# Juneau, Alaska

Juneau (/ˈdʒuːnoʊ/ JOO-noh; Tlingit: Dzánti K'ihéeni transl. Base of the Flounder's River), officially the City and Borough of Juneau, is the capital of the U.S. state of Alaska, located along the Gastineau Channel and the Alaskan panhandle. Juneau was named the capital of Alaska in 1906, when the government of what was then the District of Alaska was moved from Sitka as dictated by the U.S. Congress in 1900. On July 1, 1970, the City of Juneau merged with the City of Douglas and the surrounding Greater Juneau Borough to form the current consolidated city-borough, which ranks as the second-largest municipality in the United States by area and is larger than either Rhode Island or Delaware.
Downtown Juneau is nestled at the base of Mount Juneau and it is across the channel from Douglas Island. As of the 2020 census, the City and Borough had a population of 32,255, making it the third-most populous city in Alaska after Anchorage and Fairbanks, but the sixth-least populous U.S. state capital. Juneau experiences a daily influx of 21,000 people or more from visiting cruise ships between the months of May and September.
The city is named after a gold prospector from Quebec, Joe Juneau, although it was once called Rockwell and then Harrisburg (after Juneau's co-prospector, Richard Harris). The Tlingit name of the town is Dzántik'i Héeni transl. Base of the Flounder's River, and Auke Bay just north of Juneau proper is called Áak'w transl. Little Lake in Tlingit. The Taku River, just south of Juneau, was named after the cold t'aakh wind, which occasionally blows down from the mountains.
Juneau is unique among U.S. state capitals in that there are no roads connecting the city to the rest of the state or to the contiguous United States. Honolulu, Hawaii, is the only other state capital which is not connected by road to the contiguous United States. The absence of a road network is due to the extremely rugged terrain surrounding the city. In turn, Juneau is a de facto island city in terms of transportation; all goods coming in and out must be transported by plane or boat despite the city's location on the Alaskan mainland.
Downtown Juneau sits at sea level with tides averaging 16 feet (5 m), below steep mountains about 3,500 to 4,000 feet (1,100 to 1,200 m) high. Atop the mountains is the Juneau Icefield, a large ice mass from which about 30 glaciers flow; two of them, the Mendenhall Glacier and the Lemon Creek Glacier, are visible from the local road system. The Mendenhall Glacier has been gradually retreating; its front face is declining in width and height.
The Alaska State Capitol in downtown Juneau was built as the Federal and Territorial Building in 1931. Prior to statehood, it housed federal government offices, the federal courthouse, and a post office. It also housed the territorial legislature and other territorial offices, including that of the governor. Today, Juneau is the home of the state legislature and the offices of the governor and lieutenant governor. Some executive branch offices have moved certain functions to Anchorage and elsewhere in the state.

## History

The Gastineau Channel was a fishing place for the Auke (A'akw Kwáan) and Taku tribes, who had inhabited the surrounding area for thousands of years. The A'akw Kwáan had a village and burying ground here. In the 21st century it is known as Indian Point. They annually harvested herring during the spawning season.
Since the late 20th century, the A'akw Kwáan, together with the Sealaska Heritage Institute, have resisted European-American development of Indian Point, including proposals by the National Park Service and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). They consider it to be sacred territory, both because of the burying ground and the importance of the point in their traditions of gathering sustenance from the sea. They continue to gather clams, gumboot chitons, grass, and sea urchins, as well as tree bark for medicinal uses.
The city and state supported the Sealaska Heritage Institute in documenting the 78 acres (32 ha) site, and in August 2016, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. "It is the first traditional cultural property in Southeast Alaska to be placed on the register."
Descendants of the indigenous cultures include the Tlingit people. Native cultures have rich artistic traditions expressed in carving, weaving, singing, dancing, and in oral lore. Juneau is a social center for the Tlingit, Haida, and Tsimshian of Southeast Alaska.

### European encounters

Although the Russians had a colony in the Alaska territory from 1784 to 1867, they did not settle in Juneau. They conducted extensive fur trading with Alaskan Natives of the Aleutian Islands and Kodiak.
The first European to see the Juneau area was Joseph Whidbey, master of the Discovery during George Vancouver's 1791–95 expedition. He and his party explored the region in July–August 1794. Early in August he viewed the length of Gastineau Channel from the south, noting a small island in mid-channel. He later recorded seeing the channel again, this time from the west. He said it was unnavigable, being filled with ice.

### Mining era and naming

After the California gold rush, miners migrated up the Pacific Coast and explored the West, seeking other gold deposits. In 1880, Sitka mining engineer George Pilz offered a reward to any local native in Alaska who could lead him to gold-bearing ore. A local native arrived with some ore, and several prospectors were sent to investigate. On their first trip to Gold Creek, they found deposits of little interest. However, Pilz sent Joe Juneau (the cousin of Milwaukee co-founder Solomon Juneau) and Richard Harris back to the Gastineau Channel, directing them to Snow Slide Gulch (the head of Gold Creek). According to the Rev. Samuel Young, in his book Alaska Days with John Muir, Juneau and Harris decided to explore their party's campsite at the creek head in the summer of 1879. They found nuggets "as large as peas and beans" there, in Harris' words.
On October 18, 1880, the two men marked a 160-acre (650,000 m$^2$) town site and soon a mining camp sprang up. Many miners arrived within a year and the camp became a village, albeit made up mostly of tents and shacks rather than buildings. It was the first European American settlement founded in the territory after the United States purchased Alaska. By the autumn of 1881, the village had a population of over 100 and was known as Rockwell, after Lt. Com. Charles Rockwell; later it was known as Harrisburg after prospector Richard Harris. On December 14, 1881, it was decided at a miners' meeting of 72 persons to name the settlement Juneau, after prospector Joe Juneau.

### Establishment of Russian Orthodox Church

Likely due to the pressure of European encroachment, some Tlingit appealed to the Russian Orthodox Church. It held services in northern Tlingit settlements in local languages as early as 1800 and 1824. One of its priests translated scripture and liturgy into the Tlingit language during the 1830s and 1840s. The Tlingit arranged for an Orthodox priest to come to their Juneau settlement. In 1890, about 700 people converted, following chief Yees Gaanaalx and his wife of Auke Bay. The Orthodox Church Missionary Society supported the Tlingit in furnishing and constructing a church for the large congregation.
The St. Nicholas Russian Orthodox Church was completed in 1894 and has maintained an important presence among the Tlingit, Serbians, and other Europeans who follow Orthodox traditions. The iconostasis has six large panels which were sent from Russia.

### Development of mining

Prospector and placer miner John Lemon operated at the time in what is today the Lemon Creek area. The neighborhood which developed there was given his name by early settlers, several other landmarks in Juneau have also been named for him. Major mining operations in the Juneau mining district prior to World War II included the Treadwell Mine, the Alaska-Juneau Mine, and the Alaska-Gastineau Mine.
By 1906, after the decline of whaling and the fur trade, Sitka which was the original capital of Alaska, had become less important and the territorial legislature moved the seat of government to Juneau in accordance with a 1900 federal law. Juneau was the most populous city in Alaska during the inter-war years, surpassing Fairbanks population by the 1920 census. Anchorage became the largest city in terms of population in 1950.

### Selection as capital

In 1911, the United States Congress authorized funds for construction of a capitol building for the Alaska Territory. World War I delayed construction and there were difficulties purchasing the necessary land. Citizens of Juneau donated some of the required funds, and construction began on September 8, 1929. Construction of the capitol took less than two years, and the building was dedicated as the Federal and Territorial Building on February 14, 1931. It was designed by Treasury Department architects in the Art Deco architectural style. The building was originally used by the federal government to house the federal courthouse and the post office for the territory. Alaska gained statehood in 1959 and under the Alaska Statehood Act, the Federal and Territorial Building was transferred to the new state and became its capitol.
The Alaska Governor's Mansion was commissioned under the Public Building Act in 1910. The mansion was designed by James Knox Taylor in the Colonial Revival style. Construction was completed in 1912. The territorial governor at the time was the first governor to live in the mansion, and he held the first open house for citizens on January 1, 1913.
The area of the mansion is 14,400 square feet (1,340 m$^2$). It has ten bathrooms, six bedrooms, and eight fireplaces. It is the governor's residence when in Juneau on official business. In June 1923, President Warren G. Harding became the first president to visit Alaska. Harding visited the Governor's Mansion while Territorial Governor Scott Bone, who was appointed by Harding, was in office. Harding spoke from the porch of the mansion explaining his policies and met with attendees.
During World War II, more than 50 Japanese citizens and Japanese Americans residing in Juneau were sent to the internment camps inland as a result of Executive Order 9066, which authorized the forced removal of all ethnic Japanese away from their homes and businesses on the West Coast of the United States. The removal of Juneau's Japanese community during the war is memorialized by the Empty Chair Memorial, which was dedicated in July 2014 in the city's Capital School Park neighborhood.
Robert Atwood, who was then the publisher of the Anchorage Times and an Anchorage "booster", was an early leader in efforts to move the capital to Fairbanks, which many in both cities resisted. Some supporters of a move wanted a new capital to be at least 30 miles (48 km) away from Anchorage and Fairbanks, to prevent either city from having undue influence. Juneau has continued as the capital. In the 1970s, voters passed a plan to move the capital to Willow, a town 70 miles (110 km) north of Anchorage. But pro-Juneau people there and in Fairbanks persuaded voters also to approve a measure (the FRANK Initiative) requiring voter approval of all bondable construction costs before building could begin. Alaskans later voted against spending the estimated $900 million. A 1984 "ultimate" capital-move vote also failed, as did a 1996 vote.
After Alaska was given statehood in 1959, Juneau's population increased as well as the growth of state government. After construction of the Alaska Pipeline in 1977, the state budget was flush with oil revenues, and it expanded state spending programs. The Juneau population growth slowed considerably after 1990.
* Memorial to the founders of the city, Richard Harris and Joe Juneau
* View of Juneau, 1940s

### 21st century

In 2005, the state demographer projected slow growth in the borough for the next twenty years. Cruise ship tourism has expanded rapidly, from approximately 230,000 passengers in 1990 to nearly 1,000,000 in 2006, as cruise lines have built more and larger ships. They sail to Juneau seven days a week over a longer season than before, but the cruising tourism is still primarily a summer industry. It provides few year-round jobs but stimulates summer employment in the city.
In 2010, the city was recognized as part of the "Playful City USA" initiative by KaBOOM!, created to honor cities that ensure their children have great places to play.
Juneau is larger in area than the state of Delaware and was for several decades, the country's largest city by area. (Sitka surpassed it in 2000 when it incorporated.) Juneau is the only U.S. state capital on an international border; it is bordered on the east by Canada. It is the U.S. state capital whose namesake was most recently alive: Joe Juneau died in 1899.
The city was temporarily renamed UNO, after the card game, on April 1, 2016 (April Fool's Day). It was a promotion with Mattel to draw "attention to new wild cards in [the] game". For Juneau's cooperation, Mattel donated $15,000 "to the Juneau Community Foundation in honor of the late Mayor Greg Fisk."

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has an area of 3,255 square miles (8,430 km$^2$). In land area, Juneau (proper) is the largest state capital and the second-largest city overall in the United States, with 2,716.7 square miles (7,036 km$^2$) being made up of land and 538.3 square miles (1,394 km$^2$) consisting of water (16.54%).
The central (downtown) area of Juneau is at 58°18′00″N 134°24′58″W﻿ / ﻿58.30000°N 134.41611°W﻿ / 58.30000; -134.41611. The City and Borough of Juneau includes Douglas Island, which is a tidal island to the west of mainland Juneau. Douglas can be reached via the Juneau-Douglas Bridge. An unpopulated section of the city is located on Admiralty Island near its northern end.
As in the rest of Southeast Alaska, the Juneau area is susceptible to damage caused by natural disasters. The 2014 Palma Bay earthquake caused widespread outages to telecommunications in the area due to damage to a fiber-optic cable serving the area. In April 2008, a series of massive avalanches outside Juneau heavily damaged the electrical lines providing Juneau with power, knocking the hydroelectric system offline and forcing the utility to switch to a much more expensive diesel system.
* Satellite image shows all of Juneau
* Core area of Juneau including Douglas Island from satellite image above
* Map including Juneau

### Adjacent boroughs and census areas

* Haines Borough, Alaska – northwest, west
* Hoonah-Angoon Census Area, Alaska – south, southwest
* Petersburg Borough, Alaska – quadripoint

### Border area

Juneau shares its eastern border with the Canadian province of British Columbia. It is the only U.S. state capital which borders another country.
* Stikine Region, British Columbia – northeast, east

### National protected areas

* Tongass National Forest (part)
** Admiralty Island National Monument (part)
*** Kootznoowoo Wilderness (part)
** Tracy Arm-Fords Terror Wilderness (part)

### State Parks

Alaska State Parks maintains the Juneau Trail System, a series of wilderness trails which are easy to extremely difficult to hike.

### Climate

The Juneau area is in a transition zone between a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb), a subarctic climate (Köppen Dfc), and an oceanic climate (Köppen Cfb/Cfc), depending on the isotherm used. The city's climate is heavily influenced by the proximity of the Pacific Ocean, specifically the warm Alaska Current, and the Coast Mountains that form a natural orographic barrier for incoming air. As a result, the weather is mild and moist, which, as in other parts of the Alaska Panhandle, allows the growth of temperate rainforests. Like other cities in southeast Alaska, Juneau does not have permafrost.
As of 2023, Juneau falls within USDA Hardiness Zones 6B and 7A.
There are two prevalent types of wind in Juneau. Particularly in winter, the Aleutian Low draws warm and moist air from the south, bringing ample snow- or rainfall, and even in summer, winds will tend to blow onshore. The strength and frequency of the rainfall depends on several factors, including the presence of El Niño (more mild and rainy weather) or La Niña (colder and drier periods due to the presence of an anticyclone in the Gulf of Alaska). Conversely, offshore winds from the interior are normally dry but may have extreme variations in temperature.
Temperatures vary relatively little over the year. Winters are mild by Alaskan standards, with the average temperature of January slightly below freezing and highs often above 32 °F (0.0 °C); summers are rather cool but occasionally may get warm. Temperatures above 75 °F (23.9 °C) or below 10 °F (−12.2 °C) are not unheard of but are rare. Precipitation falls on an average 230 days per year, averaging 62.27 inches (1,580 mm) at the airport (1981–2010 normals), but ranging from 55 to 92 inches (1,400 to 2,340 mm), depending on location. Most of it will occur in fall and winter, some falling as snow from November to March.
Records have been officially kept at downtown Juneau from January 1890 to June 1943, and at Juneau International Airport since July 1943. The coldest temperature ever officially recorded in Juneau was −22 °F (−30.0 °C) on February 2, 1968, and January 12, 1972, while the hottest was 90 °F (32.2 °C) on July 7, 1975. The normals and record temperatures for both downtown and the airport are given below.
Climate data for Juneau, Alaska (Juneau Int'l, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1936–present) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 60 (16) | 57 (14) | 61 (16) | 74 (23) | 82 (28) | 86 (30) | 90 (32) | 84 (29) | 78 (26) | 63 (17) | 56 (13) | 54 (12) | 90 (32) |
| Mean maximum °F (°C) | 45.2 (7.3) | 45.7 (7.6) | 49.3 (9.6) | 61.5 (16.4) | 72.1 (22.3) | 78.0 (25.6) | 77.7 (25.4) | 76.5 (24.7) | 66.4 (19.1) | 55.8 (13.2) | 47.5 (8.6) | 45.2 (7.3) | 80.9 (27.2) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 33.1 (0.6) | 35.7 (2.1) | 39.2 (4.0) | 48.7 (9.3) | 57.6 (14.2) | 62.4 (16.9) | 64.0 (17.8) | 62.9 (17.2) | 56.1 (13.4) | 47.3 (8.5) | 38.3 (3.5) | 34.7 (1.5) | 48.3 (9.1) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 28.5 (−1.9) | 30.1 (−1.1) | 32.9 (0.5) | 40.8 (4.9) | 49.0 (9.4) | 54.6 (12.6) | 57.0 (13.9) | 56.0 (13.3) | 50.1 (10.1) | 42.2 (5.7) | 33.8 (1.0) | 30.3 (−0.9) | 42.1 (5.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 23.8 (−4.6) | 24.6 (−4.1) | 26.6 (−3.0) | 32.9 (0.5) | 40.3 (4.6) | 46.8 (8.2) | 50.1 (10.1) | 49.1 (9.5) | 44.1 (6.7) | 37.1 (2.8) | 29.2 (−1.6) | 25.9 (−3.4) | 35.9 (2.2) |
| Mean minimum °F (°C) | 6.0 (−14.4) | 9.7 (−12.4) | 12.2 (−11.0) | 22.8 (−5.1) | 31.3 (−0.4) | 38.7 (3.7) | 43.7 (6.5) | 41.4 (5.2) | 32.8 (0.4) | 24.9 (−3.9) | 14.6 (−9.7) | 8.9 (−12.8) | −0.3 (−17.9) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −22 (−30) | −22 (−30) | −15 (−26) | 6 (−14) | 25 (−4) | 31 (−1) | 36 (2) | 27 (−3) | 23 (−5) | 11 (−12) | −5 (−21) | −21 (−29) | −22 (−30) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 6.02 (153) | 4.31 (109) | 3.67 (93) | 3.47 (88) | 3.51 (89) | 3.82 (97) | 5.14 (131) | 6.41 (163) | 9.15 (232) | 8.42 (214) | 6.54 (166) | 6.53 (166) | 66.99 (1,702) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 24.5 (62) | 16.7 (42) | 12.4 (31) | 1.2 (3.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.9 (2.3) | 13.8 (35) | 18.1 (46) | 87.6 (223) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 20.4 | 16.8 | 17.8 | 17.2 | 16.1 | 16.7 | 18.5 | 19.4 | 22.3 | 23.0 | 20.9 | 21.1 | 230.2 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 10.3 | 8.2 | 7.5 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 6.2 | 10.1 | 44.2 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 79.9 | 80.8 | 79.4 | 76.8 | 76.3 | 78.3 | 81.3 | 84.3 | 87.9 | 87.7 | 85.1 | 82.8 | 81.7 |
| Average dew point °F (°C) | 18.0 (−7.8) | 22.8 (−5.1) | 26.2 (−3.2) | 31.8 (−0.1) | 38.8 (3.8) | 45.5 (7.5) | 49.5 (9.7) | 49.5 (9.7) | 45.3 (7.4) | 38.5 (3.6) | 28.2 (−2.1) | 22.3 (−5.4) | 34.7 (1.5) |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 80.9 | 89.2 | 137.3 | 182.3 | 231.7 | 189.3 | 182.9 | 161.6 | 109.6 | 66.2 | 58.5 | 41.2 | 1,530.7 |
| Percentage possible sunshine | 36 | 34 | 37 | 42 | 44 | 35 | 34 | 34 | 28 | 21 | 25 | 20 | 34 |
| Source: NOAA (relative humidity, dew point, and sun 1961–1990) ||||||||||||||
Climate data for Juneau, Alaska (Downtown, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1890–present) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 60 (16) | 57 (14) | 61 (16) | 72 (22) | 80 (27) | 87 (31) | 89 (32) | 87 (31) | 85 (29) | 68 (20) | 64 (18) | 59 (15) | 89 (32) |
| Mean maximum °F (°C) | 46.6 (8.1) | 48.2 (9.0) | 49.2 (9.6) | 60.1 (15.6) | 72.4 (22.4) | 78.1 (25.6) | 77.6 (25.3) | 76.4 (24.7) | 67.0 (19.4) | 57.3 (14.1) | 49.6 (9.8) | 47.2 (8.4) | 81.1 (27.3) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 34.1 (1.2) | 36.7 (2.6) | 39.4 (4.1) | 48.6 (9.2) | 57.3 (14.1) | 62.2 (16.8) | 62.9 (17.2) | 62.4 (16.9) | 55.9 (13.3) | 47.9 (8.8) | 39.9 (4.4) | 36.3 (2.4) | 48.6 (9.2) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 30.3 (−0.9) | 32.2 (0.1) | 34.5 (1.4) | 42.2 (5.7) | 50.2 (10.1) | 55.6 (13.1) | 57.3 (14.1) | 56.7 (13.7) | 51.1 (10.6) | 43.7 (6.5) | 36.0 (2.2) | 32.5 (0.3) | 43.5 (6.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 26.5 (−3.1) | 27.7 (−2.4) | 29.6 (−1.3) | 35.8 (2.1) | 43.1 (6.2) | 49.0 (9.4) | 51.8 (11.0) | 51.0 (10.6) | 46.3 (7.9) | 39.4 (4.1) | 32.1 (0.1) | 28.7 (−1.8) | 38.4 (3.6) |
| Mean minimum °F (°C) | 10.3 (−12.1) | 15.5 (−9.2) | 17.4 (−8.1) | 28.0 (−2.2) | 35.3 (1.8) | 42.3 (5.7) | 47.0 (8.3) | 45.0 (7.2) | 39.0 (3.9) | 29.8 (−1.2) | 21.2 (−6.0) | 15.7 (−9.1) | 7.2 (−13.8) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −20 (−29) | −15 (−26) | −5 (−21) | 12 (−11) | 26 (−3) | 32 (0) | 39 (4) | 32 (0) | 28 (−2) | 13 (−11) | −7 (−22) | −10 (−23) | −20 (−29) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 5.88 (149) | 5.16 (131) | 6.17 (157) | 4.76 (121) | 5.09 (129) | 4.90 (124) | 6.21 (158) | 7.76 (197) | 12.71 (323) | 12.27 (312) | 8.75 (222) | 9.93 (252) | 89.59 (2,276) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 16.9 | 18.8 | 19.6 | 19.3 | 17.8 | 16.9 | 17.0 | 20.3 | 24.0 | 22.6 | 22.5 | 19.4 | 235.1 |
| Source: NOAA ||||||||||||||
Climate data for Juneau, Alaska (Douglas, 1991–2020 normals) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 8.20 (208) | 5.05 (128) | 5.15 (131) | 5.23 (133) | 4.86 (123) | 5.23 (133) | 7.68 (195) | 8.48 (215) | 11.57 (294) | 10.13 (257) | 8.84 (225) | 8.12 (206) | 88.54 (2,249) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 21.8 | 17.8 | 15.6 | 20.1 | 15.9 | 20.1 | 19.5 | 20.7 | 22.6 | 22.8 | 21.7 | 24.2 | 242.8 |
| Source: NOAA ||||||||||||||
Coastal temperature data for Juneau :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average sea temperature °F (°C) | 40.6 (4.78) | 40.5 (4.72) | 39.9 (4.39) | 40.8 (4.89) | 43.5 (6.39) | 47.1 (8.39) | 50.4 (10.22) | 53.2 (11.78) | 50.5 (10.28) | 46.6 (8.11) | 44.6 (7.00) | 43.0 (6.11) | 45.1 (7.25) |
| Source 1: Seatemperature.org ||||||||||||||
See or edit raw graph data.

## Demographics

Juneau first appeared on the 1890 U.S. Census. It was formally incorporated in 1900, and on July 1, 1970, the city of Juneau merged with the city of Douglas and the surrounding Greater Juneau Borough to form the current municipality, which accounts for the population jump between the 1970 and 1980 censuses.

### 2020 census

As of the census of 2020, there were 31,275 people, 12,922 households. The population density was 11.9 people per square mile (4.6 people/km$^2$), making it the least densely populated state capital. There were 12,922 housing units at an average density of 4.0 units per square mile (1.5 units/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the city/borough was 64.7% White (62.5% Non-Hispanic White), 1.0% African American, 10.1% Native American or Alaska Native, 6.7% Asian, 1.3% Pacific Islander, and 14.3% from two or more races. 7.0% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 2.6% reported speaking Tagalog at home, and 2.4% reported speaking Spanish.
The median income for a household in the city/borough was $90,126. The per capita income for the city/borough was $45,607. 7.2% of the population was below the poverty line.

## Economy

The primary employer in Juneau is government including the state government, federal government (which has regional offices here, especially for resource agencies), municipal government (which includes the local airport, hospital, harbors, and school district), and the University of Alaska Southeast. State government offices and their indirect economic impact comprise approximately one-quarter of Juneau's economy.
A large contributor to the local economy is the tourism industry, which generates most income in the summer months. In 2005, nearly an estimated one million cruise ship passengers visited Juneau between May and September. That figure is now 1.65 million per year for the season ending in October 2023.
On the other hand, former politician Bill Ray, who previously lived in Juneau and represented Juneau in the Alaska Legislature, said: "Juneau doesn't go forward. They've prostituted themselves to tourism. It looks like a poor man's Lahaina".
The fishing industry is a major part of the Juneau economy, while not as strong as when a halibut schooner fleet generated considerable profits. The city was recently the 49th most lucrative U.S. fisheries port by volume and 45th by value. In 2004 it took in 15 million pounds of fish and shellfish, valued at 21.5 million dollars, according to the National Marine Fisheries Service. While the port of Juneau has comparatively little seafood processing compared to other towns of this size in Alaska, hundreds of commercial fishing boats sell their fish to plants in nearby Sitka, Hoonah, Petersburg and Ketchikan. The largest fleets operating from Juneau are the gillnet and troll salmon fleets.
Juneau has many of the commercial fishing associations in Alaska. The associations include the Alaska Trollers Association, United Fishermen of Alaska, United Southeast Alaska Gillnetters Association, and the Southeast Alaska Seiners Association.
Real estate agencies, federally funded highway construction, and mining are still viable non-government local industries. Alaska Seaplanes, an airline, has its headquarters in Juneau. As of the 2010 census, there were 1,107 businesses with operations in Juneau borough; with a population of 31,275 there is a per capita of about 28 people per business.
Juneau's only power utility is Alaska Electric Light & Power (AEL&P). Most of the electricity in the borough is generated at the Snettisham Hydroelectric facility in the southern end of the borough, accessible only by boat or plane. In April 2008, an avalanche destroyed three transmission towers, forcing AEL&P to supply almost all of the borough's electricity from diesel-powered generators for one month.
Also headquartered in Juneau is the Marine Exchange of Alaska, a nonprofit organization which operates an extensive vessel tracking network and ensures safe maritime operations for the entire state.

## Culture

Juneau hosts the annual Alaska Folk Festival, Juneau Jazz & Classics music festival, and Celebration, a biennial Alaska Native cultural festival. A city-owned ski resort, Eaglecrest is on Douglas Island.
The city-owned Treadwell ice-skating rink is located on the south end of Douglas Island. It is named after the Treadwell Gold Mine, which is located next to the rink. The rink has figure skating, hockey, and free open skates. From April to September when there is no ice, it is used for rollerblading, roller hockey, tennis, basketball, and concerts.
The city has a vibrant performing arts scene; it is home to Perseverance Theatre, Alaska's largest professional theater, the non-profit Theatre in the Rough, Theater Alaska, Theater at Latitude 58, and Juneau Ghost Light Theatre (formerly the Juneau Douglas Little Theatre). The Juneau Symphony regularly performs. The two local opera companies are the Juneau Lyric Opera and Opera to Go. Twice a year the JUMP Society hosts screenings of locally made short films. Gold Town Nickelodeon is a local art house cinema which plays independent films, foreign films, classics, and has operated a drive-in.
Downtown Juneau has art galleries which participate in the monthly First Friday Art Walk and annual Gallery Walk held in the first week of December. The Juneau Arts & Humanities Council coordinates certain events and operates the Juneau Arts & Culture Center featuring a community center, gallery and lobby shop. The University of Alaska Southeast Campus offers lectures, concerts, and theater performances. Sealaska Heritage, the nonprofit affiliate of the Sealaska Corporation, operates the Walter Soboleff Building which is decorated by carvings and hosts cultural exhibits.

## Efforts to move state capital

There have been efforts and discussions about moving Alaska's capital away from Juneau. A primary motivating factor has been concerns about Juneau's remote location. In 1960, 56% of voters voted against a measure to move the capital to a location in the "Cook Inlet-Railbelt Area" (the specific location would subsequently be selected by a committee appointed by the governor). In 1962, 55% of voters voted against a measure to move the capital to "Western Alaska... within 30 miles of Anchorage". "Senior" state senators would have been chosen to select three potential sites to be put to a vote by later vote by the state's electorate.
In 1974, at a time when Alaska was expected to be flushed with new funds from the Trans-Alaska Pipeline, 56% Alaskan voters approved an initiative to move the capital. The initiative specified that the new location must be within 300 miles of both Anchorage and Fairbanks and have at least 100 square miles of donated public land. The initiative would have the final location selected by a committee appointed by the governor. The committee proposed Larson Lake, Mount Yenlo, and Willow as sites and Willow received 53% of votes in a 1976 statewide vote. However, in 1978, voters rejected a measure to fund a move to Willow, with 55% of voters voting against spending $996 million to move the capital there. In 1978, voters also approved the Fiscally Responsible Alaskans Needing Knowledge (FRANK) Initiative, which required that all costs of moving the capital be disclosed and approved by Alaskans before the move commenced. In 1982, 53% of voters voted against spending roughly $2.9 billion to move the capital to Willow. This vote also had the effect of repealing the previous approval of moving the capital.
In 1994, a statewide initiative to move Alaska's capital to Wasilla was defeated by a vote of 116,277 (54.7%) to 96,398 (45.3%). At the same time, 77% of voters approved a renewed FRANK Initiative. In 2002, Alaskan voters again voted against moving the state's capital. Advocacy for a capital move has continued.

## Notable people

* Carlos Boozer (born 1981), professional basketball player
* Gab Cody, playwright, filmmaker
* Dale DeArmond (1914–2006), printmaker
* Mike Dunleavy (born 1961), current governor of Alaska
* Neva Egan (1914–2011), Educator and First Lady of Alaska
* Janet Gardner (born 1962), singer of the hard rock band Vixen
* Al Gross (born 1962), surgeon, fisherman, and politician
* Elaine Hopson (born 1939), Oregonian politician born in Juneau
* Mary McGee (born 1936), motorcycle racer
* Charles Melton (born 1991), actor
* Joshua Morrow (born 1974), actor known for starring in daytime drama The Young and the Restless
* Rie Muñoz (1921–2015), artist and Bureau of Indian Affairs educator
* Elizabeth Peratrovich (1911–1958), civil rights activist, Grand President of the Alaska Native Sisterhood, member of the Tlingit nation.
* Macy Rodman (born 1989), musician and podcaster
* Linda Rosenthal, violinist
* Paul Rosenthal (born 1942), violinist
* Lynn Schooler, photographer, writer who authored The Blue Bear
* James Schoppert (1947–1992), carver, painter
* Molly Smith, theatre director

## Government and politics

The City and Borough of Juneau operates under a council–manager form of government. The mayor is the titular head of the city, the presiding officer (or chair) of the Juneau Assembly (council), and is one of three members of the body which is elected at-large, or areawide. The other six members are elected by single-member districts: as of the last redistricting by the Assembly in 2003 there are two districts:
| District 1 precincts Douglas Juneau No. 1 Juneau No. 2 Juneau No. 3 Juneau Airport Lemon Creek North Douglas | District 2 precincts Auke Bay Lynn Canal Mendenhall Valley No. 1 Mendenhall Valley No. 2 Mendenhall Valley No. 3 Mendenhall Valley No. 4 |
A city manager handles daily affairs and a city attorney is responsible for working with legal matters.
The districts are nearly aligned with the boundaries of the 31st and 32nd election districts which were established by the state. Mainly the difference is that the 32nd District includes communities outside the CBJ: Gustavus, Kupreanof, Petersburg, Skagway and Tenakee Springs. The Juneau Airport precinct is in the 31st district, which is otherwise identical to the 2nd Assembly District.
Juneau was split into two state house districts by the state during redistricting in the early 1990. The districts comprising downtown Juneau, Douglas Island and surrounding areas have exclusively elected Democrats to the Alaska House of Representatives and the districts comprising Mendenhall Valley and surrounding areas have mostly elected Republicans. The 31st District is represented in the House by Andi Story, a Democrat who has been in office since 2018. The 32nd District is represented by Democrat Sara Hannan. The two election districts form Alaska Senate District Q and the seat is held by Democrat Jesse Kiehl. The last Republican to represent Juneau in the state Senate was Elton Engstrom Jr., the father of Cathy Muñoz. He left office at the end of his term in early 1971, after failing to be re-elected in 1970.
United States presidential election results for Juneau, Alaska :
| Year | Republican | Republican | Democratic | Democratic | Third party(ies) | Third party(ies) |
| Year | No. | % | No. | % | No. | % |
| 2024 | 5,942 | 35.00% | 10,305 | 60.70% | 730 | 4.30% |
| 2020 | 6,210 | 35.11% | 10,834 | 61.25% | 643 | 3.64% |
| 2016 | 5,690 | 34.57% | 8,734 | 53.07% | 2,033 | 12.35% |
| 2012 | 6,108 | 37.90% | 9,251 | 57.40% | 757 | 4.70% |
| 2008 | 7,124 | 40.70% | 9,819 | 56.10% | 560 | 3.20% |
| 2004 | 5,515 | 47.20% | 5,784 | 49.50% | 386 | 3.30% |
| 2000 | 7,270 | 45.30% | 6,403 | 39.90% | 2,375 | 14.80% |
| 1996 | 6,004 | 39.30% | 6,768 | 44.30% | 2,506 | 16.40% |
| 1992 | 5,348 | 35.00% | 6,754 | 44.20% | 3,178 | 20.80% |
| 1988 | 5,957 | 48.20% | 6,056 | 49.00% | 345 | 2.79% |
| 1984 | 7,323 | 56.60% | 5,292 | 40.90% | 324 | 2.50% |
| 1980 | 4,600 | 44.80% | 3,594 | 35.00% | 2,075 | 20.21% |
| 1976 | 4,676 | 58.80% | 2,887 | 36.30% | 390 | 4.90% |
| 1972 | 3,678 | 56.00% | 2,725 | 41.49% | 165 | 2.51% |
| 1968 | 2,532 | 44.70% | 2,770 | 48.91% | 362 | 6.39% |
| 1964 | 1,544 | 29.09% | 3,763 | 70.91% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1960 | 2,328 | 52.49% | 2,107 | 47.51% | 0 | 0.00% |
Juneau is one of the most Democratic boroughs in Alaska. The borough has voted Democratic in the U.S. presidential election in every election (except for one) since 1988.
While more state jobs are based in Anchorage than in Juneau, the state government still maintains a substantial presence in Juneau. A number of executive branch departments, as well as the legislature, are based in Juneau. In response to repeated pressure from Southcentral Alaska to move either the capital or the legislature, the legislature acquired and renovated several buildings in the vicinity of the Alaska State Capitol, which hold committee meeting rooms and administrative offices for the Legislative Affairs Agency. The buildings were named for former legislators Terry Miller and Thomas B. Stewart. Stewart, a Juneau native and son of early Juneau mayor Benjamin D. Stewart, represented Juneau in the Senate during the 1st Alaska State Legislature. He later served in Juneau's Alaska Superior Court judgeship and was noted as an authority on the territory and early statehood eras of Alaska's history.
A nine-story federal government building in Juneau near the mouth of Gold Creek and a short distance east of the Juneau-Douglas Bridge, houses many federal agencies, the United States District Court for the District of Alaska, and Juneau's main post office. It is in the area known as "The Flats". The building was designed by Linn A. Forrest and built in 1966.

## Education
### Primary and secondary schools

Juneau is served by the Juneau School District, and includes the following schools:
* Sayéik: Gastineau Elementary School
* Harborview Elementary School
* Riverbend Elementary School
* Mendenhall River Elementary School
* Sítʼ Eetí Shaanáx̱ - Glacier Valley Elementary School
* Auke Bay Elementary School
* Juneau Community Charter School: an optional program (kindergarten through eighth grade)
* Montessori Borealis School: an alternative school with (Childrenʼs House: preschool and kindergarten; Elementary: first through sixth grade; Adolescent Montessori Program: seventh and eighth grades)
* Tlingit Culture Language & Literacy: an optional program (kindergarten through fifth grade)
* Dzantik'i Heeni Middle School
* Floyd Dryden Middle School
* Juneau-Douglas Yadaa.at Kalé High School
* Thunder Mountain High School
* Yaaḵoosgé Daakahídi Alternative High School
* HomeBRIDGE: a homeschooling program
The following private schools serve Juneau:
* (Glacier) Valley Baptist Academy
* Faith Community School
* Thunder Mountain Learning Center (formerly Thunder Mountain Academy)
* Juneau Seventh-day Adventist Christian School
* Juneau Montessori School

### Colleges and universities

The University of Alaska Southeast is within the Auke Bay community along the shore of Auke Lake. Juneau-Douglas Community College, founded in 1956, and Southeastern Senior College which was established in 1972, were merged in 1980 forming the University of Alaska Juneau. The university was restructured as the University of Alaska Southeast to include Ketchikan and Sitka campuses. The university offers undergraduate and graduate studies. The University of Alaska Fairbanks has a satellite campus in Juneau for mainly graduate level students in marine studies.

## Transportation

Juneau is not directly accessible by road, although there are road connections within the borough to rural areas. The Glacier Highway section of Alaska Route 7 is within Juneau. Primary access to the city is by air and sea. Cars and trucks are transported to and from Juneau by barge or the Alaska Marine Highway ferry system.
* An Alaska Marine Highway ferry boat docked in Juneau
* Cruise ships in Juneau
* Alaska Airlines jet shown moments after landing at Juneau International Airport
* View of downtown Juneau from the Juneau-Douglas Bridge The bridge connects mainland Juneau with Douglas Island.

### Sea

The state-owned ferry system is the Alaska Marine Highway. The ferries connect Juneau with 13 other cities in Southeast Alaska and other destinations north via Whittier, as well as with the continental road system in Bellingham, Washington and Prince Rupert, British Columbia. On the northern route the ferries dock in Haines and Skagway connecting to the Alaska Highway via Whitehorse, Yukon. In addition to the traditional Alaska Marine Highway ferries, high-speed catamarans known as "fast cats" connect Juneau with Haines and Skagway (91 miles (146 km)) in two hours, about half the time of the traditional ferries travel time.

### Air

Juneau International Airport serves the city and borough of Juneau. Alaska Airlines services the airport year round, operating over 11 daily departures. Alaska Airlines serves Juneau and other Southeast Alaska villages via "Milk Run" flights which make multiple stops to and from Seattle or Anchorage. It also connects Juneau to other cities in the country through connections in Seattle or Anchorage.
In the summer, Delta Air Lines serves Juneau from its major West Coast hub in Seattle, providing global service to and from Southeast Alaska without having to switch air carriers.
MarkAir and Western Airlines serviced Juneau in the past. Alaska Seaplanes and Ward Air offer charter seaplane service from the seaplane floatpond "runway" that runs parallel to the traditional tarmac. They offer service to the smaller villages in the surrounding area as well as flightseeing.
Alaska Seaplanes, Harris Air, and Island Air Express provide FAA Part 135 scheduled commuter service to communities throughout Southeast Alaska. These trips are the only connections to the outside world for many of these villages. Alaska Seaplanes has restored scheduled international service to Juneau with 3 weekly trips to Whitehorse, Canada, while Ward Air provides unscheduled charter flights to Canada.

### Roads

Avalanche hazards, steep slopes, cold weather and environmental protection concerns are factors that make road construction and maintenance both difficult and costly.
The Juneau-Douglas Bridge connects the Juneau mainland with Douglas Island.
No roads connect Juneau to the rest of North America; ferries allow access to the road network. There is a lack of places to build a road. A route to the east would fail due to an icefield the size of Rhode Island separating Juneau from Atlin, British Columbia. Similarly, the route up the Taku River is blocked by ever-shifting glaciers. Juneau is one of only four state capitals not served by an Interstate highway (the others being Dover, Delaware; Jefferson City, Missouri; and Pierre, South Dakota).

#### Juneau Access Project

Juneau's roads remain separate from other roads in Alaska and in the Lower 48. In the past there have been plans to connect Juneau to Haines and Skagway by road since before 1972, with funding for the first feasibility study acquired in 1987. The State of Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities announced in 2005 that the connection was to be provided partly by road, and partly by fast ferry. A 51-mile (82 km) road would be built on the east side of Lynn Canal to a new ferry terminal at the Katzehin River estuary. A ferry would be able to transport cars from the terminal to Haines and Skagway and the North American road system. In 2006, the project was estimated to cost $258 million, and in 2007, the estimate was increased to $350 million. Annual costs have been estimated from $2.1 million to $12 million, depending on the length of the road. The Western Federal Lands Center estimated the project would cost $491 million.
Local opinions on constructing a road link to the outside world were mixed. Some residents saw such a road as a much-needed link between Juneau and the rest of the world which will also provide great economic benefits to the city, while many other residents were concerned about the project's financial costs along with environmental and social impacts it could have on Lynn Canal.
Citing the state's multibillion-dollar financial crisis, Governor Bill Walker announced on December 15, 2016, that the state is no longer backing construction of the Juneau Access Improvements Project. Eventually the project lost its steam and was ended in July 2018 with the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) releasing their Record of Decision, selecting the no-build alternative for the Juneau Access Project, halting construction on the road.

### Public transportation

Local government operates a bus service under the name Capital Transit.

### Walking, hiking, and biking

Residents walk, hike, or ride bicycles for recreational purposes and for transportation. The downtown area of Juneau has sidewalks, outdoors flights of stairs, and the neighborhoods on the hill above downtown are accessible by foot. Some roads in the city also have bike lanes, and there is a bike path parallel to the main highway.

## Infrastructure
### Healthcare

The city and borough is primarily served by Bartlett Regional Hospital in Juneau's Twin Lakes area. The hospital also serves the nearby remote communities of Hoonah, Haines, and Skagway. Individuals from those communities are airlifted in emergencies to the hospital via helicopter or air ambulance (a 20-minute to a 45-minute flight).

## Utilities

Juneau is served by the following utilities:
* Electric: Alaska Electric Light and Power Company
* Water and Sewer: City and Borough of Juneau

## Media
### Print

Juneau's daily newspaper, the Juneau Empire, is published Wednesdays and Saturdays. The Capital City Weekly was published weekly and the Empire runs a few stories in a CCW section. The University of Alaska Southeast has The Whalesong, a college newspaper.

### Radio

* AM: KJNO 630, KINY 800, KXXJ 1330
* FM: KTKU 105.1, KSUP 106.3, and LPFM station KBJZ-LP 94.1.
* Public Radio: KTOO 104.3, KXLL "Excellent Radio" 100.7 and KRNN "Rain Country Radio" 102.7 (all 3 operated by KTOO).
The studios of CoastAlaska (a regional public radio station consortium), are in Juneau. AP (the Associated Press), Anchorage news outlets, and other Alaska media entities, send reporters to Juneau during the annual Legislative session.

### Television

Juneau's major television affiliates are: KTOO (PBS), 360 North "Alaska's public affairs channel" (Operated by KTOO), KATH-LD (NBC), KYEX-LD (CBS/MyNetworkTV on DT2), and KJUD (ABC)/The CW on DT2/Fox on DT3).
The Juneau-Douglas High School video program produces television programming including a weekly 10-minute TV newscast, JDTV News, which is on air during the spring semester.

## Sister cities

Juneau has three active sister city relationships.
* Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada
* Vladivostok, Primorsky Krai, Russia
* Kalibo, Aklan, Philippines
It also has two relationships which are in emeritus status, meaning they are not currently active.
* Mishan City, China
* Chiayi City, Taiwan