# Sind State

The Thatta Sarkar (1593–1629), Thatta Subah (1629–1737) or Sind State (1737–1843), also referred to as Scinde or Sindh, was a Mughal Sarkar later a Subah, then a proto-state, and lastly a princely state in the Sindh region of the Indian subcontinent until its annexation by the East India Company in 1843. The name Sind (/sɪŋd/), now obsolete, was once the anglicized name of the state, which was also adopted by the British to refer to its division.

## Geography

The Thatta Subah was bordered to the north by the Multan Subah, to the west by the Safavid Empire and later the Khanate of Kalat, to the east by the Ajmer Subah and to the south by the Gujarat Subah and the Arabian Sea.

## History

After the Mughal conquest of Sindh, the area was ruled from 1593 to 1629 by a Hakim, who was directly appointed by the Mughal Emperor from Delhi despite Thatta being a Sarkar (Division) of the Multan Subah. The Sarkar was predominantly (but not entirely) influenced by the Tarkhan dynasty with Jani Beg, Ghazi Beg and Isa Khan II serving as Hakim of Thatta. In 1629, Thatta was made into a separate Subah (Province) and was divided into three divisions: Sehwan Sarkar, Bhakkar Sarkar and Thatta Sarkar each administered by a Faujdar who reported to the Subahdar. In 1699–1700, the Subahdar of Lahore and Multan, Prince Muhammad Mu'azzam and the Subahdar of Thatta, Hifzullah Khan faced off against the Kalhora chieftain and the leader of the Mianwal movement, Deen Mohammad Kalhoro at Khore. Deen Mohammad was killed while his brother, Yar Muhammad Kalhoro, was exiled to Kalat. In his absence, Bhaktia Barozai, a local landowner, took over the Kalhora estate. Yar Muhammad returned to Sindh in 1701 after Hifzullah's death and, along with his subordinate Shahdad Khan Talpur, retook his land making Khudabad his capital. Yar Muhammad was later pardoned by the Mughal court in exchange for complete loyalty. After the death of Emperor Aurangzeb, Yar Muhammad was given the administration of Sehwan Sarkar by the Subahdar of Thatta Prince Mui'zz-ud-Din. In 1708, Yar Muhammad was provided with the additional charge of Sibi and Dhadar which were initially granted to the Barozai Panni tribe by Emperor Aurangzeb. On the orders of Emperor Farrukhsiyar, Yar Muhammad and Mir Lutf Ali Khan, the new Subahdar of Thatta, laid siege to the town of Jhok which served as the base for Shah Inayat, a revolutionary and an agriculturalal reformist who led a peasants rebellion against the feudal landlords and estate holders of Sindh. The siege continued from September–December 1717 and was deemed successful as Shah Inayat was deceivingly captured on 1 January 1718 and executed by Lutf Ali on 7 January. In 1725, Noor Mohammad Kalhoro, the son of Yar Muhammad and also the de facto ruler of Sind (who now had gained the administration of Bhakkar along with Sehwan), forged an alliance with the Emir of Afghanistan Hussain Hotak during his war with the Khanate of Kalat. Noor Mohammad later killed the Khan of Kalat, Abdullah Khan Ahmadzai in the Battle of Kachhi. Noor Mohammad also came into conflict with the Nawab Amir of Bahawalpur, Sadeq Khan I Daudpotra for the control over Shikarpur.
Sind officially broke away from the Mughal Empire in 1737 and asserted autonomy under Noor Mohammad and his Kalhora clansmen as the Thatta Sarkar too was alotted to him by Emperor Muhammad Shah. Sind, along with Hyderabad and Awadh, supported the Mughal Empire during Nader Shah's invasion but was subdued by him in his Sindh expedition with Sibi given to Kalat and Shikarpur granted to Bahawalpur. These areas were shortly recaptured by Noor Mohammad after Nader Shah's departure. During Ahmad Shah's invasion, Sind became a tributary state of the Afghan Empire and also reached its greatest glory under Ghulam Shah Kalhoro who not only defeated the Khan of Kalat Nasir Khan I Ahmadzai and Rao of Kutch Godji II but also formed a marital alliance with Nawab of Bahawalpur Mubarak Khan II Daudpotra. Ghulam Shah also took part in the Third Battle of Panipat alongside Ahmad Shah Durrani against the Maratha Confederacy. Tensions arose between Ghulam Shah and Ahmad Shah who wanted to appoint Muhammad Atur Kalhoro to the throne of Sind. Bahadur Khan was sent by Ahmad Shah but was defeated by Ghulam Shah in the Battle of Ubauro. In 1768, Ghulam Shah shifted his capital from Khudabad to the newly built city of Hyderabad which was built on the ruins of an ancient city Neroon Kot by constructing the Pacco Qillo. After the untimely death of Ghulam Shah in 1772, four Kalhora Nawabs were enthroned ensuingly in just 11 years while two battles were fought: the First Battle of Shikarpur in 1781 and the Battle of Larkana in 1782, to decide the fate of Sind.
In 1783, the Talpur Mirs, who long served the Kalhoras as their prime minister, revolted under Fateh Ali Talpur and replaced the last Kalhora Nawab, Abdul Nabi Kalhoro, in the Battle of Halani. Fateh Ali expanded his domain by reclaiming Karachi back from Kalat which was lost to them by the Kalhoras. He also defended his territories during the Shikarpur campaign in which the Talpurs had to face the allied armies of the Afghans, Khan of Kalat and remnants of the Kalhora dynasty. Under the hegemony of the Talpurs, Sind was divided into three fiefdoms: Hyderabad under the Shahdadani branch, Mirpur Khas under the Manikani branch and Khairpur under the Sohrabani branch, forming a federation and later a confederacy. Sind gradually became a princely state to come under British paramountcy signing a subsidiary alliance agreement in 1809. After the Anglo–Sind War, Sind, except from Khairpur, was annexed by the East India Company and was made a part of the Bombay Presidency. Mir of Hyderabad, Nasir Khan Talpur and Mir of Mirpur Khas, Sher Muhammad Talpur were defeated in the Battle of Miani (17 February 1843) and the Battle of Hyderabad (24 March 1843) respectively while Mir of Khairpur, Ali Murad Talpur continued to resist the British but eventually gave up attempts and entered into treaty with them with Khairpur becoming a princely state in 1853.

## List of Subahdars, Nawabs and Mirs
### Subahdars

| Title | Personal Name | Reign | Serving Monarch | Notes |
| Subahdar صوبه‌دار | Rao Patar Das Khattari رای پترداس کهتری | 28 March 1593 – 1594 | Akbar اکبر | Removed due to unpopularity among locals. |
| Subahdar صوبه‌دار | Mirza Jani Beg Tarkhan میرزا جانی بیگ ترخان | 1594 – 1 February 1601 | Akbar اکبر | |
| Subahdar صوبه‌دار | Mirza Ghazi Beg Tarkhan میرزا غازی بیگ ترخان | 1 February 1601 – 12 April 1612 | Akbar اکبر Jahangir جهانگیر | |
| Subahdar صوبه‌دار | Muzaffer Khan Mir Abd al-Razzaq Mamuri مظفرخان میرعبدالرزاق معموری | 1612–1614 | Jahangir جهانگیر | |
| Subahdar صوبه‌دار | Mirza Rustam Safavi میرزا رستم صفوی | 1614–1615 | Jahangir جهانگیر | |
| Subahdar صوبه‌دار | Taj Khan Tash Beg تاج خان تاش بیگ | 1614–1615 | Jahangir جهانگیر | |
| Subahdar صوبه‌دار | Arsalan Beg Shamsher Khan Uzbek ارسلان بیگ شمشیر خان اوزبک | 1615–1617 | Jahangir جهانگیر | |
| Subahdar صوبه‌دار | Khan-i-Dauran Mirza Shah Beg Arghun Khan خانِ دوران میرزا شاه بیگ ارغون خان | 1617–1617 | Jahangir جهانگیر | |
| Subahdar صوبه‌دار | Muzaffer Khan Mir Abd al-Razzaq Mamuri مظفرخان میرعبدالرزاق معموری | 1617–1618 | Jahangir جهانگیر | |
| Subahdar صوبه‌دار | Khan-i-Dauran Mirza Shah Beg Arghun Khan خانِ دوران میرزا شاه بیگ ارغون خان | 1618–1619 | Jahangir جهانگیر | |
| Subahdar صوبه‌دار | Mustafa Khan Sayyid Bayazid Bukhari مصطفی خان سید بایزید بخاری | 1619–1623 | Jahangir جهانگیر | Scion of the Uch's Bukhari clan, he first served as the Faujdar of Bukkur. He was granted 2,000 infantry and 1,000 cavalry as well. Also written as Syed Bazayd Bukhari. |
| Subahdar صوبه‌دار | Salaf-ud-Din Muhammad Shahryar سلف الدین محمد شهریار | 13 October 1625 – 1626 | Jahangir جهانگیر | |
| Subahdar صوبه‌دار | Mirza Abu Saeed میرزا ابوسعید | 1626–1627 | Jahangir جهانگیر | an Iranian, the nephew of Empress Nur Jahan. |
| Subahdar صوبه‌دار | Muhammad Isa Khan Tarkhan II محمد عیسی خان ترخان دوم | 1627–1628 | Shah Jahan شاه‌جهان | |
| Subahdar صوبه‌دار | Sher Khwaja Baqi Khan شیر خواجه باقی خان | 1628–1628 | Shah Jahan شاه‌جهان | |
| Subahdar صوبه‌دار | Mir Hussam al-Din Murtaza Khan Anju میر حسام الدین مرتضی خان انجو | 1628–1629 | Shah Jahan شاه‌جهان | |
| Subahdar صوبه‌دار | Amir Khan Mir Abul Baqa امیر خان میر ابوالبقا | 1629–1631 | Shah Jahan شاه‌جهان | |
| Subahdar صوبه‌دار | Yusuf Muhammad Khan Tashqandi یوسف محمد خان تاشقندی | 1631–1635 | Shah Jahan شاه‌جهان | |
| Subahdar صوبه‌دار | Khawas Khan Daulat Khan Mayi خواص خان دولت خان مئی | 1635–1640 | Shah Jahan شاه‌جهان | |
| Subahdar صوبه‌دار | Khwaja Kāmgār Ghayrat Khan خواجه کامگار غیرت خان | 1640–1641 | Shah Jahan شاه‌جهان | |
| Subahdar صوبه‌دار | Shad Khan شاد خان | 1641–1643 | Shah Jahan شاه‌جهان | |
| Subahdar صوبه‌دار | Amir Khan Mir Abul Baqa امیر خان میر ابوالبقا | 1643–1647 | Shah Jahan شاه‌جهان | |
| Subahdar صوبه‌دار | Mughal Khan مغل خان | 1647–1649 | Shah Jahan شاه‌جهان | |
| Subahdar صوبه‌دار | Muhi al-Din Muhammad Aurangzeb محی الدین محمد اورنگ‌زیب | 1649–1653 | Shah Jahan شاه‌جهان | |
| Subahdar صوبه‌دار | Sardar Khan Shahjahani سردار خان شاهجهانی | 1653–1653 | Shah Jahan شاه‌جهان | |
| Subahdar صوبه‌دار | Zafar Khan Khwaja Ahsanullah ظفر خان خواجه احسن الله | 1653–1655 | Shah Jahan شاه‌جهان | |
| Subahdar صوبه‌دار | Mirza Sipihr Shikoh میرزا سپهر شکوه | 1655–1658 | Shah Jahan شاه‌جهان | |
| Subahdar صوبه‌دار | Qabad Khan Mir Akhur قباد خان میر آخور | 1658–1660 | Aurangzeb اورنگ‌زیب | |
| Subahdar صوبه‌دار | Yadgar Beg Lashkar Khan یادگار بیگ لشکر خان | 1660–1662 | Aurangzeb اورنگ‌زیب | |
| Subahdar صوبه‌دار | Izzat Khan Sayyid Abd al-Razzak Gilani عزت خان سید عبدالرزاق گیلانی | 1662–1664 | Aurangzeb اورنگ‌زیب | |
| Subahdar صوبه‌دار | Ghazanfar Khan غضنفر خان | 1664–1666 | Aurangzeb اورنگ‌زیب | |
| Subahdar صوبه‌دار | Izzat Khan Sayyid Abd al-Razzak Gilani عزت خان سید عبدالرزاق گیلانی | 1666–1669 | Aurangzeb اورنگ‌زیب | |
| Subahdar صوبه‌دار | Abu Nusrat Khan ابو نصرت خان | 1669–1671 | Aurangzeb اورنگ‌زیب | |
| Subahdar صوبه‌دار | Saadat Khan سعادت خان | 1671–1673 | Aurangzeb اورنگ‌زیب | |
| Subahdar صوبه‌دار | Izzat Khan Sayyid Abd al-Razzak Gilani عزت خان سید عبدالرزاق گیلانی | 1673–1679 | Aurangzeb اورنگ‌زیب | |
| Subahdar صوبه‌دار | Khana Zaad Khan خانه زاد خان | 1679–1683 | Aurangzeb اورنگ‌زیب | |
| Subahdar صوبه‌دار | Sardar Khan سردار خان | 1683–1687 | Aurangzeb اورنگ‌زیب | |
| Subahdar صوبه‌دار | Murid Khan مرید خان | 1687–1689 | Aurangzeb اورنگ‌زیب | |
| Subahdar صوبه‌دار | Zabardast Khan زبردست خان | 1689–1689 | Aurangzeb اورنگ‌زیب | |
| Subahdar صوبه‌دار | Abu Nusrat Khan ابو نصرت خان | 1689–1691 | Aurangzeb اورنگ‌زیب | |
| Subahdar صوبه‌دار | Hifzullah Khan حفظ الله خان | 1691–1701 | Aurangzeb اورنگ‌زیب | |
| Subahdar صوبه‌دار | Saeed Khan سعید خان | 1701–1702 | Aurangzeb اورنگ‌زیب | |
| Subahdar صوبه‌دار | Mir Amin al-Din Khan Husayn میر امین الدین خان حسین | 1702–1703 | Aurangzeb اورنگ‌زیب | |
| Subahdar صوبه‌دار | Yusuf Khan Tirmizi یوسف خان ترمذی | 1703–1704 | Aurangzeb اورنگ‌زیب | |
| Subahdar صوبه‌دار | Ahmad Yar Khan احمد یار خان | 1704–1707 | Aurangzeb اورنگ‌زیب | |
| Subahdar صوبه‌دار | Saeed Atr Khan Bahadur سعید عطر خان بهادر | 1707–1709 | Azam Shah اعظم شاه Bahadur Shah I بهادرشاه یکم | |
| Subahdar صوبه‌دار | Mahin Khan مهین خان | 1709–1711 | Bahadur Shah I بهادرشاه یکم | |
| Subahdar صوبه‌دار | Shakir Khan شاکر خان | 1711–1712 | Bahadur Shah I بهادرشاه یکم | |
| Subahdar صوبه‌دار | Mahin Khan مهین خان | 1712–1712 | Jahandar Shah جهاندار شاه | |
| Subahdar صوبه‌دار | Khwaja Muhammad Khalil Khan خواجه محمد خلیل خان | 1712–1713 | Jahandar Shah جهاندار شاه | |
| Subahdar صوبه‌دار | Saeed Atr Khan Bahadur سعید عطر خان بهادر | 1713–1714 | Farrukhsiyar فرخ‌سیر | |
| Subahdar صوبه‌دار | Yaqub Kashmiri یعقوب کشمیری | 1714–1714 | Farrukhsiyar فرخ‌سیر | |
| Subahdar صوبه‌دار | Mir Muhammad Shujaat Khan Shafi میر محمد شجاعت خان شفیع | 1714–1715 | Farrukhsiyar فرخ‌سیر | |
| Subahdar صوبه‌دار | Mir Lutf Ali Khan میر لطف علی خان | 1715–1719 | Farrukhsiyar فرخ‌سیر | |
| Subahdar صوبه‌دار | Azam Khan اعظم خان | 1719–1719 | Rafi ud-Darajat رفیع الدرجات | |
| Subahdar صوبه‌دار | Mahabat Khan محبت خان | 1719–1722 | Shah Jahan II شاه‌جهان دوم Muhammad Shah محمد شاه | |
| Subahdar صوبه‌دار | Sultan Mahmud Khan سلطان محمود خان | 1722–1724 | Muhammad Shah محمد شاه | |
| Subahdar صوبه‌دار | Saifullah Khan سیف الله خان | 1724–1730 | Muhammad Shah محمد شاه | |
| Subahdar صوبه‌دار | Sadiq Ali Khan صادق علی خان | 1730–1730 | Muhammad Shah محمد شاه | |
| Subahdar صوبه‌دار | Dilerdil Khan دلیردل خان | 1730–1732 | Muhammad Shah محمد شاه | |
| Subahdar صوبه‌دار | Himmet Dilerdil Khan همت دلیردل خان | 1732–1736 | Muhammad Shah محمد شاه | |
| Subahdar صوبه‌دار | Sadiq Ali Khan صادق علی خان | 1736–1737 | Muhammad Shah محمد شاه | Deposed by Mian Noor Kalhoro who became the Nawab of Sindh. |

### Nawabs (Kalhora dynasty)

| Title | Personal Name | Reign |
| Nawab نواب | Mian Noor Muhammad Khan Kalhoro میان نورمحمد خان کلهوره | 1737–1755 |
| Nawab نواب | Mian Muradyad Muhammad Khan Kalhoro میان مرادیاب محمد خان کلهوره | 1755–1757 |
| Nawab نواب | Mian Ghulam Muhammad Shah Kalhoro میان غلام محمد شاه کلهوره | 1757–1757 |
| Nawab نواب | Mian Atur Muhammad Khan Kalhoro میاں عطر محمد خان کلهوره | 1757–1758 |
| Nawab نواب | Mian Ghulam Muhammad Shah Kalhoro میان غلام محمد شاه کلهوره | 1758–1772 |
| Nawab نواب | Mian Sarfaraz Muhammad Khan Kalhoro میان سرفراز محمد خان کلهوره | 1772–1775 |
| Nawab نواب | Mian Ghulam Nabi Muhammad Khan Kalhoro میاں غلام نبی محمد خان کلهوره | 1775–1776 |
| Nawab نواب | Mian Abdul Nabi Muhammad Khan Kalhoro میان عبدالنبی محمد خان کلهوره | 1776–1781 |
| Nawab نواب | Mian Sadik Ali Muhammad Khan Kalhoro میاں صادق علی محمد خان کلهوره | 1781–1782 |
| Nawab نواب | Mian Abdul Nabi Muhammad Khan Kalhoro میان عبدالنبی محمد خان کلهوره | 1782–1783 |

### Mirs (Talpur dynasty)
#### Shahdadani Talpurs of Hyderabad

| Title | Personal Name | Reign |
| Mir میر | Fateh Ali Khan Talpur فتح علی خان تالپور | 1783–1801 |
| Mir میر | Ghulam Ali Khan Talpur غلام علی‌خان تالپور | 1801–1811 |
| Mir میر | Karam Ali Khan Talpur کرم علی‌خان تالپور | 1811–1828 |
| Mir میر | Murad Ali Khan Talpur مراد علی‌خان تالپور | 1828–1833 |
| Mir میر | Noor Muhammad Khan Talpur نور محمدخان تالپور | 1833–1840 |
| Mir میر | Muhammad Naseer Khan Talpur محمد نصیرخان تالپور | 1840–1843 |

#### Sohrabani Talpurs of Khairpur

| Title | Personal Name | Reign |
| Mir میر | Sohrab Ali Khan Talpur سهراب علی‌خان تالپور | 1783–1811 |
| Mir میر | Rustam Ali Khan Talpur رستم علی‌خان تالپور | 1811–1842 |
| Mir میر | Ali Murad Khan Talpur علی مرادخان تالپور | 1842–1894 |
| Mir میر | Faiz Muhammad Khan Talpur فیض محمدخان تالپور | 1894 – 5 March 1909 |
| Mir میر | Imam Bakhsh Khan Talpur امام بخش خان تالپور | 5 March 1909 – 8 February 1921 |
| Mir میر | Ali Nawaz Khan Talpur علی نوازخان تالپور | 8 February 1921 – 25 December 1935 |
| Mir میر | Faiz Muhammad Khan Talpur II فیض محمدخان تالپور دوم | 25 December 1935 – 19 July 1947 |
| Mir میر | George Ali Murad Khan Talpur II جارج علی مرادخان تالپور دوم | 19 July 1947 – 10 November 1954 |

#### Manikani Talpurs of Mirpur Khas

| Title | Personal Name | Reign |
| Mir میر | Tharo Ali Khan Talpur تهاره علی‌خان تالپور | 1783 – 1806 |
| Mir میر | Ali Murad Khan Talpur علی مرادخان تالپور | 1806 – 1829 |
| Mir میر | Sher Muhammad Khan Talpur شیر محمدخان تالپور | 1829 – 1843 |