OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Medjool

The Medjool date (Arabic: تمر المجهول - tamar al-majhūl. Tamar means 'date' and majhūl means 'unknown', from جَهِلَ jahila, 'to not know') also known as Medjoul, Mejhoul or Majhool, is a large, sweet cultivated variety of date (Phoenix dactylifera). It is an important commercial variety constituting some 25% of worldwide trade in dates.

## Landrace

The Medjool cultivar originates from the Tafilalt region in Morocco, where it was first cultivated. Outside Morocco, it is also grown in the United States, Israel, Mexico, Iran, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Jordan, Palestine, and Peru. The variety is planted both for its fruit and for landscaping.
The medjool is a distinct landrace, described as producing "large soft fruit, with orange-yellowish flesh, and a mildly rich and pleasing flavor". Being large, soft, and with a "caramel, honey" flavor, the variety has been called "the king of dates".

## Constituents

Medjool dates are high in oxalates (18–233 mg/100 g dry weight).
Out of the over 3000 known cultivars, only two contain the disaccharide sugar sucrose: Deglet Nour and Medjool. All the rest contain the monosaccharides glucose and fructose in a mix known as invert sugar. Sucrose tastes sweeter than glucose but less sweet than fructose; the mix is less sweet than pure fructose, but still is somewhat sweeter than sucrose.

## Trade

In 2013, Israel held more than 60 percent of the global medjool market share. In 2024, Medjool constituted 25% of the world export market for dates. Those supplied to France, the largest European importer of dates, are predominantly from Algeria and Tunisia. Retail brands in both France and Italy often label the cultivar, usually Medjool or Deglet Nour, on the packet. Especially large Medjool dates are sold as a luxury product, for example in the Netherlands. A UK social enterprise, Zaytoun, sells Medjool dates from Palestine.
# Kastamonu Airport

Kastamonu Airport (IATA: KFS, ICAO: LTAL) is an airport located in the city of Kastamonu, Turkey. It was inaugurated on 5 July 2013 with the first Turkish Airlines flight incoming from Istanbul.

## Airlines and destinations

The following airlines operate regular scheduled and charter flights at Kastamonu Airport:
| Airlines | Destinations |
| Turkish Airlines | Istanbul |

## Traffic Statistics

^1 : 2013 statistics correspond to the last 6 months of 2013 since the opening of the airport.
# Dick Geary

Dick Geary (born Richard John Geary; December 1945 – 21 February 2021) was a British historian. He studied at City of Leicester Boys' Grammar School and King's College, Cambridge, graduating with a degree in History in 1967.
Geary's field of research was the European labour movement and the intellectual history of Marxism. He specialized in German History, including the German Empire since 1871, the Weimar Republic and Nazism. More recently Dick Geary developed a second research focus on the history of slavery. His methods included both social history and comparative studies.
During his career Dick Geary worked at King's College, Cambridge and Lancaster University, where he was responsible for the Department of German Studies. He was one of the two original editors of Contemporary European History, an academic journal specialising in the history of Europe from 1918 onwards. Until his retirement in 2010 he was director of the institute on the History of Slavery at the University of Nottingham.
Geary died on 21 February 2021.

## Selected works

* European Labour Protest 1848–1939 (London: Croom Helm, 1981).
* Karl Kautsky (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1987).
* (editor) Labour and Socialist Movements in Europe before 1914 (Oxford: Berg Publishers, 1989).
* European Labour Politics from 1900 to the Depression (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1991).
* Hitler and Nazism (London: Routledge, 1993).
# Diederich Franz Leonhard von Schlechtendal

Diederich Franz Leonhard von Schlechtendal (27 November 1794, Xanten – 12 October 1866, Halle) was a German botanist. The standard author abbreviation Schltdl. is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.
He studied in Berlin, in 1819 becoming curator of the Royal Herbarium. He was a professor of botany and director of the Botanical Gardens at the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg from 1833 until his death in 1866.
The genus Schlechtendalia (Asteraceae), from Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina, was named in his honor.
He was editor of the botanical journal Linnaea (from 1826), and with Hugo von Mohl (1805–1872), was publisher of the Botanischen Zeitung (from 1843).
He conducted important investigations of the then largely unknown flora of Mexico, carried out in conjunction with Adelbert von Chamisso (1781–1838), and based on specimens collected by Christian Julius Wilhelm Schiede (1798–1836), and Ferdinand Deppe (1794–1861).
Schlechtendal was a critic of Darwinism but accepted a limited form of evolution. He advocated a form common descent of "some groups of very similar species, which also inhabit a limited area".

## Written works

* Animadversiones botanicae in Ranunculaceas, Berlin 1819–1820.
* Flora berolinensis, Berlin 1823–1824.
* Adumbrationes plantarum, 1825–1832.
* Flora von Deutschland, Jena 1840–1873 (with Christian Eduard Langethal and Ernst Schenk; fifth edition by Ernst Hallier 1880–1887).
* Hortus halensis, Halle 1841–1853.
# Chang King-yuh

Chang King-yuh (Chinese: 張京育; pinyin: Zhāng Jīngyù; born 27 April 1937) is a Taiwanese political scientist and lawyer. He was Minister of the Mainland Affairs Council of the Executive Yuan from 28 February 1996 to 31 January 1999.

## Early life and education

Chang was born in China to Shao Chu Chang and Hsi-chen Huang. He graduated in 1958 with his bachelor's degree in law from National Taiwan University and earned a master's degree in diplomacy from National Chengchi University in 1961. He them completed graduate studies in the United States at Columbia University, where he earned a Master of Laws (LL.M.) in comparative law from Columbia Law School in 1964 and earned his PhD in political science in 1971.

## Early career

Chang was the President of National Chengchi University from 1989 to 1994.
# Edward C. Little

Edward Campbell Little (December 14, 1858 – June 27, 1924) was a U.S. Representative from Kansas.

## Life

Born in Newark, Ohio, Little moved to Kansas in 1866 with his parents, who settled in Olathe. He attended the public schools of Abilene, Kansas, and graduated from the University of Kansas in Lawrence in 1883. For several years, he was connected with the Santa Fe Railroad. After studying law, he was admitted to the bar in 1886 and commenced practice in Lawrence.
Little served as chairman of the Republican State convention in 1888. In 1889, he was the city attorney of Ness City, and from 1890 to 1892, he was prosecuting attorney of Dickinson County. He served as delegate at large to the Republican National Convention in 1892.
In 1892 and 1893, Little was Minister Resident to Egypt. In 1896 and 1897, he was the private secretary of Governor John W. Leedy. He unsuccessfully ran for senator in 1897. During the Spanish–American War, from 1898 to 1899, he was lieutenant colonel of the Twentieth Regiment, Kansas Volunteers. This service earned him the Spanish War Service Medal, and the Philippine Campaign Medal. In 1908, he settled in Kansas City, Kansas.
Little was elected to the Sixty-fifth and to the three succeeding Congresses, from Kansas's 2nd congressional district, and served from March 4, 1917, until his death in Washington, D.C., on June 27, 1924.
In the Sixty-sixth through Sixty-eighth Congresses, he was chairman of the Committee on Revision of Laws. He was one of the 50 representatives who on April 5, 1917 voted against declaring war on Germany
Little is buried in the City Cemetery of Abilene, Kansas.
# JennAir

JennAir is a Benton Harbor, Michigan-based designer and manufacturer of household appliances and fixtures.

## History

The original Jenn-Air Products Company was founded by Louis J. Jenn in Indianapolis, Indiana, in 1947, later becoming simply Jenn-Air. In the early years, the company was focused on manufacturing and marketing of industrial fans for use in a variety of commercial and industrial applications. In 1961, Jenn-Air's integration of one of these fans to a cook-top range led to the invention of the first self-ventilated downdraft range. The company expanded its product line to include many other kitchen appliances including microwave ovens, refrigerators, dishwashers, and small appliances such as mixers and blenders.

## Corporate ownership

The Jenn-Air brand was acquired by Maytag Corporation in 1982 which was subsequently purchased by Whirlpool Corporation in 2006.
At the Architectural Digest Design Show in New York City in 2018, Whirlpool announced that the hyphen would be removed from JennAir's name. A new slogan, "Bound by Nothing", and a new logo were also announced at the same time.
JennAir continues as a distinct brand.
# Old Valley of Tacna

Old Valley of Tacna is a large natural area in Tacna, Peru. It's located between 670 and 1,090 m.a.s.l. It is approximately 23 km long. And the climate is temperate and dry.
It includes the Districts of Pocollay, Calana, and Pachia, which are 94 km, 14 km and 18 km away from the city of Tacna respectively.
Various restaurantes are located there and you can eat traditional food.
# Ants Pauls

Ants Pauls (born 30 March 1940) is an Estonian politician. He was a member of X Riigikogu.
Pauls was born in Kaiu Parish (present-day Rapla Parish). He has been a member of Res Publica Party.
# Fred Magdoff

Fred Magdoff is an American soil scientist. He is Emeritus Professor of Plant and Soil Science at the University of Vermont and an adjunct professor of crop and soil science at Cornell University.
He received a BA in history from Oberlin College in 1963 and both an MA in 1965 and Phd in 1969 from Cornell University in soil science.
He is the son of socialist commentator Harry Magdoff.
He is a regular contributor to Monthly Review.

## Books

* with John Bellamy Foster The Great Financial Crisis: Causes and Consequences (Monthly Review Press, 2009)
* with Michael Yates The ABCs of the Economic Crisis: What Working People Need to Know (Monthly Review Press, 2009)
* with Brian Tokar Agriculture and Food in Crisis: Conflict, Resistance, and Renewal (Monthly Review Press, 2010)
* with John Bellamy Foster What Every Environmentalist Needs to Know about Capitalism: A Citizen’s Guide to Capitalism and the Environment (Monthly Review Press, 2011)
* with Chris Williams Creating an Ecologial Society (Monthly Review Press, 2017)
* with Harold Van Es Building Soils for Better Crops: Ecological Management for Healthy Soils
# Zbigniew Kozak

Zbigniew Ryszard Kozak (born 3 April 1961 in Gdynia) is a Polish politician. He was elected to the Sejm on 25 September 2005, getting 7,901 votes in 26 Gdynia district as a candidate from the Law and Justice list.
# 1957 Warwick and Leamington by-election

The 1957 Warwick and Leamington by-election was fought on 7 March 1957 when the incumbent Conservative MP, the ex-Prime Minister Sir Anthony Eden, retired from Parliament. The seat was retained by the Conservative candidate John Hobson.

## Result

Warwick and Leamington by-election, 1957 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Conservative | John Hobson | 24,948 | 52.26 | −12.22 |
| | Labour | William Wilson | 22,791 | 47.74 | +12.22 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 2,157 | 4.52 | −24.44 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 47,739 | | |
| | Conservative hold | Conservative hold | Swing | −12.2 | |
# 1929–30 Divizia A

The 1929–30 Divizia A was the eighteenth season of Divizia A, the top-level football league of Romania.

## Participating teams

| Region | Team |
| Arad | Gloria CFR Arad |
| Bucharest | Juventus București |
| Brașov | Brașovia Brașov |
| Cernăuți | Dragoș Vodă Cernăuți |
| Chișinău | Mihai Viteazul Chișinău |
| Cluj | Universitatea Cluj |
| Craiova | Oltul Slatina |
| Dunărea de Jos | Dacia Unirea Brăila |
| Iași | Concordia Iași |
| Oradea | Stăruința Oradea |
| Sibiu | Societatea Gimnastică Sibiu |
| Timișoara | RGM Timișoara |

## Final Tournament of Regions
### Preliminary round

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| Oltul Slatina | 0–1 | RGM Timișoara |
| Universitatea Cluj | 4–0 | Stăruința Oradea |
| Concordia Iași | 2–4 | Mihai Viteazul Chișinău |
| Societatea Gimnastică Sibiu | 0–0 | Brașovia Brașov |
| Societatea Gimnastică Sibiu | 3–0* | Brașovia Brașov |
1 The team from Brașov failed to appear, so it lost the game with 0–3, by administrative decision.

### Quarters

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| Dragoș Vodă Cernăuți | 2–4 | Mihai Viteazul Chișinău |
| Dacia Unirea Brăila | 0–16 | Juventus București |
| Universitatea Cluj | 7–0 | Societatea Gimnastică Sibiu |
| RGM Timișoara | 0–1 | Gloria CFR Arad |

### Semifinals

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| Juventus București | 4–2 | Mihai Viteazul Chișinău |
| Gloria CFR Arad | 3–0 | Universitatea Cluj |

### Final

June 8, 1930, Bucharest
| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| Juventus București | 3–0 (2–0) | Gloria CFR Arad |

## Champion squad

* Juventus București
* Goalkeepers: Dezideriu Lacki (7 / 0); Dumitru Bacinski (7 / 0).
* Defenders: Constantin Deleanu (13 / 0); Sile Georgescu (14 / 0).
* Midfielders: Tibor Remeny (13 / 1); Emerich Vogl (14 / 1); Ștefan Wetzer (14 / 1).
* Forwards: Ion Maior II (8 / 2); Carlo Archimede Melchior (10 / 9); László Raffinsky (14 / 18); Temistocle Carianopol (10 / 10); Vasile Cristescu (6 / 3); Gyula Dobo (7 / 4); Petre Simionescu (2 / 0); Aurel Schei (3 / 2); Gheorghe Alexandru Pavelescu (2 / 0); Rudolf Wetzer (4 / 4); Ardaș Sarian (2 / 0); Gheorghe Rădulescu (1 / 0); Andrei Bărbulescu (3 / 0).
* (league appearances and goals listed in brackets)
* Manager: Gyula Feldmann / György Hlavay .
# Proctorville, North Carolina

Proctorville is a town in Robeson County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 121 at the 2020 census.

## History

Proctorville was settled in about 1870 and incorporated in 1913, being named for railway promotor Edward Knox Proctor Jr. The W.R. Surles Memorial Library was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 0.4 square miles (1.0 km$^2$), all land.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 133 people, 57 households, and 44 families residing in the town. The population density was 323.2 inhabitants per square mile (124.8/km$^2$). There were 61 housing units at an average density of 148.2 per square mile (57.2/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the town was 84.96% White, 10.53% African American and 4.51% Native American.
There were 57 households, out of which 28.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.6% were married couples living together, 15.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.8% were non-families. 22.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.33 and the average family size was 2.70.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 19.5% under the age of 18, 6.8% from 18 to 24, 27.1% from 25 to 44, 32.3% from 45 to 64, and 14.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females there were 90.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.4 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $33,542, and the median income for a family was $34,167. Males had a median income of $28,438 versus $24,167 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,206. There were 4.8% of families and 5.0% of the population living below the poverty line, including 5.0% of under eighteens and none of those over 64.
# Pastitsio

Pastitsio (Greek: παστίτσιο, pastítsio) is a Greek baked pasta dish with ground meat and béchamel sauce, with variations of the dish found in other countries near the Mediterranean Sea.

## Name and origin

Pastitsio takes its name from the Italian pasticcio, a large family of baked savory pies that may be based on meat, fish, or pasta, with many documented recipes from the early 16th century, and continuing to modern times. Italian versions include a pastry crust; some include béchamel.
The word pasticcio is attested by the 16th century as "any manner of pastie or pye" and comes from the vulgar Latin word pastīcium derived from pasta, and means "pie", and has developed the figurative meanings of "a mess", "a tough situation", or a pastiche.
An Egyptian version of it is called macarona bil-bechamel (Egyptian Arabic: المكرونة بالبشاميل). In the Albanian-speaking regions of the Balkans, the dish is called pastiçe, deriving from pasticcio. It is, however, often meatless and made with an egg and cheese mixture instead of béchamel. Pastitsio is also found on the island of Cyprus, where Greek Cypriots refer to is as makaronia tou fournou (Greek: μακαρόνια του φούρνου), whilst Turkish Cypriots refer to it as fırında makarna. Both names translate to "macaroni in the oven".

## Greece

The most recent and most popular contemporary variant of pastitsio was invented by Nikolaos Tselementes, a French-trained Greek chef of the early 20th century. Before him, pastitsio in Greece had a filling of pasta, liver, meat, eggs, and cheese, did not include béchamel, and was wrapped in filo, similar to most Italian pasticcio recipes, which were wrapped in pastry. "He completely changed the dish and made it a kind of au gratin".
Tselementes' version—which is now ubiquitous—has a bottom layer that is bucatini or other tubular pasta, with cheese or egg as a binder and a middle layer of ground beef (or a mix of ground beef and ground pork) with tomato sauce, cinnamon and cloves. The top layer is a béchamel or a Mornay sauce, with other spices like nutmeg or allspice added. Grated goat cheese is often sprinkled on top. Pastitsio is a common dish, and is often served as a main course, with a salad.

## Egypt

The Egyptian version is called مكرونة بالبشاميل macarona bil-bechamel in Egyptian Arabic, i.e. "macaroni with béchamel". The dish is typically made with penne or macaroni pasta, a minced-meat sauce with tomato and onion, and a white sauce often enriched with Rumi cheese. Egg or cheese (cheddar and mozzarella) may also be baked on top. The dish was introduced to Egypt by Greek and Italian immigrants in the 19th century.

## Malta

In Malta, timpana (the name probably derived from timballo) is made by tossing parboiled macaroni in a tomato sauce containing a small amount of minced beef or corned beef, bound with a mixture of raw egg and grated cheese. Hard-boiled eggs are sometimes added. The macaroni is then enclosed in a pastry case or lid before being baked. A similar dish without the pastry casing is imqarrun.
# Antajave

Antajave or Antajawi (possibly from Quechua anta copper and Aymara jawi wool or fleece of wool, also spelled Antajave) is a 5,390-metre-high (17,680 ft) mountain in the north of the Barroso mountain range in the Andes of southern Peru. It is situated in the Tacna Region, Tarata Province, Tarata District. It lies north of Incapachata and southeast of Purupuruni.
# Kathryn Babayan

Kathryn Babayan is a professor of early modern Safavid Iran at the University of Michigan. Her research is on the social and cultural history of the Persianate world with a particular focus on gender studies and the history of sexuality.

## Education

Babayan graduated with a Ph.D. from Princeton University in 1993 with a dissertation on the end period of the Qezelbash groups.

## Career

After her graduation, Babayan's research focus took an interest in mysticism and messianic beliefs in the early Persian world, with her publishing several academic articles on the subject in the mid 1990s. This would ultimately lead to her writing of the monograph titled Mystics, Monarchs, and Messiahs in 2002 that addresses the political, religious, and cultural society of premodern Iran that took a broad view on how each aspect created the resulting Persian understanding of their own history. Her studies then moved to Safavid Iran and how ghulam influenced the development of the Safavid Empire. This resulted in her collaborating on the 2004 book Slaves of the Shah with Sussan Babaie, Ina Baghdiantz McCabe, and Massumeh Farhad.
Earlier, during the May 2003 Radcliffe Seminar at the Harvard Center for Middle Eastern Studies, Babayan met with other academics to discuss current Middle Eastern studies disciplines and how they could be expanded to include elements of comparative literature and queer theory. The gathering came up with the term "Islamicate" to encompass this new field, meant to mirror the already in use term "Italianate" in Italian studies. The aim of the term is to reflect research on Islamic history that isn't specifically about theological subjects. For Babayan, this meant an investigation into the ideas of gender and sexuality in historical Islamic societies, which she became an editor for and contributor to the resulting 2008 anthology named Islamicate sexualities.
Babayan's new dedication to the use of sexuality and specifically eroticism in the era of early Iran resulted in her studying anthologies written during the reign of Abbas the Great. These collected works also featured both the ideology and mystic beliefs of the Safavids. As each work was compiled by a separate commoner in the urban environment of Isfahan, Babayan argued that they together represented a viewpoint that was highly tinged with eroticism and understanding of sexual and romantic love from different classes of society. This research would culminate in her 2021 book The City As Anthology.
After the publication of this book, Babayan established the Isfahan Anthology Project at the University of Michigan to more extensively study such anthologies, referred to as majmu'a, alongside University of Isfahan historian Nozhat Ahmadi. The goal is to create a digital platform that academics around the world can contribute to and also access the combined anthologies for their own research. She also received in 2024 a National Endowment for the Humanities fellowship to fund her next book publication titled The Persian Anthology: Reading with the Margins, which investigates the differing reading practices within that early period of Isfahan.