OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Sam Sofer

Sam Sofer (born 1945) is an Iranian-born American scientist who specializes in biological processes and bioreactor design, with applications in medicine, energy, and the environment. He is the creator of biological air and water cleaners that use immobilized cell technology, and of various biomedical instruments and test protocols related to boosting the immune system to fight disease.

## Early life

Sofer was born Samir Salim Sofer, in Tehran, Iran. He attended the American Community School for his primary and secondary education.

## Education

Upon secondary school graduation Sofer attended the University of Utah, where he earned an Honors Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering. Sofer went on to get a Masters of Engineering from Texas A & M University, and a PhD in Chemical Engineering from the University of Texas at Austin. His PhD dissertation was titled 'Continuous production of drug metabolites by insolubilized hepatic microsomal oxidase'.

## Career

Sofer has been Professor and Director, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science at the University of Oklahoma; and Research Chair Professor of Biotechnology at the New Jersey Institute of Technology.
Sofer has industrial experience as a US chemical plant engineer, and has the following patents: Method and Spiral Bioreactor for Processing Feedstocks, U.S. Patent 6,916,630 B2, Jul. 12, 2005; Immune and Oxygen System Measuring and Drug Screening Method and Apparatus U.S. and International patents pending, 2012.
Sofer is currently the President of Air & Water Solutions (NJ) and of ReGen Technology LLC (NM), all of which specialize in biological processes and bioreactor design.

## Technology applications

Sam Sofer's Spiral Bioreactor patent for air purification technology has been developed and industrialized and studied for the professional segment use by U-earth Biotech. Sara Zanni Environmental Engineer, U-earth Chief Science Officer until 2019 in cooperation with UNIBO, the university of Bologna, has published studies on the applications of AIRcel bioreactors derived by Sofer's patent, in the medical, industrial and commercial segment.
The system has been studied and research papers published in the industrial machining contest and in the waste treatment contest.
# Pternoscirta

Pternoscirta is a genus of grasshoppers in the family Acrididae, subfamily Oedipodinae and tribe Locustini. The recorded distribution of species includes: India, China, Indochina and Malesia.

## Species

The Orthoptera Species File includes:
* Pternoscirta bimaculata (Thunberg, 1815) – a "temporary name" - Indian Subcontinent
* Pternoscirta caliginosa (Haan, 1842) - China, Vietnam, W. Malesia
* Pternoscirta cinctifemur (Walker, 1859) - type species, locality Sri Lanka
* Pternoscirta longipennis Xia, 1981 - China
* Pternoscirta pulchripes Uvarov, 1925 - China, Thailand
* Pternoscirta sauteri (Karny, 1915) - Vietnam, Taiwan
* Pternoscirta villosa (Thunberg, 1815) - China
Note: A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than Pternoscirta.
# Rhimphalea anoxantha

Rhimphalea anoxantha is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1912. It is found in New Guinea.
The wingspan is 28 mm. The forewings are black-brown with a cupreous gloss and with two slight yellowish-white streaks below the base of the costa, as well as an oblique yellowish-white antemedial band from the cell to the inner margin. There is a wedge-shaped yellowish-white spot in the end of the cell, a yellowish-white discoidal bar and three yellowish-white spots between the lower angle of the cell and the inner margin. There are yellowish-white streaks beyond the upper angle of the cell above and below vein 7. The postmedial line is yellowish white. The hindwings are yellowish white, with some blackish at the base and a large blackish discoidal spot. There is a slight postmedial line excurved between veins 5 and 2. The terminal area is blackish.
# Poor Relief Regulation of 1871

Poor Relief Regulation of 1871 (Swedish: 1871 års fattigvårdförordning) was a Swedish Poor Law which organized the public Poor relief in the Sweden. It replaced the 1847 års fattigvårdförordning and was in effect until the Poor Care Law of 1918.
In 1847, the first Swedish social help system separate from the church had been organized by the Poor relief regulation of 1847. It was adjusted only to a very minor degree by the 1853 års fattigvårdförordning.
The rapid changes during the mid 19th-century, including industrialisation, urbanization, labour movement and socialism, created an opposition toward public social projects among the ruling elite, who came to regard them as communism. The law from 1847, which was influenced by the liberalism of the 1840s, came to be regarded as too generous, and gradually the authorities came to practice it more and more strictly. This was illustrated during the Swedish famine of 1867–1869, when emergency relief was delivered almost exclusively to those willing to work for it. A growing opinion felt that society should take responsibility only for orphans, the aged, the insane and the mentally or physically challenged, and deny any form of assistance to all adults who were physically and mentally healthy.
In 1871, the law of 1847 was reformed. While the organisation and the system introduced in 1847 was kept in form, the law of 1871 introduced more strict qualifications as to who should be allowed to receive social benefits. By this reform, social benefits was banned for everyone except for those physically or mentally unable to work, such as orphans, the aged, the insane and the mentally or physically challenged, and further more banned the right to appeal a decision made by the Poor Care Board. The law of 1871 was thereby a severe deterioration of social help in Sweden, and those needing no longer qualified to apply for help from the state because of the new regulations was forced to rely on private charity (foremost the local Fruntimmers-skyddsförening) as well as old outdated customs such as rotegång, the pauper auction and child auctions.
It was not until the Poor Care Law of 1918 that the entire poor relief system in Sweden was truly reformed and the Rotegång, the pauper auctions, the child auctions, the poor houses and other old fashioned phenomena were abolished.
# Hugh M. Tiner

Hugh M. Tiner (April 16, 1908 – January 7, 1981) was an American academic administrator. He served as the second president of Pepperdine University from 1939 to 1957.

## Early life

Tiner was born on April 16, 1908, in La Vernia, Texas. He graduated from Abilene Christian College in 1928, and he earned a master's degree from Stanford University in 1929, followed by a PhD from the University of Southern California.

## Career

Tiner began his career as a school teacher in Los Angeles, and he later became an assistant superintendent and supervisor.
In 1937, Tiner became the founding dean of George Pepperdine College, which he encouraged his friend George Pepperdine to found in South Los Angeles. As dean, he established the GraPhiC, Pepperdine's student newspaper, in 1937. He also organized the school's first athletic teams (first basketball, then baseball and tennis) and oversaw the selection of the school's colors—blue and orange. He then served as the college's second president from 1939 to 1957. When he was appointed, he was "the youngest college president" in the United States. He was succeeded by M. Norvel Young. He was appointed as a regent in 1977.
Tiner was a minister of the Churches of Christ for the Uptown Church of Christ in Long Beach.

## Death

Tiner died on January 7, 1981, in Long Beach, California.
# Porela delineata

Porela delineata is a moth of the family Lasiocampidae. It is known from Australia, including New South Wales, Queensland and Victoria.
The wingspan is about 30 mm.
# Persica (journal)

Persica is an annual multidisciplinary peer-reviewed academic journal published by Peeters Publishers. It is the official journal of the Genootschap Nederland-Iran (Dutch-Iranian Society). The journal is abstracted and indexed in the Index Islamicus. Articles are published in English, French, or German.
# IRGC (disambiguation)

IRGC may refer to:
* Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, Iran
* IRGC (gene), a gene in humans
* International Risk Governance Council, a foundation in Switzerland
# Psara simillima

Psara simillima is a species of moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1913. It is found in Papua New Guinea, where it has been recorded from the D'Entrecasteaux Islands (Fergusson Island).
# Pterolophia dalbergicola

Pterolophia dalbergicola is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Gressitt in 1951.
# Pallisa General Hospital

Pallisa General Hospital, also Pallisa Hospital, is a hospital in Pallisa Town, Pallisa District, in the Eastern Region of Uganda. It is a public hospital, owned by the Ugandan Government and is administered by Pallisa District Local Government.

## Location

The hospital is located in the central business district of the town of Pallisa, about 55 kilometres (34 mi) northwest of Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, in the city of Mbale. The coordinates of Pallisa General Hospital are: 01°10'34.0"N, 33°42'39.0"E (Latitude:1.176111; Longitude:33.710833.

## Overview

The hospital was built in the second half of the 20th century. Since it was commissioned, the hospital infrastructure has not received any refurbishment or re-equipping. The buildings need renovation and remodeling. As of January 2021, the hospital is reported to have capacity of 109 beds.
As of July 2021, Pallisa General Hospital does not have an intensive care unit (ICU) or an oxygen generating unit. However the facility had treated and discharged over 60 COVID-19 patients, by the first week of July 2021.

## Renovations

In August 2010, the Government of Uganda signed a credit agreement, with the International Development Association, an arm of the World Bank, in the amount of US$130 million. The resources were meant to be used to construct and equip a number of General Hospitals and two Regional Referral Hospitals in Uganda. Pallisa General Hospital was on the list of hospitals to be renovated. The project, which started on 11 February 2011, was concluded on 30 June 2015. However, Pallisa Hospital was not renovated as originally planned. As of December 2019, those planned renovations had not been carried out yet.
# Rhoda Bloodworth

Rhoda Alice Bloodworth (22 June 1889 – 23 December 1980) was a New Zealand labour activist, community worker and feminist. She was born in Skipton, Yorkshire, England on 22 June 1889.
# Pedro Gonçalves (disambiguation)

Pedro Gonçalves (born 1998) is a Portuguese footballer
Pedro Gonçalves may refer to:
* Pepe Gonçalves (born 1993), full name Pedro Henrique Gonçalves da Silva, Brazilian slalom canoeist
* Pedro Gonçalves (football manager) (born 1976), Portuguese football manager
# Pavillon de l'Esprit Nouveau

Pavillon de l'Esprit Nouveau was a model home constructed for the 1925 International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts in Paris, France. The building was designed by Swiss architects Le Corbusier and Pierre Jeanneret.

## Building

The Pavillon was conceived of as a modular dwelling that could be combined with others like it to form a larger block. The building measured 2,200 square feet (200 m$^2$) and utilized an open plan. A lower floor held living spaces and a kitchen while a second floor held bedrooms and a bathroom.
In designing the building, Le Corbusier and Jeanneret aesthetically and ideologically diverged from the Art Deco style which dominated the exhibition. The architects, viewing architecture as too removed from human needs, emphasized function and sought to drastically diminish decoration. In order to reduce the need for decorative furniture, Le Corbusier and Jeanneret included a myriad of built-in-furniture including cabinets and shelves. The pavilion also included several cubist sculptures by Jacques Lipchitz, one of which was placed on the grass in front of the building.

## Reconstruction

In 1977 Glauco Gresleri, Giuliano Gresleri and Jose Oubrerie constructed an exact replica of the building in Fiera District, Bologna, Italy for the SAIE construction exhibition. The architects completed the project in collaboration with the Fondation Le Corbusier.
The reconstructed pavilion was restored in 2017.

## Similar Projects

When Le Corbusier designed the Fruges housing Estate at Pessac near Bordeaux, the seven houses located at the west end of the site were designed to have similar characteristics as the Pavilion de L'Esprit Nouveau. Each house consists of a rectangular block separated from the adjoining house by a space equal to the size of the house. Thus we have an A-B-A-B-A-B pattern along the length of the road. What makes this pattern remarkable is the thin arched curved concrete roof which spans over the garden in the same way as the Pavilion has a garden with a hole in its roof to let the tree out.

## Reception

In a 2017 article for CNN, Stephen Bayley named the building one of "20 Designs That Defined the Modern World."
# Pedoptila

Pedoptila is a genus of moths in the family Himantopteridae.

## Species

* Pedoptila catori Bethune-Baker, 1911
* Pedoptila nemopteridia Butler, 1885
* Pedoptila nigrocristata Joicey & Talbot, 1921
* Pedoptila thaletes Druce, 1907
* Pedoptila ubangiana Schultze, 1931
# Persicaria amphibia

Persicaria amphibia (syn. Polygonum amphibium) is a species of flowering plant in the knotweed family known by several common names, including longroot smartweed, water knotweed, water smartweed, and amphibious bistort. It is native to much of North America, Asia, Europe, and parts of Africa, and it grows elsewhere as an introduced species and sometimes a noxious weed.

## Distribution and habitat

Persicaria amphibia is native to a large area across the northern hemisphere, including Europe, Asia, North America, and parts of Africa. It has been introduced elsewhere, such as South America and other parts of Africa.
It grows in many types of wet habitat, such as ponds, streams, and marshes. It is a rhizomatous perennial herb which takes a variety of forms and is quite variable in morphology. It may be an aquatic plant, growing submerged or floating in water bodies, it may grow in muddy and wet areas which are periodically inundated, and it may grow in moist spots on land, such as in meadows.
Dry-land and fully aquatic plants are sometimes considered different named varieties of the species.

## Description

Persicaria amphibia produces a thick stem from its rhizome. The stem may creep, float, or grow erect, rooting at stem nodes that come in contact with moist substrate. Stems are known to reach 3 meters (10 feet) long in aquatic individuals. The stems are ribbed and may be hairless to quite hairy in texture.
Leaves are lance-shaped or take various other shapes and are borne on petioles. They may be over 30 centimeters (1 foot) in length. The inflorescence is a dense terminal cluster of many five-lobed pink flowers.
Plants may have bisexual or unisexual flowers, with some plants bearing only male or only female flowers. The fruit is a shiny brown rounded achene around 3 mm (0.12 in) long.

## Varieties

Three varieties are generally recognized, though some authorities consider P. a. var. emersa a distinct species, Persicaria coccinea.
* P. a. var. emersa (longroot smartweed) – Plants palustrine, usually with emergent leafy stems; ocreae never with flared apices; aerial leaves petiolate with acuminate tips; inflorescence spikes terminal, usually 2 (unequal), > 4 cm long.
* P. a. var. stipulacea – Plants aquatic, usually with floating stems and leaves; ocreae with flared apices (when stranded); aerial leaves (when present) nearly sessile with somewhat cordate bases and blunt apices; inflorescence spikes usually 1, greater than 4 cm (1.6 in) long. In North America, P. a. var. stipulacea does not grow south of the Laurentide Ice Sheet except in the mountain west and Mexico.
* P. a. var. amphibia – European
* P. a. var. emersa long spike
* P. a. var. emersa short spike
* P. a. var. stipulacea aquatic form
* P. a. var. stipulacea terrestrial form
* P. a. var. amphibia

## Uses

Various parts of this plant were used by several Native American groups as medicinal remedies and sometimes as food.
# Vepris borenensis

Vepris borenensis is a species of plant in the family Rutaceae. It is found in Ethiopia and Kenya.
# Psara pallicaudalis

Psara pallicaudalis is a species of moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Snellen in 1875. It is found in Colombia.
# Pterolophia dayremi

Pterolophia dayremi is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1940.
# Palfrey (disambiguation)

Palfrey was a light riding horse common in the Middle Ages.
Palfrey may also refer to:
* Palfrey (surname), people with the surname Palfrey
* Palfrey, West Midlands, a locality in the town of Walsall
* Palfrey Island, part of the Lizard Island Group 270 km north of Cairns, Queensland, Australia
# Pawtuxet Valley Railroad

The Pawtuxet Valley Railroad, chartered in 1872, was a railroad in Rhode Island. It originally connected River Point to Hope, a total distance of three miles, and was operated as a subsidiary of the Hartford, Providence and Fishkill Railroad. Via the chartering of the Pontiac Branch Railroad in 1875, a nearby line was built from Auburn to Pontiac. The two lines were connected on January 1, 1880, forming a contiguous line operated by the New York, Providence and Boston Railroad. The New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad became the line's operator when it leased the NYP&B in 1892. Passenger service was discontinued on the line between 1922 and 1925, and in 1924 the original connection between the two ends of the line was abandoned. Declining traffic gradually lead to the abandonment of the entire line. The western portion of the line was abandoned in 1965, while the eastern portion survived to see operation by Penn Central beginning in 1969, followed by the Providence and Worcester Railroad in 1976. The last active portion of the line was discontinued around 1994.

## History

In 1906, the New Haven reached an agreement to absorb the Pawtuxet Valley Railroad, ending its corporate existence, with stockholders getting one share of New Haven Railroad stock per share of Pawtuxet Valley stock. This was completed on April 16, 1907.
Upon the construction of Interstate 95 through Cranston in the 1960s, the Pontiac Branch Railroad line in Auburn was elevated over the new highway with a bridge.
The abandoned bridge that formerly carried the Pontiac Branch Railroad over Interstate 95 was demolished in August 2023.
# Iotatorquevirus

Iotatorquevirus is a genus of viruses in the family Anelloviridae, in group II in the Baltimore classification. It includes one species: Iotatorquevirus suida1a.

## Virology

The virons are small and non-enveloped.
The viruses are usually acquired soon after birth and may invade virtually any tissue in the body.
They are widespread in the pig population.

## Genome

Iotatorqueviruses have a circular, single-stranded DNA genome. The genome is negative-sense.

## Clinical

Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome has been causally associated with porcine circovirus type 2. The Iotatorquevirus have also been linked with this syndrome but a causative role—if one exists—has yet to be established.
# Operation Strength

Operation Strength was the codename for several military operations in the 20th century
It can refer to:
* Operation Strength (1941), an aircraft reinforcement mission in the Arctic campaign of the Second World War.
* Operation Strength (1972) (6 February – 17 March 1972) was a Royalist military offensive of the Laotian Civil War.
* Operation Strength II (6–31 March 1972) was a Royalist military offensive of the Laotian Civil War. A follow-up to Strength I.
# 2005 German Athletics Championships

The 2005 German Athletics Championships were held at the Lohrheidestadion in Bochum-Wattenscheid on 2–3 July 2005.
# Praetrigoniophthalmus

Praetrigoniophthalmus is a genus of jumping bristletails in the family Machilidae. There are at least two described species in Praetrigoniophthalmus.

## Species

These two species belong to the genus Praetrigoniophthalmus:
* Praetrigoniophthalmus kuhnelti Janetschek, 1954
* Praetrigoniophthalmus meticulosa (Silvestri, 1904)
# Vepris heterophylla

Vepris heterophylla is an angiosperm belonging to the kingdom Plantae, phylum Tracheophta, class Magnoliopsida, order Sapindales, family Rutaceae., genus Vepris. The genus Vepris is a widespread plant that is capable of adapting to a variety of climatic and soil conditions, drought inclusive Vepris heterophylla can be found in Ghana, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Mali, and Nigeria, on the African continent. It usually occurs in the dry forest, on rocky hills in the savanna, and on hill slopes with granite boulders and along temporary river banks Vepris heterophylla is listed as an Endangered species according to IUCN Red List Classification due to habitat loss
# 1984 Badenoch and Strathspey District Council election

Elections to the Badenoch and Strathspey District Council took place in May 1984, alongside elections to the councils of Scotland's other districts.
No seats were contested and one received no nominations. One Scottish National Party councillor was elected unopposed for the seat of Grantown on Spey East, the first time any party won representation on the council.

## Aggregate results

Badenoch and Strathspey District Election Result 1984 :
| Party | Seats | Net gain/loss | Votes % | Votes | +/− |
| Independent | 8 | 2 | 0.0 | 0 | 100.0 |
| SNP | 1 | 1 | 0.0 | 0 | New |
| Uncontested election | 1 | 1 | 0.0 | 0 | |
# Pseudolinda quinquepunctata

Pseudolinda quinquepunctata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, and the only species in the genus Pseudolinda. It was described by Henry Walter Bates in 1881.
# Pterolophia crassipes

Pterolophia crassipes is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Wiedemann in 1823, originally under the genus Lamia. It is known from Malaysia, the Philippines, Borneo, Java, and Sumatra.
# Palfrey Island

Palfrey Island is an island in the offshore locality of Lizard in the Shire of Cook, Queensland, Australia. It is 270 km north of Cairns and is part of the Lizard Island Group and south of Lizard Island. There is an automated lighthouse structure situated on this island.

## Geography

Lizard Island is a high granite island about 7 square kilometres in size, with three smaller islands nearby (Palfrey, South and Bird). Together these islands form the Lizard Island Group and their well-developed fringing reef encircles the 10 metre deep Blue Lagoon.
The only settlements on the island are the Research Station, the Lizard Island Resort operated by Delaware North Australia Parks & Resorts and a basic camping area operated by the Queensland Parks & Wildlife Service.
All islands in the Lizard Island Group are part of the Lizard Island National Park, administered by the Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service. Lizard Island is situated in the waters of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, administered jointly by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority and the Queensland Environmental Protection Agency. Permits are required for all manipulative research in the Lizard Island Group and the waters surrounding it.
The Lizard Island Group is a mid-shelf reef, situated 30 kilometres from the Australian mainland. Most reef and island types characteristic of the Great Barrier Reef are accessible from the Research Station.

## Historic significance

During his epic voyage of 1770, Captain James Cook climbed the peak on Lizard Island to chart a course out to sea through the maze of reefs which confronted him.