# Gombe State

Gombe State (Fula: Lesdi Gommbe 𞤤𞤫𞤴𞤣𞤭 𞤺𞤮𞤥𞥆𞤦𞤫; Tangale: Kwambe) is a state in northeastern Nigeria, bordered to the north and northeast by the states of Borno in the vicinity of Gongola River and Lake Dadin Kowa and Yobe in the vicinity of Gongola River, to the south by Taraba State, to the southeast by Adamawa State, and to the west by Bauchi State. Gombe is the state capital of Gombe state and it was formed from a part of Bauchi State on 1 October 1996. Of the 36 states in Nigeria, Gombe is the 22nd largest in area and the 32nd most populous, with an estimated population of about 3.25 million as of 2016. The state bears a slogan "Jewel in the Savannah".
Geographically, the state is within the tropical West Sudanian savanna ecoregion. Important geographic features include the Gongola River — which flows through Gombe's north and east into Lake Dadin Kowa — and part of the Muri Mountains, a small range in the state's far south. Among the state's nature endowments are a number of snake species, including carpet viper, puff adder, and Egyptian cobra populations along with hippopotamus, Senegal parrot, and grey-headed kingfisher populations.
The state is inhabited by various ethnic groups, primarily the Fulani people living in the north and center of the state, and the Tangale, living in the Southern and Central part of the state, while the state's diverse eastern and southern regions are populated by the Cham, Dadiya, Jara, Kamo, Pero, Tangale, Tera, Lunguda and Waja peoples. Religiously, between 55% and 60% of the state's populations are Muslim while the Christian minority comprises between 40% and 45%.
In the pre-colonial period, the area that is now Gombe State was split up between various states until the early 1800s when the Fulani jihad seized much of the area to the Northern Gombe and formed the Gombe Emirate under the Sokoto Caliphate while the Tangale seized the Southern Area to establish their Maidom which has traceable history to ElKanemi - Maiduguri migration. In the 1910s, British expeditions occupied the Emirate and the surrounding areas, incorporating them into the Northern Nigeria Protectorate which later merged into British Nigeria before becoming independent as Nigeria in 1960. Originally, modern-day Gombe State was a part of the post-independence Northern Region until 1967 when the region was split and the area became part of the North-Eastern State. After the North-Eastern State was split, Bauchi State was formed in 1976 alongside ten other states. Twenty years afterwards, a group of LGAs in Bauchi's west were broken off to form the new Gombe State.
Economically, Gombe State is largely based around agriculture, mainly of sorghum, maize, groundnuts, millet, beans, rice and tomatoes mostly in the Central and Southern axis. Other key industries are services, especially in the city of Gombe, and the herding of camels, cattle, goats, and sheep which are predominantly in the Northern axis of the state. Gombe has the fourth lowest Human Development Index and one of the lowest GDPs in the country.
Gombe is one of the "friendliest" cities in Nigeria for doing business, due to its excellent modern infrastructure, secure and stable serenity, transparency and easier accessibility of information, regulatory environment, skills and labour and economic opportunities. These earned her the World Bank's yearly appraisal, "The Ease of Doing Business", in 2021 and 2023.

## Overview

The state has an area of 20,265 km$^2$ and a population of around 2,365,000 people as of 2006.
It was formed in October 1996, from part of the old Bauchi State by the Abacha military government. The state is located in Nigeria's Guinea savannah and Sudan savannah belts. Undulating hills, sandy rocks, and a few volcanic rocks make up the landscape. Its location in the northeastern zone, right within the expansive savannah, allows the state to share common borders with the states of Borno, Yobe, Taraba, Adamawa and Bauchi.
Gombe has two distinct climates, the dry season (November–March) and the rainy season (April–October) with an average rainfall of 850mm.

## Local Government Areas

Gombe State consists of eleven local government areas. They are:
| LGA | Area (km$^2$) | Census 2006 population | Administrative capital | Postal code |
| Akko | 2,627 | 337,853 | Kumo | 771 |
| Balanga | 1,626 | 212,549 | Tallase | 761 |
| Billiri | 737 | 202,144 | Billiri | 771 |
| Dukku | 3,815 | 207,190 | Dukku | 760 |
| Funakaye | 1,415 | 236,087 | Bajoga | 762 |
| Gombe | 52 | 268,000 | Gombe (city) | 760 |
| Kaltungo | 881 | 149,805 | Kaltungo | 770 |
| Kwami | 1,787 | 195,298 | Mallam Sidi | 760 |
| Nafada | 1,586 | 138,185 | Nafada | 762 |
| Shongom | 922 | 151,520 | Boh | 770 |
| Yamaltu/Deba | 2,181 | 355,248 | Deba | 761 |

## Demographics

Gombe State is a multi-ethnic society that consists of the majority Fulani and Tangale tribe, who inhabit the northern, southern and central parts of Gombe State. The Fulani are in 5 while the Tangle are also in 5 out of the 11 Local Government Areas of the state. These include Dukku, Funakaye, Nafada, Akko, and Gombe LGAs while for Tangale it includes Billiri, Kaltungo, Shomgom, Akko & Kwami LGAs. Apart from the Fulani and The Tangale. Other ethnicities include the Hausa, Tula, Longuda (Lunguda), Dadiya, Waja, Bangunji, Filiya, Awak, Tera (Yamaltu-Deba), Waja, Bolewa, and Kanuri, with their different cultural as well as lingual affiliations.

### Religion

55-60% Muslim, 40-45% Christian, including the Anglican Diocese of Gombe (1999) led by Bishop Cletus Tambari (2020), within the Province of Jos of the Church of Nigeria. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Bauchi (1996) includes Gombe with 92,620 followers in 28 parishes under Bishop Hilary Nanman Dachelem (as of 2017).

### Politics

The state government is led by a democratically elected governor who works closely with members of the state's House of Assembly.
The capital city of the state is Gombe.
The electoral system of each state is selected using a modified two-round system. To be elected in the first round, a candidate must receive the plurality of the vote and over 25% of the vote in at least two-thirds of the state local government areas. If no candidate passes the threshold, a second round will be held between the top candidate and the next candidate to have received a plurality of votes in the highest number of local government areas.

## Languages

Languages of Gombe State, listed by LGA:
| LGA | Languages |
| Akko | Fulani, Jukun, Tangale |
| Balanga | Bangwinji, Centúúm, Dadiya, Dera, Dikaka, Dza, Kyak, Longuda, Moo, Tangale, Tso, Waja |
| Billiri | Tangale |
| Dukku | Fulani, Bolewa |
| Funakaye | Fulani |
| Kaltungo | Awak, Tangale, Tula, Kamo, Yuwar, Cham |
| Kwami | Fulani, Kanuri |
| Nafada | Fulani, Bolewa |
| Shongom | Tangale, Kushi, Moo, Loo, Wurkun, Pipero |
| Yamaltu-Deba | Fulani, (katsinawa), Tera |

## Politics

The state is headed by the Executive Governor Muhammad Inuwa Yahaya and also has 24 State House Assembly members. Gombe has 11 local government areas and 14 emirates/chiefdoms. It has three Senators and six Members in the National Assembly.

### Governors

This is a list of administrators and governors of Gombe State.
| Name | Title | Took office | Left office | Party |
| Group Captain Joseph Orji | Administrator | 7 October 1996 | Aug 1998 | Military |
| Abubakar Habu Hashidu | Governor | 29 May 1999 | 29 May 2003 | APP |
| Mohammed Danjuma Goje | Governor | 29 May 2003 | May 2011 | PDP |
| Ibrahim Hassan Dankwambo | Governor | May 2011 | 29 May 2019 | PDP |
| Muhammad Inuwa Yahaya | Governor | May 2019 | Date | APC |

## Rulers

Rulers of Gombe Emirate:
| Start | End | Ruler |
| 1804 | 1841 | Abubakar "Buba Yero" dan Usman Subande (b. c.1762 – d. 1841) |
| 1841 | 1844 | Sulaymanu dan Abubakar (d. 1844) |
| 1844 | 1882 | Muhammadu Kwairanga dan Abi Bakar (d. 1882) |
| 1882 | 1888 | Abd al-Qadiri Zaylani dan Muhammadu (d. 1888) |
| 1888 | 1895 | Hasan dan Muhammadu (d. 1895) |
| 1895 | 1898 | Tukur dan Muhammadu (d. 1898) |
| 1898 | 1898 | Jalo dan Muhammadu |
| 1898 | 1922 | Umaru dan Muhammadu (d. 1922) |
| 1922 | 1935 | Haruna dan Umaru (d. 1935) |
| January 1936 | January 1984 | Abu Bakar dan Umaru (b. 1902) |
| January 1984 | 27 May 2014 | Shehu Usman Abubakar |
| June 2014 | Present | Abubakar Shehu Abubakar III (b. 1977) |

## State agencies
### Water Board

Gombe State Water Board is a state government organisation that provides water for domestic, industrial and commercial purposes. It is governed by a board of directors appointed by the state governor, with a chairman, a chief executive or chief manager, and nine other members. They all serve on a part-time basis, other than the General Manager.

### Gombe Geographic Information System

Gombe Geographic Information System (GOGIS) is a digitalised land administrative system that carries out the process of determining, recording, and disseminating information about land acquisition, ownership, value and land management policies in Gombe State.

### Gombe State Urban Planning and Development Authority

Gombe State Urban Planning and Development Authority (GOSPUDA) facilitates and enforces planning regulations for the development of the Gombe State by issuing and regulating building approval for individuals or organizations that wish to develop their land.

## Climate

The dry season in Gombe is partly cloudy, and the city has year-round high temperatures. The wet season is unpleasant and overcast. The temperature rarely falls below 52 °F or rises over 105 °F throughout the year, often ranging from 57 °F to 100 °F.

### Average Temperature

With an average daily high temperature of 97 °F, the hot season spans 2.3 months, from February 17 to April 26. At 98 °F on average for highs and 74 °F for lows, April is the hottest month of the year in Gombe. With an average daily maximum temperature below 86 °F, the cool season spans 3.1 months, from July 6 to October 9. With an average low temperature of 58 °F and high temperature of 90 °F, December is the coldest month of the year in Gombe.
Afforestation
The Gombe State Government has started a four million tree planting programme as part of a renewed effort to stop deforestation in the North Central Zone.
It is anticipated that the four-year plan, which would be implemented in parts, will last. The first part of the scheme has already seen the government plant 1.3 million tree saplings.
Flood Control
As a result of these studies, the state government has taken preventive steps to lessen the impact of the impending floods and other environmental problems that are expected to hit the state.
In order to protect people and property while minimizing the effects of upcoming weather events and their potentially fatal consequences, Governor Muhammadu Inuwa Yahaya has ordered the Ministry of Environment and Forest Resources to coordinate with pertinent stakeholders and activate state emergency response and management resources.

## Erosion

Gombe State is still reeling from the devastating effects of a gully erosion that destroyed farmlands worth millions of Naira and damaged more than 200 homes. Despite state government efforts to lessen its effects, the gully erosions which particularly affected the Bogo neighborhood within the city have not been fully controlled.

## Air pollution

In Gombe, the air quality is acceptable except for a very small number of people who are unusually sensitive to air pollution, to whom some pollutants may pose a moderate health risk.

## Education

Secondary Schools.
* JIBWIS Islamic Science and Secondary School, Gombe.
* Pen Resource Academy.
* Government Science Secondary School.
* Government Comprehensive Day Secondary School.
* Matrix International Academy.
Universities
* Gombe State University
* Federal University Kashere.
* North-Eastern University, Gombe
Colleges
* Federal College of Education (Tech) Gombe.
* Federal College of Horticulture Dadin-Kowa.
* College of Health Sciences and Technology Kaltungo.
* Gombe State College of Nursing and Midwifery.

## Health

* Federal Teaching Hospital, Gombe.
* Specialist Hospital Gombe.
* Federal Medical Center, Kumo.
* Zainab Bulkacuwa Women and Children Hospital Gombe.

## Transport

Federal highways are:
* A338 north from Gombe 118 km as the Ashaka-Bajago Rd and the Tonde-Ngalda-Badejo Rd to Yobe State at Ngalda as the Jangadoli-Fuka-Ngalalda Rd, and
* A345 as the Bachi-Bara-Gombe Rd east from Bauchi State at Wuro Dole and south and east from Gombe as the Gombe-Yola Rd via Kumo, Kalmai, Kaltungo Boha and Bambam as the Lafia-Ture-Wuro-Biriji Rd to Adamawa State near Tiksir.
Other major roads include:
* the Gombe-Wuyo-Biu Rd east to Borno State near Deba Kowa, and northwest from Gombe 80 km to Dukku.
Railways:
* The 1067 mm Cape gauge Eastern Line east from Bauchi State via Gombe to Borno State, and the Gombe Line into downtown Gombe.
Airports:
* Gombe Lawanti International

## Sports

* Gombe United F.C.
* Doma United F.C Savannah Tigers.

## Notable people

* Amina J. Mohammed, (born 27 June 1961), former minister of Environment (2015-2016) UN deputy secretary
* Usman Faruk, the first military governor of the defunct northwestern state
* Sheikh Dahiru Bauchi, teacher, preacher
* Ibrahim Jalo Waziri, politician
* Sheikh Kabir Muhammad Haruna Gombe, preacher
* Isa Ali Pantami, (born 20 October 1972), preacher, a former NITDA Director-General from 26 September 2016 to 20 August 2019 and Minister of communication from 2019-2023.
* Danladi Mohammed, politician
* Joshua Lidani, (born 1 October 1957), a Nigerian politician is a former Senator for the Gombe South constituency of Gombe State, Nigeria from 2011 to 2015.
* Eli Jidere Bala, (born 19 September 1954) a mechanical engineer and Director-General of the Energy Commission of Nigeria (5 May 2013 – 5 May 2023).
* Usman Bayero Nafada, (born 2 January 1961), politician a former Deputy Speaker of the House of Representatives of Nigeria representing Dukku/Nafada Federal Constituency of Gombe state, from 2007 to 2011 and former Senator for the Gombe North senatorial district 2015.
* Samkon Gado, Nigerian-American otolaryngologist and American football player
* Zainab Adamu Bulkachuwa, (born March,1950), jurist, Former President of the Court of Appeal of Nigeria from 2014 to 2020.
* Jaaruma, entrepreneur
* Aliyu Modibbo Umar, politician
* Mohammed Danjuma Goje, (born 10 October 1952) Nigerian politician, former Gombe state Governor (2003-2011), and the senator for the Gombe central senatorial district from 2011 to date.
* Helon Habila, novelist
* Dahiru Mohammed, politician
* Abubakar Buba Atare, Emir of Tula Chiefdom
* Buba Yero, the first Emir of Gombe
* Abubakar Shehu-Abubakar, 11th Emir of Gombe
* Aliyu Usman El-Nafaty OFR, (born 25 December 1960), academic a Professor of Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Vice-chancellor of Gombe State University.
* Usman Bello Kumo
* Momee Gombe (Maimuna Gombe Abubakar)
* Saidu Ahmed Alkali. A Nigerian politician, a former Senator representing the Gombe North Senatorial District and the Minister of Transportation since 2023.
* Kawu Peto Dukku.(1958-2010) a Nigerian Politician and former Senator representing the Gombe North Senatorial District from 2007 to 2010.

## Media Stations

Gombe State has many media stations some of which are;
* Progress Radio and Television (97.3 MHz)
* Amana Radio FM(98.1 MHz)
* Gombe Media Cooperation Radio and Television (GMC)(91.9 MHz)
* Vision Radio FM (92.7 MHz)
* Radio Nigeria (Jewel FM)(103.5 MHz)

## Economy

Most of the population in Gombe State are farmers. Both food and cash crops are produced by them. Yam, cassava, maize, tomatoes, and groundnuts are some of its food crops, while cotton is grown for each.
These goods supply the raw materials for the state's agricultural industries, including the groundnut oil mill, cotton gin, and tomato plant. Cement production, furniture manufacturing, block production, and other small-scale businesses are additional industries.
Gombe has natural resources like uranium, gypsum, and limestone.
Recently, petroleum deposits were reported to have been discovered in the state.