OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ulmus glabra 'Pendula Variegata'

The Wych Elm cultivar Ulmus glabra 'Pendula Variegata' was first described in 1850, and later by J. F. Wood in The Midland Florist and Suburban Horticulturist (1851) as U. montana pendula variegata, the 'broad-leaved variegated weeping mountain elm', and was said by him to have originated in and been distributed by the Pontey nursery of Kirkheaton, Huddersfield, Yorkshire. It was listed by Hartwig & Rümpler in Illustrirtes Gehölzbuch (1875) as Ulmus montana (:glabra) var. pendula variegata Hort.

## Description

The tree has been described as a form of 'Pendula' (: 'Horizontalis') with beautiful white-variegated leaves. Pontey (1850) described 'Pendula Variegata' as "distinctly striped and margined with silver" and "remarkable for its constancy in variegation", Wood (1851) as "a first rate ornamental tree" with "beautifully striped foliage" and pendulous branches.

## Pests and diseases

Not known.

## Cultivation

No specimens are known to survive. The tree was cultivated at the Royal Victoria Park, Bath, from the 1850s, where was described as "the variegated-leaved Weeping Scotch Elm" and a form of 'Horizontalis' (though it was absent from Milburn's 1905 Victoria Park elm list), and at Kew Gardens, from c. 1896 until at least 1925.
# Programming the Universe

Programming the Universe: A Quantum Computer Scientist Takes On the Cosmos is a 2006 popular science book by Seth Lloyd, professor of mechanical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The book proposes that the Universe is a quantum computer (supercomputer), and advances in the understanding of physics may come from viewing entropy as a phenomenon of information, rather than simply thermodynamics. Lloyd also postulates that the Universe can be fully simulated using a quantum computer; however, in the absence of a theory of quantum gravity, such a simulation is not yet possible. "Particles not only collide, they compute."

## Reaction

Reviewer Corey S. Powell of The New York Times writes:
   In the space of 221 dense, frequently thrilling and occasionally exasperating pages, ... tackles computer logic, thermodynamics, chaos theory, complexity, quantum mechanics, cosmology, consciousness, sex and the origin of life—throwing in, for good measure, a heartbreaking afterword that repaints the significance of all that has come before. The source of all this intellectual mayhem is the kind of Big Idea so prevalent in popular science books these days. Lloyd, a professor of mechanical engineering at M.I.T., takes as his topic the fundamental workings of the universe..., which he thinks has been horribly misunderstood. Scientists have looked at it as a ragtag collection of particles and fields while failing to see what it is as a majestic whole: an enormous computer.
In an interview with Wired magazine, Lloyd writes:
   everything in the universe is made of bits. Not chunks of stuff, but chunks of information—ones and zeros. ... Atoms and electrons are bits. Atomic collisions are "ops." Machine language is the laws of physics. The universe is a quantum computer.
Gilbert Taylor, writing in Booklist of the American Library Association, said that the book:
   offers brilliantly clarifying explanations of the "bit," the smallest unit of information; how bits change their state; and how changes-of-state can be registered on atoms via quantum-mechanical qualities such as "spin" and "superposition." Putting readers in the know about quantum computation, Lloyd then informs them that it may well be the answer to physicists' search for a unified theory of everything. Exploring big questions in accessible, comprehensive fashion, Lloyd's work is of vital importance to the general-science audience.
# Nature Club Surat

Nature Club Surat is an NGO working for environmental conservation in South Gujarat, India. It was founded in 1984. One of the founding members Mr Snehal Patel is still active in the club.

## Activities

The Nature Club Surat undertakes projects for environment conservation. It is also involved in animal welfare projects, such as rescuing animals after natural disasters and establishing pet check-up camps. The club also works towards creating environmental awareness among young children through various adventure activities and camps.
In 2003 they published Call of Indian Birds, a compilation of rare bird calls. They released a new album of bird songs in 2014.

## Recent Campaigns

Nature Club Surat has undertaken various conservation campaigns. A campaign to save open space in Surat hopes to convince the state government to decide on an alternate site for the Surat Diamond Bourse, protecting open space in the middle of the city.

## Recent Projects

Nature Club Surat is actively starting projects to promote environmental conservation. Some of these projects are:
* The Wetland conservation project is a project that has taken various steps to maintain the wetland area of the lake at Gavier, Surat.
* The Deer breeding project in Vansda is a project breeds spotted deer, which are then released into the wild.
* The Vulture conservation project began in 2005, working to feed and increase the population of vultures in the wild areas around south Gujarat.
# Narita Airport Terminal 2 Shuttle System

The Narita Airport Terminal 2 Shuttle System (成田空港第2ターミナルシャトルシステム, Narita Kūkō Dai-ni Tāminaru Shatoru Shisutemu) was an automated people mover used in Narita International Airport, Narita, Chiba Japan. The system operated between 1992 and 2013.

## History

The Shuttle System opened in 1992 with the opening of Terminal 2 of Narita International Airport, the international airport serving the Greater Tokyo Area. The shuttle linked the main building of the terminal and its satellite, 279 metres away. The whole ride took a minute, and was free of charge.
The system was made by Nippon Otis Elevator, a company specialising in elevators and escalators. It was technically (and legally) not a railway, but a horizontal elevator; cars were attached to a cable that moved them, like a funicular. The cars did not have wheels; instead, they floated on a 0.2-mm layer of compressed air. This was the first use of such a system to be used in an airport, as well as the first in Japan.
A new walkway between the main and satellite buildings had opened on September 27, 2013, whereafter the people mover ceased operations. The space formerly used by the shuttle was converted into moving walkways and shops.
# United States Army War College International Fellows Hall of Fame

The US AWC International Fellows Hall of Fame honors USAWC international graduates "who have attained, through military merit, the highest positions in their nation's armed forces, or who have held an equivalent position by rank or responsibility in a multinational organization."
Commandant of USAWC DeWitt C. Smith is primarily responsible for the creation of the International Fellows Program’s (IFP) 1977. From a start with six foreign students in 1978, the program now sustains over forty International Fellows (IFs) per year. Usually, only one IF per representative country per academic year participates in the program. While the fellows program was established in 1978 and the first induction into the IF Hall of Fame took place in 1988. Inductees are awarded in person at Carlisle Barracks. Since its inception over 1,900 international fellows graduate from 130 countries have been part of the fellows program.

## List of IF Hall of Fame fellows

List of fellows :
| Fellow No. | Country | Name | Year |
| | Botswana | Louis Matshwenyego Fisher | 1998 |
| | Norway | GEN Paal Frisvold | 2005 |
| | Bangladesh | LG Hasan Mashhud Chowdhury | 2005 |
| 31 | Canada | GEN Walter Natynczyk | 2009 |
| 32 | Denmark | MG Niels Bundsgaard | 2011 |
| 33 | India | GEN Vijay Kumar Singh | 2011 |
| | India | GEN Bikram Singh | 2013 |
| 43 | Hungary | GEN Tibor Benko | 2013 |
| 48 | Chile | GEN Humberto Oviedo | 2014 |
| 49 | Oman | MG Matar Salim Al Balushi | 2014 |
| 50 | Korea | GEN Seung Jo Jung | 2014 |
| 51 | Uganda | GEN Edward Katumba Wamala | 2014 |
| 52 | Denmark | GEN Knud Bartel | 2014 |
| 53 | United Nations | MG Kristin Lund | 2015 |
| 54 | Lithuania | MG Almantas Lieka | 2015 |
| 55 | Austria | GEN Othmar Commenda | 2015 |
| 56 | Tunisia | BG Ismail Fathalli | 2015 |
| 57 | Romania | GEN Nicolae Ciucă | 2015 |
| 58 | Albania | MG Jeronim Bazo | 2015 |
| 59 | Bulgaria | MG Neyko Nenov | 2016 |
| 60 | Czech Republic | MG Jan Gurnik | 2016 |
| 61 | Nepal | GEN Rajendra Chhetri | |
| 62 | Norway | GEN Odin Johannessen | |
| 63 | Colombia | GEN Alberto José Mejía Ferrero | 2017 |
| 64 | Estonia | BG Indrek Sirel | 2017 |
| 65 | Estonia | BG Artur Tiganik | 2017 |
| 66 | Georgia | MG Vladimer Chachibaia | 2017 |
| 67 | Croatia | GEN Damir Krstičević | 2018 |
| 68 | Taiwan/ROC | GEN Chiu Kuo-cheng | 2018 |
| 69 | Norway | MG Eirik Kristoffersen | 2019 |
| 70 | Norway | MG Torgeir Gråtrud [no] | 2019 |
| 71 | Malaysia | GEN Ahmad Hasbullah | 2020 |
# Gaudichaudia

Gaudichaudia is the scientific name of two genera of organisms and may refer to:
* Gaudichaudia (crab), a genus of crabs in the family Xanthidae
* Gaudichaudia (plant), a genus of plants in the family Malpighiaceae
# Umzumbe

Umzumbe is a seaside resort situated at the mouth of the Mzumbe River (bad kraal) in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The name of the river is derived from a band of Hlongwa cannibals who occupied the valley. The Hlongwa was almost wiped out by the Zulu king Shaka in 1828.

## Etymology

Umzumbe is situated south of the mouth of the Mzumbe River, from which it takes its name; of Zulu origin, it has been explained as meaning ‘the dangerous river’, ‘the winding river’ and ‘wild bean river’. The form uMzumbe has been approved.

## Geography

Umzumbe lies on the mouth of the Mzumbe River some 5 km (3 mi) south-west of Hibberdene and lies just north of the small seaside village of Pumula. Furthermore, it is situated 16 km (9.9 mi) north of Port Shepstone, the administrative centre of the KwaZulu-Natal South Coast and 98 km (61 mi) south-west of Durban. It is situated on the R102 between Hibberdene to the north and Melville to the south.

## Recreational areas

Umzumbe has one beach, Umzumbe Beach, which has been accredited as a Blue Flag Beach. Nearby and larger beaches within the Lower South Coast include Hibberdene, Ramsgate, St Michael's-on-Sea, Uvongo, Margate and Marina Beach.
Another recreational area is the Umzumbe Surf Camp.

## Spearfishing

Spearfishing is popular in Umzumbe as the Umzumbe point is the most prominent tip south of Hibberdene. It is a prime area for garrick and brusher.
# Ulmus parvifolia 'Seiju'

The Chinese Elm cultivar Ulmus parvifolia 'Seiju' is a dwarf variety, a sport of 'Hokkaido'.

## Description

'Seiju' is described as smaller than Catlin and faster growing than Hokkaido, distinguished from the latter by its larger leaves.

## Pests and diseases

The species and its cultivars are highly resistant, but not immune, to Dutch elm disease, and unaffected by the Elm Leaf Beetle Xanthogaleruca luteola.

## Cultivation

The tree is commercially available in the United States and Australia where it is popular as a bonsai subject. The tree was also listed in the UK until 2002.

## Accessions
### North America

* Bartlett Tree Experts, US. Acc. no. 2004–519
* Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Missouri, US. Acc. nos. 1999–1924, 1999–1925, 2003–2731.
* Smith College, US. Acc. no. 29788

### Europe

* Grange Farm Arboretum , Sutton St. James, Spalding, Lincs., UK. Acc. no. 836.

## Nurseries
### North America

(Widely available)

### Australasia

* Yamina Rare Plants , Monbulk, Melbourne, Australia.
# Ulster Township, Floyd County, Iowa

Ulster Township is one of twelve townships in Floyd County, Iowa, USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 373.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, Ulster Township covers an area of 41.51 square miles (107.51 square kilometers).

### Unincorporated towns

* Carney at 43°01′45″N 92°48′38″W﻿ / ﻿43.029138°N 92.810471°W﻿ / 43.029138; -92.810471
* Roseville at 43°00′33″N 92°48′36″W﻿ / ﻿43.009138°N 92.809915°W﻿ / 43.009138; -92.809915
(This list is based on USGS data and may include former settlements.)

### Adjacent townships

* Rudd Township (north)
* Floyd Township (northeast)
* Saint Charles Township (east)
* Union Township (south)
* Scott Township (southwest)
* Rockford Township (west)

### Cemeteries

Ulster Township contains Ulsterville Cemetery

### Major highways

* Iowa Highway 14
* Iowa Highway 147

## School districts

* Charles City Community School District
* Rudd-Rockford-Marble Rock Community School District

## Political districts

* Iowa's 4th congressional district
* State House District 14
* State Senate District 7
# Umtiza

Umtiza is a monotypic genus in the legume family Fabaceae containing the single species Umtiza listeriana. This tree is endemic to a small coastal portion of the Eastern Cape in South Africa.

## Distribution

Umtiza listeriana is found from East London to Kentani and King William's Town, with an EOO of 2,626 km$^2$ (1,014 sq mi) at 6 known locations.

## Conservation

In 2020, an area of 1,858.48 ha (4,592.4 acres) surrounding the Umtiza Nature Reserve (one of the last refuges of Umtiza) was declared a Controlled Forest Area to further protect and rehabilitate the remaining Umtiza Forest. Umtiza listeriana is threatened by the expansion of illegal settlements near the Umtiza Forest, leading to deforestation and harvesting for traditional medicine. For these reasons SANBI has given it the conservation classification: Vulnerable B1ab(v).

## Gallery

* Umtiza listeriana at the Pretoria National Botanical Garden
* Tree
* Umtiza listeriana flowers visited by an African honey bee (Apis mellifera scutellata)
* Bark
* Old dehisced pods.
# Monshu

The Monshu (門主), or keeper of the gate is a term sometimes used in Japanese Buddhism to denote the head of a monastery, as in the case of Jōdo-shū and Tendai Buddhism, but in the case of the Nishi Hongan-ji sub-sect of Jōdo Shinshū Buddhism, it refers to the spiritual leader of the sect, and direct descendant of its founder Shinran.

## Jōdo Shinshū

The Monshu in Jōdo Shinshū Buddhism was the guardian of Shinran's mausoleum, as well as the head of the sect. This position was started when the youngest daughter of Shinran, Kakushinni, installed her son as the custodian of the small shrine which held Shinran's image and ashes at Ōtani, in Kyoto. In time the small shrine grew into what is now the Hongan-ji temples (east and west). When the temple split into two temples, the West Temple, or Nishi Honganji continued to use the term Monshu, while the East Temple, or Higashi Hongan-ji gradually adopted the term "Hossu".
In the line of Monshu descendants, noteworthy Monshu include:
* Kakunyo Shōnin (1270–1351), the 3rd Monshu, who first asserted the authority of the Hongan-ji.
* Rennyo Shōnin (1415–1499), the 8th Monshu, the so-called "Great Reformer".
* Kōsa Shōnin, also known as Kennyo (1543–1592), the 11th Monshu, who administered Ishiyama Hongan-ji, cathedral fortress of the Ikkō-ikki during the Sengoku Jidai and one of the most fierce opponents of Oda Nobunaga.
* Kyōnyo Shōnin (1558–1614), the 12th Monshu, oversaw the split of the Hongan-ji temple and founded the East Temple, while his younger brother, Junnyo Shōnin, took over administration of the West Temple.
* Junnyo Shōnin (1577–1630), the 12th Monshu (Nishi Hongan-ji), who built the Tsukiji Hongan-ji temple in Tokyo.
* Shōnyo Shōnin (1911–2002), the 23rd Monshu (Nishi Hongan-ji, noteworthy for his efforts to help spread Jōdo Shinshū teachings abroad.
As of writing, the current and 25th Monshu of the Nishi Hongan-ji temple is Sennyo Shōnin (Ōtani Kōjun, born 1977). He succeeded his father Sokunyo Shōnin (Ōtani Kōshin, born 1945) on 6 June 2014.
* This Buddhism-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Mats Lindh

Mats Ingemar Lindh (born 12 September 1947) is a Swedish retired professional ice hockey player. He played 138 games in the World Hockey Association with the Winnipeg Jets during the 1975–76 and 1976–77 seasons, scoring 33 goals and 32 assists.
He competed as a member of the Sweden men's national ice hockey team at the 1972 Winter Olympics held in Japan.
# Unai Achugao Archaeological Site

The Unai Achugao Archaeological Site is a major archaeological site on the island of Saipan in the Northern Mariana Islands. This site is one of the first sites at which reliable radiocarbon dates were acquired for the early habitation of the island, which were dated to about 3500 BCE. Excavations at the site also yielded more than 3,000 pottery fragments, which were used in the early classification of pottery types in the region. The site also included a nearly-intact habitation surface which was protected by a fossilized coral reef.
The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.
# Unai, Lucknow

Unai is a village in Bakshi Ka Talab block of Lucknow district, Uttar Pradesh, India. As of 2011, its population is 1,018, in 194 households.
# Montanazhdarcho

Montanazhdarcho is a genus of azhdarchoid pterosaur from the Late Cretaceous period (Campanian stage) of what is now the state of Montana, United States. Montanazhdarcho is known from only one species, M. minor.

## Discovery

The holotype specimen, MOR 691 (Museum of the Rockies), was found by Robert W. Harmon in Glacier County, in the territory of the Blackfoot, in sandstone of the Upper Two Medicine Formation, a layer about 74 million years old. The genus name Montanazhdarcho was first given informally in 1993 by Kevin Padian, Armand de Ricqlès, and Jack Horner. It was then named formally in 1995 by the same researchers, and was fully described in 2002.
The type species is Montanazhdarcho minor. The generic name refers to the state of Montana and to the related species Azhdarcho. The specific name means "the smaller one" in Latin, a reference to the relatively small size in comparison to closely related forms.

## Description

Montanazhdarcho was a relatively small pterosaur, reaching 2.5 m (8.2 ft) in wingspan. The fossil is largely uncompressed and that of an adult exemplar, as established by a study of the bone by de Ricqlès. It consists of a partial left wing, lacking the outer three wing finger phalanges, a complete shoulder girdle, a crushed cervical vertebra and two fragments of the symphysis of the mandible. The jaws were edentulous, i.e. they lacked teeth.

## Classification

Montanazhdarcho was by the authors assigned to the Azhdarchidae, mainly based on the elongated form of the neck vertebra. Compared to other azhdarchids however, it was small; the fragments of humerus, radius, and carpal suggest an animal with a 2.5 m (8.2 ft) wingspan. Its ulna was longer than the wing metacarpal, which is atypical for azhdarchids. In addition to this, a phylogenetic study in 2015 has disagreed to its phylogenetic position, and reassigned Montanazhdarcho as a non-azhdarchid azhdarchoid. However, in 2018, Nicholas Longrich and colleagues had recovered Montanazhdarcho within the Azhdarchidae again, though placed in the basalmost position. Their phylogenetic analysis is shown below:
# Umagami Tameike Dam

Umagami Tameike Dam is an earthfill dam located in Yamagata Prefecture in Japan. The dam is used for irrigation. The catchment area of the dam is km$^2$. The dam impounds about 10 ha of land when full and can store 1244 thousand cubic meters of water. The construction of the dam was completed in 1986.
# First Cambridge Catalogue of Radio Sources

The First Cambridge Catalogue of Radio Sources (1C) refers to the catalogue listed in the article Ryle M, Smith F G & Elsmore B (1950) MNRAS vol 110 pp508-523 "A Preliminary Survey of Radio Stars in the Northern Hemisphere".
The 1C catalogue listed about 50 radio sources, detected at 3.7 m with a fixed meridian interferometer. According to researchers at the Special Astrophysical Observatory , most of the sources from 1C were later recognized to be the effect of confusion, i.e. they were not real objects.
The survey was produced using the Long Michelson Interferometer at the Old Rifle Range in Cambridge in 1950. This device operated primarily at a wavelength of 3.7 metres, with an aperture of 110λ, and was operated using Ryle's phase switching technique. Francis Graham-Smith also used the interferometer to measure the electron density in the ionosphere.
The catalogue from this survey is only informally known as the 1C catalogue.

## List of sources

| Number | RA | Error | Dec | Error | Intensity§ | Magnitude | Current designation |
| 00.01 | 04h42m | ±6m | 38° | ±5° | 4 | 3.5 | |
| 01.01 | 01h25m | ±5m | 30° | ±3° | 8 | 2.8 | |
    After Ryle, et al.
§ Intensity is in Watts metres$^{−2}$ (c./s.)$^{−1}$ x 10$^{25}$
Note that the position can be specified more accurately for sources of small declination, since the nature of the instrument is such as to make the table errors overstated if the axis is not exactly East-West.

## Results

The survey found radio sources in close proximity to four of the five major extragalactic nebulae, namely M31, M33, M101 and M51, corresponding to sources 00.01, 01.01, 14.01 and 13.01 respectively. Only M81 had no observed radio source.
The isotropy of the sources lead the team to conclude that radio stars were either local phenomena, or extragalactic.
# Five Man Army

Five Man Army may refer to:
* The Five Man Army (Italian: Un esercito di cinque uomini), a 1969 Spaghetti Western film
* "Five Man Army" (song), from the 1991 album Blue Lines by Massive Attack
# Five Martyrs of the Lycée Buffon

The Five Martyrs of the Lycée Buffon were five students from the Lycée Buffon shot by the Germans in Paris at the Stand de tir de Balard on 8 February 1943 for their activities with the French Resistance. Also, their families were taken hostage. Following the war, each of the students was posthumously awarded the Legion of Honour, the Croix de guerre 1939–1945 and the Resistance medal.

## Composition of the group

| Name | Pseudonym | Born | Age |
| Jean-Marie Arthus | "Marchand" | 2 April 1925 | 18 |
| Jacques Baudry | "André" | 7 April 1922 | 21 |
| Pierre Benoit | "Francis" | 7 March 1925 | 18 |
| Pierre Grelot | "Paul" | 16 May 1923 | 20 |
| Lucien Legros | "Jeannot" | 11 June 1924 | 19 |

## Commemorations

* There is a Place des cinq martyrs du lycée Buffon in the 14th arrondissement of Paris
* a rue Jacques-Baudry in 15th arrondissement of Paris
* a plaque at lycée Buffon,
* in 1959, La Poste commemorated them with a stamp in the Heroes of the Resistance series
* a rue Lucien Legros in Mont-de-Marsan