OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Jack Harley

John Laker Harley CBE FRS FLS FIBiol (17 November 1911 – 12 December 1990) was a British botanist, known for his work on ectomycorrhizal physiology.

## Early life, education, and war service

Harley was born at Old Charlton, then in Kent, in 1911, to Edith Sarah (née Smith) and Charles Laker Harley, a Post Office civil servant. He attended Leeds Grammar School and was awarded an exhibition to Wadham College, University of Oxford, going up to read botany in 1930. There he was taught by A. G. Tansley and became interested in ecology and plant physiology. His D.Phil. thesis was on mycorrhizas, supervised by W. H. Wilkins. In 1939, he was appointed demonstrator in botany, but his research was interrupted by the war. He joined the Royal Signals Corps and served in India, Burma and Ceylon (1940–45), attaining the rank of lieutenant-colonel.

## Career

After the war he was appointed a fellow of Queen's College (1946). In 1958 he transferred to the department of agriculture and restarted his work on mycorrhiza. In 1962 he was appointed to a readership in plant nutrition. He was a professor of botany at Sheffield University (1965–69). With Howard Florey, he was involved in writing the Florey Report on the structure of Oxford's biology departments in 1966, and returned to Oxford to hold the newly renamed chair of forest science (1969–1979), overseeing the amalgamation of the forestry and agriculture departments. The chair was associated with a fellowship at St John's College. In retirement he co-wrote the book Mycorrhizal Symbiosis with his daughter Sally E. Smith (1983) and A Check-list of Mycorrhiza in the British Flora with his wife (1987).
He was a co-editor of the New Phytologist (1961–83). He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society (1964), and received the CBE (1979) and the Linnean Society's Gold Medal for Botany (1989). He was president of the British Mycological Society (1969), the British Ecological Society (1970–72) and the Institute of Biology (1984–86).

## Personal life

In 1938, he married E. Lindsay Fitt, a fellow student at Oxford who also worked for a D.Phil. They had a son and a daughter. Harley died in 1990.

## Selected publications

* John Laker Harley, J. S. Waid (1955). "A method of studying active mycelia on living roots and other surfaces in the soil", Transactions of the British Mycological Society 38: 104–118 doi:10.1016/S0007-1536(55)80022-8 – "a Citation Classic"
# Somerville, Ohio

Somerville is a census-designated place (CDP) and former village in Milford Township, Butler County, Ohio, United States. The population was 258 at the 2020 census.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village had a total area of 0.25 square miles (0.65 km$^2$), all land.

## History

Somerville was incorporated as a village in 1832. On March 15, 2016, Somerville residents voted 52% to 48% to dissolve the village into Milford Township, after its entire council faced term limits or resigned.

## Demographics
### 2010 census

As of the census of 2010, there were 281 people, 96 households, and 74 families living in the village. The population density was 1,124.0 inhabitants per square mile (434.0/km$^2$). There were 106 housing units at an average density of 424.0 per square mile (163.7/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the village was 98.2% White and 1.8% from two or more races.
There were 96 households, of which 34.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.3% were married couples living together, 10.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 8.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 22.9% were non-families. 19.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.93 and the average family size was 3.34.
The median age in the village was 37.8 years. 24.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.1% were from 25 to 44; 31.2% were from 45 to 64; and 12.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 53.0% male and 47.0% female.

### 2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 294 people, 106 households, and 85 families living in the village. The population density was 1,014.4 inhabitants per square mile (391.7/km$^2$). There were 110 housing units at an average density of 379.5 per square mile (146.5/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the village was 99.66% White, and 0.34% Asian.
There were 106 households, out of which 33.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.3% were married couples living together, 13.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.9% were non-families. 16.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.77 and the average family size was 2.99.
In the village the population was spread out, with 26.5% under the age of 18, 7.5% from 18 to 24, 28.2% from 25 to 44, 24.5% from 45 to 64, and 13.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.9 males.
The median income for a household in the village was $32,857, and the median income for a family was $34,583. Males had a median income of $34,167 versus $18,594 for females. The per capita income for the village was $13,892. About 5.9% of families and 10.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.2% of those under the age of eighteen and 5.3% of those 65 or over.
# Microteras

Microteras (/ˌmaɪkroʊˈtɛrəs/) is a genus of scincomorph squamate from the Late Jurassic Morrison Formation of North America. Microteras was named in 2022 by a team of authors including Chase Brownstein, Dalton Meyer, Metteo Fabbri, Anjan Bhullar, and Jacques Gauthier. In the same publication, they named the related taxon, Eoscincus. The binomial name (M. borealis) is composed of several Ancient Greek words and roughly means "small wonder of the North".
# Mawk'allaqta, Melgar

Mawk'allaqta, also Mawk'a Llaqta (Quechua mawk'a ancient, llaqta place (village, town, city, country, nation), "ancient place", Hispanicized spelling Maucallacta) is an archaeological site in Peru. It is located in the Puno Region, Melgar Province, Nuñoa District. The site was declared a National Cultural Heritage (Patrimonio Cultural) of Peru by the National Institute of Culture.
# David R. Goddard

David Rockwell Goddard (January 3, 1908 – July 9, 1985) was an American plant physiologist.

## Early life and education

Goddard was the son of Pliny Earle Goddard, American linguist and ethnologist noted for his extensive documentation of the languages and cultures of the Athabaskan peoples of western North America. He was born in Carmel-by-the-Sea, California, in 1908. He attended the University of California, receiving his bachelor's degree in 1929, a master's degree in 1930, and Ph.D. in 1933.

## Career

Goddard was most known for his contributions to the large-scale production of penicillin, bacitracin and vitamin B2 in World War II. His later research showed a relation between the respiratory chains in plants and animals. Goddard was a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He taught at the University of Rochester and was the chairman of the Division of Biology and the university provost at the University of Pennsylvania. Goddard was also president of the American Society of Plant Physiologists, the Society of General Physiologists and the Society for the Study and Development of Growth. He was also home secretary for the National Academy of Sciences. The University of Pennsylvania established the David Goddard Laboratories as part of Richards Medical Research Laboratories. The New York Times called Goddard a "leading plant expert".

## Inventions

Work that Goddard participated in at, what was then, the Rockefeller Institute, inspired by Leonor Michaelis, in the early 1930s, led indirectly to the discovery of simple methods of permanently modifying the shape of hair by reducing the disulfide bonds in keratin (hair protein). The basic chemistry of this discovery was adapted into the technology known in the hairdressing industry as a cold wave, using chemical derivatives of the reagent, thioglycolic acid, that he identified as suitable for this purpose. Goddard was only interested in the, considerable, scientific implications of this discovery, and refused any suggestion of attempting to patent the process.

## Awards and distinctions

* 1942 & 1949 Guggenheim Fellowship
* 1948 THE STEPHEN HALES PRIZE for research of respiration and respiratory enzymes
# Baldwin Ngwa

Baldwin Ngwa Afa'nwi (born 22 May 1990, in Cameroon) is a Cameroonian footballer.

## Career
### Kenya

Loaned to Kenyan club Rangers from Gor Mahia in 2012, Ngwa was debarred from playing in a 0–2 loss to Sofapaka during his stay there; following his loan spell, the Cameroonian intentionally cancelled his contract with Gor Mahia after one of their officials censured his decision to line up against his parent club, which, according to FIFA rules, is not allowed.
He took part in the 2012 CAF Champions League with Gor Mahia after returning from Tunisian club JS Kairouan.

### Cambodia

A trialist for Phnom Penh Crown of the Cambodian League in 2014, Ngwa suffered a hamstring injury after trying out for Vietnamese team Than Quang Ninh at the start of the year. Next, he transferred to another Cambodian team, Asia Euro United, for the rest of the 2014 season where he put in a number of solid performances, including a hat-trick facing National Police that same year. This was succeeded by a move to Nagaworld FC in 2015, where he stayed until returning to Asia Euro United, authoring a brace in a 2–0 win over former club Phnom Penh Crown.
During his stay in Phnom Penh Crown, the striker netted three goals within 20 minutes in a friendly opposing Albirex Niigata Phnom Penh.
# Anthrazit

Anthrazit is the fifth studio album by Austrian musician RAF Camora. Released on 25 August 2017, by RAF Camoras own label Indipendenza, the album debuted at number one on the German, Swiss and Austrian album charts. Anthrazit is certified Gold by IFPI Austria and Platinum by Bundesverband Musikindustrie (BVMI). The album produced six singles, including "Kontrollieren", "In meiner Wolke", "Alles probiert", "Bye, Bye", "Andere Liga" and "Primo". All of the singles reached the charts in German-speaking Europe, which exception of "Bye, Bye", which didn't enter the Swiss charts.

## Background

Following the release of his fourth studio album Ghøst (2016), RAF Camora released his fourth collobarative studio album, Palmen aus Plastik (2016), alongside German rapper Bonez MC. RAF Camora announced in April 2017 his fifth studio album, Anthrazit, without giving a specific release date. RAF Camora also announced, his fifth extended play, Schwarze Materie II, which was exclusively distributed through the box set of Anthrazit.

## Track listing

Credits adapted from Tidal.

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| Austria (IFPI Austria) | Gold | 7,500$^‡$ |
| Germany (BVMI) | Platinum | 200,000$^‡$ |
| $^‡$ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. |||

## Release history

| Edition | Date | Region | Format | Label |
| Anthrazit | August 25, 2017 | Various | Digital downloadstreaming | IndipendenzaBMG |
| Anthrazit | August 25, 2017 | GermanyAustriaSwitzerland | CDLimited Boxset | IndipendenzaBMG |
| Anthrazit RR | December 15, 2017 | Various | streaming audio | IndipendenzaBMG |
# Sillustani

Sillustani is a pre-Inca cemetery on the shores of Lake Umayo near Puno in Peru. The tombs, which are built above ground in tower-like structures called chullpas, are the vestiges of the Qulla people, most likely a Puquina-speaking people, conquered by the Inca Empire in the 15th century.
The structures housed the remains of complete family groups, although they were probably limited to nobility. Many of the tombs have been dynamited by grave robbers, while others were left unfinished.

## Chullpa

Veneration of the dead and kinship were integral parts of Aymara culture, and the huge chullpas or "chupa" at Sillustani were built to house the Aymara elite of the immediate pre-Inca and Inca period. The word was used in the 19th century and comes from the Dictionary of Ludovico Bertonio (1612). Bertonio referred to the basket burials of the semi-nomadic pastoralists as "chulpas" and actually referred to stone towers as uta amaya "houses of the soul". However, the term "chullpa" remains used today for the towers.
Many of the chullpas at Sillustani show pre-Inca characteristics that were later redressed with Inca stone blocks. Similar chullpas are found throughout the entire south Central Andes with the above ground burial styles going back at least to the mature Tiwanaku period (c. 500–950). The insides of the tombs were built to hold entire groups of people, most likely extended families of the Aymara elite. Corpses were not intentionally mummified, but in the dry environment created by the closed tomb, they survived for centuries. Most mummy bundles indicate burial in a fetal position. Some of the tombs also have various animal shapes carved into the stone. The only openings to the buildings face east, where it was believed the Sun was reborn by Mother Earth each day.
* Chullpa from Inca epoch
* Chullpas from the Tiwanaku epoch
* Inside of a chullpa
* Stone with carvings at the entrance

## Architecture

While chullpas are not unique to Sillustani and are found across the Altiplano, this site is considered the best and most preserved example of them. A large ramp on one of the chullpas demonstrates how stones would have been stacked upon the walls during construction. Father Cobo saw Inca builders using a similar ramp in the construction of the Cusco Cathedral.
# Hugo P. Kortschak

Hugo Peter Kortschak (or Kortschack; 4 September 1911, in Chicago, Illinois – 20 August 1983) was an American biologist who discovered the C4 pathway in 1957. This pathway is an adaptation found in plants which reduces loss of energy via the inefficient C2 pathway. It is found in several plants, such as maize and sugarcane. The C4 pathway was rediscovered by Marshall Hatch and Roger Slack (to whom the discovery is sometimes wrongly credited).
In 1981 Kortschak, along with Hatch and Slack, won the Rank Prize in Nutrition for "outstanding work on the mechanism of photosynthesis which established the existence of an alternative pathway for the initial fixation of carbon dioxide in some important food plants".
He was the son of the Austrian-American violinist Hugo Kortschak, father of Alice M Kortschak and Nonnie Winifred Kortschak.
# Musti (character)

Musti is a cartoon character, created by Flemish Belgian graphic artist Ray Goossens.
Musti is a 4-year-old kitten, living with his mother and father in a little house in a rural village, surrounded by a large garden with animals and trees. Musti was first created in 1969, though rumors stated that he was created in 1945. The character has been featured in animated TV series since then.

## Television series

In 1969, Musti was developed into an animated series. In every episode, a specific story is told in a couple of minutes. The subjects are always linked to the world of small children, combining anthropomorphic animals and realistic situations. This series was first broadcast on Flemish television, with Rachel Frederix as narrator. In the Netherlands, Musti appeared on television in 1980. The narrators were Arnold Gelderman and Marijke Merckens. In the 1990s a second series was made, with a white background, with Musti's original pronunciation, Muh-sti, now changed to Moo-sti. In total, 156 episodes have been made, airing in two dozen countries.
In 2007, a new television series was created. Instead of flat 2D images with a white background, the new series is entirely rendered in 3D. The narrator is Kristel Van Craen. It aired in Belgium, the Netherlands, Israel, Norway, Japan, Poland, South Korea, China, Croatia, Portugal and the United States on BabyFirst TV. Al-Jazeera aired the series throughout the Arabic world.

## Books

The Flemish publisher Standaard Uitgeverij carries an extensive portfolio of Musti children's books, targeting children aged 3–6.
Dupuis printed a number of Musti children's comics in French, based on the character's appearances in the magazine Bonne Soirée.
Books based on the 3D series were published into different languages such as French, Arabic, Indonesian, Polish, Mandarin, Romanian, Russian, Dutch and Greek.

## Software

Educational software programs have been developed with Musti as the lead character developed by Stefan Bracke.

## International airings

* Belgium:
** Flanders: BRT
** Wallonia: Club RTL
* Bulgaria: Super 7
* Canada: Télétoon
* China: Youku
* France: ORTF (in the early 1970s) and France 5
* Germany: KiKA
* Hungary: Duna TV
* India: YouTube
* Israel: Arutz HaYeladim, Luli TV and Hop!
* Italy: Rai YoYo and Rai 2
* Japan: NHK, WOWOW
* Netherlands: Kindernet and NPO 1
* Norway: NRK Super
* Poland: TVP1
* Qatar: Baraem
* Portugal: Canal Panda and RTP2
* Romania: Boom Hop!
* Russia: Karusel and YouTube
* South Korea: Daekyo Kids TV and KBS
* Sweden: SVT Barn
* Turkey: TRT
* Ukraine: Pixel TV
* United States: BabyFirst
* Venezuela: Vme Kids
# Tupu Inka

Tupu Inka (Aymara and Quechua tupu general word for measure / Incan measurement for a certain distance, Quechua tupu brooch, Inka Inca) is an archaeological site in Peru. It is located in the Puno Region, Yunguyo Province, Unicachi District.
# Christa Calamas

Christa Calamas is a Florida lawyer and former secretary of the Florida Agency for Health Care Administration (ACHA), appointed by governor Jeb Bush in 2006 to replace previous secretary Alan Levine after he was named CEO of North Broward Hospital District. Her appointment was effective July 8, 2006. Previously Calamas was assistant general counsel of the AHCA and Bush's assistant general counsel. Since 2012, Calamas has served as staff director of the Health and Human Services Committee of the Florida House of Representatives.
Calamas received a bachelor's degree from Eckerd College, a master's degree in public policy from the University of Dundee, and her Juris Doctor from the University of Florida.
As secretary of the Agency for Health Care Administration, Calamas oversaw the state's $16 billion Medicaid funds, regulation and licensing of 32,000 healthcare facilities, and publication of health data. While Secretary, she published an op-ed about how the agency reached its 22,000 Medicaid recipients amid Medicaid reform.
# Embassy of the United States, Yerevan

The Embassy of the United States of America to Armenia (Armenian: Հայաստանում ԱՄՆ-ի դեսպանատուն) is the diplomatic mission of the United States to Armenia. It is located adjacent to Lake Yerevan along the Yerevan-Etchmiadzin highway. The site occupies an area of 90,469 square meters (22 acres); which is currently the second largest land parcel by area on which a U.S. Embassy had been built on when it was completed in 2005, after the embassy in Baghdad.
The embassy serves as a symbol of the ongoing partnership between the United States and Armenia, as the two nations share membership in several international organizations, including the United Nations, Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council, Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, International Monetary Fund, World Bank, and World Trade Organization.

## History

Before the establishment of the current embassy, the United States had diplomatic presence in the region, with a consulate in Ezerum, Armenia (now Erzurum, Turkey) in 1896 during Ottoman rule. However, due to the shifting political landscapes, the consulate was relocated to Trebizond, Turkey, in 1904. The United States recognized the independence of Armenia on 23 April 1920, but the establishment of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, which became a member of the Soviet Union, led to the cessation of Armenia's status as an independent state.
On 25 December 1991, President George H.W. Bush acknowledged Armenia's status as a sovereign nation in an address concerning the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The American Embassy in Yerevan was opened on 3 February 1992, with Steven Mann serving as the Chargé d'Affaires ad interim.
# Deep Robotics

Hangzhou Yunshenchu Technology Co., Ltd. (known as Deep Robotics; Chinese: 云深处科技; pinyin: Yúnshēnchù Kējì) is Chinese robotics company headquartered in Hangzhou, Zhejiang.
The company has gained attention from the media due to its development of quadruped robots particularly for industrial use.

## Background

Deep Robotics was founded in 2017 by Zhu Qiuguo and Li Chao. The two held doctorate degrees from Zhejiang University. After graduating in 2011, Zhu worked at the university as an associate professor until he decided to from his own company with Li after seeing the progress of Boston Dynamics.
Clients and partners of Deep Robotics include Lenovo, Takenaka Corporation, University College London and the University of Edinburgh.

## Product history

A few months after establishment, Deep Robotics launched the first generation of quadruped robot named Jueying. The name came from Cao Cao's horse during the Three Kingdoms period.
In August 2021, Deep Robotics launched the Jueying X20 model. It is an industrial grade waterproof robot designed to be used for industrial purposes and rescue missions.
In March 2023, Deep Robotics launched the Jueying Lite3 model. It is designed for education and research purposes.
In October 2023, Deep Robotics launched the Jueying X30 upgrade model. It was the industry's first quadruped robot that operate in extreme temperatures from -20 °C to 55 °C. It was reported in January 2025 that Singapore Power Group would use a X30 to perform inspection of its power tunnels.
In August 2024, Deep Robotics unveiled and demonstrated its first humanoid robot DR01 at the 2024 World Robot Conference.
In November 2024, Deep Robotics unveiled its Lynx model. Although it was a quadruped robot like previous models, it swapped traditional pad feet for wheels which gave it flexibility to switch between humanoid and quadruped modes. This allowed it to navigate difficult terrains.