# Ghost World (film)

Ghost World is a 2001 black comedy film co-written and directed by Terry Zwigoff. Based on the 1990s comic book Ghost World by Daniel Clowes, the story focuses on the lives of teenage outsiders Enid (Thora Birch) and Rebecca (Scarlett Johansson), who face a rift in their friendship as Enid takes an interest in an older man named Seymour (Steve Buscemi), and becomes determined to help his romantic life.
Ghost World debuted at the Seattle International Film Festival in 2001. It had little box office impact but received critical acclaim. It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay and has become a cult film.

## Plot

Best friends Enid and Rebecca face the summer after their high school graduation, with no plans for their future, other than to find jobs and live together. The girls are cynical social outcasts, but Rebecca is more popular with boys than Enid. Enid's diploma is withheld on the condition that she attend a remedial art class. Even though she is a talented artist, her art teacher, Roberta, believes that art must be socially meaningful and dismisses Enid's sketches as nothing more than "light entertainment".
The girls see a personal ad in which a lonely, middle-aged man named Seymour asks a woman he met recently to contact him. Enid makes a prank phone call to Seymour, pretending to be the woman and inviting him to meet her at a diner. The two girls and their friend, Josh, secretly watch Seymour at the diner and make fun of him. Enid soon begins to feel sympathy for Seymour, and they follow him to his apartment building. They later find him selling vintage records in a garage sale. Enid buys an old blues album from him, and they become friends. She decides to try to find women for him to date.
Enid has meanwhile been attending her remedial art class, and she persuades Seymour to lend her an old poster depicting a grotesquely caricatured black man, which was once used as a promotional tool by Coon Chicken Inn, the fried chicken franchise now known as Cook's Chicken, where Seymour works in corporate. Enid presents the poster in class as a social comment about racism, and Roberta is so impressed with the concept that she offers Enid a scholarship to an art college.
Seymour receives a phone call from Dana, the intended recipient of his personal ad. Enid encourages him to pursue a relationship with Dana, but she becomes unexpectedly jealous when he does so.
Enid's and Rebecca's lives start to diverge. While Enid has been spending time with Seymour, Rebecca starts working at a coffee shop. Enid gets a job at a movie theater, so she can afford to rent an apartment with Rebecca, but her cynical attitude and reluctance to upsell concessions get her fired on her first day. The girls argue, and Rebecca abandons the idea of living with Enid.
When Enid's poster is displayed in an art show, school officials find it so offensive they force Roberta to give her a failing grade and revoke the scholarship. Enid turns to Seymour for solace, resulting in a drunken one-night stand. Seymour breaks up with Dana and is called to account at work when the Coon Chicken poster is publicized in a local newspaper. He unsuccessfully tries to contact Enid, only for Rebecca to tell him about Enid's prank phone call, describing the way they mocked him at the diner. Seymour is upset and goes to the convenience store where Josh works. Another customer ends up in a violent confrontation with Seymour, resulting in him being injured and hospitalized. Enid visits him in the hospital to apologize.
After everything that has occurred, Enid gives in to her childhood fantasy of running away from home and disappearing. She has seen an old man, Norman, continually waiting at an out-of-service bus stop for a bus that will never come. Finally, as Enid watches from across the street, Norman boards an out-of-service bus. The next day, while Seymour discusses the summer's events with his therapist, Enid returns to the bus stop and boards the out-of-service bus when it arrives.
A post-credits scene shows an alternate version of Seymour's scene in the convenience store, in which he wins the fight and is not injured.

## Cast

* Thora Birch as Enid
* Scarlett Johansson as Rebecca
* Steve Buscemi as Seymour
* Brad Renfro as Josh
* Illeana Douglas as Roberta Allsworth
* Bob Balaban as Enid's father
* Stacey Travis as Dana
* Dave Sheridan as Doug
* Tom McGowan as Joe
* Debra Azar as Melorra
* Brian George as the Sidewinder boss
* Pat Healy as John Ellis
* Rini Bell as the graduation speaker
* Ezra Buzzington as Al "Weird Al"
* Ashley Peldon as Margaret
* David Cross as Gerrold
* Patrick Fischler as the Masterpiece Video clerk
* Bruce Glover as Feldman, the wheelchair guy
* Teri Garr as Maxine (uncredited)

## Production and technique

The film was directed by Terry Zwigoff with cinematography by Affonso Beato. Zwigoff and Ghost World comic creator Daniel Clowes wrote the screenplay together. Years later, Clowes admitted that writing the screenplay came with a significant learning curve. He recalled, "I started by trying to transcribe the comic into Final Draft. I figured that’s how you do an adaptation. Then I tried throwing everything away and writing an entirely new story that was very different from the book. And I synthesized those two things into a final screenplay. The actual film itself is very different from the script we wrote. We ended up jettisoning the last twenty pages and rethought the whole thing as we were filming. It was really held together by hair and spit."
Zwigoff and Clowes presented Beato with the task of making a comic book look to the movie. They asked for a fresh technique from earlier examples such as X-Men and Batman; Dick Tracy specifically was dismissed as literal-minded and "insulting" to the art form. According to Clowes, cameraman Beato "really took it to heart", carefully studying the style and color of the original comics. The final cut is just slightly oversaturated, purposefully redolent of "the way the modern world looks where everything is trying to get your attention at once".
Zwigoff also added his individual vision to the adaptation, particularly in his capture and editing of languid, lingering shots, a technique derived from his experience as a documentarian. Another notable touch is his minimal use of extras in the film, making the city and its streets intentionally empty – Clowes notes approvingly, "It captures this weird feeling of alienation in the endless modern consumer culture."

## Themes
### Ending and suicide theory

In a 2002 interview, Daniel Clowes and Terry Zwigoff were asked if the ending of the film adaptation was a metaphor for suicide. Clowes replied, "Yeah, it could be. It's hard to figure out why people have that response. The first time I heard that I said, 'What? You're out of your mind. What are you talking about?' But I've heard that hundreds of times". Zwigoff expanded on his views in a 2021 interview, saying: "Many interpreted it to mean Enid died by suicide [...] I personally thought of the ending as more positive: that she’s moving on with her life, that she had faith in herself".
Birch, on the other hand, stated: "Honestly, it’s a sad film, to me... I have a very dark view of where that story is leading, unfortunately".

## Soundtrack

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
Music in the film includes "Jaan Pehechan Ho" by Mohammed Rafi, a dance number choreographed by Herman Benjamin from the 1965 Bollywood musical Gumnaam which Enid watches and dances to early in the film, and "Devil Got My Woman" by Skip James (1931), as well as "Pickin' Cotton Blues" by the bar band, Blueshammer.
There are songs by other artists mentioned in the film, including Lionel Belasco, which are reflective of the character Seymour, and of director Terry Zwigoff. Zwigoff is a collector of 78 RPM records, as portrayed by Seymour. Other tracks are by Vince Giordano, a musician who specializes in meticulous recreations of songs from old 78 RPM records.
Referenced in the film is R. Crumb & His Cheap Suit Serenaders, a band that Zwigoff played in. Enid asks Seymour about the band's second album, Chasin' Rainbows, and Seymour replies, "Nah, that one's not so great."
Missing from the soundtrack album are "What Do I Get?" by Buzzcocks, which can be heard when Enid dresses up like a punk, and the song "A Smile and a Ribbon" by Patience and Prudence.

## Release

Ghost World premiered on June 16, 2001, at the Seattle International Film Festival, to lower than average recognition by audiences, but admiration from critics. It was also screened at several film festivals worldwide including the Fantasia Festival in Montreal.
Following the film's theatrical exhibition in the United States, Ghost World was released on VHS and DVD format via MGM Home Entertainment in early 2002. Additional features include deleted and alternative scenes, "Making of Ghost World" featurette, the Gumnaam music video "Jaan Pehechaan Ho", and the original theatrical trailer. The film was released on Blu-ray on May 30, 2017, by The Criterion Collection, with a 4K transfer, interviews with the performers, and audio commentary.

### Box office

With a limited commercial theatrical run in the United States, Ghost World's commercial success was minimal. The film was released on July 20, 2001, in five theaters grossing $98,791 on its opening weekend; it slowly expanded to more theaters, reaching a maximum of 128 by the end of the year. It went on to make $6.2 million in North America and $2.5 million in the rest of the world for a worldwide total of $8.7 million, just above its $7 million budget.

## Reception

On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 93% based on 165 reviews, with an average score of 8.10/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "With acerbic wit, Terry Zwigoff fashions Daniel Clowes' graphic novel into an intelligent, comedic trip through deadpan teen angst." On Metacritic, the film received a score of 90 out of 100 based on 31 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".
Roger Ebert gave the film four out of four stars and wrote:
   I wanted to hug this movie. It takes such a risky journey and never steps wrong. It creates specific, original, believable, lovable characters, and meanders with them through their inconsolable days, never losing its sense of humor.
In his review for The New York Times, A. O. Scott praised Thora Birch's performance as Enid:
   Thora Birch, whose performance as Lester Burnham's alienated daughter was the best thing about American Beauty, plays a similar character here, with even more intelligence and restraint.
In his Chicago Reader review, Jonathan Rosenbaum wrote:
   Birch makes the character an uncanny encapsulation of adolescent agonies without ever romanticizing or sentimentalizing her attitudes, and Clowes and Zwigoff never allow us to patronize her.
However, Andrew Sarris of The New York Observer disliked the character of Enid:
   I found Enid smug, complacent, cruel, deceitful, thoughtless, malicious and disloyal... Enid's favorite targets are people who are older, poorer, or dumber than she is.
Kevin Thomas, in his review for the Los Angeles Times, praised Steve Buscemi's portrayal of Seymour:
   Buscemi rarely has had so full and challenging a role, that of a mature, reflective man, unhandsome yet not unattractive, thanks to a witty sensitivity and clear intelligence.
Time magazine's Andrew D. Arnold wrote:
   Unlike those shrill, hard-sell teen comedies on the other screens, Ghost World never becomes the kind of empty, defensive snark-fest that it targets. Clowes and Zwigoff keep the organic pace of the original, and its empathic exploration of painfully changing relationships.
Michael Dean of The Comics Journal addressed the concerns of comics fans head-on:
   Those with higher expectations—and, certainly, Ghost World purists —are likely to experience at least a degree of disappointment. Some of the comic's air of aimless mystery has been paved over with the semblance of a Hollywood plot, and to that extent, the movie is a lesser work than the comic. But it's still a far better movie than we had a right to expect... The injection of a relatively trite plot situation into Ghost World's more enigmatic stream of events is perhaps forgivable, since the film might otherwise never have been produced. Its greatest sin, the misappropriation of Enid's longing, is not so forgivable, though the overlap between Zwigoff's distaste for modernity and Enid's distrust of social acceptability makes it almost palatable. In any case, we want to forgive it, because so much is right about the movie.
Entertainment Weekly gave the film an "A−" rating. Owen Gleiberman wrote, "Ghost World is a movie for anyone who ever felt imprisoned by life, but crazy about it anyway." In her review for the LA Weekly, Manohla Dargis wrote, "If Zwigoff doesn't always make his movie move (he's overly faithful to the concept of the cartoon panel), he has a gift for connecting us to people who aren't obviously likable, then making us see the urgency of that connection." In Sight & Sound, Leslie Felperin wrote, "Cannily, the main performers deliver most of their lines in slack monotones, all the better to set off the script's wit and balance the glistering cluster of varyingly deranged lesser characters." In his review for The Guardian, Peter Bradshaw wrote, "It is an engaging account of the raw pain of adolescence: the fear of being trapped in a grown-up future and choosing the wrong grown-up identity, and of course the pain of love, which we all learn to anaesthetise with jobs and mundane worries." Several critics referred to the film as an art film.

### Accolades

| Award | Date of ceremony | Category | Recipient(s) | Result |
| Academy Awards | March 24, 2002 | Best Adapted Screenplay | Daniel Clowes, Terry Zwigoff | Nominated |
| American Film Institute | January 5, 2002 | Screenwriter of the Year | Daniel Clowes, Terry Zwigoff | Nominated |
| American Film Institute | January 5, 2002 | Featured Actor | Steve Buscemi | Nominated |
| Boston Society of Film Critics | December 16, 2001 | Best Screenplay | Daniel Clowes, Terry Zwigoff | Runner-up |
| Boston Society of Film Critics | December 16, 2001 | Best Supporting Actor | Steve Buscemi | Runner-up |
| Boston Society of Film Critics | December 16, 2001 | Best Supporting Actress | Scarlett Johansson | Runner-up |
| Chicago Film Critics Association | February 25, 2002 | Best Screenplay | Daniel Clowes, Terry Zwigoff | Nominated |
| Chicago Film Critics Association | February 25, 2002 | Best Actress | Thora Birch | Nominated |
| Chicago Film Critics Association | February 25, 2002 | Best Supporting Actor | Steve Buscemi | Won |
| Empire Awards | February 5, 2002 | Independent Spirit Award | Terry Zwigoff | Nominated |
| Golden Globes | January 20, 2002 | Best Actress – Comedy or Musical | Thora Birch | Nominated |
| Golden Globes | January 20, 2002 | Best Supporting Actor | Steve Buscemi | Nominated |
| Golden Space Needle Award | June 2001 | Best Actress | Thora Birch | Won |
| Independent Spirit Awards | March 23, 2002 | Best First Feature | Terry Zwigoff | Nominated |
| Independent Spirit Awards | March 23, 2002 | Best First Screenplay | Daniel Clowes, Terry Zwigoff | Won |
| Independent Spirit Awards | March 23, 2002 | Best Supporting Actor | Steve Buscemi | Won |
| Los Angeles Film Critics Association | December 15, 2001 | Best Screenplay | Daniel Clowes, Terry Zwigoff | Runner-up |
| National Society of Film Critics | January 4, 2002 | Best Supporting Actor | Steve Buscemi | Won |
| National Society of Film Critics | January 4, 2002 | Best Screenplay | Daniel Clowes, Terry Zwigoff | Runner-up |
| New York Film Critics Circle | December 13, 2001 | Best Supporting Actor | Steve Buscemi | Won |
| Satellite Awards | January 19, 2002 | Best Actress, Comedy or Musical | Thora Birch | Nominated |
| Satellite Awards | January 19, 2002 | Best Supporting Actor, Comedy or Musical | Steve Buscemi | Nominated |
| Toronto Film Critics Association | December 20, 2001 | Best Screenplay | Daniel Clowes, Terry Zwigoff | Runner-up |
| Toronto Film Critics Association | December 20, 2001 | Best Actress | Thora Birch | Won |
| Toronto Film Critics Association | December 20, 2001 | Best Supporting Actress | Scarlett Johansson | Won |
| Toronto Film Critics Association | December 20, 2001 | Best Supporting Actor | Steve Buscemi | Runner-up |
| Writers Guild of America | March 2, 2002 | Best Adapted Screenplay | Daniel Clowes, Terry Zwigoff | Nominated |
| Young Artist Awards | April 7, 2002 | Best Family Feature Film - Comedy | Ghost World | Nominated |

## Legacy

Ghost World topped MSN Movies' list of the "Top 10 Comic Book Movies", it was ranked number 3 out of 94 in Rotten Tomatoes "Comix Worst to Best" countdown (where #1 was the best and #94 the worst), ranked 5th "Best" on IGN's "Best & Worst Comic-Book Movies", and Empire magazine ranked the film 19th in their "The 20 Greatest Comic Book Movies" list. It is considered a cult film. It was added to the Criterion Collection in 2017.