# Florentine dialect

The Florentine dialect or vernacular (dialetto fiorentino or vernacolo fiorentino) is a variety of Tuscan, a Romance language spoken in the Italian city of Florence and its immediate surroundings.
A variant derived from it historically, once called la pronuncia fiorentina emendata (literally, 'the amended Florentine pronunciation'), was the official national language of the Kingdom of Italy when it was established in 1861. It is the most widely spoken of the Tuscan dialects.

## Literature

Important writers such as Dante Alighieri, Francesco Petrarch, Giovanni Boccaccio and, later, Niccolò Machiavelli and Francesco Guicciardini wrote in literary Tuscan/Florentine, including Dante's Divine Comedy.
It became a second prestige language alongside Latin and was used as such for centuries.

## Differences from Standard Italian

Florentine, and Tuscan more generally, can be distinguished from Standard Italian by differences in numerous features at all levels: phonology, morphology, syntax and lexicon.
Perhaps the difference most noticed by Italians and foreigners alike is known as the gorgia toscana (literally 'Tuscan throat'), a consonant-weakening rule widespread in Tuscany in which the voiceless plosive phonemes /k/, /t/, /p/ are pronounced between vowels as fricatives [h], [θ], [ɸ] respectively. The sequence /la kasa/ la casa 'the house', for example, is pronounced [la ˈhaːsa], and /buko/ buco 'hole' is realized as [ˈbuːho]. Preceded by a pause or a consonant, /k/ is produced as [k] (as in the word casa alone or in the phrase in casa). Similar alternations obtain for /t/ → [t],[θ] and /p/ → [p],[ɸ].
Strengthening to a geminate consonant occurs when the preceding word triggers syntactic doubling (raddoppiamento fonosintattico) so the initial consonant /p/ of pipa 'pipe (for smoking)' has three phonetic forms: [p] in [ˈpiːɸa] spoken as a single word or following a consonant, [ɸ] if preceded by a vowel as in [la ɸiːɸa] la pipa 'the pipe' and [pp] (also transcribed [pː]) in [tre pˈpiːɸe] tre pipe 'three pipes'.
Parallel alternations of the affricates /tʃ/ and /dʒ/ are also typical of Florentine but by no means confined to it or even to Tuscan. The word gelato is pronounced with [dʒ] following a pause or a consonant, [ʒ] following a vowel and [ddʒ] if raddoppiamento applies ([dʒeˈlaːθo], [un dʒeˈlaːθo] un gelato, [ˈkwattro ʒeˈlaːθi] quattro gelati, [ˈtre ddʒeˈlaːθi] tre gelati. Similarly, the initial consonant of /ˈtʃena/ cena 'dinner' has three phonetic forms, [tʃ], [ʃ] and [ttʃ]. In both cases, the weakest variant appears between vowels ([reˈʒoːne] regione 'region', [ˈkwattro ʒeˈlaːθi] quattro gelati; [la ˈʃeːna] la cena, [ˈbaːʃo] bacio 'kiss').
| Florentine | Italian | English |
| io sòn | io sono | I am |
| te tu sei | tu sei | you are |
| egli l'è | egli è | he/she/it is |
| noi s'è/semo | noi siamo | we are |
| voi vù siete | voi siete | you are |
| essi l'enno | essi sono | they are |
| io c'ho | io ho | I have |
| te tu c'ha | tu hai | you have |
| egli c'ha | egli ha | he/she/it has |
| noi ci s'ha | noi abbiamo | we have |
| voi vù c'avete | voi avete | you have |
| essi c'hanno | loro hanno | they have |

### Cases

Florentine uses the diminutive case -ino/-ine far more than Italian does, with many surnames also ending in -ini.
| Italian | Florentine | English |
| belle | belline | lovely |
| povere | poverine/poerine | poor |
| poche | pochine/pohine | little |

### Article and pronouns

Florentine often abbreviates its articles and pronouns.
| Italian | Florentine |
| il tuo | i’ tu |

### Unique phrases

The Florentine dialect has several unique phrases as compared the other Tuscan dialects.
| Florentine | English |
| maremma | damnit |
| trombaio | plumber |
| icchè tu sei grullo? | are you stupid? |
| smettila, se no tu ne buschi | stop it, or I will get you |
| acquai | kitchen sink |
| sei un boccalone | you have a big mouth |
| babbo | dad/father |

## Dialects

A dialect of Florentine known as Judeo-Florentine was spoken by the Jewish community of Florence.