# Barbara Lee

Barbara Jean Lee (née Tutt; born July 16, 1946) is an American politician who served as a U.S. representative from California from 1998 to 2025. A member of the Democratic Party, Lee represented California's 12th congressional district (numbered as the 9th district from 1998 to 2013 and as the 13th district from 2013 to 2023), which is based in Oakland and covers most of the northern part of Alameda County. According to the Cook Partisan Voting Index, it is one of the nation's most Democratic districts, with a rating of D+40.
Born and raised in Texas, Lee was educated at Mills College and the University of California, Berkeley. She started her career by working on the presidential campaign of Shirley Chisholm, and she later was involved with the Black Panther Party. After working as chief of staff for U.S. Representative Ron Dellums, Lee served in the California State Assembly from 1990 to 1996 and in the California State Senate from 1996 to 1998.
Lee was elected to the House of Representatives in a 1998 special election to succeed Dellums. A noted progressive, she chaired the Congressional Progressive Caucus from 2005 to 2009 and the Congressional Black Caucus from 2009 to 2011. In addition, she is the vice chair and a founding member of the Congressional LGBTQ+ Equality Caucus, a co-chair of the Congressional Cannabis Caucus, and a co-chair of the House Democratic Steering Committee. She has played a major role in the antiwar movement, notably in her vocal criticism of the Iraq War and for being the only member of Congress to vote against the authorization of use of force following the September 11 attacks.
In 2024, Lee chose not to pursue re-election in the House and instead ran for Senate to succeed Dianne Feinstein. Lee lost in the jungle primary to Republican Steve Garvey and fellow House Democrat Adam Schiff, who won the seat in the general election. In January 2025, Lee announced her campaign for mayor of Oakland following the recall of Sheng Thao.

## Early life and education

Lee was born Barbara Jean Tutt on July 16, 1946, in El Paso, Texas. She is the oldest of three daughters of Mildred Adaire (née Parish; 1924–2015) and Garvin Alexander Tutt (1924–2007), a lieutenant colonel in the United States Army. When she was born in a segregated hospital, her mother was left in the hallway, as the hospital refused to assist her. Lee is African American; according to a DNA analysis, she descends primarily from the people of Guinea-Bissau and Sierra Leone. She was raised Catholic and attended Catholic schools, where she was taught by the Sisters of Loretto. She was the only African-American Girl Scout in El Paso, and she recalls having faced racial discrimination throughout her childhood.
Lee's parents divorced in 1955. Five years later, she moved to California with her mother and two sisters. She attended San Fernando High School in the Pacoima neighborhood of Los Angeles, where she worked with the NAACP to become the school's first African-American cheerleader, and she graduated in 1964. When she was 15, Lee had a back-alley abortion in Ciudad Juárez. She married Carl Lee, a member of the United States Air Force, and moved with him to England after high school; they had two children, and then divorced when Lee was 20. After the birth of her first child in 1966, Lee returned to California’s San Fernando Valley. Lee describes the marriage as abusive, and she became homeless following the divorce.
She later moved to the Bay Area and attended Mills College, where she served as president of the college's Black Student Union, and she graduated in 1973 with a bachelor of arts in psychology. She later attended the University of California, Berkeley, from where she graduated in 1975 with a master of social work. Throughout college, Lee was a single mother of two on public assistance and food stamps, and she often took her children to class because she was unable to afford child care.

## Early political career

Lee worked for the Glendale Welfare Council and later as a statistical clerk for the California Department of Labor Statistics. As president of the Mills College Black Student Union, Lee invited Representative Shirley Chisholm to speak on campus. She was inspired to register to vote by Chisholm's visit, and she went on to work on Chisholm's 1972 presidential campaign, serving as one of her delegates at the 1972 Democratic National Convention. Lee later said Chisholm was a mentor who inspired her to run for office. Also while a student, Lee volunteered at the Oakland chapter of the Black Panther Party's Community Learning Center and worked on Black Panther co-founder Bobby Seale's 1973 campaign for mayor of Oakland. Lee was surveilled by the Federal Bureau of Investigation due to her involvement with the Black Panthers.
As a graduate student, Lee founded the Community Health Alliance for Neighborhood Growth and Education (CHANGE), a community-based mental health clinic. She was later offered an internship in the office of Representative Ron Dellums, who represented an Oakland-based district. Following the internship, she took a full-time job in Dellums's office and eventually became his chief of staff. Lee was one of the only African Americans and women to hold a senior staff position on Capitol Hill. After leaving Dellums's office in 1987, she returned to the Bay Area and founded a facilities-management company.

## California State Legislature

Lee was elected to the California State Assembly in 1990 to succeed Elihu Harris, who retired to successfully run for mayor of Oakland. She served three terms in the Assembly, and she was elected to the California State Senate in 1996. She resigned her seat in the State Senate after winning a special election to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1998.
Lee was the first African-American woman to represent Northern California in the California State Legislature. During her time in the Legislature, she authored 67 bills that were signed into law by then-Governor Pete Wilson, a Republican; among those bills were the California Schools Hate Crimes Prevention Act and the California Violence Against Women Act. Lee also worked to defeat California's three-strikes law and was an early champion of LGBTQ+ rights.
Lee was a member of the California Commission on the Status of Women and founded the California Commission on the Status of African American Males.

## U.S. House of Representatives
### Elections

After Dellums resigned from the U.S. House of Representatives in 1998, Lee successfully ran in the special election to succeed him, winning 66% of the vote. She was elected to a full term later that year, winning 83% of the vote. She was re-elected to the House of Representatives 12 more times.
In lieu of running for a 14th term, Lee campaigned to succeed Dianne Feinstein in the United States Senate in 2024.

### Tenure

Lee originally represented California's 9th congressional district, from which she served until 2013. She later represented the 13th district from 2013 to 2023, and she represented the 12th district from 2023 until 2025. Her district was located in Alameda County and includes the cities of Oakland, Berkeley, Emeryville, Alameda, Albany, Piedmont, San Leandro, and most of San Lorenzo. The Cook Partisan Voting Index gives her district a rating of D+40, making it one of the most Democratic districts in the nation.
Lee's voting record as a member of Congress was ranked by the National Journal in 2007, based on roll-call votes on economic, social and foreign policy issues in 2006. Lee scored an overall 84.3%, meaning that she voted with a more liberal stance than 84.3% of the House. National Journal scored Lee as voting 82% liberal on economic issues, 92% liberal on social issues, and 65% liberal on foreign policy. The 92% rating on social issues came from Lee being grouped with 35 other House legislators who all tied for the highest, most liberal ranking. Lee received a 97% progressive rating from "The Progressive Punch" and a 4% conservative rating from the American Conservative Union. In 2016, GovTrack's 2015 Report Card on members in Congress ranked Lee the 3rd most progressive member of the House.
Lee endorsed Barack Obama in the 2008 Democratic presidential primaries. In February 2019, she endorsed Kamala Harris in the 2020 Democratic presidential primaries.
By January 3, 2023, Lee had voted in line with President Joe Biden's stated position 99.1% of the time.

#### AUMF opposition

Lee gained national attention in 2001 as the only member of Congress to vote against the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists (AUMF), stating that she voted no not because she opposed military action but because she believed the AUMF, as written, granted the president overly broad powers to wage war at a time when the facts regarding the situation were not yet clear. She "warned her colleagues to be 'careful not to embark on an open-ended war with neither an exit strategy nor a focused target'". Lee has said:
   It was a blank check to the president to attack anyone involved in the September 11 events—anywhere, in any country, without regard to our nation's long-term foreign policy, economic and national security interests, and without time limit. In granting these overly broad powers, the Congress failed its responsibility to understand the dimensions of its declaration. I could not support such a grant of war-making authority to the president; I believe it would put more innocent lives at risk. The president has the constitutional authority to protect the nation from further attack, and he has mobilized the armed forces to do just that. The Congress should have waited for the facts to be presented and then acted with fuller knowledge of the consequences of our action.
Her vote made national news and a large and extremely polarized response, with the volume of calls gridlocking the switchboard of her Capitol Hill office. Although it appears to have reflected the beliefs of the majority of her constituents, the majority of responses from elsewhere in the nation were angry and hostile, some calling her "communist" and a "traitor". Many of the responses included death threats against her or her family to the point that the Capitol Police provided round-the-clock plainclothes bodyguards. Lee was also criticized by politicians and in editorial pages of conservative-leaning newspapers, such as John Fund's column in The Wall Street Journal. In 2002, she received the Seán MacBride Peace Prize from the International Peace Bureau for her vote.
In her speech, she quoted Nathan D. Baxter, dean of the Washington National Cathedral: "As we act, let us not become the evil that we deplore."
On June 29, 2017, the House Appropriations Committee approved Lee's amendment to repeal the 2001 AUMF that was the foundation of the United States' post-September 11 military actions. The amendment, if passed, would have required that the AUMF be scrapped within 240 days. In June 2021, Lee sponsored a bipartisan bill in the House to repeal the AUMF, which passed 268–161. The bill was never put to a vote in the Senate.

#### Foreign policy

Although Lee is considered a progressive Democrat, she has occasionally split with members of her party throughout her career, especially on foreign policy. Prior to voting against the Authorization for Use of Military Force in 2001, she joined four other representatives in voting against the resolution to authorize Operation Desert Fox in Iraq in 1998, and later voted against US participation in the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia in 1999.
In an August 2017 interview, Lee said of President Donald Trump's comments on North Korea, "His saber-rattling is putting the world at risk. The United States should be the grown-up in the room", and that his rhetoric reminded her of news about the Cuban Missile Crisis during her mid-teens, adding, "the words of war weren't as profound and dangerous and scary [then] as they are now."
In September 2018, Lee was one of 11 House Democrats to sign a statement announcing their intent "to introduce a new, privileged resolution in September invoking the War Powers Resolution of 1973 to withdraw U.S. Armed Forces from engaging in the Saudi-led coalition's conflict with the Houthis should additional escalations continue and progress fail to be made towards a peace agreement."
In April 2019, after the House passed the resolution withdrawing American support for the Saudi-led coalition in Yemen, Lee was one of nine lawmakers to sign a letter to Trump requesting a meeting with him and urging him to sign "Senate Joint Resolution 7, which invokes the War Powers Act of 1973 to end unauthorized US military participation in the Saudi-led coalition's armed conflict against Yemen's Houthi forces, initiated in 2015 by the Obama administration." They asserted the "Saudi-led coalition's imposition of an air-land-and-sea blockade as part of its war against Yemen's Houthis has continued to prevent the unimpeded distribution of these vital commodities, contributing to the suffering and death of vast numbers of civilians throughout the country" and that Trump's approval of the resolution would send a "powerful signal to the Saudi-led coalition to bring the four-year-old war to a close".
In July 2019, Lee voted against a House resolution condemning the Global Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions Movement targeting Israel. The resolution passed 398–17.
In October 2020, Lee co-signed a letter to Secretary of State Mike Pompeo condemning Azerbaijan's offensive operations against the Armenian-populated enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh.
In April 2021, Lee supported President Joe Biden's plan to withdraw all U.S. troops from Afghanistan.
In 2023, Lee was among 56 Democrats to vote in favor of H.Con.Res. 21 which directed President Joe Biden to remove U.S. troops from Syria within 180 days.
Lee has supported US aid to Ukraine during its invasion by Russia and has voted in favor of all bills for aid to Ukraine, with a rationale to "preserve democracy" and "make sure that the United States is on the right side of history and provides the resources, the economic resources, the humanitarian resources, so that Ukrainian people can live in peace and in security." On July 6, 2023, President Joe Biden authorized the provision of cluster munitions to Ukraine in support of a Ukrainian counter-offensive against Russian forces in Russian-occupied southeastern Ukraine. Lee opposed the Biden administration's decision to supply cluster munitions to Ukraine.

#### Gun control

Lee is a strong advocate for legislation restricting the availability of guns. She participated in the 2016 sit-in against gun violence in the House of Representatives. Democratic members of Congress adopted the slogan "No Bill, No Break" in an attempt to push the introduction of legislation increasing restrictions on guns. In a statement on the sit-in, Lee said:
   Time and again, House Republicans have blocked our ability to keep Americans safe by preventing us from passing common sense gun reforms, including closing a glaring loophole that allows suspected terrorists to purchase weapons of war. These weapons of war, some of which can fire 900 rounds per minute, have no place on America's streets. We simply cannot allow this insanity. My constituents and people from all over the nation have been demanding action, but they are being ignored by the House's Republican leadership. Too many people have already been lost to senseless gun violence. Enough is enough; Congress must act to protect the lives of Americans.

#### Environment

Lee introduced the Women and Climate Change Act in February 2018. The bill aims to create a Federal Interagency Working Group on Women and Climate Change. Lee said of the bill, "Climate change is already impacting communities around the world with a disproportionate effect on the world's poorest residents. Women make up the majority of the world's poor and are especially vulnerable to abrupt changes in the environment. As leaders in their families, women are called upon to find food and clean water, secure safe housing, and care for loved ones. As climate change worsens, provoking historic droughts, rising sea levels and violent storms, women and girls will bear the brunt of this global crisis".

#### Education

Lee is the author of the Shirley A. Chisholm United States−Caribbean Educational Exchange Act, which would enhance U.S. foreign relations with CARICOM nations. This act directs the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) to develop a comprehensive program that extends and expands existing primary and secondary school initiatives in the Caribbean to provide teacher training methods and increased community involvement in school activities. The bill is named for Shirley Chisholm, who helped inspire Lee to become involved in politics when Chisholm ran for the Democratic nomination for president; Lee was the Chisholm campaign's Northern California chair.

#### Black Panthers

In 1968, Lee began volunteering at the Black Panther Party's Community Learning Center in Oakland. She also worked on Bobby Seale's 1973 campaign for mayor of Oakland.
Lee disagreed with the National Park Service removing funding for a Black Panther Legacy Project in 2017. She released a statement saying, "It is outrageous that the National Park Service has stripped resources from the Black Panther Party Research, Interpretation & Memory Project. The Black Panther Party was an integral part of the civil rights movement and the public has a right to know their history. I call upon the National Park Service and the Department of [the] Interior to provide a full explanation as to why these critical federal resources have been taken away".

#### Cannabis

Lee has supported a number of efforts to reform cannabis laws in Congress. In 2018, she introduced the Marijuana Justice Act to remove cannabis from the Controlled Substances Act, penalize states that enforce cannabis laws disproportionately (regarding race or income status), and enact other social justice-related reforms. Additional legislation Lee has introduced includes the States' Medical Marijuana Property Rights Protection Act, the Veterans Medical Marijuana Safe Harbor Act, the Restraining Excessive Federal Enforcement & Regulations of Cannabis (REFER) Act, and the Realizing Equitable & Sustainable Participation in Emerging Cannabis Trades (RESPECT) Resolution. Lee was an original cosponsor of the Ending Federal Marijuana Prohibition Act when it was first introduced in 2011. In January 2019, she was named a co-chair of the Congressional Cannabis Caucus.

#### Presidential election objections

In 2001, Lee and other House members objected to counting Florida's electoral votes in the 2000 presidential election after a contentious recount. Because no senator joined their objection, it was dismissed by Vice President Al Gore, who lost the election to George W. Bush.
In 2005, Lee was one of 31 House Democrats who voted not to accept Ohio's electoral votes in the 2004 presidential election. Bush won Ohio by 118,457 votes.
After the 2016 presidential election, Lee objected to Michigan's and West Virginia's electoral votes. Because no senator joined her objections, they were dismissed. Donald Trump won Michigan by slightly over 10,000 votes and West Virginia by over 300,000 votes.

#### Defense budget

Lee called for a 10% cut to the military budget of the United States. She backed an amendment to reduce the size of the $740 billion National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021, but a majority of Democrats and Republicans rejected it.

#### Housing

Lee has made affordable housing a top priority, particularly in the East Bay. She has supported and backed legislation meant to expand home ownership opportunities, improve public housing quality, and assist the homeless.

#### Health care

Lee was strongly critical of the Stupak–Pitts Amendment, which places restrictions on health insurance plans providing coverage for abortions in the context of the Affordable Health Care for America Act. She supports Medicare for All.

#### Abortion

Lee is pro-choice. During a September 30, 2021, hearing of the House Oversight Committee, she recounted having to travel to Mexico for a back-alley abortion in the 1960s: "I'm sharing my story even though I truly believe it is personal and really nobody's business— and certainly not the business of politicians. But I'm compelled to speak out because of the real risks of the clock being turned back to those days before Roe v. Wade." Lee opposed the 2022 overturning of Roe, which she called an "attack on reproductive freedom" and blamed on a "decades-long coordinated strategic assault on women's rights by right-wing extremists".

#### Economy

Lee was among the 46 Democrats who voted against final passage of the Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023 in the House.

#### Death penalty

In 2002, Lee's opposition to the death penalty was recognized by Death Penalty Focus, which gave her the Mario Cuomo Act of Courage Award.

#### Louis Farrakhan

In March 2018, Lee said, "I unequivocally condemn Minister Farrakhan's anti-Semitic and hateful comments."

### Committee assignments

For the 118th Congress:
* Committee on Appropriations
** Subcommittee on Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies
** Subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies
** Subcommittee on State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs (Ranking Member)
* Committee on the Budget

### Caucus memberships and leadership

* House Democratic Steering Committee (co-chair)
* Medicare for All Caucus
* Task Force on Poverty and Opportunity (chair)
* Congressional Caucus on HIV/AIDS (co-chair)
* Congressional Out of Poverty Caucus (co-chair)
* Congressional Progressive Caucus (former co-chair and former whip)
* Congressional Black Caucus (former chair, 2008–2010)
* Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus
** Health Care Task Force
* Congressional Caucus on Global Road Safety
* United States Congressional International Conservation Caucus
* Congressional LGBTQ+ Equality Caucus (vice chair and founding member)
* Congressional Social Work Caucus (chair)
* Congressional Arts Caucus
* Congressional HIV/AIDS Caucus (co-founder and co-chair)
* Congressional Pro-Choice Caucus (co-chair)
* Afterschool Caucuses
* Congressional Cannabis Caucus (co-chair)
* Congressional Caucus for the Equal Rights Amendment
* Congressional Wildlife Refuge Caucus
On March 15, 2013, Lee announced the official relaunch of the Congressional Social Work Caucus to the 113th Congress as its new chair.
Lee co-chaired the Congressional Progressive Caucus with Lynn Woolsey from 2005 to 2009. She also chaired the Congressional Black Caucus from 2009 to 2011.
On November 28, 2018, Lee lost an attempt to become chair of the House Democratic Caucus to Hakeem Jeffries.
On November 30, 2018, House Democratic leader Nancy Pelosi announced that she had recommended Lee to become one of three co-chairs of the House Democratic Steering and Policy Committee alongside Rosa DeLauro and Eric Swalwell. The change was approved on December 11, 2018.

### United Nations assignments

Lee was the United States representative to the 68th, 70th, and 72nd sessions of the United Nations General Assembly.

## 2024 U.S. Senate campaign

In January 2023, it was reported that Lee planned to run in the 2024 election for the United States Senate seat held by Dianne Feinstein, after she revealed her intentions to members of the Congressional Black Caucus. The report came a day after Representative Katie Porter announced her own candidacy. A third Democrat, Adam Schiff, had also announced his candidacy. Lee formally launched her Senate campaign in Oakland on February 21, 2023. On September 29, 2023, Feinstein died while serving in office. Governor Gavin Newsom appointed Laphonza Butler to serve out the remainder of the term. On March 5, 2024, Lee failed to advance to the November general election after finishing fourth in the jungle primary. With at least 99% of votes counted, Lee trailed Schiff and Garvey by close to 1.6 million votes, and Porter by about 400,000 votes, with Lee failing to lead in any county. As Lee did not seek re-election to her House of Representatives seat, the defeat also ensured the end of her career in Congress by January 2025.

## 2025 Oakland mayoral campaign

Following the 2024 Oakland mayoral recall election, Lee announced that she would run for mayor of Oakland in the 2025 Oakland mayoral special election on January 8, 2025.

## Personal life

Lee married Carl Lee after graduating high school in 1964. She described the marriage as abusive, and she divorced her husband when she was 20. The marriage produced two children, Tony and Craig, whom she raised as a single mother. Both of Lee's sons now work in the insurance industry: Tony Lee is the CEO of Dickerson Employee Benefits, an African-American owned insurance brokerage and consulting firm, and Craig Lee is a senior executive at State Farm.
Lee married Rev. Dr. Clyde Oden Jr., a retired pastor from Oxnard, on New Year's Eve in 2019. They live together in Oakland.
In 2002, the Peace Abbey in Boston gave Lee the Courage of Conscience Award for her vote against the call to war after the September 11 attacks. In her speech, she said, "let us not become the evil that we deplore."
In 2003, Lee was recognized as a Woman of Peace at the Global Exchange Human Rights Awards in San Francisco with Bianca Jagger, Arundhati Roy and Kathy Kelly. In 2010, Lee took the food stamp challenge and also appeared in the documentary film Food Stamped.
In 2014, Lee, Hill Harper, and Meagan Good contributed to Enitan Bereola II's bestselling book Gentlewoman: Etiquette for a Lady, from a Gentleman.
In 2015, Lee won the 43rd Thomas Merton Award.
Lee is an honorary member of Sigma Gamma Rho

## Electoral history
### California State Assembly

1990 California's 13th State Assembly district election :
| Primary election |||||
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Democratic | Barbara Lee | 28,809 | 73.32 |
| | Democratic | Aleta Cannon | 7,698 | 19.59 |
| | Democratic | Aubrey LaBrie | 2,787 | 7.09 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 39,294 | 100.0 |
| General election |||||
| | Democratic | Barbara Lee | 52,860 | 79.44 |
| | Republican | Barbara Thomas | 13,682 | 20.56 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 66,542 | 100.0 |
1992 California's 16th State Assembly district election :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Democratic | Barbara Lee (incumbent) | 90,432 | 74.49 |
| | Republican | David Anderson | 24,324 | 20.04 |
| | Peace and Freedom | Emma Wong Mar | 6,643 | 5.47 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 121,399 | 100.00 |
1994 California's 16th State Assembly district election :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Democratic | Barbara Lee (incumbent) | 68,197 | 81.03 |
| | Republican | Andre-Tanatha Ham-Lamme | 15,966 | 18.97 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 84,163 | 100.00 |

### California State Senate

1996 California's 9th State Senate district election :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Democratic | Barbara Lee | 196,430 | 78.23 |
| | Republican | Thomas N. Hudson | 37,341 | 14.87 |
| | Peace and Freedom | Robert J. Evans | 8,870 | 3.53 |
| | Natural Law | Carol Flyer Prettie | 8,465 | 3.37 |
| Invalid or blank votes | Invalid or blank votes | Invalid or blank votes | 22,120 | 8.10 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 273,226 | 100.00 |
| | Democratic hold | Democratic hold | Democratic hold | Democratic hold |

### U.S. House of Representatives
#### California's 9th congressional district

1998 California's 9th congressional district special election :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Democratic | Barbara Lee | 33,497 | 66.81 |
| | Democratic | Greg Harper | 8,048 | 16.05 |
| | Republican | Claiborne Sanders | 6,114 | 12.19 |
| | Democratic | Randal Stewart | 2,481 | 4.95 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 50,140 | 100.00 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | | |
| | Democratic hold | Democratic hold | Democratic hold | Democratic hold |
1998 California's 9th congressional district election :
| Primary election |||||
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Democratic | Barbara Lee (incumbent) | 87,389 | 82.21 |
| | Democratic | Greg Harper | 13,103 | 12.33 |
| | Democratic | Randal Stewart | 5,812 | 5.47 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 106,304 | 100.0 |
| General election |||||
| | Democratic | Barbara Lee (incumbent) | 140,722 | 82.83 |
| | Republican | Claiborne "Clay" Sanders | 22,431 | 13.20 |
| | Peace and Freedom | Gerald Sanders | 4,767 | 2.81 |
| | Natural Law | Walter Ruehlig | 1,975 | 1.16 |
| Invalid or blank votes | Invalid or blank votes | Invalid or blank votes | 14,602 | 7.91 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 184,497 | 100.00 |
| | Democratic hold | Democratic hold | Democratic hold | Democratic hold |
2000 California's 9th congressional district election :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Democratic | Barbara Lee (incumbent) | 182,352 | 84.95 |
| | Republican | Arneze Washington | 21,033 | 9.80 |
| | Libertarian | Fred E. Foldvary | 7,051 | 3.28 |
| | Natural Law | Ellen Jefferds | 4,214 | 1.96 |
| Invalid or blank votes | Invalid or blank votes | Invalid or blank votes | 15,267 | 6.64 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 229,917 | 100.00 |
| | Democratic hold | Democratic hold | Democratic hold | Democratic hold |
2002 California's 9th congressional district election :
| Primary election |||||
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Democratic | Barbara Lee (incumbent) | 68,550 | 84.90 |
| | Democratic | Kevin Greene | 12,257 | 15.10 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 80,807 | 100.0 |
| General election |||||
| | Democratic | Barbara Lee (incumbent) | 135,893 | 81.41 |
| | Republican | Jerald Udinsky | 25,333 | 15.18 |
| | Libertarian | James M. Eyer | 5,685 | 3.41 |
| | No party | Hector Reyna (write-in) | 6 | 0.00 |
| Invalid or blank votes | Invalid or blank votes | Invalid or blank votes | 9,935 | 5.62 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 176,852 | 100.00 |
| | Democratic hold | Democratic hold | Democratic hold | Democratic hold |
2004 California's 9th congressional district election :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Democratic | Barbara Lee (incumbent) | 215,630 | 84.55 |
| | Republican | Claudia Bermudez | 31,278 | 12.26 |
| | Libertarian | Jim Eyer | 8,131 | 3.19 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 255,039 | 100.00 |
| | Democratic hold | Democratic hold | Democratic hold | Democratic hold |
2006 California's 9th congressional district election :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Democratic | Barbara Lee (incumbent) | 167,245 | 86.35 |
| | Republican | John denDulk | 20,786 | 10.73 |
| | Libertarian | James Eyer | 5,655 | 2.92 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 193,686 | 100.00 |
| | Democratic hold | Democratic hold | Democratic hold | Democratic hold |
2008 California's 9th congressional district election :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Democratic | Barbara Lee (incumbent) | 238,915 | 86.06 |
| | Republican | Charles Hargrave | 26,917 | 9.70 |
| | Libertarian | James Eyer | 11,704 | 4.22 |
| | Green | David Heller (write-in) | 37 | 0.01 |
| | Republican | Christopher Kula (write-in) | 27 | 0.01 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 277,600 | 100.00 |
| | Democratic hold | Democratic hold | Democratic hold | Democratic hold |
2010 California's 9th congressional district election :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Democratic | Barbara Lee (incumbent) | 180,400 | 84.27 |
| | Republican | Gerald Hashimito | 23,054 | 10.77 |
| | Green | Dave Heller | 4,848 | 2.27 |
| | Libertarian | James M. Eyer | 4,113 | 1.92 |
| | Peace and Freedom | Larry Allen | 1,670 | 0.78 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 214,085 | 100.0 |
| | Democratic hold | Democratic hold | Democratic hold | Democratic hold |

#### California's 13th congressional district

2012 California's 13th congressional district election :
| Primary election |||||
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Democratic | Barbara Lee | 94,709 | 83.1 |
| | No party preference | Marilyn M. Singleton | 13,502 | 11.8 |
| | Democratic | Justin Jelincic | 5,741 | 5.0 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 113,952 | 100.0 |
| General election |||||
| | Democratic | Barbara Lee (incumbent) | 250,436 | 86.8 |
| | No party preference | Marilyn M. Singleton | 38,146 | 13.2 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 288,582 | 100.0 |
| | Democratic hold | Democratic hold | Democratic hold | Democratic hold |
2014 California's 13th congressional district election :
| Primary election |||||
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Democratic | Barbara Lee (incumbent) | 77,461 | 82.6 |
| | Republican | Dakin Sundeen | 9,533 | 10.2 |
| | Democratic | Justin Jelincic | 4,602 | 4.9 |
| | Peace and Freedom | Lawrence N. Allen | 2,190 | 2.3 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 93,786 | 100.0 |
| General election |||||
| | Democratic | Barbara Lee (incumbent) | 168,491 | 88.5 |
| | Republican | Dakin Sundeen | 21,940 | 11.5 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 190,431 | 100.0 |
| | Democratic hold | Democratic hold | Democratic hold | Democratic hold |
2016 California's 13th congressional district election :
| Primary election |||||
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Democratic | Barbara Lee (incumbent) | 182,473 | 87.2 |
| | Republican | Sue Caro | 24,311 | 11.8 |
| | Republican | Patrick Barnes | 2,261 | 1.0 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 209,045 | 100.0 |
| General election |||||
| | Democratic | Barbara Lee (incumbent) | 293,489 | 90.9 |
| | Republican | Sue Caro | 29,382 | 9.1 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 322,871 | 100.0 |
| | Democratic hold | Democratic hold | Democratic hold | Democratic hold |
2018 California's 13th congressional district election :
| Primary election |||||
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Democratic | Barbara Lee (incumbent) | 159,751 | 99.3 |
| | Green | Laura Wells (write-in) | 832 | 0.5 |
| | Republican | Jeanne Marie Solnordal (write-in) | 178 | 0.1 |
| | Libertarian | James M. Eyer (write-in) | 39 | 0.0 |
| | No party preference | Lanenna Joiner (write-in) | 26 | 0.0 |
| | American Independent | Vincent May (write-in) | 3 | 0.0 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 160,829 | 100.0 |
| General election |||||
| | Democratic | Barbara Lee (incumbent) | 260,580 | 88.4 |
| | Green | Laura Wells | 34,257 | 11.6 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 294,837 | 100.0 |
| | Democratic hold | Democratic hold | Democratic hold | Democratic hold |
2020 California's 13th congressional district election :
| Primary election |||||
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Democratic | Barbara Lee (incumbent) | 230,482 | 92.6 |
| | Republican | Nikka Piterman | 18,553 | 7.4 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 249,035 | 100.0 |
| General election |||||
| | Democratic | Barbara Lee (incumbent) | 327,863 | 90.4 |
| | Republican | Nikka Piterman | 34,955 | 9.6 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 362,818 | 100.0 |
| | Democratic hold | Democratic hold | Democratic hold | Democratic hold |

#### California's 12th congressional district

2022 California's 12th congressional district election :
| Primary election |||||
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Democratic | Barbara Lee | 135,892 | 87.7 |
| | Republican | Stephen Slauson | 8,274 | 5.3 |
| | No party preference | Glenn Kaplan | 5,141 | 3.3 |
| | Democratic | Eric Wilson | 3,753 | 2.4 |
| | Republican | Ned Nuerge | 1,902 | 1.2 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 154,962 | 100.0 |
| General election |||||
| | Democratic | Barbara Lee | 216,913 | 90.5 |
| | Republican | Stephen Slauson | 22,831 | 9.5 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | | 100.0 |

### U.S. Senate

Regular blanket primary results :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Democratic | Adam Schiff | 2,304,829 | 31.57% |
| | Republican | Steve Garvey | 2,301,351 | 31.52% |
| | Democratic | Katie Porter | 1,118,429 | 15.32% |
| | Democratic | Barbara Lee | 717,129 | 9.82% |
| | Republican | Eric Early | 242,055 | 3.32% |
| | Republican | James Bradley | 98,778 | 1.35% |
| | Democratic | Christina Pascucci | 61,998 | 0.85% |
| | Republican | Sharleta Bassett | 54,884 | 0.75% |
| | Republican | Sarah Sun Liew | 38,718 | 0.53% |
| | No party preference | Laura Garza | 34,529 | 0.47% |
| | Republican | Jonathan Reiss | 34,400 | 0.47% |
| | Democratic | Sepi Gilani | 34,316 | 0.47% |
| | Libertarian | Gail Lightfoot | 33,295 | 0.46% |
| | Republican | Denice Gary-Pandol | 25,649 | 0.35% |
| | Republican | James Macauley | 23,296 | 0.32% |
| | Democratic | Harmesh Kumar | 21,624 | 0.30% |
| | Democratic | David Peterson | 21,170 | 0.29% |
| | Democratic | Douglas Pierce | 19,458 | 0.27% |
| | No party preference | Major Singh | 17,092 | 0.23% |
| | Democratic | John Rose | 14,627 | 0.20% |
| | Democratic | Perry Pound | 14,195 | 0.19% |
| | Democratic | Raji Rab | 13,640 | 0.19% |
| | No party preference | Mark Ruzon | 13,488 | 0.18% |
| | American Independent | Forrest Jones | 13,140 | 0.18% |
| | Republican | Stefan Simchowitz | 12,773 | 0.17% |
| | Republican | Martin Veprauskas | 9,795 | 0.13% |
| | No party preference | Don Grundmann | 6,641 | 0.09% |
| | No party preference | Michael Dilger (write-in) | 7 | 0.00% |
| | Republican | Carlos Guillermo Tapia (write-in) | 5 | 0.00% |
| | No party preference | John Dowell (write-in) | 3 | 0.00% |
| | Republican | Danny Fabricant (write-in) | 3 | 0.00% |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 7,301,317 | 100.0% |
Special blanket primary results :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Republican | Steve Garvey | 2,455,115 | 33.25% |
| | Democratic | Adam Schiff | 2,160,171 | 29.25% |
| | Democratic | Katie Porter | 1,272,684 | 17.24% |
| | Democratic | Barbara Lee | 866,551 | 11.74% |
| | Republican | Eric Early | 451,274 | 6.11% |
| | Democratic | Christina Pascucci | 109,867 | 1.49% |
| | Democratic | Sepi Gilani | 68,497 | 0.93% |
| | No party preference | Michael Dilger (write-in) | 27 | 0.00% |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 7,384,186 | 100.0% |

## Publications
### Articles

* Why lack of diversity in our foreign policy workforce is a problem for diplomacy, The Hill, February 29, 2024