OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Peruvian International Airways

Peruvian International Airways (PIA) was the first international airline from Peru and operated from 1947 to 1949.

## Company history

The international air services provided to and from Peru from the mid-forties until the beginning of the decade of the sixties were under dominance of the Panagra (the joint of the Pan American airways and the W.R Grace Corporation). With almost no competition in the very low fare market of the South-American west coast, this airline could develop an effective monopoly during this period of time.
The only other serious presence in the first years after the second world war trying to achieve a native international air transportation service out of Lima, center of the Peruvian commercial world, was the PIA - Peruvian International Airways. The airline was founded on January 14, 1946, with a capital of four million dollars (or $47.7 million in 2023) by a group of investors of three different countries, Peru, Canada and the United States of America headed by nonetheless than C.M Keys, also initial promoter of Faucett Airlines.
The airline started operations a little more than a year later on May 14, 1947, using the Douglas DC-4 with flight to Havana via Panama to the north. The network was promptly extended to the south to Santiago via Antofagasta a few months later and half a year after initiating operations. In September, the northern routes were extended to Washington and New York.
The slogan used for the straight in route from Santiago to New York was the “Airway of the Americas” (la avenida de las Americas) As business seemed to go fine, the airline enthusiastically approved to double the capital in October that year. Unfortunately the airline failed in its attempt to be competition for Panagra when Panagra new introduced pressurized DC-6 on almost the same route from New York to Buenos Aires via Panama, Lima and Santiago. Besides that, a new entry in the Latin American market in June 1948, Braniff Airlines, finally pushed PIA into its final approach.
On February 9, 1949, less than two years after its foundation, PIA ceased operations.

## Fleet details

* 1 Douglas DC-4
# Coenosia testacea

Coenosia testacea is a species of fly in the family Muscidae. It is found in the Palearctic .
# Henry Chambers

Henry Chambers may refer to:
* Henry H. Chambers (1790–1826), U.S. senator from Alabama
* Henry Cousins Chambers (1823–1871), Confederate politician during the American Civil War
* Henry Chambers (Indian Army officer) (1897–1967), British Indian Army officer
* Henry Chambers (rugby union) (1865–1934), Scotland international rugby union player
* Harry Chambers (1896–1949), footballer
* William Henry Chambers, Canadian politician
# Robert Hamilton Lloyd-Anstruther

Robert Hamilton Lloyd-Anstruther (21 April 1841 – 24 August 1914) was a British army officer and Conservative Party politician.
The son of Captain James Hamilton Lloyd-Anstruther and his wife Georgiana née Burrell. Following officer training at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, he entered the Rifle Brigade as an ensign in 1858, and immediately saw action in the later stages of the Indian Mutiny. In 1862 he rose to the rank of lieutenant by purchase He fought in the operations to repulse the Fenian raids in Canada in 1866, and was promoted to captain in 1872. In 1871 he married Gertrude Louisa Georgiana Fitzroy of Hampshire. He served as a garrison instructor for the South Eastern District until 1881 when he was appointed aide de camp to General Edward Newdegate in the Colony of Natal in 1881. He retired on half pay in the same year. However, he returned to the army shortly afterwards, rising to the rank of major and serving with distinction in the Suakin Expedition of 1885. In that year he retired from the army with the rank of honorary lieutenant-colonel in the Suffolk Rifle Volunteer Corps.
At the 1886 general election, Lloyd-Anstruther was chosen by the Conservative Party to contest the South Eastern or Woodbridge Division of Suffolk, a constituency held by the Liberal Party Member of Parliament, Robert Lacey Everett. He won the seat for the Conservatives, but only served a single term in parliament, with Everett regaining the seat in 1892 general election.
On his father's death in 1882, Lloyd-Anstruther had inherited Hintlesham Hall near Ipswich in Suffolk. He later entered local government as an alderman on East Suffolk County Council, and was appointed a justice of the peace and a deputy lieutenant of Suffolk. He died in 1914, survived by his wife and one son, Fitzroy Anstruther-Gough-Calthorpe, who was later created a baronet.
# Jesper Hansen (cricketer)

Jesper Hansen (born 1 December 1980) is a Danish cricketer. Hansen is a right-handed batsman. He was born at Esbjerg, Esbjerg Municipality.

## Career

Hansen first represented Denmark under-19s against the Netherlands under-19s in the 1997 International Youth Tournament, making six appearances in the tournament. He played for Denmark in the 1998 Under-19 Cricket World Cup, making his Youth One Day International (YODI) debut against Ireland under-19s. He made five further YODI appearances in the tournament, the last of which came against Namibia under-19s. The following year, he again represented Denmark under-19s, this time in the European Under-19 Championship. His senior debut for Denmark came in a minor match against the Netherlands in 2003. He made two further appearances for Denmark in that year, before making three appearances in the 2004 European Championship Division One.
The following year he was selected in Denmark's squad for the 2005 ICC Trophy in Ireland. The International Cricket Council afforded List A status to these matches, with Hansen making his List A debut during the tournament against Uganda. He made four further List A appearances in the tournament, the last of which came against the Netherlands. He scored 34 runs in his five matches, at an average of 8.50 and with a high score of 17. These were his only List A appearances for Denmark. His final appearance for Denmark came in 2006, in a friendly match against the Gloucestershire Second XI.
# Heteropogon contortus

Heteropogon contortus is a tropical, perennial tussock grass with a native distribution encompassing Southern Africa, southern Asia, Northern Australia, Oceania, and southwestern North America. The species has also become a naturalised weed in tropical and subtropical regions in the Americas and East Asia. The plant grows to 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) in height and is favoured in most environments by frequent burning. The plants develop characteristic dark seeds with a single long awn at one end and a sharp spike at the other. The awn becomes twisted when dry and straightens when moistened, and in combination with the spike is capable of drilling the seed into the soil.
The species is known by many common names, including black speargrass, tanglehead, steekgras (in Afrikaans) and pili (in Hawaiian, ultimately from Proto-Austronesian *pilit₁ "to adhere/stick"). H. contortus is a valuable pasture species across much of its range. However, it has also been responsible for the elimination of the wool industry over much of Australia due to the seeds becoming embedded in the wool and skin of sheep and devaluing the wool and killing the animals. H. contortus seeds are also responsible for similar injuries in dogs with thick undercoats, or becoming embedded in the socks and skin of hikers.

## Uses

Native Hawaiians used pili to thatch hale (houses). Ruler Pilikaʻaiea was named after the grass, and his royal house was Pili line (Hale o Pili).

## Gallery

* Single seed demonstrating long twisted awn
* Ripe seedhead
* Form
# Paszkiewicz

Paszkiewicz is a Polish-language surname. It originates from Paskevich, a Belarusian surname, which ultimately comes from the East Slav personal name Pashka, a diminutive of Pavel (Paul). The ending -kiewicz indicates the Belarusian language influence. Surnames of this form started appearing since 16th-17th centuries.
Notable people with this surname include:
* Gustaw Paszkiewicz (1892-1955), Polish military officer
* Kazimierz Paszkiewicz (1935-1980), Polish pentathlete
* Ludwik Witold Paszkiewicz (1907-1940), Polish fighter pilot
* Romuald Paszkiewicz (1941-2003), Polish volleyball player
# 1977 Stockholm Open

The 1977 Stockholm Open was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts and part of the 1977 Colgate-Palmolive Grand Prix and took place at the Kungliga tennishallen in Stockholm, Sweden. It was the ninth edition of the tournament and was held from 6 November through 12 November 1977. Sandy Mayer won the singles title.

## Finals
### Singles

Sandy Mayer defeated Raymond Moore, 6–2, 6–4
* It was Mayer's 3rd singles title of the year and the 7th of his career.

### Doubles

Wojciech Fibak / Tom Okker defeated Brian Gottfried / Raúl Ramírez, 6–3, 6–3
# Ostasio II da Polenta

Ostasio II da Polenta (died 1396) was an Italian condottiero and lord of Ravenna.

## Biography

Ostasio was the son of Guido III da Polenta, lord of Ravenna.
He served under the Angevines in 1382. Four years later, he fought at the orders of his brother-in-law, Antonio della Scala, lord of Verona, against Francesco da Carrara of Padua. In 1387, he led a corps of 1,500 knights and, along with Giovanni Ordelaffi, he faced the White Company led by John Hawkwood, who had been hired by the Paduans. He was defeated at the Battle of Castagnaro by Hawkwood.
In 1389 (the year in which he had his father imprisoned), he was made papal vicar of Ravenna, a position he held until his death in 1396, reigning together with Obizzo da Polenta and his other brothers.
# 2010 in Belize

Events in the year 2010 in Belize.

## Incumbents

* Monarch: Elizabeth II
* Governor-General: Colville Young
* Prime Minister: Dean Barrow

## Events

* Gang Suppression Unit is founded
* Belize–Guatemala Partial Scope Agreement comes into effect April 4
* Hurricane Karl
* Hurricane Richard makes landfall October 25
* Belize High School established
# Robert Hamilton Paterson

Robert Hamilton Paterson (1843–1911) was a Scottish architect and partner in the architectural practice, Hamilton-Paterson and Rhind.

## Life

Robert Hamilton Paterson was born at 6 Earl Grey Street Edinburgh in 1843, the son of Thomas Paterson, builder (architect to the estates of the Duke of Hamilton) and his wife Margaret Instant. His older brother, John Paterson (1832–1877), also became an architect, as did his cousin Robert Paterson (1825–1889).
Robert Hamilton Paterson was educated at the celebrated Hamilton Academy school and thereafter was articled to the architect James Turner’s branch (from Dublin) office at Hamilton. Paterson was then to further his experience working at Edinburgh and with the famous London firm, Cubitt & Co.
Marrying Elizabeth Cullen in Hamilton in 1870, the couple moved to Edinburgh where Paterson established his practice, executing major works for brewers, malters and warehouse-men (for which Edinburgh was a centre), including design of the Abbey, James Calder & Co., Castle, Holyrood, Drybrough’s, Caledonian and Clydesdale Breweries; and also work for McVitie and Price. He was also, for some twenty-five years, to hold the post of architect and surveyor to the Police Commissioners of the County of Lanark.
Having developed his practice, in 1898 Paterson took into partnership Thomas Duncan Rhind (1871–1927, knighted 1919), the practice being renamed Hamilton-Paterson & Rhind. The partnership was to execute important projects such as the Queen Victoria Memorial at Liverpool and the Royal Scots War Memorial in St Giles' Cathedral, Edinburgh.
This partnership was dissolved in 1905 and Paterson took into partnership his nephew Thomas Tolmie Paterson, son of his older brother John, but the partnership was short-lived due to bad times in the building sector and the increasingly ill-health of Robert Hamilton Paterson who died, aged 67, in 1911.
# United Transport Service Employees of America

The United Transport Service Employees of America (UTSEA) was a labor union representing railroad workers, principally station porters, in the United States.

## History

The union was established in May 1937, as the International Brotherhood of Red Caps. Its founding conference was held in January 1938, chaired by A. Philip Randolph of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. Its second conference, in January 1940, changed the union's name to the UTSEA.
The union represented workers of all ethnicities, but soon after its formation, a group of white workers withdrew, and it was thereafter principally an African American organization. The Brotherhood of Railway Clerks organized a rival auxiliary group, open only to white workers, and in protest, many locals left the American Federation of Labor. UTSEA chartered these locals, and in June 1942, the national union was chartered by the Congress of Industrial Organizations, at which time, it had around 3,500 members.
The union quickly achieved shorter working hours and seniority rights for station porters. It affiliated to the new AFL-CIO in 1955, and by 1957, its membership had grown to 6,500. However, by 1969, this figure had fallen to just 3,000. On October 1, 1972, it merged into the Brotherhood of Railway Clerks.

## Presidents

    1937: Willard Saxby Townsend
    1957: Eugene E. Frasier
    1964: George Sabattie
# Heteropogon triticeus

Heteropogon triticeus is a tropical, perennial tussock grass with a native distribution encompassing Tropical and Temperate Asia, Malesia and Northern and Eastern Australia. The plant grows to over 2 metres (6.6 ft) in height and is favoured in most environments by frequent burning. The plants develop characteristic dark seeds with a single long awn at one end and a sharp spike at the other. The awn becomes twisted when dry and straightens when moistened, and in combination with the spike is capable of drilling the seed into the soil.
The species is known as giant spear grass, and is closely related to the more common black spear grass, with which it is commonly associated in Northern Australia.
# Red rot

Red rot is a degradation process found in vegetable-tanned leather.
Red rot is caused by prolonged storage or exposure to high relative humidity, environmental pollution, and high temperature. In particular, red rot occurs at pH values of 4.2 to 4.5. Sulfur dioxide converts to sulfurous acid which forms hydrogen peroxide. The peroxide combines with residual tannins in the leather to oxidize proteins, creating ammonium sulfate and ammonium bisulfate.
Red rot is also caused by problems in the tanning or in the bookbinding. In the tanning examples are: sulfuric acid residue, use of contaminated water and incomplete tanning. The bookbinding process can cause red rot when acids and bases are used when coloring the leather.
The decay manifests as a characteristic powdering of the leather's surface, along with structural weakness through loss, delamination, and a felt-like consistency.
The damage caused by red rot is irreversible. However, its spread, if caused by environmental factors, may be retarded by an application of a consolidant (such as Klucel G) coated with a sealer (such as Renaissance Wax).
The progress of red rot can be stopped or slowed with a treatment of aluminium alkoxide solution, which increases the pH value and becomes (in the presence of water) a buffering inorganic aluminium salt in the leather.
# Ian Murray (rugby union)

Ian Murray (born 17 January 1970) is an Irish former rugby union player and coach.

## Career

From Cork, McCarthy represented local amateur club Cork Constitution during his career, playing in the newly formed All-Ireland League in the 1990s, and also played for Munster between 1996 and 1999, featuring for the province in the IRFU Interprovincial Championship and Heineken Cup. After retiring from playing rugby, the former prop entered coaching, becoming scrum coach to Munster's underage teams.
# 116th Division

In military terms, 116th Division or 116th Infantry Division may refer to:
* 116th Division (People's Republic of China)
* 116th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)
* 116th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)
# Pudimoe

Pudimoe or Pudumong is a town in Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality in the North West province of South Africa.
The town is located about 17 kilometres (11 mi) north of Taung and 66 kilometres (41 mi) south-west of Schweizer-Reneke. The name, derived from the Tswana language, means “place of goats”. It formerly bore the adapted name Pudimoe, which is still in use at the town’s train station.
# 1979 National Challenge Cup

The 1979 National Challenge Cup was the 66th edition of the USSF's annual open soccer championship. Teams from the North American Soccer League declined to participate. Brooklyn Dodgers S.C. of Brooklyn, New York defeated the Chicago Croatia of Chicago, Illinois in the final game. The score was 2–1.
# Robert Gettleman

Robert William Gettleman (born May 5, 1943) is a senior United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois.

## Early life and education

Gettleman was born in Atlantic City, New Jersey and moved with his family to Miami, Florida at a young age. Gettleman received joint Bachelor of Science and Bachelor of Arts degrees from Boston University in 1965. He received a Juris Doctor from Northwestern University School of Law in 1968. He was a staff law clerk for the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit in 1968. He was a law clerk for Judge Latham Castle of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit from 1968 to 1969. He was a law clerk for Judge Luther Merritt Swygert of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit in 1970.

## Career

Gettleman was in private practice of law in Chicago from 1970 to 1994. He joined the firm of D'Ancona & Pflaum as an associate in the firm's litigation department in 1970, and became a partner in 1974. He remained with the firm until being appointed to the federal bench.

### Federal judicial service

Gettleman was nominated by President Bill Clinton on August 16, 1994, to serve as a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois to a seat vacated by John Francis Grady. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on October 7, 1994, and received his commission on October 11, 1994. Gettleman assumed senior status on May 5, 2009.
# Khwaja Du Koh

Khwaja Du Koh is a town and the center of Khwaja Du Koh District, Jowzjan Province, Afghanistan. It is situated few km northwest of the city of Sheberghan and 1.6 km northeast from the main Andkhoy-Sheberghan road. It is located at 36°48′57″N 65°37′04″E﻿ / ﻿36.8158°N 65.6178°E﻿ / 36.8158; 65.6178 at 306 m altitude at the edge of Karakum Desert.

## Notable people

* Abdul Rashid Dostum (1954–), former warlord and politician
# POLIMI Graduate School of Management

POLIMI Graduate School of Management (formerly MIP Politecnico di Milano Graduate School of Business) is a non-profit Consortia Limited Company created in 1979 and comprising the university Politecnico di Milano (PoliMI) and a group of leading Italian and multinational companies.
In May 2022, MIP Politecnico di Milano Graduate School of Business became the POLIMI Graduate School of Management to further strengthen the link with the Politecnico di Milano ecosystem, with the School of Management of which it is a part, and with the city of Milan.
The school was the first business school in Europe to receive the B Corp certification in 2020. Federico Frattini is the Dean and Vittorio Chiesa is the Chairman.

## Programmes

POLIMI Graduate School of Management offers more than 40 master's degrees, including MBA and Executive MBA, and over 200 open programmes, along with customised training for companies.
* MBAs and executive MBAs
* Specialising Masters
* Management Academy

## Accreditations and rankings

POLIMI Graduate School of Management, as part of the School of Management of Politecnico di Milano, holds the "Triple Crown" ̶ namely the three most prestigious international awards for Business Schools, EQUIS, AMBA and AACSB.
* Financial Times Online MBA Ranking 2022 – 4th in Europe, 6th worldwide
* QS Distance Online MBA 2022 – 11th worldwide
* Bloomberg Businessweek Ranking – 22nd in Europe (full-time MBA)
* Financial Times European Business School Ranking 2022 – 31st
* The Economist Ranking - 86th worldwide (full-time MBA)

## Campuses

Starting from the Bovisa campus, the nerve centre of the school, POLIMI Graduate School of Management has expanded nationally, to local hubs in the Veneto and Lazio regions.
Milan – Bovisa Campus
The Bovisa Campus has been housing MIP, now POLIMI GSoM since 2009. Moreover, in the framework of an agreement between the Municipality of Milan and the Politecnico di Milano, the Bovisa-Goccia area is to be regenerated.
Milan – Navigli Campus
A new campus in the heart of Milan, in addition to the main Bovisa Campus, has been recently inaugurated.
Rome - John Cabot University
POLIMI GSoM and John Cabot University, the main American University in Italy, accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools, have come together.
Treviso ̶ La Salle International Campus
POLIMI GSoM and La Salle International Campus have signed a partnership for the joint delivery of training programmes to recent graduates, professionals, companies and managers in the Veneto region.
# Red rubin basil

Red rubin basil (Ocimum basilicum 'Purpurascens') is an improved variety of Dark opal basil. Like many culinary basils, it is a cultivar of Ocimum basilicum (sweet basil). This basil variety has unusual reddish-purple leaves, and a stronger flavour than sweet basil, making it most appealing for salads and garnishes. It is a fast-growing annual herb that reaches a height of approximately 70 cm (2.3 ft).
# Ian Hamer (athlete)

Ian Hamer (born 18 July 1965 in Bridgend, Glamorgan, Wales) is a British former long-distance runner. He competed in the 1992 Summer Olympics. He was the bronze medallist in the 5000 metres at the 1990 Commonwealth Games.

## International competitions

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| Representing Great Britain and Wales ||||||
| 1990 | Commonwealth Games | Auckland, New Zealand | 9th | 1500 m | 3:46.23 |
| 1990 | Commonwealth Games | Auckland, New Zealand | 3rd | 5000 m | 13:25.63 |
| 1990 | European Indoor Championships | Glasgow, United Kingdom | 7th | 3000 m | 7:58.15 |
| 1990 | European Championships | Split, Yugoslavia | 12th | 5000 m | 13:32.61 |
| 1991 | World Championships | Tokyo, Japan | 13th (h) | 5000 m | 13:54.49 |
| 1992 | Olympic Games | Barcelona, Spain | 19th (h) | 5000 m | 13:40.20 |
| 1992 | World Cup | Havana, Cuba | 4th | 10,000 m | 29:14.05 |

## Personal bests

Outdoor
* 1500 metres – 3:38.9h (Cwmbran 1989)
* One mile – 3:56.19 (Cork 1991)
* 3000 metres – 7:46.40 (Auckland 1990)
* 2 miles – 8:22.65 (Gateshead 1992)
* 5000 metres – 13:09.80 (Rome 1992)
* 10.000 metres – 7:57.77 (Brussels 1991)
Indoor
* 3000 metres – 7:51.49 (Birmingham 1992)
# Colerain Township

Colerain Township may refer to:
* Colerain Township, Belmont County, Ohio
* Colerain Township, Hamilton County, Ohio
* Colerain Township, Ross County, Ohio
* Colerain Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
* Colerain Township, Bedford County, Pennsylvania