# Witness for the Prosecution (1957 film)

Witness for the Prosecution is a 1957 American legal mystery thriller film directed by Billy Wilder and starring Tyrone Power, Marlene Dietrich, and Charles Laughton, with Elsa Lanchester and John Williams. The film, which has elements of bleak black comedy and film noir, is a courtroom drama set in the Old Bailey in London and is based on the 1953 play of the same title by Agatha Christie. The first film adaptation of Christie's story, Witness for the Prosecution was written for the screen by Wilder and Harry Kurnitz and adapted by Larry Marcus.
The film was acclaimed by critics and received six Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture. It also received five Golden Globe Award nominations including a win for Elsa Lanchester as Best Actress in a Supporting Role. Additionally, the film was selected as the sixth-best courtroom drama ever by the American Film Institute for their AFI's 10 Top 10 list.
In the film, a man accused of killing a wealthy widow who had named him as the main beneficiary in her will undergoes a trial during which his wife testifies against him.

## Plot

Senior barrister Sir Wilfrid Robarts, who is nearing retirement after suffering from a heart attack, agrees to defend Leonard Vole over the objections of Robarts' private nurse Miss Plimsoll, Sir Wilfrid's doctor having warned against taking on stressful criminal cases. Vole is accused of murdering Emily French, a wealthy, childless widow who had fallen in love with him and named him as the main beneficiary in her will.
When Sir Wilfrid speaks with Vole's German wife Christine, he finds her cold and self-possessed, but she does provide an alibi, although it is not entirely convincing. During the trial in the Old Bailey, the Crown introduces testimony that Mrs. French had seen Vole with a younger woman and planned to confront him, but Sir Wilfrid believes his client to be innocent. He is shocked when Christine is called to give evidence against Vole as a prosecution witness.
While a wife cannot be compelled to testify against her husband, it is revealed in court that her marriage to Vole is invalid, as she was already married to another man, Otto Helm, who is still alive and living in Germany. She states that she never loved Leonard, and her conscience compels her to tell the truth. She explains that she had gone through a ceremony of marriage with Leonard, a Royal Air Force officer serving in Berlin's British occupation zone, solely to escape from Soviet-controlled territory to the West. According to her testimony, Leonard confessed that after being confronted by Mrs. French, he had killed her to avoid being disinherited from her will.
Now fearing that his client must inevitably be convicted and sentenced to hang, Sir Wilfrid is unexpectedly and fortuitously contacted by a woman who offers to sell him letters written by Christine to a lover named Max. The handwriting is genuine, and the woman has a legitimate reason for providing the letters: she had been attacked and her face disfigured by her lover. During cross examination, Sir Wilfred reads the letters, which disclose a conspiracy between Max and Christine to frame Leonard. The jury acquits Leonard of murder, much to the crowd's delight.
Sir Wilfrid is troubled, and his worries prove justified when Christine, brought into the courtroom for safety after being assailed by the departing crowd, tells him what she had done to secure the acquittal. After Sir Wilfrid had told Christine before the trial that an alibi contributed by a loving wife would not be believed by a jury, she had posed as a hateful, double-crossing wife. She also wrote letters to a non-existent lover and impersonated the disfigured woman who gave Sir Wilfred the same letters, in order to discredit her own testimony. Christine now says that she loves Leonard, but knew all along that he was guilty. Christine has actually told the truth about the murder in the witness-box: Leonard did, in fact, confess to her.
Leonard, having overheard Christine, gleefully boasts that he had indeed manipulated and murdered Mrs. French. Sir Wilfrid, who had sincerely believed in his client's innocence, is outraged. However, due to English double jeopardy laws, no further legal action can be taken against Leonard.
Leonard announces that he really has been having an affair with the much younger woman seen by Mrs. French, for whom he now plans to abandon Christine. He smugly states that though Christine will now be tried for perjury, he and she are now even, as they both saved each other's lives. A devastated Christine grabs a knife and stabs Leonard, killing him. As she is arrested, Sir Wilfrid decides to further delay his retirement to serve as Christine's defence counsel, stating that what she did was to execute Leonard.

## Cast
### Credited

* Tyrone Power as Leonard Vole, the accused
* Marlene Dietrich as Christine Vole/Helm, the accused's wife
* Charles Laughton as Sir Wilfrid Robarts Q.C., senior counsel for Leonard
* Elsa Lanchester as Miss Plimsoll, Sir Wilfrid's private nurse
* John Williams as Mr. Brogan-Moore, Sir Wilfrid's junior counsel in the trial
* Henry Daniell as Mr. Mayhew, Leonard's solicitor who instructs Sir Wilfrid on the case
* Ian Wolfe as H. A. Carter, Sir Wilfrid's chief clerk and office manager
* Torin Thatcher as Mr. Myers Q.C., the Crown prosecutor
* Norma Varden as Mrs. Emily Jane French, the woman who was murdered
* Una O'Connor as Janet McKenzie, Mrs. French's housekeeper and a prosecution witness
* Francis Compton as Mr. Justice Wainwright, the judge
* Philip Tonge as Chief Inspector Hearne, the arresting officer
* Ruta Lee as Diana, a young woman watching the trial, waiting for Leonard to be freed

### Uncredited

* Patrick Aherne as the court officer
* Eddie Baker as a courtroom spectator
* Marjorie Eaton as Miss O'Brien
* Franklyn Farnum as an old barrister
* Bess Flowers as a courtroom spectator
* Colin Kenny as a juror
* Ottola Nesmith as Miss Johnson
* J. Pat O'Malley as the shorts salesman
* Jack Raine as Sir Wilfrid's doctor
* Ben Wright as court clerk (the officer reading charges)

## Production

Producers Arthur Hornblow and Edward Small bought the rights to the play for $450,000. The play was adjusted to emphasize the character of the defence barrister. Billy Wilder was signed to direct in April 1956. According to Wilder, when the producers approached Marlene Dietrich about the part, she accepted on the condition that Wilder direct. Wilder said that Dietrich liked "to play a murderess" but was "a little bit embarrassed when playing the love scenes."
Vivien Leigh was considered for the role of Christine Vole. Laughton based his performance on Florance Guedella, his own lawyer, an Englishman who was known for twirling his monocle while cross-examining witnesses.
In a flashback showing how Leonard and Christine first meet in a German nightclub, she is wearing her trademark trousers, made famous by Dietrich in director Josef von Sternberg's film Morocco (1930). A rowdy customer rips them down one side, revealing one of Dietrich's renowned legs and starting a brawl. The scene required 145 extras and 38 stuntmen, and cost $90,000. The bar is called Die blaue Laterne (English: The Blue Lantern), which is a reference to Dietrich's 1930 film The Blue Angel.

## United Artists' "surprise ending"

At the end of the film, as the credits roll, a voiceover announces:
   The management of this theater suggests that, for the greater entertainment of your friends who have not yet seen the picture, you will not divulge to anyone the secret of the ending of Witness for the Prosecution.
This was in keeping with the advertising campaign for the film. One of the posters said: "You'll talk about it! – but please don't tell the ending!"
The effort to keep the ending a secret extended to the cast. Billy Wilder did not allow the actors to view the final ten pages of the script until it was time to shoot those scenes. The secrecy reportedly cost Marlene Dietrich an Academy Award, as United Artists did not want to call attention to the fact that Dietrich was practically unrecognizable as the Cockney woman who hands over the incriminating letters to the defense.

## Reception
### Box office

Witness for the Prosecution reached number one at the American box office for two consecutive weeks in February and March 1958. In its first year, the film earned $3.75 million in distributor rentals in the United States and Canada.

### Critical response

In a contemporary review for The New York Times, critic Bosley Crowther wrote: "[T]here's never a dull or worthless moment. It's all parry and punch from the word 'Go!', which is plainly announced when the accused man is brought to Mr. Laughton at the beginning of the film. And the air in the courtroom fairly crackles with emotional electricity, until that staggering surprise in the last reel. Then the whole drama explodes. It's the staging of the scenes that is important in this rapidly moving film ... It's the balancing of well-marked characters, the shifts of mood, the changes of pace and the interesting bursts of histrionics that the various actors display."
Agatha Christie "herself considered it the finest film derived from one of her stories." In TV Guide's review of the film, it received four and a half stars out of five, the writer saying that "Witness for the Prosecution is a witty, terse adaptation of the Agatha Christie hit play brought to the screen with ingenuity and vitality by Billy Wilder." The American Film Institute included the film on their AFI's 10 Top 10 list at number six in the courtroom-drama category.
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 100% based on 41 reviews, with an average rating of 8.7/10.

### Accolades

| Award | Category | Recipient(s) | Result |
| Academy Awards | Best Picture | Arthur Hornblow Jr. | Nominated |
| Academy Awards | Best Director | Billy Wilder | Nominated |
| Academy Awards | Best Actor | Charles Laughton | Nominated |
| Academy Awards | Best Supporting Actress | Elsa Lanchester | Nominated |
| Academy Awards | Best Film Editing | Daniel Mandell | Nominated |
| Academy Awards | Best Sound Recording | Gordon E. Sawyer | Nominated |
| British Academy Film Awards | Best Actor in a Leading Role | Charles Laughton | Nominated |
| David di Donatello Awards | Best Foreign Actor | Charles Laughton | Won |
| Directors Guild of America Awards | Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures | Billy Wilder | Nominated |
| Edgar Allan Poe Awards | Best Motion Picture | Billy Wilder and Harry Kurnitz | Nominated |
| Golden Globe Awards | Best Motion Picture – Drama | Best Motion Picture – Drama | Nominated |
| Golden Globe Awards | Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama | Charles Laughton | Nominated |
| Golden Globe Awards | Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama | Marlene Dietrich | Nominated |
| Golden Globe Awards | Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture | Elsa Lanchester | Won |
| Golden Globe Awards | Best Director – Motion Picture | Billy Wilder | Nominated |
| Laurel Awards | Top Drama | Top Drama | 4th Place |
| Laurel Awards | Top Female Dramatic Performance | Marlene Dietrich | 2nd Place |
| Online Film & Television Association Awards | Hall of Fame – Motion Picture | Hall of Fame – Motion Picture | Won |

## Home media

Witness for the Prosecution was released on DVD by MGM Home Entertainment on December 11, 2001, as a Region 1 widescreen DVD, and by Kino Lorber (under license from MGM) on Blu-ray on July 22, 2014, as a Region 1 widescreen disc.