# Ternopil

Ternopil, known until 1944 mostly as Tarnopol, is a city in western Ukraine, located on the banks of the Seret River. Ternopil is one of the major cities of Western Ukraine and the historical regions of Galicia and Podolia. The population of Ternopil was estimated at 225,004 (2022 estimate).
The city is the administrative center of Ternopil Oblast (region), as well as of surrounding Ternopil Raion (district) within the oblast. It hosts the administration of Ternopil urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine.

## History

The city was founded in 1540 by Polish commander and Hetman Jan Amor Tarnowski. Its Polish name, Tarnopol, means 'Tarnowski's city' and stems from a combination of the founder's family name and the Greek term polis. The city served as a military stronghold and castle On 15 April 1540, the King of Poland, Sigismund I the Old, in Kraków gave Tarnowski permission to establish Tarnopol, near Sopilcze (Sopilche). protecting the eastern borders of Polish Kingdom from Tatar raids. In 1570, the city passed to the Ostrogski family, and in 1623 to the Zamoyski family. During the Khmelnytsky Uprising, many residents of the city joined the ranks of the Cossack forces. During the 1672–1676 Polish–Ottoman War, Tarnopol was almost completely destroyed by Turkish forces of Ibrahim Shishman Pasha in 1675, then rebuilt by Aleksander Koniecpolski.
In 1772, after the First Partition of Poland, the city came under Austrian rule. In 1809, after the War of the Fifth Coalition, the city came under Russian rule, incorporated into the newly created Ternopol krai, but in 1815 returned to Austrian rule in accordance with the Congress of Vienna. In 1870 Tarnopol was connected by railway with Lemberg.
During World War I, the city passed from German and Austro-Hungarian forces to Russia several times. In 1917, the city and its castle were burned down by fleeing Russian forces. After the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the city was proclaimed as part of the West Ukrainian People's Republic on 11 November 1918. After Polish forces captured Lwów during the Polish-Ukrainian War, Tarnopol became the country's temporary capital. After the act of union between the West Ukrainian Republic and the Ukrainian People's Republic, Ternopil formally became part of the UPR. On 15 July 1919, the city was captured. by Polish forces. In July and August 1920, the Red Army captured Ternopil in the course of the Polish-Soviet War, and the city served as the capital of the short-lived Galician Soviet Socialist Republic. Under the terms of the Riga treaty, the area remained under Polish control.
As a consequence of the Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939, Ternopil was incorporated into the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic as part of Ternopol Oblast. On 2 July 1941, the city was occupied by the Nazis. Between then and July 1943, 10,000 Jews were killed by Nazi Germans, and another 6,000 were rounded up and sent to Belzec extermination camp. A few hundred others went to labor camps. During most of this time Jews lived in the Tarnopol Ghetto. Many Ukrainians were sent as forced labour to Germany. Following the act of restoration of the Ukrainian state, proclaimed by the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists in Lviv on 30 June 1941, the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) was active in the Ternopil region and battled for the independence of Ukraine, opposing the Polish underground Armia Krajowa and People's Army of Poland as well as the Nazis and the Soviets. In 1942 the Germans operated the Stalag 323 prisoner-of-war camp for French POWs in the city. During the Soviet offensive in March and April 1944, the city was almost completely destroyed by Soviet artillery. It was occupied by the Red Army on 15 April 1944. After the second Soviet occupation, 85% of the city's living quarters were destroyed.
Following the Potsdam Conference in 1945, Poland's borders were redrawn and Ternopil was incorporated into the Ukrainian SSR of the Soviet Union. The ethnic Polish population of the area was forcibly deported to postwar Poland. In the following decades, Ternopil was rebuilt in a typical Soviet style and only a few buildings were reconstructed.
Following the fall of the Soviet Union, Ternopil became part of independent Ukraine, as a city of regional significance. On 31 December 2013, the 11th Artillery Brigade, the descendant of artillery units that had been based in the city since 1949, was disbanded. In 2020, as part of the administrative reform in Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Ternopil Oblast to three, the city was merged into Ternopil Raion.
During the Russo-Ukrainian War, Ternopil was struck by Russian missiles on 13 May 2023, minutes before Ternopil natives Tvorchi performed at the Eurovision Song Contest 2023.

## Geography
### Climate

Ternopil has a moderate continental climate with cold winters and warm summers.
Climate data for Ternopil (1981–2010, extremes 1949–present) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 13.9 (57.0) | 17.3 (63.1) | 25.0 (77.0) | 30.0 (86.0) | 30.2 (86.4) | 37.8 (100.0) | 38.4 (101.1) | 36.1 (97.0) | 32.1 (89.8) | 25.7 (78.3) | 19.9 (67.8) | 13.9 (57.0) | 38.4 (101.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −1.3 (29.7) | 0.0 (32.0) | 5.0 (41.0) | 13.2 (55.8) | 19.4 (66.9) | 21.7 (71.1) | 23.8 (74.8) | 23.5 (74.3) | 18.1 (64.6) | 12.3 (54.1) | 4.7 (40.5) | −0.3 (31.5) | 11.7 (53.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −3.9 (25.0) | −3.0 (26.6) | 1.1 (34.0) | 8.0 (46.4) | 14.0 (57.2) | 16.6 (61.9) | 18.5 (65.3) | 17.8 (64.0) | 13.0 (55.4) | 7.7 (45.9) | 1.8 (35.2) | −2.7 (27.1) | 7.4 (45.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −6.5 (20.3) | −5.9 (21.4) | −2.2 (28.0) | 3.3 (37.9) | 8.7 (47.7) | 11.6 (52.9) | 13.4 (56.1) | 12.7 (54.9) | 8.5 (47.3) | 3.9 (39.0) | −0.7 (30.7) | −5.2 (22.6) | 3.5 (38.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −31.6 (−24.9) | −31.0 (−23.8) | −23.9 (−11.0) | −6.1 (21.0) | −2.2 (28.0) | −1.7 (28.9) | 4.0 (39.2) | 3.6 (38.5) | −4.0 (24.8) | −10.5 (13.1) | −18.0 (−0.4) | −27.0 (−16.6) | −31.6 (−24.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 25.6 (1.01) | 29.7 (1.17) | 33.4 (1.31) | 37.9 (1.49) | 61.1 (2.41) | 77.5 (3.05) | 92.3 (3.63) | 70.9 (2.79) | 56.3 (2.22) | 36.8 (1.45) | 33.4 (1.31) | 35.3 (1.39) | 590.2 (23.24) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 7.5 | 8.2 | 7.6 | 7.4 | 9.5 | 10.6 | 11.0 | 8.7 | 7.9 | 7.2 | 7.5 | 8.9 | 102.0 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 85.3 | 83.6 | 79.3 | 70.6 | 68.9 | 73.5 | 74.2 | 74.2 | 78.5 | 81.2 | 86.4 | 87.3 | 78.6 |
| Source 1: NOAA ||||||||||||||
| Source 2: Climatebase.ru (extremes) ||||||||||||||

## Demographics

According to the 2001 Ukrainian census, Ternopil city and Ternopil Oblast are homogeneously populated by ethnic Ukrainians. Both Ternopil city and Ternopil Oblast are also homogeneously Ukrainian-speaking.
National breakdown of Ternopil Oblast (total population 1,138,500):
* Ukrainians: 1,113,500 (97.8%)
* Russians: 14,250 (1.2%)
* Poles: 3,800 (0.3%)
Native languages in Ternopil:
* Ukrainian language: 94.8%
* Russian language: 3.37%
* Belarusian language: 0.07%
* Polish language: 0.04%
According to a survey conducted by the International Republican Institute in 2023, 98% of the city's population spoke Ukrainian at home and 1% spoke Russian.

## Economy

Ternopil is a centre for the light industry, food industry, radio-electronic and construction industries. In the Soviet and early post-Soviet period, a harvester plant and a porcelain factory operated in the city.

## Transport

Ternopil is an important railway hub with connections to most major railway stations of Ukraine. The city lies on the M12 international highway connecting western and central regions of Ukraine. Trolleybus lines and a bus station are active in the city. Water transport operates on Ternopil artificial lake mostly for tourist purposes. An airport was opened for civilian traffic in 1985, but ceased commercial operations in 2010.

## Higher education

Universities include:
* West Ukrainian National University
* Ternopil Ivan Pul'uj National Technical University
* Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatyuk National Pedagogical University
* Ternopil State Medical University

## Main sights

* Ternopil Regional Art Museum
* Ternopil Drama Theater
* Church of the Exaltation of the Cross, Ternopil
* Ukrainian Greek Catholic Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception of The Blessed Virgin Mary
* The sanctuary of Our Lady of Zarvanytsia with a miraculous icon of the 13th century called icon of the Mother of God of Zarvanytsia, sanctuary of Greek-Catholic rite. Located about 40 km from Ternopil, celebrated on 22 July.

## Notable people

* Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz (1890–1963), Polish philosopher and logician, researched model theory
* Henryk Baranowski (1943–2013) a Polish theatre, opera and film director, actor, playwright and poet.
* Vasyl Barvinsky (1888–1963) a Ukrainian composer, pianist, conductor and musicologist
* Eugeniusz Baziak (1890–1962) Archbishop of Lviv and apostolic administrator of Kraków.
* Natalia Buchynska (born 1977), singer, brought up in Ternopil.
* Vitaly Derekh (1987–2022), Ukrainian journalist and soldier
* Mariia Dilai (born 1980), Ukrainian artist, designer, and social activist
* Alexandre Eremenko (born 1954), Ukrainian-American mathematician
* Daria Chubata (born 1940), Ukrainian physician, author and social activist.
* Mykola Chubatyi (1889-1975), historian of Ukrainian Church.
* Cyryl Czarkowski-Golejewski (1885–1940) aristocratic Polish landowner, Katyn massacre victim.
* Charlotte Eisler (1894-1970) Austrian singer and pianist with the Second Viennese School.
* Kornel Filipowicz (1913–1990) a Polish novelist, poet, screenwriter and short story writer
* Franciszek Kleeberg (1888–1941) a Polish general in the Austro-Hungarian Army
* Bohdan Levkiv (1950–2021) a Ukrainian politician, mayor of Ternopil from 2002 to 2006.
* Pepi Litman (1874–1930) a cross-dressing female Yiddish vaudeville singer
* Kazimierz Michałowski, (1901–1981), Polish archaeologist, Egyptologist and art historian
* Serhiy Nadal (born 1975) a Ukrainian politician; mayor of Ternopil since 2010
* Yuriy Oliynyk (1931–2021) a Ukrainian composer, concert pianist and professor of music in the US
* Jakub Karol Parnas (1884–1949), biochemist, born in Ternopil.
* Joseph Perl, (1773–1839), an Ashkenazi Jewish educator and writer, a scion of the Haskalah
* Simhah Pinsker (1801–1864) a Polish-Jewish scholar and archeologist
* Antoni Reichenberg (1825–1903), Polish priest, Jesuit, and artist.
* Rudolf Pöch (1870–1921), doctor and anthropologist; pioneer photographer and cinematographer
* Roza Pomerantz-Meltzer (1880–1934) a Polish writer and novelist based in Lviv and politician.
* Solomon Judah Loeb Rapoport (1786–1867), a Galician and Czech rabbi and Jewish scholar.
* Karol Rathaus (1895—1954), Polish-Austrian-American modernist composer
* Eduard Romanyuta (born 1992) a Ukrainian singer, songwriter, actor and TV presenter.
* Baron Lajos Simonyi de Barbács et Vitézvár (1824–1894) a Hungarian politician
* Ruslan Stefanchuk (born 1975) a Ukrainian politician, party chairman and lawyer
* Yaroslav Stetsko (1912–1986), a leader of Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) from 1968.
* Oleh Syrotyuk (born 1978) a Ukrainian politician, Governor of Ternopil Oblast in 2014
* Jan Tarnowski (1488-1561), Polish general and nobleman, founder of Ternopil (as Tarnopol).
* Judd L. Teller (1912–1972) Jewish author, social historian and poet; emigrated to the US in 1921.
* Tvorchi, electronic music duo that represented Ukraine in the Eurovision Song Contest 2023.
* Baroness Adelma Vay (1840–1925), a medium and pioneer of spiritualism in Slovenia and Hungary.

### Sport

* Olga Babiy (born 1989), a Ukrainian chess player and Woman Grandmaster
* Petr Badlo (born 1976) a Ukrainian football manager and former footballer with 470 club caps.
* Olha Maslivets (born 1978) a Russian windsurfer who competed at four Summer Olympics
* Ihor Semenyna (born 1989) a Ukrainian football midfielder with 330 club caps

### People from Ternopil Oblast

* Aleksander Brückner, (1856 in Berezhany – 1939), a Polish scholar of Slavic languages and literature
* Volodymyr Hnatiuk (1871 in Velesniv, Buchach – 1926), Ukrainian writer, literary scholar, journalist and ethnographer.
* Bohdan Lepky (1872-1941), Ukrainian writer, poet and artist.
* Ivan Horbachevsky (1854-1942), Ukrainian chemist and politician active in Austria-Hungary, Minister of Healthcare of Cisleithania.
* Josyf Slipyj (1892-1984), Ukrainian Greek Catholic priest, Metropolitan of Lviv and Halych.
* Solomiya Krushelnytska (1872 in Biliavyntsi — 1952), an outstanding Ukrainian Soprano
* Bohdan Lepky (1872 in Krehulets – 1941), a Ukrainian writer, poet, scholar, public figure, and artist.
* Ivan Pului (1845 in Hrymailiv – 1918) physicist and inventor, developed use of X-rays for medical imaging.
* Casimir Zeglen (1869 near Tarnopol - 1927), Polish-American engineer, inventor of commercial bulletproof vest
* Methodius (Kudriakov) (1949-2015), metropolitan of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church.
* Serhiy Prytula (born 1981 in Zbarazh), Ukrainian TV show host, political activist, founder of Charity Foundation of Serhiy Prytula
* Volodymyr Chornobay (born 1954), Ukrainian artist
* Karolina Shiino (born 1997), Japanese model and disgraced winner of the 2024 Miss Nippon pageant.

### Lived in Ternopil

* Sofia Yablonska (1907-1971), Ukrainian-French travel writer, photographer and architect.
* Les Kurbas (1887-1937), Ukrainian theatre director and actor, founder of the first Ukrainian theatre in Ternopil.

## International relations

Ternopil is twinned with:
* Erftstadt, Germany since 2023
* Sliven, Bulgaria
* Yonkers, United States (since 1991)
* Elbląg in Poland (since 1992)
* Chorzów, Poland
* Prudentopolis, Brazil
* Batumi, Georgia
Former twin towns include:
* Tarnów in Poland
* Pinsk in Belarus

### Stadium naming controversy

In 2021, Ternopil created international outrage, especially in the Jewish community, by deciding to name a city stadium in honor of Nazi collaborator Roman Shukhevych. Shukhevych was the military leader of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army during World War II and was known for his collaboration with the Nazi regime as well as his responsibility for the massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia. As a result, the City Council of Tarnów decided to suspend its partnership with Ternopil.
Joel Lion, the Israeli Ambassador to Ukraine, expressed Israel’s strong objection to the city's choice to name the stadium in honor of Roman Shukhevych. Lion wrote, "We strongly condemn the decision of Ternopil city council to name the City Stadium after the infamous Hauptman (Captain) of the SS 201st Schutzmannschaft Roman Shukhevych and demand the immediate cancellation of this decision".
The Eastern Europe Director of the Simon Wiesenthal Center, Efraim Zuroff wrote, "It is fully understandable that Ternopil seeks to honor those who fought against Soviet Communism, but not those behind the mass murder of innocent fellow citizens." in a statement attempting to convince Ternopil to reconsider the "renaming of its stadium in honor of Nazi collaborator, Hauptmann of the SS Schutzmannschaft 201, Roman Shukhevych, an active participant in the mass murder of Jews and Poles in World War II."

### Russo-Ukrainian War

In June 2022, due to full-scale Russian invasion and missile strikes from the territory of Belarus, Ternopil suspended its partnership with the city of Pinsk.

## Festivals

An international open-air music festival called Faine Misto [uk] has been held annually near Ternopil for 2–4 days in July since 2013.