OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Paraformaldehyde

Paraformaldehyde (PFA) is the smallest polyoxymethylene, the polymerization product of formaldehyde with a typical degree of polymerization of 8–100 units. Paraformaldehyde commonly has a slight odor of formaldehyde due to decomposition. Paraformaldehyde is a poly-acetal.

## Synthesis

Paraformaldehyde forms slowly in aqueous formaldehyde solutions as a white precipitate, especially if stored in the cold. Formalin actually contains very little monomeric formaldehyde; most of it forms short chains of polyformaldehyde. A small amount of methanol is often added as a stabilizer to limit the extent of polymerization.

## Reactions

Paraformaldehyde can be depolymerized to formaldehyde gas by dry heating and to formaldehyde solution by water in the presence of a base, an acid or heat. The high purity formaldehyde solutions obtained in this way are used as a fixative for microscopy and histology.
The resulting formaldehyde gas from dry heating paraformaldehyde is flammable.

## Uses

Once paraformaldehyde is depolymerized, the resulting formaldehyde may be used as a fumigant, disinfectant, fungicide, and fixative. Longer chain-length (high molecular weight) polyoxymethylenes are used as a thermoplastic and are known as polyoxymethylene plastic (POM, Delrin). It was used in the past in the discredited Sargenti method of root canal treatment.
Paraformaldehyde is not a fixative; it must be depolymerized to formaldehyde in solution. In cell culture, a typical formaldehyde fixing procedure would involve using a 4% formaldehyde solution in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) on ice for 10 minutes. In histology and pathology specimens preparation, usually, the fixation step is performed using 10% Neutral Buffered Formalin (4% formaldehyde) for, at least, 24 hours.
Paraformaldehyde is also used to crosslink proteins to DNA, as used in ChIP (chromatin immunoprecipitation) which is a technique to determine which part of DNA certain proteins are binding to.
Paraformaldehyde can be used as a substitute of aqueous formaldehyde to produce the resinous binding material, which is commonly used together with melamine, phenol or other reactive agents in the manufacturing of particle board, medium density fiberboard and plywood.

## Toxicity

As a formaldehyde releasing agent, paraformaldehyde is a potential carcinogen. Its acute oral median lethal dose in rats is 592 mg/kg.
# Ocean (ship)

A number of sailing ships have been named Ocean.
* Ocean (1790 ship) was a sloop launched in 1790 at Plymouth. Circa 1792 the Sierra Leone Company purchased her and sailed her in support of their colony. In 1793 the Company sent her on a voyage along the coast to trade for African commodities that she brought back to Freetown for re-export. The Company judged the experiment a success and the next year it sent several more vessels to do the same. The French captured Ocean in August 1796 and the Royal Navy recaptured her in January 1798. Her subsequent fate is obscure.
* Ocean (1799 ship) was a ship of 243 tons (bm) built in France in 1793 that the British captured in 1799. She became a whaler for Samuel Enderby & Sons and made some 11 whaling voyages to the Southern Whale Fishery between 1800 and 1824. In 1806 Captain Abraham Bristow discovered the Auckland Islands.
* Ocean (1794 ship) was built at South Shields, England. She performed two voyages as an "extra" ship for the British East India Company (EIC). Ocean continued to sail as a London-based transport until 1823.
Two ships named Ocean sailed to the East Indies under a license from the EIC. After the EIC lost its monopoly on trade with India in 1813, it licensed vessels belonging to private owners to trade with India.
* Ocean (1802 ship) was launched at Quebec. She made five voyages under charter to the British East India Company (EIC) between 1804 and 1814. Her owners then sold her and she continued to sail between Britain and India under a license issued by the EIC. In 1815–1816 she made one voyage transporting convicts to Australia. She was last listed in 1825.
* Ocean (1808 ship), a 437-ton (bm) merchant ship built at Whitby that transported convicts to Port Jackson in 1818 and 1823.
# Papaplaya District

Papaplaya District is one of fourteen districts of the province San Martín in Peru.
# Occupation of Afghanistan

Occupation of Afghanistan may refer to various times in the country's history when it was occupied by a foreign power.
* Soviet occupation of Afghanistan - 1979-1989
* American occupation of Afghanistan - 2001–2021
# Hister indistinctus

Hister indistinctus is a species of clown beetle in the family Histeridae. It is found in North America.
# Odontocera chrysostetha

Odontocera chrysostetha is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae.
# Odontocera bisulcata

Odontocera bisulcata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae.
# Hisatora Kumagai

Hisatora Kumagai (熊谷 久虎, Kumagai Hisatora, March 8, 1904 – May 22, 1986) was a Japanese film director and screenwriter.

## Selected filmography

* 1932 Dōinrei, Mobilization Orders (lost)
* 1936 Takuboku, Poet of Passion
* 1936 Many People
* 1938 The Abe Clan
# Paolo Rosario De Stefano

Paolo Rosario De Stefano (Italian pronunciation:; born December 21, 1976, in Melito di Porto Salvo) is an Italian mobster and member of the 'Ndrangheta. He has been a fugitive since 2005 and was included on the list of most wanted fugitives in Italy. He is indicted for Mafia association, robbery and extortion.
He belongs to the De Stefano 'ndrina and is the son of the clan's boss, Giorgio De Stefano, who was killed in 1977. In 2007 he was convicted to eight years and four months in prison.
After the arrest in December 2008 of his cousin Giuseppe De Stefano he was next in line to be the boss of the clan.
He was arrested on August 18, 2009, while on holiday with his family at the popular tourist town of Taormina in Sicily.
# Gill Sanderson

Gill Sanderson is the pen name of Roger Sanderson, a prolific author of romance novels for publisher Mills and Boon. As of 2015, Sanderson is the only male author writing for Mills and Boon; he chose to publish under his wife's name instead of his own.
Before writing romances, Sanderson wrote for Commando war comics. After reading several Mills and Boon romance novels, he and his wife began writing novels together. Sanderson soon began writing novels by himself but chose to use his wife's name for publication.
Sanderson has written more than 50 novels, which have sold a combined three million copies. Many of his books are medical romances. Jay Dixon, a scholar of romance novels, described Sanderson as "one of the few men who does have the knack" of writing from the perspective of a female.
Sanderson was featured in the documentary Guilty Pleasures.
# Gooseberry (disambiguation)

Gooseberry most often refers to a cultivated plant from two species of the genus Ribes:
* Ribes uva-crispa native to Europe, northwestern Africa and southwestern Asia.
* Ribes hirtellum, American gooseberry
* Hybrids between Ribes hirtellum and Ribes uva-crispa, including most of the cultivated gooseberry cultivars
Gooseberry may also refer to:
* Gooseberry (gene), a pair-rule gene in Drosophila
* Gooseberry, a structural element of the artificial Mulberry harbours used in World War II
* Sea gooseberry, a common name for some ctenophores (comb jellies), particularly Pleurobrachia

## Places

* Gooseberry, Oregon, an unincorporated community
* Gooseberry Beach, a beach in Newport, Rhode Island
* Gooseberry Cove, a settlement near Trinity Bay, Newfoundland & Labrador
* Gooseberry Falls, a state park in Silver Creek Township, Lake County, Minnesota
* Gooseberry Hill, a suburb of Perth, Western Australia
* Gooseberry Island, Newfoundland and Labrador, a former settlement near Bonavista, Newfoundland & Labrador
* Gooseberry Lake, a lake in Saskatchewan, Canada
* Gooseberry Lake Provincial Park, a park in Alberta, Canada
* Gooseberry Point, port/dock near Lummi Island, Washington, United States
# Waiomys

Waiomys is a genus of rodents from the family Muridae. It is endemic to Sulawesi, Indonesia. The genus is monotypic, consisting of the species Waiomys mamasae (Sulawesi water rat). It is known only from Mount Gandangdewata, Mamasa Regency, West Sulawesi.
# Walt Kreinheder

Walter Roswell Kreinheder (September 8, 1901 – October 12, 1960) was an American football player. A native of Buffalo, New York, Kreinheder was a center for the Michigan Wolverines football team (playing as a substitute for All-American Ernie Vick) from 1920 to 1921. He later played professional football for the Akron Pros, St. Louis All-Stars, and Cleveland Bulldogs from 1922 to 1925. In 1923, he was selected as a first-team All-NFL player by Collyers Eye Magazine. He died in Texas in 1960.
# George Frost (landscape painter)

George Frost (1754–1821) was an English landscape painter who lived in Ipswich, Suffolk, England.

## Biography

Frost was the son of a builder at Ousden in Suffolk, and was originally brought up to his father's business. He subsequently obtained a post in the office of the Blue Coach at Ipswich where he worked until about eight years before his death.

## Career as an artist

Frost had a natural and early love of drawing, and was self-taught as an artist. According to his obituary in the Gentleman's Magazine:
   His productions, and more particularly his Drawings, were admirable, and exhibited abundant proofs of the character and genius of a Master. He studied nature with the closest attention, and in his attempts to delineate her beauties, was eminently successful. He was an accurate observer of her in all her appearances, and possessed a characteristic touch for all her forms. The subjects which he selected were such as did credit to his taste and judgment; and whatever came from his pencil bore the impress of originality and truth, and evinced, in a bold and masterly manner,the local character and features of the County In which he resided.
He was a great admirer and imitator of Gainsborough, and possessed some paintings and drawings by him, notably "The Mall", of which he executed a careful copy when in his 77th year. He was also a close friend of John Constable. His employment at Ipswich caused him to limit his subjects to that town and its neighbourhood, and he was little known elsewhere.

## Gallery

* The Common Quay, Ipswich 1820
* Wolsey's Gate, Ipswich,
* Corn Hill and Moot Hall, Ipswich

## Death

Frost died at his home on the Common Quay at Ipswich on 28 June 1821 after a painful illness.
# George Frost

George Frost may refer to:
* George Frost (New Hampshire politician) (1720–1796), American seaman, jurist, and statesman
* George Frost (cricketer) (1848–1913), English cricketer
* George Frost (landscape painter) (1754–1821), English landscape painter
* George Frost (Australian politician) (1869–1942), Australian politician
* George Albert Frost (1843–1907), American artist
* George L. Frost (1830–1879), Wisconsin state legislator
* George Frost (priest) (born 1935), Anglican priest
# George Renny

George Renny may refer to:
* George Renny (VC)
* George Renny (surgeon)
# Walls of Macau

The Section of the Old City Walls are the remains of a wall that surrounded the colonial city of Macau, in Portuguese Macau, in the 16th and 17th centuries.
The wall's construction is unique because it was built of clay, sand, rice straw, rocks, and oyster shells.

## History

Its construction began as early as 1569, and the wall was used as a defensive measure against attacks by the Chinese and other invaders.
After a failed attempt by the Dutch to invade the city in 1622, it was fortified and greatly improved to withstand future military attacks. Because the wall was not properly maintained, it slowly collapsed over time, and only small portions still remain.

## Conservation

The Section of the Old City Walls is now part of the UNESCO Historic Centre of Macau World Heritage Site.
# Mixed-mating model

The mixed-mating model is a mathematical model that describes the mating system of a plant population in terms of degree of self-fertilisation. It is a fairly simplistic model, employing several simplifying assumptions, most notably the assumption that every fertilisation event may be classed as either self-fertilisation, or outcrossing with a completely random mate. Thus the only model parameter to be estimated is the probability of self-fertilisation.
The mixed mating model originated in the 1910s, with plant breeders who were seeking evidence of outcrossing contamination of self-pollinating crops, but a formal description of the model and its parameter estimation was not published until 1951. The model is still in common use today, though a number of more complex models are also now in use. For example, a weakness of the model lies in its assumption that inbreeding occurs only as a result of self-fertilisation; in reality, inbreeding may also occur through outcrossing between closely related individuals. The effective selfing model relaxes this assumption by seeking also to estimate the degree of shared ancestry of outcrossing mates.
# Walter Abbott (American football)

Walter H. Abbott is a former American football player and coach, college athletics administrator, and university professor. He served as the head football coach at the University of Maine from 1967 through 1975, compiling a record of a 27–53. His Maine Black Bears football team won a share of Yankee Conference championship in 1974. Abbott served two stints as interim athletic director at Maine, from 1991 to 1992 and again from 1994 to 1995, and was the coordinator of the football program in 1986 between the departure of Ron Rogerson and hiring of Buddy Teevens. He also was a member of the university's faculty until his retirement in 2010. Abbott is well known for creating and instructing the popular Outdoor Leadership (formerly Preparedness) course in which he introduced thousands of students to the beauty, ruggedness and adventure to be found in the state of Maine.
His son, Steve Abbott, served as the Chief of Staff to Senator Susan Collins and as interim athletic director at the University of Maine.

## Head coaching record

| Year | Team | Overall | Conference | Standing |
| Maine Black Bears (Yankee Conference) (1967–1975) ||||||
| 1967 | Maine | 0–8 | 0–5 | 6th |
| 1968 | Maine | 3–5 | 2–3 | T–3rd |
| 1969 | Maine | 5–4 | 3–2 | T–2nd |
| 1970 | Maine | 3–5 | 1–4 | 5th |
| 1971 | Maine | 2–6 | 1–4 | 6th |
| 1972 | Maine | 3–6 | 1–4 | 5th |
| 1973 | Maine | 3–7 | 2–4 | 5th |
| 1974 | Maine | 4–6 | 4–2 | T–1st |
| 1975 | Maine | 4–6 | 1–4 | T–4th |
| Maine: | Maine: | 27–53 | 15–32 | |
| Total: | Total: | 27–53 | | |
| National championship  Conference title  Conference division title or championship game berth ||||||
# Mjømna (island)

Mjømna is an island in Gulen Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. The island sits off the mainland coast in southwestern Gulen, and it is part of a large archipelago of islands. The main islands that surround Mjømna include Byrknesøyna (to the west), Sandøyna (to the east), and Hiserøyna (to the northeast). The Fensfjorden flows south of the island and the Gulafjorden and Sognesjøen flow along the north of the island.
The 10.2-square-kilometre (3.9 sq mi) island is fairly flat and swampy with the highest point being the 194-metre (636 ft) tall Mjømnefjellet on the north end of the island. There were 60 people living on the island in 2001, and the majority of them live on the western side of the island in the village of Mjømna, where Mjømna Church is located.
# George Peabody (disambiguation)

George Peabody (1795–1869) was an American financier and philanthropist.
George Peabody may also refer to:
* George Foster Peabody (1852–1938), American banker and philanthropist
* George Peabody (sculpture), by William Wetmore Story
* George Peabody (pilot boat)
# Waldorf Astoria Amsterdam

52°21′53″N 4°53′49″E﻿ / ﻿52.364738°N 4.896956°E﻿ / 52.364738; 4.896956
Waldorf Astoria Amsterdam is a five-star luxury hotel in Amsterdam, part of Hilton Worldwide.
Waldorf Astoria Amsterdam was opened on May 1, 2014. It is the 25th hotel of the Waldorf Astoria Hotels & Resorts. It is located at Herengracht 542-556, between the Utrechtsestraat and Reguliersgracht, on the UNESCO heritage protected Herengracht (Gentlemen’s canal).
The hotel has a historical exterior comprising six monumental 17th and 18th century double-front canal palaces featuring a staircase built by the architect of Louis XIV, Daniel Marot. There are 93 rooms and suites overlooking the city's canal or the courtyard garden. The interior is designed by GA Design from London.

## History of buildings

Herengracht 542 and 544 building were built in 1687 under one roof.
In 1672 Herengracht 546 was built for Mr. William Sautijn.
Herengracht 548, 550 and 552 were built in 1665. Number 548 was for Cornelis Backer, former board ships and, number 550 for mayor Henry Hooft Gerritsz and No. 552 for Dirck van der Waeijen. In 1920, 548 and 550 were combined and converted into an office. Number 548 remained in the family until 1720, then it was sold to Nicholas Witsen and in 1747 to Gerrit Hooft Danielsz.
Herengracht 554 was built in 1666 as a double house. In 1716 the former mayor Quirijn van Strijen moved to live there, and in 1741 his son Jacob followed him. The building changed owners over the years as follows - Nicolaes Geelvinck lived there after 1756, until 1770 when the house was sold to Mr. Mayor William Huygens.
Herengracht 556 was built in 1670 and it was also a double house and Henry Hooft was the principal. In 1738 the two houses were replaced by the current building, where merchant James Loten moved. In 1930 it became a branch of the National Life Insurance. They allowed the restoration of the facade.

## Restaurants

The Waldorf Astoria Amsterdam offers several dining options. The first restaurant opened in the Waldorf Astoria Amsterdam is called Spectrum (Amsterdam). It is a fine dining restaurant that is awarded two Michelin stars.
# George Taylor (botanist)

Sir George Taylor, FRS FRSE FLS LLD (15 February 1904, in Edinburgh – 13 November 1993, in Dunbar) was a Scottish botanist.

## Life

He was born at 5 West Preston Street, the son of George William Taylor, a painter and decorator, and his wife, Jane Sloan. He was educated at Boroughmuir High School. By 1911, his father had gone into partnership as a tailor, with premises "Taylor and Thomson" at 39 George IV Bridge. George then began private education at George Heriot's School.
He studied Biology at Edinburgh University graduating BSc in 1926. He did field studies in Rhodesia and South Africa 1927/28 and then continued as a postgraduate gaining a DSc in 1928. Following this he immediately obtained a position as an assistant at the British Museum in London. In 1934 he led a museum expedition to Ruwenzori in East Africa. In 1938 he joined Frank Ludlow and George Sherriff in a trip to Bhutan. Staying at the British Museum for most of his working life he became Deputy Keeper of Botany in 1945 and Keeper in 1950.
In 1933 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were William Wright Smith, William Edgar Evans, Malcolm Wilson and John Macqueen Cowan. He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in 1962 and elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1968.
He was Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew from 1956 to 1971. During this time (1965 to 1969) he was also responsible for the creation of the Queen's Garden at Kew Palace.
In 1971 he returned to Scotland as Director of the Stanley Smith Horticultural Trust based at Belhaven House near Dunbar. There he was responsible for a radical replanting of the entire garden.
He retired in 1989 and died in Dunbar on 13 November 1993.

## Family

He married four times: firstly in 1929 to Alice Helen Pendrich, secondly to Norah English, and thirdly Beryl Walker, Lady Colwyn, daughter of Harvey Walker and widow of Frederick Smith, 2nd Baron Colwyn. This was her fourth marriage. Following Lady Colwyn's death in 1967 he married for the final time, June Maitland.
He had two sons by his first marriage.

## Publications

* An Account of the Genus Meconopsis (1934) Asiatic Poppies
# George Taylor (first baseman)

George H. Taylor (born September 1869) was an American baseball first baseman and manager in the pre-Negro leagues.
While with the Page Fence Giants, Taylor played with many of the popular players of the day, including Charlie Grant, John W. Patterson, Chappie Johnson, George Wilson, William Binga, Home Run Johnson, Sherman Barton, and Peter Burns.
In 1892 Taylor played in the Nebraska State League for Beatrice.
He continued to play for Chicago teams Chicago Union Giants and Leland Giants, working with many of those same players.
In 1907, he took some of those players to the St. Paul Colored Gophers, where he captained the team that year.
# George Taylor (footballer, born 1901)

George Taylor (born 23 January 1901) was an English footballer who played in the Football League for Newport County and Oldham Athletic.
# Miyo

Miyo (written: 美代 or 美余) is a feminine Japanese given name. Notable people with the name include:
* Miyo Ichikawa (市川 美余, born 1989), Japanese actress
* Miyo Miyashita (宮下 美代, born 1931), Japanese hurdler
* Miyo Okamoto (岡本 三代, born 1978), Japanese football manager
* Miyo Yoshida (吉田 実代, born 1988), Japanese professional boxer
Miyō or Miyou (written: 美葉) is a separate given name, though it may be romanized the same way. Notable people with the name include:

## Fictional characters

* Miyo Inbami (陰喰 三欲), a character in the manga series Kakegurui – Compulsive Gambler
* Miyo Kurahashi (倉橋 美代), a character in the light novel series Tokyo Ravens
* Miyo Masuko (増子 美代), a character in the anime series HappinessCharge PreCure!
* Miyo Takano (鷹野 三四), a character in the sound novel Higurashi no Naku Koro ni