# Riyadh

Riyadh (UK: /ˈriːæd/ REE-yad, US: /riːˈjɑːd/ ree-YAHD; Arabic: الرِّيَاض, romanized: ar-Riyāḍ, standard pronunciation:, Najdi pronunciation:; lit. 'the Meadows') is the capital and largest city of Saudi Arabia. It is also the capital of the Riyadh Province and the centre of the Riyadh Governorate. Located on the eastern bank of Wadi Hanifa, the current form of the metropolis largely emerged in the 1950s as an offshoot of the 18th century walled town following the dismantling of its defensive fortifications.
It is the largest city on the Arabian Peninsula, and is situated in the center of the an-Nafud desert, on the eastern part of the Najd plateau. The city sits at an average of 600 meters (2,000 ft) above sea level, and receives around 5 million tourists each year, making it the forty-ninth most visited city in the world and the 6th in the Middle East. Riyadh had a population of 7.0 million people in 2022, making it the most-populous city in Saudi Arabia, 3rd most populous in the Middle East, and the 38th most populous in Asia.
The first mention of the city by the name Riyadh was in 1590, by an Arab chronicler. In 1745, Dahham ibn Dawwas, who was from the neighboring Manfuha, seized control of the town. Dahham built a mudbrick palace and a wall around the town, and the best-known source of the name Riyadh is from this period, thought to be referring to the earlier oasis towns that predated the wall built by Ibn Dawwas. In 1744, Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab formed an alliance with the Emir of Diriyah, Muhammad bin Saud, and they took Riyadh from Deham. However their state, now known as the First Saudi State, collapsed in 1818. Turki ibn Abdullah founded the Second Saudi State in the early 19th century and made Riyadh his capital in 1825. However, his reign over the city was disrupted by a joint Ottoman– Rashidi alliance. Finally, in the early 20th century, 'Abdulaziz ibn Saud, known in the west simply as Ibn Saud, retrieved his ancestral kingdom of Najd in 1902 and consolidated his rule by 1926 with the final Saudi conquest of Hejaz, subsequently naming his kingdom 'Saudi Arabia' in September 1932 with Riyadh as the capital. The town was the administrative center of the government until 1938, when Ibn Saud moved to the Murabba Palace. In the 1950s, the walls were dismantled and Riyadh metropolis outgrew as an offshoot of the walled town.
Riyadh is the political and administrative center of Saudi Arabia. The Consultative Assembly (also known as the Shura Council), the Council of Ministers, the King and the Supreme Judicial Council are all situated in the city. Alongside these four bodies that form the core of the legal system of Saudi Arabia, the headquarters of other major and minor governmental bodies are also located in Riyadh. The city hosts 114 foreign embassies, most of which are located in the Diplomatic Quarter in the western reaches of the city.
Riyadh also holds economic significance, as it contains the headquarters of many banks and major companies, such as the Saudi National Bank (SNB), Al-Rajhi Bank, SABIC, Almarai, STC, and Samba Financial Group. Highway 65, known locally as the King Fahd Road, runs through some of these important centers in the city, including the King Abdullah Financial District, one of the world's largest financial districts, the Faisaliyah Center and the Kingdom Center. Riyadh is one of the world's fastest-growing cities in population and is home to many expatriates.
The city is divided into 15 municipal districts, which are overseen by the Municipality of Riyadh headed by the mayor; and the Royal Commission for Riyadh, which is chaired by the Governor of the Province, Faisal bin Bandar Al Saud. As of July 2020, the mayor is Faisal bin Abdulaziz bin Mohammed bin Ayyaf Al-Muqrin. Riyadh will host Expo 2030, becoming the second Arab city to host after Dubai in 2020.

## History
### Early history

During the Pre-Islamic era, the city at the site of modern Riyadh was called Hajr (Arabic: حجر), and was reportedly founded by the tribe of Banu Hanifa. Hajr served as the capital of the province of Al-Yamamah, whose governors were responsible for most of central and eastern Arabia during the Umayyad and Abbasid eras. Al-Yamamah broke away from the Abbasid Empire in 866 and the area fell under the rule of the Ukhaydhirites, who moved the capital from Hajr to nearby Al-Kharj. The city then went into a long period of decline. In the 14th century, North African traveler Ibn Battuta wrote of his visit to Hajr, describing it as "the main city of Al-Yamamah, and its name is Hajr". Ibn Battuta goes on to describe it as a city of canals and trees with most of its inhabitants belonging to the Bani Hanifa, and reports that he continued on with their leader to Mecca to perform the Hajj.
Later on, Hajr broke up into several separate settlements and estates. The most notable of these were Migrin (or Muqrin) and Mi'kal, though the name Hajr continued to appear in local folk poetry. The earliest known reference to the area by the name Riyadh comes from a 17th-century chronicler reporting on an event from the year 1590. In 1737, Deham ibn Dawwas, a refugee from neighboring Manfuha, took control of Riyadh. Ibn Dawwas built a single wall to encircle the various oasis towns in the area, making them effectively a single fortress city. The name "Riyadh", meaning "gardens" refers to these earlier oasis towns.

### Economy

The capital of Saudi Arabia, Riyadh, was initially known for its availability of water and fertile land which made it ideal for farming dates and other crops. Wheat was also widely grown until the crops were infested with insects and mites. After Riyadh was designated as the capital in the mid-1900s, Riyadh became a manufacturing hub. Almost one-third of Saudi Arabia's factories are located in Riyadh, producing a range of products including machinery, equipment, metallurgical goods, chemicals, construction materials, food, textiles, furniture, and numerous publications.

### First Saudi State

In 1750, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab formed an alliance with Muhammad ibn Saud, the ruler of the nearby town of Diriyah. Ibn Saud then set out to conquer the surrounding region with the goal of bringing it under the rule of a single Islamic state. Ibn Dawwas of Riyadh led the most determined resistance, allied with forces from Al Kharj, Al Ahsa, and the Banu Yam clan of Najran. However, Ibn Dawwas fled and Riyadh capitulated to the Saudis in 1774, ending long years of wars, and leading to the declaration of the First Saudi State, with Diriyah as its capital.
The First Saudi State was destroyed by forces sent by Muhammad Ali of Egypt, acting on behalf of the Ottoman Empire. Ottoman forces razed the Saudi capital Diriyah in 1818. They had maintained a garrison at Najd. This marked the decline of the House of Saud for a short time. Turki bin Abdullah bin Muhammad became the first Amir of the Second Saudi State; the cousin of Saud bin Saud, he ruled for 19 years till 1834, leading to the consolidation of the area though they were notionally under the control of Muhammad Ali, the Viceroy of Egypt. In 1823, Turki ibn Abdallah chose Riyadh as the new capital. Following the assassination of Turki in 1834, his eldest son Faisal killed the assassin, took control of the capital, and refused to be controlled by the Viceroy of Egypt. Najd was then invaded, and Faisal was taken captive and held in Cairo. However, as Egypt became independent of the Ottoman Empire, Faisal escaped after five years of incarceration, returned to Najd, and resumed his reign, ruling until 1865 and consolidating the reign of the House of Saud.
Following the death of Faisal, there was rivalry among his sons which situation was exploited by Muhammad bin Rashid who took most of Najd, signed a treaty with the Ottomans, and also captured Hasa in 1871. In 1889, Abdul Rahman bin Faisal, the third son of Faisal again regained control over Najd and ruled till 1891, whereafter the control was regained by Muhammad bin Raschid.
Internecine struggles between Turki's grandsons led to the fall of the Second Saudi State in 1891 at the hand of the rival Al Rashid clan, which ruled from the northern city of Ha'il. The al-Masmak fort dates from that period.
Abdul Rahman bin Faisal al-Saud had sought refuge among a tribal community on the outskirts of Najd and then went to Kuwait with his family and stayed in exile. However, his son Abdul Aziz retrieved his ancestral kingdom of Najd in 1902 and consolidated his rule by 1926, and further expanded his kingdom to cover "most of the Arabian Peninsula." He named his kingdom as Saudi Arabia in September 1932 with Riyadh as the capital. King Abdul Aziz died in 1953 and his son Saud took control as per the established succession rule of father to son from the time Muhammad bin Saud had established the Saud rule in 1744. However, this established line of succession was broken when King Saud was succeeded by his brother King Faisal in 1964. In 1975, Faisal was succeeded by his brother King Khalid. In 1982, King Fahd took the reins from his brother. This new line of succession is among the sons of King Abdul Aziz who has 35 sons; this large family of Ibn Saud hold all key positions in the large kingdom.

### Modern history

From the 1940s, Riyadh mushroomed from a relatively narrow, spatially isolated town into a spacious metropolis. When King Saud came to power, he made it his objective to modernize Riyadh, and began developing Annasriyyah, the royal residential district, in 1950. Following the example of American cities, new settlements and entire neighborhoods were created on grid plans, and connected by high-capacity main roads to the inner areas. The grid pattern in the city was introduced in 1953. The population growth of the town from 1974 to 1992 averaged 8.2 percent per year.
On 16 November 1983, King Khalid International Airport was officially opened by King Fahd, in memory to the late King Khalid. It remains the biggest airport in the world at nearly 300 sq miles to date.
Al-Qaeda under Osama bin Laden launched coordinated attacks on compounds in Riyadh on 12 May 2003, resulting in the deaths of 39 people. The bombings were considered to be a terrorism campaign against Western influence in Saudi Arabia.
In 2010, the first Saudi capital Diriyah, on the northwestern outskirts of Riyadh was inscribed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.
The mayor is Prince Faisal bin Abdulaziz al-Muqrin. Al-Muqrin was appointed in 2019 by royal decree and succeeds Tariq bin Abdul Aziz Al-Faris. Riyadh is now the administrative and to a great extent the commercial hub of the Kingdom. According to the Saudi Real Estate Companion, most large companies in the country established either sole headquarters or a large office in the city. For this reason, there has been significant growth in high-rise developments in all areas of the city. Most notable among these is King Abdullah Financial District which is fast becoming the key business hub in the city. Riyadh also has the largest all-female university in the world, the Princess Nora bint Abdul Rahman University.
According to the Global Financial Centres Index, Riyadh ranked at 77 in 2016–2017. Though the rank moved up to 69 in 2018, diversification in the economy of the capital is required in order to avoid what the World Bank called a "looming poverty crisis" brought on by lingering low oil prices and rich state benefits.
Since 2017, Riyadh has been the target of missiles from Yemen. In March 2018, one person died as a result of a missile attack. The number of missiles which targeted Riyadh are a small portion of the dozens of missiles fired from Yemen at Saudi Arabia due to the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen. In April 2018, heavy gunfire was heard in Khozama; this led to rumors of a coup attempt.
A restoration of heritage buildings of historical significance was launched in Riyadh by Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman on 13 September 2020.
* Lake at the 120 km long Wadi Hanifa valley that cuts through Riyadh
* King Abdullah Financial District
* The An Nafud desert on the outskirts of Riyadh with the Jabal Tuwaiq in the background

### Urban development history
#### Up to 1930s

Historical Riyadh was enclosed by walls. At its center was a town square and a market (souq), surrounded by residential quarters of mosques and adobe homes, each with an interior courtyard. Outside its walls were orchards of date trees, hence the name 'Riyadh' or 'gardens'. During the 1930s, there was an initial outward expansion because new administrative buildings were needed for the country and because the population was growing. According to Dr. Saleh Al Hathloul, former deputy minister of town planning, this era coincided with the period of sedentarization as nomads settled in and around towns and cities such as Riyadh.

#### 1940s–1950s

When commercial oil production began, there was a rapid rise in the rate of urbanization and the city transitioned from traditional to newer houses and buildings. This included the railway station and the (now-defunct) first airport of Riyadh. Government departments were relocated from Jeddah to Riyadh and new ministry buildings were built. To accommodate the government employees who had moved in from Jeddah, the government developed the Malaz housing block. This block's layout was influenced by the layouts of Dammam and Khobar, which in turn were influenced by the Aramco-built Dhahran. Malaz, with its street grid and detached house type, was instrumental in shaping the master plans for Riyadh that followed, as per Dr. Saleh Al Hathloul.

#### 1960s–1970s

The Department of Municipal Affairs (later Ministry of Municipalities and Housing) selected Doxiadis Associates (DA) in 1968 to prepare a masterplan for Riyadh. After preliminary studies, they submitted a plan that was approved in 1972. They proposed that Riyadh will expand in the north-south axis along a commercial spine with and most importantly, that it will be divided into neighborhoods of 2 × 2 km blocks, thus solidifying the grid pattern to be the defining feature of Riyadh's layout. It also maintains the style of housing that was prominent in Malaz, detached houses with setbacks, designed in what Dr. Saleh Al Hathloul identifies as an 'international Mediterranean' style i.e. crimson colors. However, DA's shortcomings lay in their inability to accurately predict the extent of Riyadh's future growth.
At the start of the 70s, Riyadh did not go much beyond what is today the Khurais road. But nearing the 80s, Riyadh's expansion had already reached the Northern Ring Road in the north and had made considerable progress in the eastern part of the city.
In 1974, the government founded the High Commission for the Development of Arriyadh (later Royal Commission for Riyadh City) which was headed by the then governor of Riyadh Province, King Salman Bin Abdulaziz, who oversaw Riyadh's development. With the economic growth and national development plans of the 70s, the national infrastructure consisting of electricity grids, telecommunications networks, water pipelines, and highways was laid down that made further urban growth possible. The old and new industrial cities of Riyadh were both founded in this period.

#### 1980s–1990s

The city grew at a much faster rate than Doxiadis Associates had projected and very soon, their plan became obsolete. DA predicted that Riyadh's urban area would be 304 km$^2$ in 30 years when it reached 400 km$^2$ just four years after the plan was authorized. Therefore, SCET International was assigned to revise and update the original plan to reflect the drastic growth and offer adaptive measures, which were approved in 1982. While keeping the 2km x 2km block, they expanded it in all directions unlike DA's linear expansion. They also added the radial ring roads and altered the DA conception of how commercial and other zones should be distributed.
It was in the 80s and 90s that most of the buildings that defined Riyadh's urban identity were constructed. Built in styles contemporary of that time, marble with a hint of desert beige, these included the King Khalid International Airport, King Fahd Stadium, Television tower, King Saud University new campus, the King Faisal Foundation, the Ministry of Interior, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, MOMRA, and Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud university. And the historical district was rebuilt with the National Museum, Qasr AlHukm district, and the Imam Turki bin Abdullah mosque. Numerous health facilities were founded as well. Other developments in this period included the opening of the first shopping centers and supermarkets.
Approaching the 2000s, Riyadh had expanded well beyond the Northern Ring Road in the north and had reached the Second Ring Road in the east.

#### 2000s–2010s

The MEDSTAR (metropolitan development strategy for Arriyadh) was the strategy that directed urban development in this era. Since the SCET plan also turned out to underestimate the rate of growth, a continuous approach instead of a one-off plan was adopted. The MEDSTAR was not a long term plan but an ongoing strategy on managing urban growth and economic development in the city. It was initiated after comprehensive studies by the Arriyadh Development Authority (the high commission's research wing) on demographics, land use, transportation, security, environment, and traffic safety. In 2007, MEDSTAR won second place in the international award for liveable communities. One of the MEDSTAR strategies was balanced development by turning Riyadh into a polycentric city rather than having one single downtown. [Riyadh: The Metamorphosis of a City From Centerless to Polycentric Fernando Perez,] This has resulted in there being multiple hubs scattered around the city such as Olaya, KAFD, Sahafa, Granada, Business Gate, Digital City, and Hittin.
Riyadh's skyline arose along the King Fahd Road starting in the 2000s. Significant construction projects like the Riyadh metro and the Princess Noura University, the world's largest women's university, were undertaken. Most malls and hypermarkets opened in this era and became a feature of city life. The municipality added wide sidewalks to a number of streets which became popular spots for walking, and parks were built in many neighborhoods. Major roads were redesigned, such as the King Fahd road, King Abdullah Road, Abu Bakr Al Siddiq road, and Oruba road, transforming the look of the city. In addition, the Royal Commission rehabilitated the Wadi Hanifa wetlands.
At the onset of the 2020s, Riyadh's expansion had gone further ahead of the King Salman Road in the north and had reached the Janadriyah road in the east.

#### 2020–present

Vision 2030 has stated its objective for Saudi cities to reach the list of top 100 cities of the world in quality of life and the city is working towards this goal through new development investments. Every year, the number of tourists visiting Saudi Arabia and Riyadh increases. In the large empty area where the old airport once was, the world's largest urban park, King Salman Park is being constructed, with leisure, residential, office, hospitality, and retail spaces. The historical city of Diriyah, now encompassed by Riyadh, has been restored and developed into a cultural and tourist destination. Many roads and streets, such as the Olaya street and the Imam Saud road, are being refurbished.
Fewer malls are opening and squares (or plazas) are taking over in popularity, the most popular having been the Riyadh Boulevard on the Prince Turki Al Awwal Road. A new downtown called 'New Murabba' at the intersection of the King Salman and King Khaled roads is planned.
New fully residential suburbs, unlike regular neighborhoods that have storefront-lined main streets, are under construction in the far north and far east of the city.

## Geography
### Climate

Riyadh has a hot desert climate (Köppen Climate Classification BWh), with long, extremely hot summers and short, very mild winters. The average high temperature in July is 43.9 °C (111.0 °F). If not for its elevation Riyadh would experience an even hotter climate. The city experiences very little precipitation, especially during the summer, but receives a fair amount of rain in March and April. It is also known to have dust storms during which the dust can be so thick that visibility is under 10 m (33 ft). On 1 and 2 April 2015, a massive dust storm hit Riyadh, causing the suspension of classes in many schools in the area and the cancellation of hundreds of flights, both domestic and international.
Climate data for Riyadh Old (1991-2020) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 31.5 (88.7) | 34.8 (94.6) | 38.0 (100.4) | 42.0 (107.6) | 45.1 (113.2) | 47.2 (117.0) | 48.1 (118.6) | 47.8 (118.0) | 45.0 (113.0) | 41.0 (105.8) | 38.0 (100.4) | 31.0 (87.8) | 48.1 (118.6) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 20.1 (68.2) | 23.6 (74.5) | 27.8 (82.0) | 33.6 (92.5) | 39.4 (102.9) | 42.7 (108.9) | 43.4 (110.1) | 43.6 (110.5) | 40.4 (104.7) | 35.2 (95.4) | 27.5 (81.5) | 22.2 (72.0) | 33.3 (91.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 14.6 (58.3) | 17.5 (63.5) | 21.5 (70.7) | 27.2 (81.0) | 33.0 (91.4) | 36.0 (96.8) | 36.8 (98.2) | 36.9 (98.4) | 33.7 (92.7) | 28.5 (83.3) | 21.4 (70.5) | 16.4 (61.5) | 26.9 (80.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 9.2 (48.6) | 11.5 (52.7) | 15.2 (59.4) | 20.7 (69.3) | 26.1 (79.0) | 28.4 (83.1) | 29.4 (84.9) | 29.5 (85.1) | 26.2 (79.2) | 21.3 (70.3) | 15.5 (59.9) | 10.8 (51.4) | 20.3 (68.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −2.3 (27.9) | −0.3 (31.5) | 4.5 (40.1) | 11.0 (51.8) | 18.0 (64.4) | 21.1 (70.0) | 23.6 (74.5) | 22.7 (72.9) | 16.1 (61.0) | 14.0 (57.2) | 7.0 (44.6) | 1.4 (34.5) | −2.3 (27.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 15.4 (0.61) | 6.1 (0.24) | 21.1 (0.83) | 24.3 (0.96) | 5.4 (0.21) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.5 (0.02) | 0.0 (0.0) | 1.0 (0.04) | 11.4 (0.45) | 14.7 (0.58) | 99.9 (3.93) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) | 2.1 | 1.0 | 2.7 | 3.4 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 13.9 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 47 | 36 | 32 | 28 | 17 | 11 | 10 | 12 | 14 | 20 | 36 | 45 | 26 |
| Average dew point °C (°F) | 2 (36) | 1 (34) | 2 (36) | 4 (39) | 3 (37) | −1 (30) | 0 (32) | 2 (36) | 2 (36) | 2 (36) | 4 (39) | 3 (37) | 2 (36) |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 212.4 | 226.6 | 219.8 | 242.3 | 287.7 | 328.2 | 332.1 | 309.2 | 271.6 | 311.4 | 269.2 | 214.3 | 3,224.8 |
| Percentage possible sunshine | 63 | 71 | 59 | 63 | 70 | 80 | 80 | 77 | 74 | 87 | 82 | 65 | 72 |
| Average ultraviolet index | 3 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 11 | 8 | 6 | 3 | 9 |
| Source 1: NOAA, Jeddah Regional Climate Center ||||||||||||||
| Source 2: Time and Date (dewpoints, 1985-2015) ||||||||||||||
Climate data for Riyadh New (1991-2020) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 33.0 (91.4) | 34.5 (94.1) | 38.3 (100.9) | 42.0 (107.6) | 46.0 (114.8) | 47.5 (117.5) | 48.4 (119.1) | 48.8 (119.8) | 46.8 (116.2) | 42.5 (108.5) | 37.0 (98.6) | 32.7 (90.9) | 48.8 (119.8) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 20.7 (69.3) | 23.7 (74.7) | 28.0 (82.4) | 33.6 (92.5) | 39.5 (103.1) | 42.8 (109.0) | 43.9 (111.0) | 43.8 (110.8) | 40.9 (105.6) | 35.5 (95.9) | 27.4 (81.3) | 22.3 (72.1) | 33.5 (92.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 14.0 (57.2) | 16.7 (62.1) | 21.0 (69.8) | 26.4 (79.5) | 32.2 (90.0) | 35.2 (95.4) | 36.3 (97.3) | 36.0 (96.8) | 32.8 (91.0) | 27.5 (81.5) | 20.4 (68.7) | 15.4 (59.7) | 26.2 (79.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 7.6 (45.7) | 9.9 (49.8) | 13.8 (56.8) | 19.1 (66.4) | 24.1 (75.4) | 26.1 (79.0) | 27.3 (81.1) | 27.0 (80.6) | 23.7 (74.7) | 18.9 (66.0) | 13.6 (56.5) | 9.1 (48.4) | 18.3 (64.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −5.4 (22.3) | −3.3 (26.1) | 2.1 (35.8) | 8.9 (48.0) | 14.0 (57.2) | 19.8 (67.6) | 20.0 (68.0) | 20.0 (68.0) | 14.4 (57.9) | 8.9 (48.0) | 4.5 (40.1) | −2.0 (28.4) | −5.4 (22.3) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 14.8 (0.58) | 8.3 (0.33) | 19.9 (0.78) | 23.7 (0.93) | 5.7 (0.22) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 1.5 (0.06) | 20.1 (0.79) | 13.5 (0.53) | 107.6 (4.24) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) | 1.7 | 1.5 | 2.6 | 3.7 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 2.5 | 1.7 | 14.9 |
| Source 1: NOAA ||||||||||||||
| Source 2: Pogodaiklimat.ru (extremes) ||||||||||||||

### City districts

Riyadh is divided into fourteen branch municipalities, in addition to the Diplomatic Quarter. Each branch municipality in turn contains several districts, amounting to over 130 in total, though some districts are divided between more than one branch municipality. The branch municipalities are Al-Shemaysi, Irqah, Al-Ma'athar, Al-Olayya, Al-Aziziyya, Al-Malaz, Al-Selayy, Nemar, Al-Neseem, Al-Shifa, Al-'Urayja, Al-Bat'ha, Al-Ha'ir, Al-Rawdha, and Al-Shimal ("the North"). Olaya District is the commercial heart of the city, with accommodation, entertainment, dining and shopping options. The Kingdom Centre, Al Faisalyah, and Al-Tahlya Street are the area's most prominent landmarks. The center of the city, Al-Bathaa and Al-Deerah, is also its oldest part.
Some of the main districts of Riyadh are:
* Al-Bat'ha
** Al-Deerah (old Riyadh)
** Mi'kal
** Manfuha
** Manfuha Al-Jadidah (منفوحة الجديدة – "new Manfuha")
** Al-'Oud
** Al-Mansorah
** Al-Margab
** Salam
** Jabrah
** Al-Yamamah
** 'Otayyigah
* Al-'Olayya & Sulaymaniyyah
** Al-'Olayya
** Al-Sulaymaniyyah
** Al Izdihar
** King Fahd District
** Al-Masif
** Al-Murooj
** Al-Mugharrazat
** Al-Wurood
* Nemar
** Nemar
** Dharat Nemar
** Tuwaiq
** Hazm
** Deerab
* Irqah
** Irqah
** Al-Khozama
* Diplomatic Quarter
* Al-Shemaysi
** Al-Shemaysi
** Eleyshah
** Al-Badi'ah
** Syah
** Al-Nasriyyah
** Umm Sleym
** Al-Ma'athar
** Umm Al-Hamam (East)
* Al-Ma'athar
** Al-Olayya
** Al-Nakheel
** King Saud University main campus
** Umm Al-Hamam (East)
** Umm Al-Hamam (West)
** Al-Ma'athar Al-Shimali ("North Ma'athar")
** Al-Rahmaniyya
** Al-Muhammadiyya
** Al-Ra'id
* Al-Ha'ir
** Al-Ha'ir
** Al-Ghannamiyyah
** Uraydh
* Al-'Aziziyyah
** Al Aziziyah (Riyadh)
** Ad Dar Al Baida
** Taybah
** Al Mansouriyah
* Al-Malaz
** Al-Malaz
** Al-Rabwah
** Al-Rayyan
** Jarir
** Al-Murabba'
** Sinaiyah Qadeem
* Al-Shifa
** Al-Masani'
** Al-Shifa
** Al-Mansuriyya
** Al-Marwah
* Al-Urayja
** Al-Urayja
** Al-Urayja Al-Wusta ("Mid-Urayja")
** Al-Urayja (West)
** Shubra
** Dharat Laban
** Hijrat Laban
** As-Suwaidi
** As-Suwaidi (West)
** Dahrat Al-Badi'ah
** Sultanah
* Al-Shemal
** Al-Malga
** Al-Sahafa
** Hittin
** Al-Wadi
** Al-Ghadir
** Al-Nafil
** Imam Muhammad ibn Saud University main campus
** Al-Qayrawan
** Al-Aqiq
** Al-Arid
* Al-Naseem
** Al-Naseem (East)
** Al-Naseem (West)
** As-Salam
** Al-Manar
** Al-Rimayah
** Al-Nadheem
* Al-Rawdhah
** Al-Rawdhah
** Al-Qadisiyah
** Al-M'aizliyyah
** Al-Nahdhah
** Gharnatah (Granada)
** Qortubah (Cordoba)
** Al-Andalus (Andalusia)
** Al-Hamra
** Al-Qouds
* Al-Selayy
** Al-Selayy
** Ad Difa'
** Al Iskan
** Khashm Al-'Aan
** Al-Sa'adah
** Al-Fayha
** Al-Manakh
* King Abdullah Financial District
* Diriyah (suburb of Riyadh)

## Demographics

In 2022, the city had over 7 million people. The city had a population of 40,000 inhabitants in 1935 and 83,000 in 1949. The city has experienced very high rates of population growth, from 150,000 inhabitants in the 1960s to over seven million, according to the most recent sources. As of 2017, the population of Riyadh is composed of 64.19% Saudis, while non-Saudis account for 35.81% of the population. Indians are the largest minority population at 13.7%, followed by Pakistanis at 12.4%. The population is so high due to the doubled birth rates and the high economic growth. There was also an influx of immigrants.

## Landmarks and architecture
### Vernacular architecture of Old Riyadh

The old town of Riyadh within the city walls did not exceed an area of 1 km$^2$, and therefore very few significant architectural remnants of the original walled oasis town of Riyadh exist today. The most prominent is the Masmak fort and some parts of the original wall structure with its gate which have been restored and reconstructed. There are also a number of traditional mud-brick houses within these old limits, but they are for the most part dilapidated.
Expansion outside the city walls was slow to begin with, although there were some smaller oases and settlements surrounding Riyadh. The first major construction beyond the walls was King Abdulaziz's Murabba Palace. It was constructed in 1936, completed in 1938, and a household of 800 people moved into it in 1938. The palace is now part of a bigger complex called The King Abdulaziz Historical Centre.
There are other traditional villages and towns in the area around traditional Riyadh which the urban sprawl reached and encompasses. These include Diriyah, Manfuha and Wadi Laban. Unlike in the early days of development in Riyadh during which vernacular structures were razed to the ground without consideration, there is a new-found appreciation for traditional architecture. The Saudi Commission for Tourism and National Heritage is making efforts to revitalize the historic architecture in Riyadh and other parts of the kingdom.

#### Ain Heet Cave

Ain Heet cave has an underground lake (150 meters deep) situated at the face of Mount Al Jubayl in Wadi As Sulay in a small village called Heet in Riyadh. Between Riyadh and Al Kharj road, it is one of the easily accessible caves in the area of Riyadh.

### Archeological sites

The archeological sites at Riyadh which are of historical importance, in which the Municipality of Riyadh is involved, are the five old gates on the old walls of Riyadh. These are the eastern gate of Thumaira, the northern gate of Al-Suwailen, the southern gate of Dukhna, the western gate of Al-Madhbah, and the south-western gate of Shumaisi. There are also four historic palaces: Musmak Palace, Murabba Palace (palace of King Abdul Aziz), Atiqah Palace (belongs to Prince Muhammad bin Abdul Rahman) and Al Shamsiah Palace (belongs to Saud Al Kabeer).

#### Turaif district

The Turaif district, is another important archeological site inscribed in UNESCO World Heritage List on 31 July 2010. It was founded in the 15th century bearing an architectural style of Najdi. There are some Historic palaces and monuments in Al-Turaif district include: Salwa Palace, Saad bin Saud Palace, The Guest House and At-Turaif Bath House, and Imam Mohammad bin Saud Mosque.

#### Masmak Fortress

This fortress was built around 1865 under the reign of Mohammed ibn Abdullah ibn Rasheed (1289-1315 AH), the ruler of Ha'il to the north, who had wrested control of the city from the rival clan of Al Saud. In January 1902 Ibn Saud, who was at the time living in exile in Kuwait, succeeded in capturing the Masmak fortress from its Rashid garrison. The event, which restored Saudi control over Riyadh, has acquired an almost mythical status in the history of Saudi Arabia. The story of the event is often retold and has as its central theme the heroism and bravery of King Abdulaziz al-Saud. The Masmak Fortress is now a museum and is in close proximity to the Clock Tower Square, also known to English-speaking residents as Chop Chop Square, referring to the capital punishment that takes place there.

### Contemporary architecture
#### Kingdom Centre

Designed by the team of Ellerbe Becket and Omrania, the tower is built on 94,230 square meters of land. The Kingdom Centre is owned by a group of companies including Kingdom Holding Company, headed by Al-Waleed bin Talal, a prince of the Saudi royal family, and is the headquarters of the holding company. The project cost 2 billion Saudi Arabian Riyals and the contract was undertaken by El-Seif. The Kingdom Centre is the winner of the 2002 Emporis Skyscraper Award, selected as the "best new skyscraper of the year for design and functionality". A three-level shopping center, which also won a major design award, fills the east wing. The large opening is illuminated at night in continuously changing colors. The shopping center has a separate floor for women only to shop where men are not allowed to enter.
The Kingdom Tower has 99 stories and is the fifth tallest structure in the country, rising to 300 m. A special aspect of the tower is that it is divided into two parts in the last one-third of its height and is linked by a sky-bridge walkway, which provides extensive views of Riyadh.

#### Burj Rafal

Burj Rafal, located on King Fahd Road, is the tallest skyscraper in Riyadh at 307.9 meters (1,010 feet) tall. The tower was designed and engineered by P & T Group. Construction began in 2010 and was completed in 2014. The project was considered a success, with 70% of the residential units already sold by the time the skyscraper was topped out. The tower contained 474 residential condominium units and a 349-room 5-star Kempinski hotel. Since then the hotel has been operated under the JW Mariott brand.

#### Burj Al Faisaliyah

Al Faisaliyah Centre (Arabic: برج الفيصلية) is the first skyscraper constructed in Saudi Arabia and is the third tallest building in Riyadh after the Burj Rafal and the Kingdom Centre. The golden ball that lies atop the tower is said to be inspired by a ballpoint pen, and contains a restaurant; immediately below this is an outside viewing deck. There is a shopping center with major world brands at ground level. Al Faisaliyah Centre also has a hotel on both sides of the tower while the main building is occupied by office. The Al Faisaliyah Tower has 44 stories. It was designed by Foster and Partners.

#### Riyadh TV Tower

The Riyadh TV Tower is a 170 meter high television tower located inside the premises of the Saudi Ministry of Information. It is a vertical cantilever structure which was built between 1978 and 1981. The first movie made in 1983 by the TV tower group and named "1,000 Nights and Night" had Mohammed Abdu and Talal Mmdah as the main characters. At that time, there were no women on TV because of religious restrictions. Three years later, Abdul Khaliq Al-Ghanim produced a TV series called "Tash Ma Tash," which earned a good reaction from audiences in Eastern Arabia. This series created a media revolution back in the 1980s.

### Museums and collections

In 1999, a new central museum was built in Riyadh, at the eastern side of the King Abdul Aziz Historical Centre. The National Museum of Saudi Arabia combined several collections and pieces that had up until then been scattered over several institutions and other places in Riyadh and the Kingdom. For example, the meteorite fragment is known as the "Camel's Hump", recovered in 1966 from the Wabar site, that was on display at the King Saud University in Riyadh became the new entry piece of the National Museum of Saudi Arabia.
The Royal Saudi Air Force Museum, or Saqr Al-Jazira, is located on the East Ring Road of Riyadh between exits 10 and 11. It contains a collection of aircraft and aviation-related items used by the Royal Saudi Air Force and Saudia (Saudi Arabian Airlines).

## Sports

Football is the most popular sport in Saudi Arabia. The city hosts four major football clubs, Al-Hilal was established in 1957 and has won 19 championships in the Saudi Pro League. Al-Nassr club is another team in the top league that has many supporters around the kingdom. It was established in 1955, and has been named champion of the Saudi professional League 9 times. Another well-known club, Al-Shabab, was established in 1947 and holds 6 championships. There is also Al-Riyadh Club, which was established in 1954, as well as many other minor clubs.
The city also has several large stadiums such as King Fahd Sports City Stadium with a seating capacity of 70,200. The stadium hosted the FIFA Confederations Cup three times, in the years 1992, 1995 and 1997. It also hosted the FIFA U-20 World Cup in 1989, and Prince Faisal bin Fahd Stadium (Al-Malaz Stadium) that is used mostly for football matches. The stadium has a capacity of 22,500 people.
The city's GPYW Indoor Stadium served as host arena for the 1997 Asian Basketball Championship, where Saudi Arabia's national basketball team reached the Final Four.
On 29 February 2020, the world's richest thoroughbred horse race took place at the King Abdulaziz Racetrack in Riyadh. The Saudi Cup is a new race for thoroughbreds aged four and up, to be run at weight-for-age terms over 1800m (9f). The prize money is US$20m with a prize of US$10m to the winner and prize money down to tenth place. The Saudi Cup is perfectly positioned between the Pegasus World Cup and the Dubai World Cup to attract the best horses from around the world to compete for horse racing's richest prize. Putting the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia on the international horseracing map, the Saudi Cup will also hold an undercard of international races on both dirt and the new turf course.
On 26 April 2020, Saudi Arabia entered the bidding process for the 2030 Asian Games; their main rival for this event was Doha, Qatar. On 16 December 2020, it was announced that Riyadh will host the 2034 Asian Games.
Esports in Riyadh began its journey with the city's first major tournament, the GSA E-Sports Cup, in 2018. The Saudi Esports Federation further boosted this growth by organizing the Gamers8 festival in 2022 and 2023. The 2023 edition of the festival offered the largest prize pool in the history of global competitive esports at the time, totaling $45 million. As part of the Gamers8 festival, the Riyadh Masters, a Dota 2 tournament, boasted a significant prize pool of $15 million, surpassed only by the Fortnite World Cup Finals and The International in the history of esports tournaments. Gamers8 would be replaced by the Esports World Cup in 2024, which boasts a total prize pool of over $60 million, which will be the largest prize pool in the history of global competitive esports, split among at least 20 different tournaments and a Club Championship for esports organizations.

## Transportation
### Air

Riyadh's King Khalid International Airport (KKIA) is located 35 kilometers north of the city center. It is the city's main airport, and served over 20 million passengers in 2013. The airport will be expanded, with six parallel runways and three or four large passenger terminals by 2030. It will be able to serve 120 million passengers per year after 2030, and 185 million passengers per year by 2050.

### Buses

The metro system will be integrated with an 85 kilometers (53 mi), three-line bus rapid transit (BRT) network.
The main charter bus company in the kingdom, known as the Saudi Public Transport Company (SAPTCO), offers trips both within the kingdom and to its neighboring countries, including Egypt (via ferries from Safaga or Nuweiba) and Arab states of the Gulf Cooperation Council.

### Metro

The Riyadh Metro, part of the King Abdulaziz Public Transport Project, is the world's longest driverless metro system.

### Railways

Saudi Arabia Railways operates two separate passenger and cargo lines between Riyadh and Dammam, passing through Hofuf and Haradh. Two future railway projects, connecting Riyadh with Jeddah and Mecca in the western region, and connecting Riyadh with Buraidah, Ha'il and Northern Saudi Arabia are underway.

### Roads

The city is served by a major highway system. The main Eastern Ring Road connects the city's south and north, while the Northern Ring Road connects the city's east and west. King Fahd Road runs through the center of the city from north to south, in parallel with the East Ring Road. Makkah Road, which runs east–west across the city's center, connects eastern parts of the city with the city's main business district and the diplomatic quarters.
* Highway 65 runs north-south along Ha'il, Buraidah, through Riyadh, to Al-Kharj.
* Highway 40 runs east-west from Jeddah to Dammam through Riyadh.

## Media

The 170 m (560 ft) Riyadh TV Tower, operated by the Ministry of Information, was built between 1978 and 1981. National Saudi television channels Saudi TV1, Saudi TV2, Saudi TV Sports, Al-Ekhbariya, ART channels network operate from here. Television broadcasts are mainly in Arabic, although some radio broadcasts are in English or French. Arabic is the main language used in television and radio but radio broadcasts are also made in different languages such as Urdu, French, or English. Riyadh has four Arabic newspapers; Asharq Al-Awsat (which is owned by the city governor), Al Riyadh, Al Jazirah and Al-Watan, two English language newspapers; Saudi Gazette and Arab News, and one Malayalam language newspaper, Gulf Madhyamam. The Saudi government monitors and filters internet content. Political dissent is not tolerated in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia has had strict regulations on cinema and the arts.

## Development projects

In 2019, King Salman launched a plan to implement 1281 development projects in Riyadh. The project is planned to cost around US$22 billion. The main goal of the plan is to improve the infrastructure, transportation, environment and other facilities in Riyadh and the surrounding area. In the framework of Saudi Vision 2030, the plan will take care of constructing 15 housing projects, building a huge museum, establishing an environmental project, sports areas, medical cities, educational facilities, etc. This includes the establishment of 14 electricity projects, 20 sewage projects, 10 housing areas, 66 trading and industrial areas, a number of lakes covering 315,000 square meters, and advanced sports cities. Since the announcement of the Vision, Riyadh has implemented various reforms to lay the foundation for the next steps of the Vision. Vision 2030's stated goals are to promote tourism, and to help push Saudi Arabia to the global front.
Alongside the development project and with the aim of enhancing the artistic landscape of the city, 1000 pieces of art are planned to be publicly displayed in the city by the end of 2030. In the framework of Riyadh's development projects, an amount of SR 604 million has been awarded to develop and construct roads of Riyadh. On 3 July 2020, Bloomberg reported that Saudi Arabia has allocated $20 billion on the mega-project of tourism and culture in Riyadh, branded as Diriyah, while facing a double economic crisis after rise in coronavirus cases.
The Ministry of Investment and the Royal Commission for Riyadh City (RCRC) announced on 13 July 2021 that they have partnered with SEK Education Group to open SEK International School Riyadh, its first campus in Saudi Arabia. The new international school will welcome students from Pre-K (age 3 years) to Grade 12 (age 17/18 years), and will become one of the few schools in Riyadh accredited to offer the International Baccalaureate (IB) Primary Years Programme (PYP), Middle Years Programme (MYP), and Diploma Programme (DP).
In July 2024 the plan to create the Sports Boulevard which will include the world's tallest sports tower was approved. This is part of a $23 billion project meant to enlarge green spaces within the city.

### Major development projects

| Project | Announcement date | Status | Expected opening year | Total area (km$^2$) | Cost | Website |
| Diriyah Gate | 20 July 2017 | Under Construction | 2027 | 14 | $62.2 billion | www.dgda.gov.sa/en |
| Riyadh Metro | 9 June 2013 | Completed | 2024 | | $25 billion | rpt.sa/en/ |
| King Salman Park | 19 July 2019 | Under Construction | 2025 | 17 | $25 billion | kingsalmanpark.sa/en |
| New Murabba | 16 February 2023 | Under Construction | 2030 | 19 | $50 billion | newmurabba.com/en/ |
| King Salman Airport | 27 November 2022 | Planned | 2030 | 57 | $30 billion | |
| Sports Boulevard | 19 March 2019 | Partially Opened | 2025 | >6.7 | | sportsboulevard.sa/en |
| Mohammed Bin Salman Nonprofit City | 14 November 2021 | Under Construction | 2026 | 3.4 | $5.4 billion | miskcity.sa/en/ |
| King Abdullah International Gardens | 28 February 2014 | Under Construction | 2026 | 2.5 | $690 million | |
| Green Riyadh | 19 March 2019 | Ongoing | | | | www.grg.sa |
| Riyadh Art | 19 March 2019 | Ongoing | | | | riyadhart.sa/en/ |

## Arts

The arts can create a big change in societies and Riyadh is no different. There are many Muslim Scholars who have made great improvements to the arts and literature that were from Saudi Arabia. The development of agriculture is said to have pushed the wave of the arts into Saudi Arabia. One art form that is focused on is Calligraphy as it is associated with the Quran. There is also a history of folk music and folk dancing rituals that are performed in festivals. Poem readings are also very prominent in the culture as there is a poem for almost every event (weddings, funerals, etc.).
In March 2019, the Royal Commission for Riyadh City launched Riyadh Art, a public art project aimed at transforming Riyadh into an art hub by giving artists the chance to display and implement their talent in public spaces.

## Literacy rate

The literacy rate in 2020 was 99.36% and in 2021 it was 99.38%. The literacy rate in Saudi Arabia has improved from 2010 when it was 98.10%.

## Events and festivals
### Jenadriyah

Jenadriyah is an annual festival that has been held in Riyadh. It includes a number of cultural and traditional events, such as camel race, poetry reading and others.

### Riyadh International Book Fair

Riyadh International Book Fair is one of the largest book fairs in the middle east. It is usually held between March and April and it hosts a wide range of Saudi, Arab and international publishers.

### Riyadh Season

Riyadh Season was held as part of an initiative to promote tourism. The season took place from October to December 2019. It included a wide range of sports, musical, theatrical, fashion shows, circus, and various other entertainment activities.