# Secretary (2002 film)

Secretary is a 2002 American erotic romantic comedy-drama film directed by Steven Shainberg from a screenplay by Erin Cressida Wilson, based on the 1988 short story of the same name by Mary Gaitskill. Starring Maggie Gyllenhaal and James Spader, the film explores the intense relationship between a dominant lawyer and his submissive secretary, who indulge in various types of BDSM activities such as erotic spanking and petplay.

## Plot

Lee Holloway is the socially awkward and emotionally sensitive youngest daughter of a dysfunctional family. After having been committed to a mental hospital following an extreme incident of self-harm, she attempts to readjust to normal life.
Lee learns to type and applies for a job as a secretary for an eccentric yet demanding attorney, E. Edward Grey. Grey explains she is overqualified for the job, having scored higher than anyone he has ever interviewed, and that it is "very dull work" as they only use typewriters; Lee, however, agrees to work under these conditions as she "likes dull work".
Though at first Grey appears to be highly irritated by Lee's typos and other clerical errors, it soon becomes apparent that he is sexually aroused by her obedient behavior. When Grey discovers her propensity for self-harm, he confronts her and commands that she never hurt herself again. One day, Grey makes her bend over his desk and spanks her after she makes a spelling error in a letter; Lee finds herself excited by the ordeal.
The two soon embark on a BDSM relationship from their typical employer–employee dynamic. Lee experiences a sexual and personal awakening through the sadomasochistic sexual encounters with Grey and falls deeply in love with him. Conversely, Grey displays insecurity concerning his feelings for Lee, as well as shame and disgust over his sexual habits. He begins to withdraw from her, despite her intentionally continuing to make typing errors in the hopes of receiving more corporal punishment.
During this period of exploration with Grey, Lee also attempts to have a more conventional relationship with family friend Peter. She engages in lukewarm sex with him, during which he is confused by her desire to be spanked. After Lee sends Grey an envelope with a worm in it, he bends her over his desk and makes her remove her skirt and underwear, then masturbates behind her and ejaculates onto her bare legs. Following this encounter, Grey fires Lee.
Peter later proposes to Lee, who reluctantly accepts. However, while trying on her wedding gown, she flees and runs to Grey's office to declare her love for him. Grey, still uncertain about their relationship, tests Lee by commanding her to sit in his chair without moving her hands or feet until he returns. Lee willingly complies, despite being forced to urinate in her dress since she is not allowed to use the toilet.
Hours pass as several family members and friends individually visit Lee to alternately attempt to dissuade or encourage her while Grey watches from afar, completely taken by Lee's compliance. Her refusal to leave the office, believed to be a hunger strike, draws media attention.
Three days later, Grey returns to the office and takes Lee upstairs, where he bathes and feeds her. The pair marry and happily continue their dominant–submissive relationship.

## Cast

* James Spader as E. Edward Grey
* Maggie Gyllenhaal as Lee Holloway
* Jeremy Davies as Peter
* Patrick Bauchau as Dr. Twardon
* Stephen McHattie as Burt Holloway
* Oz Perkins as Jonathan
* Jessica Tuck as Tricia O'Connor
* Amy Locane as Lee's sister
* Lesley Ann Warren as Joan Holloway
* Michael Mantell as Stewart
* Sabrina Grdevich as Allison
* Ezra Buzzington as typing teacher

## Production

Many changes were made from Mary Gaitskill's original short story, which was significantly expanded and given greater depth to be made into a feature-length film. Lines of dialogue were changed; Lee's statement "I'm so stupid" became the fantasy-sequence cry "I'm your secretary", which the director thought far more "celebratory". Additionally, the ending of the story was changed to give a more positive outcome to the relationship. Steven Shainberg stated that he wished to show that BDSM relationships can be normal and was inspired by the film My Beautiful Laundrette, which he feels normalized gay relationships for audiences in the 1980s.
A central component to the film, the office spaces of Edward and Lee, took form after two years of planning by Shainberg and production designer Amy Danger, who had collaborated with Shainberg on several projects. The desire to have the office feel homemade and express Edward's interest in the growing of plants led Danger to juxtapose a natural decor in the office with a predominantly artificial outside world. Speaking of her choices, Danger compares the office with the rest of the film's locations: "All the materials I used [in the office] were natural: natural wood, bamboo, ironwork ... If I wasn't using natural materials, it was natural colors, like [in] the botanical wallpaper." In contrast, "everything [in the larger world] was fake ... I covered Lee's house in plastic sheeting, and used artificial, manufactured colors." Although the interior sets were carefully constructed, the filmmakers did face some location-related challenges. Notably, in one instance the filmmakers accidentally obtained shooting rights for the wrong park. Gyllenhaal encouraged them to hastily shoot the required park scene anyway, without permission, while crew members distracted the local police.
Speaking about Secretary's tone and atmosphere, Danger says "With this S&M material, we could go into a dark place... Steve and I wanted the total opposite: that the nature of this relationship freed [the characters] to be their natural selves." Because of this atmosphere, Danger says "Everybody kept saying, 'When are we going back to the office?' It was funny, because the rooms weren't any smaller in the house, and it wasn't any more difficult to shoot. It was because you wanted to be in that space."

### Filming

Despite being set in Florida, filming took place in Los Angeles.

## Release
### Theatrical

The film premiered at the 2002 Sundance Film Festival, where it won a Special Jury Prize Award for Originality for Steven Shainberg. It was subsequently acquired by Lions Gate Films for theatrical release. It also went on to screen at the Toronto International Film Festival later that year. The film opened in limited release in the United States on September 20, 2002, as well as in various foreign markets in 2003 and 2004.

### Home media

The film's region 1 DVD was released on April 1, 2003. In the UK, a version by Tartan Video was released on January 5, 2004, followed by a budget edition by Prism Leisure on February 7, 2005. A Blu-ray Disc was released on October 4, 2010.
Special features on the Blu-ray include the film's trailer and TV spots, cast and director interviews, a behind-the-scenes documentary, cast and director "Curricula Vitae" and an audio commentary by director Steven Shainberg and writer Erin Cressida Wilson.

## Reception
### Critical response

On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 77% based on 155 reviews, with an average rating of 6.8/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "Maggie Gyllenhaal impresses in this romantic comedy with a kinky twist." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 63 out of 100, based on 39 critics, indicating "generally favorable" reviews. Many critics noted the film's original take on themes of sadomasochism, with Roger Ebert saying that the film "approaches the tricky subject ... with a stealthy tread, avoiding the dangers of making it either too offensive, or too funny". Ain't It Cool News commented: "Perhaps there is something bold about saying that pain can bring healing as long as it's applied by the right hand, but even that seems obvious and even normal thanks to Gyllenhaal."

### Box office

The film grossed $4.1 million in the United States and Canada, and $9.3 million worldwide.

### Controversy

The film's exploration of a BDSM romantic relationship and Spader's character bearing the last name "Grey" have drawn comparisons to the Fifty Shades of Grey franchise, with some suspecting the former inspired the E. L. James series.
The film was criticized for idealizing a potentially abusive relationship, which begins without explicit consent, by Emily Kenway in LitHub and Adele Melander-Dayton in PopMatters.

## Accolades

Secretary was nominated for a number of awards and won several, with numerous wins for Maggie Gyllenhaal's breakthrough performance.
| Award | Category | Nominee(s) | Result |
| Artios Awards | Outstanding Achievement in Feature Film Casting – Independent | Ellen Parks | Won |
| Boston Society of Film Critics Awards | Best Actress | Maggie Gyllenhaal | Won |
| British Independent Film Awards | Best Foreign Independent Film | Best Foreign Independent Film | Nominated |
| Central Ohio Film Critics Association Awards | Best Actress | Maggie Gyllenhaal | Won |
| Chicago Film Critics Association Awards | Most Promising Performer | Maggie Gyllenhaal (also for Adaptation and Confessions of a Dangerous Mind) | Won |
| Chlotrudis Awards | Best Actor | James Spader | Nominated |
| Chlotrudis Awards | Best Actress | Maggie Gyllenhaal | Nominated |
| Chlotrudis Awards | Best Adapted Screenplay | Erin Cressida Wilson and Steven Shainberg | Nominated |
| Deauville American Film Festival | Grand Prix | Steven Shainberg | Nominated |
| Empire Awards | Best Actress | Maggie Gyllenhaal | Nominated |
| Fantasporto | Best Actress (Directors' Week Award) | Maggie Gyllenhaal | Won |
| Florida Film Critics Circle Awards | Pauline Kael Breakout Award | Maggie Gyllenhaal | Won |
| Florida Film Critics Circle Awards | Golden Orange for Outstanding Contribution to Film | Amy Hobby (also for Thirteen Conversations About One Thing) | Won |
| Gold Derby Awards | Best Breakthrough Performance | Maggie Gyllenhaal | Nominated |
| Golden Globe Awards | Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy | Maggie Gyllenhaal | Nominated |
| Golden Trailer Awards | Best Romance | Best Romance | Won |
| Golden Trailer Awards | Trashiest | Trashiest | Nominated |
| Gotham Independent Film Awards | Breakthrough Performer | Maggie Gyllenhaal | Won |
| Independent Spirit Awards | Best Feature | Best Feature | Nominated |
| Independent Spirit Awards | Best Female Lead | Maggie Gyllenhaal | Nominated |
| Independent Spirit Awards | Best First Screenplay | Erin Cressida Wilson | Won |
| Las Vegas Film Critics Society Awards | Best Actress | Maggie Gyllenhaal | Nominated |
| Locarno International Film Festival | Golden Leopard | Steven Shainberg | Nominated |
| MTV Movie Awards | Best Breakthrough Female Performance | Maggie Gyllenhaal | Nominated |
| National Board of Review Awards | Breakthrough Performance – Female | Maggie Gyllenhaal | Won |
| National Society of Film Critics Awards | Best Actress | Maggie Gyllenhaal | 2nd Place |
| Online Film & Television Association Awards | Best Breakthrough Performance: Female | Maggie Gyllenhaal | Won |
| Online Film Critics Society Awards | Best Actress | Maggie Gyllenhaal | Nominated |
| Online Film Critics Society Awards | Best Breakthrough Performance | Maggie Gyllenhaal | Won |
| Paris Film Festival | Grand Prix | Steven Shainberg | Nominated |
| Paris Film Festival | Best Actress | Maggie Gyllenhaal | Won |
| Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards | Best Actress in a Leading Role | Maggie Gyllenhaal | Nominated |
| Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards | Best Newcomer | Maggie Gyllenhaal | Nominated |
| San Diego Film Critics Society Awards | Best Actress | Maggie Gyllenhaal | Nominated |
| Satellite Awards | Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy | Maggie Gyllenhaal | Nominated |
| Sundance Film Festival | Grand Jury Prize – Dramatic | Steven Shainberg | Nominated |
| Sundance Film Festival | Special Jury Prize – Originality | Steven Shainberg | Won |
| Toronto Film Critics Association Awards | Best Actress | Maggie Gyllenhaal | Runner-up |
| Vancouver Film Critics Circle Awards | Best Actress | Maggie Gyllenhaal | Nominated |
| Village Voice Film Poll | Best Lead Performance | Maggie Gyllenhaal | 6th Place |
| Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards | Best Actress | Maggie Gyllenhaal | Runner-up |

## Soundtrack

The film's soundtrack album was released on CD on October 8, 2002, with an MP3 download version released on July 11, 2006. The soundtrack album contains Angelo Badalamenti's score as well as two songs that were notably featured over erotic montages in the film: Leonard Cohen's "I'm Your Man" and Lizzie West's "Chariots Rise".
The song "Chariots Rise" was changed slightly for the film, with the lyric "what a fool am I, to fall so in love" changed to "what grace have I, to fall so in love".

### Track listing

All tracks by Angelo Badalamenti unless otherwise stated.
* "I'm Your Man" – Leonard Cohen
* "Main Title"
* "Feelin' Free"
* "Snow Dome Dreams"
* "Bathing Blossom"
* "Seeing Scars"
* "Loving to Obey"
* "Office Obligations"
* "The Loving Tree"
* "Orchids"
* "Secretary's Secrets"
* "Chariots Rise" – Lizzie West