# Liberalism in Japan

Japanese liberalism (自由主義 or リベラリズム) formed in the nineteenth century as a reaction against traditional society. In the twentieth century 'liberal' (自由) gradually became a synonym for conservative, and today the main conservative party in the country is named Liberal Democratic Party (自由民主党, Jiyū-Minshutō). The defunct Democratic Party (民主党, Minshutō) was considered in part a centrist-liberal party, as are most parties which derived from it. The liberal character of the Liberal League (自由連合, Jiyū Rengō) is disputed, as it is also considered to be conservative by some. This article is limited to liberal (リベラル) parties with substantial support, proved by having had representation in parliament.

## Modern Japanese liberalism

Liberals in Japan are generally considered united by one major factor: their opposition to changing the post-World War II constitution forbidding the creation of a national military.
Before the 1990s, Japanese liberals did not form a prominent individual political party.
* Japan's radical liberalism (left-wing liberalism) emerged as a "peace movement" and was largely led by the Japan Socialist Party (JSP).
* Until the 1990s, conservative liberalism (right-wing liberalism) in Japan was led by the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), and they contrasted with left-wing liberalism.
Since the 1990s, most conservative liberals have left the LDP. The Japan New Party (JNP) and New Party Sakigake are the parties founded by Japanese conservative-liberals against the LDP's nationalist project, which lead to the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ)-liberalism tradition. Japan's previous liberal party, the DPJ, was led by moderates of both the right-wing LDP and left-wing JSP.
Currently, the LDP has not been considered a liberal party. In the past, liberals in the LDP became opposition forces after leaving the party, so "liberal" generally became a force against "conservative" in Japanese politics in the 21st century. The current DPJ-liberalism tradition is being continued by the Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan (CDPJ).
Since Japanese conservatism was influenced by Shinto, Japan's radical liberalism and democratic socialism were more influenced by Christianity.
As the LDP becomes an increasingly solid conservative party, and the socialist movement that led the traditional anti-LDP camp has lost control in Japan's opposition political camp, gradually shifting from the centre-right "liberal" in the European and Australian sense of the past to the centre-left "liberal" in the American sense. Currently, the LDP is the largest conservative party in Japan, and the CDPJ is the largest liberal party in Japan.

## Timeline

The sign ⇒ means a reference to another party in that scheme. For inclusion in this scheme it isn't necessary that parties labelled themselves "liberal".

### From Public Party of Patriots until Constitutional Party

* 1874: Liberals founded the Aikoku Kōtō (愛国公党, Public Party of Patriots)
* 1881: The Aikoku Kōtō is continued by the Jiyūtō (自由党, Liberal Party)
* 1891: The Jiyūtō is renamed into Rikken Jiyūtō (立憲自由党, Constitutional Liberal Party)
* 1898: The Rikken Jiyūtō merged with the ⇒ Shimpotō into the Kenseitō (憲政党, Constitutional Party)
* 1898: A faction seceded as the ⇒ Kensei Hontō; with the former Jiyūtō faction reorganizing itself into the New Kenseitō
* 1900: The party is taken over by the oligarchy and renamed into Rikken Seiyūkai (立憲政友会, Association of Friends of Constitutional Government)

### From Constitutional Reform Party to Reform Club

* 1882: The Rikken Kaishintō (立憲改進党, Constitutional Reform Party) is formed
* 1896: The party is continued by the Shimpotō (進歩党, Progressive Party)
* 1898: The party merged into the ⇒ Kenseitō
* 1898: The Kenseitō fell apart and a faction formed the Kensei Hontō (憲政本党, Orthodox Constitutional Party), renamed in 1910 into the Rikken Kokumintō (立憲国民党, Constitutional National Party)
* 1913: A faction seceded as the ⇒ Rikken Dōshikai
* 1922: The Rikken Kokumintō is renamed Kakushin Club (革新倶楽部, Reform Club)
* 1920s: The Kakushin Club merged into the Rikken Seiyūkai

### From Association of Friends of the Constitution to Constitutional Democratic Party

* 1913: A faction of the ⇒ Rikken Kokumintō formed the Rikken Dōshikai (立憲同志会, Association of Friends of the Constitution), renamed Kenseikai (憲政会, Constitutional Politics Association) in 1916
* 1927: The Kenseikai merged with the ⇒ Seiyūhontō into the Rikken Minseitō (立憲民政党, Constitutional Democratic Party)
* 1940: The party is dissolved by the military junta

### Orthodox Constitutional Friends Party

* 1924: A faction of the Rikken Seiyūkai formed the Seiyūhontō (政友本党, Orthodox Constitutional Friends Party)
* 1927: The party merged into the ⇒ Rikken Minseitō

### Postwar period

In postwar Japan, liberal (リベラル) tendencies did not stand out much among major political parties for more than 40 years. During the Japanese Empire, liberals, including the Constitutional Democratic Party, were swept away by several political parties. The center-right liberal-conservatives (自由保守主義) became the 'leftist faction' of the right-wing conservative Liberal Democratic Party, and the center-left progressive-liberals (革新自由主義) formed the 'rightist faction' within the left-wing Socialist Party.

### From Renewal Party to Liberal Party

* 1993: A liberal faction of the conservative Liberal Democratic Party (自由民主党, Jiyū-Minshutō) seceded as the Renewal Party (新生党, Shinseitō)
* 1994: The Renewal Party merged with other factions into the New Frontier Party (新進党, Shinshintō, "New Progressive Party")
* 1997: The New Frontier Party fell apart into many parties, among them since 1998 the Liberal Party (1998) (自由党, Jiyū-tō), but also the Good Governance Party (民政党, Minseitō), the New Fraternity Party (新党友愛, Shintō Yūai) and the Democratic Reform Party (民主改革連合, Minshu-Kaikaku-Rengō)
* 2000: Dissidents of the Liberal Party formed the New Conservative Party (保守党, Hoshutō)
* 2003: The Liberal Party merged into the ⇒ Democratic Party of Japan
* 2012: People's Life First (国民の生活が第一, Kokumin no Seikatsu ga Dai'ichi) split from the Democratic Party of Japan
* 2012: People's Life First split into a new Liberal Party and Tomorrow Party of Japan (日本未来の党, Nippon Mirai no Tō)
* 2013: Tomorrow Party of Japan dissolved
* 2019: Liberal Party merged into ⇒ Democratic Party for the People

### New Harbinger Party

* 1993: A liberal faction of the conservative Liberal Democratic Party (自由民主党, Jiyū-Minshutō) seceded as the New Harbinger Party (新党さきがけ, Shintō Sakigake)
* 1996: Most members left to co-found the ⇒ Democratic Party of Japan
* 1998: The remainder of the party evolved in conservative direction and renamed itself as Harbinger (さきがけ, Sakigake), before becoming the ecologist Green Assembly (みどりの会議, Midori no Kaigi) in 2002

### Democratic Party of Japan (1998–2016)

* 1996: Dissidents from the ⇒ New Harbinger Party and the Social Democratic Party founded the Democratic Party of Japan (1996) (民主党, Minshutō)
* 1998: The party merged with the Good Governance Party, the New Fraternity Party and the Democratic Reform Party to form a new, enlarged Democratic Party of Japan (1998) (民主党, Minshutō)
* 2003: The ⇒ Liberal Party (1998) merged into the party
* 2016: The Democratic Party of Japan merged with Japan Innovation Party and Vision of Reform to form the Democratic Party (民進党, Minshintō)

### CDP and DPP (2017–present)

* 2017: The Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan (立憲民主党, Rikken-minshutō) is formed as a centre-left social liberal party split from the Democratic Party.
* 2018: The remaining Democratic Party merged with Kibō no Tō to form the Democratic Party for the People (国民民主党, Kokumin Minshutō), which includes liberals and conservatives.
* 2020: The majority faction of DPP merged into the new CDP, while the minority faction remain in the DPP.

## Liberal leaders

* Ōkuma Shigenobu – Prime Minister of Japan from 30 June 1898 to 8 November 1898 and again from 16 April 1914 to 9 October 1916
* Katō Takaaki – Prime Minister of Japan from 11 June 1924 to 28 January 1926
* Inukai Tsuyoshi – Prime Minister of Japan from 13 December 1931 to 15 May 1932
* Shigeru Yoshida – Prime Minister of Japan from 22 May 1946–24 May 1947 and again from 15 October 1948 to 10 December 1954
* Ichirō Hatoyama – Prime Minister of Japan from 10 December 1954 to 23 December 1956
* Tanzan Ishibashi – Prime Minister of Japan from 23 December 1956 to 25 February 1957
* Hayato Ikeda – Prime Minister of Japan from 19 July 1960 to 9 November 1964
* Yasuhiro Nakasone – Prime Minister of Japan from 27 November 1982 to 6 November 1987
* Morihiro Hosokawa – Prime Minister of Japan from 9 August 1993 to 28 April 1994
* Tsutomu Hata – Prime Minister of Japan from 28 April 1994 to 30 June 1994
* Yukio Hatoyama – Prime Minister of Japan from 16 September 2009 to 8 June 2010, Leader of the DPJ (1999–2002, 2009–2010)
* Naoto Kan – Prime Minister of Japan from 8 June 2010 to 2 September 2011, Leader of the DPJ (1998–1999, 2002–2004, 2010–2011)
* Yoshihiko Noda – Prime Minister of Japan from 2011 to 2012, Leader of the DPJ (2011–2012), Leader of the Opposition (2024–)
* Yukio Edano – Leader of the Opposition (2017–2021).
* Kenta Izumi – Leader of the Opposition (2021–2024).

## Liberal thinkers

* Fukuzawa Yukichi
* Itagaki Taisuke
* Yukio Ozaki
* Tokuzō Fukuda
* Masao Maruyama