OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Graphene plasmonics

Graphene is a 2D nanosheet with atomic thin thickness in terms of 0.34 nm. Due to the ultrathin thickness, graphene showed many properties that are quite different from their bulk graphite counterparts. The most prominent advantages are known to be their high electron mobility and high mechanical strengths.
Thus, it exhibits potential for applications in optics and electronics especially for the development of wearable devices as flexible substrates. More importantly, the optical absorption rate of graphene is 2.3% in the visible and near-infrared region. This broadband absorption characteristic also attracted great attention of the research community to exploit the graphene-based photodetectors/modulators.
Plasmons are collective electron oscillations usually excited at metal surfaces by a light source. Doped graphene layers have also shown the similar surface plasmon effects to that of metallic thin films. Through the engineering of metallic substrates or nanoparticles (e.g., gold, silver and copper) with graphene, the plasmonic properties of the hybrid structures could be tuned for improving the optoelectronic device performances. The electrons at the metallic structure could transfer to the graphene conduction band. This is attributed to the zero bandgap property of graphene nanosheet.
Graphene plasmons can also be decoupled from their environment and give rise to genuine Dirac plasmon at low-energy range where the wavelengths exceed the damping length. These graphene plasma resonances have been observed in the GHz–THz electronic domain.
Graphene plasmonics is an emergent research field, that is attracting plenty of interest and has already resulted in a textbook.

## Application

When the plasmons were resonant at the graphene/metal surface, a strong electric field would be induced which could enhance the generation of electron-hole pairs in the graphene layer. The excited electron carrier numbers linearly increased with the field intensity based on the Fermi’s rule. The induced charge carriers of metal/graphene hybrid nanostructure could be up to 7 times higher than that of pristine graphene ones due to the plasmonic enhancement.
So far, the graphene plasmonic effects have been demonstrated for different applications ranging from light modulation to biological/chemical sensing. High-speed photodetection at 10 Gbit/s based on graphene and 20-fold improvement on the detection efficiency through graphene/gold nanostructure were also reported. Graphene plasmonics are considered as good alternatives to the noble metal plasmons not only due to their cost-effectiveness for large-scale production but also by the higher confinement of the plasmonics at the graphene surface. The enhanced light-matter interactions could further be optimized and tuned through electrostatic gating. These advantages of graphene plasmonics paved a way to achieve single-molecule detection and single-plasmon excitation.
# Lydia Kavraki

Lydia E. Kavraki (Greek: Λύδια Καβράκη) is a Greek-American computer scientist, the Noah Harding Professor of Computer Science, a professor of bioengineering, electrical and computer engineering, and mechanical engineering at Rice University. She is also the director of the Ken Kennedy Institute at Rice University. She is known for her work on robotics/AI and bioinformatics/computational biology and in particular for the probabilistic roadmap method for robot motion planning and biomolecular configuration analysis.

## Biography

Kavraki was born in Heraklion and did her undergraduate studies at the University of Crete. She then moved to Stanford University for her graduate studies, earning a Ph.D. in 1995 under the supervision of Jean-Claude Latombe.

## Awards and honors

In 2000, Kavraki won the Grace Murray Hopper Award for her work on probabilistic roadmaps. In 2002, Popular Science magazine listed her in their "Brilliant 10" awards, and in the same year MIT Technology Review listed her in their annual list of 35 innovators under the age of 35. In 2010, she was elected as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery "for contributions to robotic motion planning and its application to computational biology." She is also a fellow of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence, a fellow of IEEE, a fellow of AIMBE and a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. In 2015, she was the winner of the ABIE Award for Technical Leadership from the Anita Borg Institute. In 2017, Kavraki was honored with the ACM Athena Lecturer award from the Association for Computing Machinery, which celebrates women researchers who have made fundamental contributions to the field of Computer Science. In 2020, she was awarded the ACM IEEE Allen Newell Award. In 2025, she was has been elected to the National Academy of Engineering.
Kavraki is a member of the National Academy of Medicine (formerly Institute of Medicine (IoM)), the Academy of Athens, the Academy of Medicine, Engineering and Science of Texas (TAMEST), the Academia Europaea, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
# Hilltop, Ohio

Hilltop is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in central Weathersfield Township, Trumbull County, Ohio, United States. The population was 658 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Youngstown–Warren metropolitan area.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 0.6 square miles (1.6 km$^2$), all land.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 534 people, 199 households, and 160 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 940.4 inhabitants per square mile (363.1/km$^2$). There were 208 housing units at an average density of 366.3 per square mile (141.4/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the CDP was 96.44% White, 0.75% African American, 0.94% Native American, 0.37% from other races, and 1.50% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.31% of the population.
There were 199 households, out of which 33.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.8% were married couples living together, 11.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.1% were non-families. 19.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.68 and the average family size was 3.01.
In the CDP the population was spread out, with 24.9% under the age of 18, 6.9% from 18 to 24, 32.0% from 25 to 44, 24.3% from 45 to 64, and 11.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 100.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.5 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $43,036, and the median income for a family was $50,441. Males had a median income of $36,406 versus $20,962 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $15,417. About 4.6% of families and 4.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.7% of those under age 18 and 7.9% of those age 65 or over.
# Breaking the Chains (song)

"Breaking the Chains" is a song by American heavy metal/glam metal band Dokken, appearing on the band's debut album of the same name. The song was originally released as a single "Breakin' the Chains" in 1981 through Carrere Records exclusively in Europe, appearing as the B-side to the "I Can't See You" single. "Breaking the Chains" was released as a single in 1983 through Elektra Records, being the band's first American single. The song was a modest success, peaking at #32 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock chart. The song remained on the chart for 13 weeks.

## Reception

In a mixed review of the album, AllMusic reviewer Whitney Z. Gomes praised the track and picked it as an AllMusic reviewer's pick.

## Music video

A video was produced for the song. It begins cutting between the band performing the song in a house and performing on a black stage. The band is later chained up in a dungeon before George Lynch breaks free and performs the song's solo. As Lynch performs the solo the other band members break free one by one. After the solo, Don Dokken wakes up chained to a bed, alone, before breaking free. The video ends with shots of the band performing in the house, in the dungeon, and against a backdrop of chains that explode as the video ends.
Jeff Pilson appears in the video on bass as Juan Croucier had left the band before filming began.

## Personnel

* Don Dokken – lead vocals, rhythm guitar
* George Lynch – lead guitar
* Juan Croucier – bass, backing vocals
* "Wild" Mick Brown – drums

## Charts

| Chart (1983) | Peak position |
| US Top Rock Tracks (Billboard) | 32 |
# Pura Purani (Peru)

Pura Purani (Aymara pura pura Xenophyllum (or a species of it), -ni a suffix to indicate ownership, "the one with the pura pura plant", also spelled Purapurani) is a mountain in the Andes of southern Peru, about 5,000 metres (16,404 ft) high. It is located on the border of the Moquegua Region, General Sánchez Cerro Province, Ichuña District, and the Puno Region, Puno Province, San Antonio District. It lies west of Chuqipata and northwest of Millu.
# Julian Gaines

Julian Gaines (born November 5, 2002) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a right-back for Major League Soccer club Nashville SC.

## Club career
### Los Angeles FC

On August 19, 2021, Gaines joined Major League Soccer club Los Angeles FC. Gaines was signed through the MLS Waiver Order, with Los Angeles FC trading $50,000 in General Allocation Money and the 21st spot in the Waiver Order to Toronto FC to acquire the number one spot.
On March 11, 2022, Gaines was loaned to Las Vegas Lights FC.
On February 20, 2024, Gaines signed with Nashville SC following his release from LAFC at the conclusion of their 2023 season.

## Career statistics
### Club

    As of match played July 17, 2021
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition :
| Club | Season | League | League | League | National cup | National cup | Continental | Continental | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Austin Bold | 2019 | USL Championship | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | 1 | 0 |
| Las Vegas Lights | 2021 | USL Championship | 12 | 1 | — | — | — | — | 12 | 1 |
| Los Angeles FC | 2021 | Major League Soccer | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 13 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 1 |
# Andrzejów, Sochaczew County

Andrzejów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Brochów, within Sochaczew County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.
# Protungulatum

Protungulatum ('first ungulate') is an extinct genus of eutherian mammals within extinct family Protungulatidae, and is possibly one of the earliest known placental mammals in the fossil record, that lived in North America from the Late Cretaceous to early Paleocene.
Fossils of this genus were first found in the Bug Creek Anthills in northeastern Montana. The Bug Creek Anthills were initially believed to be Late Cretaceous (latest Maastrichtian) because of the presence of the remains of non-avian dinosaurs and common Cretaceous mammals, but these were later shown to have been reworked from Late Cretaceous strata, and consequently the Bug Creek Anthills are currently believed to be Early Paleocene (Puercan) in age. Remains from the Ravenscrag Formation of Saskatchewan, Canada have been assigned to Protungulatum donnae. These remains may also be Cretaceous in age, but the age of the Ravenscrag Formation is not entirely certain. In 2011, a new species Protungulatum coombsi was named based on fossil material discovered from the strata within the Hell Creek Formation specifically dated to at least 300,000 years before the K-Pg extinction, suggested that Protungulatum was present in both the latest Cretaceous and the early Paleocene.
Studies differ on the placement of Protungulatum. This genus was initially assigned to the family Arctocyonidae, in order Condylarthra, (a group of archaic "ungulates", that is now known to be polyphyletic). Some found that it is not a true placental mammal and it is eutherian found to be close to Placentalia. However, a number of studies consider it to be a placental mammal and stem relative to true ungulates in clade Pan-Euungulata, based on anatomy of inner ear.

## Phylogeny

The phylogenetic relationships of genus Protungulatum are shown in the following cladogram.
# Qala Patxa

Qala Patxa (Aymara qala stone, patxa ridge, "stone ridge", possibly erroneously also spelled Calapatia (from Calapatja)) is a mountain in the Andes of southern Peru, about 5,000 metres (16,404 ft) high. It is located in the Moquegua Region, Mariscal Nieto Province, Carumas District. Qala Patxa lies southeast of Willkani.
# Lazar Pavić

Lazar Pavić (Serbian Cyrillic: Лазар Павић; born 2 February 1994) is a Serbian professional football player who plays as a midfielder for Austrian club UFC Tadten.
# Kenneth Weyler

Kenneth Weyler (born October 18, 1941) is an American politician in the state of New Hampshire. He is a member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives, sitting as a Republican from the Rockingham 13 district, having been first elected in 2010. He previously served from 1990 to 2008. He currently serves as Chair of the House Finance Committee.

## Controversies
### COVID-19 conspiracy theories

In 2021 Weyler sent misinformation and conspiracy theories about COVID-19 to the Joint Financial Committee, saying vaccines inserted creatures with tentacles into people's bodies, that the vaccine could control people's thoughts with 5G chips, and babies of vaccinated parents are born with black eyes. Following this, after criticism from New Hampshire Governor Chris Sununu and Democrats, he resigned from two committees, the House Finance Committee and the Joint Legislative Committee, that he had been a member of. The item he had sent, by e-mail to the Finance Committee, was a 52-page document called "The Vaccine Death Report".

### Victim Blaming

In 2025, Weyler made a comment in the House Finance Committee where in speaking about victims of sexual abuse at the state's youth detention center "Here's someone that didn't obey the rules, still doesn't obey the rules. And then they come to court, and they expect millions when they've perhaps spent a misspent life. I just don't see the ridiculousness,...Somebody that's on the streets can say, well, if I said I went to YDC, I'll just say they'd abuse me. I'll become a millionaire.". Weyler was condemned by members of both parties.
# Kathy Lucas

Kathy Lucas is an American set decorator. She has been nominated for two Academy Awards in the category Best Production Design for the films First Man and Tenet.

## Selected filmography

* First Man (2018; co-nominated with Nathan Crowley)
* Tenet (2020; co-nominated with Nathan Crowley)
# Nissan Versa

Nissan Versa is an automobile nameplate used by the Japanese manufacturer Nissan in the Americas for the following models:
* First-generation Versa sedan (C11; 2006–2012) Main article: Nissan Tiida (C11)
* First-generation Versa hatchback (C11; 2006–2013) Main article: Nissan Tiida (C11)
* Second-generation Versa sedan (N17; 2012–2019) Main article: Nissan Almera (N17)
* Versa Note (E12; 2013–2019) Main article: Nissan Note (E12)
* Third-generation Versa sedan (N18; 2019–present) Main article: Nissan Almera (N18)
According to a Nissan press release in 2008, "versa" is short for "versatile space" meant to imply the spaciousness of the interior and configurable cargo arrangements. The Versa is one of the few remaining subcompact cars left on sale in the North American market, with most automakers dropping small cars from their lineups to focus on crossovers and SUVs.

## Sales

| Calendar year | U.S. | Canada | Mexico | Brazil |
| 2006 | 22,044 | 6,727 | — | — |
| 2007 | 79,443 | 21,940 | — | — |
| 2008 | 85,182 | 21,845 | — | — |
| 2009 | 82,906 | 20,097 | — | — |
| 2010 | 99,705 | 15,743 | — | — |
| 2011 | 99,730 | 14,497 | 20,894 | 3,218 |
| 2012 | 113,327 | 12,476 | 47,506 | 19,670 |
| 2013 | 117,352 | 12,297 | 49,004 | 20,730 |
| 2014 | 139,781 | 13,314 | 53,777 | 15,400 |
| 2015 | 144,528 | 9,120 | 64,454 | 17,412 |
| 2016 | 132,214 | 7,720 | 90,543 | 21,898 |
| 2017 | 106,772 | 7,865 | 93,041 | 23,370 |
| 2018 | 75,809 | 6,430 | 91,320 | 27,995 |
| 2019 | 66,596 | 2,369 | 88,707 | 21,781 |
| 2020 | 48,273 | 126 | 68,013 | 9,907 |
| 2021 | 60,913 | 2,897 | 69,775 | 11,107 |
| 2022 | 13,396 | 1,286 | 48,055 | 5,637 |
| 2023 | 24,807 | 1,634 | 76,926 | 8,860 |
| 2024 | 42,589 | 2,710 | 93,278 | 11,621 |
# Gurun railway station

The Gurun railway station is a Malaysian railway station located at and named after the town of Gurun, Kedah. KTM ETS trains serve this station. Gurun was also the northern terminus of the KTM Komuter Northern Sector before it was moved to Padang Besar in July 2016.
The new Gurun railway station was built as part of the Ipoh–Padang Besar Electrification and double-tracking Project and was reopened on 11 June 2014. The new station replaces and old wooden one which was demolished.

## Train services

* ETS Gold Train No. 9420/9425
# Cold Springs Fire

The Cold Springs Fire started July 12, 2008, eleven miles north of Trout Lake in Washington. It was contained and put out in August 2008.
The fire was started by lightning on July 12 and spread rapidly through heavy dead timber, eventually burning a total of 7,993 acres before full containment was reached on August 1. Of the area burned, 4,723 acres were in the Gifford Pinchot National Forest, 1,623 on the Yakama Indian Reservation, 1,076 on land managed by the Washington Department of Natural Resources, and 307 on privately owned lands. At the peak of firefighting efforts, over 1,000 personnel were assigned to combat the blaze. In total, 1,037 firefighters from 33 units were needed to reach containment.
The fire neared Mount Adams as it spread north of Trout Lake causing closings for several trails and camp grounds. Fire officials said it was the largest fire the area had received in decades. The dangerous fire conditions allowed it to grow and spread quickly through dead trees and winds up to 25 mph. However, people were expecting a large fire and had been preparing so that no homes or people were threatened in the event. Although no structures were burned, a 1909 historic guard station had to be wrapped in fire-retardant material.
# Tierra bendita y divina

"Tierra bendita y divina" (English: "Blessed and Divine Land"), also known as "Tierra de la Palestina" (English: "Land of Palestine"), is a traditional Spanish language Christian hymn derived from Cuba and composed by Robert C. Savage in 1954. It describes the land of Palestine and the details of Jesus' life, and references several historical Israelite sites, including the Western Wall, the Mount of Beatitudes, and the Jaffa Gate.

## Lyrical controversy

On the line, "Tierra bendita y divina, es la de Palestina", the Holy Land is referred to as Palestine. The origin of the name "Palestine" translates in Hebrew Pəléshseth (פלשת), which refers to the kingdom of Philistia: arch-enemy of Israel and west of the Kingdom of Judah.

## Lyrics

These are the lyrics in Spanish:
| Spanish lyrics: Tierra bendita y divina es la de Palestina donde nació Jesús; Eres, de las naciones, cumbre bañada por la lumbre que derramó su luz. Coro Eres la historia inolvidable, Porque en tu seno se derramó La sangre, preciosa sangre, Del unigénito Hijo de Dios. Cuenta la historia del pasado que en tu seno sagrado vivió el Salvador, Y en tus hermoso olivares, habló a los millares la palabra de amor. Quedan en ti testigos mudos, que son los viejos muros de la Jerusalén; Viejas paredes ya destruidas, que si tuvieran vida, nos hablarían bien. | English translation: Blessed and divine land is that of Palestine where Jesus was born; You are the summit of all nations bathed by the fire that His light has shed Chorus You are the unforgettable story, For in thy bosom spilled The blood, the precious blood Of the only-begotten son of God. Ancient history has it That in thy sacred bosom The Saviour lived, And in your beautiful olive groves, He spoke to thousands of people The word of love. Silent witnesses are in you, Which are those old walls of Jerusalem; Old walls since destroyed, That if they were alive, Would tell us the story. |
# Mildred Griffiths

Mildred Griffiths (January 20, 1894 – May 24, 1949) was an American set decorator. She was nominated for an Academy Award in the category Best Art Direction for the film National Velvet.

## Selected filmography

* National Velvet (1944)
# Andrzejówka, Masovian Voivodeship

Andrzejówka is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Policzna, within Zwoleń County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately 4 km (2 mi) south of Policzna, 8 km (5 mi) north of Zwoleń, and 99 km (62 mi) south-east of Warsaw.
# Improvement Era

The Improvement Era (often shortened to The Era) was an official magazine of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) between 1897 and 1970.

## History

The Improvement Era was first published in 1897 as a replacement to the unofficial magazine, The Contributor. Over the years, it was the official publishing organ for a variety of organizations within the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, including the Seventies, the Young Men's Mutual Improvement Association, the Young Ladies' Mutual Improvement Association, priesthood quorums, church schools, the Church Music Committee, and the Home Teaching Committee. In the July 1960 issue, an insert targeted toward the teenagers of the church was included. Entitled "The Era of Youth," it continued to be included in the Improvement Era until 1970, when it became the basis for the New Era.
With the implementation of the Priesthood Correlation Program in 1970, the Improvement Era ceased publication and was replaced by the New Era and the Ensign.
Editors of the Improvement Era included Joseph F. Smith, Heber J. Grant, George Albert Smith, David O. McKay, Joseph Fielding Smith, John A. Widtsoe, Richard L. Evans, B. H. Roberts, Edward H. Anderson, Hugh J. Cannon, Harrison R. Merrill, and Doyle L. Green.

## Notable articles

The February 1968 issue included the first publication of images of the Joseph Smith Papyri, in sepia tone.
# Fixin to Thrill

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| ChartAttack | 3/5 |
| Consequence of Sound | |
Fixin to Thrill is the second studio album by Canadian electronic music band Dragonette. The album was released on September 25, 2009 by Universal Music Canada.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Dan Kurtz and Martina Sorbara, except where noted

### Notes

* LP pressings of the album omit the track "We Rule the World".

## Personnel

Credits adapted from the liner notes of Fixin to Thrill.

### Dragonette

* Martina Sorbara – vocals (all tracks); keyboards (tracks 2, 10–12)
* Dan Kurtz – keyboards, programming (all tracks); guitar (tracks 1, 3, 4, 6–11); bass (tracks 2, 3, 5–12); backing vocals (track 8); acoustic guitar (track 12)
* Joel Stouffer – drums (tracks 1, 2, 4–6, 8, 10–12); programming (tracks 1, 3, 7–10); percussion (tracks 2, 5, 6, 8, 11, 12); keyboards (track 10)
* Christopher Hugget – guitar (tracks 7, 9)

### Additional personnel
## Charts

| Chart (2009–10) | Peak position |
| Canadian Albums Chart | 63 |
| US Dance/Electronic Albums | 21 |
| US Heatseekers Albums | 37 |

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format | Label |
| Australia | September 25, 2009 | Digital download | Bandroom |
| Canada | September 29, 2009 | CD digital download | Universal |
| Australia | October 2, 2009 | CD | Bandroom |
| United States | October 27, 2009 | Digital download | I Surrender |
| United States | November 18, 2009 | CD | I Surrender |
| Canada | November 27, 2012 | LP | Universal |