# Elevator to the Gallows

Elevator to the Gallows (French: Ascenseur pour l'échafaud), also known as Frantic in the US and Lift to the Scaffold in the UK, is a 1958 French crime thriller film directed by Louis Malle. The film stars Jeanne Moreau and Maurice Ronet as illicit lovers whose murder plot starts to unravel after one of them becomes trapped in an elevator. The screenplay by Roger Nimier and Malle is based on the 1956 novel of the same name by Noël Calef.
Associated by some critics with film noir and introducing new narrative, cinematographic, and editing techniques, the film is considered an important work in establishing the French New Wave and the New Modern Cinema. The improvised soundtrack by Miles Davis and the relationship the film establishes among music, image, and emotion were considered groundbreaking.

## Plot

Lovers Florence Carala and Julien Tavernier devise a plan to kill Florence's husband Simon, a wealthy French industrialist who is also Julien's boss. Staying late at the office one Saturday, Julien, an ex-Foreign Legion parachutist and veteran of the Indochinese and Algerian wars, uses a rope to climb up the outside of the building to Simon's office and shoots Simon with Simon's own gun, staging his death as a suicide. He then makes his way back to his office and leaves the building with a secretary and security guard, who are to be his alibis. When he gets into his convertible, he glances up and sees he left the rope hanging from the balcony rail. Leaving the engine running, he rushes back into the building and boards the elevator. As it ascends, the security guard switches off the power and locks up for the weekend, trapping Julien between floors.
Shortly afterwards, Julien's car is stolen by Louis, a young small-time crook, and his girlfriend Véronique, a flower shop assistant. Waiting for Julien at a nearby café, Florence sees the car go by, with Véronique leaning out the window. Assuming Julien could not go through with their plan and has picked up Véronique, Florence wanders the Paris streets despondently all night, searching for him in local bars and clubs.
Louis puts on Julien's coat and pockets Julien's revolver, which Véronique finds in the glovebox. They drive back and forth on the highway for hours, until some Germans in a sporty Mercedes challenge Louis to a race. He follows them to a motel just off the highway, and the German driver, the jovial Horst Bencker, invites Louis and Véronique to have a drink with him and his wife Frieda. Both couples check in and, while they chat, Frieda takes a few pictures of Louis and her husband with Julien's camera. She finishes the roll, so Véronique drops the film off at the motel's photo lab.
After the Benckers go to bed, Louis (worried because Horst had figured out he is not Julien Tavernier and annoyed because Horst had not taken him more seriously) attempts to steal the Mercedes, but Horst catches him and threatens him with a cigar tube held like a gun. Louis impulsively shoots and kills Horst and Frieda with Julien's gun, firing until it is empty. He and Véronique return to Paris in the Mercedes and hide in Véronique's apartment. Convinced they will be caught and separated, Véronique persuades Louis to commit suicide with her, so they both take phenobarbital pills.
Because Véronique registered at the motel using the names "Mr. and Mrs. Julien Tavernier" to avoid problems for Louis, who is wanted for petty crimes, and Julien's car, gun and raincoat are found next to the Benckers' corpses, the police name Julien as the prime suspect. Officers search his office, escorted by the security guard, who eventually discovers Simon's body. Meanwhile, with the building's power back on, Julien finally escapes from the elevator. Unaware his picture is in the morning papers in connection with the Bencker case, Julien goes to the café for breakfast but is quickly recognised, arrested and charged with killing the Benckers, the police refusing to believe his alibi of being stuck in an elevator.
Florence, determined to exonerate Julien, obtains Véronique's address from the florist. She finds Véronique and Louis drowsy, but alive, and accuses the young couple of murdering the Benckers, before calling the police with an anonymous tip. Louis believes he has gotten away with murder after seeing Julien's picture in the paper, until Véronique reminds him of the roll of film. Louis rushes to the motel's photo lab, tailed by Florence, but finds the pictures have already been developed, and is arrested. Florence enters the lab, and Commissaire Cherrier shows her the photos of her and Julien that were on the roll as evidence of the lovers' crime. Cherrier informs Florence she will probably get a harsher sentence than Julien, but Florence, almost in a trance, replies that she did what she did for love and she and Julien will one day be reunited.

## Cast

* Jeanne Moreau as Florence Carala
* Maurice Ronet as Julien Tavernier
* Georges Poujouly as Louis
* Yori Bertin as Véronique
* Jean Wall as Simon Carala
* Elga Andersen as Frieda Bencker
* Micheline Bona [fr] as Geneviève, the secretary
* Gérard Darrieu as Maurice, the daytime security guard
* Charles Denner as Commissaire Cherrier's deputy
* Hubert Deschamps as deputy prosecutor
* Iván Petrovich as Horst Bencker
* Félix Marten as Christian Subervie
* Lino Ventura as Police Commissaire Cherrier
Jean-Claude Brialy makes an uncredited appearance as a motel guest.

## Production

This low-budget black-and-white production was 24-year-old Louis Malle's first feature film. He had previously worked with Jacques Cousteau for several years, and was credited as co-director of the documentary The Silent World (1956).
Malle cast Jeanne Moreau after seeing her in the Paris stage production of Tennessee Williams' Cat on a Hot Tin Roof. She had already been in a number of films, but her role in this film is often considered her breakthrough. Malle filmed her without the heavy makeup and extreme lighting that previous directors had demanded. Scenes of Moreau wandering down the Champs Elysees at night were shot on fast film from a baby carriage using only available light from the street and shop windows.

## Soundtrack

Miles Davis's score for the film is considered by many to be groundbreaking, with jazz critic Phil Johnson describing it as "the loneliest trumpet sound you will ever hear, and the model for sad-core music ever since. Hear it and weep." Richard Brody, film critic and writer for The New Yorker, wrote that the score itself is "better than the film, by far".

### Organising the recording

In 1957, Davis, an already well known and highly regarded jazz performer and composer, received an invitation to perform in a three-week tour of Europe as a solo artist. Davis had just abandoned his first great quintet of 1955–56, including saxophone player John Coltrane, due to their addiction to heroin. He was beginning to try and live a healthier life, although he was still using cocaine. Additionally, Davis, during his time performing, had been experiencing an immense amount of racism and enjoyed the chance to leave the United States for a while.
Marcel Romano, promoter and jazz enthusiast, picked Davis up from the airport in November 1957 with the initial intention of telling him he would feature in a film about jazz. However, this plan fell through before Davis even arrived. Instead, film technician Jean-Claude Rappeneau, whom Romano had hired for the project, mentioned that he had been working on a feature film with young director Louis Malle who had an interest in jazz music. Romano told Davis about the film and said Davis seemed interested in the project, so they organised a private screening for him. Davis took notes, asking questions about the relationships between the characters and explanations of the plot. He later wrote in his autobiography that he agreed to the job because he had never written music for a film before and it would be "a great learning experience".
While touring Europe, Davis asked that a piano be brought to his hotel room. Over the next two weeks, he began to improvise some themes that would be used in the film. Davis chose to use musicians he had been performing with on his European tour: saxophonist Barney Wilen, pianist René Urtreger, bassist Pierre Michelot and drummer Kenny Clarke. They had only been informed about the project a couple of days prior and went into the session unprepared, having not even seen the film.
On 4 December 1957 at 10 p.m., Davis and his band went to the Le Poste Parisien studios to record the score. The band drank together for an hour, played for four hours, then took two hours of editing, and left the studio by 5 a.m. the next day having finished the film score.

#### Musical analysis

The soundtrack features eight of Davis's extended improvisations, all recorded in the four-hour session. The only song mapped out in detail was "Sur L'Autoroute", and Davis gave minimal instructions to the band for the rest of the soundtrack. He gave them two chordal structures, D minor and C seventh chords, and they improvised around these. Scales rather than chords took precedence, maintaining harmonic simplicity and fragmenting the themes. Michelot said in a 1988 interview, "What characterised the session is the absence of a defined theme."
The mood of the soundtrack is described as generally "dour and somber", but the pace is picked up on tracks such as "Dîner au Motel". The songs "Générique" and "L'Assassinat de Carala" feature Davis's distinctive trumpet style that is echoed through dire straits or death wish motifs. Phil Johnson further described the soundtrack as a "powerfully expressive, highly concentrated, freely inspired performance".

#### Legacy of the score

Elevator to the Gallows witnessed Davis's theory of modal jazz being developed. Modal jazz became highly influential in the late '50s and '60s, switching from the chorally dense sound of bebop. Davis opened up a new gateway between composition and improvisation in this soundtrack, a pathway which he would explore in the 1959 modal jazz album Kind of Blue. This style of music would influence not only future jazz musicians but the sound of film noir itself. Richard Brody highlights this in his article, writing, "The use of jazz and jazz-derived soundtracks became so predominant, that jazz came to seem like the natural backdrop for high-speed chases, mass mayhem, and cold-blooded murder, because the films for which jazz players were enlisted were uniformly violent."

## Critical response

For Time, journalist Barry Farrell wrote:
   Moreau had 20 forgettable films behind her. ... Malle put Moreau under an honest light and wisely let his camera linger. The film was nothing special, but it did accomplish one thing: it proposed a new ideal of cinematic realism, a new way to look at a woman. All the drama in the story was in Moreau's face—the face that had been hidden behind cosmetics and flattering lights in all her earlier films. When Malle [made] The Lovers the following year, it was obvious who his woman would be. For one thing, he had discovered her, and for another, they were in love.
In a review of the film's 2005 theatrical re-release, Roger Ebert observed that Moreau's face when Florence is pondering Julien's whereabouts "is often illuminated only by the lights of the cafes and shops that she passes; at a time when actresses were lit and photographed with care, these scenes had a shock value, and influenced many films to come." He further argued that Louis and Véronique were a precursor to the young couple in Jean-Luc Godard's Breathless (1960). In a 2016 article, New Yorker film critic Richard Brody claimed the film is more important for its place in French film history than for its own artistic merits, with the exception of Davis's score, which he said "is worth hearing entirely on its own. It's better than the film itself, by far, and there are better ways to hear it than in the movie—namely, by listening to a CD that features the entire studio sessions from which the score was edited."
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 93% based on 60 reviews, with an average rating of 8.1/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "Louis Malle's hypnotic debut is a noir with genuine soul, infusing its tale of best laid plans gone awry with wistful performances, swooning cinematography, and a sultry soundtrack." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 94 out of 100, based on 16 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".

## Remakes

There have been two film adaptations of Calef's novel since Malle's version: Shikeidai No Erebêtâ (2010), by Japanese filmmaker Akira Ogata, and Weekend (2013), by Russian filmmaker Stanislav Govorukhin.