OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Population exchange between Bulgaria and Romania

The population exchange between Bulgaria and Romania was a population exchange carried out in 1940 after the transfer of Southern Dobruja to Bulgaria by Romania. It involved 103,711 Romanians, Aromanians and Megleno-Romanians living in Southern Dobruja and 62,278 Bulgarians from Northern Dobruja. After this operation, the application of a population exchange in other cases such as Transylvania was considered.

## History

In 1913, the Kingdom of Romania conquered Southern Dobruja after the Bulgarian defeat in the Second Balkan War. The country had already acquired Northern Dobruja in 1878. This sparked revisionist feelings in Bulgaria. Following the occupation of the Romanian regions of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina by the Soviet Union in June 1940, Romania sought protection among the Axis powers, but it was demanded to first resolve its territorial disputes with its neighbors. Thus, on 30 August, Romania ceded Northern Transylvania to Hungary in the Second Vienna Award, while at the Treaty of Craiova of 7 September, Romania returned Southern Dobruja to Bulgaria.
Unlike Northern Transylvania, Southern Dobruja was seen as much less important by Romanian nationalists. Those ethnic Romanians who remained in Northern Transylvania were encouraged to remain there, and some nationalists promised to reconquer the region. On the other hand, in Southern Dobruja, the Romanian authorities insisted on carrying out a population exchange with Bulgaria. A total of 103,711 Romanians living in the region were transferred to Romania, while 62,278 Bulgarians native to Northern Dobruja were evacuated to Bulgaria. The Aromanian settlers, most of whom were native to Greece, were counted as Romanians and therefore left the zone as well. The same thing happened to the Megleno-Romanians from the region. These were settled in the village of Cerna, where they replaced the native Bulgarian population. The population exchange was carried out in compliance with the international laws of the time. Romania also proposed to exchange the rest of their respective minorities still residing outside Dobruja in the two countries, but Bulgaria did not approve this.
After the population exchange, in Romania, out of the 21,897 mostly peasant families that arrived, 11,678 were settled in Northern Dobruja, while the rest were settled in groups all over the country where land was available for them.

## Aftermath

The population exchange, perceived by some Romanian government figures of the time as a success, gave the idea more popularity in Romania. In fact, some people like Sabin Manuilă planned to carry out another one between Hungary and Romania to solve the Transylvanian dispute, but this never happened.
# 167th meridian west

Download coordinates as:
* KML
* GPX (all coordinates)
* GPX (primary coordinates)
* GPX (secondary coordinates)
The meridian 167° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.
The 167th meridian west forms a great circle with the 13th meridian east.

## From Pole to Pole

Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 167th meridian west passes through:
    Co-ordinates Country, territory or sea Notes 90°0′N 167°0′W﻿ / ﻿90.000°N 167.000°W﻿ / 90.000; -167.000﻿ (Arctic Ocean) Arctic Ocean 71°48′N 167°0′W﻿ / ﻿71.800°N 167.000°W﻿ / 71.800; -167.000﻿ (Chukchi Sea) Chukchi Sea Passing just west of Point Hope, Alaska, United States (at 68°21′N 166°50′W﻿ / ﻿68.350°N 166.833°W﻿ / 68.350; -166.833﻿ (Point Hope)) 66°33′N 167°0′W﻿ / ﻿66.550°N 167.000°W﻿ / 66.550; -167.000﻿ (Bering Sea) Bering Sea 66°0′N 167°0′W﻿ / ﻿66.000°N 167.000°W﻿ / 66.000; -167.000﻿ (United States)  United States Alaska — Seward Peninsula 65°22′N 167°0′W﻿ / ﻿65.367°N 167.000°W﻿ / 65.367; -167.000﻿ (Bering Sea) Bering Sea 60°13′N 167°0′W﻿ / ﻿60.217°N 167.000°W﻿ / 60.217; -167.000﻿ (United States)  United States Alaska — Nunivak Island 59°59′N 167°0′W﻿ / ﻿59.983°N 167.000°W﻿ / 59.983; -167.000﻿ (Bering Sea) Bering Sea 53°57′N 167°0′W﻿ / ﻿53.950°N 167.000°W﻿ / 53.950; -167.000﻿ (United States)  United States Alaska — Unalaska Island 53°25′N 167°0′W﻿ / ﻿53.417°N 167.000°W﻿ / 53.417; -167.000﻿ (Pacific Ocean) Pacific Ocean The meridian defines the eastern maritime boundary of the Cook Islands from 8°0′S 167°0′W﻿ / ﻿8.000°S 167.000°W﻿ / -8.000; -167.000 to 23°0′S 167°0′W﻿ / ﻿23.000°S 167.000°W﻿ / -23.000; -167.000 60°0′S 167°0′W﻿ / ﻿60.000°S 167.000°W﻿ / -60.000; -167.000﻿ (Southern Ocean) Southern Ocean 78°28′S 167°0′W﻿ / ﻿78.467°S 167.000°W﻿ / -78.467; -167.000﻿ (Antarctica) Antarctica Ross Dependency, claimed by New Zealand
# PK-75 Peshawar-IV

PK-75 Peshawar-IV (پی کے-75 پشاور-4) is a constituency for the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.

## Members of Assembly
### 2018-2022 PK-69 Peshawar-IV

| Election | Election | Member | Party |
| | 2018 | Syed Muhammad Ishtiaq | PTI |

## Elections 2018

Syed Muhammad Ishtiaq of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf won the seat by getting 17,652 votes.
Provincial election 2018: PK-69 Peshawar-IV :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | PTI | Syed Muhammad Ishtiaq | 17,652 | 29.11 |
| | Independent | Arbab Muhammad Usman Khan | 12,388 | 20.43 |
| | MMA | Khalid Waqar | 8,581 | 14.15 |
| | ANP | Saqib Ullah Khan | 8,548 | 14.09 |
| | PPP | Muhammad Sharif | 5,920 | 9.76 |
| | TLP | Naushad Khan | 3,898 | 6.43 |
| | Independent | Shakeel Afridi | 2,976 | 4.91 |
| | QWP | Israr Khan | 359 | 0.59 |
| | Independent | Others (2 Independents) | 326 | 0.54 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 63,386 | 46.80 |
| Valid ballots | Valid ballots | Valid ballots | 60,648 | 95.68 |
| Rejected ballots | Rejected ballots | Rejected ballots | 2,738 | 4.32 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 5,264 | 8.68 |
| Registered electors | Registered electors | Registered electors | 1,35,445 | |
| | PTI win (new seat) | PTI win (new seat) | PTI win (new seat) | PTI win (new seat) |
# Progressive-Conservative (candidate)

The label Progressive-Conservative was used by some candidates for the House of Commons of Canada in the 1925, 1926, 1930 and 1935 federal elections. The term probably indicates that these candidates were supporters of both the Progressive Party of Canada and the Conservative Party.
In 1942, the Conservative Party renamed itself the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada when the former Progressive Premier of Manitoba, John Bracken, became the party leader. Most Progressives, however, had previously joined the Liberal Party of Canada.
The only Progressive-Conservative candidate to be elected to the House of Commons was Errick Willis.
Willis first sought election to the House of Commons of Canada in the 1926 federal election as a Progressive-Conservative candidate in the riding of Souris, Manitoba. He was defeated by Progressive candidate James Steedman, who won 6,105 votes to Willis’ 4,946 votes.
In the 1930 federal election, Willis, again running as a "Progressive-Conservative" defeated Steedman 6,252 to 5,780.
After serving in the Conservative back-benches for five years, Willis sought re-election as a "Progressive-Conservative", but was defeated in the 1935 federal election by George William Macdonald, running as a Liberal-Progressive candidate. Willis lost by only three votes, placing second out of four candidates, with 4,501 votes (42.5% of the total).
Willis later became leader of the Manitoba Conservative Party in 1936, and served until 1954, by which time it had taken the name, "Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba".
# Xenopathia novaki

Xenopathia novaki is a moth in the family Blastobasidae. It is found in Croatia, Greece and on Corsica.
# Porta Romana, Siena

Porta Romana is one of the portals in the medieval Walls of Siena. It is located on Via Cassia in Siena, region of Tuscany, Italy. The gate exits near the Basilica of San Clemente and leads south out of town to Via Enea Silvio Piccolomini. 43°18′48″N 11°20′22″E﻿ / ﻿43.313264°N 11.339478°E﻿ / 43.313264; 11.339478

## History

The gate was built in 1327-1328 by Agnolo di Ventura and Agostino di Giovanni, and has a crenellated roofline with machicolation in front gate. The gate is complex, with two separate portals, separated by a small inner court, with the inner gatehouse taller than the outer one. The large arches are faced with travertine marble. The courtyard is surrounded by arrowslits. It was likely that the gate doors could be opened sequentially. The outer portal has a round bas-relief with the Roman Catholic IHS Christogram inside a sun symbol (San Bernardino Christogram).
In 1417, Taddeo di Bartolo was commissioned to paint the Madonna icon on the inner portal, dedicated to the protection of the city. The painting was further retouched by Sassetta and later Sano di Pietro who completed it in 1466. The painting depicted a Glory of Angels in lower arches, and a Coronation of the Virgin in the central arch. Due to the state of decay, the remaining fresco was transferred in 1978 to the Basilica of San Francesco, Siena.
# North Coast Conference

The North Coast Conference is a high school athletic conference for private schools in Greater Cleveland, Ohio. The conference began play in the 2024–25 school year.

## Members

| School | Nickname | Location | Colors | Tenure | Notes |
| Beaumont School | Bluestreaks | Cleveland Hts. | Blue & White | 2024– | Girls' sports only |
| Cuyahoga Valley Christian Academy | Royals | Cuyahoga Falls | Blue & White | 2024– | |
| Elyria Catholic High School | Panthers | Elyria | Green & White | 2024– | |
| Holy Name High School | Green Wave | Parma Hts. | Green & White | 2024– | |
| Lake Catholic High School | Cougars | Mentor | Forest Green & Gray | 2024– | |
| Notre Dame-Cathedral Latin High School | Lions | Chardon | Blue & Gold | 2024– | |
| Padua Franciscan High School | Bruins | Parma | Brown & White | 2024– | |

## History

The North Coast Conference was established on May 31, 2023, by seven Cleveland-area high schools: Beaumont, Lake Catholic, Notre Dame-Cathedral Latin (NDCL), and Padua Franciscan moved from the disbanding Crown Conference; Elyria Catholic and Holy Name moved from the Great Lakes Conference, and Cuyahoga Valley Christian Academy (CVCA) moved from the Principals Athletic Conference.
All schools except CVCA were also members of the former North Coast League, which played from 1984 to 2020.

## Rivalries

Holy Name Green Wave vs Padua Franciscan Bruins
Lake Catholic Cougars vs Notre Dame-Cathedral Latin Lions
# Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 100

Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 100 (P. Oxy. 100 or P. Oxy. I 100) is a declaration on oath written in Greek and discovered in Oxyrhynchus. The manuscript was written on papyrus in the form of a sheet. The document was written on 8 April 133. Currently it is housed at the Edinburgh University Library in Edinburgh.

## Description

The recto of the document contains a declaration on oath, addressed to the agoranomi. In it, Marcus Antonius Dius announces the sale of four pieces of land in the Cretan and Jewish quarter of Oxyrhynchus to three parties jointly. The price paid was 2200 drachmae. Dius also declares the land to be free of mortgages. The verso of the document contains part of an account. The measurements of the fragment are 273 by 158 mm.
It was discovered by Grenfell and Hunt in 1897 in Oxyrhynchus. The text was published by Grenfell and Hunt in 1898.
# Coles Creek State Park

Coles Creek State Park is a 1,800-acre (7.3 km$^2$) state park located on the Saint Lawrence River on the west bank of Coles Creek. The park is in the Town of Waddington in St. Lawrence County, New York.

## Park description

Coles Creek State Park offers a beach, picnic tables with pavilions, a nature trail, recreation programs, seasonal waterfowl and deer hunting, fishing and ice fishing, a marina and boat launch with dockage and boat rentals, and a food concession. The park also includes a campground with 232 tent and trailer sites, 147 of which include electric hookups.
# Russellysin

Russellysin (EC 3.4.24.58, Russell's viper venom factor X activator, RVV-X, blood-coagulation factor X activating enzyme, metalloproteinase RVV-x, Vipera russelli proteinase, Russell's viper blood coagulation factor X activator, RVV-V) is an enzyme. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
    Specifically activates several components of the blood clotting system, including coagulation factor X, coagulation factor IX and protein C by cleavage of -Arg- bonds. Has no action on insulin B chain
This enzyme is present in the venom of Russell's viper (Vipera russelli).
# 167th meridian

167th meridian may refer to:
* 167th meridian east, a line of longitude east of the Greenwich Meridian
* 167th meridian west, a line of longitude west of the Greenwich Meridian
| 167°class=notpageimage| 167th meridian west | 167°class=notpageimage| 167th meridian east |
# Hermine Körner

Hermine Körner (30 May 1878 in Berlin - 14 December 1960) was a German actress, director and theater manager.

## Early life

Körner was the fifth child of teacher and zoologist William Stader and Emilie Luyken. The father departed in 1880 on a lecture tour in the U.S. from which he did not return, he died on 28 February 1888 in Reading. The widowed mother moved with her five children from Berlin to her parents' house in Altenkirchen (Westerwald), where Körner spent her childhood. She studied piano at the Wiesbaden Conservatory from 1896 under Max Reger.

## Career

In Wiesbaden, she discovered her passion for the theater, which she shared with her lover, the Austrian officer Franz Ferdinand Körner. She married Körner on 23 December 1897. With the assistance of her father-in-law August Körner, an influential Viennese banker, she was given the opportunity to audition for the director general of the Vienna Court Opera. Körner debuted in 1898 at Vienna's Burgtheater and eventually obtained an engagement at the Emperor's Jubilee Theatre. From 1905 to 1909 Körner played in the Düsseldorfer Schauspielhaus under Louise Dumont and her husband Gustav Lindemann, but went to the Court Theatre in 1909 in Dresden. In 1915, Max Reinhardt brought her to the Deutsches Theater in Berlin. In Stuttgart and Hamburg, she directed and stood on the stage, from 1919 to 1925 she was director in Dresden and Munich Schauspielhaus. Körner continued to play with Gustaf Gründgens at the Prussian State Theater in Berlin. Körner last lived in Berlin-Wilmersdorf. She was buried in the Zehlendorf cemetery.

## Selected filmography

* Man by the Wayside (1923)
* A Prussian Love Story (1938)
* Friedemann Bach (1941)
* The Lost Face (1948)
# Gymnallabes typus

Gymnallabes typus is a species of airbreathing catfish found in Benin, Cameroon and Nigeria. It occurs in the delta and the lower reaches of the Niger River as well as the Cross River. It reaches a length of 23.0 cm (9.1 inches) TL.
# Norman Giles

Norman Henry Giles (August 6, 1915 – October 16, 2006) was an American microbial geneticist who studied mutations of Neurospora crassa.
Norman H. Giles was a pioneer in genetics research. He was a member of the Botany Department at Yale University starting as an Instructor in Botany and rising to Professor of Biology (1951-1961). He then became Professor of Genetics (1961-1972). In 1972 Giles accepted a professorship at the University of Georgia where he established an active program in genetics that in 1980 became the Department of Genetics. He retired in 1986. Giles made important scientific contributions in the areas of intragenic complementation, gene conversion and analysis of gene clusters. His early work on intragenic complementation led to the insight that complementation between allelic mutants is of widespread occurrence and likely involves interactions occurring in the cytoplasm between defective gene products, that is between polypeptides. This early insight led to numerous further studies of intragenic complementation that amplified this initial insight (see for example).

## Notable papers

* 1940: "The effects of fast neutrons on the chromosomes of Tradescantia". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 26:567-575.
* 1948: With E. Z. Lederberg, "Induced reversions of biochemical mutants in Neurospora crassa". Am. J. Bot. 35:150-157.
* 1950: With H. P. Riley, "Studies on the mechanism of oxygen effect on the radiosensitivity of Tradescantia chromosomes". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 36:337-344.
* 1950: With A. V. Beatty, "The effect of x-irradiation in oxygen and in hydrogen at normal and positive pressures on chromosome aberration frequency in Tradescantia microspores". Science 112:643-645.
* 1951: "Studies on the mechanism of reversion in biochemical mutants of Neurospora crassa". Cold Spring Harb. Sym. 16:283-313.
* 1956: "Forward and back mutation at specific loci in Neurospora". Brookhaven Sym. Biol. 8:103-125.
* 1957: With C. W. H. Partridge and N. J. Nelson, "The genetic control of adenylosuccinase in Neurospora crassa". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 43:305-317.
* 1957: With E. H. Y. Chu, "A study of primate chromosome complements". Am. Nat. 91:273-282.
* 1958: With M. E. Case, "Evidence from tetrad analyses for both normal and aberrant recombination between allelic mutants in Neurospora crassa". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 44:378-390.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Case ME, Giles NH. COMPARATIVE COMPLEMENTATION AND GENETIC MAPS OF THE PAN-2 LOCUS IN NEUROSPORA CRASSA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1960 May;46(5):659-76. doi: 10.1073/pnas.46.5.659. PMID: 16590655; PMCID: PMC222889
* ↑ CRICK FH, ORGEL LE. THE THEORY OF INTER-ALLELIC COMPLEMENTATION. J Mol Biol. 1964 Jan;8:161-5. doi: 10.1016/s0022-2836(64)80156-x. PMID: 14149958
# Needle lace

Needle lace is a type of lace created using a needle and thread to create hundreds of small stitches to form the lace itself.

## Origins

The origins of needle lace date back to the 15th century and embroidery. Cutwork and drawn work were developed to add interest to white on white embroidery, and the methods used in these techniques led to needle lace. $^{:56–57}$ A second expert puts the development of needle lace in the following century, the 16th, in Italy, also stemming from embroidery, the openwork on linen technique called reticella. To show off their wealth in that period in Italy, the aristocracy favored wearing rich cloth embellished by embroidery and braid. As the century progressed, the small areas that were cut from the fabric to highlight the needle lace were replaced by much larger areas of cutwork. The needlework was dependent on remaining threads running vertically and horizontally, leaving squares and rectangles, which led to geometric designs.$^{:17}$
Venice was a center of needle lace making in the 1400s, as documented by official records. In the 1500s, city officials decreed that young men in Venice were prohibited from lace wearing until they had turned 25.$^{:57–58}$ Lace was a prized possession, appearing in lists of people's assets.$^{:57–58}$

## Materials

A variety of styles developed where the work is started by securing heavier guiding threads onto a stiff background (such as thick paper) with stitches that can later be removed. The work is then built up using a variety of stitches—the most basic being a variety of buttonhole or blanket stitch. When the entire area is covered with the stitching, the stay-stitches are released and the lace comes away from the paper.
Needle lace is also used to create the fillings or insertions in cutwork.

## Structure

In its basic form, the only equipment and materials used are a needle, thread and scissors. Often there is a supporting substrate that is used to tether the outline stitches for the basic framework, and then many types of stitches will fill in the open spaces subsequently. Many different needle lace styles and traditions have developed over the centuries, and distinctive stitches can characterize different styles. Many needle lace texts are available to assist contemporary lacemakers to reproduce the classic stitches. Modern lacemakers can also explore contemporary design and novel uses for needle lace beyond the traditional reproduction work.
The Royal School of Needlework contains a stitch library of many types of stitching, including some needle lace techniques. For example, Hollie Point structure and steps can be examined in detail.
# Papyrus Larousse Britannica

The Papyrus Larousse Britannica (Πάπυρος Larousse Britannica) is a Greek language encyclopedia of 61 volumes, based on the French encyclopedia Grand Larousse encyclopédique and the English Encyclopædia Britannica.
# Joe Critchlow

Joe Critchlow (born July 4, 1944) is a former Canadian football player who played for the Montreal Alouettes and Winnipeg Blue Bombers of the Canadian Football League. He was one of 11 All Division players on the 1972 Blue Bombers and was on the 1974 Grey Cup champion Alouettes team. He played college football at Southeast Missouri State University.
# Râmna (Putna)

The Râmna is a right tributary of the river Putna in Romania. It discharges into the Putna near Răstoaca. Its length is 66 km (41 mi) and its basin size is 415 km$^2$ (160 sq mi).
# 1915 Tie Cup final

The 1915 Tie Cup Final was the final match to decide the winner of the Tie Cup, the 16th. edition of the international competition organised by the Argentine and Uruguayan Associations together. The final was contested by Argentine Porteño and Uruguayan Nacional,
In the match, played at Gimnasia y Esgrima Stadium in Palermo, Buenos Aires, Nacional beat Porteño 2–0, winning its second Tie Cup tournament.

## Qualified teams

| Team | Qualification | Previous final app. |
| Porteño | 1915 Copa de Competencia Jockey Club champion | (none) |
| Nacional | 1915 Copa de Competencia (Uruguay) champion | 1913 |
* Bold indicates winning years

## Overview

Porteño earned its place in the final as the winner of 1915 Copa de Competencia Jockey Club, where the team beat Hispano Argentino (2–1 as visitor), Tigre (6–1 at Atlanta), Huracán (5–2 in extra time), River Plate (2–1), Rosario A.C. (1–0 in palermo) and finally, Primera División champion Racing in the final (2–1 also in Palermo).
Fans waited for the match with great expectations due to the great performance of Porteño in the local competition cup. The match was held in Gimnasia y Esgrima on 31 October, 1915, with a huge attendance of 8,000. Nevertheless, it was Nacional the team that opened the score when on 30 minutes, Carlos Scarone shot but the ball hit the goal post. As Porteño goalkeeper Rithner could not catch the ball on time, Pablo Dacal anticipated him to score the first goal of the match.
Only four minutes later, Nacional scored for second time when Somma made a long pass to Scarone, who shot to the goal. With no goals scored in the second half, Nacional won its second tie Cup trophy. According to what the press of the time reported, Nacional was a fair winner.

## Match details

| Porteño | Nacional |
| GK | Juan José Rithner |
| DF | R. González Escarrá |
| DF | O. Beltrame |
| MF | J. Ayala |
| MF | E. Uslenghi |
| MF | V. Abadia |
| FW | E. Galup Lanús |
| FW | C. Izaguirre |
| FW | A. Piaggio |
| FW | M. Garat |
| FW | M. Genoud |
| GK | Santiago Demarchi |
| DF | Francisco Castelino |
| DF | Alfredo Foglino |
| MF | Alberto Olivari |
| MF | Abdón Porte |
| MF | José Vanzzino |
| FW | Pascual Somma |
| FW | Pablo Dacal |
| FW | Ángel Romano |
| FW | Carlos Scarone |
| FW | José Brachi |
# Progressive Democratic Party of the North

The Progressive Democratic Party of the North was a political party in Luxembourg.

## History

The party was established by liberals in the north of Luxembourg and was linked to the Radical Socialist Party. It was led by former National Independent Party MP Nicholas Mathieu.
In the 1931 elections it received 5.3% of the vote, winning a single seat. It did not contest the partial elections of 1934, as its seat was not up for election. By the 1937 elections Mathieu was head of a new party, the Liberal Party.