# Manado Malay

Manado Malay, or simply the Manado language, is a creole language spoken in Manado, the capital of North Sulawesi province in Indonesia, and the surrounding area. The local name of the language is bahasa Manado, and the name Minahasa Malay is also used, after the main ethnic group speaking the language. Since Manado Malay is used primarily for spoken communication, there is no standard orthography.
Manado Malay differs from standard Malay in having numerous Portuguese, Dutch, Spanish, and Ternate loan words, as well as having traits such as its use of kita as a first person singular pronoun, rather than as a first person inclusive plural pronoun. It is derived from North Moluccan Malay (Ternate Malay), which can be evidenced by the number of Ternate loanwords in its lexicon. For example, the pronouns ngana ('you', singular) and ngoni ('you', plural) are of Ternate–Tidore origin. Manado Malay has been displacing the indigenous languages of the area.

## Phonology
### Vowels

The vowel system of Manado Malay consists of five vowel phonemes.
Manado Malay vowels :
| | Front | Central | Back |
| High | i | | u |
| Mid | e | | o |
| Low | | a | |

### Consonants

Manado Malay has nineteen consonants and two semivowels.
Manado Malay consonants :
| | Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal |
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |
| Plosive | p b | t d | c | k ɡ | ʔ |
| Fricative | f v | s | | | h |
| Lateral | | l | | | |
| Trill | | r | | | |
| Semivowel | w | | j | | |

### Letter-to-sound correspondences
#### Consonants

Non-digraphs :
| Letter | IPA | Examples | Word meaning |
| b | [b] | budo' | (adj., adv.) light-skinned |
| c | [t͡ʃ] | cokodidi | (adj., v.) hyperactive person — in the sense of "could not sit still" |
| d | [d] | dodu' | (n., v.) hiccup |
| f | [f] | falo-falo | (n.) water dipper |
| v (interchangable with f) | [f] | veto | (v.) to rebuke |
| g | [ɡ] | goro | (n.) rubber (material), rubber band |
| h | [h] | haga | (v.) to stare |
| j | [d͡ʒ] | jatung | (v.) to fall down |
| k | [k] | karlota | (adj., n., v.) gossipy, gossip, or to gossip — a slang that emerged in the 1990s, thanks to Carlota, a gossipy servant in [[María la del Barrio#Cast|María la del Barrio]]. |
| l | [l] | li'u | (v.) to trip on one foot only |
| m | [m] | mner | (n.) mister, sir |
| n | [n] | nae | (adj., v.) to go up, to move up |
| p | [p] | parampuang | (n., adj., v.) female, feminine |
| r | [r] | rabu-rabu | (adj., v., adv.) quick in a hurried manner |
| s | [s] | s'hal | (n.) bowl, basin |
| t | [t] | tindis | (v.) to press |
| w | [w] | wowo' | (adj., v.) mute person |
| y | [j] | yaki | (n.) Celebes crested macaque — having the connotation of "stupid" or "dirty" if used in comparison with a person |
| z (usually used in loanwords) | [z] | zigzag | (adj., v.) zigzag |
| ' (very rarely written) | [ʔ] | nyanda' | (det.) no |
Digraphs :
| Letter sequence | IPA | Examples | Word meaning |
| kh (very rare, mostly realized as [k]) | [x] | khas | (adj.) special, unique to |
| kw | [kʷ] | kwa' | (int.) particle that is used to express pity, frustration, or assertion when one didn't follow the locutor's suggestions or commands (ex. So bilang akang kwa' mar ngana cuma jba kabal! "I told you but you just won't listen!") |
| ky | [c] | kyapa | (adv., int.) why |
| ng | [ŋ] | ngale-ngale | (adj., adv.) leisurely slow |
| ny | [ɲ] | nyong | (n.) boy |
| sy (starting to become outdated), sh (modern) | [ʃ] | syalom / shalom | (int.) Shalom |

#### Vowels

Non-diphthong :
| Letter | IPA | Examples | Word meaning | Note |
| a | [a] | aju | (v.) to mockingly mimic someone | |
| e | [e] | enteru | (adj., adv.) all, whole | Often realized as /ɛ/ |
| e | [ə] | empedu | (n.) bile | Must be a loanword (either from Indonesian, English, or other languages) to be truly realized as /ə/, otherwise would disappear or shift to /a/ or /o/. Some accent (like Tomohon or Tondano) tend to preserve the sound from loanwords when compared to the others (such as Manado) where it would shift. But given the nationalization of Indonesian, the younger generation starts to implement more /ə/ in their speech, fully or partially decreolizing the words. |
| i | [i] | iyo | (det.) yes | |
| o | [o] | ofor | (v.) to pass or hand something over | |
| u | [o] | uba | (n.) medicine | |

### Stress

Most words in Manado Malay have stress on the pre-final syllable:
| kadera | 'chair' |
| stenga | 'half' |
| doi | 'money' |
However, there are also many words with final stress:
| butúl | 'right, correct, true' |
| tolór | 'egg; testicle' |
| capát | 'fast' |
Note that the accents is not used in everyday writing; just to indicate the stressed syllable.

## Grammar
### Pronouns
#### Personal

| Pronoun | Standard Indonesian | Manado Malay |
| First singular | aku | kita |
| First plural | kami/kita | torang |
| Second singular | kamu | ngana |
| Second plural | kalian | ngoni |
| Third singular | dia | dia |
| Third plural | mereka | dorang |

#### Possessives

Possessives are built by adding pe to the personal pronoun or name or noun, then followed by the 'possessed' noun. Thus pe has the function similar to English "'s" as in "the doctor's uniform".
| English | Manado Malay |
| My friend | kita pe tamáng / ta pe tamáng |
| Your (sg.) friend | ngana pe tamáng / nga pe tamáng |
| His/her book | dia pe buku / de pe buku |
| This book is yours (sg.) | ini ngana pe buku |

### Interrogative words

The following are the interrogative words or "w-words" in Manado Malay:
| English | Manado Malay |
| why | kyapa |
| where | (di) mana |
| who | sapa |
| which one(s) | tu mana, yang mana |

### Grammatical aspect

Ada ('to be') can be used in Manado Malay to indicate the perfective aspect, e.g.:
* Dorang ada turung pigi ka Wenang = 'They already went down to Wenang'
* Torang so makang = 'We ate already' or 'We have eaten already'

### Nasal final

The final nasals /m/ and /n/ in Indonesian are replaced by the "-ng" group in Manado Malay, similar with Terengganu dialect of Malaysia (as well as other languages in Sulawesi such as Buginese and Makassarese), e.g.:
* makang (Indonesian makan) = 'to eat',
* jalang (Indonesian jalan) = 'to walk',
* sirang (Indonesian siram) = 'to shower', etc.

### Prefix
#### "ba-" prefix

The ber- prefix in Indonesian, which serves a function similar to the English -ing, is modified into ba- in Manado Malay. E.g.: bajalang (berjalan, 'walking'), batobo (berenang, 'swimming'), batolor (bertelur, 'laying eggs')

#### "ma(°)-" prefix

° = ng, n, or m depending on phonological context.
The me(°)- prefix in standard Indonesian, which also serves a function to make a verb active, is modified into ma(°)- in Manado Malay. E.g.: mangael (mengail, 'hooking fish'), manari (menari, 'dancing'), mancari (mencari, 'searching'), mamasa (memasak, 'cooking'), manangis (menangis, 'crying').

## Influences
### Loanwords

Due to the historical presence of the Dutch and the Portuguese in eastern Indonesia, several Manado Malay words originate from their languages. However, there is little influence from the local Minahasan languages, and borrowings from Spanish are not very prominent either – in spite of the historical Spanish dominance – suggesting that Manado Malay was transplanted from outside the Minahasa region. On the other hand, Portuguese influence is comparatively significant, considering that the Portuguese presence in the area was relatively limited. There is also some influence of loanwords from another Austronesian language group called Gorontalo–Mongondow languages. There is also a layer of loanwords from the non-Austronesian language of Ternate, which was controlled by the Portuguese in the period 1512–1655.
| Standard Indonesian | Manado Malay loanword | Source language | Source word | English |
| topi | capeo | Portuguese | chapéu | cap, hat |
| bosan | fastiu, pastiu | Portuguese | fastio | bored |
| untuk | for, por | Dutch | voor | for |
| garpu | fork, forok | Dutch | vork | fork |
| tenggorokan | gargantang | Portuguese | garganta | throat |
| kursi | kadera | Portuguese | cadeira | chair |
| bendera | bandera | Portuguese | bandeira | flag |
| saputangan | lenso | Portuguese | lenço | handkerchief |
| tapi | mar | Dutch | maar | but |
| jagung | milu | Portuguese | milho | corn, maize |
| sudah | klar | Dutch | klaar | finished |
| paman | om | Dutch | oom | uncle |
| nenek | oma | Dutch | oma | grandmother |
| kakek | opa | Dutch | opa | grandfather |
| teduh | (ba)sombar | Portuguese | sombra | shade |
| keringat | suar | Portuguese | suar | sweat |
| bibi | tante | Dutch | tante | aunt |
| dahi | testa | Portuguese | testa | forehead, temple |
| penyu | tuturuga, tuturaga | Portuguese | tartaruga | turtle |
| sepatu | chapatu, sapatu, spatu | Portuguese | sapato | shoe(s) |
| kebun | kintál | Portuguese | quintal | (agricultural) field or garden |

### Indonesian loanwords from Manado Malay

Several words in Manado Malay are loaned to standard Indonesian:
* baku (which indicates reciprocality) e.g.: baku hantam ('to punch each other'), baku ajar ('to hit each other'), Originally a loanword from Ternate, it has spread through Manado Malay into other regions of Indonesia.

## Examples

Examples :
* Kita or ta = I
* Ngana or na = you
* Torang or tong = we
* Dorang or dong = they
* Io = yes
* Nyanda’, nda' = no (' = glottal stop)
Sentences :
* Kita/ta pe mama da pi ka pasar : My mother went to the market
* Nyanda’/Nda’ makang Ngana dari kalamareng. : You haven't eaten since yesterday.
* Jang badusta ngana pa kita! : Don't lie to me!
Note that the apostrophe (') is not used in everyday writing; just to indicate the glottal stop.