521–1551: Al-Muntafiq, an Arab tribal confederation, successfully occupied al-Ahsa and al-Qatif (eastern Saudi Arabia today) 1517–1804: Sharifate of Mecca, part of the Ottoman Empire 1260–1517: Sharifate of Mecca, part of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt 1400–c.1521: Jabrids (Bahrain) rules coastal areas in Eastern Arabia. 1253–c.1400: Usfurids (Bahrain) rules coastal areas in Eastern Arabia. 1076–1253: Uyunid Emirate (Bahrain) rules coastal areas in Eastern Arabia 1171–1260: Sharifate of Mecca, part of the Ayyubid Sultanate 968–1171: Sharifate of Mecca, part of the Fatimid Caliphate c. 968:The Sharifate of Mecca or Emirate of Mecca is established. Most of the remainder of what became Saudi Arabia (except the Eastern coast) reverted to traditional tribal rule. 945–968: Western Arabia was part of the Buyid Empire 899–1076: Qarmatians established a religious-utopian republic in Eastern Arabia 750–945: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate 661–750: Part of the Umayyad Caliphate 656–661: Part of the Rashidun Caliphate (capital city transferred to Kufa, located in modern Iraq) 632–656: Rashidun Caliphate, with the capital city in Mecca 622–632: Muhammad, Prophet of Islam, united all the tribes of Arabia under the banner of Islam and created a single Arab Muslim religious polity in the Arabian Peninsula. Shortly before the advent of Islam, apart from urban trading settlements (such as Mecca and Medina), much of what was to become Saudi Arabia was populated by nomadic pastoral tribal societies. The east coast was a territory of the Sassanid Empire By the late Bronze Age, a historically recorded people and land (Midian and the Midianites) in the north-western portion of Saudi Arabia are well-documented in the Bible. Early settled civilizations in the Antiquity: the Dilmun civilization on the east of the Arabian Peninsula, Thamud north of the Hejaz, and Kingdom of Kinda and Al-Magar civilization in the central of Arabian Peninsula. There is evidence that modern human (Homo sapiens) habitation in the Arabian Peninsula dates back to about 63,000 years ago Stone tools from the Middle Paleolithic age along with fossils of other animals discovered at Ti's al Ghadah, in northwestern Saudi Arabia, might imply that hominids migrated through a "Green Arabia" between 300,000 and 500,000 years ago | Riyadh |
| Senegal | Africa | 20 August 1960 | 20 Aug 1960 | 20 Aug 1960 | Mali Federation | Independent first as Mali Federation with capital in Dakar. Previously part of Ghana, Mali and Songhai Empires. | Dakar |
| Serbia | Europe | 17 February 2008 (disputed) | 13 July 1878 (as a new state, not as a nation.) | 3 June 2006 | Yugoslavia Serbia and Montenegro | 2006–present: Republic of Serbia (successor state of Serbia and Montenegro) 2003–2006: Republic of Serbia, federated state of the Serbia and Montenegro (successor state of Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) 1992–2003: Republic of Serbia, federated state of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (New state) 1946–1992: Socialist Republic of Serbia, federated state of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 1944–1945: Part of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia 1941–1944: Occupied by Nazi Germany and the Axis Powers, Yugoslav government-in-exile, and member of the allies during WWII. 1929–1941: Part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia 1918–1929: Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes 1918: Kingdom of Serbia 1915–1918: Occupied by the Central Powers (Austro-Hungarian and Bulgarian occupation) 1882–1915: Kingdom of Serbia 1815–1882: Principality of Serbia 1804–1813: Revolutionary Serbia (as independent movement inside the Ottoman Empire) 1459–1817: Part of the Ottoman Empire 1402–1459: Serbian Despotate 1371–1402: Moravian Serbia 1346–1371: Serbian Empire 1217–1346: Kingdom of Serbia 11th century–1217: Grand Principality of Serbia 8th century–10th century: Principality of Serbia Since 5700 BC humans have been settled passing the Vinča. | Belgrade |
| Seychelles | Africa | 29 June 1976 | 29 June 1976 | 29 June 1976 | United Kingdom | Perhaps sovereign 1790–1794 | Victoria |
| Sierra Leone | Africa | 27 April 1961 | 27 Apr 1961 | 27 Apr 1961 | United Kingdom | Colony of United Kingdom | Freetown |
| Singapore | Asia | 9 August 1965 | 9 Aug 1965 | 9 Aug 1965 | Malaysia | British colony 1824–1963; occupied by Japan 1942–1945; declared independence, then merged with Malaysia from 1963 until 1965. | Singapore |
| Slovakia | Europe | 1 January 1993 | 1 Jan 1993 | 1 Jan 1993 | Czechoslovakia | 1945–1993: Part of the Czechoslovakia (interrupted by Warsaw Pact armies in 1968) 1945: Occupied by WWII Allies in 1945 1939–1945: Occupied by Germany as a puppet - Slovak state 1918–1939: Part of the Czechoslovakia 1867–1918: Part of Austria-Hungary 1806–1867: Part of the Austrian Empire 1526-1806: Part of the Habsburg monarchy 1000-1526: Part of the Hungarian kingdom 825-1108: Principality of Nitra | Bratislava |
| Slovenia | Europe | 19 February 1945 | 25 June 1991 | 25 June 1991 | Yugoslavia | 1991–present: Republic of Slovenia 1945–1991: Part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 1918–1945: Part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes 1918–1918: Part of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs 1806–1918: Duchy of Carinthia (as part of the Austria-Hungary Empire) 976–1806: Duchy of Carinthia (as part of the Holy Roman Empire) 889–976: March of Carinthia (as part of the Carolingian Empire) | Ljubljana |
| Solomon Islands | Australia | 2 January 1976 | 7 July 1978 | 7 July 1978 | United Kingdom | Colony of German New Guinea from 1884 to 1920, turning the Solomon Islands into the British after Germany's tragic defeat in the First World War, in the Second World War Japan invaded the islands starting the Solomon Islands Campaign and the Guadalcanal Campaign. | Honiara |
| Somalia | Africa | 18 May 1991 (disputed) | 1 July 1960 | 1 July 1960 | United Kingdom Italy | 1 July 1960: Union of Trust Territory of Somalia (former Italian Somaliland) and State of Somaliland (former British Somaliland) 19th century: Part of Sultanate of Hobyo 18th century: Part of Majeerteen Sultanate 15th century: Part of Adal Sultanate 13th century: Part of Ajuran Sultanate 13th century: Part of Warsangali Sultanate 13th century: Part of Ifat Sultanate 10th century: Part of Sultanate of Mogadishu 200 BC: Somali city-states | Mogadishu |
| South Africa | Africa | 27 April 1994 | 11 Dec 1931 | 11 Dec 1931 | United Kingdom | 1961–present: Republic of South Africa (Democratization in 1994) 1931–1961: Union of South Africa, monarchy in personal union with the United Kingdom 1910–1931: Union of South Africa, a Dominion within the British Empire 1839–1902: Several Boer Republics: Natalia Republic (1839–1843), Orange Free State (1854–1902), South African Republic (1852–1877; 1881–1902), State of Goshen (1882–1883), Republic of Stellaland (later United States of Stellaland; 1882–1885) 1816–1897: Zulu Kingdom 1806–1910: Part of the British Empire c.1780–1817: Mthethwa Paramountcy 1652–1806: Dutch Cape Colony, part of the Dutch Empire(Conquered by the British, becoming the British Cape Colony) 1430–1760: Kingdom of Mutapa c.1075–c.1220: Kingdom of Mapungubwe c.300 AD–c.500 AD: Various Bantu peoples migrated and settled in the territory of the future South Africa (Zulu, Xhosa, Swazi, Sotho, etc.). In addition to these Bantu peoples, there were still the Khoikhoi, who already inhabited the region before the Bantu expansion Before the Bantu expansion, Khoisan-speaking peoples inhabited Southern Africa. What is now South Africa has been inhabited by humans since the Paleolithic period. | Bloemfontein (judicial), Cape Town (legislative) and Pretoria (executive) |
| South Sudan | Africa | 9 July 2011 | 9 July 2011 | 9 July 2011 | Sudan | 2011: United Nations Mission in South Sudan 1991–present: Nuer White Army 1983-2018: SPLA | Juba |
| Spain | Europe | 26 February 1976 | 542 (Visigothic Spain of Toledo) | 1813 | France | 1975–present: Kingdom of Spain (restored thrice with democracy) 1939–1977: Spanish Republic (government in exile) 1947: Referendum of re-establishing the Spanish Kingdom 1936–1975: Francoist Spain 1931–1939: Second Spanish Republic 1874–1931: Kingdom of Spain (restored again) 1873–1874: First Spanish Republic 1810–1873: Kingdom of Spain (restored) 1803–1813: Kingdom of Napoleonic Spain, a French occupation. 1700–1810: Kingdom of Spain 1640–1700: Monarchy of Spain 1580–1640: Iberian Union (Spanish Empire integrated with the Portuguese Empire under the Philip II). 1516–1580: Monarchy of Spain (after the Reconquista, two Catholic monarchies (Castile and Aragon) and among other territories such as Navarre were merged by Charles I of Spain). Colonial Spanish Empire Viceroyalty of Peru Viceroyalty of New Granada Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata Chile New Granada Venezuela Uruguay Argentina Mexico Peru Bolivia 13th century – 1516: Spain has been divided between two monarchies: the Crown of Castile and the Crown of Aragon (In 1492, Spain became into an empire until 1975). 10th–13th century: Spain has been divided between the Christian Kingdoms (Castile, León, and Naverre) and Muslim Caliphates. 756–10th century AD: Emirate of Córdoba c.721–750 AD: Umayyad Caliphate 542–c.721 AD: Visigothic Kingdom of Toledo 418–542 AD: Visigothic Kingdom of Toulouse 385–418 AD: Part of the Western Roman Empire as Hispania 218 BC – 385 AD: Part of the Roman Empire as Hispania 7th century-218 BC: Inhabited by Iberians First hominid settlement from the 1.5 million BC. Note: Each country maintained its own legal system and institutions. | Madri |
| Sri Lanka | Asia | 18 May 2009 | 4 Feb 1948 | 4 Feb 1948 | United Kingdom | It was not until the reign of Dutthagamani (161–137 BC) that the whole country was unified under his kingdom. | Colombo (executive, judicial) and Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte (official) |
| Sudan | Africa | 9 July 2011 | 1 Jan 1956 | 1 Jan 1956 | United Kingdom Egypt | After King Kashta ("the Kushite") invaded Egypt in the eighth century BC, the Kushite kings ruled as pharaohs of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt for a century before being defeated and driven out by the Assyrians. Later ruled by the Ottoman Empire, Egypt, and then as Anglo-Egyptian Sudan 1899–1956. | Khartoum |
| Suriname | The Americas | 15 December 1954 | 25 Nov 1975 | 25 Nov 1975 | Kingdom of the Netherlands | | Paramaribo |
| Sweden | Europe | 29 March 1809 | 970 c. | 970 | (none) | No exact date for consolidation of Sweden. The beginning of the reign of the first Swedish king proven to have existed historically dates from circa 970 AD. The Kalmar Union (1397–1523) was a personal union of Scandinavian states (Denmark, Sweden and Norway). In states in personal unions their sovereignties and international identity remain intact, just sharing the same head of state.) | Stockholm |
| Switzerland | Europe | 4 August 1815 | 1599 | 1815 | Austrian Empire | 1848–present: Swiss Confederation (second) 1814–1848: Swiss Confederation (in Restoration and Regeneration) with the Congress of Vienna of 1815. 1803–1814: Napoleonic Swiss Confederation, a French puppet (Occipied by the Austrian Empire in 1813) 1798–1803: Helvetic Republic, a French occupation 1648: Independence fully recognized by the Peace of Westphalia 1499: De Facto independence in the Treaty of Basel (1499) 1291–1798: : Swiss Confederation 911–1291: Part of the Kingdom of Germany and the Holy Roman Empire (from 962) as the Duchy of Swabia 843–911: Part of East Francia as Alamannia 496–539: Part of the Ostrogothic Kingdom as Alamannia 496, 539–843: Part of the Frankish Empire as Alamannia 411–534: Kingdom of the Burgundians 395–411 AD: Part of the Western Roman Empire as Germania Superior 200 BC – 395 AD: Part of the Roman Empire as Germania Superior 6000–200 BC: Inhabited by Germanic, Urnfield, and Celts. Since 298,000 BC humans have been settled by Homo erectus has been found in Pratteln. | Bern |
| Syria | Asia | 10 June 1967 | April 17, 1946 | 28 Sep 1961 | United Arab Republic | Fall of the Assad regime 1961–present: Syrian Arab Republic 1958–1961: United Arab Republic (in union with Egypt) 1950–1958: Second Syrian Republic, independente state 1946–1950: independent First Syrian Republic 1923–1946: Part of the Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon. The administration of the region under the French was carried out through a number of different governments and territories, including the Syrian Federation (1922–25), the State of Syria (1925–30) and the Mandatory Syrian Republic (1930–1946), as well as smaller states: the State of Greater Lebanon, the Alawite State and Jabal Druze State. 1919–1920: Arab Kingdom of Syria 1917–1919: Occupied by France and the United Kingdom 1516–1917: Part of the Ottoman Empire 1516–1917: Part of the Ottoman Empire 1510–1516: Part of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt in the West and of the Safavid Empire in the East 1405–1510: Part of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt in the West and of the Aq Qoyunlu in the East 1395–1405: Part of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt in the West and of the Timurid Empire in the East 1340–1395: Part of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt in the West and of the Artuqid Beylik in the East 1268–1340: Part of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt in the West and of the Ilkhanate in the East 1264–1268: Principality of Antioch, the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt in the West. The Ilkhanate in the East 1250–1264: Principality of Antioch and the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt 1183–1250: Principality of Antioch and the Ayyubid Sultanate 1160–1183: Principality of Antioch and the Emirates of Mosul and Aleppo, ruled by the Zengid dynasty 1129–1160: Crusader states (Antioch and, until 1144, Edessa) and the Zengid Emirate 1121–1129: Crusader states (Antioch and Edessa) and the Artuqid Beylik in the East. In the West the Seljuk Empire 1098: Crusader states established in Syria: Principality of Antioch (1098–1268) and County of Edessa (1098–1144) 1082–1121: Part of the Seljuk Empire 1024–1082: Divided in many states, ruled by differente dynasties like the Mirdasids, the Numayrids, the Marwanids, the Uqaylids 1002–1024: Western regions are Part of the Fatimid Caliphate. Eastern regions are divided in many states, ruled by differente dynasties like the Numayrids, the Marwanids, the Uqaylids 990–1002: Divided in many states, ruled by differente dynasties like the Hamdanids, the Numayrids, the Marwanids, the Uqaylids 945–990: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate and the Hamdanid Emirates of Aleppo and Al-Jazira 905–945: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate and Hamdanid Emirate 890–905: Part of the Tulunid Emirate and Hamdanid Emirate 868–890: Part of the Tulunid Emirate and of the Abbasid Caliphate 750–868: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate 744–750: Part of the Umayyad Caliphate 661–744: Center of the Umayyad Caliphate 637–661: Part of the Rashidun Caliphate 627–637: Part of the Eastern Roman Empire 613–627: Part of the Sassanid Empire 395–613: Part of the Eastern Roman Empire 273–395: Part of the Roman Empire 270–273: Palmyrene Empire 123–270: Part of the Roman Empire 39 BC – 123 CE: Part of the Roman Empire and of the Parthian Empire 69 BC–39 BC: Part of the Roman Empire, of the Kingdom of Emessa and of the Kingdom of Palmyra 85 BC–70 BC: Part of the Kingdom of Armenia 127 BC–85 BC: Seleucid Empire and Kingdom of Osroene 240 BC–127 BC: Center of the Seleucid Empire 301 BC–240 BC: Part of the Seleucid Empire 305 BC–301 BC: Part of the kingdom of Antigonus I Monophthalmus 323 BC–305 BC: Part of the Satrap of Laomedon of Mytilene 331 BC–323 BC: Part of the Empire of Alexander the Great 539 BC–331 BC: Part of the Achaemenid Empire 605 BC–539 BC: Part of the New Babylonian Empire 608 BC–605 BC: Part of the New Babylonian Empire and New Kingdom of Egypt 616 BC–608 BC: Part of the New Assyrian Empire and New Kingdom of Egypt 717 BC–616 BC: Part of the New Assyrian Empire 738 BC–717 BC: Part of the New Assyrian Empire and Kingdom of Urartu 824 BC–738 BC: Divided in many Syro-Hittite states in the west, while eastern regions are part of the Kingdom of Urartu and the New Assyrian Empire 840 BC–824 BC: Part of the New Assyrian Empire c.870 BC–840 BC: Part of the New Assyrian Empire, excepts some Aramean states like Aram and Hamath c.892 BC–c.870 BC: Divided into many Syro-Hittite states in the west, while eastern regions are part of the New Assyrian Empire c.1076 BC–c.892 BC: Divided into many Syro-Hittite states, where Aramaeans came to rule from about 1000 BC c.1200 BC–c.1076 BC: Divided into many Syro-Hittite states in the west, while eastern regions are part of the Middle Assyrian Empire c.1274 BC–c.1200 BC: Part of the Hittite Empire and the Middle Assyrian Empire c.1300 BC–c.1274 BC : Part of the Hittite Empire, the New Kingdom of Egypt and the Middle Assyrian Empire c.1365 BC–c.1300 BC: Part of the Hittite Empire and the New Kingdom of Egypt c.1448 BC–1365: Part of the Kingdom of Mitanni and the New Kingdom of Egypt c.1502 BC–c.1448 BC: Part of the Kingdom of Mitanni c.1517 BC–c.1502 BC: Part of the Kingdom of Mitanni and the Babylonian Empire c.1750 BC–c.1517 BC: Small Amorrite kingdoms and the Babylonian Empire c.1760 BC–1750 BC: Part of the Babylonian Empire c.1776 BC – c.1760 BC: Amorite kingdoms and Mariote Kingdom, independent states c.1788 BC–c.1776 BC: Small Amorites kingdoms and the Old Assyrian Empire c.1898 BC–c.1788 BC: Amorite kingdoms (Amurru kingdom, Kingdom of Qatna, Ebla's Third Dynasty, Yamhad) and Mariote Kingdom, independent states c. 2000 BC–c. 1898 BC: Kingdom of Qatna and Mariote Kingdom, independent states (Mari conquered Ebla) c.2028 BC–c.2000 BC: Eblaite Kingdom and Mariote Kingdom, independent states c.2100 BC–c.2028 BC: Eblaite Kingdom, independente state. Mariote Kingdom, part of the Neo-Sumerian Empire c.2212 BC–c.2100 BC: Eblaite Kingdom and Mariote Kingdom, independent states c.2230 BC–c.2218 BC: Eblaite Kingdom and Mariote Kingdom, part of the Akkadian Empire c. 2266 BC–c. 2230 BC: Eblaite Kingdom and Mariote Kingdom, independent states c.2290 BC–c.2266 BC: Eblaite Kingdom and Mariote Kingdom, part of the Akkadian Empire c.2900 BC–c. 2290 BC: Mariote Kingdom c. 3000 BC–2290 BC: Eblaite Kingdom Archaeologists have demonstrated that civilization in Syria was one of the most ancient on earth. Syria is part of the Fertile Crescent, and since approximately 10,000 BCE it was one of the centers of Neolithic culture (PPNA) where agriculture and cattle breeding appeared for the first time in the world. The oldest remains found in Syria date from the Palaeolithic era (c. 800,000 BCE). | Damascus |
| Tajikistan | Asia | 5 December 1929 | 9 Sep 1991 | 9 Sep 1991 | Soviet Union | Independent in 1991 of Soviet Union RSSA Tajique 1929-1991 Russian Empire 1860 Samanid Empire 875-999 | Dushanbe |
| Tanzania | Africa | 26 April 1964 | 9 Dec 1961 | 9 Dec 1961 | United Kingdom | Independent in 1961 as Tanganyika, added Zanzibar in 1963. | Dodoma |
| Thailand | Asia | 10 March 1909 | 4 Mar 1351 (Ayutthaya Kingdom) | 1945 | Japan | The Ayutthaya Kingdom is considered to be the precursor of modern Thailand. Briefly occupied by Burma in 1767. Occupied by Japan 1941–1945. | Bangkok |
| Timor-Leste | Asia | 1914 | 28 Nov 1975 | 20 May 2002 | United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor | 2002–present: Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste 1999–2002: Administered by the United Nations in Transition. 1975–1999: Part of Indonesia as Timor Timur 1702–1975: Part of the Portuguese Empire Since 40,000 BC humans have been settled by Native Timorese with tribes, kingdoms and confederations. | Dili |
| Togo | Africa | 30 August 1958 | 27 Apr 1960 | 27 Apr 1960 | France | | Lomé |
| Tonga | Australia | 4 December 1845 | 4 June 1970 | 4 June 1970 | United Kingdom | United 1845 by George Tupou I. British protectorate 1900–1970. 950-1865: Tuʻi Tonga Empire | Nukuʻalofa |
| Trinidad and Tobago | The Americas | 31 August 1962 | 31 Aug 1962 | 31 Aug 1962 | United Kingdom | | Port of Spain |
| Tunisia | Africa | 20 March 1956 | 20 Mar 1956 | 20 Mar 1956 | France | 1956–present: Republic of Tunisia 1956-1957: Kingdom of Tunisia The modern state of Tunisia was implemented in 1956 by France 1881-1956: French Tunisia was a French protectorate established in what is now the Republic of Tunisia, it was a protectorate that began with the occupation of Tunisia from 1881 until Tunisia's independence in 1956. 19th century: Bey of Tunis 1705-1881: Beylik of Tunis 1574-1705: Ottoman Tunisia Ottoman Tunisia, also known as the Regency of Tunis, refers to the Ottoman presence in Ifriqiya from the 16th to 19th centuries, when Tunis was officially integrated into the Ottoman Empire as the Eyalet of Tunis. The Ottoman presence in the Maghreb began with the takeover of Algiers in 1516 by the Ottoman Turkish corsair and beylerbey Aruj (Oruç Reis), eventually expanding across the entire region except for Morocco. 1229-1574: Hafsid 1121-1229: Almohad Caliphate During the 13th century, the Almohad chalfiate conquered Tunisia The Kingdom of Africa was a Tunisian kingdom located in North Africa and Italy, Tunisia was conquered by the kingdom in the 12th century, by Roger II During the first millennium, Tunisia was conquered by several Muslim dynasties and caliphates based in Carthage, after the loss of the Umayyad Caliphate 972-1148: Zirid dynasty 909-973: Fatimid Caliphate 800-909: Aghlabids 750-800: Abbasid Caliphate The third Islamic state, the Abbasid Caliphate, was the successor to the Umayyad and Rashidun Caliphates. 698-750: Umayyad Caliphate 590-698: Exarchate of Africa 534-590: Praetorian Prefecture of Africa 435-534: Vandal Kingdom 146 BC-435: Roman Tunisia 12th C.- 146 BC: Ancient Carthage 12th C.-North African culture | Tunis |
| Turkey | Asia/Europe | 29 June 1939 | 1299 | 1923 | Greece Italy United Kingdom France Armenia | 1923–present: Republic of Turkey 1920–1923: Ottoman Empire, occupied by Greece, Italy, France, United Kingdom and Armenia (Treaty of Sèvres) (Republican Turks, led by General Mustafa Kemal Atatürk initiate the Turkish War of Independence to expel foreign occupation troops and at the same time wage a civil war against Turkish monarchists, seen as collaborationists by the republicans). 1299–1920: Ottoman Empire (The Sultanate of Rum became divided in several Turkic principalities, called beyliks, the Ottoman beylik conquered and unified all beyliks in Anatolia. Also conquered Constantinople. From 1453, one of the titles used by the Ottoman Sultans was "Caesar of Rome" (Turkish: Kayser-i Rum), part of their titles until the Ottoman Empire ended in 1923. However, this title was never recognized by Europeans.) 1261–1453: Part of the Eastern Roman Empire ( Byzantine Empire) (Unlike many kingdoms and empires, the Eastern Roman Empire [and the Roman Empire before it] technically wasn't a hereditary monarchy; there were no formal succession laws in place to specify who was to succeed as emperor. As such, there cannot be a legitimate pretender to the Byzantine throne as the possibility of a true "rightful emperor" died with the empire and its institutions in 1453.) 1204–1261: Divided in Latin Empire, Empire of Nicaea, Empire of Trebizond and the Sultanate of Rum.(The Empire of Nicaea is considered the legitimate continuation of the Byzantine Empire because it managed to retake Constantinople.) 1077–1308: Sultanate of Rum, part of the Seljuk Empire 395–1204: Part of the Eastern Roman Empire ( Byzantine Empire) 168 BC – 395 AD: Part of the Roman Republic (later the Roman Empire) 131 BC–64 BC: Western regions are part of the Roman Republic. Eastern regions divided in many kingdoms. 301 BC–131 BC: Divided in many kingdoms, like the Kingdom of Cappadocia, Galatia, Kingdom of Pontus, Kingdom of Pergamon and the Seleucid Empire 306 BC–301 BC: Antigonid dynasty 334–306 BC: Macedonian Empire 550–334 BC: Achaemenid Empire, the first Persian Empire 609 BCE–550 BCE: Lydia conquers all the west of Anatolia. The eastern regions falls under the rule of the Median Empire 707 BCE–609 BCE: Divided in many states, like Lydia, Lycia, Phrygia, Lycaonia, Mushki, etc. Eastern regions falls under the rule of the Assyrians. 1178 BCE–707 BCE: Divided in many states, like Lydia, Lycia, Phrygia, Lycaonia, Tabal, Mushki, etc. Around 900 BCE the Greeks began to establish colonies on the coast. 1325 BCE–1178 BCE: Hittite Empire 1400 BCE–1325 BCE: Hittite Empire and Arzawa (a "kingdom" or a federation of local powers, Troy was one of the members) c. 1600 BCE–1400 BCE: Hittite Empire and many small states in the west. Assuwa, a confederation (or league) of 22 ancient Anatolian states, was formed some time before 1400 BC, when it was defeated by the Hittite Empire. Troy was one of the members of the confederation c.2000 BCE–1600 BCE: The territory that today is Turkey was inhabited by Hattian, Hittite, Hurrian, Luwian and Anatolian tribes . The small state of Pala was established c.2550 BCE–2000 BCE: The territory that today is Turkey was inhabited by Hattian, Hurrian and Anatolian tribes c.3500 BCE–2550 BCE: The territory that today is Turkey was inhabited by Hattian and Hurrian tribes From 10,000 BC humans has been settled making first states as Indo-Europeans, including Phrygia and Thrace. | Ankara |
| Turkmenistan | Asia | 7 August 1921 | 27 Oct 1991 | 27 Oct 1991 | Soviet Union | 1991–present: Turkmenistan 1925-1991: Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic 1918-1925: Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 1789-1925: (part of the) Qajar Iran | Ashgabat |
| Tuvalu | Australia | 7 February 1979 | 1 Oct 1978 | 1 Oct 1978 | United Kingdom | 1978–present: Tuvalu 1976–1978: Part of the British Empire as the Colony of Tuvalu 1892–1976: Part of the British Empire as part of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony | Funafuti |
| Uganda | Africa | 1 March 1962 | 9 Oct 1962 | 9 Oct 1962 | United Kingdom | 1963–present: Republic of Uganda 1962–1963: Uganda 1894–1962: Part of the British Empire as the Protectorate of Uganda 1888–1894: Part of the British Empire | Kampala |
| Ukraine | Europe | 30 September 2022 (disputed) | 24 August 1991 | 24 Aug 1991 | Soviet Union | 1991–present: Ukraine 1944–1991: Part of the Soviet Union as Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic 1941–1944: Part of Germany as Reichskommissariat Ukraine 1922–1944: Part of the Soviet Union as Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic 1919–1922: Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic 1917–1919: Ukrainian People's Republic April–December 1918: Ukrainian State 1917 – April 1918: Ukrainian People's Republic 1796–1917: Part of the Russian Empire as Kiev Governorate 1775–1796: Russian Empire as the Kiev Viceroyalty 1764–1775: Zaporozhian Sich, a semi-autonomous polity and proto-state of Cossacks within the Russian Empire 1708–1764: Part of Russian Empire as Kiev Governorate 1649–1764: Cossack Hetmanate (the word hetman was the title of the general of the Zaporizhian Army. Zaporizhia is a historical and geographic region in Southern Ukraine).(From 1654 until 1764 it was a protectorate of the Tsardom of Russia and later the Russian Empire) 1569–1795: Part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as the Kiev Voivodeship 1471–1569: Kiev Voivodeship, part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania 1441–1783: Crimean Khanate 1253–1349/1392: Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia 1199–1253: Principality of Galicia–Volhynia 1132–1471: Principality of Kiev (state of the Kievan Rus' from 1132 to 1240, the capital city of the Kievan Rus' was the city of Kiev [capital city of modern Ukraine]. Part of the Mongol Empire from 1240 to 1261. Part of the Golden Horde from 1261 to 1362. Part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from 1362 to 1471) c.879–1199: The Kievan Rus', a loose federation of East Slavic and Finnic peoples, founded by the Rurik dynasty, in 882 the city of Kiev (capital city of modern Ukraine) became the capital city of this federation c.600 AD: The territory of modern Ukraine was the core of the state of the Bulgars (often referred to as Old Great Bulgaria). At the end of the 7th century, most Bulgar tribes migrated in several directions and the remains of their state were absorbed by the Khazar Khaganate (650–969) c.400 AD: the Antes Union was located in the territory of what is now Ukraine. The Antes were the ancestors of Ukrainians and other Slavic peoples. Before 400 AD: There were several tribes and kingdoms in the territory of modern Ukraine. During the Iron Age, the land was inhabited by Cimmerians, Scythians, and Sarmatians. Beginning in the sixth century BC, colonies founded by Greeks was established in the shores of the Black Sea. These colonies became the Bosporan Kingdom (435 BC – 370 AD) Modern human settlement in Ukraine and its vicinity dates back to 32,000 BC, with evidence of the Gravettian culture in the Crimean Mountains. | Kyiv |
| United Arab Emirates | Asia | 11 February 1972 | 2 Dec 1971 | 2 Dec 1971 | United Kingdom | 1971–present: United Arab Emirates 1820–1971: Part of the British Empire as the Trucial States of the Coast of Oman 1258–1820: Bani Yas 750–1258: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate 661–750: Part of the Umayyad Caliphate 632–661: Part of the Rashidun Caliphate 629–632: Part of the Caliphate of Muhammad 224–629: Part of the Sasanian Empire | Abu Dhabi |
| United Kingdom | Europe | 2 December 1999 | 498 (Dál Riata) | 1066 | Kingdom of England Kingdom of Scotland Kingdom of Ireland | 1922–present: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland [the later one is variously described as a country, province or region] are the constituent countries of the Kingdom) 1801–1922: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 1707–1801: Great Britain Retrospective of the three constituent countries in the island of Great Britain (For Northern Ireland see Ireland. Northern Ireland was created in 1921, when the island of Ireland was partitioned between Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland by the Government of Ireland Act 1920. Unlike Southern Ireland, which would become the Irish Free State in 1922 [a monarchy in personal union with the United Kingdom, later became a republic in 1949], the majority of Northern Ireland's population were unionists, who wanted to remain within the United Kingdom in political union.).. The United Kingdom has sovereignty over seventeen territories which do not form part of the United Kingdom itself: fourteen British Overseas Territories and three Crown Dependencies.  England: 1659–1707: Kingdom of England, in personal union with the Kingdom of Scotland 1653–1659: Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland 1649–1653: Commonwealth of England 1603–1649: Kingdom of England, in personal union with the Kingdom of Scotland 1215: Magna Carta starts a process to rebalance the power of the monarchy 1066: Norman Conquest of England marks the commonly understood date of last subordination 927–1603: Kingdom of England (with the union of eight kingdoms). 410–927: Divided in several small kingdoms. Gradually eight of these kingdoms conquered the others small kingdoms in the future territory of England: Mercia, Dumnonia, Kent, Northumbria, East Anglia, Wessex, Sussex, and Essex. 385–410 AD: Part of the Western Roman Empire as Britannia 43–385 AD: Part of the Roman Empire as Britannia From 898,000 BC humans has been settled stating with tribes, chiefdoms and confederations starting with Happisburgh on the Norfolk coast, with stone tools and footprints probably made by Homo antecessor. These earliest inhabitants were hunter-gatherers. Low sea-levels meant that Britain was attached to the continent for much of this earliest period of history, and varying temperatures over tens of thousands of years meant that it was not always inhabited.  Scotland: 1659–1707: Kingdom of Scotland, in personal union with the Kingdom of England 1653–1659: Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland 1649–1653: Commonwealth of England 1603–1649: Kingdom of Scotland, in personal union with the Kingdom of England 1286–1603: Kingdom of Scotland 9th century – 1286: Kingdom of Alba (There is no precise Gaelic equivalent for the English terminology "Kingdom of Alba", as the Gaelic term Rìoghachd na h-Alba means Kingdom of Scotland'.) 6th century – 9th century: The area that is now Scotland was divided into three areas: Pictland, a patchwork of small lordships in central Scotland; the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Northumbria, which had conquered southeastern Scotland; and Dál Riata, founded by settlers from Ireland, bringing Gaelic language and culture with them. From 12,000 BC humans has been settled stating with tribes, chiefdoms and confederations, including Caledonians, Caereni, Carnonacae, Cat, Cornovii, Creones, Damnonii, Decantae, Lugi, Maeatae, Novantae, Picts, Selgovae, Scoti, Smertae, Taexali, Vacomagi, and Venicones.  Wales: 1659–1707: Part of the Kingdom of England 1653–1659: Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland 1649–1653: Part of the Commonwealth of England 1542–1649: Part of the Kingdom of England 1226–1542: Principality of Wales, in personal union with the Kingdom of England 5th century-1216: Divided in various states, including the Kingdom of Gwynedd 385–410 AD: Part of the Western Roman Empire as Britannia 43–385 AD: Part of the Roman Empire as Britannia From about 228,000 BC humans has been settled stating with tribes, chiefdoms and confederations. Note: The British Empire was founded by the order of Elizabeth I who granted a patent to Humphrey Gilbert for discovery and overseas exploration in 1578. On 1 of May 1707, the kingdoms are united from England (10th century – 1707) and Scotland (9th century – 1707), forming as the Kingdom of Great Britain. On 1 January 1801, Ireland was united with two kingdoms as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, until Ireland become independent on 6 December 1922 leaving with 26 out of 32 of the Irish counties. From this day, the British sovereignty was established as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. | London |
| United States | The Americas | 7 September 1981 | 4 July 1776 | 19 Oct 1781 | Great Britain | 1776–present: United States of America (a federal state, originally the federation had 13 federated states [ States of the United States ], currently have 50 federated states and 1 federal district, with the last state to be admitted in the Union being Hawaii, admitted in 1959; The U.S. also currently administers three territories in the Caribbean Sea and eleven in the Pacific Ocean.) 1763–1776: Thirteen British Colonies of America in the Atlantic coast, part of the British Empire; New Spain and Spanish Louisiana in the Southwestern United States, Florida and the Mississippi Basin (Louisiana returned to the French in 1801), part of the Spanish Empire; Russians established in future Alaska the colony of Russian America 1521–1763: In the territory of the future contiguous United States Europeans began to colonize on the Native American territories establishing New Spain in the Southwestern United States and Florida in 1521, part of the Spanish Empire; New France in the Mississippi Basin in 1534, part of the French Empire; Thirteen British Colonies of America in the Atlantic coast in 1607, part of the British Empire; New Netherland in the Atlantic coast in 1614, part of Dutch Republic; New Sweden along the Delaware River in 1638, part of Swedish Empire. From at least 15,000 BC humans has been settled from Native Americans with tribes, chiefdoms and confederations. Examples are the Mississippian cultures (the largest urban site of these peoples, Cahokia, may have reached a population of over 20,000), Puebloans, the Iroquois Confederacy, Apaches, Navajos, Cherokees, etc. | Washington, D.C. |
| Uruguay | The Americas | 1861 | 25 Aug 1825 | 27 Aug 1828 | Empire of Brazil | 1830–present: Oriental Republic of Uruguay 1828–1830: Oriental State of Uruguay 1822–1828: Cisplatine Province, a province of the Empire of Brazil (Brazil and Argentina fight a war with each other for control of Uruguay's territory. The war only comes to an end with diplomatic intervention of the United Kingdom, which establishes Uruguay as an independent nation and buffer state between Argentina and Brazil via the 1828 Treaty of Montevideo). 1817–1822: Cisplatine Province, a province of the Portuguese Empire (The Portuguese Empire take advantage of the chaos of the wars of independence in Hispanic America and of the civil war that had started in the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata to invade and conquer the territory of the future Uruguay). 1815–1820: Part of the League of the Free Peoples, an alliance of provinces in civil war against the centralist government of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata 1811–1815: Part of the United Provinces of South America 1776–1811: Part of the Viceroyalty of Río de la Plata, Part of the Spanish Empire 1542–1776: Part of the Viceroyalty of Peru, part of the Spanish Empire 1528–1542: Part of the Governorate of New Andalusia, part of the Spanish Empire 10.000 BCE-1528: Inhabited by Native Uruguayans as the Charrúa peoples. | Montevideo |
| Uzbekistan | Asia | 24 October 1924 | 1 Sep 1991 | 1 Sep 1991 | Soviet Union | 1991–present: Republic of Uzbekistan (independence from Soviet Union declared 1991; constitution adopted 1992) 1924–1991: Part of the Soviet Union as Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic 1920–1924: Khorezm People's Soviet Republic 1917–1920: Khanate of Khiva 1873–1917: Part of the Russian Empire as Khanate of Khiva 1511–1873: Khanate of Khiva 1370–1511: Part of the Timurid Empire 1226–1370: Part of the Chagatai Khanate 1206–1226: Part of the Mongol Empire 1100–1206: Part of the Khwarazmian Empire 1037–1100: Part of the Seljuk Empire 840–1037: Part of the Kara-Khanid Khanate 819–840: Part of the Samanid Empire 750–819: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate 661–750: Part of the Umayyad Caliphate 440–661: Part of the Hephthalite Empire 125 BCE-440: Nomadic Tribes 256 BCE-125 BCE: Part of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 312 BCE-63 BCE: Part of the Seleucid Empire 330 BCE-312 BCE: Part of the Macedonian Empire 530 BCE-330 BCE: Part of the Achaemenid Empire | Tashkent |
| Vanuatu | Australia | 30 July 1980 | 30 July 1980 | 30 July 1980 | United Kingdom France | 1980–present: Republic of Vanuatu 1906–1980: Part of the French and British empires as New Hebrides Condominium 1890–1906: Part of the French and British Empires as Anglo-French Joint Naval Commission 1889–1890: Independent Commune of Franceville 1887–1889: Part of the French and British Empires as Anglo-French Joint Naval Commission | Port Vila |
| Vatican City | Europe | 11 February 1929 | 11 Feb 1929 | 11 Feb 1929 | Italy | 1929–present: Vatican City State (restored with the Lateran Treaty) 1870–1929: States of the Church (in prison) 754–1870: State of the Church (Interregna (1798–1799, 1809–1814 and 1849)). When the Exarchate of Ravenna finally fell to the Lombards in 751, the Duchy of Rome was completely cut off from the Byzantine Empire, of which it was theoretically still a part. The Holy See, under Pope Stephen II, attempted diplomatic negotiations with the Lombards, and upon the failure of those negotiations, entreated King Pepin the Short of the Franks to intervene on its behalf. Pepin defeated the Lombards by 756 and granted the lands of the Duchy of Rome as well as the former Lombard possessions to the Papacy in what is referred to as the Donation of Pepin. 556–754: Duchy of Rome, part of the Byzantine Empire 493–556: Part of Ostrogothic Kingdom 476–493: Part of Kingdom of Italy (Odoacer) 395–476: Part of Western Roman Empire 27 BC – 395 AD: Part of Roman Empire 509–27 BC: Part of Roman Republic 753–509 BC: Part of Roman Kingdom 12th century – 100 BC: Between Latins and Etruscans | Vatican City |
| Venezuela | The Americas | 3 October 1899 | 13 Jan 1830 | 13 Jan 1830 | Gran Colombia | 1999–Present Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (a federal state, comprising twenty-three states, a capital district and the Federal Dependencies which consist in several islands in the Caribbean sea) 1953–1999: Republic of Venezuela (a federal state) 1864–1953: United States of Venezuela (a federal state) 1830–1864: State of Venezuela (a unitary state) 1826–1830: Divided in Apure, Orinoco, Venezuela, Zulia Department and Maturín, federated states of the Gran Colombia 1824–1826: Divided in Apure, Orinoco, Venezuela and Zulia Department, federated states of the Gran Colombia 1819–1824: Federated state of the Gran Colombia 1817–1819: Republic of Venezuela 1814–1817: Captaincy General of Venezuela, part of the Spanish Empire 1813–1814: Republic of Venezuela 1812–1813: Captaincy General of Venezuela, part of the Spanish Empire 1811–1812: American Confederation of Venezuela 1787–1811: Captaincy General of Venezuela (known unofficially as the Kingdom of Venezuela), without vice-royal dependence in judicial affairs, part of the Spanish Empire 1777–1787: Captaincy General of Venezuela, (known unofficially as the Kingdom of Venezuela), under judicial supervision of the Royal Audience of Santafé de Bogotá (located in Viceroyalty of New Granada), part of the Spanish Empire 1739–1777: Part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada, part of the Spanish Empire 1723–1739: Part of the Viceroyalty of Peru, part of the Spanish Empire 1717–1723: Province of Caracas, part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada, within the Spanish Empire 1546–1717: Part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain, part of the Spanish Empire 1528–1546: Klein-Venedig, a concession give to a German banking family by the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (that was also King of Spain), in the Province of Caracas, part of the Crown of Castile Since about 7000 BC humans have been settled by Native Venezuelans with tribes, chiefdoms and confederations. | Caracas |
| Vietnam | Asia | 2 July 1976 | 2 Sep 1945 | 2 July 1976 | North Vietnam South Vietnam | 1945–1954: the second French rule, which was ended by the Geneva Conference of 1954 1940–1945: Japanese occupation 1887–1940: French rule 1802–1945: Nguyễn dynasty, effective independence from 1802 to 1887, afterwards becoming puppet of the French rule 1778–1802: Tây Sơn dynasty 1428–1788: Later Le dynasty 1407–1428: annexed by Ming dynasty in the Fourth Era of Northern Domination 1400–1407: Hồ dynasty 1225–1400: Trần dynasty 1009–1225: Lý dynasty 980–1009: Early Lê dynasty 968–979: Đinh dynasty 938–965: Ngô dynasty 544–602: The region gained a longer period of independence as Vạn Xuân under the Anterior Lý dynasty 2879 BC: Văn Lang confederacy arose under Kinh Dương Vương, who was the founder of the Hồng Bàng dynasty | Hanoi |
| Yemen | Asia | 26 April 2020 | 1 Nov 1918 | 22 May 1990 | North Yemen South Yemen | North Yemen independent from Ottoman Empire 1918; South Yemen from UK in 1967; unified 1990 | Aden (de facto, temporary) and Sanaa (de jure) |
| Zambia | Africa | 24 October 1964 | 24 Oct 1964 | 24 Oct 1964 | United Kingdom | 1964–present: Republic of Zambia 1963–1964: Part of the British Empire as Colony of Northern Rhodesia 1953–1963: Part of the British Empire as Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland 1911–1953: Part of the British Empire as Colony of Northern Rhodesia 1890–1911: Part of the British Empire as Rhodesia 1823–1890: Part of the Kingdom of Mthwakazi 1660–1823: Part of the Rozvi Empire 1430–1660: Part of the Kingdom of Mutapa | Lusaka |
| Zimbabwe | Africa | 1901 | 11 Nov 1965 | 18 Apr 1980 | United Kingdom | 1980–present: Republic of Zimbabwe 1979–1980: Part of the British Empire as Colony of Southern Rhodesia 1979: Zimbabwe Rhodesia 1970–1979: Republic of Rhodesia 1965–1970: Rhodesia 1963–1965: Part of the British Empire as Colony of Southern Rhodesia 1953–1963: Part of the British Empire as Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland 1923–1953: Part of the British Empire as Colony of Southern Rhodesia 1890–1923: Part of the British Empire as Rhodesia 1823–1890: Kingdom of Mthwakazi 1660–1823: Rozvi Empire 1430–1660: Part of the Kingdom of Mutapa 1220–1430: Kingdom of Zimbabwe 1075–1220: Kingdom of Mapungubwe The British colony of Southern Rhodesia unilaterally declared Independence as Rhodesia 1965; known as Zimbabwe Rhodesia in 1979; unrecognised until 1980. | Harare |