OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Altiplano Basin

The Altiplano Basin (Spanish: Cuenca del Altiplano) is a sedimentary basin within the Andes in Bolivia and Peru. The basin is located on the Altiplano plateau between the Cordillera Occidental and the Cordillera Oriental. Over-all the basin has evolved through time in a context of horizontal shortening of Earth's crust. The great thickness of the sediments accumulated in the basin is mostly the result of the erosion of Cordillera Oriental.

## Description

The Altiplano Basin has an approximate area of 154,176 square kilometres (59,528 sq mi). The northern part of the basin is overridden by the Cordillera Occidental along the Pasani Fault, a thrust fault. To the east, the northern part of the basin was overridden by the Cordillera Oriental along the Ayaviri Fault, another thrust fault albeit the fault is now buried under more recent sediments. Further south near Oruro and Sica Sica the boundary of the basin with the Cordillera Oriental block is made up by the largely buried Coniri Fault. The fault contact is not reflected in surface topography since Cordillera Oriental rises more than 10 kilometers to the east of Coniri Fault.
The sedimentation rate in the basin has varied strongly over geological time. In the time from the middle Paleocene to the middle Eocene on average less than 10 metres (33 ft) of sediments accumulated in the basin every million years. In the Late Eocene and Oligocene, sediments accumulated in the basin at a rate of up to 500 metres (1,600 ft) every million years. Similarly in the Miocene and Oligocene (15 to 30 million years ago) the Ayaviri Sub-basin in the north accumulated 110 to 660 metres (360 to 2,170 ft) of sediments every million years.

## Stratigraphy

The basin contains three large successions of sediments. The sedimentary sequence in the basin started in the Early Paleozoic. From bottom to top these are:
* Maastrichtian–Paleocene aged marine and non-marine sediments of the Santa Lucía and El Molino Formations. Their thickness is about 250 to 900 metres (820 to 2,950 ft).
* The 3,000-to-6,500-metre (9,800 to 21,300 ft) thick non-marine Potoco Formation. Most of the formation is of Eocene–Oligocene age.
* Sedimentary and volcanic rocks of Oligocene to Quaternary age making of a 1,000-to-4,000-metre (3,300 to 13,100 ft) thick pile.
It has been suggested that the northern part of the Altiplano Basin experienced a significant reverse fault movement in the Oligocene and Early Miocene (c. 28 to 16 million years ago).
# Lake Chaupicocha (Puno)

Lake Chaupicocha (possibly from Quechua chawpi central, middle, qucha lake) is a lake in Peru located in the Puno Region, Carabaya Province, Macusani District. It lies in the Carabaya mountain range, south of Allincapac and southwest of Chichicapac.
# Methanation

Methanation is the conversion of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide (CO$_x$) to methane (CH$_4$) through hydrogenation. The methanation reactions of CO$_x$ were first discovered by Sabatier and Senderens in 1902.
CO$_x$ methanation has many practical applications. It is a means of carbon oxide removal from process gases and is also being discussed as an alternative to PROX in fuel processors for mobile fuel cell applications.
Methanation as a means of producing synthetic natural gas has been considered since the 1970s. More recently it has been considered as a way to store energy produced from solar or wind power using power-to-gas systems in conjunction with existing natural gas storage.

## Chemical reactions

The following reactions describe the methanation of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide respectively:
    ${\ce {CO + 3H2 -> CH4 + H2O}}$ -206 kJ/mol
    ${\ce {CO2 + 4H2 -> CH4 + 2 H2O}}$ -164 kJ/mol
The methanation reactions are classified as exothermic and their energy of formations are listed.
There is disagreement on whether the CO$_2$ methanation occurs by first associatively adsorbing an adatom hydrogen and forming oxygen intermediates before hydrogenation or dissociating and forming a carbonyl before being hydrogenated. CO is believed to be methanated through a dissociative mechanism where the carbon-oxygen bond is broken before hydrogenation with an associative mechanism only being observed at high H$_2$ concentrations.
Methanation reaction over different carried metal catalysts including Ni, Ru and Rh has been widely investigated for the production of CH$_4$ from syngas and other power to gas initiatives. Nickel is the most widely used catalyst due to its high selectivity and low cost.

## Industrial applications
### Creation of synthetic natural gas

Methanation is an important step in the creation of synthetic or substitute natural gas (SNG). Coal or wood undergo gasification which creates a producer gas that must undergo methanation in order to produce a usable gas that just needs to undergo a final purification step.
The first commercial synthetic gas plant opened in 1984 and is the Great Plains Synfuel plant in Beulah, North Dakota. It is still operational and produces 1500 MW worth of SNG using coal as the carbon source. In the years since its opening, other commercial facilities have been opened using other carbon sources such as wood chips.
In France, the AFUL Chantrerie, located in Nantes, started in November 2017 the demonstrator MINERVE. This methanation unit of 14 Nm3/day was carried out by Top Industrie, with the support of Leaf. This installation is used to feed a CNG station and to inject methane into the natural gas boiler.

### Ammonia synthesis

In ammonia production CO and CO$_2$ are considered poisons to most commonly used catalysts. Methanation catalysts are added after several hydrogen producing steps to prevent carbon oxide buildup in the ammonia synthesis loop as methane does not have similar adverse effects on ammonia synthesis rates.
# Kosobudz

Kosobudz is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łagów, within Świebodzin County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland. It lies approximately 12 km (7 mi) south of Łagów, 21 km (13 mi) west of Świebodzin, 38 km (24 mi) north-west of Zielona Góra, and 56 km (35 mi) south of Gorzów Wielkopolski.
# Xysticus funestus

Xysticus funestus, the mournful ground crab spider, the sad ground crab spider or the deadly ground crab spider is a species of ground crab spider in the family Thomisidae. It is found in North America.
Despite one of the suggested common names - ‘deadly ground crab spider’, Xysticus funestus poses no threat to humans nor common pets. Bites are extremely rare due to the spider’s natural avoidance of humans, and none of the group have bites that are medically significant for humans - typically only causing minor swelling and redness at the wound site.
# I Am Invincible

"I Am Invincible" is a song written by Brett Boyett and Nash Overstreet, and recorded by the American singer-songwriter Cassadee Pope for her forthcoming second studio album. It was released to digital retailers through Republic Nashville on July 24, 2015 as the album's intended lead single and impacted American country radio on September 8, 2015. Ultimately the song did not appear on Pope’s second studio album. Pope debuted the empowerment anthem at the opening ceremonies of the 2015 Special Olympics World Summer Games on July 25, 2015.
Upon its release, "I Am Invincible" received generally positive reviews from critics, who praised Pope's vocal range as well as the song's blending of country elements and the rock styling of Pope's work with Hey Monday. The song also garnered significant fan attention, reaching number four on the Billboard Twitter Real-Time chart.

## Content

   "The song is for those people who have gone through a very tough experience and come out with a thicker skin and just take life by the horns..."
"I Am Invincible" is an anthemic ballad written by Brett Boyett and Nash Overstreet with a duration of three minutes and thirty-two seconds. The song begins with a spoken word dedication "For my girls, the fighters, the warriors," before transitioning into the first verse. Its lyrics convey a message of self-empowerment and surviving obstacles in one's life, with Pope affirming of the chorus that she is "invincible." Critics have noted the song's thematic similarity to recent pop anthems, including Katy Perry's "Roar" (2013) and Rachel Platten's "Fight Song" (2015). Pope related to the song's message on a personal level, but also felt the song reflected the struggles she and other female artists had been facing in finding success in country music.
Musically, the song combines elements of pop, rock, and country. It is instrumented by banjo, mandolin, guitar, and keyboard. Pope's vocals lack the twang emulated on Frame by Frame (2013), but the song follows the storytelling approach and instrumentation of modern country music. With its "heavy rock guitar" and "powerful", country-influenced vocal arrangement, the song's style was described by Marissa R. Moss of Rolling Stone Country as "Paramore-meets-Carrie Underwood." Country music blog Taste of Country also likened Pope's delivery to that of American recording artist Kelly Clarkson.

## Music video

The music video was directed by Roman White and premiered in September 2015.

## Chart performance

| Chart (2015–16) | Peak position |
| US Country Airplay (Billboard) | 52 |
| US Country Digital Songs (Billboard) | 43 |

## Release history

| Country | Date | Format | Label |
| Canada | July 24, 2015 | Digital download | Republic Nashville |
| United States | July 24, 2015 | Digital download | Republic Nashville |
| United States | September 8, 2015 | Country radio | Republic Nashville |
# Ice Tray (song)

"Ice Tray" is a song released by record label Quality Control and performed by American rappers Quavo and Lil Yachty. The song, produced by DJ Durel, was released through Quality Control Music, Motown Records and Capitol Records as the fourth single from Quality Control's compilation album, Control the Streets, Vol. 1 (2017).

## Background

The song was initially released as the third track from Control the Streets, Vol. 1, before being released as the compilation album's fourth single.

## Controversy with Joe Budden

The song is notable for directly sending shots at rapper and media personality Joe Budden. Budden later took to Twitter to respond to the lines: "Soon as it’s all peace [Quavo] decides to unleash this lyrical venom in my direction...that's crazy". Budden also continued his social media antics by directly writing to Quavo, "I am your OG & you will respect me as such." Budden later clarified his stance on his issues with Quavo and Migos: "I have no problem with Quavious. Now, plot twist: I think Quavious is hating on me which makes him a Joe Budden." The song's music video took the controversy even a step further, as it would mock Complex's Everyday Struggle. Budden has had a history of conflicts with Lil Yachty, Quavo and Migos, from when he was bashing Lil Yachty on Everyday Struggle and most notably the incident at the BET Awards pre-show, where Budden walked off set of an interview conducted with his Everyday Struggle colleagues DJ Akademiks and Nadeska Alexis for the hip hop trio, causing a conflict that was momentarily caught on tape.

## Music video

The video features lookalikes of Joe Budden, DJ Akademiks and Nadeska Alexis, on a mock re-enactment episode of Complex's Everyday Struggle, titled "Old Rappers Struggling". The video also features cameo appearances from Offset and Takeoff of Migos, as well as jeweler Johnny Dang who has designed jewelry for many famed hip hop stars.

## Charts

| Chart (2017–18) | Peak position |
| Canada (Canadian Hot 100) | 67 |
| US Billboard Hot 100 | 74 |
| US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard) | 30 |

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| Canada (Music Canada) | Gold | 40,000$^‡$ |
| $^‡$ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. |||
# Cha Seung-woo

Cha Seung-woo (born July 27, 1978), better known as Cha Cha, is a South Korean singer and actor. Cha was a member of punk band No Brain, The Moonshiners and The Monotones.

## Filmography
### Film

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 2008 | Radio Dayz | JODK Big Band – Moonshiners | |
| 2008 | Girl Scout | | credited for music |
| 2008 | Go Go 70s | Man-sik | |

### Television

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 2020 | Mom Has an Affair | Wang Ki-beom | |
| 2022 | Vengeance of the Bride | Cha Wi-dae | |

## Awards and nominations

| Year | Award | Category | Nominated work | Result |
| 2009 | 17th Chunsa Film Art Awards | Best New Actor | Go Go 70s | Won |
| 2009 | 45th Baeksang Arts Awards | Best New Actor (Film) | Go Go 70s | Nominated |
| 2009 | 46th Grand Bell Awards | Best New Actor | Go Go 70s | Nominated |
| 2009 | 32nd Golden Cinematography Awards | Best New Actor | Go Go 70s | Won |
# Nibong Tebal railway station

The Nibong Tebal railway station is a Malaysian railway station located at and named after the town of Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang. The old railway station in Nibong Tebal was demolished on 26 January 2010 for undergoing renovations due to electrification and double tracking of the KTM rail line, which the old 10m iron railway bridge across the Krian River was also demolished and replaced with a new bridge.
5°10′11″N 100°28′46″E﻿ / ﻿5.16972°N 100.47944°E﻿ / 5.16972; 100.47944
# The Green Round

The Green Round is a horror novel by Welsh author Arthur Machen. It was originally published by Ernest Benn Limited in 1933. The first U.S. edition was published by Arkham House in 1968 in an edition of 2,058 copies. It was the only book by Machen to be published by Arkham House.
Critic S. T. Joshi has referred to the novel as "a drearily verbose and unfocussed rehashing of old themes".
According to the Friends of Arthur Machen website, "Machen's final full-length work of fiction is judged a failure by some. However, in this work, Machen's earlier exploration of the fantastic moves outward to embrace the absurd, of Kafka, Camus and Sartre. Not recommended for devotees of gothic and horror, but of potential fascination for the rest of us."
# Film remake

A film remake is a film based on a previous production.
The concept is popular with film studios and production companies because it reduces the financial risks, as fans of the original work are likely to want to see something similar to the film they already like. In some cases, the producer or studio which made the original film still retains the film rights, so doesn't require a new film option or need to develop a new story, reducing the financial cost.
Remakes are sometimes near copies, such as the 1952 The Prisoner of Zenda, nearly identical to the 1937 black-and-white version, but shot in Technicolor; and Psycho (1998), a shot-for-shot color remake of the black-and-white Psycho (1960). More frequently they introduce some changes or new elements e.g. in the original The Front Page (1931), a male newspaper editor tries to keep his male star reporter from quitting; in the remake His Girl Friday (1940), the reporter is female and the editor's ex-wife. Black Caesar (1973) is a blaxploitation retelling of Little Caesar (1931).
Technological advances can allow a remake to include features that were not possible at the time the original was made. A silent film can be remade as a "talkie", a black-and-white movie can be remade in color, or a 2D motion picture can be remade as a 3D film. Several animated films have been remade as live-action productions, such as Alice in Wonderland (2010) and Cinderella (2015).
Remakes can be made in different languages or in a different setting. The English-language color film The Magnificent Seven (1960) is a remake of the Japanese black-and-white film Seven Samurai (1954), transferring the story from Sengoku period Japan to the American Wild West. Musical remakes have been made, such as Lost Horizon (1973), a musical fantasy version of Lost Horizon (1937), originally a drama.

## Examples

* List of film remakes (A–M)
* List of film remakes (N–Z)
* List of English-language films with previous foreign-language film versions
* List of Disney live-action remakes of animated films
# Milnor conjecture

Milnor conjecture may refer to:
* Milnor conjecture (K-theory) in algebraic K-theory
* Milnor conjecture (knot theory) in knot theory
* Milnor conjecture (Ricci curvature) concerning manifolds with nonnegative Ricci curvature
# Sir James Grant, 6th Baronet

Sir James Grant, 6th Baronet (28 July 1679 – 16 January 1747) was a Scottish Whig politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1722 to 1747. He was Chief of Clan Grant from 1719 until his death.

## Early life

Grant was the third, but second surviving son of Ludovick Grant of Grant. He was educated at Elgin, Moray. He married, on 29 January 1702, Anne Colquhoun, daughter of Sir Humphrey Colquhoun, 5th Baronet, of Luss, Dunbarton. Grant became heir of entail to his father-in-law’s estate and baronetcy by a patent executed in 1704. In 1718, upon succeeding to the baronetcy, he became, Sir James Colquhoun of Luss. In 1719 on the death of his brother Alexander, he succeeded as Clan Chief and to the Grant estates, whereupon he reverted to his family name of Grant, keeping the title of baronet. He passed the Colquhoun inheritance by the entail to his second son Ludovick. On 24 June 1721 he was created Lord Grant in the Jacobite peerage by James Francis Edward Stuart in an attempt by the exiled Old Pretender secure the support of Clan Grant. The Old Pretender's gesture was, of course, in vain.

## Career

At the 1722 Grant was returned as Member of Parliament for Inverness-shire on his family’s interest. He consistently voted with the Administration and was returned unopposed again in 1727. His only reported speech was made on 5 May 1732, asking for leniency for a relative, Sir Archibald Grant. He was returned again in 1734. At the 1741 general election, he transferred to Elgin Burghs, continuing to vote with the Government.
He was in Scotland when Charles Edward Stuart landed in Scotland to initiate the Jacobite rising of 1745, but after a meeting with clan members at Castle Grant, he decided to go south to London. Grant advised his son ‘to stay at home, take care of his country and join no party’. He sent two notes to Henry Pelham, suggesting the formation of an army based on clansmen from among the loyal clans, and forwarded an unopened letter from the Young Pretender to Lord Tweeddale, the secretary of state for Scotland.

## Death and legacy

Grant died on 16 January 1747. He and his wife had six sons and eight daughters. His eldest son Ludovick was a commissioner of police and succeeded to the baronetcy. His second son was a captain in the army. His fourth, and third, surviving son was Lieutenant-General Francis Grant (1717-1781).
# Charlie Sloth

Charlie Ian Paul Rouillon (born 20 August 1981), known professionally as Charlie Sloth, is a British DJ, hype man, producer and TV presenter.

## Early life

Charlie Ian Paul Rouillon was born on 20 August 1981. He was raised in the London Borough of Camden and attended Haverstock School. He is an avid supporter of Liverpool F.C.

## Career

Most of Sloth's career as a radio DJ has been spent on BBC Radio 1 and BBC Radio 1Xtra, presenting The Rap Show on Saturday nights and his weeknight late show The 8th. He was previously a presenter on the weekday drivetime show on BBC Radio 1Xtra.
His trademark freestyle brand, Fire in the Booth, has been described as "...a real mark of prestige in the scene, especially for newcomers" with MCs from grime and hip-hop coming into the studio to perform. Akala, Avelino, Devlin, Professor Green, K Koke, Lowkey, Mic Righteous, Bugzy Malone, Big Narstie, Tinie Tempah, Wretch 32, Drake, Big Shaq, Migos and others have performed on Fire in the Booth. Canadian rapper Drake's appearance was "...four or five years in the making", with Sloth noting in 2018 that it was one of his favourite moments of the show.

### 2007 – 2008

Sloth came to notability in 2007 after he won Most Original Video at the CraveFest Awards Canada for music video "Guided Tour of Camden".
He also created a weekly online video series Being Charlie Sloth, which was picked up by WorldStarHipHop.com. The show ran for 59 episodes.
In 2008, Sloth won Best Rap/Hip-Hop/R&B Unsigned Artist at the CraveFest awards in Canada. He released Hard Being Good in the same year.

### 2012 – Current

Sloth presented the daily drivetime show on BBC Radio 1Xtra from September 2012 until November 2017
On 6 November 2017, Sloth began presenting a new late-night show, The 8th, which was simulcast on Radio 1 and 1Xtra from Monday to Thursday from 9 until 11 pm.
On 3 October 2018, Sloth announced he would be leaving BBC 1Xtra, with his last planned show being on 3 November. This was however cut short on 20 October when Radio 1 "agreed with Charlie" that he would not be completing his remaining 10 shows. This followed Charlie Sloth controversially "storming the stage" at the Audio and Productions Awards show on 18 October. On 14 January 2019, Sloth announced via Instagram that he would be joining Apple Music and Beats 1 and bringing Fire In The Booth over. He also hosts the Rap Show and curates playlists for Apple Music.
In August 2020 it was announced that Sloth had signed a deal with Jay Z's Roc Nation. The deal is a partnership which sees Roc Nation look after all of his assets on a worldwide deal.

## Personal life
### Political views

In November 2019, along with 34 other musicians, Sloth signed a letter endorsing Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn in the 2019 UK general election with a call to end austerity.

## Discography
### Albums

* The Plug (2017)

### Mixtapes

* The Big Boot (2004)
* Secret Society (2006)
* Hard Being Good (2008)
* The Black Book (2010)
* Hood Heat Vol. 1 (2014)
* Hood Heat Vol. 2 (2015)