OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Samuel Masham, 1st Baron Masham

Brigadier-General Samuel Masham, 1st Baron Masham (1678/79 – 1758), was a British courtier in the court of Queen Anne, and the husband of her favourite, Abigail, Lady Masham.

## Biography

Masham was born 1678/79, the eighth son of Sir Francis Masham, 3rd Baronet, and Mary Scott, in Otes in High Laver, the same house where John Locke had spent his final years. He was introduced to the Royal Household as page to Prince George of Denmark, the husband of the future Queen Anne. In 1701, he was promoted to the position of equerry. He was commissioned a captain in the 2nd Regiment of Foot Guards on 10 January 1704, and breveted a colonel of foot on 20 October.
He met his future wife, Abigail Hill, in about 1704, when she was appointed Lady of the Bedchamber to Anne, who was now Queen. This was the year that the Queen confided to the Earl of Godolphin that she did not believe that she and Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough – her closest friend up until now – could ever be true friends again. The Duchess, a Whig, was frequently absent from the Court, sometimes for long periods, and had become too overbearing for the Queen. Abigail, a Tory – helped by her flattery and subservience – quickly began to supplant the Duchess in the Queen's affections.
The Tory leader, Robert Harley, probably advised Masham of the advantages of marrying a royal favourite. However, Masham himself described it as a love match. The couple were married some time in 1707, in the presence of the Queen who contributed £2,000 to Abigail's dowry. The duchess, who was not consulted, learned about the marriage several months later and her subsequent argument with the Queen included accusations of lesbianism. This turned the Queen completely against her and paved the way for Abigail's rise.
Meanwhile, Masham was enjoying the rewards of Abigail's position. He was promoted to brigadier general in the army, and in 1710 became MP for Ilchester. In 1712, Robert Harley, now Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer, requested that the Queen create twelve new peers to pass negotiations for the Treaty of Utrecht which the Whigs were firmly against. Masham was one of those suggested to the Queen; but she only consented on the condition that Abigail continued to act as her dresser (a peeress was not expected to carry out the more menial duties of the bedchamber). He became Baron Masham of Otes, one of the twelve new creations known as "Harley's Dozen".
After Queen Anne's death in 1714, the new king, George I, reinstated the Whigs – and the Marlboroughs – to favour. Abigail retired into private life, but Samuel Masham became King's Remembrancer in 1716. He died in 1758, long outliving his wife.

## In popular culture

Samuel Masham has been portrayed by Gordon Whiting in the 1969 BBC television series The First Churchills, and by actor Joe Alwyn in the 2018 film The Favourite.
# Saint-Laurent-des-Combes, Charente

Saint-Laurent-des-Combes is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.
# Randy Degg

Randy Degg (born September 28, 1984) is a former American football player. He played as a center for Northwood University. He was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Fort Wayne Fusion in 2007.

## College career

He played as a center for Northwood University. During his junior and senior seasons he was named to the NCAA Division II All-American team. He was a teammate of Robert Height.

## Professional career
### Fort Wayne Fusion

He was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Fort Wayne Fusion in 2007.

### Amarillo Dusters

Degg started as the team's center in 2008.

### Saginaw Sting

Degg returned to the state of Michigan, and played with many of his former college teammates again, as the Saginaw Sting were preparing to move to the Indoor Football League after a 2008 CIFL Championship victory.

### Jacksonville Sharks

In 2009, Degg signed with the Jacksonville Sharks. He is the franchises only Center, and started all 16 regular season games and one playoff game for the Sharks. Degg also doubles as the Sharks’ long-snapper for the kicking game. In 2011 Degg was named first team All AFL and won the ArenaBowl with the Jacksonville Sharks.
# Iris caucasica

Iris caucasica (also known as Caucasian iris) is a species of plant in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Scorpiris. Pronounced as 'kaw-KAS-ee-kuh'.
It is a bulbous perennial.
It was described in 1808 by Georg Hoffman in Commentat. Soc. Phys.-Med. Univ. Litt. Caes. Mosq.
It was once confused with Iris orchioides, but Iris caucasica is a smaller plant, with sessile flowers. Also it has leaves that have white margins.
Iris caucasica is an accepted name by the Royal Horticultural Society.

## Habit

It has a brown ovoid bulb with fleshy roots. It is similar in form to Iris persica.
It has grey green leaves, which are ciliate and that start growing at flowering time. They reach up to 10–12 cm long and l-2 cm wide. The leaves have a faint white margin.
It has between 1–4 flowers per stem, normally pale yellow or green and with winged falls. The falls also have a yellow ridge. The flowers are 5–15 cm (2–6 in) across. It flowers in late spring. It eventually reaches a height of 15 cm (flower and stem). The flowers are not fragrant.

## Native

Iris caucasica grows on limestone mountain slopes (at 1200-3500m above sea level) in Turkey and Armenia and Azerbaijan, in the Caucasus mountains. Bieberstein notes seeing it near Tbilisi in the South Caucasus. It has also been found in Israel and Iran.

## Hybrids

In 1892, Michael Foster introduced a hybrid version Iris Caucasica 'Kharput'. which does not have winged falls. It still has 4–5 flowers per stem, which are greenish-yellow. But they are generally larger than parent plant.

## Folk use

A survey of plants used as folk medicine showed that Iris caucasica Hoffm. subsp. turcica (or Sarı nevroz, a local name used in Ovacık, Dersim) has been used as for folk medicine in Turkey. The flowers have been used in an infusion to treat colds.
# Richard Grenville (British Army officer)

General Richard Grenville (6 July 1742 – 22 April 1823) was a senior officer in the British Army and a politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1774 to 1780.

## Biography

Grenville was the second son of James Grenville and was the twin brother of James Grenville, 1st Baron Glastonbury. He attended Eton College from 1754 to 1758, and in 1759 he entered the Army, as an ensign in the 1st Foot Guards.
Grenville obtained the rank of captain in 1760, by raising an independent company, and on 7 May 1761 he was removed to a company in the 24th Regiment of Foot. He served the campaigns of 1761 and 1762 in Germany, as aide-de-camp to the Marquess of Granby. In 1772 he purchased a company in the Coldstream Guards, and in 1776 he accompanied the brigade of Guards to America. On 19 February 1779 he received the rank of colonel, on 20 November 1782 that of major-general, on 21 April 1786, the colonelcy for life of the 23rd Regiment of Foot, and on 3 May 1796 the rank of lieutenant-general. In 1798 he was appointed commandant of the garrison at Plymouth in the absence of the Governor, and on 1 January 1801 he was promoted to general.
Grenville was returned as Member of Parliament for Buckingham, together with his twin brother James, on the family interest at the 1774 general election. His military activities appear to have prevented him from making much of a contribution in Parliament. Whether by his own choice or at the instigation of Lord Temple, he did not stand in 1780.
Grenville was in charge of Prince Frederick Augustus's establishment in Hanover from about 1781 until 1787, then served as comptroller and master of the Household to him as Duke of York from 1788 until 1823.
Grenville died unmarried in 1823.
# Peggau

Peggau is a municipality in the district of Graz-Umgebung in the Austrian state of Styria.
# PESI

PESI may refer to:
* Pan-European Species directories Infrastructure
* Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index
# Psiloscirtus bolivianus

Psiloscirtus bolivianus is a species of short-horned grasshopper in the family Acrididae. It is found in Bolivia.
# Saharidj

Saharidj is a town and commune in Bouïra Province, Algeria. According to the 1998 census it has a population of 9,142.
# Consumer Credit Act

Consumer Credit Act may refer to:
* Consumer Credit Act 1974, UK
* Consumer Credit Act 2006, UK
* Consumer Credit Protection Act of 1968, U.S.
# Ramón Hernández (disambiguation)

Ramón Hernández (born 1976) is a Venezuelan Major League Baseball catcher.
Ramón Hernández may also refer to:
* Ramón Hernández (Negro leagues) (1907–?), Cuban baseball player
* Ramón Hernández (pitcher) (1940–2009), Puerto Rican baseball pitcher
* Ramón Hernández (fencer) (born 1953), Cuban Olympic fencer
* Ramón Hernández Torres (born 1960), Puerto Rican politician and mayor of Juana Díaz
* Ramón Hernández (beach volleyball) (born 1972), beach volleyball player from Puerto Rico
* Ramón Montalvo Hernández (born 1974), Mexican PRD politician
* Ramon Hernandez, fictional character in Marvel's Lasher (comics)
# Porto Alegre do Norte

Porto Alegre do Norte is a municipality in the state of Mato Grosso in the Central-West Region of Brazil.
# Pedro Teixeira Albernaz

Pedro Teixeira Albernaz was a Portuguese cartographer born in 1595 in Lisbon, Kingdom of Portugal. He came from a family of cartographers including his father Luís Teixeira, uncle Domingos Teixeira, and his brother João Teixeira Albernaz I who he collaborated with. Around 1610, Pedro went to work in Spain. Pedro served as the royal cosmographer to Philip III of Spain (1598 -1621) and Philip IV (1621-1665). In the years 1622 to 1630 he worked on mapping the coasts of the Iberian Peninsula. Pedro changed his works from nautical charts to topographical survey chart throughout this time period. Pedro was appointed with his brother to make a map of Straits of Magellan and St. Vincent. Pedro died in 1662 in Madrid.

## Contributions

His 1634 work La descripción de España y de las costas y puertos de sus reinos (Description of Spain and of the Coasts and Ports of Her Kingdoms) is preserved in Vienna. Teixeira's map is made of twenty individual folios. The plates for the map were engraved by Salomon Savery (1594–1665) in Amsterdam. They were then printed by Jan and Jacques van Veerle in Antwerp in 1656. This work is six feet high and over nine feet wide and a good representation of a city under Habsburg rule. The map and writing along the border show Spain at the height of its power. The work also is a very accurate layout of the city at the time.

## Works

* Carta dos Estreitos de S. Vicente e Magalhães (1621)
* La descripción de España y de las costas y puertos de sus reinos (1634)
* Topografía de Madrid (1656)
* Corral de la Cruz. Madrid (1656)
* El convento de la Trinidad Calzada de Madrid en el plano de Teixeira (1656)
* Corral del Príncipe. Madrid (1656)
# Pemba, Zambia

Pemba is a small town (population about 4,000) located in Pemba District of the Southern Province of Zambia. It is situated on the Lusaka–Livingstone Road, midway between Lusaka and Livingstone. The main ethnic group in the town are the Tonga.
Pemba was declared a district by President Michael Chilufya Sata in 2012. Before that, it was part of Choma District.
# Penaherreraus guyanensis

Penaherreraus guyanensis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Tavakilian and Peñaherrera-Leiva in 2003.
# Peter Blum

Peter Emil Julius Blum (4 May 1925 – 5 December 1990) was an Afrikaans poet. As a child, he emigrated to the Union of South Africa with his family. From an early age Blum was already able to speak several languages, including German and Italian.
After studying literature at the University of Cape Town and at the University of Stellenbosch, he took up a position as a librarian in Cape Town and, later, in Kroonstad in the Orange Free State. Blum married Henrietta Cecilia Smit (born 3 November 1911, died 2002 in Worthing, Sussex, UK), a South African art teacher, in 1955.
His success as a poet was first affirmed in 1956 when he won the Reina Prinsen Geerligs Prize for his volume Steenbok tot poolsee (the title being a reference to the Tropic of Capricorn and the southern Antarctic Ocean, relating to the geographical location of South and Southern Africa).
Blum was twice denied South African citizenship. Kannemeyer (1993) speculates that citizenship was denied because of Blum's vociferous opposition to the ruling National Party's policy of apartheid.
Frustrated by this turn of events, Blum and his wife left South Africa to resettle in the suburb of Hounslow in London.
During his imprisonment between 1975 and 1982, Breyten Breytenbach wrote the poem, Ballade van ontroue bemindes("Ballade of Unfaithful Lovers"). Inspired by François Villon's Ballade des Dames du Temps Jadis, Breytenbach compared Afrikaner dissidents Peter Blum, Ingrid Jonker, and himself to unfaithful lovers, who had betrayed Afrikaans poetry by taking leave of it.
Peter Blum died in London on 5 December 1990, aged 65.

## Works

* Steenbok tot poolsee (1955) Tafelberg: Cape Town. ISBN 978-0-624-01581-9
* Enklaves van die lig (1958) Human & Rousseau: Cape Town. ISBN 978-0-7981-3478-1
# PES1

Pescadillo homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PES1 gene.
This gene encodes a protein that is abnormally elevated in malignant tumors of astrocytic origin. It is a strongly conserved gene containing a BRCT domain that is essential for the activity of this gene product. The gene plays a crucial role in cell proliferation and may be necessary for oncogenic transformation and tumor progression.
# Samuel Sotheby

Samuel Sotheby (1771–1842) was an English auctioneer and antiquary.

## Background

Samuel Sotheby's uncle, John Sotheby (1740–1807), was partner and nephew of Samuel Baker, who founded at York Street, Covent Garden, in 1744 the first English sale-exclusively for books, manuscripts, and prints. In 1774 Baker took George Leigh into partnership, and from 1775 to 1777 the firm was styled S. Baker & G. Leigh. After 1778, when Baker died, Leigh carried on the business alone, but from 1780 to 1800 John Sotheby (Baker's nephew) was associated with him, and the firm was known as Leigh & Sotheby.

## Career

The firm became Leigh, Sotheby, & Son in 1800, when John Sotheby's nephew Samuel joined it, and so continued till 1803. After 1803, and until the death of Leigh in 1815, the firm carried on their business at a new address, 145 Strand. John Sotheby died in 1807, and on Leigh's death, eight years later, Samuel continued the concern by himself, moving to 3 Waterloo Street, Strand, about 1817. Soon afterwards he took his son Samuel Leigh Sotheby into partnership, and in 1826 Messrs. Sotheby & Son printed a Catalogue of the Collections sold by Messrs. Baker, Leigh, & Sotheby from 1744 to 1826.
Samuel Sotheby conducted the dispersal of many famous libraries. He retired from business in 1827. The firm Sotheby's still exists.
Sotheby died at Chelsea on 4 January 1842, in his seventy-first year.

## Bibliophile

Sotheby was interested the history of printing. He began to trace facsimiles of early printed books in 1814. After a visit to the Netherlands in 1824 to examine specimens at Haarlem for his friend William Young Ottley, his attention was first specially directed to block books. His collections were edited by his son as The Typography of the Fifteenth Century, 1845, and Principia Typographica, 1858, 3 vols.

## Family

Sotheby first married, in 1803, Harriet Barton (1775–1808), by whom he had two sons and two daughters; the youngest son was Samuel Leigh Sotheby. His second wife was Laura Smith, married in 1817. She had no surviving children.
# Psiloptera

Psiloptera is a genus of beetles in the family Buprestidae, containing the following species:
* Psiloptera acroptera (Pongrácz, 1935)
* Psiloptera anilis Gistel, 1857
* Psiloptera argyrophora (Perty, 1830)
* Psiloptera assimilis (Gory, 1840)
* Psiloptera attenuata (Fabricius, 1793)
* Psiloptera bicarinata (Thunberg, 1789)
* Psiloptera cribrosa (Gory, 1840)
* Psiloptera ectinogonioides Cobos, 1963
* Psiloptera equestris (Olivier, 1790)
* Psiloptera fasciata (Haupt, 1950)
* Psiloptera fulgida (Olivier, 1790)
* Psiloptera haupti Weidlich, 1987
* Psiloptera hoffmanni (Laporte & Gory, 1836)
* Psiloptera incerta Weidlich, 1987
* Psiloptera johanni Lotte, 1940
* Psiloptera kerremansella Obenberger, 1926
* Psiloptera maculata (Haupt, 1950)
* Psiloptera malleri Cobos, 1969
* Psiloptera nattereri Redtenbacher, 1868
* Psiloptera olivieri Saunders, 1870
* Psiloptera orbignyi Lucas, 1859
* Psiloptera ornata (Haupt, 1956)
* Psiloptera pardalis (Laporte & Gory, 1836)
* Psiloptera pertyi (Laporte & Gory, 1836)
* Psiloptera puncticollis (Haupt, 1956)
* Psiloptera reichei (Laporte & Gory, 1836)
* Psiloptera rubromarginata Chevrolat, 1838
* Psiloptera schulzi (Haupt, 1950)
* Psiloptera signata (Haupt, 1950)
* Psiloptera transversovittata (Haupt, 1950)
# Kristóf Niczky

Count Kristóf Niczky de Niczk (February 11, 1725 in Sümeg – December 26, 1787 in Buda) was an influential Habsburg bureaucrat under Maria Theresa and Joseph II.

## Biography

He rose to the rank of count in 1765. He was Temes County's first leader after 1779.
During Joseph II's rule, he was president of Hungary's Vice-regal Council, the Consilium locumtentiale.

## Legacy

Nițchidorf, Romania, was named after count Kristóf Niczky.
# Rangkuti

Rangkuti is one of Mandailing Batak clans originating in North Sumatra, Indonesia. People of this clan bear the clan's name as their surname. Notable people of this clan include:
* Agus Salim Rangkuti (1928-?), Indonesian politician
* Hamsad Rangkuti (1943-2018), Indonesian writer