# Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine, Quebec

Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine (French pronunciation:) is a municipality located in Gaspésie-Îles-de-la-Madeleine region, in Quebec, Canada. It is located on the islands of the Magdalen Islands archipelago, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 250 kilometres (130 nautical miles) from Gaspé, 120 km (65 nmi) from Prince Edward Island, 90 km (50 nmi) from Cape Breton Island, and 150 km (80 nmi) from Newfoundland.

## History

The Mi'kmaq were among the original occupants of Atlantic Canada, inhabiting the coastal regions of the Gaspé Peninsula and The Maritimes east of the Saint John River. This traditional territory is called Mi'gma'gi (Mi'kma'ki).
According to Mi'kmaq oral history and archaeological evidence collected to date, there has been a seasonal First Nations presence on the Magdalen Islands for 6,000 to 10,000 years. This occupation was mainly for summer fishing and hunting, marine mammals or other game.
The explorer Jacques Cartier was the first known European to visit the islands in 1534.
The first concerted settlement attempt was made by English Brownist (a group of English Dissenters or separatists) Francis Johnson in 1597, which failed. François Doublet de Honfleur received the concession of the archipelago from the Company of One Hundred Associates (Compagnie des Cent-Associés), in 1663, he gave it its current name, in honour of his wife Madeleine Fontaine.
The first real settlers to settle on the islands came after the fall of Louisbourg and the dispersal of the Acadians from the Grand-Pré region of Acadia.
In 1765, the islands were inhabited by 22 French-speaking Acadians and their families. They were working and hunting walruses for a British trader, Richard Gridley. Many inhabitants of Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine still fly the Acadian flag and identify as both Acadian and Québécois. The islands were administered as part of the British Colony of Newfoundland from 1763 to 1774, when they became part of the Province of Quebec (1763–1791) by the Quebec Act passed by the Parliament of Great Britain.
Some of the islanders are descendants of survivors of the more than 400 shipwrecks on the islands. Some of the historic houses were built using wood that was salvaged from the shipwrecks.
   Once, 48 ships sank during a single storm.
The islands have some of Quebec's oldest English-speaking settlements. Although most anglophones have long either assimilated with the francophone population or migrated elsewhere, English-speaking settlements are found at Old Harry, a hamlet in Grosse-Île, and Entry Island. To improve the safety of ships, the government constructed lighthouses on the islands. They indicate navigable channels and have reduced the number of shipwrecks, but many old hulks are found on the beaches and under the waters.
Until the 20th century, the islands were completely isolated during the winter since the sea ice made the trip to the mainland impassable by boat. In August 1880, the Canadian Government's telegraphy service installed the first submarine cable that connected the islands with the mainland.
On January 6, 1910, this cable connecting the village of Old Harry, Magdalen Islands, to Sydney, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, broke. On February 2, 1910, Magdalen Islanders, cut off from the rest of the world, threw into the sea a ponchon, that is to say, a barrel containing the original molasses, the wooden barrel, equipped with a rudder and a sheet metal sail on which they had painted the inscription "Winter Magdalen Mail". In the ponchon, it has letters placed in sealed tin cans, these letters are addressed to families on the continent, except one written for the person who would find the makeshift boat and another addressed to Rodolphe Lemieux, Member of Parliament for Gaspé and Postmaster General. The ponchon reached Halifax around February 14, 1910. A year later, the Government of Canada responded to the Magdalen Islanders' grievances and installed a wireless telegraphy system in the Islands.

## Geography

Created in 2002, the municipality of Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine is the result of the merger of multiple municipalities within the archipelago.
As part of a municipal reorganization across Quebec, the seven communities of the Magdalen Islands amalgamated to form the municipality of Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine on January 1, 2002. Grosse-Île has since regained its status as a separate municipality; the list below presents the six hamlets of Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine.

### L'Étang-du-Nord

L'Étang-du-Nord is the main fishing centre of the Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine, the place received its first inhabitants around 1830 and was officially erected as a municipality in 1875. The community hosts a campus of Cégep de la Gaspésie et des Îles, the Magdalen Islands' only post-secondary institution.

### Fatima

Located on the island of Cap-aux-Meules, Fatima was settled between 1820 and 1845. It is named after Fátima in Portugal, a pilgrimage site highly visited after three young shepherds claimed the Holy Virgin appeared to them. Its population, as of 2006, was 2,809.

### L’Île-du-Havre-Aubert

The hamlet of L’Île-du-Havre-Aubert is made up of the island of Havre-Aubert and the island of L’ Île-d’Entrée.

### Havre-aux-Maisons

Havre-aux-Maisons, located on the island of Havre aux Maisons, was first settled in 1765 from Acadia.
Îles-de-la-Madeleine Airport, Magdalen Islands' only port of entry by air, is located on Havre-aux-Maisons.

### Cap-aux-Meules

Cap-aux-Meules, is the largest commercial and fishing port in the archipelago as well as maritime links to the outside world Coopérative de Transport Maritime et Aérien (CTMA),

### Grande-Entrée

Grande-Entrée is located on Grande Entrée Island, the hamlet is made up of two points of land facing each other which, between their arms, form a bay where boats can enter as if in a natural harbour, hence the name Grande-Entrée.

## Demography
### Population

| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 2006 | 12,560 | — |
| 2011 | 12,291 | −2.1% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 2016 | 12,010 | −2.3% |
| 2021 | 12,190 | +1.5% |

### Language

The language of the Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine is made up of the language of France and Acadia, the language of the sea and the coasts, the influences of English, the additions made, from the beginning of the 19th century by sailors and traders of Jersey in the Channel Islands, and there are also the contributions of the Mi'kmaq language and Quebec French.
In its maritime and island environment, Madelinian culture draws the colours of its language from multiple crucibles of identity, the sea, the dunes, the wind, the mist where the roots of Acadia, Quebec, the Jersey islands, the distant echoes of the First Nations, and others, where a unique culture mixes and knits together.
Over the years and as a result of the numerous shipwrecks, the population of the municipality increases on both sides of the linguistic and religious barrier, but the proportion of Anglophones never exceed 3%.
Canada census mother tongue - Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine, Quebec :
| Census | Total | French | French | French | English | English | English | French & English | French & English | French & English | Other | Other | Other |
| Year | Responses | Count | Trend | Pop % | Count | Trend | Pop % | Count | Trend | Pop % | Count | Trend | Pop % |
| 2021 | 12,075 | 11,720 | 1.2% | 97.1% | 245 | 2.1% | 2.0% | 70 | 133.3% | 0.6% | 35 | 0.0% | 0.3% |
| 2016 | 11,890 | 11,585 | 2.2% | 97.4% | 240 | 11.1% | 2.0% | 30 | 14.3% | 0.3% | 35 | 40.0% | 0.3% |
| 2011 | 12,180 | 11,850 | 1.3% | 97.3% | 270 | 16.9% | 2.2% | 35 | 30.0% | 0.3% | 25 | 61.5% | 0.2% |
| 2006 | 12,445 | 12,005 | n/a | 96.5% | 325 | n/a | 2.6% | 50 | n/a | 0.4% | 65 | n/a | 0.5% |

## Attractions

La Grave heritage site includes buildings with a variety of functions: general store, salt works, tinsmith's shop, fishing tackle store, fish sales counter, small warehouses and scaffolds.

## Infrastructure
### Transport
#### Sea

The Coopérative de Transport Maritime et Aérien (Groupe C.T.M.A.) operates a ferry service between terminals in Souris, Prince Edward Island, and Cap-aux-Meules.
The Société des traversiers du Québec (STQ), under an agreement with Coopérative de Transport Maritime et Aérien (Groupe C.T.M.A.), transports goods year-round.
In summer the STQ offers an 8-day round-trip cruise from Port of Montreal to the Port of Cap-aux-Meules. This service has been on hold between 2020 and 2023.

#### Road

Quebec Route 199 is an essential link for the municipality of Îles-de-la-Madeleine.
In April 2023, Geneviève Guilbault, Quebec's Minister of Transport and Sustainable Mobility (Transports Québec) announced the start of work to protect Highway 199, which will protect the road from coastal hazards and limit the consequences of coastal erosion and submersion on road network infrastructure. According to the Minister, the work demonstrates the government's willingness to innovate in the context of climate change.

#### Air

Îles-de-la-Madeleine Airport is located at Havre-aux-Maisons. The airport operates flights across the archipelago as well as to Montreal, Quebec City and Gaspé and seasonally, to the French overseas collectivity of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon.

## Photos

* Here and there
* Havre-Aubert
* Saint-François-Xavier Church in Bassin
* Havre-aux-Maisons
* Borgot lighthouse in L'Étang-du-Nord
* Grindstone (Cap-aux-Meules)