OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Res extensa

Res extensa is one of the two substances described by René Descartes in his Cartesian ontology (often referred to as "radical dualism"), alongside res cogitans. Translated from Latin, "res extensa" means "extended thing" while the latter is described as "a thinking and unextended thing". Descartes often translated res extensa as "corporeal substance" but it is something that only God can create.

## Res extensa vs. res cogitans

Res extensa and res cogitans are mutually exclusive and this makes it possible to conceptualize the complete intellectual independence from the body. Res cogitans is also referred to as the soul and is related by thinkers such as Aristotle in his De Anima to the indefinite realm of potentiality. On the other hand, res extensa, are entities described by the principles of logic and are considered in terms of definiteness. Due to the polarity of these two concepts, the natural science focused on res extensa.
In the Cartesian view, the distinction between these two concepts is a methodological necessity driven by a distrust of the senses and the res extensa as it represents the entire material world. The categorical separation of these two, however, caused a problem, which can be demonstrated in this question: How can a wish (a mental event), cause an arm movement (a physical event)? Descartes has not provided any answer to this but Gottfried Leibniz proposed that it can be addressed by endowing each geometrical point in the res extensa with mind. Each of these points is within res extensa but they are also dimensionless, making them unextended.
In Descartes' substance–attribute–mode ontology, extension is the primary attribute of corporeal substance. He describes a piece of wax in the Second Meditation (see Wax argument). A solid piece of wax has certain sensory qualities. However, when the wax is melted, it loses every single apparent quality it had in its solid form. Still, Descartes recognizes in the melted substance the idea of wax.
# Paul R. Anderson

Paul R. Anderson (September 27, 1907 – January 31, 1993) was Temple University's fifth president as well as a former president of Chatham College.
# Pattern notcher

A pattern notcher is a common tool used in patternmaking and sewing that creates a notch in a paper pattern. Notches are used to align pattern pieces. Notches in the paper are more useful than marks on the paper as they allow the mark to be seen whether pattern paper is face up or face down.
# Paul Clark

Paul Clark may refer to:
* Paul Clark (composer) (born 1968), UK
* Paul Clark (designer) (born 1940), UK
* Paul Clark (educator) (born 1954), US
* Paul Clark (keyboardist) (born 1962), UK
* Paul Clark (poker player) (1947–2015)
* Paul Clark (Kentucky politician) (1932–2016)
* Paul Clark (British politician) (born 1957), British member of parliament
* Paul Clark (Christian musician)
* Paul Clark (footballer) (born 1958), England
* Paul Clark (presenter) (born 1953), Northern Ireland
* Paul Clark (judge) (1940–2008), UK
* Paul Clark (athlete) (born 1950s), Canadian Paralympian
* Paul F. Clark (1861–1932), Nebraska politician
* Paul Franklin Clark (1882–1983), US microbiologist
* Paul Leaman Clark, World War 2 beachmaster
** USCGC Paul Clark (WPC-1106), cutter
# Paul Clark (Christian musician)

Paul Clark is a musician who was involved in the Jesus music movement and early contemporary Christian music industry. He was born in Kansas City and recorded his first album in 1971, Songs from the Saviour Vol 1. Its songs became one of the first signs of the growing "Jesus movement" of the early 70s.
He went on to record further albums including Songs from the Savior - Volume Two, Come Into His Presence and Good To Be Home with Paul Clark and Friends (including Phil Keaggy, Jay Truax, John Mehler, Bill Speer, Mike Burhart, and others) then launched the award-winning 1977 album Hand to the Plow which was well received. In 1978 he released Change in the Wind and in 1980 with Aim for the Heart. The three albums had some jazz influences and were well-produced in the context of other Christian music of the time. Aim for the Heart featured Abraham Laboriel on bass along with Harlan Rogers, Hadley Hockensmith and Bill Maxwell and was jazz influenced. The four became members of Koinonia jazz band from 1982 until about 1990.
Clark is recognized as being one of the founding fathers of the Jesus Movement and the contemporary Christian music industry. During his 13-year association with Word Records in the 1970s and 1980s, Clark's songwriting, record producing and performances placed him in the forefront along with artists like Phil Keaggy, 2nd Chapter of Acts, Love Song, Larry Norman, Andraé Crouch, Honeytree, Keith Green, Randy Stonehill, Barry McGuire, and many notable others.

## Discography

* Songs from the Savior, Vol. 1 1972
* Songs from the Savior, Vol. 2 1972
* Come Into His Presence (Paul Clark and Friends) 1974
* Good To Be Home (Paul Clark and Friends) 1975
* Hand to the Plow 1976
* Change in the Wind 1978
* Aim for the Heart 1980
* New Horizon 1981
* Drawn to the Light 1982
* Out of the Shadow 1983
* Awakening from the Western Dream 1988
* When the Moon is Behind the Clouds 1992
* Private World 1995
* Resonate 1996
* Christmas 1998
* Call of the Canyon 2001
* Approaching Jerusalem 2009
* Down at the Whistle Stop 2014
* Branching Roots 2016
# Rhabdocoela

Rhabdocoela is an order of flatworms in the class Rhabditophora with about 1700 species described worldwide. The order was first described in 1831 by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg. Most of rhabdocoels are free-living organisms, but some live symbiotically with other animals.

## Description

Although Rhabdocoela is a highly supported group in molecular studies, there is no clear morphological synapomorphy that unites them. All rhabdocoels have a bulbous pharynx, but this is shared with other flatworm groups, such as Neodermata, Lecithoepitheliata and some species of Prolecithophora.
Some possibly identified synapomorphies are found in the ultrastructure of the protonephridial system, but similar constructions exist in other groups. Another possible apomorphy is found in the ultrastructure of the sperm, which has a dense heel on the basal bodies during spermiogenesis, but some groups have lost this feature.

## Classification

Rhabdocoels were traditionally classified in two groups, Dalyellioida and Typhloplanoida, although this system was suspected to be artificial. Later, molecular studies have shown that these groups were not monophyletic. One subgroup of Dalyellioida, Fecampiida, does not group within Rhabdocoela, but is closely related to Tricladida and Prolecithophora. The group Kalyptorhynchia, previously a subgroup of Thyphloplanoida, appears to be the sister-group of most other rhabdocoels, which form a clade named Dalytyphloplanida. Recently, a third group, Mariplanellida, was erected based on molecular phylogeny.

## Ecology

Most rhabdocoels are freshwater organisms. Some groups, such as typhloplanids, are predators, the main prey being cladocerans. Others feed on algae and may incorporate them in their tissues.
The temnocephalidans all live as ectosymbionts or parasites of other freshwater animals, such as arthropods, mollusks, and turtles.
# Renata Gustaitytė

Renata Gustaitytė (born 7 April 1974) is a Lithuanian athlete. She competed in the women's discus throw at the 2000 Summer Olympics.
# Research paper

Research paper may refer to:
* Academic paper (also called scholarly paper), which is in academic journals and contains original research results or reviews existing results or shows a totally new invention
* Capstone project or synthesis project, is a hands-on project, essay, or other document submitted in support of a candidature for a degree or professional qualification, written in a professional writing format, presenting from the perspective of a professional in the field as opposed to the perspective of an academic researcher or student who typically use an academic writing format.
* Position paper, an essay that represents the author's opinion
* Term paper, is a type of research paper written by high school or college students to fulfill course requirements.
* Thesis or dissertation, a document submitted in support of a candidature for a degree or professional qualification, presenting the author's research and findings
# Research on Language and Computation

Research on Language and Computation was a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal covering research in computational linguistics and natural language processing. It was established in 2003 and ceased publication in December 2010. The journal was published by Springer Science+Business Media.

## Abstracting and indexing

The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
* Bibliography of Linguistic Literature
* CompuScience
* CSA Linguistics and Language Behavior Abstracts
* Digital Mathematics Registry
* Scopus
# Paul Michelet

Paul Michelet (23 September 1880 – 20 November 1958) was a Norwegian horse rider. He was born in Halden. He competed at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, where he placed fourth in individual jumping. He also competed at the 1928 Summer Olympics.
# René Danesi

René Danesi (born 30 August 1947) is a French politician, elected a senator for Haut-Rhin in 2014.

## Biography

Danesi studied at Sciences Po Strasbourg.
Danesi was the mayor of Tagsdorf, Haut-Rhin from 1974 to 2017 as well as the 3rd vice-president of the Regional council of Alsace. A member of the UDI party, he was elected as a senator for Haut-Rhin on the list led by Catherine Troendlé on September 28th, 2014. He has sat within the UMP and The Republicans parliamentary groups. Between 2017 and 2018, Danesi was a member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe.
Dabesi supported candidate Nicolas Sarkozy in the open primary of the right and centre in 2016. Then he supported Laurent Wauquiez in the 2017 The Republicans leadership election which Wauquiez won.
# Reuter House

Reuter House may refer to either of two historic houses in the United States:
* Dr. J. A. Reuter House, The Dalles, Oregon
* Louis and Mathilde Reuter House, Austin, Texas
# Revue du Lyonnais

Revue du Lyonnais was a French scholarship review based in Lyon, established by Léon Boitel and published from 1835 to 1924. It was subtitled, recueil historique et littéraire. In 1852, Léon Boitel sold his printing press to Aimé Vingtrinier (1812-1903) who continued the publication of the review until 1880.
# Revue historique

The Revue historique is a French academic journal founded in 1876 by the Protestant Gabriel Monod and the Catholic Gustave Fagniez. The journal was founded as a reaction against the Revue des questions historiques created ten years earlier by Ultramontanists and Legitimists. The Revue historique has been published quarterly since 1937.
The founders of the Revue historique stated that the journal was not intended to promote any particular religion, party, or doctrine. Most of its contributors came from Protestant or free thinker circles. Fagniez resigned in 1881 to protest the attacks of the Revue against the Catholic Church. Charles Bémont was an editor for the Revue from 1876 and served as a co-director until 1939.
During the last quarter of the nineteenth century, the Revue's contributors included Charles Bayet, Arthur Giry, Camille Jullian, Gustave Bloch, Ernest Lavisse, Paul Guiraud and Ernest Havet.
In the 1920s, the Revue historique was edited by Louis Eisenmann.
The Revue originated the historical method known as l'École méthodique, which is particularly associated with the names of Charles-Victor Langlois et Charles Seignobos.
René Rémond was Honorary Director until his death in 2007, as was Jean Favier who succeeded him as Honorary Director until his death in 2014.
Sébastien Charléty and Pierre Renouvin were directors before WWII. Renouvin was the sole director for a long period after WWII. In 1967 he was a co-director with Georges Duby and also Maurice Crouzet, who had been the editor-in-chief since 1929.
# Pinar del Rey

Pinar del Rey may refer to:
* Pinar del Rey (Madrid), a ward (barrio) of Madrid, Spain
** Pinar del Rey (Madrid Metro), a railway station
* Pinar del Rey (park), in San Roque, Cádiz, Spain
# My Buddy: Sonny Stitt Plays for Gene Ammons

My Buddy: Sonny Stitt Plays for Gene Ammons is an album by saxophonist Sonny Stitt featuring selections associated with his fellow musician Gene Ammons recorded in 1975 and released on the Muse label in 1976.

## Reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
Allmusic reviewed the album calling it a "fine tribute album" and stating "this is a high-quality bop set".

## Track listing

* "You Can Depend On Me" (Charles Carpenter, Louis Dunlap, Earl Hines) - 7:13
* "Red Top" (Gene Ammons) - 4:01
* "Exactly Like You" (Dorothy Fields, Jimmy McHugh) - 4:55
* "My Buddy" (Walter Donaldson, Gus Kahn) - 6:12
* "Confirmation" (Charlie Parker) - 4:25
* "Blues for Brad and Kolax" (Sonny Stitt) - 7:05

## Personnel

* Sonny Stitt - alto saxophone, tenor saxophone
* Barry Harris - piano
* Sam Jones - bass
* Leroy Williams - drums
# Myrrhinitis sporeuta

Myrrhinitis sporeuta is a moth in the family Elachistidae, and the only species in the genus Myrrhinitis. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1913. It is found in South Africa.
# Ponthoile

Ponthoile (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Somme department of Hauts-de-France in northern France.

## Geography

Ponthoile is situated on the D235 road, some 15 km northwest of Abbeville, near the bay of the Somme.

## History

In 1346, during the Hundred Years War, English troops burnt and pillaged the towns of the Ponthieu on their way to the Battle of Crécy. Ponthoile was attacked on Saint-Barthélémy's day, 24 August, just two days before the battle, burning down the 12th-century church.
In the 13th century, there were 180 homes in Ponthoile, according to Dom Grenier. After the ravages of the wars against the English and Burgundians, according to English statistics, there were only 48. The population of Ponthoile subsequently increase slowly into the middle of the 19th century, before declining again, as farming became mechanisied and people left for the big cities

## Demography

| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1698 | 300 | — |
| 1772 | 399 | +0.39% |
| 1793 | 581 | +1.81% |
| 1831 | 727 | +0.59% |
| 1836 | 781 | +1.44% |
| 1851 | 878 | +0.78% |
| 1861 | 876 | −0.02% |
| 1901 | 851 | −0.07% |
| 1921 | 715 | −0.87% |
| 1946 | 661 | −0.31% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1962 | 629 | −0.31% |
| 1968 | 599 | −0.81% |
| 1975 | 537 | −1.55% |
| 1982 | 509 | −0.76% |
| 1990 | 502 | −0.17% |
| 1999 | 547 | +0.96% |
| 2007 | 603 | +1.23% |
| 2012 | 618 | +0.49% |
| 2017 | 615 | −0.10% |
Source: EHESS (1793-1999) and INSEE (1968-2017) :

## Main sights

* Memorial to the aviation pioneers, the brothers Caudron.
* Church of Saint Pierre. Badly damaged by two fires, it was decided, in 1836, to build a bigger, better church in brick and slate.
* Saint-Pierre Church.
* Caudron's Memorial.
* Lourdes Grotto.
* Chapel Fromentin, Romaine.
* Former railway station in Romaine.
* Roadsign in Morlay.
* Stork in Romaine.
# IRGC Fajr

The IRGC Fajr (فجر - "Dawn") was a light aircraft flown in Iran in 1988, intended for general military use including training, liaison, and reconnaissance. Of all-composite construction, it was claimed to be the first aircraft to be designed and built in that country, although it was speculated in the West that it may have been merely a Lancair homebuilt design constructed there.
# Harold Jacob Smith

Harold Jacob Smith (July 2, 1912 – December 28, 1970) was an American screenwriter. His screenplay for The Defiant Ones won the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay in 1958.

## Filmography
### Films

* Swiss Family Robinson: Lost in the Jungle (2000)
* Inherit the Wind (1999)
* The Defiant Ones (1986)
* The McMasters (1970)
* Inherit the Wind (1960)
* Enchanted Island (1958)
* The Defiant Ones (1958)
* The River's Edge (1957)
* It Came from Beneath the Sea (1955)
* Customs Agent (1950)
* Black Eagle (1948)
* Thunderhoof (1948)
* Dangerous Business (1946)
* Night Editor (1946)
* Music in Manhattan (1944)
* She's a Soldier Too (1944)
* Good Luck, Mr. Yates (1943)

### TV

* Celebrity Playhouse (1955)
* The Unexpected (1952)
* Stars Over Hollywood (1951)
# Helen Wong

Helen Wong (1925-2012) was a Hong Kong international lawn and indoor bowler.

## Bowls career

Wong won a gold medal in the 1977 World Outdoor Bowls Championship pairs in Worthing with Elvie Chok. Four years later she won a bronze medal in the singles and a silver medal in the team event (Taylor Trophy) at the 1981 World Outdoor Bowls Championship in Toronto. In 1985 she won a third world medal when winning a silver medal in the triples at the 1985 World Outdoor Bowls Championship in Melbourne with Sandra Zakoske and Rae O'Donnell.
She won the singles bronze medal at the inaugural 1985 Asia Pacific Bowls Championships.
Wong played bowls at the Craigengower CC Bowls Club and won the National singles title seven times in 1958, 1960, 1962, 1963, 1971, 1974 & 1978. She died in 2012.
# Pinsa

Pinsa or PINSA may refer to:
* Pensa, Burkina Faso
* Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy (PINSA)
* Pinsa (bread), a flatbread similar to pizza
# Hands Without Shadows 2 – Voices

Hands Without Shadows 2 – Voices (commonly abbreviated as HWS2) is the sixth studio album by American progressive metal musician Michael Angelo Batio, released on September 8, 2009. Unlike the majority of his previous albums, which were almost exclusively instrumental, HWS2 features vocal performances on all tracks. The album features a number of guest musicians, in addition to vocalist Warren Dunlevy, Jr. and drummer Joe Babiak, who previously performed on Batio's 2007 compilation album 2 X Again. The album features a bonus track entitled "MAB Forum Shreddathon", which includes guitar solos by members of the official MAB forum, written by Los Angeles–based metal guitarist and longtime forum member Maxxxwell Carlisle.

## Personnel

* Michael Angelo Batio – guitars
* Warren Dunlevy, Jr. – vocals
* Joe Babiak – drums
# Pio XII, Maranhão

Pio XII is a municipality in the state of Maranhão in the Northeast region of Brazil. The city gained international notoriety when Otávio Jordão da Silva, a referee at an amateur football match, was beheaded and quartered after he stabbed a player to death.
It is named after Pope Pius XII.
The municipality contains a small part of the Baixada Maranhense Environmental Protection Area, a 1,775,035.6 hectares (4,386,208 acres) sustainable use conservation unit created in 1991 that has been a Ramsar Site since 2000.
# Revista Colombiana de Química

The Revista Colombiana de Química (English: Colombian Journal of Chemistry) is an open access peer-reviewed scientific journal on chemistry published by the National University of Colombia. It publishes original contributions of applied and basic research on chemistry, including analytical, organic, inorganic, bio-, and physical chemistry. Articles are published in Spanish, with abstracts translated into English and Portuguese.

## Abstracting and indexing

The Revista Colombiana de Química is abstracted and indexed in Chemical Abstracts, Scopus, SciELO, Latindex, and Publindex (category A2).
# Graham Duxbury

Graham Duxbury (born 1 December 1954) is a South African racing driver, business man and motorsport commentator. Duxbury won the South African National Drivers Championship in 1982 engineered by Ken Howes, initially driving a March 78B, before taking delivery of a ground effect March 822. He won the Daytona 24 Hours in 1984 driving for Kreepy Krauly Racing, an all-South African team in a March 83G-Porsche again engineered by Howes. He shared the win with Sarel van der Merwe and Tony Martin.
In 2019, Duxbury was inaugurated into the South African Hall of fame, joining South African National Drivers Champions, Ian Scheckter and Wayne Taylor who have previously been honoured.
He is the chief executive officer of Duxbury Networking, a South African-based Specialist Networking Distributor.
# Nikki van Dijk

Nikki van Dijk (born 28 November 1994) is an Australian professional surfer. She has been a touring competitor in the World Surf League, the top flight of international professional surfing.

## Career

Van Dijk won the women's world junior title in 2012 in Bali. In 2013, she competed in the Association of Surfing Professionals' Qualifying Series; she ended her season by winning the Pantin Classic Galicia Pro in Spain, and qualified for the ASP Women's Championship Tour. As a rookie, van Dijk finished 13th on the 2014 Women's Samsung Galaxy Championship Tour.
Van Dijk continued to compete at the highest level of the sport through 2021 with the World Surf League, the successor to the ASP tour. In May 2015 she got her best result in a WSL CT competition in Fiji, moving into quarters. In 2021 she finished 13th on the WSL tour, below the automatic qualifying threshold for the 2022 season.
At the same time she was on tour, she competed in some Qualifying Series events. In June 2015 she won Los Cabos Open of Surfing at Zippers beach.
2015 was van Dijk's best year on the WSL tour, finishing the year with six quarter-finals in a row. She finished in 9th place for the season, and qualified to compete on the WSL tour again in 2016.

### Career highlights

| Surf Career Highlights |
| Year | Placed | Event |
| 2016 | 11th | World Surf League Ranking |
| 2016 | 3rd | Swatch Women’s Pro – California |
| 2015 | 9th | World Surf League Ranking |
| 2015 | 1st | Los Cabos Open of Surfing – Mexico |
| 2014 | 13th | World Surf League Ranking |
| 2014 | 13th | Women’s Samsung Galaxy Championship Tour |
| 2013 | 1st | Pantin Classic Galicia Pro - Spain |
| 2012 | 1st | World Junior Title - Bali |

## Sponsors

Van Dijk's sponsors have included Rip Curl, Channel Islands Surfboards, Oakley and Kommunity Project.
# William C. Cooper (actor)

William C. Cooper (1853 – 13 June 1918) was a British-born stage and film actor who made a career in silent-film in the United States.
Born as William C. Cowper in Manchester in England in 1853, he was educated in his home city. On moving to the USA he appeared with Charles Frohman, William Gillette and Lawrence Barrett among others, and later acted in his own plays of which he wrote 28 and produced nine. He later became a naturalised American citizen.
In about 1910 he moved into films, acting for such companied as Pathé, Famous Players, the Thanhouser Company and Metro Pictures. For Thanhouser he was Horace Holly in the 1911 film She (as William C. Cooper) and for Metro in 1916 he was the Father in Dimples (as William Cowper). Also as William Cowper he played The Artist in Gold Is Not All (1913) and, in 1915, Si Stork in Emmy of Stork's Nest, Tobias Rader in A Yellow Streak and Wulf Axtell in An Enemy to Society. For Mutual Film he acted in Our Mutual Girl (1914), while for Famous Players he was Elder Sprague in The Redemption of David Corson (1914). Cooper also appeared in Mother's Darling Little Boy [1914), Blown Upon (1915) and A Domestic Revolution (1915).
In directories for 1916-1918 Cooper was recorded as living at 987 Tinton Avenue in the Bronx in New York and listed his hobbies as horseback riding, swimming and boxing.
Will C. Cooper died in June 1918 and was buried in Evergreen Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York.
# Museum of African-American History

Museum of African-American History may refer to:
* National Museum of African American History and Culture, in Washington, D.C.
* DuSable Black History Museum and Education Center, in Chicago, Illinois
* African American Museum in Philadelphia in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
* African Meeting House, in Boston, Massachusetts
* Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History, in Detroit, Michigan
* Reginald F. Lewis Museum of Maryland African American History & Culture, in Baltimore, Maryland
# William Denman

William Denman may refer to:
* William Denman (judge) (1872–1959), Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
* William Denman (publisher) (1784–1870), New York newspaperman