# Demographics of Latvia

As of 1 May 2024, Latvia had a total population of 1,862,700. Demographic features of the population of the historical territory of Latvia include population density, ethnic background, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.

## History

Latvia was settled by Baltic tribes some three millennia ago. The territories along the eastern Baltic first came under foreign domination at the beginning of the 13th century, with the formal establishment of Riga in 1201 under the German Teutonic Knights.
Latvia, in whole or in parts, remained under foreign rule for the next eight centuries, finding itself at the cross-roads of all the regional superpowers of their day, including Denmark (the Danes held on lands around the Gulf of Riga), Sweden, and Russia, with southern (Courland) Latvia being at one time a vassal to Poland-Lithuania as well as Latgale falling directly under Poland-Lithuania rule. Through all this time, Latvia remained largely under Baltic German hegemony, with Baltic Germans comprising the largest land-owners, a situation which did not change until Latvia's independence.
Historically, Latvia has had significant German, Russian, Jewish, Polish, Belarusian and Lithuanian minorities. The majority (roughly two thirds) of Latvians, under Swedish influences, adopted Lutheranism, while the minority (the remaining third) of Latvians under Poland-Lithuania, Latgale in particular, retained their Catholicism. Aglona, in Latgale, has been the site of annual Catholic pilgrimage for centuries, even through to today. During the Second World War the Jewish population was largely decimated by Nazi Germany as part of the holocaust.
Recently introduced immigration law in Latvia provides framework for immigration through investment in various financial areas or real estate. In 2012, solely 2,435 applications for residence permit by investment in real estate were received by Office of Citizenship and Migration Affairs. Main immigrant countries are Russia, Belarus, Ukraine and Lithuania (Lithuania is in the European Union, thus no investment is needed). Moreover, Latvia receives residence permit applications from people of nationalities such as Afghans, Chinese, Libyans and people from various other distant countries.
Over 130,000 persons have been naturalized as Latvian citizens since 1995 and 182,375 persons, as of 2022, live in Latvia with non-citizen's passports. Large numbers of Russians, as well as some Ukrainians and Belarusians remained in Latvia after the fall of the Soviet Union.
According to the provisional results of the Population and Housing Census 2011, the total population of Latvia on 1 March 2011 was 2,067,887. Since the previous census in 2000 the country's population decreased by 309,000 or 13%. Based on the Population and Housing Census 2021, the total population of Latvia on 1 January 2021 was 1,893,223. Since the previous census in 2011 the country's population decreased by 174,664 or 8,5%. The proportion of ethnic Latvians increased to 62.7% of the population. Livonians are the other indigenous ethnic group, with about 250 of them remaining. Latgalians are a distinctive subgroup of Latvians inhabiting or coming from Eastern Latvia.
According to rankings provided by the United States Census Bureau—International Data Base (IDB)—Country Rankings, Latvia is estimated to have a population of 1,249,812 in the year 2050.

## Population
### Age structure

| Census year | Children | Working age | Pensioners |
| 1897 | 41.0 | 52.8 | 6.2 |
| 1920 | 38.3 | 52.9 | 8.6 |
| 1935 | 30.4 | 60.3 | 9.2 |
| 1943 | 29.1 | 60.6 | 10.3 |
| 1959 | 30.0 | 63.2 | 6.8 |
| 1970 | 23.1 | 56.2 | 20.7 |
| 1979 | 21.8 | 58.3 | 19.9 |
| 1989 | 22.7 | 56.6 | 20.7 |
| 2000 | 18.0 | 58.9 | 23.1 |
| 2011 | 14.1 | 64.1 | 21.8 |
| 2021 | 16.1 | 61.9 | 22.1 |

## Vital statistics

Source: Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia
| | Average population | Live births | Deaths | Natural change | Crude birth rate (per 1000) | Crude death rate (per 1000) | Natural change (per 1000) | Crude migration change (per 1000) | Total fertility rate | Infant mortality rate (per 1000 births) | Life expectancy at birth (males) | Life expectancy at birth (females) |
| 1920 | 1,727,000 | 29,434 | 33,891 | −4,457 | 17.0 | 19.6 | −2.5 | 73.7 | | 128.4 | | |
| 1921 | 1,850,000 | 36,420 | 25,331 | 11,089 | 19.7 | 13.7 | 5.9 | 11.9 | | 93.2 | | |
| 1922 | 1,883,000 | 41,146 | 27,553 | 13,593 | 21.9 | 14.6 | 7.2 | 6.6 | | 90.8 | | |
| 1923 | 1,909,000 | 41,796 | 26,080 | 15,716 | 21.9 | 13.7 | −41.7 | 8.2 | | 88.4 | | |
| 1924 | 1,845,000 | 41,172 | 28,399 | 12,773 | 22.3 | 15.4 | 6.9 | −0.4 | | 100.8 | 50.7 | 56.9 |
| 1925 | 1,857,000 | 41,314 | 27,683 | 13,631 | 22.3 | 14.9 | 7.3 | 0.2 | | 107.2 | | |
| 1926 | 1,871,000 | 41,073 | 27,557 | 13,516 | 22.0 | 14.7 | 7.2 | −0.8 | | 87.9 | | |
| 1927 | 1,883,000 | 41,610 | 28,941 | 12,669 | 22.1 | 15.4 | 6.7 | −0.3 | | 95.7 | | |
| 1928 | 1,895,000 | 39,126 | 27,299 | 11,827 | 20.7 | 14.4 | 6.2 | −3.6 | | 96.3 | | |
| 1929 | 1,900,000 | 35,673 | 28,512 | 7,161 | 18.8 | 15.0 | 3.7 | 1.6 | | 106.7 | | |
| 1930 | 1,910,000 | 37,835 | 27,110 | 10,725 | 19.8 | 14.2 | 5.6 | −0.4 | | 90.0 | | |
| 1931 | 1,920,000 | 36,972 | 26,891 | 10,081 | 19.3 | 14.0 | 5.2 | 0.5 | | 86.3 | | |
| 1932 | 1,931,000 | 37,366 | 26,342 | 11,024 | 19.4 | 13.6 | 5.7 | −1.6 | | 89.3 | | |
| 1933 | 1,939,000 | 34,576 | 26,319 | 8,257 | 17.8 | 13.6 | 4.2 | −0.1 | | 76.4 | | |
| 1934 | 1,947,000 | 33,383 | 27,065 | 6,318 | 17.2 | 13.9 | 3.2 | −0.1 | | 95.1 | 55.1 | 60.6 |
| 1935 | 1,953,000 | 34,419 | 27,660 | 6,759 | 17.6 | 14.2 | 3.4 | 0.7 | | 78.9 | 55.0 | 61.0 |
| 1936 | 1,961,000 | 35,468 | 27,646 | 7,822 | 18.1 | 14.1 | 3.9 | −0.3 | | 80.1 | | |
| 1937 | 1,968,000 | 34,863 | 28,083 | 6,780 | 17.7 | 14.3 | 3.4 | 1.7 | | 85.0 | | |
| 1938 | 1,978,000 | 36,386 | 26,703 | 9,683 | 18.4 | 13.5 | 4.9 | 6.2 | | 68.1 | | |
| 1939 | 2,000,000 | 36,932 | 27,827 | 9,105 | 18.5 | 13.9 | 4.6 | −34.6 | | 70.2 | | |
| 1940 | 1,940,000 | 37,493 | 30,355 | 7,138 | 19.3 | 15.7 | 3.6 | −99.0 | | 73.2 | | |
| 1941 | 1,755,000 | 36,295 | 30,434 | 5,861 | 20.7 | 17.3 | 3.4 | −6.2 | | 81.7 | | |
| 1942 | 1,750,000 | 36,370 | 29,940 | 6,430 | 20.7 | 17.1 | 3.6 | 2.1 | | 81.1 | | |
| 1943 | 1,760,000 | 35,915 | 29,904 | 6,011 | 20.4 | 16.9 | 3.5 | | | 93.4 | | |
| 1944 | | | | | | | | | 2.30 | | | |
| 1945 | | 26,217 | 32,230 | −6,013 | | | | | | 111.1 | | |
| 1946 | 1,553,577 | 30,544 | 32,266 | −1,722 | 18.7 | 19.7 | −1.0 | 106.0 | | 93.9 | | |
| 1947 | 1,716,773 | 34,832 | 32,435 | 2,397 | 19.5 | 18.2 | 1.3 | 80.0 | | 108.7 | | |
| 1948 | 1,856,419 | 35,402 | 26,500 | 8,902 | 18.9 | 14.2 | 4.7 | 11.7 | | 79.3 | | |
| 1949 | 1,886,792 | 35,671 | 25,640 | 10,031 | 18.9 | 13.6 | 5.3 | −6.7 | | 83.3 | | |
| 1950 | 1,884,077 | 33,137 | 24,250 | 8,887 | 17.6 | 12.9 | 4.7 | −1.6 | | 70.0 | | |
| 1951 | 1,889,974 | 32,764 | 23,898 | 8,866 | 17.3 | 12.6 | 4.7 | −0.1 | | 69.6 | | |
| 1952 | 1,898,577 | 32,278 | 22,680 | 9,598 | 16.9 | 11.9 | 5.0 | 2.5 | | 52.9 | | |
| 1953 | 1,912,837 | 30,986 | 22,761 | 8,225 | 16.1 | 11.8 | 4.3 | 9.4 | | 46.8 |
| 1954 | 1,939,138 | 33,202 | 22,500 | 10,702 | 17.0 | 11.5 | 5.5 | 8.6 | | 45.9 | | |
| 1955 | 1,966,567 | 32,968 | 21,330 | 11,638 | 16.6 | 10.8 | 5.8 | 8.8 | | 42.0 | | |
| 1956 | 1,995,354 | 32,590 | 20,339 | 12,251 | 16.1 | 10.1 | 6.0 | 16.9 | | 33.9 | | |
| 1957 | 2,040,978 | 33,714 | 21,087 | 12,627 | 16.4 | 10.3 | 6.1 | 6.3 | | 32.3 | | |
| 1958 | 2,066,368 | 35,068 | 20,910 | 14,158 | 16.9 | 10.1 | 6.8 | −0.2 | | 29.5 | 65.2 | 72.4 |
| 1959 | 2,079,948 | 35,028 | 22,601 | 12,427 | 16.7 | 10.8 | 5.9 | 5.7 | | 30.8 | | |
| 1960 | 2,104,128 | 35,468 | 21,314 | 14,154 | 16.7 | 10.0 | 6.7 | 9.3 | 1.99 | 27.0 | | |
| 1961 | 2,137,830 | 35,993 | 21,759 | 14,234 | 16.7 | 10.1 | 6.6 | 7.3 | 2.01 | 24.1 | 66.1 | 73.5 |
| 1962 | 2,167,531 | 35,061 | 23,592 | 11,469 | 16.1 | 10.8 | 5.3 | 7.7 | 1.91 | 24.2 | | |
| 1963 | 2,195,640 | 33,843 | 22,703 | 11,140 | 15.3 | 10.3 | 5.0 | 8.9 | 1.85 | 25.9 | 67.0 | 74.0 |
| 1964 | 2,226,198 | 33,053 | 21,165 | 11,888 | 14.8 | 9.4 | 5.4 | 7.6 | 1.79 | 22.0 | | |
| 1965 | 2,255,048 | 31,212 | 22,780 | 8,432 | 13.8 | 10.1 | 3.7 | 5.9 | 1.74 | 18.9 | 66.6 | 74.4 |
| 1966 | 2,276,789 | 31,974 | 23,350 | 8,624 | 14.0 | 10.2 | 3.8 | 1.8 | 1.76 | 17.0 | | |
| 1967 | 2,289,645 | 32,232 | 24,362 | 7,870 | 14.0 | 10.6 | 3.4 | 6.7 | 1.80 | 17.3 | | |
| 1968 | 2,312,795 | 32,693 | 25,104 | 7,589 | 14.1 | 10.8 | 3.3 | 6.1 | 1.83 | 18.9 | | |
| 1969 | 2,334,443 | 32,915 | 26,229 | 6,686 | 14.0 | 11.2 | 2.8 | 4.7 | 1.88 | 17.7 | 65.5 | 74.2 |
| 1970 | 2,351,903 | 34,333 | 26,546 | 7,787 | 14.6 | 11.3 | 3.3 | 2.9 | 2.01 | 17.7 | 66.0 | 74.4 |
| 1971 | 2,366,424 | 35,239 | 26,275 | 8,964 | 14.8 | 11.1 | 3.7 | 4.7 | 2.05 | 15.9 | 65.4 | 74.6 |
| 1972 | 2,386,353 | 35,007 | 27,296 | 7,711 | 14.6 | 11.4 | 3.2 | 4.6 | 2.03 | 16.0 | 65.0 | 75.0 |
| 1973 | 2,404,995 | 34,008 | 28,139 | 5,869 | 14.1 | 11.6 | 2.5 | 6.5 | 1.96 | 15.8 | 65.2 | 74.7 |
| 1974 | 2,426,642 | 34,920 | 28,143 | 6,777 | 14.3 | 11.5 | 2.8 | 5.9 | 1.99 | 18.4 | | |
| 1975 | 2,447,730 | 34,810 | 30,042 | 4,768 | 14.2 | 12.2 | 2.0 | 4.9 | 1.96 | 20.3 | 64.2 | 74.3 |
| 1976 | 2,464,529 | 34,644 | 30,373 | 4,271 | 14.0 | 12.3 | 1.7 | 3.5 | 1.93 | 20.1 | 64.4 | 74.3 |
| 1977 | 2,477,449 | 34,240 | 30,869 | 3,371 | 13.8 | 12.4 | 1.4 | 4.8 | 1.88 | 18.3 | 64.5 | 74.2 |
| 1978 | 2,492,697 | 34,258 | 31,261 | 2,997 | 13.7 | 12.5 | 1.2 | 3.0 | 1.86 | 18.1 | 63.7 | 73.9 |
| 1979 | 2,503,145 | 34,683 | 32,162 | 2,521 | 13.8 | 12.8 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.86 | 18.3 | 63.6 | 73.9 |
| 1980 | 2,508,761 | 35,534 | 32,100 | 3,434 | 14.1 | 12.8 | 1.3 | 1.0 | 1.88 | 15.3 | 63.6 | 74.2 |
| 1981 | 2,514,640 | 35,732 | 32,090 | 3,642 | 14.2 | 12.7 | 1.5 | 2.3 | 1.88 | 16.0 | 63.9 | 74.4 |
| 1982 | 2,524,202 | 37,477 | 31,234 | 6,243 | 14.8 | 12.3 | 2.5 | 2.9 | 1.97 | 13.9 | 64.0 | 74.5 |
| 1983 | 2,537,958 | 40,572 | 32,330 | 8,242 | 15.9 | 12.7 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 2.12 | 15.9 | 63.9 | 74.5 |
| 1984 | 2,554,063 | 40,847 | 33,406 | 7,441 | 15.9 | 13.0 | 2.9 | 3.4 | 2.14 | 12.9 | 64.4 | 74.2 |
| 1985 | 2,570,030 | 39,751 | 34,166 | 5,585 | 15.4 | 13.2 | 2.2 | 4.7 | 2.08 | 13.0 | 65.5 | 74.5 |
| 1986 | 2,587,716 | 41,960 | 31,328 | 10,632 | 16.1 | 12.0 | 4.1 | 5.3 | 2.21 | 12.8 | 66.3 | 75.0 |
| 1987 | 2,612,068 | 42,135 | 32,150 | 9,985 | 16.0 | 12.2 | 3.8 | 7.3 | 2.21 | 11.3 | | |
| 1988 | 2,641,097 | 41,275 | 32,421 | 8,854 | 15.6 | 12.2 | 3.4 | 5.9 | 2.16 | 11.0 | 66.3 | 75.1 |
| 1989 | 2,665,770 | 38,922 | 32,584 | 6,338 | 14.6 | 12.2 | 2.4 | −1.5 | 2.04 | 11.3 | 65.3 | 75.2 |
| 1990 | 2,668,140 | 37,918 | 34,812 | 3,106 | 14.2 | 13.1 | 1.1 | −4.8 | 2.00 | 13.7 | 64.2 | 74.6 |
| 1991 | 2,658,161 | 34,633 | 34,749 | −116 | 13.1 | 13.1 | 0.0 | −5.7 | 1.86 | 15.7 | 63.8 | 74.8 |
| 1992 | 2,643,000 | 31,569 | 35,420 | −3,851 | 12.1 | 13.5 | −1.4 | −20.3 | 1.74 | 17.6 | 63.3 | 74.8 |
| 1993 | 2,585,675 | 26,759 | 39,197 | −12,438 | 10.4 | 15.3 | −4.9 | −12.4 | 1.52 | 16.2 | 61.6 | 73.8 |
| 1994 | 2,540,904 | 24,256 | 41,757 | −17,501 | 9.6 | 16.6 | −7.0 | −8.9 | 1.41 | 15.7 | 60.7 | 72.9 |
| 1995 | 2,500,580 | 21,595 | 38,931 | −17,336 | 8.7 | 15.7 | −7.0 | −5.4 | 1.27 | 18.8 | 60.8 | 73.1 |
| 1996 | 2,469,531 | 19,782 | 34,320 | −14,538 | 8.1 | 14.0 | −5.9 | −4.1 | 1.18 | 15.9 | 63.9 | 75.6 |
| 1997 | 2,444,912 | 18,830 | 33,533 | −14,703 | 7.7 | 13.8 | −6.1 | −3.8 | 1.13 | 15.3 | 64.2 | 75.9 |
| 1998 | 2,420,789 | 18,410 | 34,200 | −15,790 | 7.6 | 14.2 | −6.6 | −2.3 | 1.12 | 15.0 | 64.1 | 75.5 |
| 1999 | 2,399,248 | 19,396 | 32,844 | −13,448 | 8.1 | 13.7 | −5.6 | −1.7 | 1.18 | 11.3 | 64.9 | 76.2 |
| 2000 | 2,381,715 | 20,302 | 32,205 | −11,903 | 8.6 | 13.6 | −5.0 | −6.9 | 1.25 | 10.3 | 64.6 | 75.8 |
| 2001 | 2,353,384 | 19,726 | 32,991 | −13,265 | 8.4 | 14.1 | −5.7 | −8.1 | 1.22 | 11.0 | 64.2 | 75.5 |
| 2002 | 2,320,956 | 20,127 | 32,498 | −12,371 | 8.7 | 14.1 | −5.4 | −3.9 | 1.25 | 9.8 | 64.4 | 75.9 |
| 2003 | 2,299,390 | 21,151 | 32,437 | −11,286 | 9.2 | 14.2 | −5.0 | −4.9 | 1.32 | 9.4 | 65.4 | 75.7 |
| 2004 | 2,276,520 | 20,551 | 32,024 | −11,473 | 9.1 | 14.2 | −5.1 | −6.7 | 1.29 | 9.3 | 65.5 | 76.1 |
| 2005 | 2,249,724 | 21,879 | 32,777 | −10,898 | 9.8 | 14.6 | −4.8 | −4.9 | 1.39 | 7.7 | 64.9 | 76.3 |
| 2006 | 2,227,874 | 22,871 | 33,098 | −10,227 | 10.3 | 14.9 | −4.6 | −3.9 | 1.46 | 7.4 | 65.0 | 76.1 |
| 2007 | 2,208,840 | 23,958 | 33,042 | −9,084 | 10.9 | 15.0 | −4.1 | −3.6 | 1.54 | 8.5 | 65.3 | 76.2 |
| 2008 | 2,191,810 | 24,397 | 31,006 | −6,609 | 11.2 | 14.2 | −3.0 | −10.2 | 1.58 | 6.6 | 66.5 | 77.4 |
| 2009 | 2,162,834 | 22,044 | 29,897 | −7,853 | 10.3 | 14.0 | −3.7 | −15.9 | 1.46 | 7.6 | 67.5 | 77.6 |
| 2010 | 2,120,504 | 19,781 | 30,040 | −10,259 | 9.4 | 14.3 | −4.9 | −16.7 | 1.36 | 5.6 | 67.9 | 77.9 |
| 2011 | 2,074,605 | 18,825 | 28,540 | −9,715 | 9.1 | 13.9 | −4.8 | −9.6 | 1.33 | 6.6 | 68.6 | 78.5 |
| 2012 | 2,044,813 | 19,897 | 29,025 | −9,128 | 9.8 | 14.3 | −4.5 | −5.8 | 1.44 | 6.3 | 65.9 | 78.7 |
| 2013 | 2,023,825 | 20,596 | 28,691 | −8,095 | 10.2 | 14.3 | −4.1 | −6.9 | 1.52 | 4.4 | 69.3 | 78.8 |
| 2014 | 2,001,468 | 21,746 | 28,466 | −6,720 | 10.9 | 14.3 | −3.4 | −4.3 | 1.65 | 3.8 | 69.1 | 79.3 |
| 2015 | 1,986,096 | 21,979 | 28,478 | −6,499 | 11.1 | 14.4 | −3.3 | −5.3 | 1.70 | 4.1 | 69.7 | 79.3 |
| 2016 | 1,968,957 | 21,968 | 28,580 | −6,612 | 11.2 | 14.6 | −3.4 | −6.2 | 1.74 | 3.7 | 69.8 | 79.4 |
| 2017 | 1,950,116 | 20,828 | 28,757 | −7,929 | 10.7 | 14.8 | −4.1 | −4.0 | 1.69 | 4.1 | 69.8 | 79.6 |
| 2018 | 1,934,379 | 19,314 | 28,820 | −9,506 | 10.0 | 15.0 | −5.0 | −2.4 | 1.60 | 3.2 | 70.0 | 79.6 |
| 2019 | 1,919,968 | 18,786 | 27,719 | −8,933 | 9.8 | 14.5 | −4.7 | −1.7 | 1.61 | 3.4 | 70.8 | 79.9 |
| 2020 | 1,907,675 | 17,552 | 28,854 | −11,302 | 9.2 | 15.2 | −5.9 | −1.7 | 1.55 | 3.5 | 70.4 | 79.5 |
| 2021 | 1,893,223 | 17,420 | 34,600 | −17,180 | 9.2 | 18.4 | −9.1 | −0.1 | 1.57 | 2.7 | 68.2 | 77.9 |
| 2022 | 1,875,757 | 15,954 | 30,731 | −14,777 | 8.5 | 16.4 | −7.9 | 11.8 | 1.47 | | 69.4 | 79.3 |
| 2023 | 1 883 008 | 14,490 | 28,031 | −13,541 | 7.7 | 14.9 | −7.2 | 2.3 | 1.36 | | 70.4 | 80.4 |
| 2024 | 1,872,500 | 12,571 | 26,311 | –13,740 | 6.7 | 14.1 | –7.4 | –3.0 | | | | |
| 2025 | 1,853,000 | | | | | | | | | |

### Current vital statistics

| Period | Live births | Deaths | Natural increase |
| January 2024 | 1,050 | 2,702 | −1,652 |
| January 2025 | 881 | 2,408 | −1,527 |
| Difference | −169 (−16.1%) | −294 (−10.9%) | +125 |

### Structure of the population

| Age Group | Male | Female | Total | % |
| Total | 875 225 | 1 017 998 | 1 893 223 | 100 |
| 0–4 | 50 997 | 47 398 | 98 395 | 5.20 |
| 5–9 | 53 160 | 49 792 | 102 952 | 5.44 |
| 10–14 | 52 031 | 49 600 | 101 631 | 5.37 |
| 15–19 | 46 483 | 44 082 | 90 565 | 4.78 |
| 20–24 | 43 111 | 39 983 | 83 094 | 4.39 |
| 25–29 | 55 036 | 51 096 | 106 132 | 5.61 |
| 30–34 | 70 356 | 66 019 | 136 375 | 7.20 |
| 35–39 | 67 792 | 64 584 | 132 376 | 6.99 |
| 40–44 | 60 966 | 61 455 | 122 421 | 6.47 |
| 45–49 | 63 622 | 66 825 | 130 447 | 6.89 |
| 50–54 | 60 765 | 67 333 | 128 098 | 6.77 |
| 55–59 | 61 409 | 72 108 | 133 517 | 7.05 |
| 60–64 | 58 392 | 75 130 | 133 522 | 7.05 |
| 65–69 | 44 750 | 66 714 | 111 464 | 5.89 |
| 70–74 | 34 143 | 59 652 | 93 795 | 4.95 |
| 75–79 | 23 578 | 51 380 | 74 958 | 3.96 |
| 80–84 | 18 166 | 47 524 | 65 690 | 3.47 |
| 85–89 | 7 544 | 24 706 | 32 250 | 1.70 |
| 90–94 | 2 572 | 10 412 | 12 984 | 0.69 |
| 95–99 | 317 | 2 050 | 2 367 | 0.13 |
| 100+ | 35 | 155 | 190 | 0.01 |
| Age group | Male | Female | Total | Percent |
| 0–14 | 156 188 | 146 790 | 302 978 | 16.00 |
| 15–64 | 587 932 | 608 615 | 1 196 547 | 63.20 |
| 65+ | 131 105 | 262 593 | 393 698 | 20.80 |

## Immigration

Illegal immigration in Latvia has traditionally been from neighboring countries but now migrants also come from other areas such as Latin America, Southeast Asia and Africa. The Latvian government have sought to work with Russia to stem the problem. In 2009 the US State Department criticized Latvia for its treatment of illegal immigrants.
For an immigrant not to become an illegal resident, a permit is required for a foreign national or a stateless person wishing to reside in the Republic of Latvia for more than 90 days within a 6-month period, thus if the person does not acquire himself a residence permit, he will be considered an illegal immigrant.

### Latvia migration data, 1990–present

| Year | Immigration | Emigration | Net Migration |
| 1990 | 32,285 | 45,370 | −13,085 |
| 1991 | 14,684 | 29,729 | −15,045 |
| 1992 | 6,199 | 59,673 | −53,474 |
| 1993 | 4,114 | 36,447 | −32,333 |
| 1994 | 3,046 | 25,869 | −22,823 |
| 1995 | 2,799 | 16,512 | −13,713 |
| 1996 | 2,747 | 12,828 | −10,081 |
| 1997 | 2,913 | 12,333 | −9,420 |
| 1998 | 3,123 | 8,874 | −5,751 |
| 1999 | 1,813 | 5,898 | −4,085 |
| 2000 | 6,483 | 22,911 | −16,428 |
| 2001 | 5,376 | 24,539 | −19,163 |
| 2002 | 6,642 | 15,837 | −9,195 |
| 2003 | 4,063 | 15,647 | −11,584 |
| 2004 | 4,844 | 20,167 | −15,323 |
| 2005 | 6,691 | 17,643 | −10,952 |
| 2006 | 8,212 | 17,019 | −8,807 |
| 2007 | 7,517 | 15,463 | −7,946 |
| 2008 | 4,678 | 27,045 | −22,367 |
| 2009 | 3,731 | 38,208 | −34,477 |
| 2010 | 4,011 | 39,651 | −35,640 |
| 2011 | 10,234 | 30,311 | −20,077 |
| 2012 | 13,303 | 25,163 | −11,860 |
| 2013 | 8,299 | 22,561 | −14,262 |
| 2014 | 10,365 | 19,017 | −8,652 |
| 2015 | 9,479 | 20,119 | −10,640 |
| 2016 | 8,345 | 20,574 | −12,229 |
| 2017 | 9,916 | 17,724 | −7,808 |
| 2018 | 10,909 | 15,814 | −4,905 |
| 2019 | 11,223 | 14,583 | −3,360 |
| 2020 | 8,840 | 11,990 | −3,150 |
| 2021 | 12,689 | 12,975 | −286 |
| 2022 | 38,708 | 16,680 | 22,028 |
| 2023 | 18,710 | 16,295 | 2,415 |
Largest groups of foreign citizens :
| Rank | Nationality | Population (2019) |
| 1 | Russia | 42,243 |
| 2 | Lithuania | 2,790 |
| 3 | Ukraine | 2,413 |
| 4 | Belarus | 1,630 |
| 5 | Estonia | 611 |
| 6 | Germany | 304 |
| 7 | Israel | 201 |
| 8 | Armenia | 188 |
| 9 | Poland | 176 |
| 10 | United States | 171 |
| 11 | Kazakhstan | 169 |
| 12 | United Kingdom | 151 |
| 13 | Moldova | 134 |
| 14 | China | 128 |
| 15 | Azerbaijan | 118 |
| 16 | Uzbekistan | 115 |
| 17 | Denmark | 96 |
| 18 | Georgia | 88 |
| 19 | Sweden | 86 |
| 20 | Italy | 82 |

## Ethnic groups

Latvia's indigenous population has been ravaged numerous times throughout history. The earliest such event occurred during the conquest of Latvia by Peter the Great in the Great Northern War with Sweden.
In 1897, the first official census in this area indicated that Latvians formed 68.3% of the total population of 1.93 million; Russians accounted for 7.9%, Jews for 7.4%, Germans for 6.2%, and Poles for 3.4%. The remainder were Lithuanians, Estonians, Romani, and various other nationalities.
The demographics shifted greatly in the 20th century due to the world wars, the expulsion of the Baltic Germans, the Holocaust, and occupation by the Soviet Union. Today, only the Russian minority, which has tripled in numbers since 1935, remains important. The share of ethnic Latvians fell from 75% (1,472,612) in 1935 to 52% (1,387,757) in 1989, after human loss in World War II and human deportation and other repressive measures.
Population of Latvia according to ethnic group 1897–2023 :
| Ethnic group | census 1897 | census 1897 | census 1925 | census 1925 | census 1935 | census 1935 | census 1959 | census 1959 | census 1970 | census 1970 | census 1979 | census 1979 | census 1989 | census 1989 | census 2000 | census 2000 | census 2011 | census 2011 | census 2021 | census 2021 |
| Ethnic group | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % |
| Latvians | 1,318,112 | 68.3 | 1,354,126 | 73.4 | 1,472,612 | 75.5 | 1,297,881 | 62.0 | 1,341,805 | 56.8 | 1,344,105 | 53.7 | 1,387,757 | 52.0 | 1,370,703 | 57.7 | 1,285,136 | 62.1 | 1,187,891 | 62.7 |
| Russians | 152,681 | 7.9 | 193,648 | 10.5 | 206,499 | 10.6 | 556,448 | 26.6 | 704,599 | 29.8 | 821,464 | 32.8 | 905,515 | 34.0 | 703,243 | 29.6 | 557,119 | 26.9 | 463,587 | 24.5 |
| Ukrainian | — | — | 512 | 0.03 | 1,844 | 0.09 | 29,440 | 1.4 | 53,461 | 2.3 | 66,703 | 2.7 | 92,101 | 3.5 | 63,644 | 2.7 | 45,798 | 2.2 | 42,282 | 2.2 |
| Belarusians | 79,523 | 4.1 | 38,010 | 2.1 | 26,867 | 1.4 | 61,587 | 2.9 | 94,898 | 4.0 | 111,505 | 4.5 | 119,702 | 4.5 | 97,150 | 4.1 | 68,202 | 3.3 | 58,632 | 3.1 |
| Poles | 65,056 | 3.4 | 51,143 | 2.8 | 48,949 | 2.5 | 59,774 | 2.9 | 63,045 | 2.7 | 62,690 | 2.5 | 60,416 | 2.3 | 59,505 | 2.5 | 44,772 | 2.2 | 37,203 | 2.0 |
| Lithuanians | 26,033 | 1.3 | 23,192 | 1.3 | 22,913 | 1.2 | 32,383 | 1.6 | 40,589 | 1.7 | 37,818 | 1.5 | 34,630 | 1.3 | 33,430 | 1.4 | 24,479 | 1.2 | 21,517 | 1.1 |
| Roma | — | — | 2,870 | 0.2 | 3,839 | 0.2 | 4,301 | 0.2 | 5,427 | 0.2 | 6,134 | 0.3 | 7,044 | 0.3 | 8,205 | 0.3 | 6,489 | 0.3 | 4,838 | 0.3 |
| Jews | 142,315 | 7.4 | 95,675 | 5.2 | 93,479 | 4.8 | 36,592 | 1.8 | 36,680 | 1.6 | 28,331 | 1.1 | 22,897 | 0.9 | 10,385 | 0.4 | 6,437 | 0.3 | 4,372 | 0.2 |
| Germans | 120,191 | 6.2 | 70,964 | 3.8 | 62,144 | 3.2 | 1,609 | 0.08 | 5,413 | 0.2 | 3,299 | 0.1 | 3,783 | 0.1 | 3,465 | 0.1 | 3,042 | 0.1 | 2,447 | 0.1 |
| Estonians | 17,990 | 0.93 | 7,893 | 0.4 | 7,014 | 0.4 | 4,610 | 0.2 | 4,334 | 0.2 | 3,681 | 0.2 | 3,312 | 0.1 | 2,652 | 0.1 | 2,007 | 0.1 | 1,587 | 0.1 |
| Livonians | — | — | 1,268 | 0.07 | 944 | 0.05 | 185 | 0.01 | 48 | 0.0 | 107 | 0.0 | 135 | 0.01 | 180 | 0.01 | 250 | 0.01 | 202 | 0.01 |
| Others | 7,486 | 0.39 | 5,504 | 0.3 | 3,398 | 0.2 | 8,648 | 0.4 | 13,828 | 0.6 | 16,979 | 0.7 | 29,275 | 1.1 | 24,824 | 1.1 | 26,640 | 1.3 | 68,665 | 3.6 |
| Total | 1,929,387 | 1,929,387 | 1,844,805 | 1,844,805 | 1,950,502 | 1,950,502 | 2,093,458 | 2,093,458 | 2,364,127 | 2,364,127 | 2,502,816 | 2,502,816 | 2,666,567 | 2,666,567 | 2,377,383 | 2,377,383 | 2,070,371 | 2,070,371 | 1,893,223 | 1,893,223 |
Population of Latvia according to ethnic group 2021–2024 :
| Ethnic group | 2021 statistics | 2021 statistics | 2022 statistics | 2022 statistics | 2023 statistics | 2023 statistics | 2024 statistics | 2024 statistics |
| Ethnic group | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % |
| Latvians | 1,187,891 | 62.74% | 1,181,534 | 62.99% | 1,175,902 | 62.45% | 1,171,070 | 62.56% |
| Russians | 463,587 | 24.49% | 454,350 | 24.22% | 445,612 | 23.66% | 437,587 | 23.38% |
| Ukrainians | 42,282 | 2.23% | 41,895 | 2.23% | 56,675 | 3.01% | 59,597 | 3.18% |
| Belarusians | 58,632 | 3.10% | 57,319 | 3.06% | 55,929 | 2.97% | 54,645 | 2.92% |
| Poles | 37,203 | 1.97% | 36,276 | 1.93% | 35,446 | 1.88% | 34,782 | 1.86% |
| Lithuanians | 21,517 | 1.14% | 21,046 | 1.12% | 20,530 | 1.09% | 20,155 | 1.08% |
| Roma | 4,838 | 0.26% | 4,784 | 0.26% | 4,677 | 0.25% | 4,630 | 0.25% |
| Jews | 4,372 | 0.23% | 4,231 | 0.23% | 4,076 | 0.22% | 4,019 | 0.21% |
| Estonians | 1,587 | 0.08% | 1,536 | 0.08% | 1,478 | 0.08% | 1,455 | 0.08% |
| Other ethnicities, including not selected and not indicated ethnicity | 71,314 | 3.77% | 72,786 | 3.88% | 82,683 | 4.39% | 83,942 | 4.48% |
| Total | 1,893,223 | 1,893,223 | 1,875,757 | 1,875,757 | 1,883,008 | 1,883,008 | 1,871,882 | 1,871,882 |
| Distribution of Russians, Belarusians and Ukrainians in 2011 | Number of ethnic Latvians and Russians 1925–2009 | Numbers of smaller ethnic minorities 1925–2009 |

## Languages

Main language spoken at home in Latvia, 2011 census
Latvian
62.1%
Russian
37.2%
Other
0.7% :
* official: Latvian
* considered indigenous in some legislation: Livonian, Latgalian
* other languages registered as main language spoken at home by at least 500 speakers in 2011 census (in declining order): Russian, Belarusian, Ukrainian, Lithuanian, Polish, Romani, Tatar, Yiddish and Hebrew, Estonian, German
* other languages widely spoken: English (46%)
* Latvian Sign Language (legally recognised and supported) and Russian Sign Language
In the 2011 census, 1,164,894 persons in Latvia reported Latvian as their main language spoken at home; 698,757 respondents listed Russian as their main language spoken at home, representing 37.2% of the total population, whereas Latvian was recorded as the main language spoken at home for 62.1%. Latvian was spoken as a second language by 20.8% of the population, and 43.7% spoke Russian as a second language. In total, 71% of ethnic Latvians said they could speak Russian, and 52% of Russians could speak Latvian in the 2000 census.
Main language spoken at home in Latvia, end 2017 data
Latvian
64.0%
Russian
34.6%
Other
1.4% :
In August 2019, the Central Statistical Bureau published new data indicating that Latvian was the native language of 60.8% of Latvia's population per 1 January 2018, a 2.6% increase compared to the 2000 census. 62.2% of the population was 'ethnically Latvian'. The percentage of native Latvian speakers increased in all statistical regions, especially in the Rīga capital region and Pierīga region around it (4.6%). The number of native Russian speakers dropped in all regions; in Latgale, the number of native Russian speakers also dropped, although their percentage remained the same at 55.5%, the highest of the country. Compared to the 2011 census, the share of people speaking Latvian at home rose by 1.9%, while the number of Russian home speakers dropped by 2.6%. 90.7% of ethnic Russians indicated they spoke Russian at home, while 8.5% of them indicated they spoke Latvian at home. Inter-linguistic marriage was an important factor why, for example, some non-native Latvian speakers who married native Latvian speakers switched to speaking Latvian at home. The percentage of Russian home speakers gradually increased with age from 30.0% amongst 0–4-year-olds to 44.2% amongst 55–64-year-olds, while Latvian home speakers gradually decreased with age from 69.2% amongst 0–4-year-olds to 55.0% amongst 55–64-year-olds, indicating that children in Latvia are increasingly being raised and educated in Latvian.

## Religion

Religion in Latvia (2011) :
| Lutheranism | Lutheranism | 34.2% | 34.2% |
| Roman Catholicism | Roman Catholicism | 24.1% | 24.1% |
| Russian Orthodox | Russian Orthodox | 17.8% | 17.8% |
| Old Believers | Old Believers | 1.6% | 1.6% |
| Other Christian | Other Christian | 1.2% | 1.2% |
| Other or none | Other or none | 21.1% | 21.1% |
The largest religion in Latvia is Christianity (79%), though only about 7% of the population attends religious services regularly. The largest groups as of 2011 were:
* Evangelical Lutheran Church of Latvia – 700,000
* Roman Catholic – 500,000
* Russian Orthodox – 400,000
In the Eurobarometer Poll 2010, 38% of Latvian citizens responded that "they believe there is a God", while 48% answered that "they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force" and 11% stated that "they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, God, or life force".
Lutheranism was more prominent before the Soviet occupation, when it was a majority religion of ~60% due to strong historical links with the Nordic countries and influence of the Hansa, and Germany in general. Since then, Lutheranism has declined to a slightly greater extent than Roman Catholicism in all three Baltic states. The Evangelical Lutheran Church, with an estimated 600,000 members in 1956, was affected most adversely. An internal document of 18 March 1987, near the end of communist rule, spoke of an active membership that had shrunk to only 25,000 in Latvia, but the faith has since experienced a revival. Moreover, modern Evangelical Protestant denominations are spreading worldwide, including Latvia. The country's Orthodox Christians belong to the Latvian Orthodox Church, a semi-autonomous body within the Russian Orthodox Church. In 2011, there were 416 Jews and 319 Muslims living in Latvia.
There are more than 600 Latvian neopagans, Dievturi, whose religion is based on Latvian mythology. About 21% of the total population is not affiliated with a specific religion.

## Depopulation

Latvia is one of the most depopulating countries in the world, losing about 20,000 people every year. Between 1990 and 2024, Latvia's population decreased by 780,000 people, from 2.66 million to 1.88 million, or 30%, and continues to decline. Over the next thirty years Latvia will lose another 23.5% as a result of continued depopulation.
According to OECD estimates, the causes of depopulation are very high emigration, especially of national minorities, high consumption of alcohol and tobacco, low quality of health care and their concentration in large cities, and demographic transition.
By 2045, Latvia's population is projected to be 1.5 million, and by 2060 it is expected to be smaller than Estonia's population. By 2100, Latvia's population is expected to fall to just 1.16 million.