OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Vindicatory damages

In common law legal systems, the term of art 'vindicatory damages' is a taxonomic label to describe a certain type of damages awarded by courts to individuals who have suffered a legal wrong.
Vindicatory damages are distinct from other forms of damages, as they are awarded for the primary purpose of recognizing and affirming the inherent value of legal rights held by an affected party. This may be contrasted with other forms of damages, such as compensatory damages, or punitive damages, which are awarded for a different purpose.
The concept of 'vindicatory damages' has been articulated by legal academics and practitioners as an explanation, or justification, for awards of damages in cases involving an award of damages that could not easily be rationalized by reference to principles such as compensation or deterrence.

## Jurisdictional approaches

For some jurisdictions, a 'vindicatory approach' has informed awards of damages in response to breaches of constitutional rights. This has been the case for both the Supreme Court of Canada in respect of the Canadian Charter, as well as the Constitutional Court of South Africa in respect of the South African Bill of Rights.
In other jurisdictions, such as Australia and the United Kingdom; apex courts have denied the applicability of vindicatory principles in the award of damages.

## Academic commentary

Jason Varuhas, a scholar of the common law has argued that vindicatory damages are a part of a long-standing tradition in common law legal systems; and criticized recent decisions by courts decline damage awards in some contexts as a 'deviation from orthodoxy'. In his book Damages and Human Rights, he has pointed to the struggles faced by court systems when attempting to rationalize damages awarded for breaches of bills of rights, and argues for courts to adopt a vindicatory approach modeled on the rules and principles applied in tort cases where basic rights are violated.
# NFFA

NFFA may refer to:
* Ba Airport (IATA airport code: NFFA), an airport in Ba, Viti Levu, Fiji
* National Field Archery Association
* National Foundation for Advancement in the Arts
* New Founding Fathers of America, a fictional political party in the dystopian franchise The Purge
* No Fun at All, a Swedish punk rock band
* Nuclear-Free Future Award, an award given for anti-nuclear activism
* National Foundation for Advancement in the Arts
# Wainui River (Tasman)

The Wainui River is a river of the Tasman Region of New Zealand's South Island. Wainui is a Māori language term (wai meaning water, and nui meaning large, expansive) and the umbrella entity for the three local iwi gives a meaning of "where the tidal flow leaves a big expanse of bay empty".

## Geography

The Wainui River flows north through Abel Tasman National Park from its sources on the slopes of Mount Evans to reach the small Wainui Bay, an indentation close to the eastern end of Golden Bay. The sources of Wainui River near Wainui Saddle are close to the Abel Tasman Inland Track. Shortly after, the Wainui Track follows its course for a few kilometers, with Wainui Hut situated next to the river.
Almost all of Wainui River's course is through dense native bush, with the lower half meandering through a narrow gorge where the river eventually flows over the 20 metres (66 ft) tall Wainui Falls, one of the most accessible waterfalls in the Tasman region. Wainui Falls can be reached from a car park in Wainui Bay via the gentle Wainui Falls Track.
# Nikola Andreev (Odrin voyvoda)

Nikola Andreev was a Bulgarian revolutionary who worked in the Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization (IMARO).
Andreev was born in the former village of Maklen, Serres (neighbouring Duvista), then in the Ottoman Empire. He finished the Bulgarian Pedagogical School in Serres and became a teacher in Odrin Thrace. He was appointed leader of a revolutionary band in the region of Smolyan, that was part of the Odrin revolutionary region. In 1906, he was captured by the Turks, but he successfully escaped to Bulgaria.
During 1907, Nikola Andreev was a freedom fighter of the Drama revolutionary band of Mihail Daev. After the Young Turk Revolution he was no longer freedom fighter and started working as a teacher. Until the beginning of the Balkan Wars, he was a leader of a revolutionary band in the region of Smolyan, and later he became a member of a non-combatant support service of the 13th Kukush Battalion of the Macedonian-Adrianopolitan Volunteer Corps.
Information about the life of Nikola Andreev after 1913 is not available.
# OR51G2

Olfactory receptor 51G2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OR51G2 gene.
Olfactory receptors interact with odorant molecules in the nose, to initiate a neuronal response that triggers the perception of a smell. The olfactory receptor proteins are members of a large family of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) arising from single coding-exon genes. Olfactory receptors share a 7-transmembrane domain structure with many neurotransmitter and hormone receptors and are responsible for the recognition and G protein-mediated transduction of odorant signals. The olfactory receptor gene family is the largest in the genome. The nomenclature assigned to the olfactory receptor genes and proteins for this organism is independent of other organisms.
# International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications

The International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA) is a non-profit international organization that shares agricultural biotechnology, focusing on genetic engineering.

## Structure

ISAAA operates three regional centers; ISAAA SEAsiaCenter, ISAAA AfriCenter and ISAAA AmeriCenter. ISAAA SEAsiaCenter is hosted by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines. This center also serves as the Global Coordination Office as well as the home of the Global Knowledge Center on Crop Biotechnology. ISAAA AfriCenter is hosted by the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) located in Nairobi, Kenya. ISAAA AmeriCenter is located in Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. It serves as the administrative and financial headquarters of the organization.

## Donor organisations

The ISAAA receives funding from both public and private donors. Some of the ISAAA's funding agencies and companies include the USDA, US Grains Council, Monsanto, Bayer, two banks – Fondazione Bussolera in Italy and Ibercaja in Spain, USAID and the Agricultural Biotechnology Support Project II.

## Annual Report on the Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops

The organization releases an annual publication on the global status of commercially approved genetically engineered crops. The publication is authored by Clive James, the founder and chair emeritus of ISAAA. The annual brief provides research on global trends in the adoption of major biotech crops since they were first planted commercially. Various environmental groups have accused the ISAAA of inflating the size and impact of genetically modified crops in their report. James says that the report is based on a multiple public and private sources and that he considers it conservative.
The 2015 report says that "18 million farmers planted 179.7 million hectares of biotech crops in 28 countries, a marginal decrease of 1% (1.8 million hectares) from 2014." As per International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications (ISAAA)'s latest 'Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/ GM Crops in 2017' report, India has the world's fifth largest cultivated area under genetically modified (GM) crops. The country with the highest area under transgenic crops, at 75 mh, is the United States.

## GM approval database

ISAAA documents approved GM crops worldwide and presents them in a database available in the organization's website. Each biotech event is featured with a brief description about the crop, trait, transformation method, developer, and summary of regulatory approval. Entries in the database were sourced from Biotechnology Clearing Houses/Regulatory Institutions of approving countries.

## Programs

* ISAAA Knowledge Center initiative
* Support Projects - The Agricultural Biotechnology Support Project II (ABSP II) and The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID).
* Special Project: John Templeton Foundation Project
# William Slayter

Admiral Sir William Rudolph Slayter KCB, DSO, DSC (13 February 1896 – 30 April 1971) was a British-American senior Royal Navy officer.

## Early life and education

Slayter was born in Chicago, Illinois, the son of American parents both born in Chicago. His father, John Howard Slayter, was a physician born to an American mother and Canadian father, and was raised in Canada. His mother, Harriet Alice Schloesser, was the daughter of Prussian immigrants. His parents moved to Surrey, England, in the early 1900s, where his father served with the British Red Cross and was an instructor in the Royal Army Medical Corps.
He entered the Royal Naval College, Osborne as a naval cadet in 1909.

## Naval career

Slayter joined the Royal Navy as a sub-lieutenant on 15 March 1916 during the First World War. He saw action in the Second World War as Deputy Director of Naval Ordnance from March 1940, Director of Naval Ordnance from January 1941 and as Chief of Staff, Home Fleet from November 1943.
After the war became Captain of the Gunnery School at Portsmouth in September 1945, commander of the 2nd Cruiser Squadron in May 1949 and Admiral Commanding Reserves in October 1950, after promotion to vice-admiral on 15 August 1950. His last appointment was as Commander-in-Chief, East Indies Station in August 1952 before retiring in August 1954.
He was made Knight Commander of the KCB in the 1952 Birthday Honours.

## Personal life

In 1925, he married Helen Justine Hale, daughter of Major Russell Hale, in Ontario, Canada. They had one son. Lady Slayter died in 1969.
# 1999 UC Davis Aggies football team

The 1999 UC Davis football team represented the University of California, Davis as an independent during the 1999 NCAA Division II football season. Led by seventh-year head coach Bob Biggs, UC Davis compiled an overall record of 10–2. 1999 was the 30th consecutive winning season for the Aggies. UC Davis was ranked No. 5 in the NCAA Division II poll at the end of the regular season and advanced to the NCAA Division II Football Championship playoffs for the fourth straight year. The Aggies defeated 18th-ranked Central Oklahoma in the first round before falling to Northeastern State in the quarterfinals. The team outscored its opponents 393 to 233 for the season. The Aggies played home games at Toomey Field in Davis, California.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Rank | Site | Result | Attendance |
| September 4 | Texas A&M–Commerce | No. 11 | Toomey FieldDavis, CA | W 36–0 | 5,328 |
| September 11 | at Western Oregon | No. 11 | McArthur FieldMonmouth, OR | W 40–33 $^{OT}$ | 2,215 |
| September 18 | at Sacramento State | No. 11 | Charles C. Hughes StadiumSacramento, CA (Causeway Classic) | L 27–48 | 20,993 |
| September 25 | at New Haven | No. 10 | Robert B. Dodds StadiumWest Haven, CT | W 42–16 | 3,123 |
| October 2 | Humboldt State | No. 9 | Toomey FieldDavis, CA | W 43–16 | 8,234 |
| October 9 | at Southern Utah | No. 8 | Eccles ColiseumCedar City, UT | W 24–9 | 4,125 |
| October 16 | at Saint Mary's | No. 8 | Saint Mary's StadiumMoraga, CA | W 28–14 | 2,418 |
| October 23 | Cal Poly | No. 8 | Toomey FieldDavis, CA (rivalry) | W 31–24 | 9,225 |
| November 6 | Central Washington | No. 6 | Toomey FieldDavis, CA | W 20–13 | 5,300 |
| November 13 | No. 11 Western Washington | No. 5 | Toomey FieldDavis, CA | W 55–24 | 6,349 |
| November 20 | No. 18 Central Oklahoma | No. 5 | Toomey FieldDavis, CA (NCAA Division II First Round) | W 33–17 | 4,440 |
| November 27 | Northeastern State | No. 5 | Toomey FieldDavis, CA (NCAA Division II Quarterfinal) | L 14–19 | 5,650 |
| Rankings from NCAA Division II Football Committee Poll released prior to the game |||||||
# Gunzberg's test

Gunzberg's test is a chemical test used for detecting the presence of hydrochloric acid. Gunzberg's reagent is made by dissolving two grams of phloroglucinol and one gram of vanillin in 100 millilitres of 95% ethanol. Hydrochloric acid catalyses Gunzberg's reagent to form a red complex.

## Procedure

Two drops of gastric juice are mixed with two drops of Gunzberg's reagent in an evaporating dish. The mixture is evaporated and if red is seen, free hydrochloric acid is present.
# Wyckoff-Mason House

Wyckoff-Mason House is a log house located at 6133 Verona Road in Penn Hills Township, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, USA. It was built in 1774 and 1775 by Isaac Wyckoff. The house was added to the List of Pittsburgh History and Landmarks Foundation Historic Landmarks in 1970.
# XYLT1

Xylosyltransferase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the XYLT1 gene.
Xylosyltransferase (XT; EC 2.4.2.26) catalyzes the transfer of UDP-xylose to serine residues within XT recognition sequences of target proteins. Addition of this xylose to the core protein is required for the biosynthesis of the glycosaminoglycan chains characteristic of proteoglycans.[supplied by OMIM]

## Clinical relevance
### Baratela-Scott syndrome

In 2012 Baratela-Scott syndrome was identified in humans. A GGC repeat expansion, and methylation of exon 1 of XYLT1 is a common pathogenic variant in Baratela-Scott syndrome.
Patients with Bartarlla-Scott syndrome exhibit abnormal development of the skeleton, characteristic facial features, and cognitive developmental delay. Skeletal problems include knee cap in the wrong position, short long bones with mild changes to the narrow portion, short palm bones with stub thumbs, short thigh necks, shallow hip sockets, and malformations of the spine. Characteristic facial features include a flattened midface with a broad nasal bridge, cleft palate, and unibrow. The syndrome also cause pre-school onset of a cognitive developmental delay, with a shortened attention span. Some of the cognitive delay is masked by a warm and engaging personality.

### Axon extension

Neurons use the presence of extracellular matrix molecules as clues whether to promote or suppress extension of axons. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans suppress the extension of axons over the glial scar, a barrier which develops after lesioning the spinal cord. Proteoglycans consist of one relatively small protein core and attached large glycosaminoglycan side chains. To block the very formation of these side chains xylosyltransferase (XYLT1) which attaches xylose to a serine of the protein core as initiation for glycosaminoglycan chain extension, was targeted by a class of designed DNA molecules. These molecules are called DNA-enzymes which were designed to specifically cleave XYLT1 mRNA within cells. DNA-enzymes are readily taken up by mammalian cells, but are more stable and require much lower concentrations then siRNA. XTYL1 DNA-enzyme in co-cultures of neurons with neurocan secreting cells displayed a marked increase of axon outgrowth. Rats with defined spinal cord lesions, i.a. the clinically relevant contusion injury, treated with XTYL1 DNA-enzyme administered by micro-infusion pumps or systemically achieved improvements in the horizontal ladder task, enhanced axonal plasticity, growth of the corticospinal tract, no effect on neuropathic pain when using mechanical and thermal allodynia tests and no toxicological or pathological side effects compared to control animals.{{Oudega M, Chao OY, Avison DL, Bronson RT, Buchser WJ, Hurtado A, Grimpe B. (2012) Systemic administration of a deoxyribozyme to xylosyltransferase-1 mRNA promotes recovery after a spinal cord injury Exp Neurol. Sep;237(1):170-9. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.06.006. PMID: 22721770}}
# Nuclear Explosions (Prohibition and Inspections) Act 1998

The Nuclear Explosions (Prohibition and Inspections) Act 1998 (c. 7) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom to implement and enforce the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty of 1996. It is not yet in force.
The Act explicitly declares that to knowingly cause a nuclear explosion, for a test or any other reason, will be an offence, and punishable by life imprisonment and confiscation of anything relating to the offence. The only exception is where the explosion is deemed to have been carried out in the course of an armed conflict – if a question arises over this then the Secretary of State for Defence decides and issues a certificate of his determination. The Act will apply to any explosion caused within the United Kingdom, or caused elsewhere by British nationals or corporations.
The Act will also allow for on-site inspection parties as mandated by the treaty, and criminalise any attempts to wilfully obstruct such inspections. It will also grant powers to enter and search premises if a justice of the peace is satisfied that there is reasonable ground for suspecting that an offence is being, has been or is about to be committed.
The final section of the Act states that the Act does not come into effect until a minister signs an order declaring the date on which it is to become effective. This has not yet been done. However the Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001, which is in force, includes offences relating to nuclear weapons.
# Nottertal-Heilinger Höhen

Nottertal-Heilinger Höhen is a town in the Unstrut-Hainich-Kreis district, in Thuringia, Germany. It was created with effect from 31 December 2019 by the merger of the former municipalities of Schlotheim, Bothenheilingen, Issersheilingen, Kleinwelsbach, Neunheilingen and Obermehler. It takes its name from the river Notter, that flows through the municipality, and the Heilingen hills.
# Gun for You

Gun for You is the debut album by the American band the Greenhornes, released in 1999.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
The Cleveland Scene deemed the album "a mix of hard rock and soulful blues that achieves a fine balance between raw emotion and tight playing."

## Track listing

All tracks written by the Greenhornes, except where noted.
* "The End of the Night" - 1:53
* "No More" - 2:24
* "Good Times" - 2:13
* "Wake Me, Shake Me" (Al Kooper) - 3:37
* "Hold Me" - 3:52
* "My Baby's Alright" - 2:32
* "No Friend of Mine" - 3:09
* "Show Me Love" - 3:34
* "So Cold" - 3:44
* "What a Fool" - 3:07
* "Going to the River" (William York) - 2:50
* "I've Been Down" - 5:14

## Personnel

* Craig Fox - guitars, lead vocals
* Patrick Keeler - drums, percussion, artwork
* Jack Lawrence - bass
* Brian Olive - guitars, vocals
* Jared McKinney - organs, vocals
* Chris Koltay - mixing
* John Curley - engineering
* Dave Davis - mastering
# Wuna (disambiguation)

Wuna, or Djerimanga, is an indigenous Australian people.
Wuna may also refer to:
* WUNA (1480 AM), a radio station licensed to Ocoee, Florida
* Wuna language, an extinct indigenous language of Australia
* Wuna of Wessex (circa 8th century), Anglo-Saxon noblewoman and Christian saint
# National Committee of the Métis

The National Committee of the Red River Métis was brought together and made a committee on October 16, 1869. John Bruce was elected as president and Louis Riel as secretary. The committee was formed with the support of Father Ritchot. Ritchot hoped to minimize the independent actions of the federal authorities involving the management of the territory of the Red River Colony. The committee ordered that Governor William McDougall was not allowed entry.
# Wyodak Mine

The Wyodak mine is a coal mine in Wyodak, Wyoming, United States, located about 6 miles (9.7 km) east of Gillette in the coal-rich Powder River Basin.

## Description

The operation is an open pit mine that utilizes a truck and shovel mining method to produce a low-sulfur, sub-bituminous coal that is used for domestic energy generation. The mine ships its coal to the adjacent Wyodak power plant and to other customers via railroad. The mine is operated by Wyodak Resources Development, a subsidiary of the Black Hills Corporation.
As of 2009, Wyodak had reserves of 294mm tons of sub-bituminous coal and a maximum permitted production capacity of 10mm tons per year. Typical annual production has been in the 5-6mm ton range for the last several years though. In 2008, the mine produced just over 6.0 million short tons of coal, making it the 30th-largest producer of coal in the United States.
The average quality of the coal produced from the Wyodak Mine is 8,050 BTU/lb, 0.40% Sulfur, 6.0% Ash, and 0.94% Sodium (of the ash). Train loading operations at the mine are done by a flood loading system that is coupled to a "weigh-in-motion" track scale system. Silo capacity at the mine's rail loop, which can accommodate a single unit train, is 24,000 tons.

## History

Mining operations at the mine site first began around 1918 with the establishment of the Peerless Mine. The Peerless Mine was an underground room and pillar operation that mined coal near the outcrop of the Wyodak seam. Though the operation went out of business in 1925, it left behind underground workings which were uncovered and mined through by the Wyodak mine in the 1950s.
The modern Wyodak mine was established in 1923 to provide coal for power plants that supplied energy to the Homestake Mine (South Dakota) for its mining and milling operations. In 1956, the Black Hills Corporation purchased the mine from the Homestake Mining Company by exercising an option that was negotiated during its purchase of the Wyodak power plant in 1954.
It is believed that Wyodak is the oldest, continually operated surface coal mine in the United States.

## Production

| Year | Coal Production | Employees |
| 2018 | 4,085,044 | 66 |
| 2017 | 4,182,800 | 63 |
| 2016 | 3,717,414 | 67 |
| 2015 | 4,140,386 | 68 |
| 2014 | 4,317,023 | 66 |
| 2013 | 4,285,445 | 65 |
| 2012 | 4,245,981 | 80 |
| 2011 | 5,691,756 | 120 |
| 2010 | 5,930,614 | 116 |
| 2009 | 6,016,063 | 121 |
| 2008 | 6,017,311 | 116 |
| 2007 | 5,049,232 | 109 |
| 2006 | 4,698,473 | 66 |
| 2005 | 4,701,625 | 68 |
| 2004 | 4,780,104 | 59 |
| 2003 | 4,812,346 | 56 |
| 2002 | 4,052,374 | 55 |
| 2001 | 3,518,162 | 53 |
| 2000 | 3,050,325 | 43 |
| 1999 | 3,179,585 | 43 |
| 1998 | 3,280,157 | 43 |
| 1997 | 3,250,969 | 46 |
| 1996 | 3,198,544 | 47 |
| 1995 | 2,984,000 | 51 |
| 1994 | 2,795,942 | 52 |
| 1993 | 3,027,356 | 57 |
| 1992 | 2,257,551 | 58 |
| 1991 | 2,741,809 | 57 |
| 1990 | 2,907,639 | 63 |
| 1989 | 2,349,135 | 70 |
| 1988 | 2,709,494 | 71 |
| 1987 | 2,976,398 | 76 |
| 1986 | 2,584,856 | 77 |
| 1985 | 2,898,482 | 72 |
| 1984 | 2,443,831 | 69 |
# Gunnestad

Gunnestad is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Astrid Gunnestad (1938–2016), Norwegian journalist and radio presenter
* Lars Gunnestad (born 1971), Norwegian motorcycle speedway rider
* Stig-Arne Gunnestad (born 1962), Norwegian curler