# Luang Prabang

Luang Prabang (Lao: ຫຼວງພະບາງ, pronounced), historically known as Xieng Thong (ຊຽງທອງ) and alternatively spelled Luang Phabang or Louangphabang, is the capital of Luang Prabang Province in north-central Laos. Its name, meaning “Royal Buddha Image,” derives from the Phra Bang, a statue symbolizing Lao sovereignty. Designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1995, the city is recognized for blending traditional Lao architecture, European colonial buildings, and over 30 Buddhist temples. The protected area encompasses 33 of its 58 villages, where daily rituals like the morning alms-giving ceremony persist.

## History
### Dvaravati city state kingdoms

By the 6th century in the Chao Phraya River Valley, Mon peoples had coalesced to create the Dvaravati kingdoms. In the north, Haripunjaya (Lamphun) emerged as a rival power to the Dvaravati. By the 8th century the Mon had pushed north to create city states, in Fa Daet (modern Kalasin, northeastern Thailand), Sri Gotapura (Sikhottabong) near modern Tha Khek, Laos, Muang Sua (Luang Prabang), and Chantaburi (Vientiane). In the 8th century CE, Sri Gotapura (Sikhottabong) controlled trade throughout the middle Mekong region. The city states introduced Therevada Buddhism from Sri Lankan missionaries throughout the region.$^{:6,7}$

### Lan Xang period

Xieng Dong Xieng Thong experienced a period of Khmer suzerainty under Jayavarman VII from 1185 to 1191. In 1238 an internal uprising in the Khmer outpost of Sukhothai expelled the Khmer overlords. Xieng Dong Xieng Thong in 1353 became the capital of the Lan Xang kingdom. In 1359 the Khmer king from Angkor gave the Phra Bang to his son-in-law, the first Lang Xang monarch Fa Ngum (1353–1373); to provide Buddhist legitimacy both to Fa Ngum's rule and by extension to the sovereignty of Laos and was used to spread Theravada Buddhism in the new kingdom. The capital name was changed to Luangphabang, where it was kept, named after the Buddha image.$^{:225–226}$ Luang Prabang was occupied by the Vietnamese forces during Emperor Lê Thánh Tông's 1478–1480 expedition against Lan Xang and Lanna.
In 1707, Lan Xang fell apart because of a dynastic struggle and Luang Prabang became the capital of the independent Kingdom of Luang Phrabang. When France annexed Laos, the French recognised Luang Prabang as the royal residence of Laos. Eventually, the ruler of Luang Prabang became synonymous with the figurehead of Laos. When Laos achieved independence, the king of Luang Prabang, Sisavang Vong, became the head of state of the Kingdom of Laos. Since 1995, Luang Prabang has been inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site for its unique, well-preserved townscape.

### World War II

The town was the scene of events during and in the aftermath of World War II and it was occupied by foreign countries during the war (Vichy France, Thailand, Imperial Japan, Free France, and Nationalist China). Initially the Vichy French controlled the city and lost it to Thai forces following the Franco-Thai War of 1940–1941. On 9 March 1945, a nationalist group declared Laos once more independent, with Luang Prabang as its capital and on 7 April 1945 2 battalions of Japanese troops occupied the city. The Japanese attempted to force Sisavang Vong (the King of Luang Prabang) to declare Laotian independence and on 8 April he instead simply declared an end to Laos' status as a French protectorate. The King then secretly sent Prince Kindavong to represent Laos to the Allied forces and Sisavang Vatthana as representative to the Japanese. Following Japan's surrender to the Allies, Free French forces were sent to reoccupy Laos and entered Luang Prabang on 25 August, at which time the King assured the French that Laos remained a French colonial protectorate. In September the Chinese Nationalist forces arrived to receive the surrender of the remaining Japanese forces and set about buying up the Laotian opium crop.

### Laotian Civil War

In April and May 1946, the French attempted to recapture Laos by using paratroops to retake Vientiane and Luang Prabang and drive Phetsarath and the Lao Issara ministers out of Laos and into Thailand and Vietnam. During the First Indochina War, the Viet Minh and Pathet Lao forces attempted to capture the city some times in 1953 and 1954, and were stopped before they could reach it by French forces.

## Tourism

Among the natural tourism sites are the Kuang Si Falls, Tat Sae Waterfalls, and Pak Ou Caves. Elephant riding is offered at some sites. Phou Si, in the center of the town, has views of the town and river systems. At the end of the main street of Luang Prabang is a night market where stalls sell shirts, bracelets, and other souvenirs. The Haw Kham Royal Palace Museum and the Wat Xieng Thong temple are among the historical sites. The town, particularly the main street, is dotted with smaller wats such as Wat Hosian Voravihane. Every morning at sunrise, monks walk in a procession through the streets accepting alms offered by local residents. In mountain biking, people bike around the town or to the waterfalls for the day. Down the Mekong River, a 15-minute boat ride from the city centre, Ban Chan (the pottery village) is another place.

## Gastronomy

Local dishes include: Or lam (O-lam, the favourite dish of Luang Prabang locals), Luang Prabang sausage, mokpa (steamed fish), and Kaipen made from Mekong River moss (served fried) with the Luang Prabang's famous Jeow Bong.

## Transportation
### Road

Luang Prabang is served by Route 13, which connects to Vang Vieng and Vientiane to the south, and to Boten in the north. The road is paved. Since 2014, a new road connects Kasi (close to Vang Vieng) to Luang Prabang, allowing the trip to be made in about 3 hours (compared to 5 hours via Route 13). Daily buses run from Vientiane to Luang Prabang, taking 11–13 hours.
Buses regularly travel a route for 14–16 hours.

### Rail

Beginning December 2021, Luang Prabang is served by the Vientiane–Boten railway. The railway parallels Route 13, and serve as Laos' first major north–south railway line, from Boten at the Chinese border in the north to Vientiane in the south. The complete journey takes less than 3 hours by train instead of 3 days by road.

## Education

There is a French international school in the city, École francophone de Luang Prabang.

## Climate

Climate data for Luang Prabang, elevation 305 m (1,001 ft), (1991–2020) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 39.4 (102.9) | 39.5 (103.1) | 41.0 (105.8) | 44.8 (112.6) | 44.0 (111.2) | 40.0 (104.0) | 39.0 (102.2) | 40.0 (104.0) | 38.0 (100.4) | 38.6 (101.5) | 36.3 (97.3) | 36.3 (97.3) | 44.8 (112.6) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 28.4 (83.1) | 31.7 (89.1) | 34.1 (93.4) | 35.2 (95.4) | 34.6 (94.3) | 33.5 (92.3) | 32.2 (90.0) | 32.0 (89.6) | 32.5 (90.5) | 31.9 (89.4) | 29.9 (85.8) | 27.4 (81.3) | 32.0 (89.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 19.8 (67.6) | 22.1 (71.8) | 25.2 (77.4) | 27.5 (81.5) | 27.9 (82.2) | 27.9 (82.2) | 27.1 (80.8) | 26.9 (80.4) | 26.8 (80.2) | 25.4 (77.7) | 22.5 (72.5) | 19.7 (67.5) | 24.9 (76.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 14.7 (58.5) | 15.3 (59.5) | 18.3 (64.9) | 21.6 (70.9) | 23.3 (73.9) | 24.1 (75.4) | 24.0 (75.2) | 23.8 (74.8) | 23.2 (73.8) | 21.4 (70.5) | 18.1 (64.6) | 15.0 (59.0) | 20.2 (68.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 0.8 (33.4) | 8.0 (46.4) | 9.8 (49.6) | 13.2 (55.8) | 17.0 (62.6) | 14.0 (57.2) | 19.2 (66.6) | 14.0 (57.2) | 10.8 (51.4) | 12.5 (54.5) | 6.0 (42.8) | 4.3 (39.7) | 0.8 (33.4) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 17.1 (0.67) | 11.7 (0.46) | 51.9 (2.04) | 102.2 (4.02) | 160.6 (6.32) | 199.9 (7.87) | 283.2 (11.15) | 329.4 (12.97) | 176.7 (6.96) | 87.1 (3.43) | 26.9 (1.06) | 25.6 (1.01) | 1,472.2 (57.96) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 2 | 1 | 5 | 9 | 14 | 15 | 20 | 21 | 15 | 7 | 3 | 2 | 114 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 82 | 77 | 74 | 76 | 81 | 85 | 87 | 89 | 87 | 86 | 84 | 85 | 82.8 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 175.5 | 193.6 | 174.3 | 185.3 | 184.0 | 131.7 | 106.8 | 119.1 | 158.5 | 185.0 | 169.4 | 168.2 | 1,951.4 |
| Source 1: World Meteorological Organization ||||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA (humidity, 1961–1990), The Yearbook of Indochina (1932–1933) ||||||||||||||

## Sister cities

* Bagan, Myanmar (2009)