# Kyushu

Kyūshū (九州, Kyūshū, pronounced , lit. 'Nine Provinces') is the third-largest island of Japan's four main islands and the most southerly of the four largest islands (i.e. excluding Okinawa and the other Ryukyu (Nansei) Islands). In the past, it has been known as Kyūkoku (九国, "Nine Countries"), Chinzei (鎮西, "West of the Pacified Area") and Tsukushi-no-shima (筑紫島, "Island of Tsukushi"). The historical regional name Saikaidō (西海道, lit. West Sea Circuit) referred to Kyushu and its surrounding islands. Kyushu has a land area of 36,782 square kilometres (14,202 sq mi) and a population of 14,311,224 in 2018.
In the 8th-century Taihō Code reforms, Dazaifu was established as a special administrative term for the region.

## Geography

The island is mountainous, and Japan's most active volcano, Mount Aso at 1,591 metres (5,220 ft), is on Kyūshū. There are many other signs of tectonic activity, including numerous areas of hot springs. The most famous of these are in Beppu, on the east shore, and around Mt. Aso in central Kyūshū. The island is separated from Honshu by the Kanmon Straits. Being the nearest island to the Asian continent, historically it is the gateway to Japan.
The total area is 36,782.37 km$^2$ (14,201.75 sq mi) which makes it the 37th largest island in the world. It's slightly larger than Taiwan island 35,808 km$^2$ (13,826 sq mi). The highest elevation is 1791 meters (5876 feet) on Mount Kujū.
The name Kyūshū comes from the nine ancient provinces of Saikaidō situated on the island: Chikuzen, Chikugo, Hizen, Higo, Buzen, Bungo, Hyūga, Osumi, and Satsuma.
Today's Kyūshū Region (九州地方, Kyūshū-chihō) is a politically defined region that consists of the seven prefectures on the island of Kyūshū (which also includes the former Tsushima and Iki as part of Nagasaki), plus Okinawa Prefecture to the south:
* Northern Kyūshū
** Fukuoka Prefecture
** Kumamoto Prefecture
** Nagasaki Prefecture
** Ōita Prefecture
** Saga Prefecture
* Southern Kyūshū
** Kagoshima Prefecture
** Miyazaki Prefecture
* Okinawa
** Okinawa Prefecture

## Population

Kyūshū has 10.3 percent of the population of Japan. Most of Kyūshū's population is concentrated along the northwest, in the cities of Fukuoka and Kitakyushu, with population corridors stretching southwest into Sasebo and Nagasaki and south into Kumamoto and Kagoshima. Except for Oita and Miyazaki, the eastern seaboard shows a general decline in population.
Politically, Kyūshū is described as a stronghold of the Liberal Democratic Party.
Per Japanese census data, the Kyūshū region's population with Ryukyu Islands (Okinawa and Kagoshima Prefectures) has experienced a large population decline since around 2000. However, the population decline in total is mild because of the relatively high birth rate of Ryukyuans both within the Ryukyuan lands (Okinawa and Kagoshima) and throughout the Kyūshū region. In addition, the other prefectures in Kyūshū also have exceptionally high TFRs compared to the rest of Japan. The Ryukyuans are an indigenous minority group in Japan.
Historical populations :
| Including Ryukyu Islands Historical populationYearPop.±% 1873 5,163,730— 1920 8,730,000+69.1% 1930 9,647,000+10.5% 1940 10,511,000+9.0% 1950 13,011,000+23.8% 1960 13,787,000+6.0% 1970 13,016,000−5.6% 1980 14,073,000+8.1% 1990 14,518,000+3.2% 2000 14,763,781+1.7% 2010 14,596,783−1.1% 2018 14,311,224−2.0%Includes Okinawa and Kagoshima prefecture populations. | Excluding Ryukyu Islands Historical populationYearPop.±% 1873 4,776,363— 1920 6,742,000+41.2% 1930 7,512,000+11.4% 1940 8,347,000+11.1% 1950 10,292,000+23.3% 1960 10,941,000+6.3% 1970 10,342,000−5.5% 1980 11,181,000+8.1% 1990 11,498,000+2.8% 2000 11,659,367+1.4% 2010 11,497,723−1.4% 2018 11,249,154−2.2%In 1873, Ōsumi Province represents portion of Kagoshima with Ryukyu islands |

### Designated cities

* Fukuoka (population: 1,588,924)
* Kitakyushu (population: 940,978)
* Kumamoto (population: 738,907)

### Core cities

* Kagoshima
* Kurume
* Miyazaki
* Naha
* Nagasaki
* Ōita
* Saga
* Sasebo

## Environment and agriculture

Parts of Kyūshū have a subtropical climate, particularly Miyazaki Prefecture and Kagoshima Prefecture. Major agricultural products are rice, tea, tobacco, sweet potatoes, and soy; also, silk is widely produced.
Besides the volcanic area of the south, there are significant mud hot springs in the northern part of the island, around Beppu. The springs are the site of occurrence of certain extremophile microorganisms, which are capable of surviving in extremely hot environments.
There are two World Natural Heritage sites in Kyushu: Yakushima (registered in 1993) and Amami-Ōshima Island, Tokunoshima Island, northern part of Okinawa Island, and Iriomote Island (registered in 2021).

## Economy

Kyūshū's economy accounts for about 10% of Japan's total, and with a GDP equivalent to that of Iran, the 26th largest country in the world, it is the fourth largest economic zone after the three major metropolitan areas of Tokyo, Osaka, and Nagoya.
Kyūshū's economy has a well-balanced industrial structure, ranging from primary industries such as agriculture, to secondary industries such as manufacturing, and tertiary industries such as retail, services, and tourism. Agricultural output in the region amounts to 1.8 trillion yen (20% share of the national total), and the region is a major domestic production center for the automobile and semiconductor industries. Kyūshū also has a thriving healthcare industry, including medical and nursing care, and numerous research and manufacturing facilities in the fields of hydrogen, solar power, and other renewable energies. Furthermore, Fukuoka City, Kitakyushu City and Okinawa Prefecture have been designated as National Strategic Special Zones, which are expected to have an economic ripple effect on the entire Kyūshū region through the creation of innovation in industry and the promotion of new entrepreneurship and start-ups.
Kyūshū is a region with strong economic ties to Asia. For example, Asia accounted for 420 (77.9%) of the 539 overseas expansion cases of Kyūshū-Yamaguchi companies from 2010 to 2019, and Asia accounted for 61.1% of Kyūshū-Yamaguchi's total exports in 2019, 7.4 percentage points higher than the nation as a whole. As the logistics node between Japan and Asia, the ports of Hakata and Kitakyushu handle a large number of international containers. In addition, the number of cruise ship calls in 2019 was 772, with Kyūshū accounting for 26.9% of the nation's total.
Kyūshū is noted for various types of porcelain, including Arita, Imari, Satsuma, and Karatsu. Heavy industry is concentrated in the north around Fukuoka, Kitakyushu, Nagasaki, and Oita and includes chemicals, automobiles, semiconductors, metal processing, shipbuilding, etc. The island of Tanegashima hosts the Tanegashima Space Center, which is the largest rocket-launch complex in Japan.

## Transportation

Kyūshū is linked to the larger island of Honshu by the Kanmon Railway Tunnel, which carries the non-Shinkansen trains of the Kyūshū Railway Company, and the newer Shin-Kanmon Tunnel carrying the San'yō Shinkansen. Railways on the island are operated by the Kyūshū Railway Company and West Japan Railway Company, as well as a variety of smaller companies such as Amagi Railway and Nishitetsu Railway. Kyūshū Shinkansen trains operate between major cities on the island, such as Fukuoka and Kagoshima, with an additional route between Takeo-Onsen and Nagasaki which has been in operation since September 2022. Kyūshū is also known for its scenic train services, such as the Limited Express Yufuin no Mori and Limited Express Kawasemi Yamasemi.
The Kanmon Bridge and Kanmon Roadway Tunnel also connect the island with Honshu, allowing for vehicular transport between the two. The Kyūshū Expressway spans the length of the island, linking the Higashikyushu Expressway and Ibusuki Skyline, connecting major cities such as Fukuoka and Kumamoto along the way. There are also many quiet country roads, including popular tourist routes such as the Nichinan coast road and the Aso Panorama Line in Kumamoto Prefecture. Bus services are available and cover 2,400 routes within Kyūshū's cities, connecting many other destinations.
Several passenger and car ferry services connect both northern and southern Kyūshū with main port cities on the main island of Honshu (Kobe, Osaka, Tokyo) and Shikoku.

## Education

Major universities and colleges in Kyūshū:
* National universities
** Fukuoka University of Education
** Kagoshima University
** Kumamoto University
** Kyūshū Institute of Technology
** Kyūshū University – One of seven former "Imperial Universities"
** Miyazaki University
** Nagasaki University
** National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya
** Oita University
** Saga University
** University of the Ryukyus
* Universities run by local governments
** Fukuoka Prefectural University
** Fukuoka Women's University
** Kyūshū Dental College
** Miyazaki Municipal University
** Miyazaki Prefectural Nursing University
** Nagasaki Prefectural University
** Oita University of Nursing and Health Sciences
** Okinawa Prefectural University of Arts
** Prefectural University of Kumamoto
** University of Kitakyushu
* Major private universities
** Fukuoka University – University with the largest number of students in Kyushu
** Kumamoto Gakuen University
** Kurume University
** Kyūshū Sangyo University – Baseball team won the Japanese National Championship in 2005
** Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University
** Seinan Gakuin University
** University of Occupational and Environmental Health

## Culture

World Heritage Sites in Kyūshū
* Gusuku Sites and Related Properties of the Kingdom of Ryukyu, registered in 2000
* Sites of Japan's Meiji Industrial Revolution: Iron and Steel, Shipbuilding and Coal Mining, registered in 2015
* Sacred Island of Okinoshima and Associated Sites in the Munakata Region, registered in 2017
* Hidden Christian Sites in the Nagasaki Region, registered in 2018

### Sports

Historically some Kyushu-based sports team has competed in the top Japanese division of baseball (NPB), football (soccer) (J.League), basketball (B.League) or even rugby union (League One). Currently the major teams competing in Kyushu's major cities include:
* Fukuoka: Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks (baseball); Avispa Fukuoka, Giravanz Kitakyushu (football); Rizing Zephyr Fukuoka (basketball); Kyuden Voltex (Rugby)
* Saga: Sagan Tosu (football); Saga Ballooners (basketball)
* Nagasaki: V-Varen Nagasaki (football); Nagasaki Velca (basketball)
* Kumamoto: Roasso Kumamoto (football); Kumamoto Volters (basketball)
* Ōita: Oita Trinita (football)
* Miyazaki: Tegevajaro Miyazaki (football)
* Kagoshima: Kagoshima United FC (football); Kagoshima Rebnise (basketball)
* Okinawa: FC Ryukyu (football); Ryukyu Golden Kings (basketball)