# Maharaja Chait Singh

Rafa'at wa Awal-i-Martabat Maharaja Shri Chet Singh Sahib Bahadur (died 29 March 1810), commonly known as Raja Chet Singh, a Bhumihar Brahmin king from the Narayan dynasty, was the 3rd ruler of Kingdom of Benaras in northern India. Chet Singh succeeded his father, Maharaja Balwant Singh, to the throne as the next Raja of Benares in 1770. Although the Nawab of Awadh still wished to hold total suzerainty over the control of Beneras, the British authorities encouraged him to recognise Chet Singh as King in 1773. Two years later, the Nawab, by now fed up with British interference, transferred the domain to the East India Company under control of the Governor-General of Bengal, Warren Hastings. Under the new British terms, Chet Singh was forced to contribute cavalry and maintenance grants for the company's sepoy battalions. The Raja refused to do this and he began to secretly correspond with enemies of the Company in hopes of forcibly breaking the increasing control of the company in India. The company discovered his plan with the help of some traitors and tried to place him under house arrest in August 1781, pending interview with Hastings.

## Revolt of Benares

The insurrection against Company control in Bihar took on a new dimension when Raja Chait Singh of Banaras rose to power in August 1770. It posed a threat to connect with other local uprisings and turn into a large regional conflict. Due to Chait Singh's vigorous pursuit of support from Bihar zamindars (most of them were Bhumihars along with Few Rajput zamindars as he was related to them by Caste-ties or Kinship) and his familial and caste links to many of them, the contingency loomed big. Not only did Banaras give money to Fateh Sahi, but Chait Singh also wrote him letters inciting him to kill Europeans and their sepoys (Indian soldiers - The British Hired only Upper Caste sepoys at the time in the British Bengali Army which were mostly Rajputs, Brahmins and Bhumihars). Furthermore, most of the landowners in the district declined to comply with local authorities, some even started assaulting the emissaries of the Company.
Warren Hastings and King Chait Singh agreed by a treat of Benaras in July 1775, whereby the king accepted the lordship of the East India Company and also agreed to pay Rs 22.5 lacs per year. However, in spite of such a treaty, Hastings increased his demand by Rs 5 lac as a war contribution to pay for the Anglo-French hostilities. Raja spent the amount. Later Hastings increased the demands, and when the King didn't pay, the king was kept under arrest by the Hastings.
Hastings came for the interview and as the Raja and his men were waiting for this chance, they defeated the Company's troops (as per several British sources, the king was not involved in the uprising, and it was uprising by his troops independently), killed British officers and arrested Hastings himself, but they were advised by Munshi Sadanand (ancestor of Sampurnanand) against killing Hastings and this proved to be a fatal mistake. Hastings escaped, with the help of the traitors and left Benaras disguised as a women. This incident gave rise to "Godhe Pe Hawda, Haathi pe Jeen, Aise Bhaga Warren Hastings". The Raja gathered his small forces, appealing for assistance against Britishers, from local rulers, who, except Raja Fateh Bahadur Shahi, did nothing.
Maharaja Chet singh's last hope was the Mahadaji Shinde, the Raja of Gwalior who also signed a treaty in which maharaja gave him land, protection and labourers for making ghats and in return he promised to give troops when needed but he did not help him and he lured him on pretext of helping him but arrested him and detained him in Gwalior after the battle. In various battles with the company's forces, Chet Singh's troops were defeated, the rebellion crushed with the help of traitors, several patriot warriors fell in battlefields, their family members and innocent citizens were and the state confiscated and given to Avsaan Singh in reward for his treachery, but revolt restarted. Then Company was forced to install the nephew of Maharaja Chet Singh (son of his sister Maharajkumari Padma Kuwar), Rafa'at wa Awal-i-Martabat Raja Sri Mahip Narayan Singh Sahib Bahadur on 14 September 1781 and free his father Babu Durgvijay Singh from their custody who was arrested for assisting Maharaja Chait Singh and fighting against the Company. Chet Singh was granted a jagir for a while until it was later confiscated.

## Aftermath

Chait Singh's nephew, Maharaja Sri Mahip Narayan Singh Sahib Bahadur, succeeded his maternal uncle on 14 September 1781 under the terms of the British East India Company, which were that he should serve to dispense justice within his domains and make an annual contribution of 40 lakhs. The incident greatly tarnished Hastings' image and capability, leading to a failed attempt to impeach him by the British parliament.

## Later life

He died in Gwalior on 29 March 1810, leaving three sons. His Chattri is still at Gwalior. Carved stone from Chait Singh's palace was later taken and incorporated into the palace of the Maharajas of Cossimbazar.