OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Nepenthes × kinabaluensis

Nepenthes × kinabaluensis /nɪˈpɛnθiːz ˌkɪnəbɑːluˈɛnsɪs/, or the Kinabalu pitcher-plant, is the natural hybrid between N. rajah and N. villosa. It was first collected near Kambarangoh on Mount Kinabalu, Borneo by Lilian Gibbs in 1910 and later mentioned by John Muirhead Macfarlane as "Nepenthes sp." in 1914. Although Macfarlane did not formally name the plant, he noted that "[a]ll available morphological details suggest that this is a hybrid between N. villosa and N. rajah". It was finally described in 1976 by Shigeo Kurata as N. × kinabaluensis. The name was first published in Nepenthes of Mount Kinabalu, but was a nomen nudum at the time as it lacked an adequate description and information on the type specimen. The name was subsequently published validly by Kurata in 1984.
The pitchers of N. × kinabaluensis may be quite large, but do not compare to those of N. rajah or N. × alisaputrana (N. burbidgeae × N. rajah). Nepenthes × kinabaluensis can only be found on Mount Kinabalu (hence the name) and nearby Mount Tambuyukon, where the two parent species occur sympatrically. More specifically, plants are known from a footpath near Paka Cave and several places along an unestablished route on a south-east ridge, which lies on the west side of the Upper Kolopis River. The only accessible location from which this hybrid is known is the Kinabalu summit trail, between Layang-Layang and the helipad, where it grows at about 2900 m in a clearing dominated by Dacrydium gibbsiae and Leptospermum recurvum trees. Nepenthes × kinabaluensis has an altitudinal distribution of 2420 to 3030 m. It grows in open areas in cloud forest.
The hybrid is generally intermediate in appearance between its parent species. Raised ribs line the inner edge of the peristome and end with elongated teeth. These are more prominent than those found in N. rajah and smaller than those of N. villosa. The peristome is coarse and expanded at the margin (but not scalloped like that of N. rajah), the lid orbiculate or reniform and almost flat. In general, pitchers are larger than those of N. villosa and the tendril joins the apex about 1–2 cm below the leaf tip, a feature which is characteristic of N. rajah. In older plants, the tendril can be almost woody. N. × kinabaluensis is an indumentum of villous hairs covering the pitchers and leaf margins, which is approximately intermediate between the parents. Lower pitchers have two fringed wings, whereas the upper pitchers usually lack these. The colour of the pitcher varies from yellow to scarlet. N. × kinabaluensis seems to produce upper pitchers more readily than either of its parents. In all respects N. × kinabaluensis is intermediate between the two parent species and it is easy to distinguish from all other Nepenthes of Borneo. However, it has been confused once before, when the hybrid was identified as N. rajah in Letts Guide to Carnivorous Plants of the World.
# Nepenthes × sharifah-hapsahii

Nepenthes × sharifah-hapsahii (/nɪˈpɛnθiːz ʃɑːˈriːfə hɑːpˈsɑːiaɪ/) is a natural hybrid between N. gracilis and N. mirabilis. It has been recorded from Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, and Thailand, although it was originally described as a species (N. sharifah-hapsahii) endemic to Peninsular Malaysia, where it was said to grow at elevations below 1000 m.
The type material of N. × sharifah-hapsahii was collected by J. H. Adam on the grounds of the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia campus on August 2, 2001. Both the holotype (JHA 8000) and isotype are deposited at the university's herbarium. The taxon was named after the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Vice Chancellor, Professor Dato' Dr. Sharifah Hapsah Syed Hasan Shahabudin.
Nepenthes × ghazallyana (/nɪˈpɛnθiːz ɡəˌzɑːliːˈænə/, after Ghazally Ismail) is a heterotypic synonym of N. × sharifah-hapsahii.

## Description

The stem of this hybrid is cylindrical, glabrous, and may climb to a height of 5 m. Leaves are leathery in texture, lanceolate or oblong in morphology, and 9 to 20 cm long. Tendrils may be up to 20 cm long. Pitchers are infundibulate in the lower and upper portions and tubular in the middle. They measure up to 15 cm in height and 3.5 cm in width. The peristome is cylindrical and 1 to 2 mm thick. It bears distinct inner teeth and ribs. The lid is orbiculate and covered with numerous glands on the lower surface. N. × sharifah-hapsahii has a racemose inflorescence, the axis of which is 30 to 35 cm long. The female inflorescence is unknown at present.

## Identification

Nepenthes × sharifah-hapsahii most closely resembles N. gracilis. The table below shows characters that distinguish these two taxa, according to Adam and Hafiza.
   | Morphological characters | Nepenthes × sharifah-hapsahii | Nepenthes gracilis |
   | Shape of upper stem | Cylindrical | Triangular or angular |
   | Lamina base | Attenuate into petiole like region and the base not decurrent but clasping stem for about half its circumference | Not attenuate into petiole like region and the base decurrent, wings extend almost over one internode |
   | Distribution of nectar glands on lower lid surface | Numerous nectar glands distributed all over lower lid surface | Nectar glands scarcely distributed on lower lid surface |
   | Type of digestive glands on inner wall cavity of pitcher | Overarched glands: prominently covered by extended epidermal roof conceal more than half of the glands | Exposed glands: epidermal roof covering digestive glands poorly developed exposed almost all part of the glands |
   | Peristome ribs | Distinct | Inconspicuous |
   | Pedicels | 2-flowered on lower 2/3 and 1-flowered on upper 1/3 part of male raceme | All 1-flowered |
Adam and Hafiza also noted that N. × sharifah-hapsahii is somewhat similar to N. tobaica, from which it differs in several aspects of leaf and inflorescence morphology. Unlike N. tobaica, N. × sharifah-hapsahii has overarched glands on the inner pitcher wall, one-flowered pedicels on the upper third of the male raceme, and numerous longitudinal veins on the lamina.
# HNoMS Rask

Two Royal Norwegian Navy patrol boats have been named Rask (quick).
* HNoMS Rask (1887) - a 2.-class torpedo boat launched in 1887.
* HNoMS Rask (P983) - a Snøgg-class patrol boat
# Hacı, İpsala

Hacı is a village in the İpsala District of Edirne Province in Turkey. The village had a population of 1,034 in 2022. Before the 2013 reorganisation, it was a town (belde).
# Halidesmus

Halidesmus is a genus of ray-finned fishes, the type genus of the subfamily Congrogadinae, the eel blennies, part of the dottyback family, Pseudochromidae. They are found in the western Indian Ocean as far east as India, with one species extending marginally into the south-east Atlantic Ocean.

## Species

The following species are classified in the genus Halidesmus:
* Halidesmus coccus Winterbottom & Randall, 1994 (Rooster snakelet)
* Halidesmus polytretus Winterbottom, 1982
* Halidesmus scapularis Günther, 1872 (Snakelet )
* Halidesmus socotraensis Gill & Zajonz, 2003 (Socotran snakelet)
* Halidesmus thomaseni (Nielsen, 1961) (Thomasen's snakelet)
# Nepotianus

Nepotianus (died 30 June 350), sometimes known in English as Nepotian, was a member of the Constantinian dynasty who reigned as a short-lived usurper of the Roman Empire. He ruled the city of Rome for twenty-eight days, before being killed by his rival usurper Magnentius' general Marcellinus.

## Background

Nepotianus was the son of Eutropia, half-sister of Emperor Constantine I, and of Virius Nepotianus. On his mother's side, he was the grandson of Emperor Constantius Chlorus and Flavia Maximiana Theodora.

## Events

After the revolt of Magnentius, Nepotianus proclaimed himself emperor and entered Rome with a band of gladiators on 3 June 350. After attempting to resist Nepotianus with an undisciplined force of Roman citizens, the defeated praefectus urbi Titianus (or Anicius, or Anicetus), a supporter of Magnentius, fled the city.
Magnentius quickly dealt with this revolt by sending his trusted magister officiorum Marcellinus to Rome. According to Eutropius, Nepotianus was killed in the resulting struggle (on 30 June), his head put on a lance and borne around the city. In the following days, his mother Eutropia was also killed alongside the supporters of Nepotianus.
# Yuan Leshang

Yuan Leshang (Chinese: 元樂尚; fl.570 - 630), later Buddhist nun name Huasheng (華勝), was a concubine of the Emperor Xuan of the Northern Zhou dynasty of China.
Yuan Leshang's father was Yuan Sheng (元晟), a Northern Zhou official and a descendant of the Northern Wei's imperial Yuan clan. In 579, Yuan Leshang was selected to be an imperial consort for Emperor Xuan, with the title of Guifei (貴妃). A month later, Emperor Xuan passed the throne to his son Emperor Jing and took an atypical title for a retired emperor, "Emperor Tianyuan" (天元皇帝, Tianyuan Huangdi). He subsequently decided that in addition to his wife Empress Yang Lihua, he would create three more empresses, and Consort Yuan was selected as one—with the title of Empress Tianyou (天右皇后, Tianyou Huanghou)— on 30 August 579, subsequently changed on 28 March 580 to Tianyou Da Huanghou (天右大皇后). Among the empresses, she was said to be closest to Chen Yueyi, as they entered the palace at the same time and were the same age, and they were also both favored by Emperor Xuan.
Emperor Xuan died in June 580, and Empress Yang's father Yang Jian became regent. Empress Yuan became a Buddhist nun with the name of Huasheng, and she outlived Yang Jian's subsequent Sui dynasty. According to both the Book of Zhou and History of Northern Dynasties, she and Lady Chen were still alive as of the reign of Emperor Taizong of Tang (626-649), but nothing further was recorded in either of those two official histories about her.
# Neophryxe

Neophryxe is a genus of flies in the family Tachinidae.

## Species

* Neophryxe australe Cerretti, 2012
* Neophryxe exserticercus Liang & Chao, 1992
* Neophryxe namibica Cerretti, 2012
* Neophryxe psychidis Townsend, 1916
* Neophryxe vallina (Rondani, 1861)
# Yves Deniaud

Yves Deniaud may refer to:
* Yves Deniaud (actor), French comedian
* Yves Deniaud (politician), French politician
# Nyírpazony

Nyírpazony is a village in Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg county, in the Northern Great Plain region of eastern Hungary. Olympian Miklós Kovács was born here.

## Geography

It covers an area of 15.08 km$^2$ (6 sq mi) and has a population of 3230 people (2001).
# Nyírparasznya

Nyírparasznya is a village in Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County, Hungary.
# HMS Stag (1830)

HMS Stag was a 44-gun Seringapatam-class fifth-rate frigate built for the Royal Navy during the 1820s, one of three ships of the Andromeda sub-class.

## Description

The Andromeda sub-class was a slightly enlarged and improved version of the Druid sub-class, with a more powerful armament. Stag had a length at the gundeck of 159 feet 3 inches (48.5 m) and 133 feet 3 inches (40.6 m) at the keel. She had a beam of 42 feet (12.8 m), a draught of 14 feet 8 inches (4.5 m) and a depth of hold of 13 feet 3 inches (4.0 m). The ship's tonnage was 1167 42⁄94 tons burthen. The Andromeda sub-class was armed with twenty-six 18-pounder cannon on her gundeck, ten 32-pounder carronades and a pair of 68-pounder guns on her quarterdeck and four more 32-pounder carronades in the forecastle. The ships had a crew of 315 officers and ratings.

## Construction and career

Stag, the fourth ship of her name to serve in the Royal Navy, was ordered on 9 January 1823, laid down in April 1828 at Pembroke Dockyard, Wales, and launched on 2 October 1830. She was completed for ordinary at Plymouth Dockyard in October 1830. The ship was commissioned on 15 April 1831 and ready for sea by 9 July.
# Yellow Dog (bootlegger)

Yellow Dog was a prominent publisher of bootlegs by many prominent artists. The label released series such as "Unsurpassed Masters" (outtakes by many artists, including the Beatles and the Beach Boys) and "Day By Day" (the complete Beatles' "Get Back" sessions). This label has in turn been copied by many other bootleg labels, such as Kiss The Stone and Chapter One. Yellow Dog was shut down in Europe in 2002, but continued to run in Japan until 2006.

## Sublabels

Yellow Dog also maintained many sublabels:
* Black Dog Records - Released titles similar to those released on Yellow Dog, lasted from 1992 to 2006
* Cool Romeo - Released titles by Elvis Presley, only used in 2000
* Dandelion - Released titles by the Rolling Stones and Bob Dylan, lasted from 1998 to 2001
* Dumb Angel - Released titles like the Beach Boys, only used in 2000
* Green Cat - Only released one CD in 2000
* Hard Rain - Released a few titles, lasted from 1995 to 2000
* Library Product - Mainly released Paul McCartney titles, only used in 2000
* Midnight Beat - Primarily released Jimi Hendrix titles, but released many other titles as well, lasted from 1992 to 2002
* Mistral Music - Released various titles from 1991 to 1994
* Moonlight - Released titles by a various number of artists, lasted from 1990 to 1996
* Orange - Released many titles in 2000
* Rattle Snake - Released titles by the Rolling Stones and Bob Dylan. This label is still active
* Sea Of Tunes - Released titles by the Beach Boys, lasted from 1997 to 2007
* Sidewalk - Released titles by the Beatles and other artists in 2000
* Strawberry Records - Released titles by the Beatles, lasted from 1988 to 2002
* Yellow Cat Records - Released titles by a variety of artists, lasted from 1993 to 2005
# Yavuz, Ardeşen

Yavuz is a village in the Ardeşen District, Rize Province, in Black Sea Region of Turkey. Its population is 256 (2021).

## History

According to list of villages in Laz language book (2009), name of the village is Cuneliangvan, which means "sunny angvan". Most villagers are ethnically Laz.

## Geography

The village is located 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) away from Ardeşen.
# Yarra Hills Secondary College

Yarra Hills Secondary College (formerly Pembroke Secondary College) is a secondary school in the outer eastern suburbs of Melbourne, Australia. The school has two campuses, one located in Mount Evelyn and the other located in Mooroolbark.

## History

Pembroke High School opened in 1968 with 86 students and four teachers in temporary accommodation at Croydon West High School. In February 1970, the school opened on its Cambridge Road site. The school was officially opened by the Governor of Victoria – Sir Rohan Delacombe on 14 November 1972. A merger with Mooroolbark Secondary College followed by a merger with Mt Evelyn Secondary College resulted in the previous three-campus structure.
On 5 July 2010, a suspicious fire destroyed three classrooms that were to be demolished.

## Modernisation Project – Mooroolbark Campus

In May 2009, the Victorian State Government announced funding (A$10.4million) for a two-part development of a new state of the art complex on the Reay Road site (current Mooroolbark site) to replace the previous Cambridge Road and Reay Road campuses. Stage one saw the demolition of the old senior buildings and construction of a new junior campus which temporarily housed the senior school. Stage two saw the construction of a new senior school into which the senior school moved. The stage one buildings became the home of the Cambridge junior school. As a part of the modernisation project the school was renamed in 2013 to Yarra Hills Secondary College. The modernisation project finished in August 2013, and saw the closure of the original Cambridge site in late October.
This resulted in the current two-campus structure.
# Ndwandwe–Zulu War

The Ndwandwe–Zulu War of 1817–1819 was a war fought between the expanding Zulu Kingdom and the Ndwandwe tribe in South Africa.
The Zulus were originally a tiny tribe that had migrated to the eastern plateau of present-day South Africa; they became a strong tribal nation largely due to the efforts of an ambitious chieftain named Shaka (c. 1787–1828, reigned 1816–1828). A rebellious young man, Shaka was estranged from his father, who was a Zulu chief named Senzangakhona, and became a warrior with the Mthethwa people. The Mthethwa paramount chieftain Dingiswayo helped Shaka become recognized as head of the Zulus after Senzangakhona died in 1816. The two chieftains were close friends, and their warriors fought together against common enemies, such as the Ndwandwe headed by King Zwide. After Dingiswayo was captured and executed by Zwide, the Mthethwa people placed themselves under Shaka and took the Zulu name. Shaka revolutionized traditional ways of fighting by introducing the iklwa, a short stabbing spear, as a weapon and by organizing warriors into disciplined units that fought in close formation behind large cowhide shields.
The Ndwandwe and the Zulus met in combat at the Battle of Mhlatuze River in 1819. By this time the Ndwandwe had adopted Zulu battle tactics and weapons so Shaka wore the invaders down with guerrilla tactics before launching his major attack when the Ndwandwe army was divided during the crossing of the Mhlatuze River. Zulu warriors arrived at Zwide's headquarters near present-day Nongoma before news of the defeat, and approached the camp singing Ndwandwe victory songs to gain entry. Zwide himself escaped with a handful of followers, and most of the Ndwandwe abandoned their lands and migrated north establishing Zulu-like (named Ngoni after the ethno-linguistic name "Nguni") kingdoms in Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique and Tanzania. This was the final phase of the Mfecane, a catastrophic, bloody civil war and eventual migration of many different tribes in the area, initially (ca. 1802) caused by famine but ultimately as a result of escaping from the Zulus. The Ngoni groups caused their own havoc by using Zulu tactics in war. They established stronger political units in other countries and thus posed a threat to European colonisation, for example during the Maji-Maji Rebellion in German East Africa (1905–1907). Shaka was the ultimate victor, and his people still live today throughout Zululand, with customs and a way of life that can be easily traced to Shaka's day.
# HMS Vengeance (1793)

HMS Vengeance was a galliot that the Admiralty purchased in 1793; she may have been the former Lady Augusta. She was commissioned into the Royal Navy in June 1795 under Lieutenant John Wilson, for Sheerness. She was paid off on 19 February 1796 at Portsmouth. The Navy loaned her to the Transport Board in March. She was fitted at Portsmouth in November. In 1803 the Navy offered the Vengeance, gun-vessel, of 110 tons, for sale at Portsmouth. She was sold in November 1804.

## Citations

* 1 2 "No. 15564". The London Gazette. 5 March 1803. p. 242.
* 1 2 Winfield (2008), p.324.
# Natural gum

Natural gums are polysaccharides of natural origin, capable of causing a large increase in a solution's viscosity, even at small concentrations. They are mostly botanical gums, found in the woody elements of plants or in seed coatings.

## Human uses

Gums are used in the food industry as thickening agents, gelling agents, emulsifying agents, and stabilizers, and in other industrial adhesives, binding agents, crystal inhibitors, clarifying agents, encapsulating agents, flocculating agents, swelling agents, foam stabilizers, etc. When consumed by humans, many of these gums are fermented by the microbes that inhabit the lower gastrointestinal tract (microbiome) and may influence the ecology and functions of these microscopic communities.

## Commercial significance

Humans have used natural gums for various purposes, including chewing and the manufacturing of a wide range of products – such as varnish and lacquerware. Before the invention of synthetic equivalents, trade in gum formed part of the economy in places such as the Arabian peninsula (whence the name "gum arabic"), West Africa, East Africa (copal) and northern New Zealand (kauri gum).

## Examples

Natural gums can be classified according to their origin. They can also be classified as uncharged or ionic polymers (polyelectrolytes). Examples include (with E number food additive code):
| Source | Classification | Natural gum | E number | biological origin |
| obtained from seaweeds | Polyelectrolytes | Agar | E406 | |
| obtained from seaweeds | Polyelectrolytes | Alginic acid | E400 | |
| obtained from seaweeds | Polyelectrolytes | Sodium alginate | E401 | |
| obtained from seaweeds | Polyelectrolytes | Carrageenan | E407 | |
| obtained from non-marine botanical resources | Polyelectrolytes | Gum arabic | E414 | from the sap of Acacia trees |
| obtained from non-marine botanical resources | Polyelectrolytes | Gum ghatti | | from the sap of Anogeissus trees |
| obtained from non-marine botanical resources | Polyelectrolytes | Gum tragacanth | E413 | from the sap of Astragalus shrubs |
| obtained from non-marine botanical resources | Polyelectrolytes | Karaya gum | E416 | from the sap of Sterculia trees |
| obtained from non-marine botanical resources | Uncharged | Guar gum | E412 | from guar beans |
| obtained from non-marine botanical resources | Uncharged | Locust bean gum | E410 | from the seeds of the carob tree |
| obtained from non-marine botanical resources | Uncharged | Beta-glucan | | from oat or barley bran |
| obtained from non-marine botanical resources | Uncharged | Dammar gum | | from the sap of Dipterocarpaceae trees |
| obtained from non-marine botanical resources | Uncharged | Glucomannan | E425 | from the konjac plant |
| obtained from non-marine botanical resources | Uncharged | Psyllium seed husks | | from the Plantago plant |
| obtained from non-marine botanical resources | Uncharged | Tara gum | E417 | from the seeds of the tara tree |
| produced by bacterial fermentation | Polyelectrolytes | Gellan gum | E418 | |
| produced by bacterial fermentation | Polyelectrolytes | Xanthan gum | E415 | |
# Natural health product

The term natural health product (NHP) is used in Canada to describe substances such as vitamins and minerals, herbal medicines, homeopathic preparations, energy drinks, probiotics, and many alternative and traditional medicines. A 2010 survey showed that 73% of Canadians consume NHP on a regular basis. NHP are obtainable without a prescription and are required to be safe to be used as an over-the-counter product.

## Regulation

Natural health care products are currently regulated under the Natural Health Product Regulations, under the authority of the Food and Drugs Act. The regulations address the sale of natural health products, manufacture, packaging, labelling and importation for sale of natural health products, the distribution of natural health products, and the storage of natural health products. Under the regulations, all natural health products require a Natural Product Number (NPN), analogous to the Drug Identification Numbers (DINs) used to identify and monitor drugs in Canada.
Natural Health Products are defined in Canada as:
* Vitamins and mineralsSalt of Székely Land, 2014
* Herbal remedies
* Homeopathic medicines
* Traditional medicines such as traditional Chinese medicines
* Probiotics, and
* Other products like amino acids and essential fatty acids.

## Risks

NHPs are safe to consume and generally have less side effects than traditional drug medications. However, NHP are not risk free and have potential for some risks. These may come about from manufacturing problems (contamination, incorrect dose), misrepresented or unproven claims on the label, unexpected side effects (allergic reaction), or interaction with other medication/NHPs also being consumed. It has been reported that 12% of Canadians have experienced unwanted side effects due to the consumption of NHPs. It is recommended that you do your research and consult a health care professional if you are concerned with the potential risks.
# HMS Wild Swan

Two ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Wild Swan:
* HMS Wild Swan (1876) was an Osprey-class sloop launched in 1876. She was renamed HMS Clyde in 1904 while serving as a depot ship. She was renamed HMS Columbine in 1913, and was sold in 1920.
* HMS Wild Swan (D62) was an Admiralty Modified W-class destroyer launched in 1919. She was damaged in an air attack and then sunk in a collision with a fishing trawler in 1942.