# Chenab Valley

Chenab Valley is a term used to refer to parts of the Jammu Division of Jammu and Kashmir, India. The term is used to refer to the present-day districts of Doda, Kishtwar, Ramban, and, at times, Reasi and parts of Udhampur and Kathua. The first three districts used to be part of a single former district called Doda, which was created in 1948 out of the eastern parts of Udhampur district of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, and are sometimes collectively referred to as the Doda belt. The Chenab Valley, encompassing the Doda, Kishtwar, and Ramban districts in the Jammu Division of Jammu and Kashmir, India, has a population where Muslims form a majority. A significant portion of this Muslim population is ethnically Kashmiri.

## Name and etymology

The name "Chenab Valley" derives from the Chenab River, a lifeline that carves through the valley. This term has come to be used by various social activists and politicians referring to the areas of the former Doda district formed in 1948. The term is used by many residents of Doda, Ramban, Kishtwar districts to assert a distinct cultural identity within the larger Jammu division.

## Geography

The Chenab Valley lies between the middle and great Himalayan range in the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir, India. It constitutes parts of the Doda, Ramban, and Kishtwar districts of Jammu and Kashmir. The area is an active seismic zone.

## History

The various areas referred to as "Chenab Valley" used to be part of the principalities of Bhaderwah, Kishtwar, Chamba, and other smaller principalities which were annexed by the Dogras of Jammu, who made them part of the Dogra princely state of Jammu and Kashmir established following the Treaty of Amritsar (1846). During Dogra rule, most of these areas were part of the Udhampur district.
In the past, the area around Doda was largely inhabited by Sarazi population before people started settling here from the Kashmir valley and other adjoining areas. The reasons for this migration in the 17th and 18th centuries are a matter of ambiguity among historians. Sumantra Bose says that repression by the feudal class in the Kashmir valley drew people to these areas. Chenab Valley is rich in cultural heritage and ethical values, but also has age-old traditions of secularism and tolerance.
The early history of Chenab Valley is not well documented, with few chronicles available about the rulers of Kishtwar and Bhaderwah. The settlement reports indicate that the area was ruled by various groups including Ranas, Rajas, and independent chiefs from time to time, including the Jaral Ramas, Katoch Rajas, Bhaus Manhases, Chibs, Thakkars, Wanis, and Gakkars. In 1822 AD, Doda was conquered by Maharaja Gulab Singh and became the winter capital of the Kishtwar state.
English traveller G.T. Vigne visited Doda in 1829 and described his journey through the region. He mentions traveling through a deep and rocky nullah which joins the Chenab River, and then crossing the river over a dangerous bridge in the Himalayas. Vigne writes about the bridge in Doda, a strong rope stretched from one bank to the other, tied to rocks. A wooden structure was placed over the rope and additional ropes were tied to it, allowing the structure to move back and forth. He also encountered another type of bridge, which was crossed on foot, made of small ropes bound with pieces of bark and woven into a thick rope. Hanging ropes were provided for support.
In 1948, the erstwhile Udhampur district was partitioned into the present Udhampur district, containing the Udhampur and Ramanagar tehsils, and Doda district containing the Ramban, Bhadarwah, Doda, Thathri and Kishtwar tehsils.
From 1975 to 1976, the Government of India conducted the Preinvestment Survey of Forest Resources specifically in the Chenab Valley by Department of Agriculture. During this period, a detailed survey of forests in the Chenab Catchment area was done in Doda, Bhaderwah, Kishtwar, and Ramban divisions of the forest.
In 1990s, various incidents were reported about the suppression of Hindus by the Militant organizations. In response to the rising terrorism, the government authorities made Village Defense Committee (VDC) in various villages. However, incidents of VDC members indulging in criminal activities have also been reported in the past. In a village called Karada, four Muslims were allegedly killed by VDC members. This incident also triggered the terrorist organisations to target those who supported the VDCs, believing them to be anti-Muslim. Since the 1990s, many such incidents of killings by terrorists and VDCs have been reported.
In 2006, Ramban was made into an independent district and the hilly area to the east of the present Doda district was separated as the Kishtwar district. The remaining areas include the Doda tehsil carved out of Kishtwar and the original Bhadarwah, now divided into three tehsils.

## Demographics
### Religion

* Islam (59.97%)
* Hinduism (39.23%)
* Others (0.8%)
Sex Ratio in Chenab Valley in 2011 Census. (no. females per 1,000 males) :
| Religion (and population) | Religion (and population) | Sex Ratio | Sex Ratio |
| Muslim (pop 554,355) | Muslim (pop 554,355) | 932 | 932 |
| Hindu (pop 362,578) | Hindu (pop 362,578) | 884 | 884 |
| Other (pop 7,412) | Other (pop 7,412) | 722 | 722 |
| Total (pop 924,345) | Total (pop 924,345) | 913 | 913 |
Muslims form a majority in the three districts constituting Chenab Valley and most of them are ethnically Kashmiris.
About 60% of the population was Muslim according to the 2011 census, and the rest 40% are mostly Hindus.

### Languages

* Kashmiri 47.03 (47.0%)
* Gojri 10.17 (10.2%)
* Bhaderwahi 9.9 (9.90%)
* Siraji 8.28 (8.28%)
* Dogri 5.03 (5.03%)
* Kishtwari 4.18 (4.18%)
* Pahadi 4.03 (4.03%)
* Hindi 3.02 (3.02%)
* Padari 1.86 (1.86%)
* Other 6.51 (6.51%)
Chenab Valley is home to a variety of ethnic groups. Officially, Urdu and English are used, but the Chenab Valley is home to a variety of languages, including Kashmiri—spoken by almost half of the population, Gojri, Kishtwari, Bhaderwahi, Sarazi, Dogri, Rambani, Pogali, Pahari, Bhalessi, and Padri.

## Administration

As of 2023, the DIG of Police has a separate post for Chenab Valley known as the DKR Range; the R&B Department has now created a distinct zone for Chenab; and Chenab Valley has its own Forest Circle known as Chenab Forest Circle. A militia named as Village Defence Guards was established in 1996 to fight anti-militancy operations in Chenab Valley.

## Major tourist attractions

* Bhaderwah
* Devigol
* Jai valley
* Padri Pass
* Sinthan Top
* Lal Draman
* Jantroon Dhar
* Pogal Paristan
* Bhal Padri
Dagan top Aaram kund Digaam (gohra gali)

### Dams

* Baglihar Hydroelectric power project (900 MW) near Ramban
* Salal Dam – 690 MW hydroelectric power project near Reasi
* Dul Hasti Hydroelectric Plant – 390 MW type power project in Kishtwar District
* Ratle Hydroelectric Plant – an under-construction power station near Drabshalla in Kishtwar District
* Pakal Dul Dam – a proposed dam on a tributary Marusadar River in Kishtwar District
* Kiru Hydroelectric Power Project (624 MW proposed) located in Kishtwar district
* Kishtwar Hydroelectric Power Project (540 MW proposed) located in Kishtwar district
All of these are "run-of-the-river" projects as per the Indus Water Treaty of 1960. The Treaty allocates the waters of Chenab to Pakistan. India can use its water for domestic and agricultural uses or for "non-consumptive" uses such as hydropower. India is entitled to store up to 1.2 million acre-feet (1.5 billion cubic metres) of water in its projects. The three projects completed as of 2011, Salal, Baglihar and Dul Hasti, have a combined storage capacity of 260 thousand acre-feet (320 million cubic metres).

## Demands for divisional status

There has been a movement demanding separate administrative division for the Chenab valley by various social and political activists for long time. In 2014, a major protest was called in Doda for the demand of separate administrative division. The demand again rose in 2018 and 2019 when Ladakh got divisional status and the former Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir, Omar Abdullah added "Two Separate Divisional Status for Chenab Valley and Pir Panjal Region" to his party's political agenda. As of 2021, the movement for divisional status again increased after rumours of second bifurcation of J&K and demand for a separate state of Jammu. There is a common reason for this demand. People allege negligence in terms of developmental issues by the government if the Chenab valley remains linked to the Jammu division. The districts of the proposed Chenab Valley consists of six Assembly seats.
The Bhartiya Janata Party maintains that "there is no Chenab valley and it is only the Jammu division for representation of the region", while the JKNC says that the demand is based on developmental negligence and wants separate divisions from Jammu division for Chenab valley and Pir Panjal.
The areas of the three districts are termed as the DKR Range (Doda-Kishtwar-Ramban Range) by police and military officials, while a separate Deputy Inspector General is posted for this range by J&K Police.

### Hill Development Council

In 1996, Dr. Farooq Abdullah as Chief minister promised administrative autonomy to Chenab. Later in 2000, a bill demanding a Hill Development Council for Chenab valley was presented in the legislative assembly by the Sheikh Abdul Rehman (then MLA from Bhaderwah).
In July 2015, then Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir Mufti Mohammad Sayed, rules out demand of Chenab Valley Hill Council and announced Chenab Valley Development Fund (CVDF) for development and upliftment of mountainous and remote districts of Doda, Kishtwar and Ramban.

## Major incidents and natural disasters
### 2013 earthquake in Chenab valley

A 5.8 earthquake hit the erstwhile Doda on 1 May 2013, killing two and injuring 69. Seismic activity continued in the valley throughout 2013, prompting teams of seismologists to study the area. A local belief was that the earthquakes were caused by hydroelectric construction projects in the area.

### 2021 Hunzar Kishtwar cloudburst

A cloudburst hit Hunzar hamlet in the Dachhan area of Kishtwar district, resulting in 26 persons dead and 17 injured on 28 July 2021. As per reports, only seven dead bodies were recovered while 19 dead bodies were not found. As of October 5, 2021, one out of 19 missing persons' dead bodies had been found after more than 70 days, while 18 others remained missing.