# The Metamorphosis in popular culture

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The Metamorphosis (German:Die Verwandlung) is a novella by Franz Kafka published in 1915. One of Kafka's best-known works, The Metamorphosis tells the story of salesman Gregor Samsa, who wakes one morning to find himself inexplicably transformed into a huge insect and struggles to adjust to his new condition. The novella has been recreated, referenced, or parodied in various popular culture media.

## Film

There are numerous film versions of the story, including:
* A 1962 Venezuelan film by Ángel Hurtado.
* A 1975 television film [de] by Jan Němec.
* A 1977 animated short film by Caroline Leaf.
* A 1987 television film of a stage adaptation by Jim Goddard, starring Tim Roth as Gregor.
* A 1993 short film by Carlos Atanes.
* A 2002 feature film by Valery Fokin.
* A 2004 Spanish-language short film by Fran Estévez.
* A 2012 feature film by Chris Swanton.
* A 2017 Sinhala feature film by Dharmasena Pathiraja.
* Coleoptere, a 2023 French-language short film by Martin Gouzou.
Varying references across other films include:
* Peter Capaldi's 1995 short film Franz Kafka's It's a Wonderful Life tells the story of the author trying to write the opening line of The Metamorphosis and experimenting with various things that Gregor might turn into, such as a banana or a kangaroo. Also notable for its Kafkaesque moments, it won the Academy Award for Live Action Short Film.
* In the 2006 animated film Flushed Away, a stove falls through the floor of a house to show an annoyed cockroach sitting behind it, reading a French translation of Kafka's The Metamorphosis.
* The Producers (1967), along with its stage musical adaptation (2001) and subsequent film musical (2005), features a scene in which protagonists Max and Leo search for the worst possible play they can mount in order to commit investment fraud. Max reads the first sentence of The Metamorphosis aloud, and promptly declares that it is too good.
* Kuthiraivaal (2022) takes some inspirations of The Metamorphosis with the protagonist waking up with a horse tail as opposed to becoming a cockroach.

## Print

* Jacob M. Appel's Scouting for the Reaper (2014) contains a telling of the novella in which a rabbi attempts to arrange a "proper Jewish burial" for Gregor.
* Lance Olsen's book, Anxious Pleasures: A Novel After Kafka, retells Kafka's novella from the points of view of those inside his family and out.
* American cartoonist Robert Crumb drew a comic adaptation of the novella, which is included in the 1993 book Introducing Kafka, an illustrated biography of Kafka also known as Kafka for Beginners, R. Crumb's Kafka, or simply Kafka.
* Marc Estrin's debut surrealist novel, Insect Dreams: The Half Life of Gregor Samsa (2002), "resurrects Kafka's half-cockroach Gregor character" vis-à-vis the world between 1915 and 1945.
* American comic artist Peter Kuper illustrated a graphic novel adaptation, first published by the Crown Publishing Group in 2003, and then again in 2004. The graphic novel has been translated into Portuguese, Italian, Turkish, and Hebrew
* East Press published a manga version of the story in 2008 as part of their Manga de Dokuha line.
* The Meowmorphosis was released in 2011 by Quirk Books as part of the Quirk Classics series; a 'mash-up' retelling by Coleridge Cook, where Samsa wakes as an adorable kitten, instead of a hideous insect.
* The short story "Samsa in Love", by Haruki Murakami, was published in The New Yorker of October 21, 2013, and in his 2017 book Men Without Women. Its opening sentence is, "He woke to discover that he had undergone a metamorphosis and become Gregor Samsa". The story is primarily about his encounter with a female hunchbacked locksmith apprentice.
* The 1992 children's novel Shoebag by Marijane Meaker (writing as Mary James) depicts the experiences of a young cockroach transformed into a human boy and struggling to cope with human life. The story also features an appearance by a young man named Gregor Samsa who gives the protagonist tips on how to navigate school and social situations, as well as a process by which he may turn himself back into a cockroach and resume his old life.
* 2007's Kockroach, by William Lashner under the name "Tyler Knox", inverts the premise by transforming a cockroach into a human; Lashner has stated that The Metamorphosis is "the obvious starting point for" Kockroach, and that his choice of pseudonym was made in honor of Josef K (of Kafka's The Trial).
* In 2019, Ian McEwan published "The Cockroach", a novella inspired by The Metamporphosis.
* During the events of Marvel Comics' Deadpool Killustrated, the titular assassin pays a visit to Samsa's apartment and fatally shoots him, his beetle-like corpse being found by Sherlock Holmes.

## Stage, opera, and ballet

* Steven Berkoff performed a stage adaptation in 1969. Berkoff's text was also used for the libretto to Brian Howard's 1983 opera Metamorphosis. In 1989 Berkoff directed a Broadway production of a play, adapted by Berkoff, starring Mikhail Baryshnikov and René Auberjonois that opened at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre.
* Another stage adaptation was performed in 2006 as a co-production between the Icelandic company Vesturport and the Lyric Hammersmith, adapted and directed by Gísli Örn Garðarsson and David Farr, with a music soundtrack performed by Nick Cave and Warren Ellis. It was also performed at the Sydney Theatre Company as part of a world tour in 2009 and returned to the Lyric Hammersmith in January 2013, starring Garðarsson as Gregor Samsa.
* Kafka's Metamorphosis – Royal Ballet, premiered at the Royal Opera House's Linbury Studio Theatre in 2011.

## Music

* In 1975, The Rolling Stones released a compilation album titled Metamorphosis. The album cover alludes to the book with each member of the bands heads being replaced with a bug.
* in 1988, Philip Glass composed and performed a five movement arrangement called Metamorphosis. It refers to and was inspired by Kafka's novel and has been used for recorded readings and stage performances of the material.
* In 2001, Athens, Georgia-based rock band Widespread Panic released Don't Tell the Band, their seventh studio album, featuring the track Imitation Leather Shoes, whose insectile protagonist bears a striking resemblance to Kafka's Gregor Samsa. The opening stanzas of the song are, "My little brother is an insect / He likes to crawl around his room / His mother shudders at the sight of him / His pappy is a businessman / Every move he makes is torture / He cannot speak words anymore / Our sister likes to flip him on his back / And watch little brother squirm," a reference to Gregor, his sister Greta, and their parents.
* The American Christian metal band Showbread references Metamorphosis several times on their 2004 album, No Sir, Nihilism Is Not Practical, including the lyric "You've locked the vermin in the other bedroom" in the song Mouth Like a Magazine, and again in the song "Sampsa Meets Kafka". The only lyrics to the song are "Gregor starved to death, No one dies of loneliness." The misspelling of Samsa is intentional.
* The Swedish rapper Bladee alludes to Metamorphosis on his 2017 track "Insect".
* In 2023, Japanese Vocaloid producer Teniwoha (てにをは) was commissioned by Sega to write a song for the rhythm game Hatsune Miku: Colorful Stage!. The song was titled "Samsa" (ザムザ) and it was written for the in-game event "Immiscible Discord". The song reflects on how Mafuyu Asahina's ‘transformation’ from a perfect daughter to a delinquent has disgusted her mother. Underneath, it also refers to Kanade Yoisaki's view of herself after the incident with her father and how she thinks others view her. It makes references to the original novel, such as "I beg you, please don’t throw the apples at me", a reference to Mr. Samsa throwing apples at Gregor and wounding him.
* Ghanaian-Australian singer Genesis Owusu references Gregor Samsa in his 2023 song The Roach with the lyric "Feeling like Gregor Samsa, A bug in the cog of a grey-walled cancer".
* Belgian-British funeral doom band Wijlen Wij have a song called Die Verwandlung on their album Coronachs of the Ω (2014). The lyrics are an adaptation of the opening lines of Kafka's story.

## Radio

* A 1982 radio drama produced by The Mind's Eye theater company. It is adapted by, directed by, and stars Erik Bauersfeld.
* A radio drama, combining Metamorphosis with Dr. Seuss performed by David Rakoff and Jonathan Goldstein and produced by Jonathan Goldstein and Mira Burt-Wintonick with Cristal Duhaime, was broadcast in 2008, on CBC Radio One's program Wiretap in 2008. In 2012, it was broadcast on episode 470 of This American Life.
* In 2006, BBC Radio 4 adapted the novella for radio with the story being read by actor Benedict Cumberbatch.
* First broadcast on 24 June 2017 on BBC Radio 4, writer Alan Harris gave the story a modern twist with a darkly comic edge as Kafka's Metamorphosis, directed by James Robinson, with Tom Basden as Gregor, Kenneth Collard as The Father, Felicity Montagu as The Mother and narrated by Peter Marinker

## Video games

* Polish game studio Ovid Works released a video game adaptation called Metamorphosis in 2020. In the first-person puzzle platformer, the player controls Gregor Samsa as he tries to regain his humanity.
* Filia, a character from the fighting game Skullgirls, has a bond with a parasitic, shapeshifting creature called Samson. One of her special moves is called "Gregor Samson", in reference to the character Gregor Samsa, and during this attack, Samson has a chance to call out "Metamorphosis!".
* The 2015 survival-horror game Resident Evil: Revelations 2 features references to many of Kafka's works. Episode titles of the game come from different works of Kafka's, with Episode Four being titled "Metamorphosis". The game also features loading screens with various different quotes by Kafka, including from The Metamorphosis. Alex Wesker, one of the primary characters, is specifically fascinated by Kafka's works, comparing herself to both Kafka himself and Gregor Samsa.
* In an official strategy guide for Pokémon released only in Japan in 1996 references are made to a Kantonian short story about a boy waking up as a Kadabra, parodying The Metamorphosis.
* The 2014 game Bayonetta 2 has two bow and arrow weapons referencing The Metamorphosis: Kafka, which belongs to the main character Bayonetta, and Samsa, which is a copy of the former and belongs to her friend Jeanne. They are insect-themed and reference the author and the protagonist respectively.
* In the 2023 game Honkai: Star Rail, players can play as a character named "Kafka". Her design implements many aspects of spiders, referencing the novella, and the violin she plays references Gregor's sister, Grete Samsa.
* In the 2023 game Limbus Company developed by South Korean studio Project Moon, a playable character named Gregor is a direct reference to Gregor Samsa. Gregor's base Identity has his right arm replaced with a giant cockroach claw, and his base E.G.O. of "Suddenly, One Day" is a reference to the opening of The Metamorphosis.
* The game Bad Mojo is loosely based on The Metamorphosis.

## Comics

* Bill Watterson’s newspaper comic strip Calvin and Hobbes references The Metamorphosis in several story arcs, including one where Hobbes references "Kafka dreams" prior to discovering a gigantic bedbug.
* Another comic strip, Bill Amend's FoxTrot, also does a unique spin on the story. Jason Fox, a science fiction buff, actually wants to be transformed into a hideous creature, and does get his wish. However, he is horrified to discover that he had been transformed into a smaller duplicate of his sister Paige. "Let's get you a training bra!" she says enthusiastically.
* Artist R. Sikoryak's series Masterpiece Comics features a mashup of The Metamorphosis and the comics strip Peanuts called "Good Old Gregor Brown", in which Charlie Brown takes on the role of Gregor Samsa.
* Jhonen Vasquez's indie comic Johnny the Homicidal Maniac has at least one instance of an immortal cockroach named "Mr. Samsa".
* The 2016 hentai manga Metamorphosis (also known as Emergence), is loosely based on The Metamorphosis. The main character, Saki Yoshida, is an asocial middle school graduate who decides to get a makeover to get friends, only to have her life go through a downward spiral as she is used, abused, and abandoned by everyone she knows.
* A Sunday panel of the comic strip Liō shows Liō eating "Kafka Krunchies with Metamorshmallows" for breakfast one morning. The cereal box indicates a surprise inside, which is a live cockroach that crawls out of the box.
* In the manga series Kaiju No. 8, the main character is named Kafka Hibino, a man who has the ability to transform into a monster.
* Tokyo Ghoul is a Japanese manga series by Sui Ishida that draws significant inspiration from The Metamorphosis. The story follows Ken Kaneki, a young man who transforms into a half-ghoul after a life-threatening encounter, forcing him to navigate the challenges of living between the human and ghoul worlds. The themes of alienation, identity, and transformation in Tokyo Ghoul parallel those found in Kafka's novella. In the start of Tokyo Ghoul's second chapter, Ishida directly references The Metamorphosis when Kaneki reflects, "In one of Franz Kafka's most famous stories, a young man turns into a giant insect. I read it when I was in the 5th grade. At the time I imagined what it would be like if I turned into a giant insect". This acknowledgment highlights the influence of Kafka's work on the manga's exploration of the protagonist's psychological and existential dilemmas.

## Television

* The 2nd OVA of Bludgeoning Angel Dokuro-chan in 2007 makes recurring reference to Gregor Samsa and illustrates him.
* A 2001 episode of Home Movies, entitled "Director's Cut", includes "The Franz Kafka Rock Opera", a musical version of The Metamorphosis.
* In a 2003 episode of Arthur ("Bugged"), Alan "The Brain" Powers has a dream in which he wakes up as a giant "bug", a metaphor for his anxiety about being annoying.
* 1992 episode of Northern Exposure "Cicely" Season 3, Episode 23 Franz Kafka, who has the appearance of Joel, arrives at the founding of Cicely, the "Paris of the North" circa 1909, to meet with Roslyn and hopefully cure his writer's block and migraines. With the help of Mary (Maggie), he is able to establish the premise for Metamorphosis.
* 1998 : In French cartoon Oggy and the Cockroaches in episode "Metarmophosis" (season 1, episode 4b), after main character Oggy consumes a piece of glowing chocolate (obviously placed by the roaches), he transforms into a cockroach himself.
* 2001: Season one episode 2 of Smallville is entitled "Metamorphosis" in which Greg Arkan (a student at Smallville High) is given bug like powers. The character Cloe Sullivan even states "if he really has gone Kafka…"
* 2004: In the Japanese tokusatsu series Tokusou Sentai Dekaranger, the home planet of Alienizer criminal Sheik and his ex-girlfriend Myra, is named Zamuza, referring the character of Gregor Samsa.
* 2019: In the Korean Drama Hell Is Other People (TV series), the antogonist, Seo Moon-jo was found reading "The Metamorphosis" book, which belonged to the protagonist Yoon Jong-woo.
* 2022: The Riverdale episode "Ex-Libris" (Season 6, Episode 13), features a plot point in which character Jughead Jones is implied to be slowly turning into a cockroach after Percival Pickens uses Jughead's copy of "The Metamorphosis" for a spell.

## Trivia

* The 2002 anthology Dreaming of Angels, edited by Monica J. O'Rourke and Gord Rollo, contains a short story titled "Mickeymorphosis", in which the main character awakens to discover that he's turned into Mickey Mouse.
* In the manga Tokyo Ghoul, the character Kaneki Ken mentions reading a book called Dear Kafka, which is the bestselling book by Sen Takatsuki. Within Dear Kafka, Kaneki mentions a story about a man turning into an insect.
* In the Korean drama Hell Is Other People, the character So Jung-hwa, who is a police officer, dropped off a novel that's assumed to be Yoon Jong-woo's. It appeared to be Franz Kafka's The Metamorphosis.
* In the James Morrow novel Only Begotten Daughter, a character wonders what sort of children's novel Kafka might have written: "Gregor Samsa was having a really yucky morning...."
* In the anime series Godzilla Singular Point, the character Mei Kamino mentions Gregor Samsa as a comparison to Pelops II, the AI on her computer, potentially being a giant bug on another device.
* On at least two occasions Nintendo of America has used excerpts from The Metamorphosis and Lorem ipsum as placeholder text during renovation periods of their games' official websites; for Animal Crossing in 2018 in anticipation of Animal Crossing: New Horizons (2020); and Kirby in 2021 in anticipation of Kirby and the Forgotten Land (2022).
* In the White Wolf Publishing tabletop role-playing game Werewolf: The Apocalypse, the name used for cockroach based therianthropes is Samsa.

## Satire

* On May 22, 1981, Joey Skaggs staged a satirical performance in which he converted an apartment into a mock laboratory filled with cockroach-themed art and memorabilia. Presenting himself as "Dr. Josef Gregor," an entomologist, Skaggs held a press conference where he claimed to have developed a strain of cockroaches immune to toxins and radiation. He also asserted that he had extracted a hormone from the roaches that could cure common ailments and provide immunity to nuclear radiation. The event was attended by journalists, including representatives from United Press International (UPI), and received widespread media coverage, including a UPI story that ran in numerous newspapers across the United States. Skaggs later appeared live on WNBC-TV’s Live at Five and shared additional details about the supposed discovery. The hoax drew on references to Franz Kafka’s The Metamorphosis, including the protagonist Gregor Samsa, which went unnoticed by reporters at the time. Months later, in an interview with People Magazine (September 21, 1981), Skaggs revealed the hoax, highlighting his intent to critique media gullibility and encourage critical thinking about quick-fix solutions. The revelation prompted further media coverage, including a front-page article in The Wall Street Journal.