# Hocus Pocus (1993 film)

Hocus Pocus is a 1993 American fantasy comedy film directed by Kenny Ortega from a screenplay by Mick Garris and Neil Cuthbert, and a story by David Kirschner and Garris. It follows a villainous comedic trio of witches (Bette Midler, Sarah Jessica Parker, and Kathy Najimy) who are inadvertently resurrected by a teenage boy (Omri Katz) in Salem, Massachusetts on Halloween night.
The film was released in North America on July 16, 1993, by Walt Disney Pictures. Upon its original release, it received mixed reviews from critics and was initially a box-office disappointment, possibly losing Disney around $16.5 million during its theatrical run. However, largely through many annual airings on Disney Channel and Freeform (formerly ABC Family, Fox Family and The Family Channel) all throughout the month of October, Hocus Pocus has been rediscovered by audiences, resulting in a yearly spike in home media sales of the film every Halloween season. The annual celebration of Halloween has helped make the film a cult classic.
The film spawned a franchise, consisting of a sequel novelization, a theme park attraction, a TV special, a short film. A sequel, Hocus Pocus 2, written by Jen D'Angelo and directed by Anne Fletcher, was released on September 30, 2022, on Disney+, with a third film currently in development.

## Plot

On October 31, 1693, in Salem, Massachusetts, Thackery Binx discovers that his younger sister Emily has been kidnapped by the three witches Winifred, Mary and Sarah Sanderson. Binx confronts the Sanderson sisters at their cottage, but not in time to save Emily, whose life force they have drained to keep themselves young. The witches punish Binx for interfering by turning him into an immortal black cat, so that he must live forever with his guilt. Binx's friend Elijah rallies the townsfolk to arrest the Sandersons; they are condemned to death, but Winifred casts a curse during the hanging, claiming that a virgin will light the Black-Flame Candle in the cottage on a day when the full moon and All Hallows' Eve coincide, resurrecting the sisters. Binx decides to try to thwart the witches' plans.
Three centuries later, Max Dennison, who has recently moved to Salem from Los Angeles, reluctantly takes his younger sister Dani out trick-or-treating. They meet up with his new classmate Allison Watts, whom he has a crush on. Max, Dani and Allison visit the former Sanderson cottage, now an abandoned museum, where Max inadvertently resurrects the witches by lighting the Black-Flame Candle. The witches attempt to suck out Dani's soul, but Max intervenes. Binx arrives, and reveals that he can talk; following Binx's instructions, Max steals Winifred's spellbook and the children flee to a cemetery, which the witches cannot step into as it is hallowed ground. From a distance, Winifred raises her former fiancee Billy Butcherson from his grave and sends him after the children, forcing them to leave the cemetery. Winifred also reveals to her sisters that, unless they can suck the life out of at least one child, the three of them will turn to dust when the sun rises.
Max, Dani, and Allison hurry to a Halloween party that most of the town's adults are attending. Max tries to warn his parents and the other adults of the danger, but the witches take the stage and use a performance of "I Put a Spell on You" to enchant the partying adults to dance until they die. Binx and the three children then lure the witches into the local high school's pottery kiln and burn them alive; the witches temporarily disintegrate, but the curse revives them after the children have gone.
Not realizing that the witches have survived, Max and Allison open the spellbook, hoping to reverse the curse on Binx. This action allows the witches to find the children, abduct Binx and Dani, and retrieve the spellbook. Sarah uses her singing to lure all of Salem's children to the Sanderson cottage; however, Max and Allison rescue Dani and Binx by briefly tricking the witches into believing that the sun has risen an hour early.
Back at the cemetery, Billy catches up to the children, cuts open his stitched mouth with Max's knife, and reveals that he hates Winifred and is on their side. The witches snatch Dani back after attacking the children from the air, and Winifred attempts to use their last vial of potion to suck out Dani's life force. Binx attacks Winifred to make her drop the potion, which Max catches and drinks to save Dani. Winifred takes Max on her broomstick to suck out his life force, and the two of them fight in mid-air, while the rest of the party fend off Mary and Sarah. The sun rises, turning Mary and Sarah to dust, while Winifred falls off her broom into the hallowed ground of the cemetery and is turned to stone. Binx is mortally wounded in the fight, and the death of the witches allows him to finally pass into the afterlife to reunite with his sister Emily. Billy also gratefully returns to his grave and passes away.
In a mid-credits scene, the enchanted adults are freed from the spell and leave the Halloween party, exhausted from dancing all night. Some bullies that were earlier trapped in the Sanderson museum still wait in a cage to be freed, while the living eye on the witches' spellbook opens and looks around, suggesting the Sanderson Sisters may return.

## Cast

* Bette Midler as Winifred "Winnie" Sanderson, the buck-toothed eldest of the sisters, and the most intelligent and powerful witch in the family
* Sarah Jessica Parker as Sarah Sanderson, the most beautiful but dim-witted sister and youngest witch who uses her siren-like voice to lure in children
* Kathy Najimy as Mary Sanderson, the middle sister who can smell out children
* Omri Katz as Maximilian "Max" Dennison, a sarcastic and smart-aleck virgin teenager from Los Angeles who has recently moved to Salem, Massachusetts
* Thora Birch as Danielle "Dani" Dennison, Max's 8-year-old snarky sister who loves Halloween
* Vinessa Shaw as Allison Watts, Max's love interest and classmate
* Charles Rocket as David "Dave" Dennison, Max and Dani's father
* Stephanie Faracy as Jennifer "Jenny" Dennison, Max and Dani's mother
* Sean Murray as Thackery Binx, a kindhearted intelligent teenage boy from 1693 cursed to live as an immortal black cat
** Jason Marsden as voice of Thackery Binx
* Kathleen Freeman as Miss Olin, a teacher at Jacob Bailey High School
* Doug Jones as William "Billy" Butcherson, Winifred's love interest who was poisoned by her in 1693 and resurrected as a zombie 300 years later. Karyn Malchus performs Billy when headless.
* Amanda Shepherd as Emily Binx, Thackery's little sister and 1693 victim of the Sanderson sisters
* Larry Bagby as Ernie "Ice", a teenage bully in 20th-century Salem
* Tobias Jelinek as Jay, a teenage bully in 20th-century Salem and Ice's best friend
* Steve Voboril as Elijah, a friend of Thackery's in 1693
* Norbert Weisser as Mr. Binx, Thackery and Emily's father in 1693
* Joe Malone as a singer at the party
* Garry Marshall as Master Devil (uncredited), an unsuspecting homeowner in 20th-century Salem
* Penny Marshall as Medusa Lady (uncredited), an unsuspecting homeowner in 20th-century Salem

## Production
### Development

In the 1994 TV prequel Hocus Pocus: Begin the Magic, and on the film's Blu-ray release, producer David Kirschner explains how he came up with the idea for the film one night. He and his young daughter were sitting outside and his neighbor's black cat strayed by. Kirschner invented a tale of how the Sanderson Sisters came about, stemming from the Winifred Brood.
Hocus Pocus started life as a script by Mick Garris, that was bought by Walt Disney Pictures in 1984. The film's working title was Disney's Halloween House; it was much darker and scarier, and its protagonists were all 12-year-olds. Garris and Kirschner pitched it to Steven Spielberg's Amblin Entertainment; Spielberg saw Disney as a competitor to Amblin in the family film market at the time and refused to co-produce a film with his "rival."

### Writing

Various rewrites were made to the script to make the film more comedic and made two of its young protagonists into teenagers; however, production was stalled several times until 1992, when Bette Midler expressed interest in the script and the project immediately went forward. Midler, who plays the central antagonist of the film (originally written for Cloris Leachman), is quoted as saying that Hocus Pocus "was the most fun I'd had in my career up to that point".

### Casting

Ortega met with Leonardo DiCaprio about playing the role of Max after being "impressed" by his audition but he was too busy to take on the role as he was working on What's Eating Gilbert Grape. Rosie O'Donnell was offered the role of Mary Sanderson but she declined as she did not want to play a mean witch.

### Filming

The film is set in Salem, Massachusetts, but most of it was shot on sound stages in Burbank, California. However, its daytime scenes were filmed in Salem and Marblehead, Massachusetts, during two weeks of filming with the principal cast.
Pioneer Village, a recreation of early-colonial Salem, was used for the opening scenes set in 1693. Other locations included Old Burial Hill in Marblehead, where Max is accosted by Ice and Jay, the Old Town Hall in Salem, where the town Halloween party takes place, and Phillips Elementary School, where the witches are trapped in a kiln. The exterior of Max and Dani's house is a private residence on Ocean Avenue in Salem.

## Music

The musical score for Hocus Pocus was composed and conducted by John Debney. James Horner was originally slated to score the film, but became unavailable at the last minute, so Debney had to score the entire film in two weeks. Even though he did not score the film, Horner came back to write the theme for Sarah (sung by Sarah Jessica Parker, more commonly known as "Come Little Children") which is featured in Intrada's Complete Edition of the score.
Debney released a promotional score through the internet containing 19 tracks from the film. Bootlegs were subsequently released across the internet, primarily because the promotional release missed the entire opening sequence music.

### Songs

* "Sarah's Theme" – music by James Horner; lyrics by Brock Walsh; performed by Sarah Jessica Parker
* "I Put a Spell on You" – written by Jay Hawkins and produced and arranged by Marc Shaiman; performed by Bette Midler
* "Witchcraft" – written by Cy Coleman, Carolyn Leigh; performed by Joe Malone
* "I Put a Spell on You" – written by Jay Hawkins; performed by Joe Malone
* "Sabre Dance" – written by Aram Khachaturian, arranged by George Wilson
* Chants and Incantations – conceived and written by Brock Walsh

## Release

The film was theatrically released by Walt Disney Pictures in the United States and Canada on July 16, 1993. The film received mixed reviews from film critics at the time of its release. It was not a critical or commercial success upon its release, possibly losing Disney around $16.5 million during its theatrical run. However, largely through many annual airings on Disney Channel and Freeform (formerly ABC Family) all throughout the month of October, Hocus Pocus has been rediscovered by audiences, resulting in a yearly spike in home video sales of the film every Halloween season. The annual celebration of Halloween has helped make this film a cult classic.

### Home media

Walt Disney Home Video released the film on VHS and LaserDisc in the United States and Canada on January 5, 1994. and later to DVD on June 4, 2002. Following the film's release on DVD, it has continued to show strong annual sales, raking in more than $1 million in DVD sales each October. In the mid-to-late 1990s, the film was rebroadcast annually all throughout October on ABC and Disney Channel before switching over to ABC Family's 13 Nights of Halloween lineup in the 2010s. The film has continuously brought record viewing numbers to the lineup, including a 2009 broadcast watched by 2.5 million viewers. In 2011, an October 29 airing became the lineup's most watched program, with 2.8 million viewers. On September 4, 2012, the film was released on Blu-ray. Disney re-released the film on Blu-ray and Digital HD on September 2, 2018, as part of the film's 25th anniversary. The new release contains special features, including deleted scenes and a behind-the-scenes retrospective. On 15 September 2020, the film was released on Ultra HD Blu-ray in 4K resolution with HDR. The movie has grossed $40,627,466 in domestic weekly DVD sales and $16,588,298 in weekly Blu-ray sales in the United States.
Hocus Pocus was made available to stream on Disney+. Whip Media, which tracks viewership data for the more than 25 million worldwide users of its TV Time app, calculated that Hocus Pocus was the seventh most-streamed movie in the U.S. during the week of October 31, 2021. It ranked second from September 30 to October 2, 2022, seventh during the week of October 9, 2022, and ninth during the week of October 23, 2022.

## Reception
### Box office

Hocus Pocus was released July 16, 1993, and came in fourth place on its opening weekend behind Jurassic Park, In the Line of Fire and The Firm, grossing $8.1 million. It dropped from the top ten ranking after two weeks of release. The film was released the same day as Free Willy. According to Kirschner, Disney chose to release Hocus Pocus in July to take advantage of children being off school for the summer.
In October 2020, amid the COVID-19 pandemic, Hocus Pocus was re-released in 2,570 theaters. It made $1.9 million over the weekend, finishing second behind Tenet. The following two weekends it made $1.2 million and $756,000, respectively.

### Critical response

On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, Hocus Pocus has an approval rating of 41% based on 64 reviews, with an average rating of 4.8/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Harmlessly hokey yet never much more than mediocre, Hocus Pocus is a muddled family-friendly effort that fails to live up to the talents of its impressive cast." Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 43 out of 100, based on 27 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.
Gene Siskel, reviewing for The Chicago Tribune, remarked that the film was a "dreadful witches' comedy with the only tolerable moment coming when Bette Midler presents a single song." Roger Ebert in The Chicago Sun-Times gave the film one star out of a possible four, writing that it was "a confusing cauldron in which there is great activity but little progress, and a lot of hysterical shrieking". The Miami Herald called it "a pretty lackluster affair", adding this comment: "Despite the triple-threat actress combo, Hocus Pocus won't be the Sister Act of 1993. There are a lot of gotta-sees this summer, and this isn't one of them."
Janet Maslin of The New York Times wrote that the film "has flashes of visual stylishness but virtually no grip on its story". Ty Burr of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a C−, calling it "acceptable scary-silly kid fodder that adults will find only mildly insulting. Unless they're Bette Midler fans. In which case it's depressing as hell"; and stating that while Najimy and Parker "have their moments of ramshackle comic inspiration, and the passable special effects should keep younger campers transfixed [...] [T]he sight of the Divine Miss M. mugging her way through a cheesy supernatural kiddie comedy is, to say the least, dispiriting." Kim Newman of Empire gave the film two stars out of five, writing, "Trying to break expectations isn't always a wise idea and here Disney show how not to do it. With this supposed-family movie, they disappoint on nearly every level. The plot is weak, the action poor and it's got Bette Midler, simply dreadful."

### Accolades

| Year | Award | Category | Nominee(s) | Result |
| 1993 | Awards Circuit Community Awards | Best Costume Design | Mary E. Vogt | Nominated |
| 1993 | Awards Circuit Community Awards | Best Makeup & Hairstyling | John M. Elliott Jr., John Calpin and Steve La Porte | Nominated |
| 1994 | Saturn Awards | Best Actress | Bette Midler | Nominated |
| 1994 | Saturn Awards | Best Costumes | Mary E. Vogt | Won |
| 1994 | Saturn Awards | Best Fantasy Film | Hocus Pocus | Nominated |
| 1994 | Saturn Awards | Best Special Effects | Buena Vista Visual Effects, Matte World Digital, Rhythm & Hues | Nominated |
| 1994 | Saturn Awards | Best Supporting Actress | Kathy Najimy | Nominated |
| 1994 | Saturn Awards | Best Supporting Actress | Sarah Jessica Parker | Nominated |
| 1994 | Young Artist Awards | Best Youth Actor in a Voice-Over Role: TV or Movie | Jason Marsden | Nominated |
| 1994 | Young Artist Awards | Best Youth Actor Leading Role in a Motion Picture: Comedy | Omri Katz | Nominated |
| 1994 | Young Artist Awards | Best Youth Actor Leading Role in a Motion Picture: Comedy | Sean Murray | Nominated |
| 1994 | Young Artist Awards | Best Youth Actress Leading Role in a Motion Picture: Comedy | Thora Birch Tied with Christina Vidal for Life with Mikey | Won |
| 1994 | Young Artist Awards | Best Youth Actress Leading Role in a Motion Picture: Comedy | Vinessa Shaw | Nominated |

## Legacy

Over the years, the film has achieved cult status. In its 25th anniversary year in 2018, the first week of Hocus Pocus viewings on Freeform averaged 8.2 million viewers. A special called the "Hocus Pocus 25th Anniversary Halloween Bash" was filmed at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery and features interviews with members of the cast, including Bette Midler, Sarah Jessica Parker, and Kathy Najimy, as well as a costume contest hosted by Sharon and Kelly Osbourne. It aired on Freeform October 20, 2018.
In October 2011, the Houston Symphony celebrated various horror and Halloween classics, including Hocus Pocus, with "The Hocus Pocus Pops". On October 19, 2013, D23 held a special screening of Hocus Pocus at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, California, to honor the 20th anniversary of the film. Nine of the cast and crew gathered for the screening, and hundreds of D23 members attended. Returning members included Kathy Najimy, David Kirschner, Thora Birch, Doug Jones, Vinessa Shaw, and Omri Katz.
During her Divine Intervention Tour in 2015, Bette Midler appeared on stage dressed as Winifred Sanderson. Her Harlettes appeared with her dressed as Mary and Sarah, and the three of them performed the film's version of "I Put a Spell on You."
On September 15, 2015, the Hocus Pocus Villain Spelltacular was introduced at the Magic Kingdom as a part of Mickey's Not-So-Scary Halloween Party. The show introduces new actresses as the Sanderson Sisters who try to make a villain party and summon or attract various Disney villains in the process. In September 2016, entertainment critic Aaron Wallace published Hocus Pocus in Focus: The Thinking Fan's Guide to Disney's Halloween Classic, the first full-length book written about the film. The book includes a foreword by Thora Birch and afterword by Mick Garris. Billed as a "lighthearted but scholarly look at the film", the book analyzes the film's major themes, which it identifies as festivity, nostalgia, home, horror, virginity, feminism, Broadway-style musical moments, sibling rivalry, "Spielbergian" filmmaking style, Disney villain traditions, and more. Wallace also analyzes Walt Disney World's Hocus Pocus Villain Spelltacular as part of the film's legacy and includes "the largest collection of Hocus Pocus fun facts and trivia ever assembled", complete with extensive endnote citations.
The City of Salem has celebrated its connection to Hocus Pocus, while local filming sites have become an attraction for fans as the film's legacy has grown over the years. In 2018, the Haunted Happenings Grand Parade, an annual Salem festival held every October, was Hocus Pocus-themed in honor of the film's 25th anniversary. A representative for Destination Salem also reported a huge uptick in tourism for the 25th anniversary year, stating: "There's always been a ‘Hocus Pocus’ component to the visitors to Salem, especially in October. But it's like the film's following grows every year.”
The cast reunited for "In Search of the Sanderson Sisters: A Hocus Pocus Hulaween Takeover" which aired on October 30, 2020. The one-hour broadcast was virtual due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and the proceeds will go to the New York Restoration Project. Members of the cast who participated were Bette Midler, Sarah Jessica Parker, Kathy Najimy, Thora Birch, Omri Katz, Vinessa Shaw, and Doug Jones. Other notable participants of the benefit included Meryl Streep, Mariah Carey, Cassandra Peterson, Glenn Close, Billy Crystal, Jamie Lee Curtis, Todrick Hall, Jennifer Hudson, Anjelah Johnson-Reyes, Michael Kors, Adam Lambert, George Lopez, Alex Moffat, Martin Short, Sarah Silverman, John Stamos, Kenan Thompson, Sophie von Haselberg, and Bella Hadid.
In 2022, Disney Channel ran a short titled Hocus Pocus: As Told By Chibi. This continues the trend started by Big Hero 6: The Series shorts spin-off Big Chibi 6 The Shorts and continued with Amphibia, Phineas and Ferb, Halloweentown, Big City Greens, DuckTales, Tangled: The Series, Descendants, Moana, Zombies, The Ghost and Molly McGee, High School Musical, The Owl House, and Hamster & Gretel as Chibi Tiny Tales. The short was released on October 15, 2022, simplifies the plot of the first Hocus Pocus.
The Sanderson Sisters appear as playable characters in Disney video games such as Disney Magic Kingdoms and Disney Heroes: Battle Mode.
In 2023, Disney re-released the film in select theaters on October 6 to commemorate its 30th anniversary. In 2024, Disney re-released the film in select theaters again on October 18 to celebrate its 30th anniversary and the growing popularity of the movie.

## Sequel

In a November 2014 interview, Bette Midler said that she was ready and willing to return for a sequel, and she also said that her co-stars Sarah Jessica Parker and Kathy Najimy were also interested in returning for a sequel. Midler stressed the fact that Disney had yet to greenlight any sequel. In October 2016, Sarah Jessica was asked the prospects of a sequel and said "I would love that. I think we've been very vocal that we're very keen."
In October 2019, a sequel which was going to be developed as a Disney+ exclusive film was announced, with a screenplay which was written by Jen D'Angelo. Midler, Parker, and Najimy all confirmed their interest in reprising their roles. In March 2020, Adam Shankman signed on to direct. In May 2021, it was confirmed that Midler, Parker, and Najimy would reprise their roles as the Sanderson Sisters and it was announced that the film would be released in 2022. The film was released on September 30, 2022. Hocus Pocus 3 was announced to be in development as of June 4, 2023.

## Musical adaptation

During an interview on The Big Seance Podcast in September 2021, creator David Kirschner revealed that a Broadway adaptation of the original film is in development. During an interview leading up to the release of Hocus Pocus 2 in September 2022, he stated that "I just want to pinch myself, and I’m just afraid that I’m going to be nine years old and on a Little League field again. But it’s just so wonderful just to stand back and watch all of this ... I think you’re going to be very pleased." Kenny Ortega revealed to Forbes in 2020 his interest in possibly returning to direct the production, saying "I think a Hocus Pocus musical would be great fun, really great fun."