# James (novel)

James is a novel by author Percival Everett published by Doubleday in 2024. The novel is a re-imagining of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain but told from the perspective of Huckleberry's friend on his travels, Jim, who is an escaped slave. The novel won the 2024 Kirkus Prize and the National Book Award for Fiction.

## Story

James is loosely based on Mark Twain's classic Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Some of the early scenes of Everett's novel closely follow Huckleberry Finn, but as the two separate and Jim goes off on his own picaresque "adventures", the tone turns more serious as it explores issues of rape, murder, beatings, and racism.
Set in Hannibal, Missouri, the novel opens with Jim sitting in front of Miss Watson’s home. Jim can hear sounds of Huckleberry Finn and Tom Sawyer whispering to one another nearby, and knows they are hiding in the grass, but he pretends to sleep while they play a prank on him; beginning with this scene and throughout the first chapters, it becomes clear that much of Jim’s behavior around white people is a pretense, a performance intended to make white people believe that their enslaved counterparts are oblivious and therefore innocuous. As part of this ruse, the enslaved population speaks standard English among themselves but switches to African American vernacular (what Jim calls “slave talk”) around white people. This tactic tricks white people into thinking Black people cannot speak “correctly,” which fortifies the whites’ racist belief that Black people are of inferior intelligence. (All the while, Jim has taught himself to read and write and has secretly read much of the philosophical material in Judge Thatcher’s library.) However, though Huck is white, Jim feels compassionate toward the boy, who is frequently abused by his father, “Pap.”
When Jim learns Miss Watson plans to sell him, he flees to a nearby island, hoping to later reunite with his family. There he encounters Huck, who has just run away from one of his drunken father’s violent outbursts. They camp together for a bit and, one night, a ferocious storm descends. An entire house comes floating downriver, swept along by the torrential rains. They search the house and discover a dead body, but only Jim gets a close look at the man—and realizes that it’s Pap. He doesn’t tell Huck.
Jim fears that the townspeople of Hannibal will assume he is responsible for Huck’s disappearance, so Huck heads back to town, disguised, to learn what people are saying. Huck tells Jim that, yes, the townspeople believe that Jim killed Huck; there’s a three-hundred-dollar reward for his capture. (There is also a bounty on Pap, who is missing.)
Jim and Huck flee together, traveling by night. They head south, hoping to throw others off their trail, since most people would expect a Black fugitive to flee north toward the free states. Despite their best efforts to remain hidden, they run into a number of people on their way. In one tense moment, Huck convinces a group of white men that Jim, hidden under a tarp, is his smallpox-infected uncle, allowing them to escape. With the help of other enslaved men, and at great cost, Jim acquires a pencil and begins writing his life story. It begins: “My name is James.”
Their journey takes an even thornier turn when they meet two grifters, posing as European royalty, who call themselves the King and the Duke. After conning townsfolk at a tent revival, the men betray Jim, chaining him in a blacksmith’s shop with plans to sell him. The King and Duke leave to find alcohol, but when they return, they find Jim unchained, and they beat the blacksmith—another enslaved man—in retaliation, only for the man’s enslaver to claim Jim for himself. The enslaver sells Jim to another man, Emmett, who leads a traveling minstrel show. While Emmett pretends to be egalitarian, he is still exploitative and treats Jim as an indentured servant. Jim escapes with the help of another member of the troupe: Norman, a man with Black heritage who passes as white. Just before making a break for it, Jim takes Emmett's notebook, which Emmett used for composing the troupe's songs. Later, Jim uses the notebook to organize his own thoughts and continue writing out his personal story.
In a desperate attempt to raise the money to eventually purchase Jim’s family, Jim and Norman replicate the conmen’s scheme of selling Jim. The plan goes awry, leaving Jim badly beaten by a lumber mill owner who purchases him. Jim and Norman manage to escape the mill, taking with them a young enslaved woman named Sammy—but white men pursue them, ultimately murdering Sammy while Jim and Norman just barely escape with their lives. The two of them numbly head out onto the river.
After Norman dies in a riverboat accident, Jim reunites with Huck and reveals a shocking truth: He is Huck’s biological father. Huck, stunned by his mother’s affair with a Black man, nonetheless refuses to abandon Jim. The two return to Hannibal to rescue Jim’s family, where Jim learns that his wife and daughter have been sold and that he remains a wanted man. Jim briefly hides in town and plans for how to rescue his family. While he is hiding, he witnesses a white overseer sexually assaulting an enslaved woman; Jim later finds this man alone and strangles him.
Determined to reclaim his family, Jim confronts Judge Thatcher, secures the location of his wife and daughter, and orchestrates a daring escape—setting a field ablaze to cover their flight. Jim ultimately leads his family and others to freedom in Iowa. Though they still face racism, they are free at last.

## Characters

Jim (James) – The novel’s eponymous protagonist and first-person narrator, Jim is an approximately 27-year-old enslaved man owned by Miss Watson. The narrative’s inciting incident occurs when Jim learns of Miss Watson's plan to sell him, and he determines to emancipate himself and, eventually, his family. Unlike in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, where he is depicted as simple, credulous, and superstitious, Everett’s Jim is skeptical, deeply calculating, and secretly more literate and erudite than most of the white people around him. Indeed, Everett’s Jim is an ironic inversion of Twain’s, insofar as the near totality of Jim’s personality in Twain’s novel is revealed, in Everett’s novel, to be a self-preservationist act put on to avert white suspicion. Jim carefully performs the role expected of him by white society while finding his own covert ways to resist. It is only near the end of the novel that Jim directly reveals himself to be Huck’s biological father, but small hints appear in earlier chapters.
Huckleberry Finn (Huck) – A young, rebellious white boy who escapes from the abusive Pap. While part of a racist society, Huck is more open-minded than other white characters. Both Twain’s and Everett’s novels suggest that Huck’s relative (though not complete) lack of bigotry is at least partly due to how he has lived much of his life as something of an outsider to society as a whole, and so he has not been as thoroughly indoctrinated by Southern white ideals. He develops a strong bond with Jim, which grows deeper and more complicated when he learns that Jim is his biological father. Huck’s journey is as much about moral awakening as it is about survival, and the discovery of his Black heritage forces him to reckon with the arbitrary and hollow nature of white racial prejudice.
The King and The Duke – A pair of white conmen who invite themselves along for part of the journey. Their real names are never divulged but, in an effort to enthrall Jim and Huck, they pose as the lost Dauphin of France and the lost Duke of Bridgewater. The two charlatans are largely defined by their callous opportunism, and they ultimately betray Jim by trying to sell him. These two characters also feature in Twain’s novel, but Everett draws a more detailed and sinister portrait through Jim’s perspective.
Daniel Decatur Emmett – A real historical figure and founder of one of the first minstrel troupes in the U.S. In the novel, he purchases Jim to perform in his troupe, but Jim escapes and purloins Emmett's notebook to continue recording his own story, symbolizing Jim's journey towards self-expression and reclaimed identity. Before losing the notebook, Emmett used it to compose songs for the minstrel shows; some of his material appears in the opening of the novel, which begins with “The Notebook of Daniel Decatur Emmett,” featuring lyrics from various songs.
Norman – As a light-skinned man with Black heritage who appears to be white, Norman’s character illustrates a conflicted experience of “passing,” which carries certain advantages for Norman but which he describes as “exhausting.” Norman is part of the traveling minstrel show run by Emmett, who briefly purchases (or, as Emmett tries to frame it, “hires”) Jim. After Norman helps Jim escape from his exploitative captor, he becomes one of Jim’s closest allies, but he ultimately dies in a riverboat accident.
Sammy – An enslaved teenage girl who briefly escapes the lumber mill with Jim and Norman. When Jim first meets the taciturn Sammy, he mistakes her for a young man; upon learning otherwise, he identifies her with his own daughter and feels compelled to take her along when he escapes the mill with Norman. Tragically, Sammy is murdered by their white pursuers.
Judge Thatcher – The local judge who, in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, helps protect Huck’s money by keeping it away from the greedy and abusive Pap. While Twain’s novel depicts Judge Thatcher as a kind and fair man who contrasts with the corruption and cruelty found in other parts of society, Everett’s reinvention of the character presents more ambiguity as it explores the judge’s complicity in the inhumane system of slavery. One of the judge's most salient narrative roles is indirect, in the form of his extensive library that has allowed Jim to secretly educate himself over the years. Judge Thatcher is among the novel’s most educated characters, and he is shocked and intimidated to eventually discover Jim’s learnedness.
Sadie and Lizzie – Jim’s wife and daughter. Though they seldom appear directly in the narrative, they are ever-present as the driving force behind Jim’s actions as he endeavors to reunite with his family.

## Reception
### Reviews

According to Book Marks, the book received a "rave" consensus, based on twenty-six critics: twenty-two "rave", one "positive", one "mixed", and two "pan". In the May/June 2024 issue of Bookmarks, the book was scored four out of five. The magazine's critical summary reads: "Critics quibbled a little over the novel's ending, but, as The New York Times concludes, "James is the rarest of exceptions. It should come bundled with Twain's novel".
Writing for The New York Times, Dwight Garner praised the novel as more successful than many re-imaginings of famous classics, stating, "What sets 'James' above Everett's previous novels, as casually and caustically funny as many are, is that here the humanity is turned up — way up. This is Everett's most thrilling novel, but also his most soulful." Writing for The Guardian, Anthony Cummins stated: "James offers page-turning excitement but also off-kilter philosophical picaresque".
James appeared on 33 lists of the best books of the year.

### Awards

Awards for James :
| Year | Award | Result |
| 2024 | Booker Prize | Finalist |
| 2024 | Foyles Book of the Year | Shortlisted |
| 2024 | Kirkus Prize for Fiction | Won |
| 2024 | National Book Award for Fiction | Won |
| 2024 | Orwell Prize | Shortlisted |
| 2025 | Aspen Words Literary Prize | Finalist |
| 2025 | Audie Award for Literary Fiction or Classics | Won |
| 2025 | Audie Award for Fiction Narrator | Finalist |
| 2025 | PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction | Finalist |

## Film adaptation

Feature film rights in the novel were acquired in 2024 by Universal Pictures, with Amblin Entertainment for production and Steven Spielberg as executive producer. Taika Waititi was in early talks as director.