# V-Dem Democracy Indices

The Democracy Indices by V-Dem are democracy indices published by the V-Dem Institute that describe qualities of different democracies. It is published annually. In particular, the V-Dem dataset is popular among political scientists and describes the characteristics of political regimes. Datasets released by the V-Dem Institute include information on hundreds of indicator variables describing all aspects of government, especially on the quality of democracy, inclusivity, and other economic indicators.
By 2020, the V-Dem index had "more than 470 indicators, 82 mid-level indices, and 5 high-level indices covering 202 polities from the period of 1789–2019". V-Dem uses methodological tools to deal with the subject nature of ratings and their reliability.

## Democracy indices

As of 2022, the V-Dem Institute published 483 indicators and republishes 59 other indicators. V-Dem publishes five core indices with several other supplementary indices. The core indices are the electoral democracy index, the liberal democracy index, the participatory democracy index, the Deliberative Democracy Index and the egalitarian democracy index.

### The Electoral Democracy Index

    This index measures the principle of electoral or representative democracy, including whether elections were free and fair, as well as the prevalence of a free and independent media. This index is part of all the other indices as a central component of democracy.

### Liberal Democracy Index

    This index incorporates measures of rule of law, checks and balances, and civil liberties along with the concepts measured in the electoral democracy index.

### Participatory Democracy Index

    This index measures the degree to which citizens participate in their own government through local democratic institutions, civil society organizations, direct democracy, and the concepts measured in the electoral democracy index.

### Deliberative Democracy Index

    See also: Deliberative democracy
    This index measures the degree to which decisions are made in the best interest of the people as opposed to due to coercion or narrow interest groups, in addition to the basic electoral democracy index.

### Egalitarian Democracy Index

    See also: Political egalitarianism
    This index measures the level of equal access to resources, power, and freedoms across various groups within a society, in addition to the level of electoral democracy.

## Rankings

The table below shows V-Dem Democracy rankings published for 2024.
V-Dem Democracy Indices (15th edition) :
| Country | Democracy Indices | Democracy Indices | Democracy Component Indices | Democracy Component Indices | Democracy Component Indices | Democracy Component Indices |
| Country | Electoral | Liberal | Liberal | Egalitarian | Participatory | Deliberative |
| Denmark | 0.916 | 0.883 | 0.976 | 0.97 | 0.713 | 0.965 |
| Estonia | 0.895 | 0.85 | 0.961 | 0.901 | 0.634 | 0.868 |
| Ireland | 0.895 | 0.83 | 0.932 | 0.87 | 0.633 | 0.905 |
| Switzerland | 0.894 | 0.847 | 0.962 | 0.937 | 0.881 | 0.984 |
| Belgium | 0.886 | 0.805 | 0.908 | 0.93 | 0.643 | 0.887 |
| Norway | 0.884 | 0.839 | 0.962 | 0.959 | 0.656 | 0.986 |
| Sweden | 0.881 | 0.845 | 0.978 | 0.907 | 0.653 | 0.908 |
| Czech Republic | 0.87 | 0.817 | 0.952 | 0.91 | 0.59 | 0.873 |
| Luxembourg | 0.867 | 0.783 | 0.903 | 0.937 | 0.568 | 0.971 |
| France | 0.866 | 0.799 | 0.93 | 0.824 | 0.635 | 0.938 |
| New Zealand | 0.863 | 0.809 | 0.952 | 0.847 | 0.654 | 0.804 |
| Costa Rica | 0.859 | 0.805 | 0.952 | 0.885 | 0.641 | 0.931 |
| Australia | 0.857 | 0.808 | 0.957 | 0.843 | 0.695 | 0.928 |
| Uruguay | 0.848 | 0.769 | 0.912 | 0.777 | 0.815 | 0.842 |
| Finland | 0.847 | 0.802 | 0.966 | 0.865 | 0.645 | 0.922 |
| Chile | 0.844 | 0.787 | 0.949 | 0.719 | 0.644 | 0.94 |
| Iceland | 0.844 | 0.759 | 0.907 | 0.908 | 0.662 | 0.902 |
| Canada | 0.842 | 0.744 | 0.887 | 0.699 | 0.632 | 0.753 |
| United States of America | 0.84 | 0.748 | 0.89 | 0.667 | 0.655 | 0.884 |
| Austria | 0.839 | 0.762 | 0.918 | 0.862 | 0.624 | 0.851 |
| Germany | 0.839 | 0.792 | 0.963 | 0.931 | 0.653 | 0.98 |
| Latvia | 0.838 | 0.765 | 0.922 | 0.866 | 0.661 | 0.822 |
| United Kingdom | 0.833 | 0.752 | 0.91 | 0.784 | 0.637 | 0.867 |
| Portugal | 0.831 | 0.751 | 0.91 | 0.799 | 0.609 | 0.891 |
| Spain | 0.829 | 0.745 | 0.906 | 0.839 | 0.635 | 0.841 |
| Netherlands | 0.822 | 0.761 | 0.944 | 0.893 | 0.62 | 0.893 |
| Japan | 0.82 | 0.734 | 0.902 | 0.934 | 0.562 | 0.908 |
| Italy | 0.803 | 0.705 | 0.882 | 0.902 | 0.748 | 0.865 |
| Jamaica | 0.803 | 0.684 | 0.848 | 0.787 | 0.604 | 0.731 |
| Brazil | 0.801 | 0.712 | 0.9 | 0.617 | 0.628 | 0.944 |
| Taiwan | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.878 | 0.874 | 0.748 | 0.844 |
| Lithuania | 0.799 | 0.734 | 0.936 | 0.877 | 0.679 | 0.809 |
| Vanuatu | 0.796 | 0.686 | 0.862 | 0.741 | 0.566 | 0.737 |
| Barbados | 0.786 | 0.67 | 0.848 | 0.842 | 0.298 | 0.926 |
| Malta | 0.785 | 0.637 | 0.797 | 0.892 | 0.637 | 0.8 |
| Cyprus | 0.774 | 0.651 | 0.839 | 0.902 | 0.566 | 0.831 |
| Suriname | 0.768 | 0.637 | 0.821 | 0.715 | 0.581 | 0.764 |
| Cabo Verde | 0.757 | 0.649 | 0.86 | 0.724 | 0.527 | 0.703 |
| Trinidad and Tobago | 0.755 | 0.627 | 0.826 | 0.786 | 0.582 | 0.925 |
| Slovakia | 0.752 | 0.584 | 0.754 | 0.766 | 0.648 | 0.37 |
| Greece | 0.75 | 0.576 | 0.741 | 0.875 | 0.638 | 0.83 |
| Seychelles | 0.741 | 0.659 | 0.901 | 0.83 | 0.305 | 0.948 |
| South Africa | 0.734 | 0.652 | 0.903 | 0.642 | 0.571 | 0.91 |
| East Timor | 0.733 | 0.549 | 0.72 | 0.569 | 0.552 | 0.715 |
| Poland | 0.729 | 0.616 | 0.844 | 0.879 | 0.614 | 0.842 |
| South Korea | 0.729 | 0.631 | 0.872 | 0.856 | 0.61 | 0.809 |
| Panama | 0.726 | 0.584 | 0.794 | 0.576 | 0.524 | 0.737 |
| Croatia | 0.723 | 0.619 | 0.862 | 0.779 | 0.624 | 0.681 |
| Slovenia | 0.716 | 0.619 | 0.869 | 0.886 | 0.746 | 0.861 |
| Israel | 0.715 | 0.617 | 0.869 | 0.808 | 0.601 | 0.773 |
| Argentina | 0.712 | 0.553 | 0.76 | 0.73 | 0.591 | 0.535 |
| Dominican Republic | 0.705 | 0.45 | 0.571 | 0.471 | 0.595 | 0.818 |
| Colombia | 0.701 | 0.557 | 0.779 | 0.528 | 0.634 | 0.645 |
| São Tomé and Príncipe | 0.673 | 0.565 | 0.841 | 0.673 | 0.565 | 0.671 |
| Ghana | 0.669 | 0.567 | 0.848 | 0.635 | 0.369 | 0.813 |
| Nepal | 0.669 | 0.522 | 0.76 | 0.585 | 0.583 | 0.611 |
| Solomon Islands | 0.665 | 0.519 | 0.763 | 0.509 | 0.549 | 0.492 |
| Sri Lanka | 0.664 | 0.486 | 0.699 | 0.671 | 0.594 | 0.617 |
| Lesotho | 0.658 | 0.516 | 0.76 | 0.752 | 0.552 | 0.742 |
| Ecuador | 0.651 | 0.446 | 0.639 | 0.366 | 0.754 | 0.442 |
| Kosovo | 0.651 | 0.473 | 0.692 | 0.675 | 0.468 | 0.55 |
| Bulgaria | 0.646 | 0.508 | 0.77 | 0.603 | 0.669 | 0.837 |
| Peru | 0.634 | 0.493 | 0.761 | 0.509 | 0.604 | 0.405 |
| The Gambia | 0.634 | 0.507 | 0.784 | 0.666 | 0.588 | 0.751 |
| Moldova | 0.632 | 0.518 | 0.807 | 0.784 | 0.666 | 0.798 |
| Romania | 0.629 | 0.445 | 0.67 | 0.679 | 0.621 | 0.32 |
| Namibia | 0.623 | 0.515 | 0.821 | 0.436 | 0.467 | 0.698 |
| Armenia | 0.623 | 0.414 | 0.61 | 0.802 | 0.411 | 0.688 |
| Senegal | 0.617 | 0.462 | 0.72 | 0.702 | 0.586 | 0.889 |
| Montenegro | 0.615 | 0.478 | 0.755 | 0.76 | 0.581 | 0.724 |
| Liberia | 0.613 | 0.404 | 0.607 | 0.567 | 0.464 | 0.811 |
| Guatemala | 0.597 | 0.469 | 0.768 | 0.327 | 0.594 | 0.594 |
| Botswana | 0.594 | 0.478 | 0.786 | 0.675 | 0.478 | 0.427 |
| Malawi | 0.58 | 0.482 | 0.823 | 0.51 | 0.585 | 0.745 |
| Paraguay | 0.579 | 0.388 | 0.618 | 0.312 | 0.516 | 0.458 |
| Bolivia | 0.576 | 0.314 | 0.461 | 0.593 | 0.628 | 0.473 |
| Maldives | 0.564 | 0.423 | 0.714 | 0.584 | 0.48 | 0.705 |
| North Macedonia | 0.563 | 0.374 | 0.61 | 0.596 | 0.588 | 0.587 |
| Bhutan | 0.561 | 0.454 | 0.783 | 0.826 | 0.541 | 0.899 |
| Kenya | 0.549 | 0.432 | 0.762 | 0.521 | 0.585 | 0.806 |
| Honduras | 0.541 | 0.382 | 0.658 | 0.408 | 0.537 | 0.687 |
| Malaysia | 0.517 | 0.362 | 0.643 | 0.709 | 0.538 | 0.673 |
| Fiji | 0.516 | 0.414 | 0.772 | 0.706 | 0.439 | 0.789 |
| Zambia | 0.51 | 0.392 | 0.732 | 0.603 | 0.65 | 0.877 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 0.508 | 0.342 | 0.613 | 0.653 | 0.517 | 0.614 |
| Albania | 0.507 | 0.396 | 0.742 | 0.673 | 0.537 | 0.418 |
| Mexico | 0.505 | 0.251 | 0.397 | 0.438 | 0.617 | 0.423 |
| Nigeria | 0.502 | 0.315 | 0.553 | 0.507 | 0.613 | 0.659 |
| Benin | 0.501 | 0.329 | 0.592 | 0.754 | 0.49 | 0.541 |
| Mongolia | 0.496 | 0.389 | 0.736 | 0.653 | 0.402 | 0.746 |
| Mauritius | 0.492 | 0.368 | 0.698 | 0.713 | 0.574 | 0.8 |
| Guyana | 0.491 | 0.315 | 0.568 | 0.675 | 0.516 | 0.378 |
| Indonesia | 0.483 | 0.326 | 0.606 | 0.538 | 0.592 | 0.811 |
| Georgia | 0.48 | 0.328 | 0.615 | 0.726 | 0.507 | 0.751 |
| Papua New Guinea | 0.461 | 0.384 | 0.784 | 0.461 | 0.514 | 0.507 |
| Sierra Leone | 0.44 | 0.348 | 0.726 | 0.638 | 0.584 | 0.904 |
| Hungary | 0.436 | 0.318 | 0.654 | 0.635 | 0.534 | 0.309 |
| Philippines | 0.435 | 0.308 | 0.633 | 0.314 | 0.571 | 0.526 |
| Tunisia | 0.434 | 0.258 | 0.496 | 0.805 | 0.508 | 0.751 |
| Ivory Coast | 0.432 | 0.251 | 0.485 | 0.537 | 0.598 | 0.74 |
| Somaliland | 0.419 | 0.271 | 0.553 | 0.307 | 0.518 | 0.59 |
| Madagascar | 0.417 | 0.221 | 0.419 | 0.32 | 0.494 | 0.389 |
| Tanzania | 0.415 | 0.368 | 0.82 | 0.753 | 0.548 | 0.681 |
| Singapore | 0.414 | 0.343 | 0.752 | 0.805 | 0.132 | 0.742 |
| India | 0.398 | 0.291 | 0.635 | 0.425 | 0.521 | 0.629 |
| Thailand | 0.389 | 0.289 | 0.646 | 0.483 | 0.356 | 0.371 |
| Ukraine | 0.389 | 0.233 | 0.486 | 0.638 | 0.575 | 0.791 |
| Togo | 0.355 | 0.173 | 0.355 | 0.622 | 0.463 | 0.724 |
| Iraq | 0.351 | 0.228 | 0.524 | 0.459 | 0.438 | 0.594 |
| Lebanon | 0.348 | 0.207 | 0.463 | 0.379 | 0.421 | 0.557 |
| Angola | 0.34 | 0.164 | 0.346 | 0.271 | 0.153 | 0.339 |
| El Salvador | 0.339 | 0.092 | 0.137 | 0.264 | 0.451 | 0.268 |
| Kyrgyzstan | 0.333 | 0.183 | 0.411 | 0.619 | 0.397 | 0.373 |
| Mauritania | 0.333 | 0.135 | 0.266 | 0.321 | 0.542 | 0.579 |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo | 0.327 | 0.133 | 0.269 | 0.418 | 0.377 | 0.549 |
| Serbia | 0.315 | 0.22 | 0.544 | 0.736 | 0.552 | 0.494 |
| Pakistan | 0.313 | 0.199 | 0.48 | 0.223 | 0.499 | 0.529 |
| Mozambique | 0.304 | 0.171 | 0.406 | 0.495 | 0.514 | 0.456 |
| Central African Republic | 0.302 | 0.1 | 0.186 | 0.284 | 0.302 | 0.309 |
| Zanzibar | 0.299 | 0.261 | 0.69 | 0.67 | 0.38 | 0.753 |
| Kuwait | 0.292 | 0.266 | 0.716 | 0.613 | 0.148 | 0.433 |
| Turkey | 0.288 | 0.117 | 0.255 | 0.539 | 0.422 | 0.182 |
| Cameroon | 0.286 | 0.14 | 0.33 | 0.512 | 0.239 | 0.238 |
| Comoros | 0.282 | 0.107 | 0.228 | 0.602 | 0.521 | 0.425 |
| Guinea-Bissau | 0.28 | 0.149 | 0.365 | 0.465 | 0.318 | 0.35 |
| Jordan | 0.273 | 0.274 | 0.772 | 0.577 | 0.302 | 0.876 |
| Uganda | 0.272 | 0.201 | 0.536 | 0.477 | 0.415 | 0.657 |
| Kazakhstan | 0.272 | 0.134 | 0.326 | 0.539 | 0.291 | 0.5 |
| Zimbabwe | 0.27 | 0.156 | 0.392 | 0.337 | 0.547 | 0.578 |
| Ethiopia | 0.263 | 0.098 | 0.216 | 0.419 | 0.337 | 0.472 |
| Morocco | 0.263 | 0.247 | 0.703 | 0.553 | 0.431 | 0.811 |
| Algeria | 0.259 | 0.116 | 0.275 | 0.674 | 0.211 | 0.445 |
| Republic of the Congo | 0.254 | 0.117 | 0.285 | 0.359 | 0.542 | 0.441 |
| Djibouti | 0.25 | 0.121 | 0.304 | 0.544 | 0.377 | 0.378 |
| Niger | 0.24 | 0.18 | 0.509 | 0.646 | 0.575 | 0.737 |
| Gabon | 0.229 | 0.155 | 0.438 | 0.646 | 0.62 | 0.58 |
| Haiti | 0.218 | 0.079 | 0.192 | 0.128 | 0.259 | 0.592 |
| Uzbekistan | 0.215 | 0.078 | 0.19 | 0.435 | 0.196 | 0.422 |
| Palestine (West Bank) | 0.214 | 0.117 | 0.323 | 0.541 | 0.469 | 0.177 |
| Chad | 0.204 | 0.054 | 0.116 | 0.202 | 0.342 | 0.321 |
| Rwanda | 0.202 | 0.09 | 0.24 | 0.521 | 0.39 | 0.588 |
| Bangladesh | 0.201 | 0.068 | 0.2 | 0.323 | 0.243 | 0.293 |
| Mali | 0.199 | 0.147 | 0.442 | 0.618 | 0.543 | 0.733 |
| Venezuela | 0.197 | 0.049 | 0.101 | 0.263 | 0.492 | 0.023 |
| Libya | 0.196 | 0.106 | 0.303 | 0.375 | 0.234 | 0.754 |
| Cambodia | 0.186 | 0.056 | 0.133 | 0.206 | 0.207 | 0.183 |
| Egypt | 0.186 | 0.129 | 0.391 | 0.328 | 0.214 | 0.304 |
| Equatorial Guinea | 0.178 | 0.049 | 0.114 | 0.336 | 0.11 | 0.094 |
| Cuba | 0.178 | 0.055 | 0.138 | 0.753 | 0.17 | 0.286 |
| Azerbaijan | 0.175 | 0.054 | 0.133 | 0.34 | 0.102 | 0.093 |
| Burundi | 0.175 | 0.072 | 0.199 | 0.264 | 0.322 | 0.132 |
| Tajikistan | 0.174 | 0.05 | 0.12 | 0.197 | 0.144 | 0.136 |
| Vietnam | 0.174 | 0.124 | 0.382 | 0.614 | 0.499 | 0.659 |
| Oman | 0.174 | 0.14 | 0.443 | 0.571 | 0.388 | 0.189 |
| Russia | 0.172 | 0.056 | 0.143 | 0.371 | 0.376 | 0.109 |
| Hong Kong | 0.169 | 0.133 | 0.421 | 0.736 | 0.142 | 0.15 |
| Somalia | 0.169 | 0.126 | 0.396 | 0.311 | 0.269 | 0.71 |
| Iran | 0.167 | 0.092 | 0.275 | 0.473 | 0.092 | 0.324 |
| Belarus | 0.161 | 0.036 | 0.081 | 0.764 | 0.146 | 0.06 |
| Guinea | 0.161 | 0.075 | 0.219 | 0.436 | 0.395 | 0.22 |
| South Sudan | 0.161 | 0.072 | 0.21 | 0.126 | 0.143 | 0.104 |
| Burkina Faso | 0.156 | 0.129 | 0.42 | 0.525 | 0.391 | 0.218 |
| Nicaragua | 0.153 | 0.019 | 0.022 | 0.271 | 0.295 | 0.017 |
| Turkmenistan | 0.149 | 0.033 | 0.076 | 0.289 | 0.075 | 0.039 |
| Syria | 0.145 | 0.054 | 0.155 | 0.23 | 0.194 | 0.085 |
| Sudan | 0.135 | 0.038 | 0.103 | 0.188 | 0.291 | 0.157 |
| Laos | 0.134 | 0.102 | 0.339 | 0.428 | 0.386 | 0.164 |
| Eswatini | 0.13 | 0.097 | 0.323 | 0.241 | 0.379 | 0.202 |
| Yemen | 0.127 | 0.047 | 0.142 | 0.087 | 0.166 | 0.132 |
| Bahrain | 0.124 | 0.052 | 0.158 | 0.385 | 0.115 | 0.158 |
| United Arab Emirates | 0.103 | 0.078 | 0.27 | 0.45 | 0.086 | 0.298 |
| Palestine (Gaza) | 0.095 | 0.053 | 0.18 | 0.405 | 0.212 | 0.113 |
| Qatar | 0.087 | 0.08 | 0.284 | 0.395 | 0.105 | 0.387 |
| North Korea | 0.083 | 0.014 | 0.033 | 0.31 | 0.153 | 0.016 |
| Myanmar | 0.083 | 0.016 | 0.041 | 0.21 | 0.34 | 0.195 |
| Afghanistan | 0.081 | 0.016 | 0.044 | 0.077 | 0.027 | 0.073 |
| China | 0.073 | 0.036 | 0.125 | 0.302 | 0.1 | 0.227 |
| Eritrea | 0.068 | 0.009 | 0.02 | 0.322 | 0.024 | 0.071 |
| Saudi Arabia | 0.015 | 0.047 | 0.187 | 0.449 | 0.081 | 0.258 |

## Impact and usage

A variety of other organizations use V-Dem's dataset in the construction of their indicators. The World Bank's Worldwide Governance Indicators also use V-Dem's data to inform their Control of Corruption indicator (includes V-Dem's Corruption index), Rule of Law Indicator (includes V-Dem's liberal component index), and the Voice and Accountability Indicator (includes V-Dem's Expanded freedom of expression, freedom of association, and Clean elections indicators).

## Digital Society Project

The Digital Society Project is a subset of indicators on V-Dem's survey that asks questions about social media's political status and the internet. Specifically, the Digital Society Project measures a range of questions related to internet censorship, misinformation online, and internet shutdowns. This annual report includes 35 indicators assessing five areas: disinformation, digital media freedom, state regulation of digital media, the polarization of online media, and online social cleavages. It has been updated each year starting in 2019, with data covering from 2000–2021. Similar to other expert analyses like Freedom House, these data are more prone to false positives when compared with remotely sensed data, such as that from Access Now or the OpenNet Initiative.

## Criticisms

Political scientist Jonas Wolff criticized V-Dem for gradually abandoning a pluralist conceptualization of democracy. According to him, V-Dem has moved away from its original emphasis on the conceptual varieties of democracy and adopted an uncontested view of democracy as liberal democracy while also ignoring the limitations of liberal democracy.
The V-Dem dataset does not cover some countries, namely: Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Belize, Brunei, Dominica, Federated States of Micronesia, Grenada, Kiribati, Liechtenstein, Marshall Islands, Monaco, Nauru, Palau, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, San Marino, Tonga, Tuvalu, and the Vatican.