# Suffocation (band)

Suffocation is an American death metal band formed in 1988 in Centereach, New York, currently consisting of lead guitarist Terrance Hobbs, bassist Derek Boyer, rhythm guitarist Charlie Errigo, drummer Eric Morotti, and vocalist Ricky Myers. The band rose to prominence with their 1991 debut album Effigy of the Forgotten, which became a blueprint for death metal in the 1990s. Since then, Suffocation has recorded eight albums. These feature growled vocals with downtuned guitars, fast and complex guitar riffs and drumming, open chord notes and occasional breakdowns.

## History
### Early years (1988–1990)

Suffocation was formed in 1988 in Long Island, New York, by vocalist Frank Mullen, guitarists Guy Marchais and Todd German, bassist Josh Barohn, and a drummer whose name has not been disclosed. By 1990, the band had replaced their founding members with hired guitarists Terrance Hobbs and Doug Cerrito along with drummer Mike Smith, who were members of a local band called Mortuary, which had already disbanded. The quintet was mainly influenced by fellow American death metal bands as well as Britain's Napalm Death and Brazil's Sepultura. Suffocation would be unique among the death metal community for featuring African-American musicians in their lineup, with Smith commenting on meeting Hobbs for the first time: "That's where I first noticed, 'Wow, there's another black guy playing this kind of stuff.'" They signed a contract with Relapse Records in 1990, becoming one of the first three bands to sign onto the newly founded label alongside Incantation and Deceased.

### Human Waste and Effigy of the Forgotten (1991–1992)

The band's first EP, Human Waste, was released through Relapse Records in 1991. The first full-length debut album, Effigy of the Forgotten, was recorded by producer Scott Burns at Tampa's Morrisound Studios and released by Roadrunner Records in 1991. The album took a week to produce, and was recorded on a budget of $5,000. Hobbs said of the experience, "To know that Deicide, Death, Morbid Angel and all those bands were in that studio was a super amazing experience [...] Florida was a big thing; that was like our Mecca. For us to go down to Morrisound, recording with Scott Burns, an amazing engineer, was just unbelievable."
Though it initially received mixed reviews from critics, Effigy of the Forgotten would later gain acclaim and become greatly influential in extreme metal music, influencing the technical death metal and slam death metal genres. In 2004, the album was voted as the 342nd greatest metal album of all time in Martin Popoff's book of The Top 500 Heavy Metal Albums of All Time.
In July 1991, founding bassist John Barohn was replaced by Chris Richards (ex Apparition/Sorrow), leaving the band to join Autopsy.

### Breeding the Spawn, Pierced from Within, and hiatus (1993–1995)

In 1993, the sophomore album Breeding the Spawn was released, its production and mixing being a key weak point that would be immediately harshly criticized. Originally, the band was due to return to Morrisound and record the album with Scott Burns, but Roadrunner was unwilling to fund the album properly and refused to pay for the studio time, forcing them to record elsewhere. After this album, drummer Mike Smith left the band, the situation with the recording process for this album being a major reason for him leaving the band, and was replaced by Doug Bohn. Tracks of Breeding the Spawn would be re-recorded in future Suffocation releases.
The 1995 release Pierced from Within, which received better production than the previous release, was followed by extensive tours in Europe, Canada, Mexico and the United States. In 1998, Suffocation released the EP Despise the Sun via Vulture Records and disbanded soon after. The EP was re-released later in 2000 and 2002 by Relapse Records.

### Reunion and later years (2003–present)

Mullen and Hobbs reformed in 2003 with Smith, returning founding members Guy Marchais on guitar, and Josh Barohn on bass. Barohn would not last long, and left the band soon. Suffocation would then hire bassist Derek Boyer of the bands Deeds of Flesh and Decrepit Birth. In April 2004, Relapse Records released Souls to Deny. After the band played more than 400 shows in the United States and Europe including the Wacken Festival in Germany, playing to over 33,000 fans, Suffocation released their self-titled album, Suffocation, in 2006. In 2007, the band was featured in The History Channel's promotional video for The Dark Ages documentary, playing the song "Bind, Torture, Kill".
In 2008, the band signed to the German Nuclear Blast Records and released their album Blood Oath in 2009. The album charted on the US Billboard 200 at number 135. In 2009, Relapse released the live album entitled Close of a Chapter—Live in Québec City, that was previously self-released by the band in 2005. The release of a documentary film Legacy of Violence was set for 2010, but has since been delayed. In May 2010, Suffocation toured with Napalm Death in South America and Mexico. In February 2012, Smith left the band again, to be replaced by the returning Dave Culross.
In 2012, the band was inducted into the Long Island Music Hall of Fame and released Pinnacle of Bedlam in February 2013. Since after the release of Pinnacle of Bedlam in 2013, vocalist Frank Mullen announced that he will retire from full-time touring with the band due to his new job. He has since been replaced by various live vocal stand ins, including Bill Robinson, John Gallagher, Kevin Muller, and, currently, Ricky Myers.
In January 2015, Suffocation began making posts revealing that they were in the process of recording demos for a new album with a potential release date of late 2015. In April 2016, the ensemble toured with Soulfly, Abnormality, Battlecross and Lody Kong.
The new album's name was revealed as ...Of the Dark Light and was released on June 9, 2017. Later in 2017, Kevin Muller, who had previously been a touring member, joined the band full-time alongside longtime vocalist Frank Mullen leading the two to share vocal duties on the last album. He subsequently stepped down at the end of the year and was replaced by a returning Myers in 2018. On March 12, 2018, it was announced that Frank Mullen would do one more tour with Suffocation before officially retiring from the band. They were joined by Cattle Decapitation and Krisiun on this tour. On January 15, 2019, it was announced that Mullen would return in June 2019 for a final tour of Japan.
On September 12, 2023, the band announced their ninth album, Hymns from the Apocrypha, would be released on November 3. The album won the Album Of The Month designation at Metallian. The band began touring in support of the new release immediately.

## Musical style, influences and legacy

Suffocation are considered by many to be one of the pioneers of technical death metal. Lead guitarist Terrance Hobbs shared his view on the subgenre's development, recalling "As bands started to get progressively faster, our ears really liked that [...] Going from thrash like Slayer, Destruction and Metallica to us was natural. We just wanted to go faster and faster." The band's sound has also been said to contain elements of brutal death metal, thrash metal, speed metal, and grindcore. Guitarists Doug Cerrito and Terrance Hobbs have been referred to as "the guitar duo from hell," drawing comparisons to Kerry King and Jeff Hanneman of Slayer.
Suffocation uses "outrageously guttural vocals with a bottom-heavy guitar foundation, blistering speed, unparalleled brutality and sophisticated sense of songwriting, complex time changes and lead and rhythm guitar acrobatics" and occasional slam riffs and breakdowns.
With their debut album, Effigy of the Forgotten (1991), Suffocation rose to prominence in death metal and created a blueprint for the genre for the 1990s, retaining their style after the reunion in 2003. Decibel Magazine stated: "Effigy of the Forgotten was a benchmark for extreme music, as it sacrificed neither virtuosity or brutality, becoming a signpost for thousands who were still contemplating how to incorporate scalar runs, rapid-fire palm-muting and hummingbird-wing-quick picking into riffs, while opening up rhythmic dimensions and the scope of the blast beat."
Blabbermouth.net described Suffocation as "American death metal's most consistent and punishing standard-bearers" and their style as "brutal death metal". Leslie Mathew of Allmusic stated Mullen is one of the best vocalists in the genre. Decibel Magazine stated: "One of Suffocation's trademarks, breakdowns, has spawned an entire metal subgenre: deathcore."
Leslie Mathew of AllMusic conferred the title of "the connoisseur's death metal band" on Suffocation.
Guitarist Terrance Hobbs has cited Slayer, Destruction, Death, King Diamond, Atheist, and Metallica as early influences on the band's sound. He also cited "stadium rockers" such as Ozzy Osbourne, Led Zeppelin and Iron Maiden as having influenced various elements of the band's craft. He said, "musically, if it was in that thrash metal, hardcore, death metal-type vein, we were into it, and I think we were playing off all that."

## Members

Timeline

## Discography
### Studio albums

| Title | Album details | Peak chart positions | Peak chart positions | Peak chart positions | Peak chart positions | Peak chart positions | Peak chart positions | Sales |
| Title | Album details | US | US Heat. | US Ind. | GER | BEL (FL) | BEL (WA) | Sales |
| Effigy of the Forgotten | Released: October 22, 1991 Label: Roadrunner Records Formats: CD, CS, LP, download | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Breeding the Spawn | Released: May 18, 1993 Label: Roadrunner Records Formats: CD, CS, LP, download | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Pierced from Within | Released: May 23, 1995 Label: Roadrunner Records Formats: CD, CS, LP, download | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Souls to Deny | Released: April 27, 2004 Label: Relapse Records Formats: CD, LP, download | — | — | 34 | — | — | — | |
| Suffocation | Released: September 19, 2006 Label: Relapse Records Formats: CD, LP, download | — | 29 | 29 | — | — | — | |
| Blood Oath | Released: July 3, 2009 Label: Nuclear Blast Formats: CD, LP, download | 135 | 2 | — | — | — | — | US: 5,700+ |
| Pinnacle of Bedlam | Released: February 15, 2013 Label: Nuclear Blast Formats: CD, CD+DVD, CS, LP, download | 152 | 2 | 25 | 58 | 197 | 119 | US: 8,500+ |
| ...Of the Dark Light | Released: June 9, 2017 Label: Nuclear Blast Formats: CD, CD+DVD, CS, LP, download | — | — | — | 80 | 167 | — | |
| Hymns from the Apocrypha | Released: November 3, 2023 Label: Nuclear Blast Formats: CD, CD+DVD, CS, LP, download | — | — | — | 53 | — | — |
| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. |||||||||

### Live albums

| Title | Album details | Notes |
| Close of a Chapter: Live in Québec City | Released: 2005 Label: Self-released Formats: CD, download | re-released by Relapse Records on October 27, 2009 |
| Live in North America | Released: November 12, 2021 Label: Nuclear Blast Formats: CD, cassette | Recorded on October 22, 2018, at Middle East Down in Cambridge, MA on the Death Chopping North America Tour (final North American tour with Frank Mullen) |

### EPs

| Title | Album details |
| Human Waste | Released: May 1, 1991 Label: Relapse Records Formats: CD, CS, LP, download |
| Despise the Sun | Released: April 30, 1998 Label: Vulture Records Formats: CD, LP, download |

### Compilation albums

| Title | Album details |
| The Best of Suffocation | Released: January 29, 2008 Label: Roadrunner Records Formats: CD, download |

### Demos

| Title | Album details |
| Reincremated | Released: July 1990 Label: Self-released Formats: CS |

### Music videos

| Year | Title | Directed | Album |
| 2004 | "Surgery of Impalement" | Adam Wingard | Souls to Deny |
| 2005 | "Synthetically Revived" | Adam Wingard | Human Waste |
| 2006 | "Abomination Reborn" | Rick Carmona | Suffocation |
| 2007 | "Bind Torture Kill" | | Suffocation |
| 2009 | "Cataclysmic Purification" | David Brodsky | Blood Oath |
| 2010 | "Blood Oath" | | Blood Oath |
| 2013 | "As Grace Descends" | Tommy Jones | Pinnacle of Bedlam |
| 2023 | "Seraphim Enslavement" | Tom Flynn | Hymns From The Apocrypha |