# Chess.com

Chess.com is an internet chess server and social networking website. One of the largest chess platforms in the world, the site has a freemium model in which some features are available for free, some via subscription. Users can play live online chess together in daily, rapid, blitz, or bullet time controls, with a number of chess variants available. Other offerings include play versus a chess engine, computer analysis, chess puzzles, and teaching resources.
Chess.com said it reached 100 million users on December 16, 2022, and had about 11 million daily active users as of April 2023. Chess.com has hosted online tournaments, including Titled Tuesdays, the PRO Chess League, the Speed Chess Championships, PogChamps, Online Chess Olympiads, and computer vs. computer events.

## History
### Founding

The domain Chess.com was set up in 1995 by Aficionado, a company based in Berkeley, California, to sell Chess Mentor, a chess-tutoring app. In 2005, Internet entrepreneur Erik Allebest and partner Jarom "Jay" Severson, who met as undergraduate students at Brigham Young University, bought the domain name and assembled a team of software developers to redevelop the site as a chess portal. The site was relaunched in 2007 with heavy campaigning and promotion on social media.
Two years later, Chess.com acquired a similar chess social networking site, chesspark.com. In October 2013, it acquired the Amsterdam-based chessvibes.com, a chess news site founded and operated by Dutch chess journalist Peter Doggers. Chessvibes continued to cover chess tournaments in a digital setting.

### Growth in the 2010s

In 2014, the site announced that over a billion live games had been played on the site, including 100 million correspondence games. In January 2016, Chess.com announced a two-year overhaul of its "v3" interface. The site introduced features including computer analysis of games, and the chess variants of crazyhouse, three-check chess, king of the hill, chess960, atomic and bughouse. In June 2017, the 2,147,483,647th (2$^{31}$-1) game was played. This caused the app to stop working on 32-bit Apple iOS devices because the number was too large to be represented in device storage.
In May 2018, Chess.com acquired the commercial chess engine Komodo, which held an Elo rating of 3300+, third behind Stockfish and Houdini. The Komodo team also announced the addition of the probabilistic method of Monte Carlo tree search machine learning, the same methods used by the recent chess projects AlphaZero and Leela Chess Zero.
In November 2020, Chess.com acquired the rights to broadcast the World Chess Championship 2021, which is broadcast on live-streaming platform Twitch.

#### Response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine

In response to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Chess.com published two articles that were critical of the invasion and replaced Russian and Belarusian flags with grey flags that linked to these articles. In retaliation, Chess.com was blocked in Russia. The site blocked Sergey Karjakin, Russian (formerly Ukrainian) grandmaster, over his support for the invasion, and Karjakin in turn supported Russia's block of the website.

#### Chess cheating controversy

In September 2022, Chess.com was caught in a controversy regarding cheating in professional chess games. A controversy erupted with accusations by grandmaster Magnus Carlsen against Hans Niemann. Leaked emails revealed that some people cheated on the Chess.com platform in games involving prize money and that Chess.com removed some players' accounts, including grandmaster Maxim Dlugy, who had been found to be cheating. In August 2023, a US District Court judge dismissed the lawsuit filed by Niemann.

#### Chess.com Global Championship

In November 2022, The Chess.com Global Championship was inaugurated with a $1,000,000 prize pool. 8 players that advanced from the CGC Knockout competed for a $500,000 total prize fund and Global Champion title in the finals taking place in Toronto, Canada. Wesley So became the first Chess.com Global Champion, defeating Nihal Sarin in the finals with a match score of 4.5–1.5.

### Torch

Torch is a closed-source chess engine created by Chess.com. Torch has finished second in several Chess.com Computer Chess Championship events, only behind Stockfish in each case. It initially participated in the tournament under the name "Mystery". It is freely useable through Chess.com's analysis page. It has also been tested by some chess engine rating lists.
The team behind Torch is composed of Andrew Grant (author of Ethereal), Finn Eggers and Kim Kåhre (authors of Koivisto), Jay Honnold (author of Berserk), and Michael Whiteley and Dietrich Kappe (current authors of Dragon). The former authors of Dragon, Mark Lefler and Larry Kaufman, are advisors on this project. The development of Torch is supported by many open-source tools, including pytorch-nnue, Cutechess, and OpenBench. Torch developers have stated that the entire source code of Torch is original, with no code being used from any other engine.

## Subsidiary companies
### ChessKid.com

Chess.com runs the subsidiary site ChessKid.com for chess players that are under the minimum age requirement for Chess.com.
ChessKid.com has run a yearly online championship called CONIC (the ChessKid Online National Invitational Championship), since 2012 which is recognized by the United States Chess Federation. According to David Petty, the event organizer in 2013, ChessKid has made agreements and partnerships with chess associations in schools. In 2014, for a trial period. They have a long-term partnership with the NTCA (North Texas Chess Academy) which gives children access to online instructors.

### Play Magnus Group

In August 2022, the Play Magnus Group accepted an offer to be acquired by Chess.com at a value of 800 million kr (US$80 million). The Play Magnus Group owns brands and businesses including the chess server chess24, the mobile app Play Magnus, the Champions Chess Tour, and the chess improvement website Chessable. On December 16, 2022, the acquisition was officially closed. According to Dot Esports, the Play Magnus Group was unable to make a "sustainable profit" on anything but Chessable, and the merge left "no other realistic chess competitor" except the free, open-source Lichess.

## Tournaments and events
### Speed Chess Championship

Chess.com has held the Speed Chess Championship annually since 2016, involving a single-elimination tournament featuring some of the world's best players. Nakamura has won five championships, while Carlsen has won four.

#### Tournament formula

The most important elements of the tournament formula:
* 16-player single-elimination bracket
* Matches consist of three segments: 90 minutes of 5+1, 60 minutes of 3+1, and 30 minutes of 1+1.
* The player with the most cumulative points at the end of the match wins.
* Games that start before the time for a segment runs out count toward the final score.
* Players can resign from the match within the last 10 minutes of the 1+1 segment, with the player's win percentage being capped at 35%.
* In case of equal number of points – tiebreaks:
** A four-game 1+1 match.
** A single bidding armageddon game with a base time of 5 minutes.

#### Winners of Speed Chess Championships

| No | Year | Winner | Runner-up | Final score | Prize fund |
| 1 | 2016 | Magnus Carlsen | Hikaru Nakamura | 14.5–10.5 | $40,000 |
| 2 | 2017 | Magnus Carlsen | Hikaru Nakamura | 18–9 | $50,000 |
| 3 | 2018 | Hikaru Nakamura | Wesley So | 15.5–12.5 | $55,000 |
| 4 | 2019 | Hikaru Nakamura | Wesley So | 19.5–14.5 | $50,000 |
| 5 | 2020 | Hikaru Nakamura | Maxime Vachier-Lagrave | 18.5–12.5 | $100,000 |
| 6 | 2021 | Hikaru Nakamura | Wesley So | 23–8 | $100,000 |
| 7 | 2022 | Hikaru Nakamura | Magnus Carlsen | 14.5–13.5 | $100,000 |
| 8 | 2023 | Magnus Carlsen | Hikaru Nakamura | 13.5–12.5 | $150,000 |
| 9 | 2024 | Magnus Carlsen | Alireza Firouzja | 23.5-7.5 | $175,000 |

### Daily Chess Championships
#### Tournament formula

The tournament starts on January 1 and, depending on the number of participants, consists of 4 or 5 rounds. All players are divided into groups (up to 12 people), and only the winners advance to the next round. Players play in each round a maximum of 22 games simultaneously (with each opponent as White and Black), with a maximum of one day allocated for each move. So it can be considered a form of correspondence chess. The winner of the Championship is the player who accumulates the most points in the final round.

#### Winners of Daily Chess Championships

| No | Year | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Number of players |
| 1 | 2018 | Jbd735 | USA Rob King | RUS Alexey Zimin | 7344 |
| 2 | 2019 | GER Sascha Grimm | Jbd735 | NED Daan Brandenburg | 11609 |
| 3 | 2020 | DEN Uffe Vinther-Schou | RUS Andrei Belozerov | TUR Irmak Sipahioglu | 16831 |
| 4 | 2021 | DEN Uffe Vinther-Schou | RUS Andrei Belozerov | UKR Leonid Starozhilov POL Marcin Szymański | 16505 |
| 5 | 2022 | USA NefariousNebula | RUS Andrei Belozerov | USA volunteers1998 | 33633 |
| 6 | 2023 | POL Marcin Szymański | RUS DanilinDP | POL Kacper Drozdowski | 35000 |
| 7 | 2024 | INA patzers | UKR Yury Galichin | USA Schadenfreude5 | 60466 |
| 8 | 2025 | ? | ? | ? | 24760 |
| Italic font - only usernames available on the chess.com platform. ||||||

### PRO Chess League
#### Winners of PRO Chess League

| No | Year | Winner | Runner-up | Final score |
| 1 | 2017 | St. Louis Arch Bishops | Norway Gnomes | 9–7 |
| 2 | 2018 | Armenia Eagles | Chengdu Pandas | 12–11 |
| 3 | 2019 | St. Louis Arch Bishops | Baden-Baden Snowballs | 10–6 |
| 4 | 2020 | St. Louis Arch Bishops | Canada Chessbrahs/Chengde Panda | 9.5-6.5 |
| 5 | 2021 | Russia Wizards | St. Louis Arch Bishops | 9–7 |
| 6 | 2023 | Gotham Knights | Shanghai Tigers | 9.5-6.5 |

### Titled Tuesdays

Titled Tuesday is an 11-round Swiss-system 3+1 blitz chess tournament held twice every Tuesday where all entrants must have a chess title and their full legal name displayed on their Chess.com account. The event started as a monthly 9 round tournament. The first edition was held on October 28, 2014 with a total prize fund of $1000, including $500 for first place, and was won by Baadur Jobava. It became a weekly event on April 7, 2020, permanently became 11 rounds on October 20, 2020, and on February 1, 2022, the prize fund went from $1600 to $2500, with $1000 for first place, and two events began to be held every week instead of one. As of August 28, 2024, GM Hikaru Nakamura has the most tournament wins since October 2020 with 77, followed by GM Magnus Carlsen with 20, and GM Dmitry Andreikin with 17. Other super grandmaster winners include Maxime Vachier-Lagrave, Alexander Grischuk, Alireza Firouzja, Wesley So, Ian Nepomniachtchi, and Fabiano Caruana.
In June 2018, Chess.com held a special version of the tournament for which the winner would go on to participate in the Isle of Man International which had a prize fund of £144,000. Iranian GM Pouria Darini won the event.

### Death Matches

Death Matches were introduced in January 2012. They feature titled players taking part in a series of blitz games over a non-stop 3-hour period (5-minute, 3-minute and 1-minute, all with a one-second increment). There have been 38 deathmatches, participants including the grandmasters Hikaru Nakamura, Dmitry Andreikin, Maxime Vachier-Lagrave, Lê Quang Liêm, Wesley So, Fabiano Caruana, Judit Polgár and Nigel Short.

### Chess.com Computer Chess Championship

In November 2017, Chess.com held an open tournament, called the Chess.com Computer Chess Championship (CCCC, later CCC), with the ten strongest chess engines, with $2,500 in prize money. The top-two engines competed in a "Superfinal" tournament between the two finalists – Stockfish and Houdini. In the 20-game Superfinal, Stockfish won over Houdini with a score 10.5–9.5. Five games were decisive, with 15 ending in a draw. Of the decisive games, three games were won by Stockfish, and two by Houdini.
In August 2018, the site announced that the Chess.com Computer Chess Championship had returned, this time as a non-stop tournament for chess engines.
Main events :
| Event | Year | Time controls | Winner | Runner-up |
| Computer Chess Championship | 2017 | 15+2 | Stockfish (1) | Houdini |
| CCC 1: Rapid Rumble | 2018 | 15+5 | Stockfish (2) | Houdini |
| CCC 2: Blitz Battle | 2018 | 5+2 | Stockfish (3) | Komodo |
| CCC 3: Rapid Redux | 2019 | 30+5 | Stockfish (4) | Leela Chess Zero |
| CCC 4: Bullet Brawl | 2019 | 1+2 | Stockfish (5) | Leela Chess Zero |
| CCC 5: Escalation | 2019 | 10+5 | Stockfish (6) | Leela Chess Zero |
| CCC 6: Winter Classic | 2019 | 10+10 | Stockfish (7) | Leela Chess Zero |
| CCC 7: Blitz Bonanza | 2019 | 5+2 | Leela Chess Zero (1) | Stockfish |
| CCC 8: Deep Dive | 2019 | 15+5 | Stockfish (8) | Leela Chess Zero |
| CCC 9: The Gauntlet | 2019 | 5+2, 10+5 | Stockfish (9) | Leelenstein |
| CCC 10: Double Digits | 2019 | 10+3 | Leelenstein (1) | Stockfish |
| CCC 11 | 2019 | 30+5 | Leela Chess Zero (2) | Stockfish |
| CCC 12: Bullet Madness! | 2020 | 1+1 | Leela Chess Zero (3) | Leelenstein |
| CCC 13: Heptagonal | 2020 | 5+5 | Leela Chess Zero (4) | Stockfish |
| CCC 14 | 2020 | 15+5, 5+2, 1+1 | Leela Chess Zero (5) | Leelenstein |
| CCC Blitz 2020 | 2020 | 5+5 | Stockfish (10) | Leela Chess Zero |
| CCC Rapid 2021 | 2021 | 15+3 | Stockfish (11) | Leela Chess Zero |
| CCC Blitz 2021 | 2021 | 5+5 | Stockfish (12) | Leela Chess Zero |
| CCC Chess 960 Blitz | 2021 | 5+5 | Stockfish (13) | Dragon |
| CCC 16: Rapid | 2021 | 15+3 | Stockfish (14) | Leela Chess Zero |
| CCC 16: Bullet | 2021 | 2+1 | Stockfish (15) | Dragon |
| CCC 16: Blitz | 2022 | 5+5 | Stockfish (16) | Dragon |
| CCC 17: Rapid | 2022 | 15+3 | Stockfish (17) | Dragon |
| CCC 17: Bullet | 2022 | 2+1 | Stockfish (18) | Dragon |
| CCC 17: Blitz | 2022 | 5+5 | Stockfish (19) | Leela Chess Zero |
| CCC 18: Rapid | 2022 | 15+3 | Stockfish (20) | Leela Chess Zero |
| CCC 19: Blitz | 2022 | 5+5 | Stockfish (21) | Dragon |
| CCC 19: Rapid | 2022 | 15+3 | Stockfish (22) | Leela Chess Zero |
| CCC 19: Bullet | 2023 | 1+1 | Stockfish (23) | Dragon |
| CCC 20: Blitz | 2023 | 3+2 | Stockfish (24) | Dragon |
| CCC 20: Rapid | 2023 | 10+3 | Stockfish (25) | Leela Chess Zero |
| CCC 20: Bullet | 2023 | 1+1 | Stockfish (26) | Torch |
| CCC 21: Blitz | 2023 | 3+2 | Stockfish (27) | Torch |
| CCC 21: Rapid | 2023 | 10+3 | Stockfish (28) | Leela Chess Zero |
| CCC 21: Bullet | 2023 | 1+1 | Stockfish (29) | Torch |
| CCC 22: Blitz | 2024 | 3+2 | Stockfish (30) | Torch |
| CCC 22: Rapid | 2024 | 10+3 | Stockfish (31) | Leela Chess Zero |
| CCC 22: Bullet | 2024 | 1+1 | Stockfish (32) | Torch |
| CCC 23: Blitz | 2024 | 3+2 | Stockfish (33) | Torch |
| CCC 23: Rapid | 2024 | 10+3 | Stockfish (34) | Leela Chess Zero |
Bonus :
| Event | Year | Time Controls | Winner | Runner-up |
| CPU Blitz Madness | 2020 | 3+2 | Stockfish | an older version of Stockfish |
| Trillion-Node Throwdown III | 2020 | 150+5 | Stockfish | Leela Chess Zero on the CPU |
| No-Castle II | 2020 | 5+2 | Stockfish | an older version of Stockfish |
| Bullet Chess is Fun | 2020 | 2+1 | Stockfish | Leela Chess Zero |
| Checkmate in 4 | 2020 | 3+2 | Stockfish | Leela Chess Zero |
| Odds Ladder | 2020 | 3+2 | Stockfish | Leela Chess Zero |
| Merry Queen Sac | 2020 | 2+1 | Stockfish | Stoofvlees |
| Budapest Bullet | 2020 | 2+1 | Leela Chess Zero | Stockfish |
| King Gambit Madness | 2021 | 5+5 | Stockfish | Leela Chess Zero |
| Drawkiller Update Party | 2021 | 2+1 | Stockfish | Leela Chess Zero |
| To Castle Or Not To Castle II | 2021 | 3+2 | Stockfish | Leela Chess Zero |
| Eco Mega-Match 2 (part 1) | 2021 | 1+1 | Stockfish | Leela Chess Zero |
| Eco Mega-Match 2 (part 2) | 2021 | 1+1 | Stockfish | Leela Chess Zero |
| Caro-Kann Special | 2021 | 5+2 | Stockfish | Leela Chess Zero |
| King's Indian Defense Special | 2021 | 10+2 | Leela Chess Zero | Stockfish |
| Dutch Defense Special | 2021 | 10+2 | Stockfish | Leela Chess Zero |
| Evans Gambit Madness | 2021 | 10+2 | Leela Chess Zero | Stockfish |
| Sicilian Najdorf Special | 2021 | 10+2 | Stockfish | Dragon |
| Belgian Stew | 2021 | 2+1 | Stockfish | Leela Chess Zero |
| Saragossa | 2021 | 2+1 | Leela Chess Zero | Stockfish |
| Double Bongcloud, Rapid | 2021 | 10+2 | Leela Chess Zero | Stockfish |
| The Hillbilly Attack | 2021 | 10+2 | Leela Chess Zero | Dragon |
| Romantic Openings: Danish Gambit Accepted | 2021 | 3+2 | Stockfish | Dragon |
| Romantic Openings: Evans Gambit Accepted | 2021 | 3+2 | Stockfish | Leela Chess Zero |
| Romantic Openings: Urusov Gambit Accepted | 2021 | 5+2 | Stockfish | Dragon |
| Romantic Openings: Blackmar-Diemer Gambit | 2021 | 5+2 | Stockfish | Dragon |
| Romantic Openings: Stafford Gambit | 2021 | 1+2 | Leela Chess Zero | Stockfish |
| Romantic Openings: Calabrese Countergambit | 2021 | 5+2 | Stockfish | Leela Chess Zero |
| Romantic Openings: Traxler Counterattack | 2021 | 5+2 | Leela Chess Zero | Stockfish |
| No Black Castling | 2022 | 5+5 | Stockfish | Dragon |
| Draw Killer | 2022 | 15+5 | Stockfish | Leela Chess Zero |
| Romantic Openings: Wing Gambit | 2022 | 5+2 | Stockfish | Leela Chess Zero |
| Chess 324 Bonus | 2022 | 5+2 | Stockfish | Dragon |
| Classical Cup #1 | 2023 | 30+5 | Stockfish | Leela Chess Zero |
| Rating Brawl: Fall 2023 | 2023 | 1+1 | Stockfish | Torch |

### PogChamps

Chess.com has hosted PogChamps, an amateur online tournament featuring Twitch streamers, since 2020. The first PogChamps featured streamers including xQcOW, MoistCr1TiKaL, Ludwig Ahgren, and forsen. New participants from PogChamps 2 included itsHafu and Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson. PogChamps 3, beginning in February 2021, debuted with a wider range of Internet personalities and celebrities, with new competitors including MrBeast, Neekolul, Myth, Pokimane, actor Rainn Wilson, and rapper Logic.

### Coaches

Chess.com provides an extensive feature for connecting with professional chess coaches. Users can search for coaches at Chess.com Coaches Club based on rating, language, and availability, and view detailed profiles that include teaching styles, experience, and rates. Coaches include top players like: José Eduardo Martínez Alcántara, Raunak Sadhwani, and Benjamin Bok.