# List of food origins

Some foods have always been common in every continent, such as many seafood and plants. Examples of these are honey, ants, mussels, crabs and coconuts. Nikolai Vavilov initially identified the centers of origin for eight crop plants, subdividing them further into twelve groups in 1935.

## Africa
### West Africa

Many foods were originally domesticated in West Africa, including grains like African rice, pearl millet, sorghum, and fonio; tree crops like kola nut, used in Coca-Cola, and oil palm; and other globally important plant foods such as watermelon, tamarind, okra, black-eye peas, and yams. Additionally, the regionally important poultry animal Guinea fowl was domesticated in West Africa. Some of these crops were domesticated at least 4,500 years ago.
Around 4000 BCE the climate of the Sahara and the Sahel started to become drier at an exceedingly fast pace. This climate change caused lakes and rivers to shrink significantly and caused increasing desertification, potentially reducing the wild food supply and spurring people to domesticate plant crops. This, in turn, decreased the amount of land conducive to settlements and helped to cause migrations of farming communities to the more humid climate of West Africa.

### Ethiopian Highlands

The most famous crop domesticated in the Ethiopian highlands is coffee. Khat, ensete, noog, teff and finger millet were also domesticated in the Ethiopian highlands.

## Europe
### Plants
#### Fruits

* Blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum)
* Briançon apricot
* Cherry plum
* Cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus)
* Crab apple (Malus sylvestris)
* Damson
* Elderberry (Sambucus nigra)
* European cranberrybush
* Gooseberry (R. uva-crispa)
* Grape (Vitis vinifera)
* Hawberry (Crataegus laevigata)
* Italian plum (Prunus cocomilia)
* Juniper berry
* Lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea)
* Pear (Pyrus communis)
* Plum (Prunus domestica)
* Redcurrant
* Seaberry (Hippophae rhamnoides)
* Sloe (Prunus spinosa)
* Bilberry

#### Vegetables

* Angelica
* Cabbage
* Parsnips
* Radish
* Rapeseed

#### Herbs

* Caraway
* Dill
* Hops
* Tarragon
* Thyme
* Oregano
* Wormwood

#### Other

* Chestnuts
* Hazelnuts
* Pine Nut

### Meat

* Duck
* Rabbit
* Pork
* Beef

### Mediterranean

There was a great deal of commerce between the provinces of the Roman Empire. All the regions of the empire became interdependent with one another; some provinces specialized in the production of grain, others in wine and others in olive oil, depending on the soil type. Columella writes in his Res Rustica, "Soil that is heavy, chalky, and wet is not unsuited to the growing for winter wheat and spelt. Barley tolerates no place except one that is loose and dry." Pliny the Elder writes extensively about agriculture from books XII to XIX; in fact, XVIII is The Natural History of Grain. Crops grown on Roman farms included wheat, barley, millet, pea, broad bean, lentil, flax, sesame, chickpea, hemp, turnip, olives, pear, apples, figs, and plums. Others in the Mediterranean include:
* Beets
* Broccoli
* Brussels sprouts
* Caper
* Catnip (nepeta)
* Cauliflower
* Centaurium
* Fennel
* Kale
* Kohlrabi
* Vitis vinifera

### Mediterranean and subtropical fruits

Fruits in this category are not hardy to extreme cold, as the preceding temperate fruits are, yet tolerate some frost and may have a modest chilling requirement. Notable among these are natives of the Mediterranean:
* Medlar (Mespilus germanica; Rosaceae)
* Black mulberry (Morus nigra; Moraceae)
* Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas; Cornaceae)
* Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera; Arecaceae)
* Fig (Ficus spp. Moraceae)
* Grape, called raisin, sultana, or currant when it is dried (Vitis spp.; Vitaceae)
* Jujube (Ziziphus zizyphus; Rhamnaceae)
* Olive (Olea europea; Oleaceae)
* Pomegranate (Punica granatum; Punicaceae)
* Sycamore fig (Ficus sycomorus. Moraceae), also called old world sycomore or just sycomore

## Asia
### Common across Asia

Common Asian crops :
| Cereals | Rice |
| Pseudocereals | |
| Pulses | Azuki bean, Soya bean |
| Fiber | |
| Roots and tubers | Yam(Dioscorea cayenensis) |
| Fruits | See List below |
| Meat and poultry | Chicken |
| Nuts | |
| Other | Shiitake mushrooms, Tea |

#### Fruits

These are some fruits native to Asia or of Asian origin.
* Apple (Malus pumila)
* Apricot (Prunus armeniaca)
* Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii); Berberidaceae
* Arhat (Siraitia grosvenorii; Cucurbitaceae), also called longevity fruit
* Che (Maclura tricuspidata; Moraceae), also called cudrania, Chinese mulberry, cudrang, Mandarin melon berry, silkworm thorn, or zhe
* Cherry (Prunus avium)
* Ziziphus jujuba, commonly called jujube, red date, Chinese date
* Benincasa hispida, Cucurbitaceae, AKA wax gourd, ash pumpkin, or Chinese Preserving Melon.
* Durian (Durio spp; family Malvaceae) related Indian origins okra
* Goumi (Elaeagnus multiflora ovata; family Elaeagnaceae)
* Hardy kiwi (Actinidia arguta; family Actinidiaceae)
* Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus); family Moraceae)
* Kiwifruit or Chinese gooseberry (Actinidia spp.; Actinidiaceae)
* Lanzones (Lansium domesticum; family Meliaceae)
* Lapsi (Choerospondias axillaris Roxb. Anacardiaceae)
* Longan (Dimocarpus longan; family Sapindaceae)
* Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica; Rosaceae)
* Lychee (Litchi chinensis; Sapindaceae)
* Mango (Mangifera indica; Anacardiaceae)
* Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana; family Clusiaceae)
* Mock strawberry or Indian strawberry (Potentilla indica; Rosaceae)
* Nungu (Borassus flabellifer; Arecaceae)
* Peach (Prunus persica; Rosaceae)
* Pear (Pyrus pyrifolia)
* Persimmon (aka Sharon fruit) (Diospyros kaki; Ebenaceae)
* Pomegranate (Punica granatum;Lythraceae)
* Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum; Sapindaceae)
* Sageretia (Sageretia theezans; Rhamnaceae), also called mock buckthorn

### Middle East or West Asia

The Neolithic founder crops (or primary domesticates) are the eight plant species that were domesticated by early Holocene (Pre-Pottery Neolithic A and Pre-Pottery Neolithic B) farming communities in the Fertile Crescent region of southwest Asia, and which formed the basis of systematic agriculture in the Middle East, North Africa, India, Persia and (later) Europe. They consist of flax, three cereals and four pulses, and are the first known domesticated plants in the world. Although domesticated rye (Secale cereale) occurs in the final Epi-Palaeolithic strata at Tell Abu Hureyra (the earliest instance of a domesticated plant species), it was insignificant in the Neolithic Period of southwest Asia and only became common with the spread of farming into northern Europe several millennia later.

#### Cereals and pseudocereals

* Barley (Hordeum vulgare/sativum, descended from the wild H. spontaneum)
* Einkorn (Triticum monococcum, descended from the wild T. boeoticum)
* Emmer (Triticum dicoccum, descended from the wild T. dicoccoides)
* Flax (Linum usitatissimum)
* Oats
* Wheat
* Rye

#### Vegetables
##### Beans

* Bitter vetch (Vicia ervilia)
* Chickpea (Cicer arietinum)
* Lentil (Lens culinaris)
* Pea (Pisum sativum)

#### Fruits

* Pomegranates
* Grapes (Vitis vinifera)
* Dates
* Medlar (Mespilus germanica)

##### Other

* Carrots
* Leeks
* Lettuce
* Onions
* Parsley
* Radishes
* Almond
* Linseed (Linum usitatissimum)
* Asafoetida
* Mustard
* Fig (Ficus carica)

### Indian Subcontinent

Around 7000 BCE, sesame and brinjal were harvested and humped cattle were domesticated in the Indus Valley. By 3000 BCE, spices, like turmeric, cardamom, black pepper and mustard seed were harvested.

#### Fruit

* Mango
* Lemon
* Lime
* Citron
* Coconut – Indo-Atlantic group
* Jackfruit
* Malabar plum (Syzygium cumini)
* Ceylon gooseberry
* Phalsa – Berry
* Neolamarckia cadamba – Kadamba
* Bengal currant
* Wood apple

#### Vegetables

* Cucumber
* Eggplant
* Pigeon pea
* Mungo bean
* Moth bean
* Mung bean – Green gram
* Horseradish tree
* Snake Gourd
* Ivy gourd (Coccinia indica)
* Turnip

#### Spices and Herbs

* Cinnamon
* Black Pepper
* Cardamom
* Turmeric
* Long pepper
* Curry leaf
* Holy basil
* Black cumin
* Indian mustard (Brassica juncea)
* Jakhya – Wild mustard
* Indian gooseberry
* Betel – Leaf
* Kewra – Screwpine
* Vetiver
* Sal tree – Shorea robusta
* Spearmint
* Indian bay leaf (Cinnamomum tamala)
* Lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus)
* Neem (Azadirachta Indica)
* Ashwagandha
* Shatamull (Asparagus racemosus)
* Radhuni – Indian ajwain

#### Grains

* Indian barnyard millet
* Raishan (Digitaria compacta)
* Jungle rice (Echinochloa colona)
* Little Millet

#### Meat

* Zebu
* Red jungle fowl
* Grey jungle fowl

#### Other

* Sesame seed (Sesamum indicum)
* Sugarcane (Saccharum barberi)

### North Asia

* Blackcurrant
* Cabbage
* Chamoe
Tibetan plateau
* Barley

### East Asia
#### Fruits

* Apple
* Goji berries
* Hawthorn or hawberry
* Kiwifruit
* Kumquats
* Longan
* Loquat
* Lychee
* Mandarin Orange
* Sweet Orange
* Peach (Prunus persica)
* Pear or Asian Pear (Pyrus pyrifolia)
* Persimmon (Diospyros kaki)
* Korean raspberry (Rubus crataegifolius)
* Tangerines
* Yangmei

#### Vegetables

* Mustard
* Ginseng

#### Grains

* Soybean
* Foxtail Millet
* Rice
* Buckwheat

## Oceania
### Australia
#### Fruits of Australian origin

Although the fruits of Australia were eaten for thousands of years as bushfood by Aboriginal people, they have only been recently recognized for their culinary qualities by non-indigenous people. Many are regarded for their piquancy and spice-like qualities for use in cooking and preserves. Some Australian fruits also have exceptional nutritional qualities, including high vitamin C and other antioxidants.
* Atherton raspberry (Rubus probus; Rosaceae)
* Black apple (Planchonella australis; Sapotaceae)
* Blue tongue (Melastoma affine; Melastomataceae)
* Bolwarra (Eupomatia laurina; Eupomatiaceae)
* Broad-leaf bramble (Rubus hillii; Rosaceae)
* Burdekin plum (Pleiogynium timoriense; Anacardiaceae)
* Cedar Bay cherry (Eugenia carissoides; Myrtaceae)
* Cluster fig (Ficus racemosa; Moraceae)
* Common apple-berry (Billardiera scandens; Pittosporaceae)
* Conkerberry (Carissa lanceolata; Apocynaceae)
* Davidson's plum (Davidsonia spp.; Cunoniaceae)
* Desert fig (Ficus platypoda; Moraceae)
* Desert lime (Citrus glauca; Rutaceae)
* Doubah (Marsdenia australis; Apocynaceae)
* Emu apple (Owenia acidula; Meliaceae)
* Fibrous satinash (Syzygium fibrosum; Myrtaceae)
* Finger lime (Citrus australasica; Rutaceae)
* Illawarra plum (Podocarpus elatus; Podocarpaceae)
* Kakadu lime (Citrus gracilis; Rutaceae)
* Kakadu plum (Terminalia ferdinandiana; Combretaceae)
* Karkalla (Carpobrotus rossii; Aizoaceae)
* Kutjera (Solanum centrale; Solanaceae)
* Lady apple (Syzygium suborbiculare; Myrtaceae)
* Lemon aspen (Acronychia acidula; Rutaceae)
* Little gooseberry tree (Buachanania arborescens; Anacardiaceae)
* Midyim (Austromyrtus dulcis; Myrtaceae)
* Mountain pepper (Tasmannia spp.; Winteraceae)
* Muntries (Kunzea pomifera; Myrtaceae)
* Native cherry (Exocarpus cupressiformis; Santalaceae)
* Native currant (Acrotriche depressa; Ericaceae)
* Native gooseberry (Physalis minima; Solanaceae)
* Pigface (Carpobrotus glaucescens; Aizoaceae)
* Pink-flowered native raspberry (Rubus parvifolius; Rosaceae)
* Purple apple-berry (Billardiera longiflora; Pittosporaceae)
* Quandong (Santalum acuminatum; Elaeocarpaceae)
* Riberry (Syzygium luehmannii; Myrtaceae)
* Rose myrtle (Archirhodomyrtus beckleri; Myrtaceae)
* Rose-leaf Bramble (Rubus rosifolius; Rosaceae)
* Sandpaper fig (Ficus coronata; Moraceae)
* Small-leaf tamarind (Diploglottis campbellii; Sapindaceae)
* Snow berry (Gaultheria hispida; Ericaceae)
* Sweet apple-berry (Billardiera cymosa; Pittosporaceae)
* Tanjong (Mimusops elengi; Sapindaceae)
* White aspen (Acronychia oblongifolia; Rutaceae)
* Wild orange (Capparis mitchellii; Capparaceae)
* Wongi (Manilkara kauki; Sapotaceae)
* Yellow plum (Ximenia americana; Olacaceae)
* Zig zag vine (Melodurum leichhardtii; Annonaceae)

#### Root crops

* Murnong (Microseris lanceolata; Asteraceae)

#### Seeds and nuts

* Aniseed myrtle
* Macadamia nuts

### Austranesia and New Guinea

Austronesia is the broad region covering the islands of both the Indian and the Pacific oceans settled by Austronesian peoples originating from Taiwan and southern China, starting at around 3,500 to 2,000 BCE. These regions include Island Southeast Asia, Near Oceania (Melanesia), Remote Oceania (Micronesia and Polynesia), Madagascar, and the Comoros Islands. Contact and cultural exchange with early Papuan agriculture in New Guinea also led to homogenization of the agriculture of the two ethnolinguistic groups. The plants originating from Austronesia and New Guinea include:

#### Meat

* Bos javanicus (banteng)
* Bubalus bubalis (carabao)
* Wagyu (beef)

#### Animal products

* Aerodramus fuciphagus (edible-nest swiftlet)

#### Seafood

* Birgus latro (coconut crab)
* Macrobrachium rosenbergii (giant freshwater prawn)

#### Nuts

* Barringtonia edulis
* Barringtonia novae-hiberniae
* Barringtonia procera
* Canarium harveyi
* Canarium indicum
* Canarium ovatum (pili)
* Canarium salomonense
* Castanopsis acuminatissima
* Cocos nucifera (coconut)
* Cordia subcordata (beach cordia)
* Euryale ferox (fox nut)
* Finschia chloroxanthia
* Gnetum latifolium
* Inocarpus fagifer (Tahitian chestnut)
* Omphalea gageana
* Pangium edule (pangi)
* Terminalia catappa (sea almond)
* Terminalia kaernbachii (okari nut)
* Sterculia vitiensis

#### Grains

* Coix lacryma-jobi (Job's tears)
* Oryza sativa (rice)

#### Root crops

* Alocasia macrorrhizos (giant taro)
* Alpinia galanga (lengkuas)
* Alpinia vanoverberghii (akbab)
* Amomum acre (panasa cardamom)
* Amomum lepicarpum (gadang)
* Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (elephant foot yam)
* Boesenbergia rotunda (fingerroot)
* Colocasia esculenta (taro)
* Cordyline fruticosa (ti)
* Curcuma longa (turmeric)
* Cyrtosperma merkusii (swamp taro)
* Dioscorea alata (ube, purple yam)
* Dioscorea bulbifera (air yam)
* Dioscorea hispida (intoxicating yam)
* Dioscorea esculenta (lesser yam)
* Dioscorea nummularia (Pacific yam)
* Dioscorea pentaphylla (fiveleaf yam)
* Dioscorea transversa (pencil yam)
* Eleocharis dulcis (water chestnut)
* Etlingera elatior (torch ginger)
* Hedychium coronarium (ginger lily)
* Ipomoea batatas (sweet potato)
* Leptosolena haenkei (poli)
* Pueraria lobata (East Asian arrowroot)
* Tacca leontopetaloides (Polynesian arrowroot)
* Zingiber officinale (ginger)
* Zingiber zerumbet (bitter ginger)

#### Vegetables and herbs

* Abelmoschus manihot (island cabbage)
* Amaranthus gracilis (green amaranth)
* Amaranthus tricolor (Chinese spinach)
* Asplenium spp.
* Athyrium spp.
* Ctenitis spp.
* Cyathea spp. (tree ferns)
* Cymbopogon spp. (lemongrass)
* Dennstaedtia spp.
* Diplazium spp.
* Diplazium esculentum (pako)
* Dryopteris spp.
* Erythrina variegata (coral tree)
* Ficus copiosa (sandpaper cabbage)
* Gnetum gnemon
* Ipomoea aquatica (water spinach)
* Lagenaria siceraria (bottle gourd)
* Laportea interrupta
* Pandanus amaryllifolius (pandan)
* Piper cubeba (cubeb pepper)
* Piper ornatum (Celebes pepper)
* Piper retrofractum (Javanese long pepper)
* Piper sarmentosum (lolot pepper)
* Polyscias spp. (panax)
* Saccharum edule
* Setaria palmifolia
* Syzygium aromaticum (clove)
* Syzygium polyanthum (Indonesian bay leaf)

#### Fruits

* Anacolosa frutescens (galo)
* Antidesma bunius (bugnay)
* Antidesma montanum
* Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit)
* Artocarpus anisophyllus (entawak)
* Artocarpus camansi (breadnut)
* Artocarpus heterophyllus (jackfruit)
* Artocarpus integer (cempedak)
* Artocarpus lacucha (lakuch)
* Artocarpus mariannensis (Marianas breadfruit)
* Artocarpus odoratissimus (marang)
* Artocarpus treculianus (tipuho)
* Averrhoa bilimbi (bilimbi)
* Averrhoa carambola (star fruit)
* Benincasa hispida (wax gourd)
* Burckella obovata (red silkwood)
* Calamus manillensis (edible rattan)
* Citrus hystrix (kaffir lime)
* Citrus halimii (mountain citron)
* Citrus macroptera (Melanesian papeda)
* Citrus hystrix var. micrantha (small-fruited papeda)
* Citrus microcarpa (calamansi)
* Citrus x webberii (kalpi)
* Clymenia platypoda
* Clymenia polyandra
* Corynocarpus cribbianus
* Cryptocarya aromatica
* Cucumis sativus (cucumber)
* Dillenia philippinensis (elephant apple or katmon)
* Dimocarpus didyma (alupag)
* Dimocarpus longan (longan)
* Diospyros discolor (velvet apple)
* Dracontomelon costatum
* Dracontomelon dao (dragon plum)
* Dracontomelon duperreanum
* Dracontomelon lenticulatum
* Dracontomelon vitiense
* Durio spp. (durian)
* Elaeagnus triflora (millaa vine)
* Embelia philippinensis (lando)
* Ficus minahassae (alomit)
* Ficus tinctoria
* Ficus wassa
* Flacourtia rukam (rukam)
* Garcinia binucao (binukaw)
* Garcinia mangostana (mangosteen)
* Garcinia prainiana (button mangosteen)
* Garcinia pseudoguttifera
* Garcinia vidalii (piris)
* Hornstedtia scottiana (jiddo)
* Lansium parasiticum (lanzones)
* Melastoma malabathricum
* Mangifera foetida
* Mangifera minor
* Medinilla pendula
* Morinda citrifolia (noni)
* Morus alba (white mulberry)
* Musa spp. (banana)
* Musa × troglodytarum (fe'i banana)
* Nephelium chryseum
* Nephelium lappaceum (rambutan)
* Nephelium philippense (bulala)
* Pandanus conoideus
* Pandanus lamekotensis
* Pandanus tectorius
* Parartocarpus venenosa
* Pipturus argenteus
* Pometia pinnata (island lychee)
* Puteria maclayana
* Rubus ellipticus (golden Himalayan raspberyy)
* Rubus fraxinifolius
* Rubus rosifolius (Vanuatu raspberry)
* Sandoricum koetjape (santol)
* Spondias cytherea (golden apple)
* Syzygium aqueum (water apple)
* Syzygium cumini (Java plum)
* Syzygium jambos (jambos)
* Syzygium lineatum (lubeg)
* Syzygium malaccense (Mountain apple)
* Syzygium polycephaloides (lipote)
* Syzygium samarangense (Java apple)
* Terminalia megalocarpa
* Terminalia solomonensis
* Terminalia lapalagon
* Vaccinium barandanum (lusong)
* Vaccinium myrtoides (ayosep)

#### Other

* Areca catechu (areca nut)
* Arenga pinnata (arenga sugar palm)
* Borassus flabellifer (tala palm)
* Calamus hollrungii
* Caryota rumphiana
* Caryota urens (toddy palm or fishtail palm)
* Caulerpa lentillifera (latô)
* Cinnamomum mercadoi (kalingag)
* Cinnamomum parthenoxylon (saffron laurel)
* Cycas rumphii (queen sago palm)
* Cycas scratchleyana
* Eucheuma spp. (gusô)
* Gelidiaceae (agar)
* Metroxylon amicarum
* Metroxylon bougainvillense
* Metroxylon sagu (sago palm)
* Metroxylon solomonense
* Metroxylon vitiense
* Metroxylon warburgii
* Myristica spp. (wild nutmeg)
* Nypa fruticans (nipa palm)
* Piper betle (betel)
* Piper methysticum (kava)
* Saccharum spp. (sugarcane)

## Americas

Corn, beans and squash were domesticated in Mesoamerica around 3500 BCE. Potatoes, quinoa and manioc were domesticated in South America. In what is now the eastern United States, Native Americans domesticated sunflower and sumpweed around 2500 BCE.
Ancient American crops :
| Cereals | Maize (corn), maygrass, and little barley |
| Pseudocereals | Amaranth, quinoa, erect knotweed, sumpweed, and sunflowers |
| Pulses | Common beans, tepary beans, scarlet runner beans, lima beans, and peanuts |
| Fiber | Mexican cotton, yucca, and agave |
| Roots and tubers | Jicama, manioc (cassava), potatoes, sweet potatoes, sunchokes, oca, mashua, ulloco, arrowroot, yacon, leren, and groundnuts |
| Fruits | Tomatoes, chili peppers, avocados, cranberries, black raspberries, blackberries, blueberries, elderberries, huckleberries, cherimoyas, papayas, pawpaws, passionfruit, pineapples, red raspberries, soursops and strawberries |
| Melons | Squashes |
| Meat and poultry | Turkey, bison, muscovy ducks, and guinea pigs |
| Nuts | Peanut, black walnuts, shagbark hickory, pecans, hickory nuts, acorns from oak trees, pinion pine nuts, cashew nuts |
| Other | Chocolate(mainly in South America), canna, tobacco, chicle, rubber, maple syrup, birch syrup and vanilla |
Timeline of American crop cultivation :
| Date | Crops | Location |
| 7000 BCE | Maize | Mexico |
| 5000 BCE | Cotton | Mexico |
| 4800 BCE | Squash Chili peppers Avocados Amaranth | Mexico |
| 4000 BCE | Maize Common bean | Mexico |
| 4000 BCE | Ground nut | South America |
| 2000 BCE | Sunflowers Beans | |

### North America
#### Nuts

* Acorn (Quercus alba, Quercus gambelii, Quercus kelloggii, Notholithocarpus densiflorus; Fagaceae)
* American chestnut (Castanea dentata; Fagaceae)
* Black walnut (Juglans nigra; Juglandaceae)
* Hazelnut (Corylus americana; Corylaceae)
* Hickory nut (Carya; Juglandaceae)
* Pecans (Carya illinoinensis; Juglandaceae)
* Shagbark hickory (Carya ovata; Juglandaceae)
* White walnut (Juglans cinerea; Juglandaceae)

#### Vegetables and grains

* American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius)
* Araliaceae
* Chives (Allium schoenoprasum; Amaryllidaceae)
* Dandelions
* Echinacea (Asteroideae; Heliantheae; Asteraceae)
* Erect knotweed
* Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus; Asteraceae), also known as topinambour
* Little barley
* Maple sap (Acer; Hippocastanoideae)
* Maygrass
* Pole beans (Phaseolus coccineus; Faboideae)
* Sage (Salvia apiana; Lamiaceae)
* Sumpweed
* Sunflowers (Helianthus annuus; Asteraceae)
* Wild rice (Zizania palustris; Poaceae)

#### Fruits

Canada, Mexico, and the United States are home to a number of edible fruit; however, only three are commercially grown (grapes, cranberries, and blueberries). Many of the fruits below are still eaten locally as they have been for centuries and others are generating renewed interest by eco-friendly gardeners (less need for bug control) and chefs alike.
* American elderberry (Sambucus canadensis; Adoxaceae)
* American grape: North American species (e.g., Vitis labrusca; Vitaceae) and American-European hybrids are grown where grape (Vitis vinifera) is not hardy and are used as rootstocks
* American mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum; Berberidaceae)
* American persimmon (Diospyros virginiana; Ebenaceae): traditional for desserts and as dried fruit
* American plum (Prunus americana; Rosaceae)
* Beach plum (Prunus maritima; Rosaceae)
* Black cherry (Prunus serotina; Rosaceae): popular flavoring for pies, jams, and sweets
* Black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis or Rubus leucodermis; Rosaceae)
* Blueberry (Vaccinium, sect. Cyanococcus; Ericaceae)
* Buffaloberry (Shepherdia argentea; Elaeagnaceae), which grows wild in the prairies of Canada.
* Canada plum (Prunus nigra; Rosaceae)
* Canadian serviceberry (Amelanchier canadensis; Rosaceae), also called sugarplum
* Chokecherry (Prunus virginiana; Rosaceae)
* Cocoplum (Chrysobalanus icaco; Chrysobalanaceae)
* Concord grape
* Cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccus; Ericaceae)
* Dewberry (Rubus, sect. Flagellares, American dewberries; Rosaceae)
* Desert Apricot (Prunus Fremontii; Rosaceae)
* Eastern May Hawthorn (Crataegus aestivalis; Rosaceae), better known as mayhaw
* False-mastic (Mastichodendron foetidissimum; Sapotaceae)
* Florida strangler fig (Ficus aurea; Moraceae)
* Ground plum (Astragalus caryocarpus; Fabaceae), also called ground-plum milk-vetch
* Huckleberry (Vaccinium parvifolium; Ericaceae)
* Maypop (Passiflora incarnata; Passifloraceae), traditionally a summer treat
* Pawpaw (Asimina triloba; Annonaceae), not to be confused with papaya (Carica papaya; Caricaceae), which is called "pawpaw" in some English dialects
* Pigeon plum (Coccoloba diversifolia; Polygonaceae)
* Prickly pear (Opuntia spp.,; Cactaceae), used as both a fruit and vegetable depending on part of plant
* Pumpkin (Cucurbita; Cucurbitaceae)
* Red mulberry (Morus rubra; Moraceae)
* Salal berry (Gaultheria shallon; Ericaceae)
* Salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis; Rosaceae)
* Saskatoonberry (Amelanchier alnifolia, Rosaceae)
* Saw palmetto (Serenoa repens; Arecaceae)
* Southern crabapple (Malus angustifolia; Rosaceae)
* Squash (Cucurbita; Cucurbitaceae
* Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa; Rosaceae)
* Thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus; Rosaceae)
* Toyon (Heteromeles arbutifolia; Rosaceae)
* Wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens; Ericaceae)

#### Meat

Many animal meats originated in North America examples include
* Alligator meat
* American lobster
* Bison meat
* Turkey meat

#### Pacific Northwest

Provisionally, this is primarily southern Coast Salish, though much is in common with Coast Salish overall.
Anthropogenic grasslands were maintained. The south Coast Salish may have had more vegetables and land game than people farther north or on the outer coast. Salmon and other fish were staples in this area. There was kokanee, a freshwater fish in the Lake Washington and Lake Sammamish watersheds. Shellfish were abundant. Butter clams, horse clams, and cockles were dried for trade.
Hunting was specialized; professions were probably sea hunters, land hunters, and fowlers. Water fowl were captured on moonless nights using strategic flares.
The managed grasslands not only provided game habitat, but vegetable sprouts, roots, bulbs, berries, and nuts were foraged from them as well as found wild. The most important were probably bracken and camas, and wapato especially for the Duwamish. Many, many varieties of berries were foraged; some were harvested with comblike devices not reportedly used elsewhere. Acorns were relished but were not widely available. Regional tribes went in autumn to the Nisqually Flats (Nisqually plains) to harvest them. Indeed, the region was so abundant that the southern Puget Sound as a whole had one of the only sedentary hunter-gatherer societies that has ever existed.

### Mexico and Central America

Common fruits and vegetables:
* Agave
* Allspice
* Amaranth
* Avocado
* Black Sapote (Diospyros nigra)
* Cas
* Cassava (Yuca)
* Chia seed
* Chili pepper
* Cacao
* Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)
* Guava
* Jicama
* Corn (Maize)
* Mamey sapote (Pouteria sapota)
* Lima beans
* Papaya
* Peanut
* Tuna (Prickly Pear)
* Pitaya (Dragonfruit)
* Guanábana
* Squash
* Sweet potato (Camote)
* Tobacco
* Tomatoes
* Tomatillo
* Vanilla

### The Caribbean
#### Fruit

* Quenepa
* Ackee

### South America
#### Meat

* Alpacas
* Armadillo
* Capybara
* Guinea pigs
* Llama
* Rhea (bird)

#### Grain and beans

* Andean lupin
* Brazil nut
* Cacao
* French bean
* Madagascar bean
* Peanut
* Quinoa

#### Herbs

* Achiote
* Anacahuita
* Boldo
* Cat's Claw
* Coca
* Culantro
* Courbaril
* Guaco
* Guayusa
* Lemon-verbena
* Marcela
* Yerba mate

#### Vegetables

* Cassava
* Oca
* Papalisa
* Potatoes
* Sweet potatoes

#### Fruit

* Açaí berries
* Araza
* Avocado
* Black Sapote
* Butiá fruit
* Cape gooseberry (uchuva)
* Cashew
* Chile peppers
* Chilean Guava (also called Murta)
* Chirimoya
* Jabuticaba
* Feijoa
* Guaviyú fruit
* Granadilla
* Guaraná berries
* Guava
* Naranjilla or Lulo
* Papaya
* Passion fruit
* Pineapple
* Pitanga berries
* Saúco
* Squash
* Tamarillo
* Tomato

#### River fish

* Piranha
* Surubi
* Tararira

#### Sea food

* Anchovie
* Centolla
* Corvina (fish)
* Jaiva