# Ehenneden

Ehenneden, also spelt Hennenden, (born Egiebo, reigned c. 1095 – c. 1110) was the twenty-sixth Ogiso (king) of Igodomigodo, the early state that preceded the Benin Empire. His reign is documented as having involved economic expansion, administrative restructuring, and increased activity among guilds and artisans. Ehenneden strengthened the role of royal guilds in weaving, carving, and trade, which contributed to production and commerce. He also reorganised the Edionnisen ("Great Nobles"), granting them the authority to appoint sub-chiefs, oversee regional courts, and construct noble residences, actions that contributed to the governance structure. Following his death without a direct heir, succession disputes arose; ultimately, the Edionnisen selected Ohuede, a distant royal relative, as his successor, thereby marking the end of the Oriagba dynasty.

## Early life and ascension

Ehenneden was born as Egiebo, the only recorded son of Ogiso (King) Uwa of Igodomigodo (present-day Benin Kingdom). He was raised in a society where trade, craftsmanship, and territorial expansion played significant roles in governance. Egiebo spent his early years learning weaving techniques for raffia and cotton. His familiarity with these crafts influenced his later policies in supporting craftsmen and guild workers. Upon the death of Ogiso Uwa in 1095 AD, Egiebo ascended the throne as Ehenneden. His coronation continued the primogeniture system introduced by Ogiso Oriagba more than forty years before Ehenneden's ascension. By this time, the kingdom had developed extensive trade routes connecting it with Dahomey, Ghana, and the Niger basin. Unlike his father, who faced opposition from nobles, Ehenneden inherited a relatively stable kingdom.
His early policies emphasised economic development. He expanded royal patronage for guilds by reorganising and enlarging those of weavers and carvers, increasing artisan participation, while also fostering trade growth at Ogiso market (modern-day Agbado market) and promoting the wider use of cowries as currency. This facilitated broader engagement in woodworking, farming, hunting, and trading. Ehenneden also initiated architectural reforms, focusing on the royal palace and noble residences. He introduced red-mud wall polishing techniques and established a rotational system where women regularly scrubbed and polished the palace walls. He also promoted corrugated wall designs to distinguish the royal residence and the homes of accredited chiefs.

## Governance and economic policies

Ogiso Ehenneden reorganised the guild system, ensuring increased royal support for blacksmiths, weavers, traders, and farmers to boost economic production. Luxury trade items, such as rare beads, were introduced through long-distance commerce. Ehenneden expanded the role of the Edionnisen ("Great Nobles"), granting them authority to appoint sub-chiefs, construct palaces, and establish local law courts. This decentralised governance approach reduced administrative burdens while maintaining noble allegiance to the monarchy. Unlike some of his predecessors, Ehenneden's reign was largely peaceful. Political stability encouraged trade and migration, contributing to population growth. The rise of artisans and merchants strengthened the kingdom's economic foundation.

## Death and succession crisis

Ogiso Ehenneden's only son died in infancy, and his death in 1110 challenged the primogeniture system, restoring the Edionnisen's authority to select a successor. The primogeniture law dictated that in the absence of a direct heir, the next-of-kin should ascend the throne. However, debates arose over whether eligibility was determined by direct lineage or noble status. With no surviving siblings, the Edionnisen traced the succession line to Ehenneden's great-uncle, Oboite of Ihinmwirin, a younger brother of Ogiso Odoligie, selecting Oboite's only surviving son, Ohuede, aged 56, as Ehenneden's successor. Ehenneden's death ended the Oriagba dynasty, leading to the rise of the Ohuede dynasty.