OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Inkwenkwezi Private Game Reserve

Inkwenkwezi Private Game Reserve, is located approximately 30 km north-east of East London, and is situated within an area of 4500 hectares encompassing five different biomes in the Wild Coast region of South Africa's Eastern Cape province. It is home to four of the Big Five game; namely lion, buffalo, leopard and rhinoceros; as well as giraffe, zebra, a variety of antelope, and many other smaller species.

## History

Inkwenkwezi, which translates from Xhosa to mean "under the stars", grew out of a dream of the Mthatha-born Stanton brothers, Graham and Keith. Graham Stanton purchased the first of several properties in the Chintsa valley area which were eventually combined to form Inkwenkwezi, in 1983.

## Species

* Inkwenkwezi is home to several lions most of which are extremely rare white lions. One of the tawny females carries 50% of the white gene and has had both brown and white litters.
# Inkwanca Local Municipality

Inkwanca Local Municipality was a local municipality that forms part of the Chris Hani District Municipality in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. Inkwanca is an isiXhosa name meaning cold. The municipal area is the coldest area in the country and the lowest temperatures are recorded in the area every year. After municipal elections on 3 August 2016 it was merged into the larger Enoch Mgijima Local Municipality.

## Geography

The municipality covers an area of 3,584 square kilometres (1,384 sq mi) in the Stormberg Mountains, approximately 200 kilometres (120 mi) northwest of East London. It abuts on the Gariep Local Municipality to the north, the Maletswai Local Municipality to the northeast, the Emalahleni Local Municipality to the east, the Lukhanji Local Municipality to the southeast and the Tsolwana Local Municipality to the southwest.
The population of the municipality according to the 2011 census was 21,971 people in 6,228 households. 89.1% of residents described themselves as "Black African", 6.2% as "White" and 4.1% as "Coloured". 85.8% speak Xhosa as their first language, 8.3% speak Afrikaans and 3.5% speak English. The two towns in the municipality are Molteno (pop. 11,553) and Sterkstroom (pop. 7,165).

## Politics

The municipal council consisted of seven members elected by mixed-member proportional representation. Four councillors were elected by first-past-the-post voting in four wards, while the remaining three were chosen from party lists so that the total number of party representatives was proportional to the number of votes received.

### 2011 election

In the election of 18 May 2011 the African National Congress (ANC) won a majority of five seats on the council. The following table shows the results of the election.
| Party | Party | Votes | Votes | Votes | Votes | Seats | Seats | Seats |
| Party | Party | Ward | List | Total | % | Ward | List | Total |
| | ANC | 5,214 | 5,276 | 10,490 | 76.2 | 4 | 1 | 5 |
| | DA | 955 | 907 | 1,862 | 13.5 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | COPE | 708 | 667 | 1,375 | 10.0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | UDM | – | 33 | 33 | 0.2 | – | 0 | 0 |
| Total | Total | 6,877 | 6,883 | 13,760 | 100.0 | 4 | 3 | 7 |
| Spoilt votes | Spoilt votes | 114 | 108 | 222 |

### 2014 election

On 11 September 2014 the Inkwanca municipal council was dissolved, and new elections were held on 26 November. The African National Congress (ANC) again won a majority of five seats on the council. The following table shows the results of the election.
| Party | Party | Votes | Votes | Votes | Votes | Seats | Seats | Seats |
| Party | Party | Ward | List | Total | % | Ward | List | Total |
| | ANC | 4,192 | 4,166 | 8,358 | 63.3 | 3 | 2 | 5 |
| | DA | 1,125 | 1,127 | 2,252 | 17.1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| | COPE | 1,117 | 1,117 | 2,234 | 16.9 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | AIC | 172 | 188 | 360 | 2.7 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Total | Total | 6,606 | 6,598 | 13,204 | 100.0 | 4 | 3 | 7 |
| Spoilt votes | Spoilt votes | 130 | 146 | 276 |
# International Society of Doctors for the Environment

The International Society of Doctors for the Environment (ISDE) is an NGO, founded at Cortona on 25 November 1990, by doctors of various nationalities, in order to gather all doctors interested in medical problems related to ecological problems, spread awareness of the connection between environmental pollution and human health, start and support initiatives from local to global levels, and to reduce or eliminate sources of pollution and environmental pollution. ISDE has consultative status with the WHO and the United Nations Economic and Social Council.

## Activities

* In 2011, ISDE nominated Environmental Persistent Pharmaceutical Pollutants (EPPPs) to the UNEP organisation SAICM.

## Member organisations

There are member organisations in 38 countries (predominantly Europe and the Americas). Some of these organisations are listed below:
* Albania: National Association of Hygienists of Albania (NAHA)
* Algeria: Association for the Protection of the Environment and Sustainable Development (APEDD); Association des jeunes volontaire pour la protection et la sauvegarde de l'environnement (AJVPSE)
* Argentina: Asociación Argentina de Médicos por el Medio Ambiente
* Australia: Doctors for the Environment (Australia) Incorporated (DEA)
* Austria: Ärztinnen und Ärzte für eine Gesunde Umwelt (ÄGU) - ISDE Austria
* Belgium: Belgische Artsen voor het Milieu - Médecins Belges pour l'Environnement (see also: EPH); HECTOR asbl - Health and Environment Care Technical Organisation
* Brazil: Medicos pelo Ambiente (MEPA)
* Canada: Canadian Association of Physicians for the Environment (CAPE)
* Ecuador: Corporación para el Desarrollo de la Producción y el Medio Ambiente Laboral
* France: L'Association pour la Recherche Thérapeutique Anti-Cancéreuse, ARTAC; see also La Medecine Environnementale and Appel de Paris
* Germany: Ökologischer Ärztebund
* Hungary: Magyar Orvosok az Egeszseges Koernyezetert Tarsasag
* Ireland: Irish Doctors Environmental Association (I.D.E.A.)
* Italy: Associazione Medici per l'Ambiente - ISDE Italia
* Kenya: Association of Physicians and Medical Workers for Social Responsibility, PSR Kenya
* Macedonia: Zdruzenie na Doktori za zivotna sredina MADE
* Malta: SahhAmbjent
* Pakistan: Sustainable Development Policy Institute
* Netherlands: Nederlandse Vereniging voor Medische Milieukunde (NVMM)
* Serbia: SOCIETY OF ECOLOGISTS IN HEALTH CARE (SEHC)
* Sweden: Svenska Läkare för Miljön
* Switzerland: Ärztinnen und Ärzte für Umweltschutz, Mèdecins en Faveur de l'Environnement, Medici per l'Ambiente
* Turkey: Cevre Icin Hekimler Dernegi
* Ukraine: Green Doctors - Ukrainian Association of Doctors for the Environment
* United Kingdom: British Society for Ecological Medicine
* USA: Physicians for Social Responsibility (PSR)
* Uzbekistan: Center Perzent - The Karakalpak Center for Reproductive Health and Environment
# Patrick Hehir

Major-General Sir Patrick Hehir KCIE CB CMG FRSE FRCPE FRCSE (17 May 1859 – 1 May 1937) was a British military surgeon. He served in the Indian Medical Service (IMS) and as the Principal Medical Officer to the army of the Nizam of Hyderabad. During the 148 day Siege of Kut he suffered alongside the troops and wrote extensively on the topic of prolonged starvation.

## Life

He was born on 17 May 1859, the son of Robert Martin Hehir of Ennis in County Clare, Ireland.
He studied at Calcutta University, qualified as a doctor in Brussels's, became a Licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons and the Royal College of Physicians at the University of Edinburgh, obtained a Diploma in Public Health from the University of Cambridge and then received a Diploma in Tropical Medicine from the University of Liverpool.
In 1893 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Patrick Doyle, Sir Joseph Fayrer, Sir Byrom Bramwell and Thomas Annandale.
During his years in India he appears to have become an opium addict. Back in Britain, when this was made illegal in 1894, he wrote he rued not being addicted to legal activities.
He saw active service in many military campaigns and was highly decorated. In the First World War he served in Mesopotamia as the Principal Medical Officer. He was present at the Battle of Ctesiphon and the ill-fated Siege of Kut under General Charles Townshend. He was captured when the garrison surrendered on 29 April 1916 but was released 25 September 1916. He went on to see service in Waziristan in 1917 and lastly Afghanistan (1919).
He retired 9 December 1919.
He died on 1 May 1937.

## Honours

See
* Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB)
* Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG)
* Knight Commander of Order of the Indian Empire (KCIE)
* Knight of Grace of the Order of St John of Jerusalem
* Campaign Medal, Burma 1886–1887
* Campaign Medal, North-West Frontier 1897–1898
* Campaign Medal, North-West Frontier 1908, Afghanistan NWF 1919

## Publications

* Outlines of Medical Jurisprudence for India (1892)
* The Medical Profession in India (1923)
* Malaria in India (1927)

## Family

In 1908 he married Dora Lloyd and together they one daughter.
# Patrick Hegarty

Patrick Hegarty (26 December 1926 – 31 October 2002) was an Irish Fine Gael politician and farmer. He was elected to Dáil Éireann as a Fine Gael Teachta Dála (TD) for the Cork North-East constituency at the 1973 general election, and was re-elected in 1977. In 1981 he was elected for the Cork East constituency, and was re-elected there at each subsequent election until he was defeated at the 1989 general election.
He also stood unsuccessfully as a candidate at the 1992 general election. He was appointed a Minister of State by the Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald, serving as Minister of State at the Department of Agriculture from 1982 to 1987 and Minister of State at the Department of Industry and Commerce from 1986 to 1987.
# Intercultural Garden

Intercultural Gardens is a project of the German Association of International Gardens (Internationale Gärten e.V.), resident in Göttingen. The project has the goal to further intercultural competence and racial integration.

## Ideas and goals

Gardening and leisure activities in the specially created Intercultural Gardens are meant to promote social contacts between refugees, immigrants and natives. The Intercultural Gardens aim to achieve that the proclaimed solidarity with war and political refugees can be strengthened through day-to-day contacts with refugees and immigrants. Another goal is to motivate refugees and immigrants to become active and to participate. Gardens are seen as an ideal location because immigrants and refugees often come from small farming communities and were unable to apply their farming knowledge in Germany. The Intercultural Gardens consist of parcels of land on which vegetables and herbs, including herbs of the immigrants' countries of origin, can be grown and of jointly used space for children, community events and meetings.
Activities in the gardens are also seen as a foundation for further activities. For example, vocational orientation and integration in the areas of garden design and environmental protection through visits and internships in businesses in these areas. Social integration is promoted through neighborly help and family care, teaching of the German language and help in contacting educational institutions as well as documentation and public relations.

## Development to a movement

The projects was founded in 1996, partially on the initiative of in-migrated families. The association was founded in 1998. Initially the project had three gardens in Göttingen. In the beginning of 2006 the initial project in Göttingen had about 300 members from about twenty countries and the movement consisted of thirty independent garden projects and more were being created. The foundation Stiftung Interkultur in Munich coordinates and supports garden projects all over Germany.
# Paul Brooks

Paul Brooks is a British-born film producer.
Brooks has a Humanities degree in English/Philosophy/Psychology and Sociology from the University of London. He then went into real estate development before moving into film.
In 1992 he executive produced low-budget film for Vadim Jean & Gary Sinyor "Leon The Pig Farmer" which became an unexpected hit in the UK box office.
In 1993 he formed a film company Metrodome Films which made films likes the controversial film Beyond Bedlam, Proteus, the cult horror Darklands directed by Julian Richards and Killing Time. Most of these films were usually starred Craig Fairbrass. In 2016 the company has been placed into administration.
Brooks has been the president of Gold Circle Films since March 2001. He has produced a number of films, including the Academy Award-nominated Shadow of the Vampire and My Big Fat Greek Wedding.

## Filmography

* Leon the Pig Farmer (1993) (executive producer)
* Beyond Bedlam (1993)
* Clockwork Mice (1995)
* Solitaire for 2 (1995) (co-executive producer)
* Proteus (1995)
* Darklands (1996)
* The Real Howard Spitz (1998)
* Killing Time (1998) (executive producer)
* One More Kiss (1999)
* Shadow of the Vampire (2000) (executive producer)
* The Man from Elysian Fields (2001) (executive producer)
* The Badge (2002) (executive producer)
* Sonny (2002)
* Poolhall Junkies (2002) (executive producer)
* My Big Fat Greek Wedding (2002) (executive producer)
* 13 Moons (2002) (executive producer)
* Rolling Kansas (2003)
* DysFunktional Family (2003)
* Jiminy Glick in Lalawood (2004)
* The Long Weekend (2005)
* White Noise (2005)
* The Wedding Date (2005)
* Griffin & Phoenix (2006)
* Slither (2006)
* Whisper (2007)
* Because I Said So (2007)
* White Noise 2: The Light (2007) (executive producer)
* Rock Paper Scissors (2008)
* The Haunting in Connecticut (2008)
* Blood Creek (2008)
* My Sassy Girl (2008)
* Over Her Dead Body (2008)
* The New Daughter (2009)
* The Fourth Kind (2009)
* New in Town (2009)
* The Belcoo Experiment (2009)
* ATM (2010)
* Pitch Perfect (2012)
* Search Party (2014)
* Pitch Perfect 2 (2015)
* I Still See You (2018)
* Prey for the Devil (2022)
* Champions (2023)
* Last Breath (2025)
# Polish property bubble

Real estate prices rose drastically from 2002 to 2008 in Poland. Between June 2006 and June 2007 the average price of one square metre of residential area in Warsaw rose from 6,683 PLN (1,636 EUR) to 9,540 PLN (2,519 EUR), or 50% in euro terms. A peak in prices occurred in autumn 2008 as the average price of a square meter of residential space in Poland started to drop by 5% in nominal terms or 10% per year in real terms.
In Warsaw, Poland's capital city, the average price per square meter declined from 9,000 PLN (2,500 EUR) in 2008 to 7,400 PLN (1,850 EUR) in 2013.
In early 2007, it can be argued that the Polish property market began to show the early signs of a property bubble:
* banks increased loan periods from 30 to 50 years to extend credit limits;
* an increasing uptake of debt in family budgets;
* increasing interest rates;
* the Polish economy showing signs of overheating in a reduction of the GDP growth rate to 1.5%; and
* a stagnation of prices and dramatic drop of sales in a long period of time with dynamically increasing supply of residential properties.
As of 2013, house prices in Poland have been falling since mid-2008. Compared to pre-crisis peaks:
* House prices in Warsaw are down by 13.1%
* In Kraków, house prices are down by 17.9%
* In Poznań, house prices have fallen by 28%
* In Gdańsk, house prices plunged by 27%
* In Łódź, property prices plummeted by 35.7%
The arguments for further real estate price rises or stabilization are:
* a rapid increase of salaries - around 8% per year;
* low figures of both housing estate area and apartments per person, compared to other developed countries worldwide;
* money repatriated by Poles who have emigrated;
* rapid urbanization - the population of rural areas and small towns is declining rapidly, while the population of major urban areas is increasing quickly;
In addition, Warsaw has a population of only 2 million people – approximately 5% of the whole of the country – which is very low for a capital city. Poland is also one of many countries with a rather high house price to income ratio (13.58) and an estimated rental profitability between 3.92% to 4.31% for residential units.
# Paul David (cardiologist)

Paul David CC GOQ (December 25, 1919 – April 5, 1999) was a Canadian cardiologist, founder of the Montreal Heart Institute, and Senator.
Born in Montreal, Quebec, the son of Louis-Athanase David and Antonia Nantel, he received his Bachelor's degree from the University of Paris in 1939 and his MD from the Université de Montréal in 1944. He specialized in cardiology in Boston at the Massachusetts General Hospital in 1946 and in Paris at the Hôpital Lareboisière in 1947. Upon his return to Montreal, he worked at the Notre-Dame Hospital. He founded the Montreal Heart Institute in 1954. It was under his direction that the first heart transplant ever performed in Canada was carried out at the Institute, in 1968.
In 1985, he was appointed to the Senate of Canada on the recommendation of Prime Minister Brian Mulroney. He sat as a Progressive Conservative senator representing the Senatorial division of Bedford, Quebec. He retired on his 75th birthday in 1994. His father, Louis-Athanase David and grandfather, Laurent-Olivier David were Liberal Senators. He is the younger brother of Simone David-Raymond founder of the Marie-Enfant Hospital.
In 1968, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada and was promoted to Companion in 1981. In 1988, he was named a Grand Officer of the National Order of Quebec. In 2011, he was inducted into the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame.
He married Nellie Maillard, daughter of Charles Maillard director of École des beaux-arts de Montréal and had six children: filmmaker Pierre, Québec solidaire MNA Françoise, Thérèse, Anne-Marie, Liberal MNA Hélène and Charles-Philippe. A few years after Nellie Maillard's death (1969), he was remarried to Dr. Yvette Lemire. After his death in 1999, he was entombed at the Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery in Montreal.
# Interposer

An interposer is an electrical interface routing between one socket or connection to another. The purpose of an interposer is to spread a connection to a wider pitch or to reroute a connection to a different connection.
An interposer can be made of either silicon or organic (printed circuit board-like) material.
Interposer comes from the Latin word "interpōnere", meaning "to put between". They are often used in BGA packages, multi-chip modules and high bandwidth memory.
A common example of an interposer is an integrated circuit die to BGA, such as in the Pentium II. This is done through various substrates, both rigid and flexible, most commonly FR4 for rigid, and polyimide for flexible. Silicon and glass are also evaluated as an integration method. Interposer stacks are also a widely accepted, cost-effective alternative to 3D ICs. There are already several products with interposer technology in the market, notably the AMD Fiji/Fury GPU, and the Xilinx Virtex-7 FPGA. In 2016, CEA Leti demonstrated their second generation 3D-NoC technology which combines small dies ("chiplets"), fabricated at the FDSOI 28 nm node, on a 65 nm CMOS interposer.
Another example of an interposer is the adapter used to plug a SATA drive into a SAS backplane with redundant ports. While SAS drives have two ports that can be used to connect to redundant paths or storage controllers, SATA drives only have a single port. Directly, they can only connect to a single controller or path. SATA drives can be connected to nearly all SAS backplanes without adapters, but using an interposer with a port switching logic allows providing path redundancy.
# Pavilion Lake

Pavilion Lake is a freshwater lake located in Marble Canyon, British Columbia, Canada home to colonies of freshwater microbialites.

## Location and local communities

It is located between the towns of Lillooet and Cache Creek (29.44 kilometres WNW, as the crow flies, from Cache Creek) and lies along BC Highway 99, 8.85 highway kilometres (northeast then southeast) from Pavilion, British Columbia. There is a small community of lakeshore residences, some recreational and seasonal only, located on the lake's eastern shore adjacent to the highway. The lake is overlooked by the cliffs of Marble Canyon, which is the southern buttress of the Marble Range, and the forests of the northernmost Clear Range. Also overlooking the lake is Chimney Rock (K'lpalekw in Secwepemc'tsn, "Coyote's Penis"), which like the lake and the canyon have spiritual significance to the adjoining native communities, the Tskwaylaxw people of Pavilion and the Bonaparte band of Secwepemc at Upper Hat Creek. One of the rancheries and a rodeo and pow-wow ground of the Pavilion Band is located at Marble Canyon's south entrance. The lake area and its foreshore were added to Marble Canyon Provincial Park in order to protect its special scientific and heritage values.

## Characteristics

The lake demonstrates karst hydrology, with underground inflows from Marble Canyon creeks. The lake has generally low biological productivity, and is classified as ultraoligotrophic. It also features a high degree of water clarity. The lake gets covered with ice annually, and is dimictic, going through two thermal overturns per year. The lake reaches a maximum depth of 65 meters below the surface. It is also a hard water lake, due to its high mineral content.

## Microbialites and scientific research

Part of a karst formation, the lake is most notable for being home to colonies of microbialites, a type of stromatolite. Colonies of microbialites grow from depths of 5 to 55 meters. Low sedimentation rates may allow for continued development of these colonies. One estimate puts microbialite growth at 0.05 mm per year within the last 1,000 years. Research at Pavilion Lake has suggested that most biological activity in microbialite structures occurs near the surface of these structures. The lake's harsh geochemical environment prevents the development of metazoan grazers, also allowing for microbialite development.
The lake has been the subject of astrobiology research by NASA, the Canadian Space Agency, and research institutions from around the world. The research falls under the umbrella of the Pavilion Lake Research Project. The Pavilion Lake Research Project has used the site to help train Canadian Space Agency astronauts.