# Haiphong

Haiphong (Vietnamese: Hải Phòng) is the third-largest city in Vietnam and is the principal port city of the Red River Delta.

## History

The municipality has an area of 1,526.52 km$^2$ (589.39 sq mi), consisting of 8 urban districts, 6 rural districts and 1 municipal city (sub-city). Two of the rural districts cover islands in the South China Sea: Bạch Long Vĩ and Cát Hải. It has a population of 2,130,898 in 2023. The city's economy has strength in manufacturing, as evident by large industrial parks and numerous smaller traditional handicraft villages. Historically, Haiphong is the first place in Vietnam and Mainland Southeast Asia to get electricity.
In the Annamese imperial era, the Bạch Đằng River in Haiphong was a place of many legendary victories, led by now-legendary commanders Ngô Quyền and Trần Quốc Tuấn. In the 16th century, Mạc dynasty promoted the coastal settlement as a secondary capital, growing to become an important port town of Đàng Ngoài. After the French conquest of Vietnam, in 1888, the president of the French Third Republic, Sadi Carnot, promulgated a decree to establish Haiphong as one of the principal cities of the French Indochina. From 1954 to 1975, Haiphong served as the most important maritime city of the North Vietnam. It was one of directly controlled municipalities of a reunified Vietnam with Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City in 1976. In the 21st century, Haiphong is under active land reclamation, the most recent effort being the construction of South Đình Vũ dike in 2022.
Haiphong is a popular seaside vacation spot and known for biological reservations in Cát Bà Island. For its extensive port, the city hosts the headquarter of Vietnam People's Navy. Royal poinciana are commonly associated with Haiphong in Vietnamese culture.

### Middle Ages

Modern-day Haiphong was the home of Lê Chân, one of the female generals under the command of the Trưng Sisters who rose against Chinese domination in 40 AD and ruled until their defeat in 43 AD. Lê Chân was known to have established the Hải tần Phòng thủ (“Defenced Sea-coast”) during the war against general Ma Yuan of the Han dynasty. Centuries later under the reign of Nguyễn Emperor Tự Đức, the area earned the appellation: Hải-Dương thương-chính quan-phòng ("The trading defensive area of Hải Dương Province").
By the 19th century, at the end of Tự Đức's reign, the Hàng Kênh Communal Hall in what is now the city's Le Chan District was made the administrative seat of An Dương District, restoring its regional importance. The area by then had developed into a sizable commercial port.
At the eve of the French conquest in 1881, a typhoon ravaged the area, killing about 3,000 people in and around Haiphong. Despite the damages, Haiphong was developed by the French to serve as Indochina's main naval base over the ensuing decades.

### XX century

Following the defeat of Japan in World War II, Vietnamese nationalists agitated for independence against French return. French forces landed in Haiphong and encountered resistance which resulted in the deaths of three French soldiers. In retaliation, the French ships, among them the cruiser Suffren, shelled the city, setting it ablaze and precipitating the First Indochina War. French infantry forces under the command of Jean-Étienne Valluy entered the city, fighting house to house with the support of armored units and airplanes.
Late in the Vietnam War, Haiphong was subjected to heavy bombing by US Navy and Air Force strike aircraft because it was North Vietnam's only major port. U.S. Admiral Thomas H. Moorer ordered the mining of Haiphong harbor on 8 May 1972, effectively sealing the port. Until it was lifted, the mining caused no casualty. Despite being targeted, the physical structure of the city was mostly unaffected by the war as the US had a self-imposed prohibition zone for the city. After the war, the city recovered its role as a significant industrial center.

### XXI century

On 20 February 2025 the Vietnamese parliament approved an $8 billion railroad investment to upgrade under Xi Jinping's Belt and road initiative the old French-built Kunming–Haiphong railway, which serves the Chinese border city Hekou Yao, Lao Cai, Hanoi and Haiphong.

## Geography

Haiphong is a coastal city located at the mouth of the Cấm River, in Vietnam's north-eastern coastal area, 120 kilometres or 75 miles east of Hanoi. The Bính Bridge crosses the Cam and connects the city with Thủy Nguyên District. It has a total natural area of 152,318.49 hectares or 376,387 acres (2001). It borders Quảng Ninh Province to the north, Hải Dương Province to the west, Thái Bình Province to the south, and the Gulf of Tonkin to the east. Bach Long Vi island, Cat Ba Island and the Long Châu islands, located in the Gulf, are also administered as part of the city. Tidal flat ecosystems occur adjacent to the city, however, many have been reclaimed for agriculture or development purposes.
Haiphong is subdivided into 15 district-level sub-divisions:
* 8 urban districts:
** An Dương
** Dương Kinh
** Đồ Sơn
** Hải An
** Kiến An
** Hồng Bàng
** Ngô Quyền
** Lê Chân
* 6 rural districts:
** An Lão
** Bạch Long Vĩ
** Cát Hải
** Kiến Thụy
** Tiên Lãng
** Vĩnh Bảo
* 1 municipal city:
** Thủy Nguyên
They are further subdivided into 10 commune-level towns (or townlets), 148 communes, and 72 wards.
| Local government districts | Number of wards (communes and towns) | Area (km$^2$) (2025) | Population (2025) | Density (people/km$^2$) |
| An Dương | 10 wards | 78.96 | 171,227 | 2,169 |
| Dương Kinh | 6 wards | 48.85 | 60,319 | 1,235 |
| Đồ Sơn | 6 wards | 46.32 | 54,175 | 1,169 |
| Hải An | 8 wards | 97.64 | 144,256 | 1,477 |
| Hồng Bàng | 10 wards | 39.77 | 177,820 | 4,471 |
| Kiến An | 7 wards | 29.6 | 118,047 | 3,988 |
| Lê Chân | 7 wards | 11.9 | 261,854 | 22,004 |
| Ngô Quyền | 8 wards | 11.33 | 186,683 | 16,477 |
| Sub-total (urban districts) | 62 wards | 364.37 | 1,174,381 | 3,223 |
| Thủy Nguyên | 17 wards + 4 communes | 269.1 | 397,570 | 1,477 |
| Sub-total (municipal city) | 17 wards, 4 communes | 269.1 | 397,570 | 1,477 |
| An Lão | 2 towns + 15 communes | 114.58 | 146,712 | 1,280 |
| Bạch Long Vĩ | - | 3.16 | 624 | 197 |
| Cát Hải | 2 towns + 10 communes | 325.6 | 32.090 | 98 |
| Kiến Thụy | 1 town + 15 communes | 108.87 | 160,239 | 1,471 |
| Tiên Lãng | 1 town + 18 communes | 195 | 185,619 | 951 |
| Vĩnh Bảo | 1 town + 19 communes | 183.16 | 224,813 | 1,227 |
| Sub-total (rural districts) | 7 towns + 77 communes | 930.37 | 750,097 | 806 |
| Total | 79 wards, 7 towns, 81 communes | 1,563.84 | 2,322,048 | 1,484 |

### Climate

Haiphong features a humid subtropical climate (Koppen: Cwa) with hot, humid summers and warm, dry winters. The city is noticeably wetter from April through October; roughly 90% of the city's annual rainfall (which totals approximately 1,700 millimetres or 67 inches) typically falls during these months. There is a noticeable difference in temperatures between the city's winters and summers. Haiphong's coolest months, January and February, sees average high temperatures reach 20 °C (68 °F) and average low temperatures at around 14 °C (57.2 °F). Its warmest months, June and July, sees average high temperatures hover around 33 °C (91.4 °F) and average low temperatures at around 26 °C (78.8 °F). Sea temperatures range from a low of 21 °C (70 °F) in February to a high of 30 °C (86 °F) during the months of July and August.
Climate data for Haiphong (Phù Liễn, Kiến An district) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 31.0 (87.8) | 34.1 (93.4) | 35.4 (95.7) | 37.4 (99.3) | 41.5 (106.7) | 39.5 (103.1) | 38.5 (101.3) | 39.4 (102.9) | 37.4 (99.3) | 36.6 (97.9) | 33.1 (91.6) | 30.0 (86.0) | 41.5 (106.7) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 19.8 (67.6) | 20.1 (68.2) | 22.2 (72.0) | 26.4 (79.5) | 30.6 (87.1) | 32.0 (89.6) | 32.1 (89.8) | 31.5 (88.7) | 30.8 (87.4) | 29.0 (84.2) | 25.8 (78.4) | 22.1 (71.8) | 26.9 (80.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 16.3 (61.3) | 17.0 (62.6) | 19.4 (66.9) | 23.1 (73.6) | 26.6 (79.9) | 28.2 (82.8) | 28.4 (83.1) | 27.8 (82.0) | 26.9 (80.4) | 24.7 (76.5) | 21.5 (70.7) | 18.1 (64.6) | 23.2 (73.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 14.2 (57.6) | 15.2 (59.4) | 17.7 (63.9) | 21.1 (70.0) | 24.1 (75.4) | 25.6 (78.1) | 25.9 (78.6) | 25.3 (77.5) | 24.3 (75.7) | 22.0 (71.6) | 18.8 (65.8) | 15.5 (59.9) | 20.8 (69.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 4.5 (40.1) | 4.5 (40.1) | 6.1 (43.0) | 10.4 (50.7) | 15.5 (59.9) | 18.4 (65.1) | 20.3 (68.5) | 20.4 (68.7) | 15.6 (60.1) | 12.7 (54.9) | 9.0 (48.2) | 4.9 (40.8) | 4.5 (40.1) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 28.0 (1.10) | 27.4 (1.08) | 48.5 (1.91) | 85.3 (3.36) | 201.6 (7.94) | 238.1 (9.37) | 238.1 (9.37) | 353.0 (13.90) | 257.1 (10.12) | 136.3 (5.37) | 43.0 (1.69) | 22.8 (0.90) | 1,679.3 (66.11) |
| Average rainy days | 8.4 | 12.8 | 17.1 | 12.9 | 12.6 | 14.1 | 14.2 | 17.5 | 13.8 | 9.7 | 6.4 | 5.5 | 145.2 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 84.4 | 88.5 | 90.9 | 90.7 | 87.5 | 86.8 | 86.6 | 88.4 | 86.3 | 82.3 | 79.8 | 79.5 | 86.0 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 82.0 | 46.6 | 41.3 | 85.0 | 183.7 | 181.3 | 199.1 | 169.5 | 179.1 | 179.8 | 148.5 | 126.8 | 1,624.8 |
| Source 1: Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology ||||||||||||||
| Source 2: The Yearbook of Indochina (1930-1931) ||||||||||||||
Average sea temperature :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average temperature °C (°F) | 22 °C (72 °F) | 21 °C (70 °F) | 22 °C (72 °F) | 24 °C (75 °F) | 27 °C (81 °F) | 29 °C (84 °F) | 30 °C (86 °F) | 30 °C (86 °F) | 29 °C (84 °F) | 28 °C (82 °F) | 26 °C (79 °F) | 23 °C (73 °F) | 26 °C (79 °F) |

### Transport
#### Roads

Haiphong is located at the junction of two National Highways: Route 5, leading west to Hanoi, and Route 10, leading South to Nam Định and onward to connect with National Route 1 at Ninh Bình. Highway 356 passes west–east from the Route 5/10 junction through Haiphong's city center all the way to the coast. A connecting road from route 5 to route 18 links Haiphong with Quảng Ninh Province. In 2015, the new highway connecting Haiphong with Hanoi was completed; this is the most modern highway in Vietnam and reduces the trip by one hour as compared to the previous route.
Within the city there are several long-distance bus depots: Niem Nghia, Vinh Niem, and Thuong Ly.
A new highway route was completed in 2016. From Hanoi to Haiphong and back, it now takes less than two hours to reach. It has also shortened the distance from Haiphong to Thai Binh, Hai Duong, Hung Yen.
Tourists can easily catch a coach from Niem Nghia bus station to Hanoi or Cat Ba island, either Quang Ninh, or South of Vietnam.

#### Airports

The main airport serving Haiphong is Cat Bi International Airport with three flights daily to Ho Chi Minh city. In April 2011, Vietnam Airlines launched routes to Da Nang with 5 flights a week. An international airport for Haiphong, situated in Tien Lang district, is in the planning stages; if realized it would become the largest airport in northern Vietnam.

#### Seaports

Haiphong port is one of the largest ports in Vietnam and south-east Asia as a whole. The Port of Haiphong on the Cấm River is divided into three main docks: Hoang Dieu (Central terminal) located near the city's center, Chua Ve, and Dinh Vu both farther downstream to the east. Several ferry terminals connect Haiphong with the neighboring Cát Hải and Cát Bà Islands; Ben Binh Ferry terminal is located near the city center while Dinh Vu Ferry is located on a spit of land on the coast. The government had approved the plans to build an international port in Lach Huyen – 15 kilometers from the current port. Once completed this will be one of the deepest ports in Vietnam, with a draft of 14m, capable of receiving ships up to 100.000 DWT.

#### Railway

Haiphong station built in 1902 is the eastern terminus of the Kunming–Hai Phong Railway, also known as the Yunnan–Vietnam Railway. Built at by the French during their occupation, the railway once connected Haiphong to the city of Kunming in Yunnan, China, although service along the Chinese portion of the line is currently suspended. Rail travel from Haiphong with connections to the rest of the Vietnamese railway network is via Hanoi.
Passenger trains run daily from 6AM until 6PM from Haiphong city to the capital Hanoi and back. The travel time between the two cities by rail is approximately three hours.

### Population

Haiphong is the third most populous city in Vietnam, with a population of 2.103.500 for the metropolitan area (2015), encompassing an area of 1,507.57 km$^2$ (582.08 sq mi), 46,1% of population reside in the urban districts. The gender distribution is half female (50.4%).
As of the 2009 census, Haiphong's average annual population growth rate was given as 4.0%. Haiphong's crude birth rate was recorded at 18.1 live births per 1000 persons vs the crude death rate of 7.6 per 1000 persons. Life expectancy at birth was estimated at 77.1 years for women and 72.0 years for men, or 74.5 years overall. Infant mortality rate was measured at 11.8 infant deaths per 1000 live births, just over two points above the nation's average for urban areas. In the same census, the city's out-migration was 1.9% vs in-migration of 2.8% and, for a net migration rate of 0.9%.

## Culture
### Education

In 2012, Hải Phòng had 4 universities and academies, 17 colleges, 26 professional secondary schools, 56 high schools, and hundreds of other educational institutions ranging from elementary to preschool levels. Trần Phú High School in Hải Phòng holds a Vietnamese record for being the only school with students winning international prizes for 21 consecutive years.

#### Universities

* Vietnam Maritime University - A national key university specializing in transport and maritime studies
* Hai Phong University - A multidisciplinary university, formerly Hai Phong Teachers College
* Hai Phong Medical University - Trains general and specialized doctors, nurses, and serves as a medical research center
* Hai Phong Management and Technology University - A private multidisciplinary university

#### High schools

* Tran Phu Gifted High School: Ranked third nationally in terms of achievements in national student competitions, holds a record for 21 consecutive years of international awards
* Ngô Quyền High School: Formerly known as Bonnal School, the oldest in Hải Phòng, with French architectural influence, established in 1920
* Thái Phiên High School: A top non-specialized high school in the city, in the top 100 nationwide
* Lê Ích Mộc High School: Named after the first scholar of Hải Phòng, located in Kỳ Sơn, Thủy Nguyên
* Lê Quý Đôn High School: Another prominent high school in Hải Phòng
* Trần Nguyên Hãn High School: Known for students achieving high results in university entrance exams and fostering creative students
* An Lão High School: Located at 43 Lê Lợi Street, An Lão town, An Lão district, known for high teaching quality
* Vĩnh Bảo High School: Recognized for having many students achieve top results in university entrance exams
* Kiến An High School: The second oldest high school in Hải Phòng, known for its high-quality education
* Tiên Lãng High School: The first school in Hải Phòng with a student winning the national final of the "Road to Mount Olympia" competition
* Mạc Đĩnh Chi High School: Located in Dương Kinh district, known for a high university entrance rate
* Haiphong Maritime High School: Internationally named by alumnus Trần Bảo Sơn, affiliated with Vietnam Maritime University
* Lương Thế Vinh High School: Formerly Toa Xe Private High School, one of the first four private high schools in Hải Phòng
* Hồng Bàng High School
* Lê Hồng Phong High School
* An Dương High School
* Hải An High School
* Lê Chân High School
* Thăng Long High School
* Kiến Thụy High School
* Nguyễn Đức Cảnh High School
* Bạch Đằng High School
* Trần Hưng Đạo High School
* Nguyễn Trãi High School

### Cuisine

Hai Phong specialties are known throughout Vietnam for their seafood dishes. Seafood restaurants in the Do Son area are famous for having very fresh shrimp, crab, fish, and squid at affordable prices. The seafood processing style in Hai Phong is simple, emphasizing the essence and freshness of ingredients, not spices.
Dishes such as bánh đa cua (red noodle soup with crab), bún cá (fish rice noodle soup), bánh mỳ que cay (spicy stick-bread), cơm cháy hải sản (crispy rice cracker with seafood), nem cua bể (square crab spring rolls) are notable and popular dishes. These dishes can be found on the streets of other places like Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi, but enjoying them on the Flamboyant City (the other name of Haiphong City) is still the most ideal because of the choice of raw ingredients and cooking secrets of local chefs. Hai Phong cuisine has been promoted to Europe at the Brest Maritime Festival 2008 (France) and resonated greatly.
Hai Phong also has many other dishes such as mantis shrimp hot pot, bean sprouts salad, sủi dìn, bánh bèo (Haiphong's version, which is different from Hue's version).

### Notable persons

* Mạc Đăng Dung (1483–1541), the founder of the Mạc Dynasty
* Nguyễn Bỉnh Khiêm (1491–1585), thinker, poet, prophet, Cao Dai religion saint
* Mai Trung Thu (1906–80), painter
* Văn Cao (1923–95), musician, poet, painter and composer of the national anthem of Vietnam Tiến Quân Ca
* Hùng Cường (1936–96), singer and actor.
* Trà Giang (born 1942), film actress (born in Quảng Ngãi Province, grew up and schooled in Haiphong)
* Wong Kwok-hing (born 1949), Hong Kong trade unionist and a former member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong (2004–2016)
* Phan Thị Hà Thanh (born 1991), artistic gymnast, first gymnast to win a world medal for Vietnam gymnastics (2011)
* Thu Phương (born 1972), pop singer and Haiphong native; now lives in the U.S.

### Twin municipalities

* Đà Nẵng, Vietnam
* Nam Định, Vietnam
* Hong Kong, China
* Incheon, South Korea
* Kitakyushu, Japan
* Livorno, Italy
* Nanning, China
* Saint Petersburg, Russia
* Seattle, United States
* Tianjin, China
* Gödöllő, Hungary

### Landscapes

* Du Hang Pagoda
* Du Hang Pagoda architecture
* The city's Opera House
* A Buddhist temple in Haiphong.
* Haiphong Cathedral (2007)
* Haiphong City International Exhibition Center

## Economy

Haiphong is a major economic center of the North in particular and Vietnam in general both. Under French domination, Haiphong was level 1 city, equal to Saigon and Hanoi. The last years of the 19th century, the French had proposed to build Haiphong into the economic capital of Indochina. Today, Haiphong is still one of the most important economic centers of Vietnam. In 2009, Haiphong state budget revenue reached 34,000 billion Vnd. In 2011, budget revenues in the city reached 47,725 billion, increase 19% compared to 2010. In 2015, total revenues of the city reached 56 288 billion. Government plans that to 2020, Haiphong's revenues will be over 80,000 billion and the domestic revenue reach 20.000 billion. In the ranking of the Provincial Competitiveness Index (PCI) 2013 of Vietnam, Haiphong city ranked at No. 15/63 provinces. Haiphong has relationship of trading goods with more than 40 countries and territories around the world. Haiphong is striving to become one of the largest commercial centers of the country.
On Vietnam's Provincial Competitiveness Index 2023, a key tool for evaluating the business environment in Vietnam’s provinces, Hai Phong received a score of 70.34. This was an improvement from 2022 in which the province received a score of 70.76. In 2023, the province received its highest scores on the 'Labor Policy' and 'Time Costs' criterion and lowest on 'Policy Bias' and ‘Transparency’.

### Industry

Industry is a key sector in Haiphong including food processing, light industries and heavy industries. Major products include fish sauce, beer, cigarettes, textiles, paper, plastic pipes, cement, iron, pharmaceuticals, electric fans, motorbikes, steel pipes and ships and out-sourcing software implementation. Most of these industries have been growing significantly between 2000 and 2007, with the exceptions of the cigarette and pharmaceutical industries. Shipbuilding, steel pipes, plastic pipes and textiles are among the industries with the most rapid growth.
There are also growing industries supplying products used by existing industries in the city. PetroVietnam set up a joint-venture PVTex with textile manufacturer Vinatex to build Vietnam's first polyester fiber plant in Haiphong. The factory will use by-products from oil-refining and reduce reliance on imported materials. 270,600 people were employed in Haiphong's industry. 112,600 industrial jobs were created between 2000 and 2007.

#### Agriculture, forestry and fishery

Despite its status as a city, around one third of Haiphong's area or 52,300 ha (as of 2007) are used for agriculture. Rice is the most important crop, taking up around 80% of the agricultural land with an output of 463,100 tons in 2007. Other agricultural products include maize, sugar and peanuts.
Haiphong has a relatively large fishing sector with an output of 79,705 tons (2007). Gross output has almost doubled between 2000 and 2007, mostly due to fast growth in aquaculture, which made up 60% of gross output in 2007. Despite its coastal location, sea fish contribute relatively little to the sector (around one fourth). Nam Định Province and Thái Bình Province have much larger fishing sectors and even the inland Hải Dương Province has a larger gross output from fishing than Haiphong.
As of 2007, 315,500 were employed in agriculture and fishery, a significant decrease from 396,300 in 2000. However, these sectors still account for almost a third of total employment in Haiphong, a larger share than industry. However, gross output in both agriculture and fishery have been growing significantly between 2000 and 2007.