# Tarikhaneh

The Tarikhaneh Mosque (Persian: مسجد تاریخانه; also variously rendered as Tarikhana Mosque or Tarikh Khana Mosque), located in the historical city of Damghan, Semnan province, Iran, is one of the oldest and most significant Islamic structures in the country, dating back approximately 900 years. This mosque serves as a vital historical and architectural landmark, embodying the Khorasani style that emerged following the Islamic conquest and showcasing a blend of pre-Islamic and Islamic architectural elements. As a symbol of Damghan's historical prominence along the Silk Road, the mosque reflects the city’s rich cultural heritage, which was influential during the Parthian era as the capital of the Arsacids. Recognized for its intricate brickwork, stucco decorations, and a central courtyard typical of Iranian mosque architecture, the Tarikhaneh Mosque highlights the craftsmanship and aesthetic achievements of its time. It has been nominated for recognition by the Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICESCO), further emphasizing its importance in Islamic art and architecture. Scholars debate its exact construction date, with some suggesting origins as early as the 8th century CE, underscoring its historical relevance within the broader context of Islamic architecture in Iran. Preservation efforts for the Tarikhaneh Mosque highlight its ongoing importance as a cultural heritage site, with various restoration initiatives undertaken to maintain its structural integrity and historical authenticity. Local authorities advocate for increased recognition of the mosque to promote tourism and cultural awareness, demonstrating a commitment to safeguarding this architectural treasure for future generations.

## Etymology

"Tarikhaneh" is derived from tari ("god") and khaneh ("home"), thus meaning "god's home".

## History

The chronology of the building's construction is not well-documented. Scholarly discourse regarding the mosque's construction date has produced varied conclusions. Notably, historian Mohammad Karim Pirnia dates the original building's construction to around 150 AH (767-768 CE) based on architectural styles and historical context. Other sources suggest that while no definitive inscriptions exist to confirm its age, the mosque likely predates 200 AH (815-816 CE) due to its stylistic features. Based on its very close similarities with earlier Sassanian architecture, it is likely from the first centuries of Islamic rule, possibly the 8th century. Some scholars have suggested that its overall form and style corresponds more to the 9th century. The mosque exemplifies the architectural transition during the Islamic period, influenced by the significant cultural and religious shifts that occurred following the advent of Islam in the Iranian plateau. The introduction of Islam initiated profound changes in the region's religious, cultural, and social life, transforming pre-Islamic practices that had been dominated by Zoroastrianism and other faiths. Tarikhaneh Mosque's enduring legacy is not only rooted in its architectural merit but also in its representation of the historical convergence of cultures and religions in Iran, showcasing the rich tapestry of Islamic architecture's evolution in response to regional characteristics and historical contexts.

## Architecture

The courtyard plan, essentially Arabian, consists of a square courtyard which is surrounded by arcades of barrel vaults supported by slightly pointed fired brick arches set on thick circular pillars, typical of Sassanid architecture. The massive circular pillars of radial brickwork repeating the building technique used in Sassanian palaces, are 3.5 meters (11.5 feet) tall and almost 2 meters (6 feet) in diameter. They are an almost unique survival of a structural form deriving from the same source as the vast arch of Ctesiphon. The hypostyle prayer hall consists of several naves or aisles divided by arcades and covered by vaults, with the central nave being larger than the others. The building is essentially Sassanian in style, material, and building technique with the only innovation being the slightly pointed arches. According to Pope, "It expresses dignity and confidence, but also humility."
While the Tarikhaneh Mosque exhibits strong Sassanian architectural influences in its form and materials, its Islamic function fundamentally alters its character. This highlights the primacy of form over mere stylistic elements in conveying meaning. The mosque's design reflects the core Islamic ritual: a simple, uncluttered space oriented towards the qibla, marked by the mihrab. This emphasis on horizontal expanse accommodates large congregations while fostering an atmosphere of serenity. The robust piers, exceeding structural necessity, project an aura of calm assurance. The rhythmic sequence of arches, the powerful yet economical vaults, and the low, shadow-casting roof create a harmonious and solemn ensemble. In essence, the Tarikhaneh Mosque demonstrates how Sassanian architectural forms were adapted and reinterpreted to serve the unique spiritual and communal needs of Islamic worship, resulting in a new and distinct architectural expression.
Standing together at a distance from the mosque are the remains of a square column of uncertain date, possibly part of the original construction period and a cylindrical minaret. The latter was built sometime in the years 1026 to 1028. It resembles the style of later Seljuk minarets. The minaret is 4.2 meters in diameter; its top has fallen, but originally must have measured more the 30 meters high, with a gallery supported on muqarnas corbels. The tower is strikingly divided into six zones of ornamentation, each rendered in brick with a different geometric pattern. An inscription at around mid-way up the tower records that its construction was commissioned by the local governor, Abu Harb Bakhtyar ibn Muhammad.
* View from the courtyard to the prayer hall
* Columns and arches of the prayer hall
* Vault over the central nave of the prayer hall
* The minaret