# Robert Eric Frykenberg

Robert Eric Frykenberg is a Swedish-American historian, scholar and author. He is an emeritus professor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Frykenberg is known for his seminal book, Guntur District, 1788-1848: A History of Local Influences on Central Authority in South India, This book informed all his subsequent works: e.g. traditional processes of power, land control and social structures, educational institutions, language issues, conversion movements, urban formations, and religions such as Christianity and "syndicated" modern Hinduism.

## Early life and education

Frykenberg was born on the 8th June 1930 in Ootacamund, South India, he was brought up speaking Telugu. He went to Breeks Memorial School, a British boys school in Ootacamund, and Kodaikanal International School, an American school in Kodaikanal and Wheaton Academy in Illinois.
Frykenberg has a B.A in history and philosophy from Bethel University in 1951; an M.A. in political science and history from the University of Minnesota in 1953; four years advanced study in political science at the University of California (Berkeley), and Ph.D. in the history of India from the University of London's School of Oriental and African Studies in 1961.

## Career

Frykenberg began his career at the University of Chicago in 1961. In 1962, he joined the history faculty of the University of Wisconsin-Madison, becoming a full professor in 1971. At retirement in 1997, he was made emeritus professor.
In 1964 he founded the South Asia Microform Project. From 1970 to 1973, he served as chair of the South Asian Studies Department and director of the South Asia Center. In 1972, he founded the Annual Conference on South Asia. From 1994 to 1999, he directed a Pew Research Advancement Project, focusing on Christianity in India. He also delivered the annual Radhakrishnan Lectures at Oxford University in 1996. From 1997 to 2022, he was co-general editor, with Brian Stanley of Edinburgh University, of the Erdmann's Studies in the History of Christian Missions, which produced twenty-nine volumes of contributions to the history of Christian missions.

## Works

An Indo-centric perspective underlies all Frykenberg's works from his Guntur District, 1788-1848: Local Influences on Central Authority in South India (1965) onwards. Eric Stokes reviewed Guntur District, 1788-1848. Frykenberg's Christianity in India: From Beginnings to the Present (2008, 2010) examined claims that Christianity in India began with the Apostle Thomas in 52 CE. It also explored the distinct cultural characteristics of Indo-Syrian (Mar Thoma), Catholic, Evangelical (Protestant), and Pentecostal Christianity, emphasizing the significant role played by Indian (indigenous) cultures and leadership. In her review, Kristin Bloomer declared, "Until now, no single book in English had attempted to cover the vast topic of Christianity in India. Such scholarship has not only been timely but also useful for scholars of India's history and religion, as evidenced by its substantial length and depth". Moreover, in recognition of his contributions, Richard Fox Young edited India and the Indianness of Christianity: Essays on Understanding — Historical, Theological, and Bibliographical — in Honor of Robert Eric Frykenberg, in his honor. Additionally, his India's History, India's Raj: Essays in Historical Understanding (2023) emphasized the role of Indian manpower, Indian money and Indian methods in shaping India's destiny and the British Raj, addressing complexities of political unification and challenging conventional historiography.

## Research

Frykenberg's edited works such as Land Control and Social Structure in Indian History and Land Tenure and Peasant in South Asia have challenged simplistic Eurocentric notions of land "ownership" and "peasant" in relation to governance and state power. One of his edited books, Delhi through the Ages: Essays on Urban History, Culture, and Society, features essays that explore a broad range of topics, from the city's prehistoric origins to contemporary issues of urbanization.
Frykenberg's articles have appeared in academic journals including the Indian Economic and Social Review, the Journal of Asian Studies, Modern Asian Studies, Comparative Studies in History and Society, and the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society.
One of Frykenberg's articles in 1986 showed how, during the emergence of modern education, command of English was driven by local communities working with the Raj. In another study, he addressed the concept of 'majority' within Indian contexts emphasizing how essential it is to differentiate between 'majority rule' and 'majority representation'. Furthermore, a 1993 essay stressed the multifaceted nature of Hinduism, in its historical, cultural, political, and social dimensions and also the distinction between "Hindu" as a geographical concept and "Hindu" as a specific set of ideas and institutions.
In 2005, Frykenberg contributed a chapter to Missions and Empire that explored the relationships between Christian missions and the Indian Empire. He highlighted how missions influenced religious renewal, social reform, and nationalism, noting that their success was often greatest when they operated far from the centers of imperial authority. A year later, a chapter in The Cambridge History of Christianity, explored how Christianity in India grew alongside imperial expansion, with Hindu elites and European scholars together shaping India's political structures and generating a syndicated "Hinduism". In The Sacred in Twentieth-Century Politics, he examined Hindutva fundamentalism as a militant nationalist movement that aims to establish a hegemonic Hindu nation through religious symbolism, caste hierarchy, and cultural homogenization. More recently, in Ecumenism and Independency in World Christianity (2020), he examined caste tensions that led 19th-century Tamil Christians to leave Anglican congregations. This migration prompted accusations of "sheep stealing" against German Pietist Lutheran missionaries. The work highlighted conflicts between Tamil Pietist leaders and the ecclesiastical authority of colonial Anglicans.