# Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt

The Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt (notated Dynasty XXX, alternatively 30th Dynasty or Dynasty 30) is usually classified as the fifth Dynasty of the Late Period of ancient Egypt. It was founded after the overthrow of Nepherites II in 380 BC by Nectanebo I, and was disestablished upon the invasion of Egypt by the Achaemenid king Artaxerxes III in 343 BC. This is the final native dynasty of ancient Egypt; after the deposition of Nectanebo II, Egypt fell under foreign domination.

## History

Periods and dynasties of ancient Egypt :
All years are BC :
Predynastic Protodynastic 0 c. 3300–3150 :
Early Dynastic First Dynasty I c. 3150–2890 Second Dynasty II 2890–2686 :
Old Kingdom Third Dynasty III 2686–2613 Fourth Dynasty IV 2613–2498 Fifth Dynasty V 2498–2345 Sixth Dynasty VI 2345–2181 :
First Intermediate Seventh Dynasty VII spurious Eighth Dynasty VIII 2181–2160 Ninth Dynasty IX 2160–2130 Tenth Dynasty X 2130–2040 Early Eleventh Dynasty XI 2134–2061 :
Middle Kingdom Late Eleventh Dynasty XI 2061–1991 Twelfth Dynasty XII 1991–1803 Thirteenth Dynasty XIII 1803–1649 :
Second Intermediate Fourteenth Dynasty XIV 1705–1690 Fifteenth Dynasty (Hyksos) XV 1674–1535 Sixteenth Dynasty XVI 1660–1600 Abydos Dynasty 1650–1600 Seventeenth Dynasty XVII 1580–1549 :
New Kingdom Eighteenth Dynasty XVIII 1549–1292 Nineteenth Dynasty XIX 1292–1189 Twentieth Dynasty XX 1189–1077 :
Third Intermediate Twenty-first Dynasty XXI 1069–945 Twenty-second Dynasty XXII 945–720 Twenty-third Dynasty XXIII 837–728 Twenty-fourth Dynasty XXIV 732–720 Twenty-fifth Dynasty (Nubian) XXV 732–653 :
Late Period Twenty-sixth Dynasty XXVI 672–525 Twenty-seventh Dynasty (1st Persian Period) XXVII 525–404 Twenty-eighth Dynasty XXVIII 404–398 Twenty-ninth Dynasty XXIX 398–380 Thirtieth Dynasty XXX 380–343 Thirty-first Dynasty (2nd Persian Period) XXXI 343–332 :
Hellenistic Egypt Thirty-second Dynasty XXXII 332–305 Thirty-third Dynasty XXXIII 305–30 :
Roman Egypt Thirty-fourth Dynasty (Roman Pharaohs) XXXIV 30 BC – 313 AD :
Byzantine Egypt Thirty-fifth Dynasty (speculated) XXXV 379 AD – 641 AD :
See also: List of pharaohs by period and dynasty Periodization of ancient Egypt :
vte :
Nectanebo I had gained control of all of Egypt by November of 380 BC, but spent much of his reign defending his kingdom from Persian reconquest with the occasional help of Sparta or Athens. In 365 BC, Nectanebo made his son, Teos, co-king and heir, and until his death in 363 BC, father and son reigned together. After his father's death, Teos invaded the Persian territories of modern Syria and Israel and was beginning to meet with some successes when he lost his throne due to the machinations of his own brother Tjahapimu.$^{:377}$ Tjahepimu took advantage of Teos' unpopularity within Egypt by declaring his son—and Teos' nephew, Nectanebo II—king. The Egyptian army rallied around Nectanebo II which forced Teos to flee to the court of the king of Persia.$^{:379}$
Nectanebo II's reign was dominated by the efforts of the Persian rulers to reconquer Egypt, which they considered a satrapy in revolt. For the first ten years, Nectanebo avoided the Persian reconquest because Artaxerxes III was forced to consolidate his control of the realm. Artaxerxes then attempted an unsuccessful invasion of Egypt in the winter of 351/350 BC; the repercussions of his defeat prompted revolts in Cyprus, Phoenicia, and Cilicia.$^{:379–380}$ Although Nectanebo gave support to these revbellions, Artaxerxes eventually suppressed them and was once again able to invade Egypt in 343 BC. This second invasion proved successful, and Nectanebo was forced to withdraw from his defenses in the Nile Delta to Memphis, where he saw that his cause was lost. He thereupon fled south to Nubia, where he is assumed to have found refuge at the court of King Nastasen of Napata. Nectanebo, however, may have managed to maintain some form of independent rule in the south of Egypt for 2 more years since a document from Edfu is dated to his eighteenth year.$^{:380–381}$
Although a shadowy figure named Khababash proclaimed himself king and led a rebellion against the Persians from about 338 to 335 BC, Nectanebo has been considered the last native pharaoh of Egypt. His flight marked the end of Egypt as an independent entity.$^{:381}$

## Pharaohs of the 30th Dynasty

| Name of Pharaoh | Reign | Prenomen (Throne name) | Horus-name | Comments |
| Nectanebo I (Nakhtnebef I) | 380–362 BC | Kheperkare | Tjemaa | Son of a military official named Teos (not to be confused with his own son and successor) and himself a prominent general, he deposed and likely killed Nefaarud II to end the Twenty-ninth Dynasty. The elder Nectanebo moved the capital of Egypt from Mendes to Sebennytos. He also engaged in many building projects across Egypt, perhaps outdoing many of his predecessors; Nectanebo is credited with beginning the construction of the Temple of Isis at Philae, among other things. He respected religion and attempted to bring Egypt closer to the gods by restoring monuments and giving them gifts, as well as defended Egypt from the aggressive Achaemenid Empire. |
| Teos (Djedhor) | 362–360 BC | Irmaatenre | Khaemmaatseshemtawy | Co-regent with his father Nectanebo I from about 365 BC, Teos became unpopular with the Egyptian people because he raised taxes to fund a military campaign to conquer Achaemenid Syria and Palestine, including the satrapies of Eber-Nari and Phoenicia. The king's brother, Tjahapimu, took advantage of this to install his own son, Nectanebo II, on the throne. |
| Nectanebo II (Nakhtnebef II) | 360–343 BC | Senedjemibra Setenpeninhur | Merytawy | The last native ruler of ancient Egypt, his deposition marked the end of Egyptian hegemony until 1952. Nectanebo, however, was a very competent pharaoh, perhaps the most energetic of the dynasty, as he engaged in building and repairing monuments on a scale exceeding that of his grandfather's, forged alliances with the Greek poleis, and boosted the economy. He was overthrown by Artaxerxes III around 343 BC and fled to Nubia; his subsequent fate is lost to history, although some believe he died shortly after. |

## Family tree

| | | | | Djedhor A | Djedhor A | Djedhor A | Djedhor A | Djedhor A | Djedhor A | | | | | [...]mu (♀) | [...]mu (♀) | [...]mu (♀) | [...]mu (♀) | [...]mu (♀) | [...]mu (♀) | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | Nectanebo I | Nectanebo I | Nectanebo I | Nectanebo I | Nectanebo I | Nectanebo I | | | | | Meryethapi (♀) | Meryethapi (♀) | Meryethapi (♀) | Meryethapi (♀) | Meryethapi (♀) | Meryethapi (♀) | | | | | | | Nesibanebdjedet A | Nesibanebdjedet A | Nesibanebdjedet A | Nesibanebdjedet A | Nesibanebdjedet A | Nesibanebdjedet A | | | | | | | | | | |
| Teos | Teos | Teos | Teos | Teos | Teos | | | Tjahapimu | Tjahapimu | Tjahapimu | Tjahapimu | Tjahapimu | Tjahapimu | Udjashu (♀) | Udjashu (♀) | Udjashu (♀) | Udjashu (♀) | Udjashu (♀) | Udjashu (♀) | Tikhabes (♀) | Tikhabes (♀) | Tikhabes (♀) | Tikhabes (♀) | Tikhabes (♀) | Tikhabes (♀) | | | | | Pediamun | Pediamun | Pediamun | Pediamun | Pediamun | Pediamun |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Khedebneithirbinet II (?) (♀) | Khedebneithirbinet II (?) (♀) | Khedebneithirbinet II (?) (♀) | Khedebneithirbinet II (?) (♀) | Khedebneithirbinet II (?) (♀) | Khedebneithirbinet II (?) (♀) | | | Nectanebo II | Nectanebo II | Nectanebo II | Nectanebo II | Nectanebo II | Nectanebo II | Nakhtnebef A | Nakhtnebef A | Nakhtnebef A | Nakhtnebef A | Nakhtnebef A | Nakhtnebef A |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | unnamed son | unnamed son | unnamed son | unnamed son | unnamed son | unnamed son | | | | | | |