OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Type shifter

In formal semantics, a type shifter is an interpretation rule that changes an expression's semantic type. For instance, the English expression "John" might ordinarily denote John himself, but a type shifting rule called Lift can raise its denotation to a function which takes a property and returns "true" if John himself has that property. Lift can be seen as mapping an individual onto the principal ultrafilter that it generates.
* Without type shifting: $\,\,[\![John]\!]=j$
* Type shifting with Lift: $[\![John]\!]=\lambda P_{\langle e,t\rangle }.P(j)$
Type shifters were proposed by Barbara Partee and Mats Rooth in 1983 to allow for systematic type ambiguity. Work of the period assumed that syntactic categories corresponded directly with semantic types, and researchers thus had to "generalize to the worst case" when particular uses of particular expressions from a given category required an especially high type. Moreover, Partee argued that evidence, in fact, supported expressions having different types in different contexts. Thus, she and Rooth proposed type shifting as a principled mechanism for generating the ambiguity.
Type shifters remain a standard tool in formal semantic work, particularly in categorial grammar and related frameworks. Type shifters have also been used to interpret quantifiers in object position and to capture scope ambiguities. In that regard, they serve as an alternative to syntactic operations such as quantifier raising used in mainstream generative approaches to semantics. Type shifters have also been used to generate and compose alternative sets without the need to fully adopt an alternative-based semantics.
# Murzinoria

Murzinoria is a monotypic moth genus in the subfamily Arctiinae. Its only species, Murzinoria gracilis, is known from the Chinese province of Gansu. Both the genus and species were first described by Vladimir Viktorovitch Dubatolov in 2007. Only one specimen, a female, is known.
# Vienna, Wisconsin

Vienna is a town in Dane County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 1,666 at the 2020 census. The unincorporated community of Norway Grove is located in the town.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 35.6 square miles (92.2 km$^2$), of which 35.6 square miles (92.1 km$^2$) is land and 0.04 square miles (0.1 km$^2$) (0.06%) is water.

## Demographics

At the 2000 census, there were 1,294 people, 461 households and 368 families living in the town. The population density was 36.4 per square mile (14.0/km$^2$). There were 467 housing units at an average density of 13.1 per square mile (5.1/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the town was 98.76% White, 0.39% African American, 0.08% Native American, 0.08% Asian, 0.08% from other races, and 0.62% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.31% of the population.
There were 461 households, of which 38.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 72.0% were married couples living together, 4.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.0% were non-families. 14.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.81 and the average family size was 3.12.
26.4% of the population under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 30.8% from 25 to 44, 27.4% from 45 to 64, and 8.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 104.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 106.1 males.
The median household income was $60,000 and the median family income was $62,500. Males had a median income of $35,694 versus $27,212 for females. The per capita income for the town was $24,783. About 1.6% of families and 3.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.3% of those under age 18 and 4.2% of those age 65 or over.

## Notable people

* Elmore Elver, Wisconsin state legislator and lawyer, was born in the town
* Edgar Warner Mann, Wyoming territorial legislator and lawyer, was born in the town
* John Ollis, Wisconsin state legislator and lawyer, lived in the town
* Hiland J. Spaulding, Wisconsin state legislator and farmer, lived in the town
# USS Avenger

Three ships of the United States Navy have borne the name Avenger.
* USS Avenger (1863), was a side-wheel ram, transferred from the Army to the Navy in 1863, and decommissioned and sold in 1865.
* USS Avenger (SP-2646), was leased and commissioned by the Navy in May 1918, and decommissioned in December 1918.
* USS Avenger (MCM-1), is an Avenger-class mine countermeasures ship, launched in 1985 and decommissioned on 30 September 2014.

## Fictional ships

* The 1979 novel, Inoculate!, features a fictional submarine named USS Avenger
# White Sun

White Sun or Seto Surya is a 2016 biographical war drama film directed by Deepak Rauniyar and co-written by Rauniyar, David Barker. It stars Dayahang Rai and Rabindra Singh Baniya in the lead roles alongside Asha Magrati, Sumi Malla, Amrit Pariyar, Deepak Chetri and Deshbhakta Khanal. The film is based on Nepalese Civil War's conflict between royalists and Maoists.
It world premiered in the Horizons section at the 73rd edition of the Venice Film Festival. It was later screened at the 2016 Toronto International Film Festival. It was selected as the Nepali entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 90th Academy Awards, but it was not nominated.

## Plot

When his father dies, anti-regime partisan Chandra must travel to his remote mountain village after nearly a decade away. Little Pooja is anxiously awaiting the man she thinks is her father, but she's confused when Chandra arrives with Badri, a young street orphan rumored to be his son. Chandra must face his brother Suraj, who was on the opposing side during the Nepali civil war. The two brothers cannot put aside political feelings while carrying their father's body down the steep mountain path to the river for cremation. Suraj storms off in a rage, leaving Chandra with no other men strong enough to help. Under pressure from the village elders, Chandra must seek help from outside the village to obey the rigid caste and discriminatory gender traditions he fought to eliminate during the war. Chandra searches for a solution in neighboring villages, among the police, guests at a local wedding, and rebel guerrillas...

## Cast

* Ganesh Neupane (Munal) as Kaaji
* Dayahang Rai as Agni / Chandra
* Asha Magrati as Durga
* Rabindra Singh Baniya as Suraj
* Sumi Malla as Pooja
* Amrit Pariyar as Badri
* Pramod Agrahari as Police officer
* Deepak Chhetri as Priest
* Deshbhakta Khanal as Uncle

## Awards

| Awards | Category | Recipient(s) | Outcome |
| Fribourg International Film Festival | Audience award | Deepak Rauniyar (director) | Won |
| Fribourg International Film Festival | Don Quixote Award | Deepak Rauniyar (director) | Won |
| Fribourg International Film Festival | Ecumenical Jury Award | Deepak Rauniyar (director) | Won |
| Fribourg International Film Festival | Special Mention | Deepak Rauniyar (director) | Won |
| Fribourg International Film Festival | Grand Prix | Deepak Rauniyar (director) | Nominated |
| Golden Horse Film Festival and Awards | Best Asian Film | Deepak Rauniyar (director) | Nominated |
| Palm Springs International Film Festival | New Voices/New Visions Grand Jury Prize | Deepak Rauniyar (director) | Won |
| International Film Festival Rotterdam | KNF Award | Deepak Rauniyar (director) | Nominated |
| Singapore International Film Festival | Best Film | Deepak Rauniyar (director) | Won |
| Venice Film Festival | Interfilm Award | Deepak Rauniyar (director) Aadi Productions (production company) Louverture Films (production company) Waterland Film (co-production) Match Factory, The (distributor) | Won |
| Venice Film Festival | Best Film | Deepak Rauniyar (director) | Nominated |
# Gordonia soli

Gordonia soli is a bacterium from the genus of Gordonia which has been isolated from soil in Taiwan.
# Hurvitz

Hurvitz may refer to:

## People

* Elazar Hurvitz, academic scholar in Talmudic studies
* Eliyahu "Eli" Hurvitz (born 1932), Israeli industrialist
* Rick Hurvitz, Executive Producer and Co-Creator of MTV's Pimp My Ride
* Yair Hurvitz (1941–88), Israeli poet
* Yigal Hurvitz (1918–94), Israeli politician
# Matthew Swinbourn

Matthew Dean Swinbourn (born 3 April 1975) is an Australian politician. He was educated at Kent Street Senior High School.
He was elected to the Western Australian Legislative Council at the 2017 state election, as a Labor member for the East Metropolitan Region. His term began on 22 May 2017.
Following the 2021 Western Australian state election, Swinbourn was appointed as Parliamentary Secretary to the Attorney-General and Minister for Electoral Affairs, John Quigley.
Before entering politics, Swinbourn worked at several trade unions. In 2002, he was employed by the Liquor, Hospitality and Miscellaneous Union as a workers' compensation officer. He took a position at the Construction, Forestry, Mining and Energy Union as an industrial officer in 2007 for three years, before taking a position at the Health Services Union. Swinbourn returned to the CFMEU in 2012, where he worked as a lawyer until his election.
# Montreuil Airfield

Montreuil Airfield is an abandoned World War II military airfield, which is located near the commune of La Bazoge in the Pays de la Loire region of northern France.
Located just outside Montreuil (probably to the north of the town), the United States Army Air Force established a temporary airfield on 17 August 1944, shortly after the Allied landings in France. The airfield was constructed by the IX Engineering Command, 820th Engineer Aviation Battalion.

## History

Known as Advanced Landing Ground "A-38", the airfield consisted of a single 5000' (1500m) prefabricated hessian surfacing/compressed earth runway (3600 PHS/1400 ETH) aligned 01/19. Tents were used for billeting and also for support facilities. An access road was built to the existing road infrastructure. There were a dump for supplies, ammunition, and gasoline drums, along with a drinkable water and minimal electrical grid for communications and station lighting.
The 363d Tactical Reconnaissance Group based a variety of reconnaissance aircraft at Montreuil from 4 September to 4 October 1944.
After the Americans moved east into Central France with the advancing Allied armies, the airfield was closed on 5 October 1944. Today the long dismantled airfield is indistinguishable from the agricultural fields in the area.
# Vandelli

Vandelli is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Claudio Vandelli (born 1961), Italian cyclist
* Domenico Vandelli (1735–1816), Italian naturalist
* Fernando Vandelli (1907–1977), Italian hammer thrower
* Mark-Francis Vandelli (born 1989), English television personality
* Maurizio Vandelli (born 1964), Italian cyclist
# To Grab the Ring

To Grab the Ring is a 1968 Dutch film directed by Nikolai van der Heyde. It was entered into the 18th Berlin International Film Festival.

## Cast

* Ben Carruthers as Alfred Lowell, Acteur
* Françoise Brion as Hélène
* Liesbeth List as Sandra van Dijk
* Al Mancini as David Knight
* Vladek Sheybal as Mijnheer Smith
* Edina Ronay as Vriendin
* Dunja Rajter
* John Van de Rest
* Jan Vreeken as Gangster
* Joop Admiraal
* Cox Habbema
* Melvin Clay as Anush
* Ko Koedijk
* Simon van Collem
# Glyphipterix ioclista

Glyphipterix ioclista is a species of sedge moth in the genus Glyphipterix. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1913. It is found in Guyana.
# Murzinia karatauensis

Murzinia karatauensis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, and the only species in the genus Murzinia. It was described by Lazarev in 2011.

## Name

Murzinia karatauensis Lazarev, 2011: 639
Type locality: Kzyl-Orda Region, Chiili District, North Karatau Ridge, Daut Mountain. Holotype: Coll. Danilevsky. female with 2 labels: 1) [Kzyl-Orda Reg., Chiili Distr., North Karatau Ridge, near Daut Mt., 19.09.1964, I. Sukacheva] [in Russian]; 2) Monochamussp. det. S. Murzin.

## Etymology

The name of the new genus is dedicated to a well known Russian entomologist Sergey Murzin, who supplied me with the specimen for description. The species name formed on the base of the name of the native mountain system - Karatau.
# Myringoplasty

Myringoplasty is the closure of the perforation of pars tensa of the tympanic membrane. When myringoplasty is combined with removal of scar tissue, it is called tympanoplasty. The operation is performed with the patient supine and face turned to one side. The graft material most commonly used for the surgery is temporalis fascia. The tragal cartilage and tragal perichondrium are also used as the graft by some surgeons.
Myringoplasty restores hearing loss in certain cases of tinnitus. The chances of re-infection and persistent discharge is less after surgery. Myringoplasty should not be performed if there is active discharge from the middle ear, or if the patient has uncontrolled nasal allergy, or when the other ear is dead and in children less than 3 years of age. Myringoplasty is often done under general anaesthesia, but it can be done under local anaesthesia also.

## Technique of surgery
### Underlay technique

The temporalis fascia is grafted. An incision is made along the edge of the perforation and a ring of epithelium is removed. A strip of mucosal layer is removed from the inner side of the perforation. The middle ear is packed with gelfoam soaked with an antibiotic. The edges of the graft should extend under the margins of the perforation and a small part should also extend over the posterior canal wall. The tympanomeatal flap is then replaced.

### Overlay technique

The temporal fascia is harvested. An incision is made to raise medial meatal skin with tympanic membrane epithelium. The graft is placed on the outer surface of the tympanic membrane and a slit is made to tuck it under the handle of the malleus. The ear is packed with gelfoam and antibiotics, and the incision is closed. Finally mastoid dressing is performed.

## Advantages

* Restores the hearing loss and in some cases, tinnitus.
* Checks the re-infection from external auditory canal and eustachian tube.
* Checks aeroallergens reaching the exposed middle ear mucosa, leading to persistent ear discharge.

## Contraindications

* Active discharge from the middle ear
* Nasal allergy, which should be controlled before surgery
* When the other ear is dead or not suitable for hearing
* Otitis externa
* Children below 3 years
# Maya Samhita

Maya Samhita (Sanskrit:मय संहिता,Mayasaṁhitā) is a treatise on Hindu Shilpa Shastras. A certain Maya is said to have written this book along with Hora Shastra.
# Mutterstadt

Mutterstadt is a municipality in the Rhein-Pfalz-Kreis, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. Though classified as rural the municipality does contain urbanized areas.
It is situated approximately 7 km southwest of the city center of Ludwigshafen.

## History

Mutterstadt was first mentioned in the Lorsch codex in the year 767 as mutherstather marca. The name Mutterstadt is derived from the medieval personal name Muothari (or Muther) and not from the German word Mutter.
* Old town hall
* Former Post office

## News

On the 9th of August 2016 a suspected IS terrorist was apprehended on suspicion of planning an attack during a soccer match
# Vandellòs Nuclear Power Plant

The Vandellòs Nuclear Power Plant is a nuclear power plant in Vandellòs located close to the Coll de Balaguer pass (Baix Camp comarca) in Catalonia, Spain.
Unit one was a 508 MWe carbon dioxide gas cooled reactor modeled on the UNGG reactor at the Saint Laurent Nuclear Power Plant in France. It was shut down on 31 July 1990, following an incident that damaged one of its two turbogenerators on 19 October 1989. Important nuclear safety functions in the plant were impaired by the fire, and the event was later classified as a level 3 event in the International Nuclear Event Scale.
Unit two is a 1087 MWe PWR. The station's owners are: 72% Endesa and 28% Iberdrola.
# Twenty First Century Skinned

Twenty First Century Skinned is the first remix album by Praga Khan. It was released in 1999.

## Track listing

* "Breakfast in Vegas (Insider Remix)" – 4:32
* "Isolation (Screaming to Be with You Remix)" – :40
* "Visions & Imaginations (Box Energy Mix)" – 3:49
* "Far Beyond the Sun (Adrift on Oscillators Mix)" – 4:41
* "What's Wrong with Me (That Shits Wild Mix)" – 4:02
* "Lonely (Court-Circuit Remix)" – 5:00
* "Supersonic Lovetoy (Sonic Dub)" – 4:43
* "Lady Alcohol (Where the Fuck am I Mix)" – 4:33
* "Bored Out of My Mind (Laurent Barbier Mix)" – 3:39
* "Begin to Move (Dark Zone Mix)" – 4:59
* "One Foot in the Grave (Artificial Life Mix)" – 5:32
* "Adult Entertainment (Here Comes the Whip Mix)" – 3:21
# Mowinckel's Second Cabinet

Mowinckel's Second Cabinet governed Norway between 15 February 1928 and 12 May 1931. It had the following composition:

## Cabinet members

| Portfolio | Minister | Took office | Left office | Party |
| Prime Minister Minister of Foreign Affairs | Johan Ludwig Mowinckel | 15 February 1928 | 12 May 1931 | Liberal |
| Minister of Justice and the Police | Haakon M. Evjenth | 15 February 1928 | 21 November 1930 | Liberal |
| Minister of Justice and the Police | Arne T. Sunde | 21 November 1930 | 12 May 1931 | Liberal |
| Minister of Finance and Customs | Per Berg Lund | 15 February 1928 | 12 May 1931 | Liberal |
| Minister of Defence | Torgeir Anderssen-Rysst | 15 February 1928 | 12 May 1931 | Liberal |
| Minister of Agriculture | Hans Jørgensen Aarstad | 15 February 1928 | 12 May 1931 | Liberal |
| Minister of Education and Church Affairs | Sigvald M. Hasund | 15 February 1928 | 12 May 1931 | Liberal |
| Minister of Trade | Lars Oftedal | 15 February 1928 | 12 May 1931 | Liberal |
| Minister of Labour | Ole Monsen Mjelde | 15 February 1928 | 12 May 1931 | Liberal |
| Minister of Social Affairs | Torjus Værland | 15 February 1928 | 12 May 1931 | Liberal |

## Secretary to the Council of State

| State Secretary | Period |
| Nicolai Franciscus Leganger | – 30 September 1929 |
| Bredo Rolsted | 1 October 1930 – |
# Willard Ray Custer

Willard Ray Custer (June 6, 1899, Warfordsburg, Pennsylvania – December 25, 1985, Hagerstown, Maryland) was an American engineer and aircraft visionary, inventor of the channel wing concept.
Custer left school at age 13, working as a blacksmith and, later, an engineer and mechanic.
The inspiration to the channel wing concept came in 1925 when Custer had observed how the roof of a barn was lifted during a very strong gust of wind. He started investigating the phenomenon and, by 1928, he had developed the first Model of a new airplane wing for which he received a patent in 1929. This channel wing managed much lift even at very low airspeeds and allowed start and landing on very short airfields.
In 1939 Custer founded the National Aircraft Corporation and, on November 12, 1942, started development of the CCW-1 (CusterChannelWing 1) experimental aircraft. With the CCW-2 that followed, he could achieve almost vertical starts, and flight almost like a helicopter. The military started a number of trials which were subsequently canceled despite some interesting achievements. Later, Custer founded the Custer ChannelWing Corporation and, in 1954, built more aircraft. The last one, the CCW-5, almost reached series production.
The principle of the channel wing was not well understood by many, especially at the time. Custer was an experimenter and visionary, with many patents filed, but he did not have a strong theoretical and scientific background. The Custer Channelwing Corporation had to cease its activities, and the channel wing principle was mostly forgotten. Today, only two CCW aircraft survive. The CCW-1 is displayed at the Smithsonian´s National Air and Space Museum, Suitland, Maryland, while the CCW-5 is at the Mid-Atlantic Air Museum, Pennsylvania.
# Humoreska

Humoreska is a 1939 Czechoslovak drama film directed by Otakar Vávra.

## Cast

* Rudolf Hrušínský as Young Josef Hupka
* Vladimír Salač as Teenage Hynek
* Jaroslav Průcha as Middle-aged Josef Hupka
* Ladislav Boháč as Adult Hynek
# Matthew Szulik

Matthew J. Szulik is an American businessman. He is the former chairman of Red Hat, leader of some other technology companies, such as Interleaf and MapInfo for more than 20 years. Szulik had also held the titles of chief executive officer and president of Red Hat, and after over nine years, resigned from these positions on December 20, 2007, citing personal reasons.
Szulik is a spokesperson to industry, government, and education leaders on open source computing.
Szulik is the chairman of the Science and Technology Board for State of North Carolina's Economic Development Board. He is past chairman and an executive director of the North Carolina Electronics and Information Technologies Association.
Szulik is a graduate of Saint Anselm College in New Hampshire.
In 2002, Szulik was recognized by CIO magazine with its 20/20 Vision Award.
Szulik been awarded overall national winner for Ernst & Young Entrepreneur Of The Year 2008.
# Philip Aranda

Philip Aranda (3 February 1642 - 3 June 1695) was a Spanish Jesuit theologian.

## Biography

Aranda was born at Moneva in Aragon. He entered the Society of Jesus in 1658, and taught theology and philosophy at Zaragoza.
He was connected with the Inquisition of Aragon and was synodal examiner of the Archdiocese of Zaragoza.
He is described by Father Michel de St. Joseph, in his "Biographica Critica", as "a most acute theologian, eloquent in speech, and a most practical and expert athlete in the scholastic arena".
He was fiercely attacked in a satirical work by Martin Serra, a Dominican, who declaimed against "the indifferent, headless, inefficacious writings of certain theologians, especially the olla podrida of Father Philip Aranda", an assault which almost evoked an interdict against the church of the friar.
He died at Zaragoza in 1695.

## Works

He published a treatise in 1693, "De Deo sciente, praedestinante et auxiliante", which examines ably the entire subject of scientia media, and solidly and subtlety expounds and illustrates the questions of predestination and divine grace. He explains the mind of St. Augustine, and "without difficulty", it was said, gave the meaning of his difficult expressions, maintaining that they had no reference whatever to predestination; a word which he contends was never, even equivalently, used by the Great Doctor. He adds an appendix on why the procession of the Second Person is called generation.
He wrote on the Incarnation and Redemption; on the natural and supernatural operation of man; on human acts; on good and evil; and on the supernatural.
He wrote also a "Life of the Servant of God, Isabel Pobar".

## Sources

* This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Campbell, Thomas Joseph (1907). "Philip Aranda". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company.