# Unnao

Unnao is a city and district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Unnao is located on the eastern bank of the Ganges River, and it is a satellite city of Kanpur. Administratively, Unnao city lies within the district of Unnao and is the headquarters of the Unnao Sadar subdivision. Unnao city also falls under Kanpur Metropolitan Development Authority.
The city is known for its leather, leather factories, mosquito nets, Zardozi and chemical industries. Unnao is a historical city with many historical buildings and structures. Trans Ganga City, a new satellite town of Unnao, is being developed in order to develop Unnao as an industrial and infrastructural hub as the region comes under Kanpur-Lucknow Counter Magnet Area. Unnao district is a part of Central Ganges Plain of the state covering an area of 4558 km$^2$. The city is enlisted as a municipality of Kanpur metropolitan area and is the second largest city within the metropolitan area.

## History

The district is named after its capital, Unnao. About 900 years ago, the site of this town was covered with extensive forests. Godo Singh, a Chauhan Rajput, cleared the forests probably in the third quarter of the 12th century and founded a town called Sawai Godo. Shortly afterwards, it passed into the hands of the rulers of the Kannauj, who appointed Khande Singh as the Governor of the place. Unwant Rai Singh, a Bisen Rajput and a lieutenant of the Governor, killed him and built a fort here, renaming the place as Unnao after himself. Kavi Kalash (Chandogamatya), Advisor, Commander and a close friend of Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj were born here.
In ancient times, the area which comprises Unnao formed part of the Kosala Mahajanapada. It was later included in Oudh. This region has been inhabited since antiquity as traces from ancient times remain at some places in the district. After the First War of Indian Independence in 1857, power was transferred from the British East India Company to the British Crown by the Queen's Proclamation of 1858. Once the order was restored, the civil administration was re-established in the district which was named Unnao, with headquarters at Unnao. It assumed its present size in 1869. The same year the town of Unnao was constituted a Municipality. There were many rulers with small estates ruled under the constituency of Unnao proclaimed by British Constituency during early 1900s until 1948, when India was handed over to the interim government of 1948. Later, in 1956, the local throne was handed over to Pahadpur estate, one of the strongest estates in Unnao that had been ruled under Rao ShivBali Singh Bahadur Chauhan, who had served his country as a Royal Indian Army personnel in British rule. Later, in 1970s the custody of Unnao was succeeded by his descendant and his very own son Rao Ramsajeevan Singh Bahadur Chauhan, who had also served his country in Royal Indian Army. He is blessed with 5 children, 2 daughters and 3 sons and had married to the daughter of Raja Bahadur Singh of Dalpatkheda estate. This history is in the Unnao book.

## Surrounding towns

Unnao district is surrounded by some of the main cities of Uttar Pradesh – Lucknow, Kanpur, Raebareli and Hardoi.
vtePlaces adjacent to Unnao :
Avas Vikas Colony
Unnao Industrial Estate
Shiv Nagar
Campbell Lines
Unnao City Downtown
Lake Town
Canal Street
A B Nagar ( Atal Behari Nagar)
Priyadarshani Nagar Township :

## Urban agglomeration

The Unnao urban agglomeration comprises the municipal limits of Unnao city and Shuklaganj, along with the villages of Unnao, including Adarsh Nagar, P.D Nagar, Taki Nagar, Pitambar Nagar, P.N Kheda, Kalyani Devi, Daroga Bagh, Ibrahim Bagh, Qasim Nagar, Awas Vikas, Shiv Nagar, Singrosi, Civil Lines, Lok Nagar, Hiran Nagar, and Jawahar Nagar. This area is well-known in Unnao. Additionally, the rural areas of Deeh, Dostinagar, Turkmannagar, Ganjauli, Singrosi, Shakpur, Magarwara, Akrampur, Galgalha, Sahjani, Maswasi, Haibatpur, Kathadal Narainpur, and Dhaudhi Rautapur contribute to a total population of 303,224.

## Geography
### Location and boundaries

The district is roughly a parallelogram in shape and is situated between Latitude 26°8' N and 27°2' N, and Longitude 80°3' E and 81°3' E. It is bordered by District Hardoi to the North, District Lucknow to the East, District Rae Bareli to the South, and the Ganga River to the West, which separates it from the districts of Kanpur and Fatehpur.

### River systems and water resources

The Ganga, Kalyani, and Sai are the main rivers of the district. The Ganga forms the western and southern boundaries, while the Sai largely delineates the northern and eastern boundaries. Other significant rivers in the district include the Kalyani, Tanai, Loni, and Morahi (Naurahi), all of which are tributaries of the Ganga. Although these rivers tend to run dry during the hot weather, they typically hold water for most of the year and are used for irrigation purposes.

#### Ganga

The only great river of the district is the Ganga, which first touches the district near the village of Purwa Gahir, in pargana Bangarmau, and flows southeastward, acting as a boundary between the districts of Kanpur and Fatehpur. While its general flow direction is from northwest to southeast, the river takes several sharp bends, notably near Umriya Bhagwantpur, Rustampur in tehsil Safipur, Rautapur in tehsil Unnao, and Ratua Khera and Duli Khera in tehsil Purwa. Near Baksar, the Ganga is joined by the Morahi river, flowing close to its old high bank, before leaving the district shortly after Baksar.
The river is not extensively utilized as a waterway or for irrigation purposes. While there are several ferries for pedestrians and pilgrims, none of them can be considered a significant trade route. The river's high banks generally prevent its use for irrigation, but some of its small drainage channels or sotas, which form islands in certain parganas, are occasionally used to irrigate crops in low-lying alluvial lands. Cultivated lands are often located far from the river and cannot be easily irrigated from it. The water from the river would need to pass through the sandy banks, leading to significant loss or absorption. The main channel of the river experiences constant changes, resulting in shifting cultivation practices in its immediate vicinity.
It appears from its old high bank that the river has a general tendency to shift its course to the west. In the days of Akbar, the river skirted the village of Ghatampur but has since then so altered its course that it now runs about 8 km to the south-west of this village.

#### Lakes

There is the unusually large number of swamps and lakes of great size and value, particularly in the southern and eastern parts of the district. The larger lakes, which hold water all the year round, are the Kundra Samundar near Jhalotar, the lake near Nawabganj, the wide expanse of water near Kantha and the long chain of lakes in pargana Mauranwan. In Tehsil Safipur, the more important tanks are those at Mawai-Bhari and Kursat and the Harial Tal near Mustafabad. In Tehsil Hasanganj, besides the Kundra Samundar at Mawai, there are the Kulli Bani and Jalesar tanks near Ajgain and the chain of lakes called Basaha, which it seems, partakes of certain characteristics of a stream also, travelling a distance of 96 km in the district and eventually leaving it for district Rae Bareli where it is reckoned as a tributary of the river Sai. In the western part of the Tehsil are the Katgari lake near Asiwan and the stretches of water at Amarpur, Sambha, Sheothana, Marenda & Asakhera, but in its northern and eastern parts, there are only small and very shallow tanks which dry up when rainfall is deficient. In Tehsil Unnao there are no important lakes, but a number of very shallow depressions, which get filled up with water during the rains and yield excellent crop of rice.
In Tehsil Purwa there are many lakes, situated in a well-defined belt stretching along the whole length of the tehsil. The main among them are the lakes at Kantha, Bhadain, Unchagaon, Qila, Akhori, Miri, Zorawarganj and Sarwan. The Barhna tank near Sagauli, the Mohan and Sukrar lakes near Mauranwan, and several others, like the Bharda lake, skirting district Rae Bareli. Besides these, there are the tanks at Sahrawan, the Bhundi tank at Gulariha, and the Kumbha tank at Bhagwantnagar. The lakes at Kantha, Sagauli, and Barela contain water all the year round, while the others generally provide irrigation for the Rabi crops only, drying up in the years of drought. These lakes and tanks abound in fish, and singhara (water chestnut) is very extensively grown in them.

### Geology

Geologically the district forms part of the vast Indo-Gangetic alluvial tract, of which the origin is attributed to a sag in the Earth's crust, formed, in the upper eocene times, between the northwardly drifting Gondwanaland and the rising Himalayan belt, and gradually filled in by sediments so as to constitute a level plane with a very gentle seaward slope. The alluvium formation of the district, comprising sand, silt and clay with occasional gravel, is of the early quaternary to sub-recent age. The older alluvium called bhangar, forms slightly elevated terraces usually above the flood levels. It is rather dark in colour and generally rich in concretions and nodules of impure calcium carbonate, locally known as kankar. The newer alluvium, called khandar, forming the lowlands between the Ganga and Bhangar, is light coloured, poor in calcareous contain and composed of lenticular beds of sand, gravel and clays. The economic minerals found in the district are kankar, reh and sand.

### Tourism

Unnao is famous for Pariyar - Goddess Sita gave birth to Luv and Kush here and also, the famous Ashv from the Ashwa megh Yagya was caught and tied to a tree here by Luv and Kush.

### Topology

Unnao lies in the great plains of the Ganges and hence the land is highly fertile. The soil is mostly alluvial. The Ganges separates Unnao from Kanpur district. The district is bounded by river Ganges in the west and the river Sai in the east. The entire district falling in Sai Sub-basin of the Ganges basin represents flat topography. The irrigation in the district takes place through Sharda Canal network system and tubewells. About 92% of the district area is under cultivation. The district has a subtropical climate. The district is mainly drained by the river Ganges and its tributaries Kalyani, Khar, Loni and Marahai in the western part of the district, and by Sai river in the eastern part of the district. All these rivers are perennial in nature. About 87% area of the net sown area (3,00,000 hectares) is irrigated both by surface water (Sharda Canal network system) and ground water through shallow and moderately deep tubewells. The share of surface water irrigation is 48% while that of ground water is 52%. The economy of the district mainly depends on agriculture.

### Climate

Climate data for Unnao :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 28 (82) | 32 (90) | 40 (104) | 44 (111) | 46 (115) | 48 (118) | 41 (106) | 38 (100) | 38 (100) | 36 (97) | 32 (90) | 28 (82) | 48 (118) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 18 (64) | 24 (75) | 29 (84) | 35 (95) | 40 (104) | 41 (106) | 35 (95) | 34 (93) | 32 (90) | 30 (86) | 25 (77) | 20 (68) | 33 (91) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 6 (43) | 12 (54) | 14 (57) | 20 (68) | 22 (72) | 25 (77) | 26 (79) | 23 (73) | 22 (72) | 16 (61) | 12 (54) | 7 (45) | 15 (59) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −3 (27) | 6 (43) | 7 (45) | 15 (59) | 17 (63) | 20 (68) | 21 (70) | 18 (64) | 19 (66) | 15 (59) | 9 (48) | 0 (32) | −3 (27) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 23 (0.9) | 16 (0.6) | 9 (0.4) | 5 (0.2) | 6 (0.2) | 68 (2.7) | 208 (8.2) | 286 (11.3) | 202 (8.0) | 43 (1.7) | 7 (0.3) | 8 (0.3) | 881 (34.7) |
| Source: ||||||||||||||

## Healthcare

Unnao hospital serves patients from nearby villages. The Uma Shankar Dikshit hospital is a government-run hospital located in A.B. Nagar near Ram Lila Ground. Another government hospital, which serves women, is located near the Unnao railway station. A medical college in the city is proposed. Trauma Center is proposed in government hospital.
There are 538 government health care facilities in the district, as can be seen from the table given below:
| Category of Hospitals | Number of Hospital Available |
| District Hospital | 1 |
| Community Health Center | 1 |
| Primary Health Center | 1 |
| Additional Primary Health Center | 4 |
| Sub - Center | 1 |
| Female Hospitals | 1 |
| Ayurvedic Hospitals | 4 |
| Advanced Homoeopathic clinic priyadarshini nagar | 1 |
| Urban Health Post / Maternity Centers | 1 |
| Any Other Govt. Health Training Institute | 1 |

## Economy

Tanning is the biggest industry in Unnao. Unnao is known for its leather industry and leather goods. Superhouse Group, Mirza Tanners, Rahman Exports, and Zamzam Tanners, Mahavir Spinfab Pvt. Ltd., ParashNath TechGarments Pvt. Ltd., Real enterprises (part of Baqai exports Gujarat) in large factories in Unnao. Banthar Leather Technology Park, Magarwara Industrial area and Unnao Industrial area developed by UPSIDC are major industrial suburbs of Unnao. Unnao is known for printing & dyeing for Lihaf (quilts) and mosquito net production and major producers are Subhan Bux Usman Bux & Co., Aman Traders, Haq and Sons Dyeing and Printing company and other major producers include F.R Dyeing and Printing Works.

## Food

Unnao is known for its Samosas of Kachaudi Gali, Unnao, Chaat Munna ki chaat at Chota chauraha, Pav Bhaji, Dosa, Chole bhature of Manoranjan Restaurant. Matka Kala Jamuns, Gulab Jamuns of Chakalwansi Chauraha (18 km. from district centre). Anant Bhog Dhaba of Nawabganj of Unnao is also very famous for Dahi bhalle.Safipur is known for its special mangoes which are available only and only in season.Bangaramau is known for special All Type Food.

## Education

The city consists of Engineering Colleges, Several Medical Colleges and Management Institutes along with Medium of Education being English and Hindi respectively. Schools include: Shri JN shah Memorial Public school , Ben-Hur Inter College, Lucknow Public School,Saint Jude's Inter College,Saint Lawrence School, NBGEI Schools, Dr. Virendra Swaroop and Delhi Public School, Adarsh Vidya Mandir and Saraswati Vidya Mandir.D.S.N college is the only government college in Unnao for higher studies. Engineering Colleges are approved by AICTE and affiliated to Dr A P J Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow. SARASWATI medical college a private medical college located in Sohramau is the only college available for higher medical education. Majority of the schools are affiliated to Uttar Pradesh Board but there are some which have affiliations to ICSE-ISC and CBSE.

## Transport
### Rail

Unnao is seamlessly connected through Indian Railways. Unnao railway station is the junction point for Rae Bareli, Unchahar, Kunda Harnamganj, Prayag, Allahabad, Hardoi, Balamau situated at Lucknow-Kanpur stretch. Trains for major cities like Agra, Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Bhopal, Nagpur, Vijaywada, Chennai, Coimbatore, Palakkad, Bhubaneswar, Bhadrak, Cuttak, Chennai, Chandigarh, Chitrakoot, Cochin, Delhi, Gorakhpur, Ernakulam, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Jammu Tawi, Jhansi, Jalandhar, Amritsar, Panipat, Gorakhpur, Gwalior, Darbhanga, Kota, Mumbai, Nagpur, Patna, Puri, Surat, Trivandrum, Vadodara, Ujjain, Varanasi, Vadodara, can be boarded here. The railway stations in Unnao Urban Agglomeration are:-
* Unnao Railway Station- This is the major junction railway station in the city of Unnao and is connected to major cities of India with many express/mail trains.
* Magarwara Railway Station-This is a passenger/EMU train station in the industrial suburb of Magarwara.
* Sonik Railway Station-This is a railway station towards East of Unnao city near UPSIDC Industrial Area and has only passenger/EMU trains stoppage.
* Kanpur Bridge Left Bank Station- This is a station within the municipal limits of Shuklaganj, the twin city of Unnao and has only passenger/EMU stoppage.

### Kanpur Lucknow High Speed Railway

Unnao will be the only railway station between Kanpur and Lucknow of the planned high speed railways.

### Road

Unnao is the only district of Uttar Pradesh through which three Expressways pass First Ganga Expressway (Meerut To Prayagraj) passes through Unnao City, Second Agra Lucknow Expressway Passes through Unnao District, Third Lucknow–Kanpur Expressway Passes through Unnao City.
The major national highway NH 25 passes through Unnao which has bypass from Unnao. The State Highway which is 78 km encompasses Unnao is in good condition. Agra–Lucknow Expressway India's longest access-controlled expressway passes through Unnao district. It is a six lane expressway. Ganga Expressway will also pass through Unnao which will enhance connectivity with national capital.

### Air

The nearest airport is Kanpur Airport towards west (approx. 25 km) and Lucknow Airport towards east (approx. 50 km)

### Inner city transport

The city has transport likes auto-rickshaw and E-rickshaw (By-Pass to Tempo Stand (Kanpur), Pedal rickshaws and Sub Metropolitan city buses and economical cross overs like Endeavour, Scorpio, Innova, Bolero etc. which are privately run. Kanpur Metropolitan Bus Service has started operating fully air conditioned electric buses from Unnao Taxi stand (Gandhi nagar tiraha) to Kanpur Bada chauraha via Magawara and Shuklaganj which will help in fast transit from Unnao to Kanpur.

## Notable people

Unnao has been known as the land of pen (kalam) and sword (talwaar). It has been the land of Progressive Hindi writers, freedom fighters, educationists etc.
* Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala'
* Chandrashekhar Azad
* Maulana Hasrat Mohani
* Kavi Kalash
* Christine Weston
* Hussain Ahmed Madani
* Sarvadaman D. Banerjee
* Bhagwati Charan Verma
* Shivmangal Singh 'Suman'
* Vishwambhar Dayal Tripathi
* Ram Vilas Sharma
* Dwarka Prasad Mishra
* Gulab Singh Lodhi
* Deepak Tripathi
* Ram Baksh Singh
* chandra-bhushan-singh
* Shukh Vilas Bajpai
* Hriday Narayan Dikshit
* Ziaur Rahman Ansari, union minister
* Uma Shankar Dikshit
* Sheila Dikshit, former Chief Minister of Delhi, daughter in law of Uma Shankar Dikshit
* Onkar Singh, Vice Chancellor of Veer Madho Singh Bhandari Uttarakhand Technical University, Dehradun and Founder Vice Chancellor of Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur
* Vishal Mishra, music director and singer
* Annu Tandon, former Member of Parliament
* Kuldeep Yadav, Indian international Cricketer