# Richard D. James Album

Richard D. James Album is the fourth studio album by the British electronic music artist and producer Richard D. James under the alias of Aphex Twin. It was released on 4 November 1996 through Warp Records. It was composed by James on his Macintosh computer, and took longer to complete than his previous albums. It features fast breakbeats and intricate drum programming which draw from jungle and drum and bass. James' drum loops are paired with lush string arrangements, and ambient melodies reminiscent of his earlier work, as well as modulated vocals from James.
Richard D. James Album entered the Dance Albums Chart at No. 7, and reached No. 62 on the Albums Chart. In the US it charted at No. 20 on Billboard's Top Heatseekers Albums chart. It had sold over 100,000 units by 1997, making it Warp's most commercially successful release at the time. It received critical acclaim, with much of the praise going to its production. It has since been described as one of the best albums of 1996 and the 1990s overall by music critics.

## Background and production

In 1995, Richard James released the two Hangable Auto Bulb EPs under his AFX moniker, experimenting with exaggerated rhythms inspired by drum and bass in a style that came to be called "drill 'n' bass". This faster style of drum programming was inspired by James' friend Luke Vibert, also known as Plug. James stated that while he worked with triplets and complicated beats in the past, that Vibert "got me into doing it a faster pace. He gave me the spark to do it faster, but now I'm trying to take it to all extremes". This rapid, computer-based approach would become the dominant style of James's work through the end of the decade. In the following year, James released the Aphex Twin EP Girl/Boy.
James has stated that most of the album was composed on his Macintosh computer and that the album took longer to create than any of his previous albums. Describing his approach to drum programming, he stated that "sometimes I just hit the keyboard in a way I'd like the rhythm of the tracks to sound. Then I'll spend four hours moving all the notes where I want them to go." Some tracks on the album include James' vocals modulated on a computer; in "To Cure a Weakling Child", James manipulated his voice to sound like a child giving a lecture about their arms and legs. For the orchestral arrangements on the album, James bought a violin at a car boot sale. He taught himself to play a note from the instrument by placing it on a table, playing a note and sampling the note.

## Composition

Richard D. James Album is a work of electronica that has been characterised as James's "swan dive into jungle and drill'n'bass" by Vice's Dan Wiess, and labeled as a work of IDM by Pitchfork, working with jungle, drum and bass and ambient and acid techno in some tracks. Andrew Speiss of PopMatters noted that '[w]hat makes Richard D. James Album stand out among James' previous works is the synthesis of delicate, symphonic sounds and hard, jackhammering beats," noting that the album consolidated his 1995 entry into the short-lived drill 'n' bass subgenre. James has claimed the influence of jungle music came from "any of the drum 'n' bass and breakbeat artists" and that he has "always been into nicking other things [...] and making something different". Patrick Fallon of Stereogum noted the album heavily relies on drum programming, sampling, and "other digital intricacies that would've been otherwise unthinkable without computers". It also features lush string arrangements and simple keyboard textures built over quadruple time breakbeats. A reviewer for Spectrum Culture wrote that the album used unstable time signatures. Steve Taylor found the record Aphex Twin's "most terrifying" one, with "weird stop-start beats, white noise and tough melodies."
John Bush of AllMusic noted that the album continued James's "forays into acid-jungle and experimental music," noting that the album was "more extreme than virtually all jungle being made at the time", with beats layered over slower melodies that characterised James' earlier ambient works. Eric Carr of Pitchfork opined that the album was one of the "aggressive combinations of disparate electronic forms", with "almost-brutal contrast between its elements". Exclaim! commented that tracks such as "Girl/Boy Song", "Yellow Calx", and "Peek 824545201" were "loosely based on jungle". Spin's Will Hermes linked the album's use of vocals, both sung and sampled, its cover artwork and title, stating that "Richard D. James might be the first electronica LP that not only gropes for narrative but also aspired to an abstract sort of autobiography."

## Release

Richard D. James Album was released through Warp on 4 November 1996. It was released on compact disc, cassette and gramophone record; early copies of the album were distributed with a plastic sachet containing James' hair. The American version included the Girl/Boy EP as bonus tracks. The album entered at number 7 on the Dance Albums Chart and at number 62 on the Albums Chart in the UK, on 16 November 1996. It was released in the United States through Sire Records on 28 January 1997 and charted at number 20 on Billboard's Top Heatseekers Albums chart. By November 1997, it had sold over 100,000 copies and became Warp's most commercially successful release at the time, the former of which surprised James.
Along with ...I Care Because You Do (1995), Richard D. James Album was reissued on vinyl on 18 September 2012 by record label 1972. Warp announced their own re-issue of the album on 180-gram vinyl for 8 October 2012.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Detroit Free Press | |
| Entertainment Weekly | A− |
| Muzik | |
| Pitchfork | 8.4/10 |
| Rolling Stone | |
| The Rolling Stone Album Guide | |
| Spin | 7/10 |
| Tom Hull – on the Web | B+ |
| The Village Voice | B+ |
Richard D. James Album received critical acclaim from music critics. In the United Kingdom, The Independent gave album a positive review, stating that "The intuitive sense of melody [James] has been striving so hard to suppress over the last few years has come to the fore too, and the result is the most magical pop record of the year: the year in question being AD 2001". In North America, Pitchfork's Ryan Schreiber gave the album an 8.4 out of ten rating, stating that "The Richard D. James Album is 43.5 minutes of pure electronic genius" and "just when your brain starts to comprehend a rhythmic pattern, the beat shifts, turns left and crushes your torso under the steering wheel." Rolling Stone's Jason Fine gave the album three-and-a-half stars out of five, commenting that "Aphex Twin coaxes great emotional resonance from his machines" and combines "jolting beats, pristine melodic fragments and random noises into elegant – if at times unnerving – futuristic pop". However, he also commented that "not all of Richard D. James goes down easy". Marc Widenbaum of The Pulse called the album, "quite simply, the strongest art-pop record to appear since Laurie Anderson's Mr. Heartbreak", defined by a "series of lovely tunes atop a decisive, rhythmically fascinating girding of rapid-fire, turn-on-a-dime percussion." Entertainment Weekly writer David Browne awarded the album an A−, calling it James' "quirkiest, most personal work" and said that "4" and "Girl/Boy Song" revealed "a new warmth and wistfulness." Mark Jenkins of The Washington Post gave the album a negative review, referring to the music as "sloppy offhand", "a noisy mess" and sounding "like a private joke".
Richard D. James Album was placed in numerous best-of lists. NME placed the album at number 20 on their list of the best albums of 1996. The Wire also listed the album among their top 50 albums of the year for 1996. In 2003 Pitchfork listed their top albums of the 1990s, with Richard D. James Album ranking at 40. Pitchfork stated that RDJ is not "easily dated by [its] technology", and doesn't "sound stale compared to modern variations." Also in 2003, NME ranked it 55th in their list of the top 100 albums of all time. Slant Magazine placed the album at number 91 on their list of the top 100 albums of the 1990s, describing it as "more fascinated by textures than almost any other electronic album ever crafted". In 2015 Spin placed the album at number 71 on their list of the best albums of the past 30 years. In the same year, Exclaim! listed Richard D. James Album on their list of Essential Richard D. James albums. The review opined that the album was "not necessarily a release that you immediately fall in love with", but that it was "endlessly rewarding". Evening Standard named it among "the most influential electronica albums of the past 20 years." In 2019, Reverb called the album "perhaps the best-known IDM release of all time" and a "highwater mark" for the genre.

## Track listing

All tracks are credited as being written and produced by "Me" (Richard D. James).

## Personnel

Credits from the back cover of the album.
* Aphex Twin (credited as "Me") – writer, producer, sleeve
* Johnny Clayton – sleeve

## Charts

Chart performance for Richard D. James Album :
| Chart (1996–1997) | Peak position |
| UK Albums Chart (CIN) | 62 |
| UK Dance Albums Chart (CIN) | 7 |
| US Top Heatseekers (Billboard) | 20 |
| Chart (2023) | Peak position |
| UK Dance Albums (OCC) | 39 |

## Sales

Sales for Richard D. James Album :
| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| United Kingdom | — | 30,000 |
| United States | — | 50,000 |
| Summaries |||
| Worldwide | — | 100,000 |