# Demographics of Slovakia

Demographic features of the population of Slovakia include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population. The demographic statistics are from the Statistical Office of the SR, unless otherwise indicated.

## Population

Total population: 5,422,194 as of 2024.
Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review in 2021.
* One birth every 10 minutes
* One death every 9 minutes
* One net migrant every 480 minutes
* Net gain of one person every 1440 minutes

### Population over time

| Census Date | Population | Population Density (per km$^2$) |
| 1848 | 2,442,000 (est.) | 50 |
| 1869 | 2,481,811 | 51 |
| 1880 | 2,477,521 | 51 |
| 1890 | 2,595,180 | 53 |
| 1900 | 2,782,925 | 57 |
| 1910 | 2,916,657 | 60 |
| February 15, 1921 | 2,993,859 | 61 |
| December 1, 1930 | 3,324,111 | 68 |
| October 4, 1946 | 3,327,803 | 68 |
| March 1, 1950 | 3,442,317 | 70 |
| March 1, 1961 | 4,174,046 | 85 |
| December 1, 1970 | 4,537,290 | 93 |
| November 1, 1980 | 4,991,168 | 102 |
| March 3, 1991 | 5,274,335 | 108 |
| May 26, 2001 | 5,379,455 | 110 |
| May 21, 2011 | 5,397,036 | 110 |
| June 13, 2021 | 5,449,270 | 111 |

### Population growth rate

    -0.08% (2021 est.) Country comparison to the world: 202nd

### Fertility

The total fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire period. Sources: Our World In Data and Gapminder Foundation.
| Years | 1876 | 1877 | 1878 | 1879 | 1880 | 1881 | 1882 | 1883 | 1884 | 1885 | 1886 | 1887 | 1888 | 1889 | 1890 |
| Total Fertility Rate in Slovakia | 5.96 | 5.96 | 5.92 | 5.87 | 5.83 | 5.78 | 5.74 | 5.77 | 5.8 | 5.83 | 5.86 | 5.9 | 5.83 | 5.76 | 5.7 |
| Years | 1891 | 1892 | 1893 | 1894 | 1895 | 1896 | 1897 | 1898 | 1899 | 1900 |
| Total Fertility Rate in Slovakia | 5.63 | 5.56 | 5.54 | 5.52 | 5.5 | 5.49 | 5.47 | 5.42 | 5.37 | 5.31 |
| Years | 1901 | 1902 | 1903 | 1904 | 1905 | 1906 | 1907 | 1908 | 1909 | 1910 |
| Total Fertility Rate in Slovakia | 5.26 | 5.21 | 5.16 | 5.1 | 5.04 | 4.99 | 4.93 | 4.86 | 4.78 | 4.71 |
| Years | 1911 | 1912 | 1913 | 1914 | 1915 | 1916 | 1917 | 1918 |
| Total Fertility Rate in Slovakia | 4.63 | 4.56 | 4.13 | 3.7 | 3.28 | 2.85 | 2.43 | 3.03 |
1.45 children born/woman (2021 est.) Country comparison to the world: 211th

#### Mother's mean age at first birth

    27.2 years (2019 est.)

### Life expectancy

    total population: 78.07 years
    male: 74.56 years
    female: 81.82 years (2021 est.)

### Age structure

    0-14 years: 15.13% (male 423,180 /female 400,128)
    15-24 years: 10.06% (male 280,284 /female 266,838)
    25-54 years: 44.61% (male 1,228,462 /female 1,198,747)
    55-64 years: 13.15% (male 342,142 /female 373,452)
    65 years and over: 17.05% (male 366,267 /female 561,120) (2020 est.)

#### Median age

    total: 41.8 years. Country comparison to the world: 41st
    male: 40.1 years
    female: 43.6 years (2020 est.)

## Vital statistics

| | Population (from 1980 December 31) | Live births | Deaths | Natural change | Births (per 1000) | Deaths (per 1000) | Natural change (per 1000) | Curde migration change (per 1000) | Fertility rates | Induced abortions |
| 1919 | 2,940,000 | 91,729 | 56,866 | 34,863 | 31.2 | 19.3 | 11.9 | | 3.64 |
| 1920 | 3,001,000 | 97,680 | 61,084 | 36,596 | 32.6 | 20.4 | 12.2 | 8.5 | 4.25 |
| 1921 | 3,006,000 | 114,947 | 63,507 | 51,440 | 38.2 | 21.1 | 17.1 | -15.4 | 4.96 |
| 1922 | 3,046,000 | 111,059 | 62,902 | 48,157 | 36.5 | 20.7 | 15.8 | -2.5 | 4.67 |
| 1923 | 3,095,000 | 111,070 | 54,176 | 56,894 | 35.9 | 17.5 | 18.4 | -2.5 | 4.55 |
| 1924 | 3,135,000 | 106,062 | 56,322 | 49,740 | 33.8 | 18.0 | 15.9 | -2.3 | 4.25 |
| 1925 | 3,168,000 | 102,867 | 56,171 | 46,696 | 32.5 | 17.7 | 14.7 | -4.2 | 4.01 |
| 1926 | 3,202,000 | 103,955 | 59,701 | 44,254 | 32.5 | 18.6 | 13.8 | -3.1 | 3.98 |
| 1927 | 3,232,000 | 99,891 | 59,172 | 40,719 | 30.9 | 18.3 | 12.6 | -3.2 | 3.76 |
| 1928 | 3,258,000 | 99,673 | 58,320 | 41,353 | 30.6 | 17.9 | 12.7 | -4.7 | 3.69 |
| 1929 | 3,286,000 | 95,387 | 56,447 | 38,940 | 29.0 | 17.2 | 11.9 | -3.3 | 3.48 |
| 1930 | 3,315,000 | 96,898 | 52,268 | 44,630 | 29.2 | 15.8 | 13.5 | -4.7 | 3.49 |
| 1931 | 3,350,000 | 93,309 | 54,273 | 39,036 | 27.9 | 16.2 | 11.7 | -1.1 | 3.33 |
| 1932 | 3,388,000 | 93,140 | 52,992 | 40,148 | 27.5 | 15.6 | 11.9 | -0.6 | 3.29 |
| 1933 | 3,424,000 | 84,975 | 50,655 | 34,320 | 24.8 | 14.8 | 10.0 | 0.6 | 2.96 |
| 1934 | 3,456,000 | 83,493 | 50,178 | 33,315 | 24.2 | 14.5 | 9.6 | -0.3 | 2.86 |
| 1935 | 3,486,000 | 82,382 | 49,830 | 32,552 | 23.6 | 14.3 | 9.3 | -0.6 | 2.8 |
| 1936 | 3,515,000 | 80,923 | 48,547 | 32,376 | 23.0 | 13.8 | 9.2 | -0.6 | 2.79 |
| 1937 | 3,540,000 | 79,862 | 49,527 | 30,335 | 22.6 | 14.0 | 8.6 | -1.5 | 2.77 |
| 1938 | 3,726,000 | 80,800 | 49,700 | 31,100 | 21.7 | 13.3 | 8.3 | 44.2 | 2.8 |
| 1939 | 3,577,000 | 81,200 | 48,800 | 32,400 | 22.7 | 13.6 | 9.1 | -49.1 | 2.83 |
| 1940 | 3,553,000 | 85,300 | 52,900 | 32,400 | 24.0 | 14.9 | 9.1 | 15.8 | 2.87 |
| 1941 | 3,542,000 | 85,700 | 53,600 | 32,100 | 24.2 | 15.1 | 9.1 | -12.2 | 2.9 |
| 1942 | 3,523,000 | 87,200 | 55,900 | 31,300 | 24.8 | 15.9 | 8.9 | -14.3 | 2.93 |
| 1943 | 3,503,000 | 87,700 | 50,900 | 36,800 | 25.0 | 14.5 | 10.5 | -16.2 | 2.96 |
| 1944 | 3,484,000 | 91,600 | 58,100 | 33,500 | 26.3 | 16.7 | 9.6 | -15.0 | 3 |
| 1945 | 3,459,000 | 81,880 | 67,505 | 14,375 | 23.7 | 19.5 | 4.2 | -11.4 | 3.03 |
| 1946 | 3,392,000 | 82,204 | 47,589 | 34,615 | 24.2 | 14.0 | 10.2 | -29.6 | 3.09 |
| 1947 | 3,399,000 | 87,659 | 41,491 | 46,168 | 25.8 | 12.2 | 13.6 | -11.5 | 3.21 |
| 1948 | 3,446,000 | 91,189 | 40,873 | 50,316 | 26.5 | 11.9 | 14.6 | -0.8 | 3.24 |
| 1949 | 3,447,000 | 91,053 | 41,727 | 49,326 | 26.4 | 12.1 | 14.3 | -14.0 | 3.28 |
| 1950 | 3,463,000 | 99,721 | 39,668 | 60,053 | 28.8 | 11.5 | 17.4 | -12.8 | 3.56 |
| 1951 | 3,509,000 | 100,663 | 40,505 | 60,158 | 28.5 | 11.5 | 17.0 | -3.7 | 3.58 |
| 1952 | 3,558,000 | 100,824 | 36,897 | 63,927 | 28.0 | 10.2 | 17.7 | -3.7 | 3.57 |
| 1953 | 3,599,000 | 99,124 | 35,598 | 63,526 | 26.9 | 9.7 | 17.3 | -5.8 | 3.50 |
| 1954 | 3,661,000 | 98,310 | 34,866 | 63,444 | 26.2 | 9.3 | 16.9 | 0.3 | 3.45 |
| 1955 | 3,727,000 | 99,305 | 32,917 | 66,388 | 26.0 | 8.6 | 17.4 | 0.6 | 3.47 |
| 1956 | 3,787,000 | 99,467 | 32,815 | 66,652 | 25.5 | 8.4 | 17.1 | -1.0 | 3.46 |
| 1957 | 3,844,000 | 97,311 | 35,755 | 61,556 | 24.5 | 9.0 | 15.5 | -0.4 | 3.34 |
| 1958 | 3,900,000 | 93,272 | 32,106 | 61,166 | 23.1 | 7.9 | 15.1 | -0.5 | 3.25 | 12,383 |
| 1959 | 3,946,000 | 87,991 | 34,077 | 53,914 | 21.5 | 8.3 | 13.1 | -1.3 | 3.07 | 17,217 |
| 1960 | 3,994,000 | 88,412 | 31,609 | 56,803 | 22.1 | 7.9 | 14.2 | -2.0 | 3.08 | 20,738 |
| 1961 | 4,182,000 | 87,359 | 31,403 | 55,956 | 21.6 | 7.8 | 13.8 | 33.3 | 3.04 | 24,244 |
| 1962 | 4,238,000 | 83,899 | 34,398 | 49,501 | 19.8 | 8.1 | 11.7 | 1.7 | 2.84 | 23,784 |
| 1963 | 4,282,000 | 87,158 | 32,978 | 54,180 | 20.4 | 7.7 | 12.7 | -2.3 | 2.95 | 19,076 |
| 1964 | 4,327,000 | 86,878 | 32,875 | 54,003 | 20.1 | 7.6 | 12.5 | -2.0 | 2.91 | 19,174 |
| 1965 | 4,371,000 | 84,257 | 35,910 | 48,347 | 19.3 | 8.2 | 11.1 | -0.9 | 2.80 | 21,037 |
| 1966 | 4,412,000 | 81,453 | 36,357 | 45,096 | 18.5 | 8.2 | 10.2 | -0.8 | 2.68 | 24,445 |
| 1967 | 4,449,000 | 77,537 | 35,458 | 42,079 | 17.4 | 8.0 | 9.5 | -1.1 | 2.50 | 26,571 |
| 1968 | 4,484,000 | 76,370 | 38,076 | 38,294 | 17.0 | 8.5 | 8.5 | -0.6 | 2.40 | 27,398 |
| 1969 | 4,519,000 | 79,769 | 40,623 | 39,146 | 17.7 | 9.0 | 8.7 | -0.9 | 2.43 | 28,534 |
| 1970 | 4,550,000 | 80,666 | 42,240 | 38,426 | 17.7 | 9.3 | 8.4 | -1.5 | 2.40 | 27,873 |
| 1971 | 4,557,000 | 83,062 | 42,856 | 40,206 | 18.2 | 9.4 | 8.8 | -7.3 | 2.42 | 28,619 |
| 1972 | 4,597,000 | 87,794 | 41,410 | 46,384 | 19.1 | 9.0 | 10.1 | -1.3 | 2.49 | 26,213 |
| 1973 | 4,641,000 | 92,953 | 43,759 | 49,194 | 20.0 | 9.4 | 10.6 | -1.0 | 2.56 | 25,335 |
| 1974 | 4,690,000 | 97,585 | 44,934 | 52,651 | 20.8 | 9.6 | 11.2 | -0.6 | 2.60 | 26,086 |
| 1975 | 4,739,000 | 97,649 | 45,248 | 52,401 | 20.6 | 9.5 | 11.1 | -0.7 | 2.53 | 26,160 |
| 1976 | 4,790,000 | 99,814 | 45,420 | 54,394 | 20.8 | 9.5 | 11.4 | -0.6 | 2.52 | 27,700 |
| 1977 | 4,841,000 | 99,533 | 47,181 | 52,352 | 20.6 | 9.7 | 10.8 | -0.2 | 2.47 | 27,875 |
| 1978 | 4,890,000 | 100,193 | 47,778 | 52,415 | 20.5 | 9.8 | 10.7 | -0.6 | 2.45 | 28,641 |
| 1979 | 4,939,000 | 100,240 | 47,837 | 52,403 | 20.3 | 9.7 | 10.6 | -0.6 | 2.44 | 29,981 |
| 1980 | 4,996,000 | 95,100 | 50,579 | 44,521 | 19.1 | 10.1 | 8.9 | 2.6 | 2.31 | 31,240 |
| 1981 | 5,036,000 | 93,290 | 49,632 | 43,658 | 18.6 | 9.9 | 8.7 | -0.7 | 2.28 | 31,943 |
| 1982 | 5,074,000 | 92,618 | 50,393 | 42,225 | 18.3 | 10.0 | 8.4 | -0.9 | 2.26 | 33,107 |
| 1983 | 5,110,000 | 92,053 | 52,433 | 39,620 | 18.1 | 10.3 | 7.8 | -0.7 | 2.27 | 33,625 |
| 1984 | 5,145,000 | 90,843 | 51,739 | 39,104 | 17.7 | 10.1 | 7.6 | -0.8 | 2.25 | 34,268 |
| 1985 | 5,179,000 | 90,155 | 52,464 | 37,691 | 17.5 | 10.2 | 7.3 | -0.7 | 2.26 | 36,283 |
| 1986 | 5,209,000 | 87,138 | 53,233 | 33,905 | 16.8 | 10.3 | 6.5 | -0.7 | 2.20 | 40,624 |
| 1987 | 5,237,000 | 84,006 | 52,980 | 31,026 | 16.1 | 10.1 | 5.9 | -0.5 | 2.18 | 49,690 |
| 1988 | 5,264,000 | 83,242 | 52,475 | 30,767 | 15.9 | 10.0 | 5.9 | -0.7 | 2.15 | 51,000 |
| 1989 | 5,288,000 | 80,116 | 53,902 | 26,214 | 15.2 | 10.2 | 5.0 | -0.4 | 2.08 | 48,602 |
| 1990 | 5,311,000 | 79,989 | 54,619 | 25,370 | 15.1 | 10.3 | 4.8 | -0.5 | 2.09 | 48,437 |
| 1991 | 5,296,000 | 78,569 | 54,618 | 23,951 | 14.9 | 10.3 | 4.5 | -7.3 | 2.05 | 45,902 |
| 1992 | 5,314,000 | 74,640 | 53,423 | 21,217 | 14.1 | 10.1 | 4.0 | -0.6 | 1.99 | 42,626 |
| 1993 | 5,336,000 | 73,256 | 52,707 | 20,549 | 13.8 | 9.9 | 3.9 | 0.2 | 1.93 | 38,815 |
| 1994 | 5,356,000 | 66,370 | 51,386 | 14,984 | 12.4 | 9.6 | 2.8 | 0.9 | 1.67 | 34,883 |
| 1995 | 5,368,000 | 61,427 | 52,686 | 8,741 | 11.5 | 9.8 | 1.6 | 0.6 | 1.52 | 29,409 |
| 1996 | 5,379,000 | 60,123 | 51,236 | 8,887 | 11.2 | 9.5 | 1.7 | 0.3 | 1.47 | 25,173 |
| 1997 | 5,388,000 | 59,310 | 52,080 | 7,230 | 11.0 | 9.7 | 1.3 | 0.4 | 1.43 | 22,318 |
| 1998 | 5,393,000 | 57,582 | 53,156 | 4,426 | 10.7 | 9.9 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 1.37 | 21,109 |
| 1999 | 5,399,000 | 56,223 | 52,402 | 3,821 | 10.4 | 9.7 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 1.33 | 19,949 |
| 2000 | 5,403,000 | 55,151 | 52,724 | 2,427 | 10.2 | 9.8 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 1.29 | 18,468 |
| 2001 | 5,379,000 | 51,136 | 51,980 | -844 | 9.5 | 9.7 | -0.2 | -4.2 | 1.20 | 18,026 |
| 2002 | 5,379,000 | 50,841 | 51,532 | -691 | 9.5 | 9.6 | -0.1 | 0.1 | 1.19 | 17,382 |
| 2003 | 5,380,000 | 51,713 | 52,230 | -517 | 9.6 | 9.7 | -0.1 | 0.3 | 1.20 | 16,222 |
| 2004 | 5,385,000 | 53,747 | 51,852 | 1,895 | 10.0 | 9.6 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 1.24 | 15,307 |
| 2005 | 5,389,000 | 54,430 | 53,475 | 955 | 10.1 | 9.9 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 1.25 | 14,427 |
| 2006 | 5,394,000 | 53,904 | 53,301 | 603 | 10.0 | 9.9 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 1.24 | 14,243 |
| 2007 | 5,401,000 | 54,424 | 53,856 | 568 | 10.1 | 10.0 | 0.1 | 1.2 | 1.26 | 13,424 |
| 2008 | 5,412,000 | 57,360 | 53,164 | 4,196 | 10.6 | 9.8 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 1.32 | 13,394 |
| 2009 | 5,425,000 | 61,217 | 52,913 | 8,304 | 11.3 | 9.8 | 1.5 | 0.9 | 1.41 | 13,240 |
| 2010 | 5,435,000 | 60,410 | 53,445 | 6,965 | 11.1 | 9.8 | 1.3 | 0.5 | 1.40 | 12,582 |
| 2011 | 5,404,000 | 60,813 | 51,903 | 8,910 | 11.3 | 9.6 | 1.7 | -7.4 | 1.45 | 11,789 |
| 2012 | 5,411,000 | 55,535 | 52,437 | 3,098 | 10.3 | 9.7 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 1.34 | 11,214 |
| 2013 | 5,416,000 | 54,823 | 52,089 | 2,734 | 10.1 | 9.6 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 1.34 | 11,105 |
| 2014 | 5,421,000 | 55,033 | 51,346 | 3,687 | 10.2 | 9.5 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 1.37 | 10,582 |
| 2015 | 5,426,000 | 55,604 | 53,826 | 1,778 | 10.3 | 9.9 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 1.40 | 10,058 |
| 2016 | 5,435,000 | 57,557 | 52,351 | 5,206 | 10.6 | 9.6 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 1.48 | 9,390 |
| 2017 | 5,443,000 | 57,969 | 53,914 | 4,055 | 10.7 | 9.9 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 1.52 | 9,083 |
| 2018 | 5,450,000 | 57,639 | 54,293 | 3,346 | 10.6 | 10.0 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 1.54 | 9,039 |
| 2019 | 5,458,000 | 57,054 | 53,234 | 3,820 | 10.5 | 9.8 | 0.7 | 1.4 | 1.56 | 6,682 |
| 2020 | 5,459,781 | 56,650 | 59,089 | -2,439 | 10.4 | 10.8 | -0.4 | 0.8 | 1.59 | 6,180 |
| 2021 | 5,434,712 | 56,565 | 73,461 | -16,896 | 10.4 | 13.5 | -3.1 | -1.5 | 1.64 | 5,552 |
| 2022 | 5,428,800 | 52,668 | 59,583 | -6,915 | 9.7 | 11.0 | -1.3 | 0.2 | 1.57 | 5,891 |
| 2023 | 5,424,687 | 48,627 | 54,133 | -5,506 | 9.0 | 10.0 | -1.0 | 0.3 | 1.48 | 5,910 |
| 2024 | 5,419,451 | 46,241 | 53,876 | -7,635 | 8.5 | 10.0 | -1.4 | 0.4 | | |

### Current vital statistics

| Period | Live births | Deaths | Natural increase |
| January - November 2023 | 44,759 | 48,762 | -4,003 |
| January - November 2024 | 42,457 | 48,448 | -5,991 |
| Difference | -2,302 (-5.14%) | -314 (-0.64%) | -1,998 |

### Structure of the population

| Age Group | Male | Female | Total | % |
| Total | 2 666 486 | 2 793 295 | 5 459 781 | 100 |
| 0–4 | 151 050 | 143 932 | 294 982 | 5.40 |
| 5–9 | 148 703 | 141 292 | 289 995 | 5.31 |
| 10–14 | 145 175 | 138 142 | 283 317 | 5.19 |
| 15–19 | 134 762 | 127 412 | 262 174 | 4.80 |
| 20–24 | 146 693 | 139 514 | 286 207 | 5.24 |
| 25–29 | 178 989 | 171 583 | 350 572 | 6.42 |
| 30–34 | 205 583 | 197 417 | 403 000 | 7.38 |
| 35–39 | 223 148 | 210 774 | 433 922 | 7.95 |
| 40–44 | 233 997 | 219 935 | 453 932 | 8.31 |
| 45–49 | 210 693 | 203 524 | 414 217 | 7.59 |
| 50–54 | 172 944 | 172 772 | 345 716 | 6.33 |
| 55–59 | 174 312 | 181 729 | 356 041 | 6.52 |
| 60–64 | 167 771 | 185 911 | 353 682 | 6.48 |
| 65-69 | 150 908 | 184 068 | 334 976 | 6.14 |
| 70-74 | 103 829 | 143 803 | 247 632 | 4.54 |
| 75-79 | 59 778 | 100 517 | 160 295 | 2.94 |
| 80-84 | 34 122 | 69 918 | 104 040 | 1.91 |
| 85-89 | 16 505 | 40 150 | 56 655 | 1.04 |
| 90-94 | 5 395 | 15 678 | 21 073 | 0.39 |
| 95-99 | 1 462 | 4 076 | 5 538 | 0.10 |
| 100+ | 667 | 1 148 | 1 815 | 0.03 |
| Age group | Male | Female | Total | Percent |
| 0–14 | 444 928 | 423 366 | 868 294 | 15.90 |
| 15–64 | 1 848 892 | 1 810 571 | 3 659 463 | 67.03 |
| 65+ | 372 666 | 559 358 | 932 024 | 17.07 |

## Languages

Slovak (official) 81.77%, Hungarian 8.48%, Roma 1.84%, Rusyn 0.71%, other or unspecified 7.2% (2021 census)

## Employment and income
### Unemployment, youth ages 15–24

    Total: 19.4%. Country comparison to the world: 81st
    Male: 98.6%
    Female: 21.2% (2020 est.)

## Ethnic groups

The majority of the 5.4 million inhabitants of Slovakia are Slovak (83.82%). Hungarians are the largest ethnic minority (7.75%) and are concentrated in the southern and eastern regions of Slovakia. Other ethnic groups include Roma (1.23%), Czechs, Croats, Rusyns, Ukrainians, Germans, Poles, Gorals, Serbs and Jews (about 2,300 remain of the estimated pre-WWII population of 120,000).
While both international organizations (the United Nations and the World Bank) and the official Slovak statistics office offer population figures for ethnic groups, these figures seldom come close to agreement. Figures for the Roma population (for a variety of reasons) vary between 1% and 10% of the population. In the most recent survey carried out by the Slovak Government's Roma Plenipotentiary, the figure for the percentage of Roma was arrived at through interview with municipality representatives and mayors, according to how many Roma they think live in their jurisdictions. The figure arrived at by this means was in the region of 300,000 (about 5.6%). Note that in the case of the 5.6%, however, the above percentages of Hungarians and Slovaks are lower accordingly.
Population of Slovakia according to ethnic group 1950–2021 :
| Ethnic group | census 1950 | census 1950 | census 1961 | census 1961 | census 1970 | census 1970 | census 1980 | census 1980 | census 1991 | census 1991 | census 2001 | census 2001 | census 2011 | census 2011 | census 2021 | census 2021 |
| Ethnic group | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % |
| Slovaks | | 86.6 | | 85.3 | | 85.5 | 4,317,008 | 86.5 | 4,519,328 | 85.7 | 4,614,854 | 85.8 | 4,352,775 | 80.7 | 4,567,547 | 83.8% |
| Hungarians | | 10.3 | | 12.4 | | 12.2 | 559,490 | 11.2 | 567,296 | 10.8 | 520,528 | 9.7 | 458,467 | 8.5 | 422,065 | 7.7% |
| Romani$^1$ | | - | | - | | - | - | - | 75,802 | 1.4 | 89,920 | 1.7 | 105,738 | 2.0 | 67,179 | 1.2% |
| Czechs | | 1.2 | | 1.1 | | 1.0 | 57,197 | 1.1 | 59,326 | 1.1 | 44,620 | 0.8 | 30,367 | 0.6 | 28,996 | 0.5% |
| Rusyns | | 1.4 | | - | | 0.9 | 36,850 | 0.7 | 17,197 | 0.3 | 24,201 | 0.4 | 33,482 | 0.6 | 23,746 | 0.4% |
| Ukrainians | | 1.4 | | - | | 0.9 | 36,850 | 0.7 | 13,281 | 0.3 | 10,814 | 0.2 | 7,430 | 0.1 | 9,451 | 0.2% |
| Others/undeclared | | 0.5 | | 1.2 | | 0.4 | 20,623 | 0.4 | 22,105 | 0.4 | 74,518 | 1.4 | 408,777 | 7.5 | 330,286 | 6.1% |
| Total | 3,442,317 | 3,442,317 | 4,174,046 | 4,174,046 | 4,537,290 | 4,537,290 | 4,991,168 | 4,991,168 | 5,274,335 | 5,274,335 | 5,379,455 | 5,379,455 | 5,397,036 | 5,397,036 | 5,450,421 | 5,450,421 |
| $^1$ Before 1991 the Romani were not recognized as a separate ethnic group |||||||||||||||||
The official state language is Slovak, and Hungarian is widely spoken in the southern regions.
Despite its modern European economy and society, Slovakia has a significant rural element. About 45% of Slovaks live in villages with fewer than 5,000 inhabitants, and 14% in villages with fewer than 1,000.

## Immigration

Foreign residents:
| | 2023 | 2024 |
| Total | 294,607 | 327,372 |
| Ukraine | 165,041 | 187,719 |
| Serbia | 19,065 | 19,067 |
| Czechia | 12,702 | 12,742 |
| Hungary | 9,606 | 9,754 |
| Vietnam | 8,448 | 9,655 |
| Russia | 8,092 | 8,674 |
| Romania | 6,756 | 6,586 |
| Poland | 6,072 | 6,054 |
| Germany | 4,497 | 4,472 |
| Georgia | 4,245 | 5,760 |
| North Macedonia | 3,510 | 3,689 |
| Italy | 2,977 | 3,067 |
| China | 2,791 | 3,016 |
| United Kingdom | 2,706 | 2,707 |
| India | 2,586 | 3,992 |
| Austria | 2,580 | 2,599 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 1,753 | 1,708 |
| Bulgaria | 1,602 | 1,546 |
| France | 1,540 | 1,518 |
| South Korea | 1,497 | 1,569 |
| Belarus | 1,319 | 1,723 |
| Albania | 1,224 | 1,671 |
| Kazakhstan | 1,223 | 1,389 |
| Spain | 1,184 | 1,151 |
| Iran | 1,179 | 1,175 |
| Turkey | 1,176 | 1,436 |
| United States | 1,147 | 1,368 |
| Croatia | 1,100 | 1,081 |
| Kyrgyzstan | 1,033 | 1,462 |
| Others/undeclared | 15,416 | 19,022 |
Slovakia Net migration, 1993-present :
| Year | Immigrants | Emigrants | Net Migration |
| 1993 | 9,106 | 7,355 | 1,751 |
| 1995 | 3,055 | 213 | 2,842 |
| 1996 | 2,477 | 222 | 2,255 |
| 1997 | 2,303 | 572 | 1,731 |
| 1998 | 2,052 | 746 | 1,306 |
| 1999 | 2,072 | 618 | 1,454 |
| 2000 | 2,274 | 811 | 1,463 |
| 2001 | 2,023 | 1,011 | 1,012 |
| 2002 | 2,312 | 1,411 | 901 |
| 2003 | 2,603 | 1,194 | 1,409 |
| 2004 | 4,460 | 1,586 | 2,874 |
| 2005 | 5,276 | 1,873 | 3,403 |
| 2006 | 5,589 | 1,735 | 3,854 |
| 2007 | 8,624 | 1,831 | 6,793 |
| 2008 | 8,765 | 1,705 | 7,060 |
| 2009 | 6,346 | 1,979 | 4,367 |
| 2010 | 5,272 | 1,889 | 3,383 |
| 2011 | 4,829 | 1,863 | 2,966 |
| 2012 | 5,419 | 2,003 | 3,416 |
| 2013 | 5,149 | 2,770 | 2,379 |
| 2014 | 5,357 | 3,644 | 1,713 |
| 2015 | 6,997 | 3,870 | 3,127 |
| 2016 | 7,686 | 3,801 | 3,885 |
| 2017 | 7,188 | 3,466 | 3,722 |
| 2018 | 7,253 | 3,298 | 3,955 |
| 2019 | 7,016 | 3,384 | 3,632 |
| 2020 | 6,775 | 2,428 | 4,347 |
| 2021 | 5,733 | 3,395 | 2,338 |
| 2022 | 5,463 | 4,468 | 995 |
| 2023 | 5,923 | 4,522 | 1,401 |

## Religion

The Slovak constitution guarantees freedom of religion. The majority of Slovak citizens (55,76%) practice Roman Catholicism; the second-largest group consider themselves atheists (23.79%). About 5.27% are Protestants, 4% are Greek Catholics, and 0.93% are Orthodox and Reformed Christian Church 1.56% (2021 census).