# Tel Aviv Light Rail

The Tel Aviv Light Rail (Hebrew: הרכבת הקלה בתל אביב, Romanized: Ha'rakēvet Ha'kalā Be'Tel Avīv, Arabic: قطار تل أبيب الخفيف, Romanized: Qītar Tall ʾAbīb Al-khāfifa), also known as Dankal (Hebrew: דנקל, Arabic: دانكال) is a mass transit system for Gush Dan, the Tel Aviv metropolitan area in central Israel. The system will include different modes of mass transit, including rapid transit (metro), light rail transit (LRT), and bus rapid transit (BRT). Overseen by NTA Metropolitan Mass Transit System Ltd., a government agency, the project will complement the intercity and suburban rail network operated by Israel Railways.
As of 2023, two LRT lines are under construction and one available to the public. Work on the Red Line, the first in the project, started on September 21, 2011, following years of preparatory works, and was opened on August 18, 2023, after numerous delays. Construction of the Purple Line started in December 2018; work on the Green Line began in January 2019.
The network was originally planned to be called "MetroTLV" but was changed to "Dankal". The name comes from the metropolitan area of Tel Aviv, Gush Dan, and "light" ("kal", Hebrew: קל).

## History

The first proposals for a tramway in the area were made by the Lebanese engineer George Franjieh in November 1892, about nine weeks after the inauguration of the Jaffa–Jerusalem railway. The plan called for a main line between southern and northeastern Jaffa, with spurs to the harbor and the eastern orchards. The plan was considered uneconomical and was shelved. A later plan called for a light railway from Jaffa to the nearby towns of Rishon LeZion, Petah Tikva and Wilhelma.
A Decauville light railway was built in Jaffa and Tel Aviv in World War I, connecting the port with the Yarkon River. It was used for about a decade after the war, and dismantled at a later date.
A light rail line, with a route similar to the current Red Line, was planned in 1921 by Pinhas Rutenberg. An attempt to build the line in 1924-5 was unsuccessful.
A subway system was first planned in the mid-1960s but a station at the Shalom Meir Tower was all that was completed of the project, with no rails laid.

### Revised plan: Light Rail

In 2000, the plan for a subway was changed to one for light rail, and more plausible plans for a mass transit system in Tel Aviv were unveiled. After the first Red Line spanning 22 kilometres (14 mi) was approved, excavation began in late 2009, with construction of the underground stations starting in August 2015. The Red Line became operational on August 18, 2023.
In December 2006, the MTS group was awarded a BOT contract for the Red Line of the light rail, by which they are to build and operate the line for its first 32 years. MTS consisted of Africa Israel, Siemens (Germany), Egged, China Civil Engineering Construction (China), Soares da Costa (Portugal), and HTM (Netherlands). After many years of delays due to MTS financing issues, in December 2010 the government revoked MTS's concession and nationalized the project, putting it under the authority of NTA, the government agency which was in charge of overseeing the overall development of the rapid transit system in Gush Dan.

### Further construction

Construction on the Red Line began in August 2015. It opened on August 18, 2023. The preparations for the construction of the Green Line started on February 5, 2017, on Ibn Gabirol Street in Tel Aviv. Infrastructure works for the Purple Line began in December 2018.

## Lines

| Primary line | Color |
| Red Line | Red |
| Green Line | Green |
| Purple Line | Purple |
Red Line is in service; Green and Purple lines are under construction. When complete, they will cover a network of 85 kilometres (53 mi).
| Line | Length | No. of stations | Status | Opening | Passenger forecast | Primary municipalities | Terminals | Rolling Stock |
| Red Line | 24 km (15 mi) (12 km (7.5 mi) underground) | 34 (10 underground) | In service | August 18, 2023 | 240,000 daily 70,000,000 annually | Tel Aviv, Petah Tikva, Bnei Brak, Ramat Gan, Bat Yam | Petah Tikva–Kiryat Aryeh station (depot) (western branch) Petah Tikva Central Bus Station (eastern branch) HaKomemiyut (Bat Yam) | CRRC Changchun LRV |
| Green Line | 39 km (24 mi) (4.5 km (2.8 mi) underground) | 62 (4 underground) | Under construction | 2029 est. | 180,000 daily 65,000,000 annually | Tel Aviv, Herzliya, Holon, Rishon LeZion | Herzliya Pituah (northwestern branch) Neve Sharett (Tel Aviv) (northeastern branch) Rishon LeZion–Moshe Dayan station (southwestern branch) Volkani Institute (Rishon LeZion) (southeastern branch) | Alstom Citadis |
| Purple Line | 27 km (17 mi) | 43 | Under construction | 2027 est. | 180,000 daily 60,000,000 annually | Tel Aviv, Ramat Gan, Kiryat Ono, Giv'at Shmuel, Or Yehuda, Yehud | Tel Aviv–Savidor Center station Bar Ilan University (Giv'at Shmuel) (northern branch) Tayasim Junction (Yehud) (southern branch) | CAF Urbos |

### Red Line

12 km (7.5 mi) of the 24 kilometres (15 mi) Red Line was built underground, with the remaining overground segment constructed as a light rail/tram. It has 34 stops, 10 of which are underground, with an average distance of about 1000 meters between underground stops and of about 500 metres between overground stops. The line runs from Bat Yam in the southwest, through Jaffa and central Tel Aviv, including at Tel Aviv–Savidor Center railway station, and carries on to Petah Tikva, through Ramat Gan and Bnei Brak. An extension to Rishon LeZion is planned. It has been forecast that by 70 million passengers would be using this line annually.
Stations (underground in italics): HaKomemiyut, He'Amal, Kaf Tet BeNovember, Yoseftal, Binyamin, Balfour, Jabotinsky, Rothschild, Ha'Atsma'ut, Mahrozet, HaBesht, Isakov, Ehrlich, Bloomfield Stadium, Shalma (Salame), Elifelet, Allenby, Carlebach, Yehudit, Sha'ul HaMelekh, Arlosoroff, Abba Hillel, Bialik, Ben-Gurion, Aharonovich. From Aharonovich, one branch continues to Shenkar, Shaham, Beilinson, Dankner, Krol, Pinsker, Petah Tikva Central Bus Station (Terminal); another continues to Em HaMoshavot Bridge and Kiryat Arye.
The work on Allenby station began on February 8, 2015.
In May 2021, a test run of the red line began in Petah Tikva.
* Test drive of the red light rail line in Tel Aviv, November 2021

### Green Line

The second or Green Line, in the tender phase, is a 39 kilometres (24 mi) with 4.5 kilometres (2.8 mi) of them underground. It will have 62 stops that would run from the west of Rishon LeZion northwards through Holon through central Tel Aviv splitting into two branches: one to Herzliya in the north and the other one to Ramat HaHayal neighborhood in Tel Aviv in the northeast. Only its central Tel Aviv segment, four of the 62 stations, will be underground, from Levinski Street through Ibn Gabirol Street until the Yarkon River. The expected annual passenger forecast is 65 million. NTA is including the design and boring of the Green Line's tunnels as part of Red Line's tunnels overall contract so that work on the Green Line's underground portion can commence immediately following the completion of the Red Line tunnels. The preparations for the construction of this line begun in February 2017 in Ibn Gabirol street in Tel Aviv.

### Purple Line

The third, or Purple Line, is envisaged as a 27 kilometres (17 mi) line with 43 stops and will connect Sheba Hospital through Giv'at Shmuel and Kiryat Ono, and will connect Arlozorov in Tel Aviv to Yehud and Or Yehuda through Ramat Gan. This line will be over-ground for its entire route.

### Cancelled lines
#### Yellow Line

This line would have begun in Kfar Saba then continued on to Hod Hasharon, Herzliya, Ramat Hasharon on Sokolov Street, before joining Ben-Gurion Street in Ramat Gan, then Yitzhak Rabin Street in Givatayim, then Moshe Dayan Street in Tel Aviv, Mikveh Israel, it would end in Holon after crossing Ariel Sharon Park. Parts of it were superseded by the M1 metro line. As of December 2024, the plan is to run the line as a BRT line.

### Network map
## Other mass transit systems
### Metro

The rapid transit plan for Gush Dan, conceived and approved in 2016, called for three underground metro lines, centered on Tel Aviv: a north–south line (M1), an east–west line (M2), and a circular line (M3). The lines are currently undergoing an individual approval process.
| Line | Length | No. of stations | Status | Opening | Primary municipalities | Terminals |
| M1 | 85 km (53 mi) | 62 | M1S – Approved M1C – Approved M1N – Planned | NET 2032 | Tel Aviv, Lod, Ramle, Be'er Ya'akov, Rehovot, Nes Ziona, Rishon LeZion, Holon, Ramat HaSharon, Herzliya, Ra'anana, Hod HaSharon, Kfar Sava | Ra'anana (northwestern branch) Kfar Sava (northeastern branch) Rehovot (southwestern branch) Lod–Ganei Aviv (southeastern branch) |
| M2 | 26 km (16 mi) | 22 | Approved | NET 2032 | Tel Aviv, Bat Yam, Giv'atayim, Ramat Gan, Bnei Brak, Petah Tikva | Holon–Wolfson Petah Tikva |
| M3 | 39 km (24 mi) | 25 | Approved | NET 2032 | Tel Aviv, Herzliya, Petah Tikva, Kiryat Ono, Or Yehuda, Azor, Holon, Bat Yam | Herzliya Pituah Bat Yam Ben Gurion Airport (branch) |

### Bus rapid transit

Most BRT lines planned for Gush Dan were cancelled in 2016 and replaced with metro lines. Only plans for the Brown Line were retained, however, no date for start of construction has been announced.
| Line | Length | No. of stations | Status | Opening | Primary municipalities | Terminals |
| Brown Line | 30 km (19 mi) | 46 | Planned | 2028 | Rishon LeZion, Be'er Ya'akov, Ramle, Lod | Rishon LeZion–Moshe Dayan Lod–Ganei Aviv |
| Blue Line | 23 km (14 mi) | 44 | Planned | 2028 | Rehovot, Ness Ziona, Rishon LeZion, Azor, Holon | Bilu Junction Holon Junction |

#### Brown Line

The Brown Line is a planned BRT line that will serve the southern metropolitan area. Starting at Moshe Dayan Railway Station in western Rishon LeZion, it will continue east via central Rishon LeZion, bypassing Assaf HaRofeh Medical Center, until Ramle, where it splits into two branches: one continues to Lod in the northeast and the second continues to eastern Ramle in the east. There is a possibility of making it a light rail line eventually.

#### Blue Line

The Blue Line is the first BRT line not to pass via Tel Aviv. The line will begin in Bilu Junction near Rehovot and continues to HaRishonim Railway Station in Rishon LeZion via Ness Ziona and will end at the Holon junction. This line is expected to open in 2027 or 2028.

### Cancelled lines
#### Pink Line

The Pink Line was planned to serve the northern metropolitan area, beginning in northeastern Kfar Saba and continuing through its main streets until crossing Highway 4 to Ra'anana, continuing through Ahuza Street until western Ra'anana, and continuing to Herzliya and crossing it until the Marina area, where it would have terminated. This line was superseded by the M1 and M3 metro lines.

#### Orange Line

The Orange Line would have been the only line isolated from the system. It would serve only the city of Netanya in the northern metropolitan area. It would be a circular line that connects both sides of the city, crossing Highway 2.