OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Nicephora

Nicephora is a genus of Asian bush crickets belonging to the tribe Meconematini in the subfamily Meconematinae. They are found in India, Sri Lanka, southern China, and Vietnam.

## Species

The Orthoptera Species File lists the following species,

### Subgenus Dianicephora

Auth. Gorochov, 1993 - Indian subcontinent
* Nicephora mirabilis Bolívar, 1900

### Subgenus Eunicephora

Auth. Gorochov, 1998
* Nicephora dianxiensis Wang & Liu, 2013 - southern China
* Nicephora ulla Gorochov, 1998 - Vietnam

### Subgenus Nicephora

Auth. Bolívar, 1900 - Indian subcontinent
* Nicephora forficulata Carl, 1921
* Nicephora hakgallae Henry, 1932
* Nicephora mazerani Bolívar, 1900
* Nicephora subulata Bolívar, 1900
* Nicephora trigonidioides Bolívar, 1900 – type species
# Hordeum brevisubulatum

Hordeum brevisubulatum is a widespread species of wild barley native to temperate and subarctic Eastern Europe and Asia. A halophyte, it prefers to grow in saline grasslands.
# Santonic acid

Santonic acid is an organic compound containing both carboxylic acid and ketone functionality.
It was synthesized from santonin by base-mediated hydrolysis of a lactone followed by a multistep rearrangement process by R. B. Woodward.
Unusually for a carboxylic acid, santonic acid does not form hydrogen-bonded dimers in the crystalline phase. Rather, it adopts a polymeric structure, with individual santonic acid molecules linked by intermolecular carboxyl-to-ketone hydrogen bonds.
# O. N. V. Literary Award

The O. N. V. Literary Award is awarded annually by O. N. V. Cultural Academy from 2017 in memory of poet O. N. V. Kurup (1931–2016). The award is not limited to Malayalam–language authors but is a national award for which writers from across India are considered for their overall contributions to literature. The award comprises a statue, a citation, and a purse of ₹ 300,000.

## Recipients

| Year | Recipient | Jury |
| 2017 | Sugathakumari | M. Leelavathy C. Radhakrishnan Prabha Varma |
| 2018 | M.T.Vasudevan Nair | M. M. Basheer K. Jayakumar Prabha Varma |
| 2019 | Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri | C. Radhakrishnan S. V. Venugopan Nair Prabha Varma |
| 2020 | M. Leelavathy | C. Radhakrishnan Prabha Varma Anil Vallathol |
| 2021 | Vairamuthu | Anil Vallathol Alankode Leelakrishnan Prabha Varma |
| 2022 | T. Padmanabhan | M. M. Basheer George Onakkoor Prabha Varma |
| 2023 | C.Radhakrishnan | |
| 2024 | Prathibha rai | |
# John Esposito (disambiguation)

John Esposito (born 1940) is a professor of International Affairs and Islamic Studies at Georgetown University.
John Esposito may also refer to:
* John Esposito, a Bay Shore contractor sentenced in the Katie Beers kidnapping
* John Esposito (pianist) (born 1953), American jazz pianist
* John Esposito (poker player), American professional poker player
* John Esposito (music executive), American music executive
# Pkhakadze

Pkhakadze (Georgian: ფხაკაძე) is a Georgian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Omar Pkhakadze (1944–1993), Georgian sprint cyclist
* Tamri Pkhakadze (born 1957), Georgian writer, playwright, children's author and translator
* Giorgi Pkhakadze (born 1976), Georgian doctor, public health expert, public figure, civil society activists, Professor of public health and epidemiology, published scientific papers and books in the field of public health, anthropology, accreditation of healthcare facilities
# ZSSS

ZSSS may refer to:
* ICAO code for Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport
* Association of Free Trade Unions of Slovenia
# Zoetrope (album)

Zoetrope is an album released in 2002 by the dark ambient musician Lustmord on the Nextera record label. The album is the expanded soundtrack of the 1999 experimental psychological horror film of the same name, directed by Charlie Deaux.

## Track listing

* Main Title/Infinite Space - 7:17
* The Cell - 5:49
* Cellular Blur - 4:31
* Descent - 5:03
* Transitional Pathway - 5:25
* Amalgamated Man - 8:02
* The Harrow - 7:26
* Disintegration - 3:48
* End Titles - 4:58
* Zoetrope Trailer v.3 - 3:28

## Credits

* Artwork-Tracey Roberts
* Mastered by-Karel Kourek
* Performer/producer-Brian Williams
# Hordeum capense

Hordeum capense is a species of wild barley native to South Africa and Lesotho. An allotetraploid, it arose from ancestors with the Xa and I Hordeum genomes.
# Pele's Curse

Pele's Curse is the belief that anything natively Hawaiian, such as sand, rock, or pumice, will bring bad luck on whoever takes it away from Hawaii. One version about the legend's genesis is this: a disgruntled park ranger, angry at the number of rocks that were being taken from the islands by visitors, said that Pele would curse them with bad luck should they take anything. Another version often told is that bus drivers, tired of the dirt and grime brought on their buses by the tourists' collection of rocks, started the story at the beginning of each tour to discourage the rock collecting.
The myth has caught on, told as if it were an original Hawaiian taboo, and every year countless tourists send items back to Hawaii in order to escape the awful luck that Pele has caused them.
So, although the legend itself is probably of twentieth-century origin, the removal of rocks as souvenirs is now frowned upon by Hawaiians. Also, it is illegal to remove minerals from within a U.S. national park.
# 1929 All-Big Six Conference football team

The 1929 All-Big Six Conference football team consists of American football players chosen by various organizations for All-Big Six Conference teams for the 1929 college football season. The selectors for the 1929 season included the Associated Press (AP).

## All-Big Six selections
### Ends

* H. Keith Hursley, Missouri (AP-1)
* Tom Churchill, Oklahoma (AP-1)
* Steve Hokuf, Nebraska (AP-2)
* William G. Towler, Kansas State (AP-2)

### Tackles

* Ray Richards, Nebraska (AP-1)
* Cookie Tackwell, Kansas State (AP-1)
* Jack Schopflin, Kansas (AP-2)
* Marion Broadstone, Nebraska (AP-2)

### Guards

* George Atkeson, Kansas (AP-1)
* K. C. Bauman, Kansas State (AP-1)
* George Koster, Nebraska (AP-2)
* Weldon Gentry, Oklahoma (AP-2)

### Centers

* Raymond Smith, Missouri (AP-1)
* Frank Bausch, Kansas (AP-2)

### Quarterbacks

* John Waldorf, Missouri (AP-1)
* Alex Nigro, Kansas State (AP-2)

### Halfbacks

* James Bausch, Kansas (AP-1)
* Frank Crider, Oklahoma (AP-1)
* George Farley, Nebraska, (AP-2)
* George Wiggins, Kansas State (AP-2)

### Fullbacks

* Clair Sloan, Nebraska (AP-1)
* Earl Fox, Kansas (AP-2)

## Key

AP = Associated Press
# James Turner, 1st Baron Netherthorpe

James Turner, 1st Baron Netherthorpe (6 January 1908 – 8 November 1980), was a British peer.
Turner was the son of Albert Edward Mann Turner of Anston, Yorkshire. He served as President of the National Farmers Union from 1945 to 1960 and was also President of the Royal Association of British Dairy Farmers and of the Royal Agricultural Society. He was knighted in 1949 and in 1959 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Netherthorpe, of Anston in the West Riding of the County of York.
Lord Netherthorpe died in November 1980, aged 72, and was succeeded in the barony by his eldest son James.
Coat of arms of James Turner, 1st Baron Netherthorpe :
* CrestA lion passant guardant Gules gorged with a collar Sable charged with bezants supporting with the dexter paw a cornucopia inverted Or the fruit Proper.
* EscutcheonArgent on a cross Gules between four garbs Vert five millrinds erect Or a chief of stone masonry Proper.
* SupportersDexter a bull sinister a ram both Argent horned and unguled Or gorged with a collar Sable charged with bezants.
* MottoJuvat Ipse Labor (Work Itself Is Pleasing)
Peerage of the United Kingdom :
| New creation | Baron Netherthorpe 1959–1980 | Succeeded byJames Andrew Turner |
# Home (Rooster song)

"Home" is the first single from UK indie group Rooster from their second album Circles and Satellites. The song reached No. 33 on the UK Singles Chart.

## Track listing

* "Home"
* "In Your Head"
* "In Your Head", is also included on the Japanese version of Circles and Satellites as a bonus track.
# Poplar (convenience store)

Poplar (株式会社ポプラ, Kabushiki-gaisha Popura) is a convenience store franchise chain in Japan.
There are 269 shops across the Chugoku, Kanto, Kansai, Kyushu, and Shikoku regions.

## History

Poplar was founded as a liquor shop in Naka-ku, Hiroshima in 1976. The first Poplar shop was opened in Minami-ku, Hiroshima in 1983. Poplar Foods was established in 1996.
# 1937 in Estonia

This article lists events that occurred during 1937 in Estonia.

## Incumbents

* Prime Minister – Konstantin Päts

## Events

* 29 July – a new constitution in force with civil liberties and democracy restored but with a very strong presidency.

## Births

* 8 April – Maila Rästas, actress (d. 2008)
* 4 September – Mikk Mikiver, actor and theatre director (d. 2006)
* 13 September – Meeli Sööt, actress
* 21 September – Aarne Üksküla, actor and theatre instructor (d. 2017)

## Deaths

* 11 June – Hando Mugasto, Estonian graphic designer
# OOL

OOL may refer to:

## Science and technology

* Object-oriented language, a programming paradigm
* Origin of life (OoL), also called Abiogenesis
* Out-of-the-loop performance problem, a consequence of automation

## Others

* Gold Coast Airport (IATA code) in Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
* Olivia O'Leary, Irish journalist, writer and current affairs presenter
* Optimum Online, an Internet service provider in the United States
# Continuous q-Jacobi polynomials

In mathematics, the continuous q-Jacobi polynomials P$^{(α,β)}$ $_n$(x|q), introduced by Askey & Wilson (1985), are a family of basic hypergeometric orthogonal polynomials in the basic Askey scheme. Roelof Koekoek, Peter A. Lesky, and René F. Swarttouw (2010, 14) give a detailed list of their properties.

## Definition

The polynomials are given in terms of basic hypergeometric functions and the q-Pochhammer symbol by
    $P_{n}^{(\alpha ,\beta )}(x;q)={\frac {(q^{n+1};q)_{n}}{(q;q)_{n}}}_{4}\phi _{3}\left[{\begin{matrix}q^{-n},q^{n+\alpha +\beta +1},q^{{\frac {1}{2}}\alpha +{\frac {1}{4}}e^{i\theta }},q^{{\frac {1}{2}}\alpha +{\frac {1}{4}}e^{-i\theta }}\\q^{n+1},-q^{{\frac {1}{2}}(\alpha +\beta +1)},-q^{{\frac {1}{2}}(\alpha +\beta +2)}\end{matrix}};q,q\right]\qquad x=\cos \,\theta .$
# Jane Hughes (swimmer)

Jane Hughes (born 30 June 1948) is a Canadian former swimmer. She competed in the women's 400 metre freestyle at the 1964 Summer Olympics.
# Harwich railway station

Harwich railway station may refer to:
* Harwich International railway station, in Parkeston, Essex, United Kingdom
* Harwich Town railway station, in Harwich, Essex, United Kingdom
* Harwich station (Massachusetts), in Harwich, Massachusetts
# 1969–70 Romanian Hockey League season

The 1969–70 Romanian Hockey League season was the 40th season of the Romanian Hockey League. Six teams participated in the league, and Steaua Bucuresti won the championship.

## Regular season

| Team | GP | W | T | L | GF | GA | Pts |
| Steaua Bucuresti | 20 | 19 | 1 | 0 | 163 | 39 | 39 |
| Dinamo Bucuresti | 20 | 14 | 1 | 5 | 105 | 59 | 29 |
| Avantul Miercurea Ciuc | 20 | 11 | 1 | 8 | 102 | 69 | 23 |
| Agronomia Cluj | 20 | 5 | 2 | 13 | 102 | 54 | 12 |
| IPGG Bucuresti | 20 | 4 | 3 | 13 | 44 | 92 | 11 |
| Tarnava Odorheiu Secuiesc | 20 | 2 | 2 | 16 | 29 | 143 | 6 |
# Pons d'Ortaffa

Pons d'Ortaffa/Ortafas or Ponç d'Ortafà (c. 1170–1246) was a Catalan nobleman and troubadour. He was the feudal lord of Ortafà, between Perpignan and Elne, in Roussillon. Only two pieces of his lyric poetry survive, both cansos on courtly love, one with a surviving melody.
Pons was born into a minor noble family with a history of producing ecclesiastics for the local church. He was the son and successor of Grimau, who was alive as late as 1184, and Brunissenda. He was born around 1170. His younger brother Pere was the archdeacon of Elne. He died in 1247 and was buried in Elne Cathedral. Pons married Saurina de Tatzó, also of Roussillon, and had three children: his successor Pons II, Grimau, and Alisenda. Pons II was alive as late as 1251.
Pons' name appears on a peace treaty between the lords of Roussillon and their count, Nuño Sánchez, in 1217. The last documentary record of Pons is his testament, dated 23 July 1240. A second draft was produced in 1246. He probably died soon thereafter.
Pons first poems is Enaissi cum la naus en mar ("Thus like the ship on the sea"), dedicated to a Senher En Berenguier ("Lord Sir Berengar", possibly Berenguier de Palazol, with whom Pons may have had contact early in his life). The lady of the song was from the Narbonnais, a region in which Pons' father possessed land according to a document of 13 November 1171 now in the Liber Feudorum Maior: de meridie in campo Caput Stagni de Burliano . . . in termino de Ortafano. It is possible that Pons was travelling in the Narbonnais when he wrote the song, perhaps on family business. In this same song Pons contemplates entering the Cistercian monastery of Jau. The surviving melody of this poem is extremely simple and "frugal" in style.
Pons second poem is Si ai perdut mon saber. It is full of original ideas and some chansonniers assign it to Raimbaut de Vaqueiras or Pons de Capduelh, but the mention of Jau fixes its author as Pons d'Ortaffa, whose lordship was adjacent to Jau. Pons' verses garnered him prestige in Catalonia. The first verse of Si ai perdut appeared in the Passio Amoris of Jordi de Sant Jordi and in Tant mon voler by Pere Torroella.

## Sources

* Aubrey, Elizabeth. The Music of the Troubadours. Indiana University Press, 1996. ISBN 0-253-21389-4.
* Riquer, Martín de. Los trovadores: historia literaria y textos. 3 vol. Barcelona: Planeta, 1975.
# Queenstown Airport (disambiguation)

Queenstown Airport (IATA: ZQN, ICAO: NZQN) is in Frankton, Otago, New Zealand.
Queenstown Airport may also refer to:
* Queenstown Airport (Tasmania) (IATA: UEE, ICAO: YQNS), also known as Howard's Plains aerodrome, a former airport west of Queenstown, Tasmania, Australia
* Queenstown Airport (South Africa) (IATA: UTW, ICAO: FAQT), an airport in South Africa
# Philip Pare

Philip Norris Pare was an Anglican priest and author in the second half of the 20th century.

## Biography

Pare was born on 13 May 1910 and educated at Nottingham High School and King's College, Cambridge. He was ordained after a period of study at Ripon College Cuddesdon in 1935 and was initially a Curate at All Saints, West Dulwich. After this he was Vice-Principal at Bishops College, Cheshunt and then a Chaplain in the RNVR until the end of World War II. Returning to Cheshunt he was its Vicar until 1957 and then Missioner Canon Stipendiary for the Diocese of Wakefield, a post he held until 1962. He was then Provost of Wakefield until 1971. He died on 20 April 1992.
# Hiiragi (surname)

Hiiragi (written: 柊) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Aoi Hiiragi (柊 あおい, born 1962), Japanese manga artist
* Hinata Hiiragi (柊木 陽太, born 2011), Japanese actor
* Rumi Hiiragi (柊 瑠美, born 1987), Japanese actress
* Sanaka Hiiragi (柊 サナカ, born 1974), Japanese writer

## Fictional characters

* Akira Hiragi (柊 晶), a character from Valkyrie Drive
* Alice Hiiragi (柊 アリス), a character from Persona 5 Strikers
* Asuka Hiiragi (柊 明日香), the main female protagonist in the role-playing video game Tokyo Xanadu
* Chisato Hiiragi (柊 千里), a non-playable character in Genshin Impact
* Kagami Hiiragi (柊 かがみ) and Tsukasa Hiiragi (柊 つかさ), major characters in the manga series Lucky Star, and their family:
** Inori Hiiragi (柊 いのり), their oldest sister
** Matsuri Hiiragi (柊 まつり), their older sister
** Miki Hiiragi (柊 ただお), their mother
** Tadao Hiiragi (柊 ただお), their father
* Kappei Hiiragi (柊 勝平), a character from the visual novel Clannad
* Tenri Hiiragi (柊 天理)
* The Hiiragi family from the novel series Seraph of the End:
** Kureto Hiiragi (柊 暮人)
** Mahiru Hiiragi (柊 真昼)
** Seishirou Hiiragi (柊 征志郎)
** Shinoa Hiiragi (柊 シノア)
** Shinya Hiiragi (柊 深夜)
* Yuzu Hiiragi (柊 柚子), a character from the manga/anime series Yu-Gi-Oh! Arc-V, known as Zuzu Boyle in the dub.
# OOPARTS

Ooparts or OOPART may refer to:

## Music

* OOPARTS (Shun album), 1994, by Shun
* OOPArts (album), 2009, by the Pillows
* "OOPARTS" (single), 2006, by Hitomi Aizawa
* "OOPArts" (song), from the 2016 Just Bring It (album) by Band-Maid
* "OOPARTS" (song), from the 2022 album Our Hope by Hitsujibungaku
* "Ohayo Ooparts" (song), from the 2010 album Chiffon Capitalism by Sōtaisei Riron
* "Ω​Ω​PARTS" (song), from the 2020 album U.U.F.O. by Camellia

## Other uses

* Ooparts, a Sony Playstation videogame developer; see List of PlayStation games (A–L)
# Continuous q-Hermite polynomials

In mathematics, the continuous q-Hermite polynomials are a family of basic hypergeometric orthogonal polynomials in the basic Askey scheme. Roelof Koekoek, Peter A. Lesky, and René F. Swarttouw (2010, 14) give a detailed list of their properties.

## Definition

The polynomials are given in terms of basic hypergeometric functions by
    $H_{n}(x|q)=e^{in\theta }_{2}\phi _{0}\left[{\begin{matrix}q^{-n},0\\-\end{matrix}};q,q^{n}e^{-2i\theta }\right],\quad x=\cos \,\theta .$

## Recurrence and difference relations

    $2xH_{n}(x\mid q)=H_{n+1}(x\mid q)+(1-q^{n})H_{n-1}(x\mid q)$
with the initial conditions
    $H_{0}(x\mid q)=1,H_{-1}(x\mid q)=0$
From the above, one can easily calculate:
    ${\begin{aligned}H_{0}(x\mid q)&=1\\H_{1}(x\mid q)&=2x\\H_{2}(x\mid q)&=4x^{2}-(1-q)\\H_{3}(x\mid q)&=8x^{3}-2x(2-q-q^{2})\\H_{4}(x\mid q)&=16x^{4}-4x^{2}(3-q-q^{2}-q^{3})+(1-q-q^{3}+q^{4})\end{aligned}}$

## Generating function

    $\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }H_{n}(x\mid q){\frac {t^{n}}{(q;q)_{n}}}={\frac {1}{\left(te^{i\theta },te^{-i\theta };q\right)_{\infty }}}$
where $\textstyle x=\cos \theta$.
# Place of refuge for ships

A place of refuge for ships is a safe harbor or other secure place where a ship in distress can safely be taken to "prevent further damage or deterioration of the ship".
It is often claimed that under international maritime law, "no port may be closed to a foreign ship seeking shelter from storm or bad weather or otherwise compelled to enter it in distress, unless another equally safe port is open".
However, there are many limitations to this principle, especially when the ship may pose environmental or other dangers to the port.
# Yunupingu

Yunupingu, also spelt Yunupiŋu, is the family name of a number of notable Aboriginal Australians from the Yolŋu people of Arnhem Land, who are closely connected with the Marika and Gurruwiwi families.
Notable people with this name include:
* Eunice Djerrkngu Yunupingu (c.1945–2022), artist, mother of Witiyana Marika
* Galarrwuy Yunupingu (1948–2023), Australian leader in the struggle for Australian land rights, also known as Dr Yunupingu
* Gulumbu Yunupingu (1940s–2012), Australian artist and women's leader
* Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu (1971–2017), aka Gurrumul, Australian multi-instrumentalist and singer in Yolngu and English, also known as Dr G. Yunupingu
* Malngay Yunupingu, band member of rock/reggae band East Journey
* Mandawuy Yunupingu (1956–2013), Australian musician, educator and community leader, also known as Dr Yunupingu
* Nancy Gaymala Yunupingu (c.1935–2005), artist
* Nyapanyapa Yunupingu (born c.1945), Australian painter
* Mungurrawuy Yunupingu (c.1905–1979), Gumatj leader, father of Galarrwuy, Gaymala, Gulumbu, Mandawuy, Nyapanyapa, and others
* Yirrnga Yunupingu, singer/songwriter of King Stingray, and former vocalist with Yothu Yindi (son of Gurrumul)
* Yalmay Marika Yunupingu (born 1956), artist and teacher-linguist at Yirrkala Community Education Centre (daughter of Mathaman Marika)
# Opharus aurogutta

Opharus aurogutta is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by William Schaus in 1896. It is found in Colombia.
# 1969–70 Roller Hockey Champions Cup

The 1969–70 Roller Hockey Champions Cup was the 5th edition of the Roller Hockey Champions Cup organized by CERH.
Reus Deportiu achieved their fourth consecutive title.

## Teams

The champions of the main European leagues, and Reus Deportiu as title holders, played this competition, consisting in a double-legged knockout tournament. As Reus Deportiu was also the Spanish league champions, Voltregà also joined the tournament.

## Bracket

| First round | First round | First round | First round | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final | Final |
| | | | | Remscheid | 2 | 5 | 7 | | | | |
| | | | | Porto | 10 | 8 | 18 | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | Porto | 5 | 4 | 9 |
| | | | | | | | | Reus Deportiu | 3 | 9 | 12 |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | Reus Deportiu | 12 | 6 | 18 |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | Voltregà | 5 | 8 | 13 |
| Novara | 3 | 10 | 13 | | | | | | | | | Voltregà | 5 | 8 | 13 |
| Montreux | 1 | 4 | 5 | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Montreux | 1 | 4 | 5 | Novara | 6 | 2 | 8 | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | Voltregà | 4 | 9 | 13 | | | | | | | | |
| Voltregà | 26 | 9 | 35 | Voltregà | 4 | 9 | 13 | | | | | | | | |
| Royal Sunday | 6 | 4 | 10 | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Royal Sunday | 6 | 4 | 10 | | | | | Gujan-Mestras | 7 | 4 | 11 | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | Voltregà | 14 | 11 | 25 |
| SV Granschütz | 0 | – | — | | | | | Voltregà | 14 | 11 | 25 |
| Bury St Edmunds | 5 | w.o. | — | | | | | | | | |
| Bury St Edmunds | 5 | w.o. | — | Bury St Edmunds | 3 | 3 | 6 | | | | |
| | | | | Gujan-Mestras | 3 | 4 | 7 | | | | |
| Gujan-Mestras | 4 | 4 | 8 | Gujan-Mestras | 3 | 4 | 7 | | | | |
| Residentie | 2 | 4 | 6 | | | | | | | | |
Source:
# Pediastrum duplex

Pediastrum duplex is a species of fresh water green algae in the genus Pediastrum. It is the type species of the genus Pediastrum.
Pediastrum duplex forms nonmotile coenobia (colonies) with a fixed number of cells. These coenobia are flat and have a circular shape. The colonies usually contain 8 to 32 cells, with examples of 4, 64 or 128 occurring rarely. Colonies have holes between the cells; the holes are smaller in diameter than the cells. The cells are polygonal, distinctly rectangular in outline with concave sides. The outer cells of the coenobium have two triangular lobes that are longer than the cell body. At the tip of the lobes are very short rosettes that may also have fine bristles. The cell wall is usually smooth, but may sometimes have a distinct sculptured texture. It reproduces by forming autocolonies asexually, although sexual reproduction has also been observed.
Pediastrum duplex is a very common component of the freshwater phytoplankton, and has a cosmopolitan distribution. Because the cell wall is resistant to decay, the cell wall has been found in Holocene lake sediments.

## Infraspecies

Because Pediastrum duplex is very variable, many infraspecific taxa have been named. A partial list is included below:
Pediastrum duplex brachylobum Pediastrum duplex clathratum Pediastrum duplex cohaerens Pediastrum duplex duplex Pediastrum duplex f. denticulatum Isabella & R.J. Patel Pediastrum duplex gracillimum Pediastrum duplex regulosum Pediastrum duplex reticulatum Pediastrum duplex rotundatum Pediastrum duplex var. asperum Pediastrum duplex var. clathratum (A.Braun) Lagerheim, 1882 Pediastrum duplex var. convexum W. Krieger Pediastrum duplex var. cornutum Pediastrum duplex var. gracillimum W. West & G.S. West Pediastrum duplex var. irregulare G.R. Hegde & K. Somanna Pediastrum duplex var. longicorne W. Krieger Pediastrum duplex var. reticulatum Lagerheim, 1882 Pediastrum duplex var. rugulosum Raciborski Pediastrum duplex var. subgranulatum Raciborski
One variety, Pediastrum duplex var. gracillimum, has been shown to be not closely related to Pediastrum duplex sensu stricto. It differs by having cells with narrower lobes and comparatively larger gaps between cells in the colonies. This variety has been split off as a new genus, named Lacunastrum with Lacunastrum gracillimum as its sole species.