OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Qamar ul Islam

Qamar ul Islam (27 January 1948 – 18 September 2017), was an Indian politician who was the Six-term Member of the Karnataka Legislative assembly, one-term Member of Parliament in the Lok Sabha from Kalaburagi and All India Congress Committee secretary (AICC) in-charge of Kerala. He served as the Cabinet Minister for Housing and Labour, Minister of Municipal Administration, Public Enterprises and Minister of Wakf and the MLA from Kalaburagi-North constituency for the state of Karnataka.

## Early life and education

Qamar ul Islam was born to Noorul Islam in Kalaburagi. He completed his Bachelor's in Mechanical Engineering from PDA College of Engineering, Kalaburagi. He first stood in elections in PDA and became the president of the students' union, becoming the first and last Muslim student to hold the post of students' union president in PDA College.

## Political career

He was a six-time MLA from the state of Karnataka. He started his political career with the Indian Union Muslim League (IUML) in 1978 and was elected to Karnataka Legislative Assembly during the terms 1978–83, 1989–1994, 1994–96, 1999–2004, 2008–2013 and 2013–2017. He was a Member of Parliament from 1996 to 1998 and also the cabinet minister for Housing and Labour in the administration led by Chief Minister S.M. Krishna from October 1999 to May 2004. He also served as cabinet minister for Municipal administration, Public Enterprises, Minority Development and waqf led by Chief Minister Siddaramaiah cabinet from May 2013 to June 2016.

## Personal life

He was professionally an engineer. Dr Qamar ul Islam was passionate about Urdu and he also wrote Shayari sometimes. Throughout his life, he has presided in various Urdu literary programs.

## Positions held

| # | From | To | Position | Party |
| 1. | 1978 | 1983 | MLA (1st term) from Gulbarga Member of the Public Accounts Committee (1979-1982) | Independent |
| 2. | 1989 | 1994 | MLA (2nd term) from Gulbarga Member of the Estimates Committee (1990-1992) Member of the Public Accounts Committee (1992-1993) Member of the Committee on Petitions (1993-1994) | Muslim League |
| 3. | 1994 | - | MLA (3rd term) from Gulbarga Member of the Committee on Housing and Urban Development (1994-1996) | Congress |
| 4. | 1996 | 1998 | MP in 11th Lok Sabha from Gulbarga | Janata Dal |
| 5. | 1999 | 2004 | MLA (4th term) from Gulbarga | Congress |
| 6. | 2008 | 2013 | MLA (5th term) from Gulbarga North | Congress |
| 7. | 2013 | 2017 | MLA (6th term) from Gulbarga North | Congress |

## Death

Qamar ul Islam died on 18 September 2017 at a hospital in Bengaluru due to cardiogenic shock and multi-organ failure. He was admitted to the hospital 11 days earlier following cellulitis of the leg. His funeral procession was attended by Karnataka chief minister Siddaramaiah, Mallikarjun Kharge and others.
# Clivina dampieri

Clivina dampieri is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Scaritinae. It was described by Sloane in 1916. They live in Australia.
# Potassium pentasulfide

Potassium pentasulfide is the inorganic compound with the formula K$_2$S$_5$. It is a red-orange solid that dissolves in water. The salt decomposes rapidly in air. It is one of several polysulfide salts with the general formula M$_2$S$_n$, where M = Li, Na, K and n = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. The polysulfide salts of potassium and sodium are similar.

## Preparation and reactions

The salt is prepared by the addition of elemental sulfur to potassium sulfide. An idealized equation is shown for potassium hydrosulfide:
    4 KSH + S$_8$ → 2 K$_2$S$_5$ + 2 H$_2$S
The structure consists of zigzag chains of S2−5 paired with K$^+$ ions.

## Occurrence

Various polysulfides K$_2$S$_2$ - K$_2$S$_6$ are components of liver of sulfur. Polysulfides, like sulfides, can induce stress corrosion cracking in carbon steel and stainless steel.
# Page 3 (disambiguation)

Page 3 was a British newspaper convention of printing a large photograph of a topless woman on the third page of several tabloid newspapers.
Page 3 may also refer to:
* Page 3 culture, a culture related to page 3 of Indian tabloids, which feature gossip about high society
* Page 3 (film), a Bollywood film by Madhur Bhandarkar
# Hypericum matangense

Hypericum matangense is a species of shrub in the family Hypericaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador. It has only been collected once, on the páramos of the Andes in 1980.
# Paige Omartian

Paige Omartian (née Armstrong, born June 9, 1990) is an American Christian rock singer-songwriter, speaker, and author. She is signed to Whiplash Records and has released one album, titled Wake Up, under that label. Armstrong is known for her feature on a Bath & Body Works holiday compilation album sponsored by the Make-A-Wish Foundation. Armstrong hosted iShine KNECT, a Christian tween show on TBN during its first two seasons.

## Early life

Omartian was born Paige Armstrong on June 9, 1990, in Florida to Gary and Donna Armstrong. She grew up in Doylestown, Pennsylvania.

### Cancer

In the spring of 2001, Armstrong began experiencing pains in her legs. It was assumed by doctors that this was a result of growth, but she was later diagnosed with Ewing's sarcoma, a cancerous bone tumor, on her right leg. The tumor kept her hospitalized and she experienced many regular cancer symptoms, such as hair loss, trouble walking, and acid reflux disease, as she was unable to eat many foods.
During her treatment with chemotherapy, she began writing songs about the way she felt. She drew the attention of the Make-A-Wish Foundation, and they arranged for her to record a Bath & Body Works holiday CD in Nashville, Tennessee, with artists such as Stevie Wonder and Martina McBride. Armstrong was featured on national news programs such as Today and Extra. At the time of her appearance on The Today Show in 2005, Armstrong was in remission.

## Music career

Armstrong became a recording artist and host of the Christian tween and teen show iShine KNECT on Trinity Broadcasting Network in 2008.
Her debut album, Wake Up, was released on October 6, 2009. It was released through Whiplash Records and promoted by iShine Records. The lyrical themes center around apathy and her hatred of it, as shown in the title track and a song titled "Apathy".
Unlike most iShine artists, who prefer a pop sound, Omartian performs rock, with many of her songs featuring fast-paced guitar solos, loud bass performance, and occasionally harsh vocals. She refers to her musical style as "spunk rock".

## Personal life

On November 11, 2011, Armstrong married her record producer, Chris Omartian, in Nashville, Tennessee. He is the son of Grammy Award-winning producer Michael Omartian and best-selling author Stormie Omartian.

## Book

In August 2012, she released her first book with Harvest House Publishers, titled Wake Up, Generation.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 2009–11 | iShine KNECT | Host / herself | TV series |

## Discography

| Released | Title | Label(s) |
| October 6, 2009 | Wake Up | Whiplash Records |

### Video

* 2009: Sermonettes from Paige
# Combination classification in the Vuelta a España

The combination classification was one of the primary awards in the Vuelta a España cycling stage race. This classification was calculated by adding the numeral ranks of each cyclist in the general, points, and mountains classifications (a rider must have had a score in all classifications possible to qualify for the combination classification), with the lowest cumulative total signifying the leader of this competition.
From 2006 to 2018, the leader of the classification wore a white jersey; in 2005 it was a golden-green jersey.
The award strongly favoured top riders in the competition. Since its re-introduction in 2002, it was only won by someone other than the race's overall winner four times: in 2002, 2003, 2012, and 2015. On all four of those occasions, the winning cyclist was placed either second or third in the overall classification.
The combination classification was discontinued in 2019. Now, the white jersey is worn by the best young rider.
The Vuelta was the last major race to feature a combination classification.

## Winners

* 1970 Guido Reybrouck (BEL)
* 1971 Cyrille Guimard (FRA)
* 1972 José Manuel Fuente (ESP)
* 1973 Eddy Merckx (BEL)
* 1974 José Luis Abilleira (ESP)
* 1985 Robert Millar (GBR)
* 1986 Sean Kelly (IRL)
* 1987 Laurent Fignon (FRA)
* 1988 Sean Kelly (IRL)
* 1989 Oscar Vargas (COL)
* 1990 Federico Echave (ESP)
* 1991 Federico Echave (ESP)
* 1992 Tony Rominger (SUI)
* 1993 Jesús Montoya (ESP)
* 2002 Roberto Heras (ESP)
* 2003 Alejandro Valverde (ESP)
* 2004 Roberto Heras (ESP)
* 2005 Denis Menchov (RUS)
* 2006 Alexander Vinokourov (KAZ)
* 2007 Denis Menchov (RUS)
* 2008 Alberto Contador (ESP)
* 2009 Alejandro Valverde (ESP)
* 2010 Vincenzo Nibali (ITA)
* 2011 Chris Froome (GBR)
* 2012 Alejandro Valverde (ESP)
* 2013 Chris Horner (USA)
* 2014 Alberto Contador (ESP)
* 2015 Joaquim Rodríguez (ESP)
* 2016 Nairo Quintana (COL)
* 2017 Chris Froome (GBR)
* 2018 Simon Yates (GBR)

### Most wins

| Rank | Cyclist | Total | Years |
| 1 | Alejandro Valverde (ESP) | 3 | 2003, 2009, 2012 |
| 2 | Alberto Contador (ESP) | 2 | 2008, 2014 |
| 2 | Federico Echave (ESP) | 2 | 1990, 1991 |
| 2 | Chris Froome (GBR) | 2 | 2011, 2017 |
| 2 | Roberto Heras (ESP) | 2 | 2002, 2004 |
| 2 | Sean Kelly (IRL) | 2 | 1986, 1988 |
| 2 | Denis Menchov (RUS) | 2 | 2005, 2007 |
# Ottenburg

50°45′10″N 4°36′55″E﻿ / ﻿50.75278°N 4.61528°E﻿ / 50.75278; 4.61528
Ottenburg is a village in the municipality of Huldenberg in the province of Flemish Brabant, Belgium, close to the language border. The prehistoric earthwork, a long barrow known as de Tomme, is located here, identified in 2021 by archaeologists as the oldest such monument known in the Low Countries.
During the period of French occupation (1795–1815), Ottenburg was known as Ottenbourg and was in the department of the Dyle.
Paul Splingaerd (1842–1906), who became a mandarin in China, lived in Ottenburg in his youth.
# Pedetontoides

Pedetontoides is a genus of jumping bristletails in the family Machilidae. There is one described species in Pedetontoides, P. atlanticus.
# Pershing Middle School

Pershing Middle School may refer to:
* Pershing Middle School (Houston)
* Pershing Middle School (San Diego) - San Diego Unified School District
* Pershing Middle School (Springfield, Missouri) - Springfield Public Schools
# Clivina cubae

Clivina cubae is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Scaritinae. It was described by Darlington in 1934.
# Platinum (disambiguation)

Platinum is a chemical element with symbol Pt and atomic number 78.
Platinum may also refer to:

## Places

* Platinum, Alaska, a city
* The Platinum, a condo hotel near the Las Vegas Strip

## Arts, entertainment, and media
### Fictional entities

* Platinum, one of the Metal Men, a comic book superhero group
* Star Platinum, Jotaro Kujo's stand in JoJo's Bizarre Adventure

### Games

* Platinum range, a budget package of PlayStation games now titled Essential
* Pokémon Platinum, the third installation of the fourth generation of Pokémon video games

### Music
#### Groups

* Platinum (quartet), a championship barbershop quartet
* Platnum, a British vocal group

#### Albums

* Platinum (Casiopea album), 1987
* Platinum (Miranda Lambert album), 2014
* Platinum (Dean Miller album)
* Platinum (Mike Oldfield album), 1979
* Platinum (The Headhunters album), 2011

#### Songs

* "Platinum" (Maaya Sakamoto song), 1999
* "Platinum" (Snoop Dogg song), 2011

#### Other music

* Platinum album or platinum record, a music recording sales certification that an album or single has sold a minimum number of copies

### Other arts, entertainment, and media

* Platinum (film), a 1997 TV film featuring Maxim Roy
* Platinum (musical), a 1979 Broadway musical
* Platinum (TV series), a short-lived 2003 television series on the UPN network

## Organizations and enterprises

* PLATINUM (cybercrime group), an advanced persistent threat
* Platinum Asset Management, an Australian asset management company
* Platinum Party, a minor political party in British Columbia
* Platinum Studios, a US-based comic book publisher and media developer
* PlatinumGames, a Japan-based independent video game development company

## Science

* Isotopes of platinum
* Platinum group, a collective name used for six chemical elements in the periodic table

## Ships

* Platinum, a former name of the private yacht Dubai
* Platinum, a former name of the cruise ship MV Discovery

## Other uses

* Platinum (color), a pale greyish-white color
* Platinum (theme), a user interface theme used in Mac OS 8 and Mac OS 9
* Platinum, a precious metal commodity
* Platinum, as coinage
* Platinum Card
# Palumbina albilustra

Palumbina albilustra is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Walia and Wadahawan in 2004. It is found in northern India.
# Otto Andreas Lowson Mörch

Otto Andreas Lowson Mörch (his last name also spelled Mørch) (17 May, 1828 – 25 January, 1878) was a Danish zoologist who was known for his work in malacology, the study of molluscs. He described numerous species both of fossil and extant molluscs.

## Life and work

Mörch was born in Lund where his father Otto Josias worked as a gardener at the university botanical garden. His mother Dorothea Juliane née Sjobeck came from a Swedish family while his father was of a Danish lineage with most of his ancestors being priests. Their grandfather Andreas Lowson Mørch was parish priest at Dronninglund in Vendsyssel. His early education was under private tutors and he studied Latin before joining the Copenhagen Borgerdydskole in 1837. He then went to the Metropolitan school, leaving it in 1843 following the death of his father and subsequent pecuniary problems. He had attended lectures by Schouw, Eschricht and Forchhammer and his father had helped buy books on natural science. He also began to collect specimens and became an amanuensis to Henrik Henriksen Beck in 1844 at the Copenhagen museum. Beck found Mörch so much more knowledgeable and capable that he felt threatened. In 1847, Mörch was offered a position at the University Museum by professor Japetus Steenstrup whose lectures he attended as well. He did not have to join military service due to short sight. He worked on the fossil mollusc collections under Johan Georg Forchhammer and in 1887, Johannes Frederik Johnstrup put him in charge of examining the Faxekalken molluscs. In 1853, he visited Germany, in 1854 England, France, Netherlands and in 1856, he visited Oslo, and London, examining numerous collections there. In 1869, he took up residence in Nice in France for his health with visits home each year. He died at Nice from a lung infection.

## Taxa described

Bibliography and taxa described by Otto Andreas Lowson Mörch include:
1863
(in French) Mörch O. A. L. (1863). "Revision des especes du genre Oxynoe Rafinesque, et Lobiger Krohn". Journal de Conchyliologie 11: 43-48.
* Oxynoe antillarum Mörch, 1863 - on page 46.
1864
(in Danish) Mörch O. A. L. (1864). "Fortegnelse over de i Danmark forekommende land- og ferskvandsblöddyr". Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra den Naturhistoriske Forening i Kjöbenhavn (2)1863(17-22): 265–367.
* Valvata macrostoma Mörch, 1864
* Zonitidae Mörch, 1864, also known as the "true glass snails".

## Taxa named after Mörch

* Glossodoris moerchi (Bergh, 1879)
* Turbonilla mörchi Dall & Bartsch, 1907
# Phakirappa Gurubasappa Halakatti

Dr. Phakirappa Gurubasappa Halakatti was an Indian scholar and Kannada writer and also known for the resurrection of Vachana sahitya. Dr. Phakeerappa Halakatti was born on July 2, 1880, to Gurubasappa and Danamma in Dharwad. He was the founding father of BLDEA an educational trust in Bijapur.

## Early life and education

He completed his primary and middle school education in Dharwad. In 1902, Dr. P. G. Halakatti obtained his graduation in BA from St. Xavier's College, Mumbai and continued his studies and completed LLB degree in first class in 1904.

## Early career

In 1904 he arrived in Bijapur to pursue the career as a lawyer. While pursuing his career as a lawyer, he dedicated himself to the collection of Vachana literature by moving house to house. He made people realize the importance of Vachana sahitya written by Basavanna and other Sharanas who were all great literary figures .

## Collection of Vachanas

Dr. P.G. Halakatti came across few bundles of Vachanas written in the palm leaf when he visited Sri Shivalingappa Manchale. There he had the opportunity to see palm leaf manuscripts of ‘Shatsthala Thilaka’ and ‘Prabhudeva Vachana’ and he was deeply influenced by them and dedicated his life to the revival of Vachana sahitya. He started ‘Hithachinthaka (ಹಿತಚಿಂತಕ)’ printing press to publish the collected manuscripts. In order to promote Vachana sahitya he started ‘Shivanubhava (ಶಿವಾನುಭವ)’ Kannada newspaper and ‘Shivanubhava Granthamale (ಶಿವಾನುಭವ ಗ್ರಂಥಮಾಲೆ)’. In 1927, Dr. P. G. Halakatti started a weekly called ‘Navakarnataka (ನವಕರ್ನಾಟಕ)’ which published political, social, educational and employment related articles.

## Awards and Recognitions

Recognizing Sri Halakatti’s service to literature, Karnatak University conferred on him Doctor of Literature (D.Litt) degree in November 1953.
Dr. P. G. Halakatti was chosen as the president of Kannada Sahitya Sammelana (Kannada literature conference) held in 1926 in Ballary.

## Literary contributions

* Sri Basaveshvarana Vachanagalu, (1926)
* Mahadeviayakkana Vachanagalu, (1927)
* Prabhudevara Vachanagalu, (1931)
* Devara Dasimayyana Vachanagalu, (1939)
* Sakalesha Madarasana Vachanagalu, (1929)
* Shunya Sampadane (Guluru Siddaveeranacharya), (1930)
* Siddarameshvarana Vachanagalu, (1932)
* Hariharana Ragalegalu, Part 1 to Part 4, (1933)
* Hariharana Ragalegalu, Part 5 to Part 7, (1935–40)
* Adayyana Vachanagalu, (1930)>
# Kong Zhou (Eastern Han)

Kong Zhou (103 – 10 March 163, Mandarin Chinese: 孔宙, "Pinyin: Kǒng Zhòu") was the 19th lineal descendant of Confucius. He was also the father of Kong Rong. Kong Zhou had served as captain (都尉) of Mount Tai Commandery.
# Ottenberg

The Ottenberg is a hill in the Franconian Jura in Bavaria, Germany.
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# Richard Betham

Richard Betham is a Western Samoan former boxer who competed in the 1978 Commonwealth Games in Edmonton, Canada. He won bronze in the middleweight division after losing his semi-final bout to Philip McElwaine of Australia. In his first bout, Betham defeated Ansil Thomas of Guyana in a quarter-final contest.
Richard Betham is the younger brother of boxer Monty Betham.
# Personal Information Protection Commission (Japan)

The Personal Information Protection Commission (個人情報保護委員会, Kojin jōhō hogo iinkai, PPC) is a Japanese government commission charged with the protection of personal information. It was established on January 1, 2016 to replaces the Specific Personal Information Protection Commission. The commission consisted of eight commissioners and a chairperson appointed by the Prime Minister with the consent of the National Diet. The number of commission members was increased from the initial four to eight in February 2016.
# Pilet

Pilet may refer to:

## Surname

* Gérard Pilet (1933-2011), French tennis player
* Hippolyte-Jules Pilet de La Mesnardière (1610-1663), French physician, poet and playwright
* Jacques Pilet (born 1943), journalist and creator of Swiss newspapers
* Louis-Marie Pilet (1815-1877), French cellist
* Marcel Pilet-Golaz, Swiss politician
* Paul-Émile Pilet, (1927-2005), Swiss biologist
* Patrick Pilet (born 1981), French racing driver

## Place names

* Rivière du Pilet, a tributary of Chigoubiche River, in Lac-Ashuapmushuan, Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean, Quebec, Canada
# Platinum Air Linhas Aéreas

Platinum Air Linhas Aéreas was a failed airline project from São Paulo, Brazil in order to offer aircraft lease services and charter flights out of São Paulo-Guarulhos International Airport using Boeing 727-200 aircraft. Founded in early 2007, the airline never became operational and was disbranded in 2009.
# Palumbia vivax

Palumbia vivax is a species of hoverfly in the family Syrphidae.

## Distribution

Malaysia.
# Peperina (moth)

Peperina is a subgenus of moths of the family Noctuidae.
# Palestine Township, Cooper County, Missouri

Palestine Township is one of fourteen townships in Cooper County, Missouri, USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 367.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, Palestine Township covers an area of 44.97 square miles (116.48 square kilometers); of this, 44.92 square miles (116.34 square kilometers, 99.88 percent) is land and 0.06 square miles (0.15 square kilometers, 0.13 percent) is water.

### Unincorporated towns

* Bellair at 38°49′59″N 92°50′40″W﻿ / ﻿38.833078°N 92.844359°W﻿ / 38.833078; -92.844359
* Speed at 38°50′53″N 92°48′12″W﻿ / ﻿38.848079°N 92.803247°W﻿ / 38.848079; -92.803247
(This list is based on USGS data and may include former settlements.)

### Adjacent townships

* Boonville Township (northeast)
* Clark Fork Township (east)
* Kelly Township (south)
* Lebanon Township (southwest)
* Clear Creek Township (west)
* Pilot Grove Township (northwest)

### Cemeteries

The township contains these three cemeteries: Briscoe, Concord and Concord.

### Major highways

* Missouri Route 5

## School districts

* Boonville School District
* Cooper County C-4
* Pilot Grove C-4

## Political districts

* Missouri's 6th congressional district
* State House District 117
* State Senate District 21
# Northern Railway (California)

The Northern Railway was a non-operating subsidiary of the Southern Pacific Railroad during the 19th century, created primarily as a device to consolidate the management of a number of smaller subsidiary railroads. The initial railroad opened in 1876 from Woodland, California, to Williams; and extended to Willows in 1878, and to Tehama in 1882. In 1877, a line of the Northern Railway was built between Oakland and Martinez. On May 15, 1888, the Northern Railway was consolidated with the Winters and Ukiah Railway; Woodland, Capay, and Clear Lake Railroad; West Side and Mendocino Railroad; Vaca Valley and Clear Lake Railroad; San Joaquin and Sierra Nevada Railroad (narrow gauge); Sacramento and Placerville Railroad; Shingle Springs and Placerville Railroad; Santa Rosa and Carquinez Railroad; Amador Branch Railroad; and Berkeley Branch Railroad, forming the Northern Railway Company. It was merged into the Southern Pacific Railroad system in 1898.

## Sources

This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under the public domain as a work of the State of California made before 1929. (license statement/permission). Text taken from Tenth Annual Report of the Board of Railroad Commissioners of the State of California for the Year Ending December 31, 1889​, California Board of Railroad Commissioners, State of California.
* ↑ "The Northern Railroad". Oakland Tribune. July 5, 1877. p. 3. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
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