OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Newton's cannonball

Newton's cannonball was a thought experiment Isaac Newton used to hypothesize that the force of gravity was universal, and it was the key force for planetary motion. It appeared in his posthumously published 1728 work De mundi systemate (also published in English as A Treatise of the System of the World).

## Theory

In this experiment from his book (pp. 5–8), Newton visualizes a stone being projected from the top of a high mountain, and "that there is no air about the earth, or at least that it is endowed with little or no power of resisting".
As a gravitational force acts on the projectile, it will follow a different path depending on its initial velocity.
If the speed is low, it will simply fall back on Earth.
If the speed is the orbital speed at that altitude, it will go on circling around the Earth along a fixed circular orbit "and return to the mountain from which it was projected".
If the speed is higher than the orbital velocity, but not high enough to leave Earth altogether (lower than the escape velocity), it will continue revolving around Earth along an elliptical orbit.
If the speed is very high, it will leave Earth in a parabolic (at exactly escape velocity) or hyperbolic trajectory.

## Source

Newton's original plan for Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica was that it should consist of two books, the first analyzing basic laws of motion, and the second applying them to the Solar System. In order to include more material on motion in resisting media, the first book was split into two; the succeeding (now third) book, originally written in a more popular style, was rewritten to be more mathematical. However, manuscripts of an earlier draft of this last book survived, and a version of it was published in 1728 as De mundi systemate; an English translation was also published earlier in 1728 under the name A Treatise of the System of the World. The thought experiment occurs near the start of this work.

## Other appearances

An image of the page from A Treatise of the System of the World showing Newton's diagram of this experiment was included on the Voyager Golden Record, as image #111.
# Linden Hall, Pennsylvania

Linden Hall is a village and an unincorporated community in Harris Township, Centre County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is in Happy Valley and Cedar Run Valley which is part of the larger Nittany Valley. The community once had a station for the Lewisburg & Tyrone Railroad. At that time it had four stores, a shoe manufacturer, a grain elevator, lumber and coal yard, gristmill, distillery.

## Linden Hall Historic District

Linden Hall was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.
# Lycée Français du Caire

Lycée Français du Caire (LFC; Arabic: الثانوية الفرنسية بالقاهرة) is the French International School in Cairo, Egypt.
It is directly operated by the Agency for French Education Abroad (AEFE), an agency of the French government.

## Structure

There are three primary campuses, with one each in Maadi, New Cairo City, and Zamalek. The secondary classes are held in a campus in El Mearag.
The school has more than 2000 pupils and 140 teachers.

## History

The school was founded in 1911, with its first campus being in Maadi. In the 1970s, a second campus was opened in Zamalek.
In 1990 a third campus was opened in Heliopolis. It later relocated to Rehab in 2004 and then to New Cairo in 2015.
Between 2011 and 2013, construction took place on a fourth site in El Mearag to accommodate middle and high school students. The site was officially inaugurated in 2015.
# State Accident Insurance Fund

The State Accident Insurance Fund Corporation (SAIF) is a not-for-profit, state-chartered workers’ compensation insurance company in the U.S. state of Oregon. It provides workers' compensation insurance and workplace safety services for Oregon employers, and claim management for injured workers. It is based in Salem, Oregon.

## History

SAIF was created in 1914 by the Oregon Legislative Assembly as a state agency, and in 1980 became the United States' first public corporation specializing in workers' compensation insurance. A board of directors, appointed by the governor, oversees the company's operations. Chip Terhune was selected as president and chief executive officer of SAIF in 2021.
SAIF does not pay state income tax, which gives it the ability to price its policies competitively. Private competitor Liberty Northwest, a subsidiary of Liberty Mutual, has been openly critical of the laws regulating SAIF for some time.
In 2004, voters rejected a ballot measure that would have abolished SAIF. The measure was defeated with 61 percent of the vote.
In 2005, SAIF was investigated for allegedly failing to provide documents to a nonprofit group, specifically regarding a lobbying contract with former Governor Neil Goldschmidt. The investigation determined that SAIF had done nothing wrong. SAIF issued a report on its status to Governor Ted Kulongoski in early 2005.
In 2007, SAIF began an internally designed and run wellness program that, as of 2017, had a 99% participation rate among employees. The company discounts the health insurance premiums and deductible of employees if employees engage in the program.
In 2009, the Oregon legislature passed a bill, sponsored by SAIF in collaboration with Liberty Northwest and other peers, to amend the means of accessing SAIF's records.
In 2014, former President and CEO John Plotkin sued SAIF over his termination by the board earlier that year. The case was settled in January 2017.
SAIF's board of directors has declared a dividend for policyholders every year since 2010, returning a total of more than $1.6 billion to its Oregon customers.
More than 54,000 Oregon employers are insured by SAIF. The company employs more than 1,000 people in six offices around the state.
Due in part to workplace safety efforts, Oregon's pure premium rate for workers' compensation insurance either declined or stayed the same for 28 of the past 30 years.
In February 2025, it was reported that a gunman shot up the home of CEO Chip Terhune in Lake Oswego, Oregon. Terhune later mentioned the incident via a company-wide email where he indicated that he had received a threatening email and urged that all employees be vigilant and aware of their surroundings.
# Reign (album)

Reign is the third studio album by Ghanaian artist Shatta Wale, released on October 13, 2018, by Zylofon Music and Shatta Movement Empire.

## Background

Prior to the release of Reign, Wale embarked on a media tour to promote its launch. During one of his interviews, Wale made comments which rapper Sarkodie did not like, so Sarkodie released the diss track "Advice" directed at Wale as a result. The diss track generated heated debate, with some pundits predicting it would have a negative impact on the album launch, but the launch at the Fantasy Dome in Accra was considered successful, with thousands of fans attending. Some also criticized the diss track as an attempt to dampen the praise Reign was receiving.

## Commercial performance

Reign debuted at number 6 on the Billboard Top World Albums Chart october ,2018 .... it is a debut (NEW) Album which can only be traced by image saved, {THE WEEK'S MOST POPULAR WORLD MUSIC ALBUMS CHARTS, BASED ON MULTIMETRIC CONSUMPTION, BLENDING TRADITIONAL ALBUM SALES, STREAMING ...} .
# David Haywood

David Charles Haywood (born 20 March 1945) is an English former first-class cricketer.
Haywood was born in March 1945 at Hucknall, Nottinghamshire. He was educated at Nottingham High School, before going up to Jesus College, Cambridge. While studying at Cambridge, he played first-class cricket for Cambridge University Cricket Club in 1968, making nine appearances. Playing as a middle order batsman in the Cambridge team, he scored 284 runs at an average of 18.93, making one half century score of 62. Haywood was also associated with Nottinghamshire, appearing for their second eleven on a handful of occasions between 1962 and 1967, but was unable to force his way into their first eleven. In addition to playing cricket at Cambridge, Haywood also played football for Cambridge University A.F.C., for which he gained a blue.
# Horta (surname)

Horta is a Portuguese surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Adolfo Horta (1957–2016), Cuban boxer
* André Horta (born 1996), Portuguese footballer
* Andréia Horta (born 1983), Brazilian actress
* Carolina Horta (born 1992), Brazilian beach volleyball player
* Francisco Horta (born 1993), Mexican boxer
* Luís Horta (born 1952), Portuguese former footballer
* Maria Teresa Horta (1937–2025), Portuguese feminist poet, novelist, journalist, and activist
* Oscar Horta (born 1974), Spanish animal activist and moral philosopher
* Ricardo Horta (born 1994), Portuguese footballer
* Silvio Horta (1974–2020), American screenwriter and television producer
* Victor Horta (1861–1947), Belgian architect who worked in the Art Nouveau style
# Bake Sale (song)

"Bake Sale" is a song by American rapper Wiz Khalifa featuring fellow American rapper Travis Scott. It was released on January 21, 2016 as the lead single from the former's 2016 compilation album Khalifa. It was produced by TM88, Juicy J, Lex Luger, Crazy Mike, and DJ Spinz, based on one of the latter's produced songs, "Order More" by G-Eazy.

## Music video

The official music video was released on April 26, 2016.

## Charts

On the week of February 13, 2016, "Bake Sale" debuted at number 56 on the Billboard Hot 100, but left the next week. It reappeared on the chart at number 74 the week of February 27 before exiting the chart.
| Chart (2016) | Peak position |
| Canada (Canadian Hot 100) | 71 |
| France (SNEP) | 70 |
| US Billboard Hot 100 | 56 |
| US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard) | 18 |

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| United States (RIAA) | Gold | 500,000$^‡$ |
| $^‡$ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. |||
# Isirawa language

Isirawa is a Papuan language spoken by about two thousand people on the north coast of Papua province, Indonesia. It is a local trade language, and use is vigorous. Stephen Wurm (1975) linked it to the Kwerba languages within the Trans–New Guinea family, and it does share about 20% of its vocabulary with neighboring Kwerba languages. However, based on its pronouns, Malcolm Ross (2005) felt he could not substantiate such a link, and left it as a language isolate. The pronouns are not, however, dissimilar from those of Orya–Tor, which Ross links to Kwerba, and Donahue (2002) accept it as a Greater Kwerba language.

## Locations

In Sarmi Regency, Isirawa is spoken in Amsira, Arabais, Arsania, Kamenawari, Mararena, Martewar, Nisero, Nuerawar, Perkami, Siaratesa, Waim, Wari, and Webro villages.

## Grammar

In Isirawa, the feminine gender is associated with big objects, and masculine with small objects; the opposite association is found in Tayap and the Sepik languages, which classify large objects as masculine rather than feminine.

## Phonology
### Consonants

| | | Labial | Alveolar | Post- alveolar | Velar | Glottal |
| Nasal | Nasal | m | n | | | |
| Plosive/Affricate | Plosive/Affricate | p | t | tʃ | k | |
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | | | h |
| Fricative | voiced | β | | | | |
| Rhotic | Rhotic | | ɾ | | | |
| Approximant | Approximant | w | | j | | |
* /n/ may be heard as [ɲ] when before /i/, and as [ŋ] when before /k/.
* /k/ can be heard as [ʔ] in syllable-final positions after a vowel.
* /j/ can also be heard as a fricative [ʝ] in free variation.
* /w/ can also be heard as [ɣ] when between back vowels.

### Vowels

| | Front | Central | Back |
| High | i | | u |
| Near-high | ɪ | | |
| High-mid | | | o |
| Low-mid | ɛ | ʌ | ɔ |
| Low | | a | |

## Pronouns

The Isirawa pronouns are,
    Ia-, e wenen-, ne youo-, mə all third persone-, maə, ce, pe
Ross's reconstructed Orya–Tor pronouns are *ai 'I', *ne 'we' (inclusive), *emei 'thou', *em 'you'.
Isirawa pronoun paradigm as given in Foley (2018):
    pronounnominativeaccusativepossessive 1seafowə 2smɪofoof 3sefoef 1dnenenfonenef 2dmɪofnafoofnaf 3defnafoefnaf 1pnenenfɪvonenfɪ(v) 2pmɪofɪvoofɪ(v) 3pefɪvoefɪ(v)
# Ministry of Trade and Industry (Namibia)

The Ministry of Industrialisation and Trade (MIT) is a government ministry of Namibia, with headquarters in Windhoek. It was created at Namibian independence in 1990 as Ministry of Trade and Industry, renamed Ministry of Industrialisation, Trade and SME Development in 2015, and got its current name in 2020. The first Namibian minister of trade was Ben Amathila. The current minister is Lucia Iipumbu.

## Ministers

All trade and industry ministers in chronological order are:
| # | Name | (Birth–Death) | Party | Term start | Term end |
| Minister of Trade and Industry |||||||
| 01 | Ben Amathila | 1938– | SWAPO | 1990 | 1993 |
| 02 | Hidipo Hamutenya | 1939–2016 | SWAPO | 1993 | 2005 |
| 03 | Immanuel Ngatjizeko | 1952–2022 | SWAPO | 2005 | 2008 |
| 04 | Hage Geingob | 1941– | SWAPO | 2008 | 2012 |
| 05 | Calle Schlettwein | 1954– | SWAPO | 2012 | 2015 |
| Minister of Industrialization, Trade and SME Development |||||||
| 0 | Immanuel Ngatjizeko | 1952–2022 | SWAPO | 2015 | 2018 |
| 06 | Tjekero Tweya | 1967– | SWAPO | 2018 | 2020 |
| Minister of Industrialisation and Trade |||||||
| 07 | Lucia Iipumbu | 1975– | SWAPO | 2020 | |
# International Slide Rule Museum

The International Slide Rule Museum (ISRM) is an American museum dedicated to the preservation and display of slide rules and other mathematical artefacts. Established in 2003 by Michael Konshak, who serves as its curator, the museum houses a collection of slide rules from divers manufacturers and time periods, showcasing the evolution and importance of these instruments in the history of mathematics and engineering.
It is often identified to be one of the largest repositories of slide rules and logarithmic calculators on the Web.

## Key people
### Board of Directors

The museum's operations are overseen by its governing body, the Board of Directors, presently composed of nine members. Each member of the Board fulfills a role in the stewardship and guidance of the institution.
Leadership Positions:
* Director and Curator – Michael V. Konshak
* Trustee and Treasurer – Rebecca A. Konshak
* Head of Public Communications, Education, etc. – Marvin Clarence
Advisors:
* Dylan Thinnes
* George Anderson
* Michael Frey
* Michael J. Syphers
* Nathan Zeldes
# Release Me (Zoë Badwi song)

"Release Me" is the debut solo single by Australian singer Zoë Badwi, released digitally on 15 November 2008. It was co-written by Badwi, Ivan Gough, Grant Smillie and Colin Snape. "Release Me" reached number one on the ARIA Clubs Chart and received two nominations including "Best Dance Release" at the 2009 ARIA Music Awards and "Dance Work of the Year" at the 2010 APRA Awards.

## Background

In an interview with Auspop, Badwi stated that while she was playing with her band at a venue in Melbourne, Grant Smillie of Australian duo TV Rock was having a Sunday afternoon drink and that she saw him tapping his foot. "He came up to me afterwards and he said You’re great, do you write your own stuff?. I said, yeah, I sure do and he said, I’ll send you some beats – and we’ll see what happens. So he sent me some beats and I wrote "Release Me" and went around to sing it to him and the other guy from TV Rock [Ivan Gough] and they both just said yep, we love it."

## Music video

The music video for "Release Me" was filmed during a performance by Badwi at the Sensation Dance Party on New Year's Eve 2008. She explained, "They were just looking for someone to sing on the new years eve countdown. And then they asked me and we thought it was being filmed anyway, we should see about using that as my film clip for the single. Turns out they used it as promo for the party all over the world." It was released on 15 January 2009.

## Charts

"Release Me" reached number one on the ARIA Clubs Chart and stayed in that position for seven weeks.
| Chart (2008) | Peak position |
| ARIA Clubs Chart | 1 |

## Track listings

* Digital download
* Release Me (TV Rock Edit) – 3:26
* Release Me (J Nitti Mix) – 6:22
* Italy vinyl
* Release Me (TV Rock edit) – 6:45
* Release Me (Mind Electric Mix) – 5:38
* Release Me (J Nitti Mix) – 6:22
* Release Me (Ryan Riback "Raise Your Hands" Mix) – 6:34
* UK CDr
* Release Me (Radio Edit) – 3:31
* Release Me (TV Rock Mix) – 6:50
* Release Me (J Nitti Mix) – 6:27
* Release Me (Ryan Riback Mix) – 6:39
* Release Me (Mind Electric 12" Mix) – 5:41
* Release Me (Mind Electric Dub Mix) – 5:41
* AUS/UK Remixes
* Release Me (UK Radio Edit) – 3:04
* Release Me (TV Rock Edit) – 6:45
* Release Me (Cahill Radio Edit) – 3:30
* Release Me (Cahill Club Mix) – 6:23
* Release Me (Pitron & Sanna Mix) – 8:15
* Release Me (Niels Van Gogh Mix) – 6:07

## Release history

| Country | Date | Format |
| Italy | 6 November 2008 | Vinyl |
| Australia | 15 November 2008 | Digital download |
| United Kingdom | 2009 & 24 October 2010 | CD-R & Digital Download |
# 1,7-Octadiene

1,7-Octadiene is an organic compound with the formula (CH$_2$=CHCH$_2$CH$_2$)$_2$. It is a colorless liquid that serves as a precursor to specialty polymers. It arises commercially by the dimerization of butadiene in the presence of hydrogen. Some of the 1,6-octadiene is also formed. 1,7-Octadiene can be converted to the diol by hydroformylation followed by hydrogenation of the dialdehyde. In a related process, 1,7-Octadiene undergoes hydrocyanation to give dinitrile, which can be hydrogenated to give 1,10-diaminodecane.

## Dimethyloctadienes

Structurally related octadienes bearing two methyl groups are of commercial interest. Such compounds are produced by pyrolysis of pinane, which is abundantly available from terpentine or related wood-derived chemicals.

## Research

The diene has also been the subject of many research papers. For example, with ethylene it undergoes a cross-enyne metathesis Diels–Alder reaction. It undergoes ring-closing metathesis to give cyclooctene. Plasma polymerized 1,7-octadiene films deposited on silica can produce particles with tuned hydrophobicity.
# Grimston, Norfolk

Grimston is a village and civil parish in the English county of Norfolk, approximately 6 miles north-east of King's Lynn. It covers an area of 18.08 km$^2$ (6.98 sq mi) and had a population of 1,952 in 823 households at the 2001 census, increasing to a population of 1,980 at the 2011 census. For the purposes of local government, it falls within the district of King's Lynn and West Norfolk.
The village is a few miles away from the royal family residence at Sandringham House.
The village was built on a spring line and a Roman villa was found near Watery Lane in the late 19th century. Subsequently, Roman villas were found in the neighbouring villages of Gayton Thorpe and Well Hall to the south and Congham and Appleton to the north. Some red bricks from the villas were re-used in the church, on buttresses and on the south wall.
Grimston, and particularly the nearby hamlet of Pott Row were significant centres of pottery production from the 11th to 16th centuries, and important suppliers of this to Scandinavia. Grimstonware finds have also been made in Italy and Spain. Pots often had faces carved just under the rim. Some of these can be seen in local museums including the Castle Museum, Norwich.
The Grade I listed Church of St Botolph has late Anglo-Saxon or early Norman origins, largely extended in the 14th and 15th centuries.
Schools that serve the area of Grimston are Holly Meadows School (primary) in Vong Lane and Springwood High School] in King's Lynn (secondary).
Adam Thoroughgood (1604–1640) was born in Grimston. He was a prominent Virginia settler in the 1620s, naming the city of Norfolk, Virginia, after his home county. The district of Thoroughgood in Virginia Beach is named after him, and a house he built there is open as Adam Thoroughgood House.

## Name

Grimston is a mixture of Anglo-Saxon and Old Norse words. 'Grim' is an alternative name for Odin, as well as being a commonly used personal name, and 'ton' is from the Anglo-Saxon word for town or village. A 'Grimston Hybrid' is a term for place-names consisting of a Scandinavian personal-name compounded with the Old English tun.

## Governance

An electoral ward of the same name exists. The population of this ward taken at the 2011 census was 2,237.
# SS Empire Arrow

Empire Arrow was a steam powered oil tanker which was launched in 1921 and scrapped in 1939.

## History

Empire Arrow was built by New York Shipbuilding Corporation, Camden, New Jersey. She was launched on 21 May 1921 and completed in September. She was the last ship built on South Yard Shipway No 2. Empire Arrow was built for the Standard Transportation Co Inc, In 1931, she was transferred to the Standard-Vacuum Transportato Co. In 1934, she was sold to the Socony-Vacuum Oil Co. Empire Arrow was scrapped by Northern Metals Co, Philadelphia. She arrived for scrapping on 10 January 1939.

## Propulsion

Empire Arrow was powered by a quadruple expansion steam engine of 625 horsepower (466 kW) built by New York Shipbuilding Corporation. The cylinders were 24, 36, 51 and 75 inches (610, 914, 1,295 and 1,905 mm) in diameter and the stroke was 51 inches (1,295 mm). The engine drove a single screw. She was capable of 10.5 knots (19.4 km/h).

## Official number and code letters

Official numbers were a forerunner to IMO Numbers.
Empire Arrow had the US Official number 221600. Empire Arrow used the code letters MDOT until 1934 and KDUG from 1934.
# Leonard Krasulski

Leonard Seweryn Krasulski (born 8 November 1950 in Sopot) is a Polish politician. He was elected to the Sejm on 25 September 2005, getting 7777 votes in 34 Elbląg district as a candidate from the Law and Justice list.

## Biography

Active in the anti-communist opposition, he was arrested in 1982 and pardoned a year later.
# Daisy Kennedy

Daisy Fowler Kennedy (16 January 1893 – 30 July 1981) was an Australian-born concert violinist.
She was born in Burra-Burra, 160 km north of Adelaide, to parents of Scottish and Irish descent. Her father, Joseph A. Kennedy, was headmaster of Glenelg Primary School and president of the South Australian Public School Teachers' Union. For three years, she was Elder scholar at the Adelaide Conservatory under Mrs. Alderman and Hermann Heinicke. She was a private pupil of Otakar Ševčík in Vienna for a year, and then studied for two years in the Meister-Schule there. She appeared in London in 1911 and toured widely in Europe and in the United States, Australia and New Zealand.
On 15 April 1914, she married the Russian pianist Benno Moiseiwitsch; their daughter, the theatre designer Tanya Moiseiwitsch, was born in December the same year. They had a second daughter, Sandra. After divorcing Moiseiwitsch, she married the English playwright and poet John Drinkwater in December 1924. They had a daughter, Penny Drinkwater, who went on to become a wine writer and member of the circle of wine writers.
On 24 August 1927 a Proms performance of Brahms' Violin Concerto ground to a halt in the first movement. Kennedy apparently blamed a lack of rehearsal time, but the Times said that she suffered "a lapse of memory...which had the effect of making her play all the better when she recovered her nerve".
She was a cousin of cellist Lauri Kennedy, and thus also related to Lauri's son John Kennedy, another cellist, and grandson, the violinist Nigel Kennedy.
# Remind Me (Conrad Sewell song)

"Remind Me" is the fourth solo single by Australian singer Conrad Sewell. It was released on 5 February 2016 and taken from his debut extended play, All I Know.
The song was used in television commercials, promoting the 2016 season of Home and Away.
Sewell said "The lyric came from missing someone or finishing a relationship or even someone that's just not around anymore in your life. You know, it's love and loss."
A Steve James remix was released on 15 April 2016. A Matvey Emerson remix was released on 6 May 2016.

## Music video

The video was released on 18 March 2016.

## Charts

| Chart (2016) | Peak position |
| Australia (ARIA) | 22 |