OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Icelandic units of measurement

A number of units of measurement were used in Iceland to measure length, mass, area, capacity, etc. Since 1907, the metric system has been compulsory in Iceland.

## Unit system before the metric system

A number of units were used and these units were analogues to Danish.

### Length

A number of units were used in Iceland to measure length. One foot (fet) was equal to 0.31385 m and one nautical mile (sjómíla) was equal to 1,855 m, as they were defined by their metric equivalents. Some other units are given below:
* 1 line (lína) = 1⁄144 feet
* 1 inch (þumlungur) = 1⁄12 feet
* 1 ell (alin) = 2 feet
* 1 fathom (faðmur) = 6 feet
* 1 mile (míla á landi or landmíla) = 24,000 feet
* Þingmannaleið = 20,000 faðmar = 120,000 feet

### Mass

A number of units were used to measure mass. One pound (pund) was equal to 0.5 kg as it was defined by its metric equivalent. Some other units are given below:
* 1 mark (mörk) = 1⁄2 pound
* 1 fisk = 8 pounds
* 1 fierding = 40 pounds
* 1 liespund = 64 pounds
* 1 barrel of butter (tunna smjörs) = 224 pounds
* 1 skippund = 320 pounds
* 1 batt = 320 pounds

### Area

A number of units were used to measure area. One square fathom was equal to 3.546 m$^2$ and one square mile was equal to 56.7383 km$^2$, as they were defined by their metric equivalents. Some other units are given below:
* 1 square inches = 1⁄5,184 square fathom
* 1 square feet = 1⁄36 square fathom
* 1 square alin = 1⁄9 square fathom
* 1 túndagslátta = 900 square fathom
* 1 engjateigur = 1,600 square fathom

### Volume

A number of units were used to measure capacity. One pot (pottur) was equal to 0.9661 L as it was defined by its metric equivalent. Some other units are given below:
* 1 kornskeppa = 18 pots
* 1 anker = 39 pots
* 1 general barrel (almenn tunna) = 120 pots
* 1 barrel of ale (öltunna) = 136 pots
* 1 korntunna = 144 pots
# Plácido Otilia family

The Plácido Otilia family is a Mexican family which specializes in the making of traditional musical instruments for the Huapango music of the La Huasteca region.(grandes) The family lives in Texquitote, Matlapa, San Luis Potosí and headed by patriarch Eustacio Plácido Otilia, an ethnic Nahua.
The family produces mostly string instruments such as violins, jaranas, tiny guitars called mosquitos, ravelitos and quintas, known for the quality of the sound. They are particularly known for their charangos, a guitar like instrument backed by an armadillo shell.
Eustacio Plácido Otilia learned the craft from his father and has continued the tradition, teaching generations of his family as well as others in the community, giving classes at the local Juan Sarabia School.
The family prefer to work with fine woods such as cedar, palo escrito and palo de rosa, matching the size of the raw wood to that of the finished product, in order to get the best sound.
The family was named as “grand masters” by the Fomento Cultural Banamex in the 2000s. In 2010, Eustacio placed third in musical instruments at the XXXV Edición Gran Premio Nacional de Arte Popular Bicentenario 2010 sponsored by FONART and third in the same category at the Gran Premio de Arte Popular 2010 sponsored by SEDESOL and others. The latter award was for a “teponaxtle” a pre Hispanic instrument used during droughts to call rain in the San Luis Potosí part of the Huasteca region.
# Kiprusoff

Kiprusoff is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Marko Kiprusoff (born 1972), Finnish ice hockey player
* Miikka Kiprusoff (born 1976), Finnish ice hockey player, brother of Marko
# PBS-1 silencer

The PBS-1 is a silencer designed for the 7.62x39mm AKM variant of the Soviet AK-47 assault rifle in the Kalashnikov rifle family. It is 40 mm (1.6 in) in diameter and 200 mm (7.9 in) long.

## History

The PBS-1 silencer, designed for use with the AKM to reduce the noise when firing, was introduced in the 1960s, and was used mostly by Spetsnaz forces and the KGB. They were used by the Spetsnaz in the Soviet–Afghan War in the 1980s, requiring the use of the AKM (modernized variant of the AK-47), because the newer AK-74 did not have a silencer available. Until a variant of the AK74, the AKS-74UB adapted for use with the PBS-4 suppressor (used in combination with subsonic 5.45×39mm Russian ammunition).
The PBS-1 is a two-chambered silencer using baffles and a rubber wipe. It was designed for use in conjunction with subsonic rifle ammunition. The PBS-1 has been extensively tested by the United States Army Foreign Weapons Test Lab. The rubber wipe requires replacement after 20–25 rounds. With a rubber wipe in place the PBS-1 reliably reduces the sound of an AKM discharge by 15 dB, which make the noise between 130—135 dB.

## Gallery

* PBS-1 fitted on an AKM.
* An AKMS fitted with a PBS-1.
# Pet Engine

Pet Engine was an alternative/power-pop band that formed in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in the early 1990s under the name "Blackfish" until a Florida-based "Blackfish" achieved success and forced a name change. Although they never achieved widespread commercial success, Pet Engine did release three albums and one EP on its label, Don't Records. The singles "Place to Breathe", "Reinventing the Wheel" and "Popular Teenage Disease" achieved a moderate amount of radio play in several American radio markets. The band was included on the Aware Records compilation volume 8 which also featured up-and-coming artists John Mayer and Howie Day. During their career, P.E. served as support for Oasis, Lemonheads, Goo Goo Dolls, Violent Femmes, Blind Melon, Verve Pipe and Mason Jennings among others. Their last official performance before a series of reunions came at Summerfest playing with Fountains of Wayne and Wilco. The band achieved a cult following in the Milwaukee music scene, often playing with popular Milwaukee bands like Citizen King and The Gufs, and were a regular act at Milwaukee's Summerfest for several years. Although Pet Engine broke up in early 2003, they were briefly reunited when they played at Summerfest 2006.

## Discography

* Hearts And Bones And Voices (1994)
* Musicalbum EP (1995)
* Feeling Like a Hundred Bucks (Don't Records, 1997)
* Megahurtz (Don't Records, 2000)

## Compilations

* Uncharted - 1991 (as "Blackfish")
* Son of Uncharted - 1993 (as "Blackfish")
* Made In Wisconsin - 1997
* Gag Me With A Spoon - 1994
* Aware Records The Compilation Vol. 8- 2000

## Members

* Steve Ziel - Vocals/Guitar
* Clem Blanding - Bass
* Al Hildebrand - Guitar
* Micah Havertape - Drums

## Past members

Dan Andera - Drums (1993-1996) Matt Schroeder - Guitar (1990-1994) Dan Schroeder - Drums (1990 - 1992)
# Vendetta

Vendetta may refer to:

## Film

* Vendetta (1919 film), a film featuring Harry Liedtke
* Vendetta (1950 film), an American drama produced by Howard Hughes
* Vendetta (1986 film), an American action film
* Vendetta (1995 film), a Swedish film
* Vendetta (1996 film), a film featuring Richard Lynch
* Vendetta (1999 film), an HBO crime drama
* Vendetta (2013 film), a British film
* Vendetta (2015 film), an American film
* Vendetta (2017 film), an American pornographic film
* Vendetta (2022 film), an action thriller starring Bruce Willis

## Literature

* La Vendetta (novel), a novel by Honoré de Balzac
* Vendetta (Dibdin novel), by Michael Dibdin
* Vendetta (Star Trek), a novel by Peter David
* Vendetta: Lucky's Revenge, a novel by Jackie Collins
* Vendetta, a novel by Derek Lambert
* Vendetta!, an 1886 novel by Marie Corelli
* "A Vendetta", an 1883 short story by Guy de Maupassant

## Music

* Vendetta Records, a record label

### Bands

* Vendetta (German band), a metal group
* Vendetta (Spanish band), a ska/punk rock band
* Vendetta, a punk band in Brazil

### Albums

* Vendetta (Mic Geronimo album)
* Vendetta: First Round, an EP by Ivy Queen
* Vendetta (Ivy Queen album)
* Vendetta (Throwdown album)
* Vendetta (Zemfira album)

### Songs

* "Vendetta", a song by Slipknot from All Hope Is Gone
* "Vendetta", a song by Andy Mineo from Uncomfortable

## Television

* Vendetta (British TV series), a 1966–1968 BBC series starring Neil McCallum and Stelio Candelli
* Vendetta (TV series), a 2016 Armenian romantic drama television series
* "Vendetta" (Arrow), a 2012 episode of Arrow
* "Vendetta" (Batman: The Animated Series), a 1992 episode of Batman: The Animated Series
* "The Vendetta" (Dynasty), a 1986 episode of Dynasty
* "Vendetta" (Warehouse 13), a 2010 episode of Warehouse 13
* Vendetta (Making Fiends), a character in Making Fiends
* "Vendetta" (Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.: Slingshot)

## Video games

* Vendetta (1989 video game), a video game by System 3
* Vendetta (1991 video game), an arcade game by Konami
* Vendetta Online, a 2004 science fiction MMORPG
* Vendetta, a mission in Call of Duty: World at War.

## Other uses

* HMAS Vendetta (D69), a V-class destroyer commissioned into the Royal Navy in 1917
* HMAS Vendetta (D08), a Daring-class destroyer commissioned in 1958
* Vendetta, a perfume by Valentino
* Vendetta, a guitar by Dean Guitars

## People with the surname

* David Vendetta (born 1968), French DJ
# 1936 Western Reserve Red Cats football team

The 1936 Western Reserve Red Cats football team represented Western Reserve University, now known as Case Western Reserve University, during the 1936 college football season. The team was led by second-year head coach Bill Edwards, assisted by Roy A. "Dugan" Miller and George Brown. Notable players included Frank "Doc" Kelker, Ray Zeh, Phil Ragazzo, Gene Myslenski, and Albie Litwak. The team went undefeated beating opponents by a combined 244-28, the defense posting six shutouts.
The annual Thanksgiving Day rivalry game against Case was postponed due to heavy snow.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance |
| September 19 | vs. Findlay* | Harding StadiumWarren, OH | W 59–0 | 4,000 |
| September 26 | vs. Bowling Green* | Massillon FieldMassillon, OH | W 40–0 | 3,000 |
| October 3 | at Akron* | Buchtel FieldAkron, OH | W 14–0 | 9,600 |
| October 10 | Ohio Wesleyan* | League ParkCleveland, OH | W 20–12 | 6,000 |
| October 17 | Baldwin–Wallace | League ParkCleveland, OH | W 20–6 | 18,000 |
| October 24 | at Toledo* | Libbey Field StadiumToledo, OH | W 14–0 | 4,000 |
| October 31 | at Dayton* | Dayton StadiumDayton, OH | W 19–7 | 5,000 |
| November 7 | John Carroll | League ParkCleveland, OH | W 19–0 | 7,500 |
| November 14 | West Virginia* | League ParkCleveland, OH | W 7–0 | 8,000 |
| December 5 | Case | League ParkCleveland, OH | W 32–3 | 15,000 |
| *Non-conference game ||||||
# Peter S. Goodman

Peter S. Goodman is an American economics journalist and author. He won the 2009 Gerald Loeb Award for Large Newspapers, and the 2014 Gerald Loeb Award for Commentary.
Goodman has worked for The Washington Post and The Huffington Post, was the editor of the International Business Times, and is currently the European economics correspondent for The New York Times.

## Biography

Goodman graduated from Reed College in 1989. His newspaper career started in Kyoto writing for the Japan Times before he became a freelancing Southeast Asia correspondent for a number of newspapers, including the Los Angeles Times, Dallas Morning News, Miami Herald and London's Daily Telegraph. He returned to the US in 1993 writing for the Anchorage Daily News covering, among others, early on the career of Sarah Palin. After getting a master's degree in Asian studies at the University of California, Berkeley he came to The Washington Post in 1999. As the Post's economic correspondent, he undertook extensive travels to Southeast Asia, Middle East, Africa, Australia, and Europe. In 2007, he joined The New York Times as a national correspondent and wrote about the 2007–2008 financial crisis. A major contribution, The Reckoning, was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize and received a Gerald Loeb Award.
In his book Past Due, Goodman analyzes the lot of the U.S. worker who finds that his/her financial situation has not been improved over the last 15 years, namely “(b)y the fall of 2008, most American workers were bringing home roughly the same weekly wages they had earned in 1983, after accounting for inflation."
It was selected as an Editor's Choice title by the New York Times Book Review and as one of Bloomberg's Top 50 Business Books.
His move from a respected position at a major traditional newspaper to the web-based The Huffington Post was noted. Howard Kurtz wrote that Goodman indicated that at The New York Times he found himself engaged in "almost a process of laundering my own views, through the tried-and-true technique of ringing someone at some think tank to say what you want to tell the reader."

## Books

* Goodman, Peter S. (2009-09-15). Past Due. Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4299-1876-3.
* Goodman, Peter S. (2023-01-10). Davos Man. New York, NY: Mariner Books. ISBN 978-0-06-307831-4.
* Goodman, Peter S. (2024-06-11). How the World Ran Out of Everything. Mariner Books. ISBN 978-0-06-325792-4.
# Parallelism

Parallelism may refer to:
* Angle of parallelism, in hyperbolic geometry, the angle at one vertex of a right hyperbolic triangle that has two hyperparallel sides
* Axial parallelism, a type of motion characteristic of a gyroscope and astronomical bodies
* Conscious parallelism or also tacit parallelism, price-fixing between competitors that occurs without any communication between the parties
* Parallel computing, the simultaneous execution on multiple processors of different parts of a program
** In the analysis of parallel algorithms, the maximum possible speedup of a computation
* Parallel evolution, the independent emergence of a similar trait in different unrelated species
* Parallel (geometry), the property of parallel lines
* Parallelism (grammar), a balance of two or more similar words, phrases, or clauses
* Parallelism (rhetoric), the chief rhetorical device of Biblical poetry in Hebrew
* Psychophysical parallelism, the theory that the conscious and nervous processes vary concomitantly
* Parallel harmony/doubling, or harmonic parallelism, in music
# Jarošov

Jarošov may refer to places in the Czech Republic:
* Jarošov (Svitavy District), a municipality and village in the Pardubice Region
* Jarošov nad Nežárkou, a municipality and village in the South Bohemian Region
* Jarošov, a village and part of Uhelná Příbram in the Vysočina Region
* Jarošov, a village and part of Uherské Hradiště in the Zlín Region
# Peter A. Butler

Peter Anthony Butler FRS FInstP (born 22 November 1949) is a Professor of Physics at the University of Liverpool. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2019 for "substantial contributions to the improvement of natural knowledge".
He was educated at Borden Grammar School, King's College London (BSc) and the University of Liverpool (PhD, 1974).
His research area is experimental nuclear physics, especially structure of heavy nuclei. He led a group at ISOLDE at CERN who confirmed static octupole form (pear shape) of $^{224}$Ra nuclei.
# List of locust species

This is a list (alphabetized by binomial species name) of locust species of the taxonomic family Acrididae capable of density-dependent phase polyphenism and swarming behavior, potentially inflicting massive damage to crops.
* Aiolopus simulatrix – Sudan plague locust of eastern Sudan
* Anacridium aegyptium – Egyptian locust of Europe, northern Africa and Central Asia
* Anacridium melanorhodon – Sahelian tree locust of Sahel region of Africa
* Anacridium wernerellum – Sudan tree locust of Sudanese vegetation zone
* Austracris guttulosa – Spur-throated locust of Australia
* Austroicetes cruciata – Small plague grasshopper of Australia
* Calliptamus italicus – Italian locust of semi-deserts and steppes of Morocco, central Europe and Central Asia
* Ceracris kiangsu – Yellow-spined bamboo locust of Indo-China and southern China
* Chortoicetes terminifera – Australian plague locust of Australia
* Dissosteira longipennis – High plains locust of North America (formed large swarms as recently as the 1930s but never since)
* Dociostaurus maroccanus – Moroccan locust of semi-deserts and steppes of Morocco, North Africa, southern and eastern Europe, Middle East and western Asia
* Gastrimargus musicus – Yellow-winged locust of Australia
* Gomphocerus sibiricus – Siberian locust of Siberia and high mountains of Europe
* Locusta migratoria – Migratory locust of Asia, Africa and eastern Europe
* Locustana pardalina – Brown locust of Southern Africa
* Melanoplus differentialis – Differential grasshopper of Northern Mexico, central USA and southern Ontario, Canada
* Melanoplus sanguinipes – Migratory grasshopper of Caribbean and North America
* Melanoplus spretus – Rocky Mountain locust of North America (now extinct)
* Nomadacris septemfasciata – Red locust of southern and south central Africa
* Nomadacris succincta – Bombay locust of India and Southeast Asia
* Oedaleus senegalensis – Senegalese grasshopper of Sahel region of Africa, the Canary Islands, Cape Verde Islands and West Asia
* Rhammatocerus schistocercoides – Mato Grosso locust of Brazil
* Schistocerca cancellata – South American locust of South America
* Schistocerca gregaria – Desert locust of deserts of western Africa, northern Africa and western India
* Schistocerca piceifrons – Central American locust of Central America
* Schistocerca interrita – Peru locust of western South America
* Trimerotropis pallidipennis – Pallid-winged grasshopper of western North America
# Rob Larter

Robert David Larter is a British marine geophysicist with the British Antarctic Survey and a recipient of the Polar Medal.
Rob Larter graduated from Durham University in 1982 with a degree in Geology. He completed a PhD in Geological Sciences at the University of Birmingham in 1991. He was a Research Associate with the Antarctic Marine Group at Birmingham University from 1983 to 1987.
Larter has worked at the British Antarctic Survey since 1987. He specialises in Quaternary ice sheet history, glacial geomorphology, and glacial/glacial-marine processes. He has participated in seventeen Antarctic and sub-Antarctic research cruises and been Chief Scientist on eight cruises of British Antarctic Survey's RRS James Clark Ross. Larter was awarded the Polar Medal in the 2010 New Year Honours.
# Hermann Jantzen

Hermann Jantzen (28 May 1866-13 November 1959) was a Christian Mennonite missionary to Russian Turkestan.
When he was a teenager, Jantzen's family followed Claas Epp, Jr. to Central Asia on the Great Trek. He became a court interpreter for Muhammad Rahim II in the Khanate of Khiva before rising through the ranks as an interior ministry official for Russian Turkestan. Later in life, he became a missionary in what is now Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. His life is noted for positive relationships with his Muslim neighbors, harrowing pursuits by Russian authorities, and his work on the mission field.
# Hisashi Yamada

Hisashi Yamada (山田 久志, Yamada Hisashi, born July 29, 1948) is a retired Japanese professional baseball submarine pitcher. He played with the Hankyu Braves in Nippon Professional Baseball from 1969 to 1988.
Yamada won the Pacific League MVP for three consecutive seasons (1976–1978), sharing a record with Ichiro Suzuki (1994–1996) for the most consecutive awards won. In addition, Yamada won the Japan Series MVP in 1977. He won 20 or more games four times in his career, including notching 26 victories in 1976. Yamada twice won the Pacific League earned run average championship, with marks of 2.37 in 1971 and 2.28 in 1977.
As coach of the Chunichi Dragons in 1999, he led the team to the Central League pennant.
He was inducted into the Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame in 2006.
In 2009, Yamada served as a coach for the Japanese team in the World Baseball Classic.
# Petra Daňková

Petra Daňková (born March 18, 1984) is a Slovak women's ice hockey player. Currently, she is a member of Narmanspor team in Erzurum, Turkey playing as right winger. She is 1.64 m (5 ft 4+1⁄2 in) tall at 61 kg (134 lb).

## Career
### Club

Petra Daňková was with HC Slovan Bratislava and HK Poprad in her country before she transferred to the Erzurum-based Narmanspor in Turkey to play in the Turkish Women's Ice Hockey League (TBHBL). Her team finished the 2015–16 season as the runners-up.

### International

Between 2004 and 2009, Daňková was a member of the Slovakia women's national ice hockey team capping 19 times. She took part at the 2004 IIHF Women's World Championship Div. II in Sterzing, Italy, 2007 WC Div. II in Pyongyang, North Korea, 2008 WC Div. I in Ventspils, Latvia and 2010 Winter Olympics – Women's qualification round matches in Liepāja, Latvia.

## Honors
### Club
#### Turkish Ice Hockey Women's League (TBHBL)

* Runners-up (1): 2015–16 with Narmanspor.
# 1999 in Cape Verde

The following lists events that happened during 1999 in Cape Verde.

## Incumbents

* President: António Mascarenhas Monteiro
* Prime Minister: Carlos Veiga

## Events

* National Library of Cape Verde first opened in Praia
* July: Banco Inter-Atlântico opened its headquarters in Praia
* 7 August: A domestic TACV Flight 5002 from São Pedro Airport to Agostinho Neto Airport crashed into a mountain on Santo Antão island, killing the 16 passengers and 2 crew members on board.

## Arts and entertainment

* May 25: Cesária Évora's seventh album Café Atlantico released

## Sports

* GD Amarantes won the Cape Verdean Football Championship
# Jardim Botânico Nacional Grandvaux Barbosa

The Jardim Botânico Nacional Grandvaux Barbosa is the only botanical garden in Cape Verde. The garden is located in São Jorge, in the middle of the island Santiago. Its collection focuses on endemic and native plants of Cape Verde.
The garden was created in 1986 and was named after the Franco-Portuguese botanist Luís Augusto Grandvaux Barbosa (1914-1983). It is located 400 m above sea level and covers 20,000 m2. It is part of the School of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (the former "INIDA", National Institute of Agrarian Studies and Development), part of the University of Cape Verde.
Endemic and native plants in the garden include Phoenix atlantica, Euphorbia tuckeyana, Echium hypertropicum, Echium stenosiphon, Artemisia gorgonum, Micromeria forbesii, Aeonium gorgoneum and Campanula jacobaea.
# Peter A. Cundall

Peter Alan Cundall is an engineer and one of the founders of the Itasca Consulting Group. Together with Otto D. L. Strack, he introduced the Discrete Element Method.
He studied for a PhD in Rock Mechanics at Imperial College London, graduating in 1971 with a thesis titled "The measurement and analysis of accelerations in rock slopes". In 1979, he published "A discrete numerical model for granular assemblies", with Otto Strack, which was the most-widely cited paper in the journal Géotechnique, and which set the ground for the development of the DEM method. He served as Faculty member at the University of Minnesota for some time and then he went on to form Itasca Consulting Group.
In 2008, Cundall was elected as a member into the National Academy of Engineering for fundamental contributions to understanding of rock deformation and failure processes, and development of innovative computational procedures in rock mechanics.
# Colacogloeaceae

The Colacogloeaceae are a family of fungi in the class Microbotryomycetes. Members of the family produce yeast states; hyphal states, where known, give rise to auricularioid (laterally septate) basidia and are parasitic on other fungi.