# Criticism of suburbia

Mainstream criticism of suburbia emerged during the housing boom of the 1950s, reflecting concerns about the culture of aspirational homeownership and its societal impacts. Critiques of modern suburbs date back to the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with early urban planners and social theorists questioning the development of suburbia. The discourse is particularly focused in the English-speaking world and the Anglosphere, being prevalent both in popular culture and academia.

## In the United States

More than half of Americans have described their neighborhoods as suburban.

### Racism

Suburbs in the United States have historically instituted explicitly racist policies to deter people deemed as other. During American segregation, real estate brokers and agents were legally forbidden from selling to people of color. Additionally, during Franklin Delano Roosevelt's New Deal program, white people were offered a great number of social programs and social housing, many of which destroyed communities of people of color. An example of an explicitly discriminatory housing policy is the Housing Act of 1949, which used eminent domain to clear "slums" to pave the way for "urban renewal". 300,000 families, half of which were non-white, were forced to move out.

### Urban sprawl

The demand for single-family housing has led to urban sprawl in many metropolitan areas across the United States, notably in the Los Angeles Metropolitan Area and the Northeast Megalopolis.

#### Environmental issues

One of the major environmental problems associated with sprawl is land loss, habitat loss, and subsequent reduction in biodiversity. A review by Czech and colleagues finds that urbanization endangers more species and is more geographically ubiquitous in the mainland United States than any other human activity.
Sprawl leads to increased driving, which in turn leads to vehicle emissions that contribute to air pollution and its attendant negative impacts on human health. In addition, the reduced physical activity implied by increased automobile use has negative health consequences. Sprawl significantly predicts chronic medical conditions and Franklin Delano Roosevelt's health-related quality of life. The American Journal of Public Health and the American Journal of Health Promotion have both stated that there is a significant connection between sprawl, obesity, and hypertension.
A heavy reliance on automobiles increases traffic throughout the city as well as automobile crashes, pedestrian injuries, and air pollution.

#### Increased infrastructure/transportation costs

Living in larger, more spread out spaces generally makes public services more expensive. Since car usage becomes endemic and public transport often becomes significantly more expensive, city planners are forced to build highway and parking infrastructure, which in turn decreases taxable land and revenue, and decreases the desirability of the area adjacent to such structures. Providing services such as water, sewers, and electricity is also more expensive per household in less dense areas, given that sprawl increases lengths of power lines and pipes, necessitating higher maintenance costs.
Residents of low density areas spend a higher proportion of their income on transportation than residents of high density areas. The unplanned nature of outward urban development is commonly linked to increased dependency on cars. In 2003, a British newspaper calculated that urban sprawl would cause an economic loss of £3,905 per year, per person through cars alone, based on data from the RAC estimating that the average cost of operating a car in the UK at that time was £5,000 a year. Train travel (assuming a citizen commutes every day of the year, with a ticket cost of 3 pounds) would be £1,095.

## In Canada

The Canadian government has no definition of 'suburbia' or suburbs. Independent studies have found that 50% to 66% of Canadians live in what the respective researchers define as suburban.

## In Australia

Sprawling cities define the urban Australian landscape. The "quarter-acre" block is often cited as fundamental to the Australian Dream; it has both cultural and political currency. In 1901, the year of Australian Federation, "almost 70 percent of Sydney's population were living in the suburbs".
Commentary by "intellectuals and others seeking to delineate the suburb" has been characterized by "conformity, control and some sense of false consciousness".

### Suburbia bashing

Negative discourse about suburbia, often termed "suburbia bashing", exists in mainstream media discussions. Dame Edna Everage typifies this, as she demonstrates both "nostalgia and disdain for the Australian suburb and suburban life".
Prominent journalist Allan Ashbolt satirized the suburb that represented Australian nationalism, rooted in the post-World War II era, as passive and uninspired, inscribed strongly in spatial terms. In 1966, he described Australian reality accordingly:
   "Behold the man – the Australian of today – on Sunday morning in the suburbs when the high decibel drone of the motor-mower is calling the faithful to worship. A block of land, a brick veneer, and the motor-mower beside him in the wilderness – what more does he want to sustain him."
Ashbolt, among others, represent a "tradition of abuse of the suburbs and of the majority of Australians" in Australian mainstream media.

#### Suburbia vs the Australian bush

Suburbia bashing is entrenched in questions of national identity. Disparaging commentary about the suburbs often appears in contrast to the national mythology of the Australian bush. The landscape that is portrayed in the tourism advertisements, by poets and painters, does not represent the experience of the majority of Australians. The suburb and the bush are counterposed, "the bush (cast as the authentic Australian landscape) with the city (regarded as blighted foreign import)". The bush landscape is a masculine construction of a more "authentic notion of Australian national identity" exemplified by the poetry of Henry Lawson. Conversely, the suburb is feminised, epitomised by Dame Edna for more than fifty years, and more recently, by comedic team Jane Turner and Gina Riley in Kath & Kim.

### Australian ugliness

Architect and cultural critic, Robin Boyd, also criticized suburbia, referring to it as the "Australian ugliness". Boyd observed a "pursuit of respectability" in suburban spaces. Boyd writes of a contrived and superficial sense of place, centered on a "fear of reality":
   "The Australian ugliness begins with fear of reality, denial of the need for the everyday environment to reflect the heart of the human problem, satisfaction with veneer and cosmetic effects. It ends in betrayal of the element of love and a chill near the root of national self-respect."
The ugliness that Boyd describes is qualified as "skin deep". However, in the tradition of suburbia bashing, he proposes that there is an emptiness of spirit that can be read through an uninformed appreciation for aesthetics.
More recently there has been suggestion of a "new Australian ugliness". New suburban developments have seen the proliferation of what have become known as "McMansions". McMansions epitomize the suburbia that is attacked by Boyd for both its monotony and "featurism" Journalist Miranda Devine refers to an elitist perception that those who live in such suburban assemblages display a "poverty of spirit and a barrenness of mind" that is derived from a politics of aesthetics and taste, as expressed by Boyd fifty years ago. In this "new Australian ugliness" some commentators attribute a rise in consumer culture: "There's a concern about over-consumption. But there's little thought of why – beyond advertising-driven gullibility". Academic Mark Peel has rejected notions of gullible "consuming" residents of new suburbs by explaining his own "choice" to move to Melbourne's outer suburbs.
Peel alludes to a discourse of suburbia that is elitist, and is based on matters of taste which have translated into a socio-cultural divide. When Miranda Devine refers to the elites, she refers to an inner-city population. The divide is between the urbanites and the suburbanites, and the conflict is over national identity.

## In the United Kingdom

Suburbia in the United Kingdom has been a subject of criticism for many decades, with critiques focusing on various social, cultural, and environmental aspects. The criticisms often revolve around themes such as conformity, lack of community spirit, environmental degradation, and socio-economic divides.

### Historical context

Suburban development in the UK accelerated during the interwar and post-World War II periods, driven by a mix of factors such as the desire for better living conditions away from overcrowded urban centers, government initiatives encouraging homeownership, and improvements in transportation that made commuting more practical. However, critiques of suburbia among certain academics emerged much earlier. In the 1876 edition of The Architect an anonymous contributor remarked, "A modern suburb, is a place which is neither one thing nor the other; it has neither the advantage of the town nor the open freedom of the country, but manages to combine in nice equality of proportion of both." Similarly in Francis Longstreth Thompson's seminal work The Rise of Suburbia, he quotes Sir Walter Besant, who describes suburban life as, "The life of the suburb without any society; no social gatherings or institutions; as dull a life as mankind ever tolerated."

### Social criticisms

* Conformity and Monotony: One of the most persistent criticisms is that suburban life promotes conformity and lacks diversity. George Orwell famously described suburbs as “a prison with the cells all in a row … semi-detached torture chambers.” This critique suggests that suburban neighborhoods are characterized by uniformity in housing design and lifestyle, leading to a monotonous living environment.
* Lack of Community Spirit: Critics argue that suburban areas often lack a sense of community compared to urban centers. The physical layout of suburbs—characterized by detached houses with private gardens—can lead to social isolation. Unlike urban areas where public spaces like parks, squares, and cafes facilitate social interactions, suburban design can discourage spontaneous socializing.
* Cultural Stagnation: Suburbs are often seen as culturally barren compared to cities. The absence of cultural institutions like theaters, museums, and galleries contributes to this perception. Additionally, the entertainment options available in suburbs are frequently limited to shopping malls and chain restaurants, which further reinforces the stereotype of cultural stagnation.

### Environmental criticisms

* Urban Sprawl: The expansion of suburban areas contributes significantly to urban sprawl. This phenomenon involves the spread of low-density residential development over large areas of land, leading to several environmental issues such as habitat destruction and loss of agricultural land.
* Increased Car Dependency: Suburban living often necessitates car ownership due to inadequate public transportation options. This reliance on automobiles leads to increased traffic congestion, higher greenhouse gas emissions, and air pollution. The environmental footprint per capita is generally higher in suburban areas compared to urban centers.
* Infrastructure Strain: Providing infrastructure services such as water supply, sewage systems, electricity, and road maintenance becomes more challenging and expensive in sprawling suburban areas compared to denser urban environments.

### Economic criticisms

* Economic Inefficiency: The dispersed nature of suburban development can lead to economic inefficiencies. For instance, maintaining extensive road networks and utility lines for sparsely populated areas incurs higher costs per household than in densely populated urban settings.
* Negative Equity Risks: During economic downturns or housing market crashes, suburban homeowners may face higher risks of negative equity (owing more on their mortgage than their home is worth) compared to those living in city centers where property values tend to be more stable.

### Cultural criticisms

* Suburbia Bashing: In popular culture and media discourse within the UK, there has been a trend known as “suburbia bashing.” This involves portraying suburban life negatively as dull or uninspired. Prominent figures like journalist Allan Ashbolt have satirized suburbia for its perceived passivity and lack of dynamism.
* Nostalgia vs Disdain: Figures like Dame Edna Everage have encapsulated both nostalgia for traditional suburban life while simultaneously expressing disdain for its perceived limitations.