# List of the first women holders of political offices in Africa

This is a list of political offices which have been held by a woman, with details of the first woman holder of each office. It is ordered by the countries in Africa and by dates of appointment. Please observe that this list is meant to contain only the first woman to hold of a political office, and not all the female holders of that office.

## Algeria
### Antiquity

* Monarch – Tin Hinan – 4th century

### Republic

* Secretary of State of Social Affairs – Z'hour Ounissi – 1982
* Vice-Minister of Education – Leila Khira Taib – 1984
* Minister of Social Affairs – Z'hour Ounissi – 1984
* Minister of Education (And third in the Cabinet) – Z'hour Ounissi – 1986
* Minister of Health – Nafissa Lalliam – 1991
* Minister of Youth and Sports – Leïla Aslaoui – 1991
* Minister of State for National Solidarity – Saida Benhabyles – 1992
* Minister-Councillor for Juridical and Administrative Questions – Meriem Belmilhoub Zerdani – 1993
* Secretary of State for National Solidarity and the Family – Aïcha Hénia Semichi – 1995
* Minister of National Solidarity and Family – Rabéa Mechrane – 1997
* Secretary of State of Culture – Zahia Benarous – 1997
* Minister of Culture – Khalida Toumi – 2002; Nadia Labidi – 2014
* Minister of Education – Nouria Benghabrit-Remaoun – 2014
* Minister of Land-Use Planning and Environment – Dalila Boudjemaa – 2014
* Minister of Family and Women – Mounia Meslem – 2014
* Minister of Post, Information Technology and Communication Women – Zahra Dardouri – 2014
* Minister of Tourism – Nouria Yamina Zerhouni – 2014
* Minister of Artisana & Handicrafts – Aish Tabagho – 2014

## Angola

* Vice-Minister of Internal Trade – Maria Mambo Café – 1977
* Minister of Social Affairs – Maria Mambo Café – 1982
* Minister of Justice – Guilhermina Contreiras da Costa Prata – 2008–2012

## Benin

* Minister of Public Health – Rafiatou Karimou – 1989
* Minister of Justice – Grace d'Almeida – 1995–1996
* Foreign minister – Mariam Aladji Boni Diallo – 2006

## Botswana

* Minister of Trade and Industry – Gaositwe K.T. Chiepe – 1974
* Foreign minister – Gaositwe K.T. Chiepe – 1985
* Chairperson of the House of Chiefs – Mosadi Seboko – 2003
* Minister of Justice – Lesego Motsumi – 2010–2011

## Burkina Faso

* Minister of Social Welfare, Housing and Labour – Célestine Ouezzin Coulibaly – 1958
* Minister of Justice – Marie Louise Nignan-Bassolet – 1982–1983

## Burundi

* Minister for Women's Questions – Euphrasie Kandeke – 1982
* Prime Minister – Sylvie Kinigi – 1993
* President (acting) – Sylvie Kinigi – 1993
* Minister of Justice – Clotilde Niragira – 2005–2007
* Foreign minister – Antoinette Batumubwira – 2006

## Cameroon

* Member of Parliament (appointed) – Dorcas Idowu – 1955
* Member of Parliament (elected) – Julienne Keutcha – 1960
* Vice-Minister of Health and Public Welfare – Delphine Zanga Tsogo – 1970
* Minister of Social Affairs – Delphine Zanga Tsogo – 1975
* Secretary General of the Ministry of Justice – Feh Helen Kwanga Galega – 2020

## Cape Verde

* Minister for Fisheries, Agriculture and Rural Development – Maria Helena Nobre de Morais Querido Semedo – 1993
* Minister of Justice – Januaria Moreira – 1999–2001
* Foreign minister – Fátima Veiga – 2002
* Defence minister – Cristina Fontes Lima – 2006

## Central African Republic

* Member of Parliament – Marthe Matongo – 1964
* Government minister (Social Affairs) – Marie-Joséphe Franck – 1970
* Prime Minister – Elisabeth Domitien – 1975
* Foreign minister – Léonie Banga-Bothy – 2013
* Head of State – Catherine Samba-Panza – 2014
* Minister of Justice – Isabelle Gaudeuille -2014–2016

## Chad

* Minister of Parliament – Bourkou Louise Kabo – 1962
* Minister of Social Affairs and Women – Fatimé Kimto – 1982

## Comoros

* Secretary of State for Population and the Condition of Women – Sittou Raghadat Mohamed – 1991 (First female appointed to a senior government position)
* Member of the Assembly of the Union of the Comoros – Djoueria Abdallah – 2004

## Congo-Brazzaville

* Member of Parliament – Micheline Golengo, Pierrette Kombo and Mambou Aimée Gnali – 1963
* Minister of Public Service – Charlotte Kisimba – 1970
* Minister of Social Affairs – Emilie Manima – 1975
* Minister of Primary Education – Bernadette Bayone – 1984
* Minister of Labour and Social Affairs – Jeanne Dambendzet – 1989

## Democratic Republic of the Congo
### Zaire

* Minister of Social Affairs – Sophie Kanza – 1967
* Foreign minister – Ekila Liyonda – 1987

### Republic

* Chief of Staff (Prime Minister) – Marie-Thérèse Nlandu Mpolo Nene
* Speaker of the National Assembly – Jeanine Mabunda – 2019

## Djibouti

* Deputy Head of State – Kadidja Abeba – 1992
* Cabinet member (Minister-Delegate for the Promotion of Women, Family and Social Affairs) – Hawa Ahmed Youssouf – 1999
* Cabinet Minister (Minister in charge of the Promotion of Women, Family Welfare and Social Affairs) – Aïcha Mohamed Robleh – 2005

## Egypt
### Ancient

* Pharaoh (monarch) – Sobekneferu – 1806 BC (First known female Head of State in history)

### Republic

* Member of Parliament – Rawya Ateya – 1957 (First female Member of Parliament in the Arab world)
* Minister (for Social Affairs) – Dr. Hikmat Abu Zayd – 1962
* Ambassador of Egypt – Aisha Rateb – 1979
* Mayor – Eva Habil, (Komboha) – 2008

## Equatorial Guinea

* Member of Parliament – Cristina Makoli and Lorenza Matute – 1968
* Minister of Womens Participation – Christina Ndjombe Ndjangani – 1978
* Minister of Justice – Evangelina Filomena Oyo Ebule – 2014–2018

## Eritrea

* Minister of Justice – Fozia Hashim – 1993

## Ethiopia

* Monarch – Empress Zewditu – 1916
* Member of Parliament – Senedu Gebru – 1957
* Assistant Minister of Foreign Affairs – Youdith Imre – 1966
* Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs – Youdith Imre – 1971
* Minister of Education – Woizero Mary Tadesso – 1991
* Minister of Health – Adanetch Kidane Miriam – 1991
* Leader of a Political Party (Unity for Democracy and Justice Party) – Birtukan Mideksa – 2009
* President – Sahle-Work Zewde – 2018
* Mayor of Addis Ababa – Adanech Abebe – 2021

## Gabon

* Member of Parliament – Virginie Ambougou and Antoinette Tsono – 1961
* Minister of Social Affairs and Women – Antoniette Oliveira – 1980
* Minister of Justice – Sophie Diouly – 1987–1989
* Foreign minister – Pascaline Mferri Bongo – 1991
* President (interim) – Rose Francine Rogombé – 2009
* Speaker of the Senate – Rose Francine Rogombé – 2009

## The Gambia

* Member of Parliament – Lucretia St. Clair Joof – 1968
* Minister of Youth, Sport and Culture – Louise N'Jie – 1982
* Minister of Justice and Attorney General of the Gambia – Hawa Sisay-Sabally 1996–1998
* Vice President – Isatou Njie-Saidy – 1997
* Foreign minister – Susan Waffa-Ogoo – 2012

## Ghana

* MP – Mabel Dove Danquah – 1954
* Minister of Social Affairs – Suzanna Al-Hassan – 1963
* Foreign minister – Gloria Amon Nikoi – 1979
* Minister of Justice and Attorney General – Betty Mould-Iddrisu – 2009–2011
* Speaker of Parliament – Joyce Bamford-Addo – 2009–2013

## Guinea

* Secretary of State for Social Affairs – Camara Loffo – 1961
* Minister of Social Affairs – Jeanne Martin-Cissé – 1976
* Foreign minister – Mahawa Bangoura – 2000
* Minister of Justice – Paulette Kourouma – 2007–2008

## Guinea-Bissau

* Minister of Health and Social Affairs – Carmen Pereira – 1981
* President of Guinea-Bissau (acting) – Carmen Pereira – May 1984
* Presidential candidate in Guinea-Bissau – Antoineta Rosa Gomes – 1994, 1999 and 2005
* Foreign minister – Hilia Barber – 1999
* Minister of Justice – Antoineta Rosa Gomes – 2000–2001
* Defence minister – Filomena Mascarenhas Tipote – 2005
* Prime Minister (acting) – Adiato Djaló Nandigna – 2012

## Ivory Coast

* Minister for Women's Affairs – Jeanne Gervais – 1976
* Minister of Justice – Jacqueline Oble – 1991–1994

## Kenya

* Member of Parliament – Sidney Farrar – 1938
* Mayor of Nairobi – Lady Gwladys Delamere – 1938
* Assistant Minister of Housing and Social Services – Julia Ojiambo – 1974
* Minister of National Heritage, Culture and Social Affairs – Winifred Nyiva Kitili Mwendwa – 1995
* Minister of Justice – Martha Karua – 2006–2009
* Minister of Constitutional Affairs – Martha Karua – 2008
* Foreign minister – Amina Mohamed – 2013
* Cabinet Secretary for Foreign Affairs – Amina Mohamed – 2013
* Attorney General – Dorcas Oduor – 2024

## Lesotho

* Regent – Queen 'Mantšebo – 1941
* High Court Assessor – 'Masechele Caroline Ntseliseng Khaketla – 1979
* Minister of State of Youth and Women's Affairs – Anna Matlehma Hlalele – 1986–1990
* Minister of State by the Chairperson of the Military Council – Anna Matlehma Hlalele – 1990–1992
* Minister of Trade and Industry – Morena Moletsone G. Mokroane – 1990
* Speaker of the National Assembly – Ntlhoi Motsamai – 1999

## Liberia
### National level

* Cabinet minister – Secretary of State of Education – Ellen Mills Scarborough – 1948
* Chairwoman of the Council of State (head of state) – Ruth Perry – 1997
* Chief Justice – Gloria Musu-Scott – 1998–2003
* Mayor of Monrovia – Ophelia Hoff Saytumah – 2001
* President pro tempore of the Liberian Senate – Grace B. Minor – 2002
* President – Ellen Johnson Sirleaf – 2006
* Vice President – Jewel Taylor – 2018

#### Individual ministries

* Assistant Attorney General – Angie Elizabeth Brook-Randolph – 1953
* Minister of Health and Social Security – Edith Mai Wiles Padmore – 1976
* Foreign minister – Dorothy Musuleng-Cooper – 1994
* Minister of Justice – Gloria Musu-Scott – (1996)

## Libya

* Minister of Education – Fatima Abd al-Hafiz Mukhtar – 1989
* Minister of Youth and Sports – Bukhanra Salem Houda – 1990
* Assistant Secretary General of The Peoples’ Congress – Salmin Ali al-Uraybi – 1990
* Assistant Secretary for Women – Salma Ahmed Rashed – 1992
* Secretary in the General Secretariat of the General Peoples' Congress for Women's Affairs – Thuriya Ramadan Abu Tabrika (Sefrian) – 1995
* Secretary for Information, Culture and Mass Mobilization – Fawziya Bashir al-Shalababi – 1995
* Secretary in the General Secretariat of the General Peoples' Congress for Social Affairs – Shalma Chabone Abduljabbar – 2000
* Secretary of People's Committees Affairs – Huda Fathi Ben Amer – 2009
* Member of the Interim National Council in charge of Legal Affairs – Salwa Fawzi El-Deghali – 2011
* Minister of Health – Fatima Hamroush – 2011
* Minister of Foreign Affairs – Najla Mangoush – 2021

## Madagascar

* Minister of Revolutionary Art and Culture – Gisèle Rabesahala – 1977
* Secretary of State for University Affairs – Elénore Marguritte Nerine – 1993
* Foreign minister – Lila Ratsifandrihamanana – 1998
* Minister of Justice – Alice Rajaonah – 2002–2004
* Defence minister – Cécile Manorohanta – 2007
* Prime Minister (acting) – Cécile Manorohanta – 2009
* President (Malagasy National Assembly) – Christine Razanamahasoa – 2014

## Malawi

* Parliamentary Secretary for Community and Social Development – Rose Chibambo – 1964
* Parliamentary Secretary to the President – Jean M. Mlanga – 1966
* Minister of State for Women's and Children’s Affairs – Edda E. Chitalo – 1994
* Foreign minister – Lilian Patel – 2000
* Interior minister – Anna Kachikho – 2005
* Vice President – Joyce Banda – 2009
* President – Joyce Banda – 2012
* Speaker of the National Assembly – Catherine Gotani Hara – 2019

## Mali

* Member of Parliament – Aoua Kéita – 1960
* Minister of Social Affairs and Health – Sominé Dolo – 1965
* Secretary of State for Social Affairs – Inna Sissoko Cissé – 1968
* Foreign minister – Sy Kadiatou Sow – 1994
* Minister of Justice – Fatoumata Sylla – 2004–2007
* Prime minister – Cissé Mariam Kaïdama Sidibé – 2011

## Mauritania

* Government minister – Aïssata Kane – 1975
* Foreign minister – Naha Mint Mouknass – 2009
* Mayor of Nouakchott – Maty Mint Hamady – 2014

## Mauritius

* Member of Parliament – Emilienne Rochecouste, Denise De Chazal – 1948
* Minister of Women's Affairs, Prizes and Consumer's Affairs – Radhamanay Roonoosarny – 1975
* Minister of Justice and Attorney General – Shirin Aumeeruddy-Cziffra – 1982–1983
* Minister of Youth and Sports – Marie Claude Arouff-Parfait – 1995
* Minister of Gender Equality, Child Development and Family Welfare – Indira Thacoor Sidaya – 1995
* Minister of Social Security, National Solidarity and Reform Institutions – Sheila Bappoo – 2005
* Parliamentary Private Secretary – Kalyanee Bedwantee Juggoo – 2010
* President (acting) – Monique Ohsan Bellepeau – 2012
* Minister of Education and human Resources – Leela Devi Dookhun Luchoomun – 2014
* Speaker of the National Assembly of Mauritius – Maya Hanoomanjee
* President – Ameenah Gurib-Fakim – 2015

## Morocco
### National level

* High Commissioner for Handicapped – Aziza Bennani – 1994
* Mayor (Essaouira) – Asma Chaabi – 2003

### Individual ministries

* Secretary of State of Energy and Mines – Amina Benkhadra – 1997
* Secretary of State for Family Affairs – Yasmina Baddou – 2002
* Secretary of State for Literacy and non-formal Education – Najima Rhozali – 2002
* Minister of Energy and Mines – Amina Benkhadra – 2007
* Minister of Health – Yasmina Baddou – 2007
* Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs – Latifa Akherbach – 2007
* Secretary of State for Education – Latifa Labida – 2007
* Minister of Sports – Nawal El Moutawakel – 2007
* Minister of Solidarity, Women, Family, and Social Development – Nouzha Skalli (2007)
* Minister of Culture – Touriya Jabrane – 2007
* Minister of Health – Yasmina Baddou – 2007
* Ministry of Craft and Social Economy – Fatema Marouane – 2013

## Mozambique

* Minister of Education and Culture – Graça Simbini Machel – 1975
* Prime Minister – Luisa Diogo – 2004
* Foreign minister – Alcinda Abreu – 2005
* Minister of Justice – Esperanza Machavela – 2007–2008

## Namibia

* Minister-Delegate of Local Government & Housing – Libertine Appolus Amathila – 1987
* Minister of Local Government and Lands – Libertine Appolus Amathila – 1989
* Interior minister – Rosalia Nghidinwa – 2005
* Foreign Minister – Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah – 2013
* Prime Minister – Saara Kuugongelwa – 2015
* Deputy Prime Minister – Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah – 2015

## Niger

* Minister of Social Affairs and Women's Affairs – Aïssata Moumouni – 1989
* Foreign minister – Aïchatou Mindaoudou – 1999

## Nigeria

* Minister of National Planning – Adenike Ebun Oyagbola – 1979
* Finance Minister – Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala – 2003
* Foreign Minister – Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala - 2006

### Anambra State

* Governor of Anambra State (South East Nigeria) – Virginia Etiaba – 2006

### Rivers State

* Commissioner of Works – Felicity Okpete Ovai – 2003
* Deputy Governor of Rivers State (Southern Nigeria) – Ipalibo Banigo – 2015

## Rwanda

* Minister of Social Affairs and Public Health – Madeleine Ayinkamiye – 1964
* Prime Minister – Agathe Uwilingiyimana – 1993
* Minister of Justice – Agnès Ntamabyaliro Rutagwera – 1993–1994
* Minister of Foreign Affairs – Rosemary Museminali – 2008
* President of the Chamber of Deputies of Rwanda – Rose Mukantabana – 2008

## Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha

* Secretary of External Affairs – Joan S. Dorchville – 1967
* Commissioner of Labour – Hedwige Rosemond – 1974
* Governor – Lisa Phillips – 2016
* Chief Minister of Saint Helena – Julie Thomas – 2021

## São Tomé and Príncipe

* Minister of Culture and Education – Alda Neves da Graça do Espirito Santo – 1975
* Foreign minister – Maria do Nascimento da Graça Amorim – 1978
* Prime Minister – Maria das Neves – 2002
* Minister of Justice – Edite Ramos da Costa Ten Jua – 2013–2016

## Senegal

* Minister of Social Affairs – Caroline Faye Diop – 1978
* Minister of Justice – Mame Madior Boye – 2000
* Prime Minister – Mame Madior Boye – 2001

## Seychelles

* Member of Parliament – Marie-Cécile Collet – 1948
* Minister of External Affairs and Planning – Danielle de St. Jorre – 1989
* Foreign minister – Danielle de St. Jorre – 1989

## Sierra Leone

* House of Representatives (Paramount Chief Member for Moyamba District) – Ella Koblo Gulama – 1957
* Minister of State – Ella Koblo Gulama – 1962
* Foreign minister – Shirley Gbujama – 1996
* Minister of Justice and Attorney General – Priscilla Schwartz – 2018

## Somalia

* Member of a City Council – Halima Godane – 1958
* Assistant Minister of Education – Fadumo Ahmed Alin – 1974
* Assistant Minister of Health – Raqiya Haji Dualeh (Raqiya Doaleh Abdalla) – 1983
* Minister of Health – Nur Ilmi Uthman – 1994
* Foreign minister – Fowsiyo Yusuf Haji Adan – 2012
* Deputy prime minister – Fowsiyo Yusuf Haji Adan – 2012

## Somaliland

* Foreign minister – Edna Adan Ismail – 2003

## South Africa
### Union

* Mayor of Pretoria – Mabel Malherbe – 1931
* Member of Parliament – Leila Reitz – 1933
* Leader of a political party (President of the Liberal Party of South Africa) – Margaret Ballinger – 1953
* Mayor of Cape Town – Joyce Newton-Thompson – 1959

### Republic

* Government minister – Rina Venter – 1989
* Health minister – Rina Venter – 1989
* Speaker of the House – Frene Ginwala – 1994–2004
* Foreign minister – Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma – 1999
* Deputy President – Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka – 2005
* Leader of a major political party – Helen Zille – 2007
* Premier of Western Cape – Lynne Brown – 2008

## Sudan

* Member of Parliament – Fatima Ahmed Ibrahim – 1965
* Deputy Minister of Youth and Sport – Nafisah Ahmad al-Amin – 1971
* Minister of State of Social Welfare – Fatima Abdel Mahmoud – 1974
* Minister of State of the Interior, Commissioner for Refugees – Fatma Abdulmahmud – 1995
* Minister of Health – Ihsan Abdallah el-Ghabshawi – 1996
* Minister of Public Service and Manpower (Labour Forces) – Agnes Lukudi – 1998
* Governor (of Bahr-al-Jabal) – Agnes Lukudi – 1994

## Swaziland

* Regent – Queen Labotsibeni Mdluli – 1899
* Minister of Health – Fanny Friedman – 1987

## Tanzania

* Deputy Minister for Health – Bibi Titi Mohammed – 1962
* Minister of Justice – Julie Manning – 1975
* Foreign minister – Asha-Rose Migiro – 2006
* Ministry of Constitutional and Legal Affairs – Mary Nagu – 2006–2008
* President of Tanzania – Samia Suluhu Hassan – 2021–present
* Minister of Defence and National Service – Stergomena Tax – 2021–present

## Togo

* MP – Joséphine Hundt – 1961
* Mayor – Marie Madoé Sivomey – 1967
* Minister of Justice – Bibi Yao Savi de Tore – 1978–1982

## Tunisia
### National level

* Cabinet minister – Minister of Women's Affairs – Fethia Mzali – 1983
* Leader of a Political Party – Maya Jribi – 2006
* Vice-President of the Legislative assembly (Constituent Assembly of Tunisia) – Meherzia Labidi Maïza – 2011

#### Individual ministries

* Minister of Public Health – Souad Yaacoubi – 1984
* Minister of the Environment – Faïza Kefi – 1999
* Minister of Vocational Training – Faïza Kefi – 2001
* Minister of Employment – Néziha Zarrouk – 2001
* Minister of Culture – Moufida Tlatli – 2011
* Minister of Commerce – Nejla Moalla – 2014
* Minister of Tourism – Amel Karboul – 2014

## Uganda

* Member of Parliament – Florence Alice Lubega – 1962
* Foreign minister – Elizabeth Bagaya – 1974
* Vice President – Specioza Kazibwe – 1994
* Minister of Justice – Janat Mukwaya – 2001–2003

## Zambia

* Members of Parliament – Ester Banda, Malina Chilila, Margret Mbeba, Nakatindi Yeta Nganga, Madeline Robertson – 1964
* Junior Minister – Nakatindi Yeta Nganga – 1966
* Minister of Health – Mutumba Mainga Bull – 1973
* Vice President – Inonge Wina – 2015
* Speaker of the National Assembly – Nelly Mutti – 2021

## Zanzibar

* Minister of Culture – Manical Mastura Ali Salem – 1981

## Zimbabwe
### National level

* Member of Parliament – Ethel Tawse Jollie – 1923
* Mayor – Gladys Maasdorp – 1942
* Senators – Olive Robertson and Helena van Biljon – 1970
* Cabinet minister – Joice Mujuru – 1980
* Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly – Edna Madzongwe – 1995
* Provincial governor – Oppah Muchinguri – 2000
* Vice-President of ZANU–PF – Joice Mujuru – 2004
* Vice-President – Joice Mujuru – 2004
* President of the Senate – Edna Madzongwe – 2005
* Deputy Prime Minister – Thokozani Khupe – 2009
* President (acting) – Joice Mujuru – 2009
* National Chairperson of ZANU–PF – Oppah Muchinguri – 2017
* Attorney-General – Virginia Mabhiza – 2023

#### Individual ministries

* Minister of Youth, Sport, and Recreation – Joice Mujuru – 1980
* Minister of National Resources and Tourism – Victoria Chitepo – 1982
* Minister of Education – Victoria Chitepo – 1988
* Minister of Information – Victoria Chitepo – 1988
* Minister of Posts and Telecommunications – Victoria Chitepo – 1990
* Minister of Higher and Tertiary Education – Olivia Muchena – 2013
* Minister of State for Masvingo Province – Shuvai Mahofa – 2015
* Minister of Defence and War Veterans Affairs – Oppah Muchinguri – 2018
* Minister of Information, Publicity and Broadcasting Services – Monica Mutsvangwa – 2018
* Minister of State for Mashonaland Central Province – Monica Mavhunga – 2018

### Regional level

* Mayor of Salisbury (today Harare) – Gladys Maasdorp – 1942
* Mayor of Gatooma (today Kadoma) – Maud Godsmark – 1955
* Mayor of Que Que (today Kwekwe) – Barbara Ashton – 1959
* Mayor of Bulawayo – Margot Brett – 1960
* Governor of Manicaland Province – Oppah Muchinguri – 2000
* Mayor of Mutare – Sophia Rudo Gwasira – 2023

## Footnotes and references

* 1 2 3 "Algeria Ministers".
* ↑ "LA CULTURE EN 2015: La dernière année avant la libération?". www.lesoirdalgerie.com. 2 January 2016. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
* ↑ rédaction, La (6 May 2014). "Portrait. Nadia Labidi-Cherabi, une cinéaste à la tête du ministère de la Culture". Algerie Focus (in French). Retrieved 8 February 2019.
* 1 2 3 "Sept femmes dans le nouveau gouvernement Sellal". El Watan (in French). Retrieved 8 February 2019.
* ↑ rédaction, La (12 September 2013). "Algérie : Remaniement ministériel, et les femmes dans tout ça ?". Algerie Focus (in French). Archived from the original on 7 October 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
* ↑ "Le portail du Premier Ministère | Accueil |". Le portail du Premier Ministère. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
* ↑ Figaro, Madame (2 September 2015). "Pour la première fois, il y a plus de femmes que d'hommes ministres". Madame Figaro. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
* ↑ Mondafrique, La redaction de (16 October 2015). "La ministre algérienne Aïcha Tagabou protégée par la femme du Premier ministre". Mondafrique (in French). Retrieved 8 February 2019.
* 1 2 "Angola Ministers".
* ↑ "Ministério da Justiça e Direitos Humanos | Histórico". www.minjusdh.gov.ao. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
* ↑ "Benin Ministers".
* 1 2 3 4 5 Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku (2012). Dictionary of African Biography. OUP USA. ISBN 9780195382075.
* ↑ Panapress (8 April 2006). "Boni Yayi rend public son premier gouvernement". Afrik.com (in French). Retrieved 8 February 2019.
* ↑ "Botswana Ministers".
* ↑ Encyclopedia of World Biography. Gale Research. 1998. ISBN 9780787625436.
* ↑ Guide2Women Leaders
* ↑ "Mmegi Online :: Civil service shake-up, Cabinet reshuffle looming". Mmegi Online. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
* ↑ Tsimane, Edgar (16 December 2010). "Defence, Justice and Security Still Without Substantive Minister EF".
* ↑ "Burkina Faso Ministers". www.guide2womenleaders.com. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
* ↑ "Chiefs of State and Cabinet members of foreign governments / National Foreign Assessment Center. 1983: Jan.-Mar." HathiTrust. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
* ↑ Rouamba, Lydia; Descarries, Francine (2010). "Les femmes dans le pouvoir exécutif au Burkina Faso (1957–2009)" (PDF).
* ↑ "Burundi – Politique". Net Press.
* ↑ Forges, Alison Liebhafsky Des (1999). Aucun témoin ne doit survivre: le génocide au Rwanda (in French). KARTHALA Editions. ISBN 9782865379378.
* ↑ "Femmes et pouvoir politique au Benin : des origines dahomeennes a nos jours" (PDF). December 2012.
* ↑ "President names cabinet, new faces abound". IRIN (in French). 31 August 2005. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
* ↑ Jeune Afrique (in French). Groupe Jeune Afrique. 2008.
* 1 2 "Cameroon Ministers".
* ↑ "Cameroun : La première femme secrétaire au Minrex a pris fonction". Lebledparle (in French). 7 July 2020. Retrieved 13 August 2024.
* ↑ "Cape Verde Ministers".
* ↑ "Chiefs of State and Cabinet members of foreign governments / National Foreign Assessment Center. 1999 Sep–Dec 1999". HathiTrust. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
* ↑ "Januária Tavares Silva Moreira Costa". Superior Council of the Judiciary. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
* ↑ "Fátima Veiga é nova embaixadora de Cabo Verde na França". Expresso das Ilhas (in Portuguese). Retrieved 8 February 2019.
* ↑ SAPO. "Governo cabo-verdiano passa a ter 11 mulheres e oito homens". SAPO Notícias (in Portuguese). Retrieved 8 February 2019.
* 1 2 Bradshaw, Richard; Fandos-Rius, Juan (2016). Historical Dictionary of the Central African Republic. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780810879928.
* ↑ "Liste des membres du Gouvernement Tiangaye 3 (RCA)". www.sangonet.com. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
* ↑ "CAR elects mayor as new leader". 20 January 2014. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
* 1 2 "Chiefs of State and Cabinet Members of Foreign Governments". www.cia.gov. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
* ↑ "Chad Ministers".
* ↑ HALIDI. "Interview / LE POINT avec Sittou Raghadat Mohamed, première femme comorienne ministre et élue députée". HALIDI-BLOG-COMORES, Blog des COMORES (in French). Retrieved 22 April 2019.
* ↑ "Mulher no Parlamento da União das Comores". 12 January 2005. Archived from the original on 12 January 2005. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
* 1 2 3 4 "Congo-Brazzaville Ministers".
* ↑ "Congo-Kinshasa Ministers".
* ↑ Turshen, Meredeth (2016). Gender and the Political Economy of Conflict in Africa: The persistence of violence. Routledge. ISBN 9781317636557.
* ↑ Batumike, Cikuru (2009). Femmes du Congo-Kinshasa: défis, acquis et visibilité de genre (in French). Harmattan. ISBN 9782296077799.
* ↑ Bambi, Jerry (26 April 2019). "Jeanine Mabunda, first woman elected to lead DRC's National Assembly". Africa News. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
* ↑ Djibouti_Heads
* ↑ "afrol News – African news agency". www.afrol.com. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
* ↑ Djibouti.htm
* ↑ Graves-Brown, Carolyn (2010). Dancing for Hathor: Women in Ancient Egypt. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781441161222.
* ↑ Goldschmidt 2000, p. 26
* ↑ Karam 1998, p. 44
* ↑ "Women in the Executive Authority". Egypt State Information Service. Retrieved 7 March 2011.
* ↑ Bauer, Gretchen; Dawuni, Josephine (2015). Gender and the Judiciary in Africa: From Obscurity to Parity?. Routledge. ISBN 9781317516491.
* ↑ Sullivan, Earl L. (1986). Women in Egyptian Public Life. Syracuse University Press. p. 82. ISBN 9780815623540.
* ↑ Fleishman, Jeffrey (8 March 2009). "In Egypt, a village boasts the nation's first female mayor". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
* ↑ "Equatorial Guinea Ministers".
* ↑ Connell, Dan; Killion, Tom (14 October 2010). Historical Dictionary of Eritrea. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810875050.
* ↑ Elshtain, Jean Bethke (2005). Women and War: With a New Epilogue. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781851097708.
* ↑ Joseph, Suad; Naǧmābādī, Afsāna (2003). Encyclopedia of Women and Islamic Cultures: Family, Law and Politics. Brill. ISBN 978-9004128187.
* ↑ Adagala, Esther (1994). Women's Access to Decision Making in and Through the Media with Particular Reference to the East African Situation. Women in Communication Trust.
* ↑ "Empress Zewditu – Queen of Kings". Angelfire. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
* 1 2 3 4 "Ethiopia Ministers".
* ↑ "Ethiopia's Top Opposition Politician Ends Prison Hunger Strike". VOA. Retrieved 28 September 2018.
* ↑ Mideksa, Birtukan. "Prisoners of conscience in Ethiopia". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 28 September 2018.
* ↑ Salbi, Zainab (1 June 2010). "Spotlight on the Struggle of Birtukan Mideksa: Ethiopian Human Rights Activist in the Global Women's Movement". Huffington Post. Retrieved 28 September 2018.
* ↑ Shaffo, Cherer Aklilu (2010). "Gender and Ethiopian Politics: The Case of Birtukan Mideksa" (PDF). Central European University: Department of Gender Studies.
* ↑ "Sahle-Work Zewde named Ethiopia's first female president". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 23 November 2019.
* ↑ "Ethiopia's first women attorney general confirmed in the parliament". Borkena Ethiopian News. 12 March 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
* ↑ "Gabon Ministers".
* ↑ "Chiefs of State and Cabinet members of foreign governments / National Foreign Assessment Center. 1987Jan-Apr". HathiTrust. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
* ↑ Révolution, LVDPG. "Gabon : L'histoire jugera les femmes de pouvoir au Gabon". GL9.fr (in French). Retrieved 8 February 2019.
* ↑ Skard, Torild (2015). Women of Power: Half a Century of Female Presidents and Prime Ministers Worldwide. Policy Press. ISBN 9781447315803.
* ↑ "Gabon: Rose Francine Rogombé prête serment comme présidente par interim". VOA (in French). Retrieved 8 February 2019.
* ↑ "Gambia Ministers". www.guide2womenleaders.com. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
* ↑ Perfect, David (2016). Historical Dictionary of The Gambia. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781442265264.
* ↑ "Vice-President's Office, Gambia, Banjul". www.accessgambia.com. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
* ↑ "Foreign ministers E-K". rulers.org. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
* ↑ "Ghana Ministers".
* ↑ Africa Research Bulletin: Political, social, and cultural series. Blackwell. 1979.
* ↑ "First woman Attorney-General Sworn In". www.ghanaweb.com. 30 November 2001. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
* ↑ África today: política, economia e cultura (in Portuguese). C. Cardoso. 2009.
* 1 2 "Guinea Ministers". www.guide2womenleaders.com. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
* 1 2 Jeune Afrique L'intelligent (in French). Groupe Jeune Afrique. 2001.
* ↑ "RFI – Guinée – Un gouvernement de consensus sans les politiciens". www1.rfi.fr. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
* ↑ "Guinea Bissau Ministers".
* ↑ Galiza, Sermos (10 June 2016). "Falece Cármen Pereira, a primeira presidenta na história da África". Sermos Galiza. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
* 1 2 3 Sheldon, Kathleen E. (2005). Historical Dictionary of Women in Sub-Saharan Africa. ISBN 9780810853317.
* 1 2 "Antonieta Rosa Gomes". cei.iscte-iul.pt (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 12 June 2018.
* 1 2 3 Mendy, Peter Karibe; Lobban, Richard A. Jr. (2013). Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810880276.
* ↑ "Filomena Mascarenhas: História de uma experiência". Interpeace. 29 March 2016. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
* ↑ "Lideres na lusofonia". 23 June 2017. Retrieved 8 February 2019 – via PressReader.
* ↑ "Cote d'Ivoire Ministers". www.guide2womenleaders.com. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
* ↑ "Chiefs of State and Cabinet members of foreign governments / National Foreign Assessment Center. 1992". HathiTrust. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
* ↑ "News in Brief", The Times, 29 March 1938, p15, Issue 47955
* ↑ The Crown Colonist. Crown Colonist. 1943.
* 1 2 3 "Kenya Ministers".
* 1 2 Africa Confidential. Miramoor Publications Limited. 2006.
* ↑ Alidou, Ousseina D. (2013). Muslim Women in Postcolonial Kenya: Leadership, Representation, and Social Change. University of Wisconsin Pres. ISBN 9780299294632.
* ↑ "Kenya Nominates Amb. Mohamed for Chairperson of the Africian Union Commission (AUC)". Retrieved 24 May 2023.
* ↑ Etyand, Perpetua (20 August 2024). "You're equal to the task! Karua tells AG Dorcas Oduor". The Star. Retrieved 7 September 2024.
* ↑ Sheldon, Kathleen (2016). Historical Dictionary of Women in Sub-Saharan Africa. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781442262935.
* 1 2 "Lesotho Ministers".
* ↑ Rosenberg, Scott; Weisfelder, Richard F. (2013). Historical Dictionary of Lesotho. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810879829.
* 1 2 3 "Liberia Ministers".
* ↑ "Jenda Journal, "African Women Premier Ministers"". Archived from the original on 11 October 2008. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
* ↑ "Past Chief Justices". Supreme Court of Liberia. 30 December 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
* 1 2 Hyman, Lester S. (2003). United States Policy Towards Liberia, 1822 to 2003: Unintended Consequences?. Africana Homestead Legacy Publishers. ISBN 9780965330886.
* ↑ Skard, Torild (2014) "Ruth Perry" in Women of Power – Half a century of female presidents and prime ministers worldwide, Bristol: Policy Press, ISBN 978-1-44731-578-0
* ↑ "A Look At Jewel Howard-Taylor's Life As First Female Vice President of Liberia". The News Newspaper. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
* ↑ "Obituary for Liberia Associate Director for Training Musuleng "D. Mus" Cooper". peacecorpsonline.org. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
* ↑ Africa Research Bulletin: Political, social, and cultural series. Blackwell. 1996.
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Libya Ministers".
* ↑ "اتحاد وكالات الأنباء العربية – فانا". archive.is. 4 December 2012. Archived from the original on 4 December 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
* 1 2 "Madagascar Ministers".
* ↑ Zhirui, Chen; Jinjun, Zhao (2014). China And The International Society: Adaptation And Self-consciousness. World Scientific. ISBN 9781938134524.
* ↑ "La Ministre de la Justice monte au créneau". Madagascar Online : Le premier magazine d'actualité en ligne, spécialisé sur Madagascar (in French). Retrieved 14 June 2018.
* ↑ Galibert, Didier (2009). Les gens du pouvoir à Madagascar: État postcolonial, légitimités et territoire, 1956–2002 (in French). KARTHALA Editions. ISBN 9782811102135.
* ↑ "Madagascan leader names new government" Archived 2009-02-15 at the Wayback Machine The Times, 27 October 2007
* ↑ "Ex-minister of justice elected Madagascar parliament speaker CCTV News – CNTV English". english.cntv.cn. Archived from the original on 15 June 2018. Retrieved 14 June 2018.
* 1 2 "Malawi Ministers". www.guide2womenleaders.com. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
* ↑ "Kachikho 'proud' to be back in Cabinet". Malawi Nyasa Times – Malawi breaking news in Malawi. 18 July 2017. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
* ↑ Kamwendo, Juliet; Kamwendo, Gregory. "When Exploitation is Camouflaged as Women Empowerment: The case of Malawi's first female president Joyce Banda" (PDF).
* ↑ McGroarty, Patrick (4 August 2012). "Malawi Swears In Banda as President". Wall Street Journal.
* ↑ "No Madando, No Tippex:Malawi legislators elect MCP's Gotani Hara first woman speaker of parliament". Nyasa Times. 19 June 2019. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
* ↑ "Mali Ministers".
* ↑ Aujourd'hui-Mali (29 July 2017). "maliweb.net – En 57 ans d'indépendance : Le Mali a connu 57 femmes ministres". maliweb.net (in French). Retrieved 11 February 2021.
* ↑ "Sy Kadiatou Sow, Femme Leader : L'icône féminine du mouvement démocratique malie". abamako.com. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
* ↑ "Alerte Infos :: Temps de transmission du savoir pour Fatoumata Sylla, la "vieille dame" du Barreau malien (PORTRAIT)". alerte-info.net. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
* ↑ Pays, Le (8 April 2014). "maliweb.net – Barreau malien : Les avocats stagiaires ont prêté serment". maliweb.net (in French). Retrieved 10 September 2017.
* ↑ "Afribone.com :: Barreau Malien : Quarante ans d'histoires !". afribone.com. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
* ↑ Fomba, M. (2013, December 19). La profession de magistrat au Mali. La difficile quête d’indépendance du juge. UNIVERSITE DE BORDEAUX UNIVERSITÉ MONTESQUIEU – BORDEAUX IV / SCIENCES PO BORDEAUX ECOLE DOCTORALE DE SCIENCE POLITIQUE DE BORDEAUX – E.D. 208 LAM-Les Afriques dans le Monde (UMR 5115 du CNRS).
* ↑ "Musow". www.musow.com. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
* ↑ "Temps de transmission du savoir pour Fatoumata Sylla, la "vieille dame" du Barreau malien (Portrait)". 21 April 2014. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018.
* ↑ "Mali: une femme nommée Premier ministre, une première". RTBF Info (in French). 3 April 2011. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
* ↑ Olsen, Kirstin (1994). Chronology of Women's History. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313288036.
* ↑ "Mauritanie : Maty Mint Hamady, première femme maire de Nouakchott". JeuneAfrique.com (in French). 5 February 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
* ↑ "Mauritius Ministers". www.guide2womenleaders.com. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
* ↑ "Nomination : Shirin Aumeeruddy-Cziffra présidente de la Public Bodies Appeal Tribunal". lexpress.mu (in French). 27 February 2012. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
* ↑ Antoine, Jean-Claude (2010). Droit au but: biographie de Mamade Elahee (in French). ELP. ISBN 9789994910397.
* ↑ Business magazine (in French). Business Publications. 1999.
* ↑ Maurice ...: l'Almanach moderne des années ... (in French). Maurice Almanach. 2006.
* ↑ "National Assembly – Juggoo (Mrs) Kalyanee Bedwantee". mauritiusassembly.govmu.org. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
* ↑ "Mauritius: GL welcomes first woman vice president". Gender Links. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
* ↑ "Le Rôle de la normalisation dans l'autonomisation et le développement des femmes dans le cadre de l'Agenda 2063 ». | African Organisation for Standardisation". Retrieved 8 February 2019.
* ↑ "Leela Devi Dookun, (ministre de l'Éducation): "Je suis là pour faire évoluer le système d'éducation"". Le Mauricien (in French). 11 January 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
* ↑ Morna; Lowe, Colleen; Dube; Sifiso, eds. (2016). SADC Gender Protocol 2015 Barometer. Gender Link. p. 90. ISBN 9780992243357.
* ↑ "Nomination: Ameenah Gurib-Fakim, première femme présidente de la République de Maurice". Le Mauricien (in French). 4 June 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
* 1 2 "Morroco [sic] Ministers". www.guide2womenleaders.com. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
* ↑ "Les secrets du succès des Chaabi". JeuneAfrique.com (in French). 17 July 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
* 1 2 Bauer, Gretchen; Tremblay, Manon (2011). Women in Executive Power: A Global Overview. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781136819155.
* ↑ "Najima Rhozali, secrétaire d'Etat chargée de l'Alphabétisme et de l'Education non formelle, fait le point sur le déroulement de la mission de son département et des dérapages qu'a pu connaître la marche du processus. Entretien". Aujourd'hui le Maroc. 31 May 2004. Archived from the original on 21 February 2013. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
* ↑ M BK (14 January 2003). "Analphabétisme : La lutte continue". Aujourd'hui le Maroc. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
* ↑ "La Demoiselle de Fer". Maghress. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
* ↑ "Mohamed Ayad et Latifa Akharbach ont été nommés respectivement directeur général de la Société nationale de radio et télévision (SNRT) et directrice de la radio nationale". Maghress. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
* ↑ "Les sept femmes de l'Exécutif". Maghress. Archived from the original on 9 October 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
* ↑ "Maroc: qui est Nawal El Moutawakel, la première femme arabe olympique?". Afrotribune (in French). 22 March 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
* ↑ "Maroc – Nouzha Skalli : 'La loi sur les violences faites aux femmes n'est pas à la hauteur'". JeuneAfrique.com (in French). 15 February 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
* ↑ "Une nouvelle vision pour l'aide au théâtre". Maghress. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
* ↑ "Yasmina Baddou : Ministre de la Santé". Maghress. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
* ↑ "Biographie de Mme Fatema Marouane : ministre de l'Artisanat, de l'Economie sociale et solidaire". MAP Express (in French). Retrieved 8 February 2019.
* ↑ "Mozambique Ministers". www.guide2womenleaders.com. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
* ↑ Skard, Torild (2014), "Luisa Diogo", in Women of Power – half a century of female presidents and prime ministers worldwide, Bristol: Policy Press, ISBN 978-1-44731-578-0.
* ↑ Mozambiquefile: A Mozambique News Agency Monthly. AIM. 1998.
* ↑ "Chiefs of State and Cabinet Members of Foreign Governments". www.cia.gov. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
* 1 2 "Namibia Ministers". www.guide2womenleaders.com. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
* ↑ Bauer, Gretchen; Britton, Hannah Evelyn (2006). Women in African Parliaments. Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 9781588264275.
* ↑ Shipanga, Selma; Immanuel, Shinovene (5 December 2012). "Transition team picked". The Namibian. Archived from the original on 28 December 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
* ↑ "Profile: Saara Kuugongelwa-Amadhila". New Era Live. 12 March 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
* ↑ "Geingob announces Cabinet" Archived 2015-10-02 at the Wayback Machine, The Namibian, 20 March 2015.
* ↑ "Niger Ministers". www.guide2womenleaders.com. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
* ↑ Jeune Afrique (in French). Groupe Jeune Afrique. 2006.
* ↑ "Nigeria Ministers". www.guide2womenleaders.com. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
* 1 2 "Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala". Brookings. 4 April 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
* ↑ "First female governor in Nigeria". 3 November 2006. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
* ↑ Okon Bassey (26 April 2005). "Work Begins On N11.8bn Road Project". Thisday. Retrieved 19 June 2016 – via AllAfrica.
* ↑ Juliet Chinda Njiowhor (27 May 2016). "Women On The Rivers Project At 49". The Tide. Retrieved 19 June 2016.
* ↑ Lodge, Carey (11 April 2015). "Nigeria: voting begins for state governors". Christian Today. Retrieved 14 April 2015.
* ↑ "What Ipalibo Banigo Should Do". The Tide. 29 May 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
* ↑ "Rwanda Ministers". www.guide2womenleaders.com. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
* ↑ Volcansek, Mary (1996). Women in Law: A Bio-bibliographical Sourcebook. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313294105.
* ↑ "Life sentence for Rwanda's genocide-era justice minister upheld". Reuters. 27 February 2015. Archived from the original on 24 June 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
* ↑ "Rosemary Museminali – Rwanda's diplomatic face of survival and resilience". www.newtimes.co.rw. 31 July 2008. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
* ↑ IPU PARLINE database: Rwanda Chambre des Députés (Chamber of Deputies)
* 1 2 "Saint Helena Ministers". www.guide2womenleaders.com. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
* ↑ Government, St Helena (22 January 2016). "New Governor Announced « St Helena". Retrieved 8 February 2019.
* ↑ "São Tomé e Príncipé Ministers". www.guide2womenleaders.com. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
* ↑ "Ex-chefe da diplomacia critica falta de visão em São Tomé e Príncipe | DW | 04.06.2012". DW.COM. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
* ↑ "Maria das Neves: a mulher que quer subir ao "Palácio do Povo" em São Tomé | DW | 01.07.2016". DW.COM. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
* ↑ "Chiefs of State and Cabinet Members of Foreign Governments". www.cia.gov. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
* ↑ "Senegal Ministers".
* 1 2 "RFI – Sénégal – Une femme à la primature". www1.rfi.fr (in French). Retrieved 10 May 2018.
* ↑ "Seychelles Ministers".
* 1 2 Marchés tropicaux et méditerranéens (in French). Rene Moreaux et Cie. 1997.
* 1 2 Steady, F. (2011). Women and Leadership in West Africa: Mothering the Nation and Humanizing the State. Springer. ISBN 9781137010391.
* ↑ "Sierra Leone Ministers". www.guide2womenleaders.com. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
* ↑ "President Bio Appoints First Female Attorney-General and Minister of Justice". Sierra Leone State House – The Republic of Sierra Leone State House. 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
* ↑ "Somalia Ministers".
* ↑ "Somalia Ministers".
* 1 2 "Somalia: Prime Minister Unveils His New Cabinet". Shabelle Media Network. 4 November 2012. Retrieved 5 November 2012.
* 1 2 "Somalia to get first female foreign minister". BBC. 4 November 2012. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
* ↑ Olopade, Dayo (2014). The Bright Continent: Breaking Rules and Making Change in Modern Africa. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 9780547678313.
* ↑ Margaret Ballinger pre-school, asha.org.za, accessed March 2010
* ↑ "Thompson, Joyce Newton (1893–1978), first female mayor of Cape Town". discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
* 1 2 "S. African Leader Reshuffles Cabinet". Washington Post. 17 September 1989. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
* ↑ julia (31 May 2012). "Dr. Frene Noshir Ginwala". South African History Online. Retrieved 26 September 2018.
* ↑ Nkosi, Milton (4 August 2017). "Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma – first female leader?". Retrieved 8 February 2019.
* ↑ "Press Release: Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka appointed to a second term as Executive Director of UN Women". UN Women. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
* ↑ "Profile: Helen Zille". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
* ↑ "Premier of the Western Cape: Bio". Western Cape Government. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
* 1 2 3 4 "Sudan Ministers".
* ↑ "Swaziland Ministers". www.guide2womenleaders.com. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
* 1 2 "Tanzania Ministers".
* ↑ Section, United Nations News Service (3 July 2012). "UN News – Interview with Asha-Rose Migiro, Former Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations". UN News Service Section. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
* ↑ Relations, House, Committee on Foreign Affairs, and Senate, Committee on Foreign (2008). Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2007. Government Printing Office. ISBN 9780160813993.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* ↑ Shaban, Ebby; Feleke, Bethlehem (19 March 2021). "Tanzania swears in Samia Suluhu Hassan as first female president". CNN.
* ↑ "Stergomena Tax appointed Tanzania's first woman defence minister". Nation. 13 September 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
* ↑ Bulletin de l'Afrique noire (in French). La Documentation africaine. 1980.
* ↑ Afrique nouvelle (in French). 1978.
* ↑ Perkins, Kenneth J. (2016). Historical Dictionary of Tunisia. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781442273184.
* ↑ Bollier, Sam. "Who are Tunisia's political parties?". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
* ↑ Mehdi Hasan talks to Tunisian politician Mehrezia Labidi on gender, democracy and the Arab Spring, Mehdi Hasan, 18 April 2012, New Statesman, Retrieved 8 December 2015
* ↑ Paxton, J. (2016). The Statesman's Year-Book 1985–86. Springer. ISBN 9780230271142.
* 1 2 Afrique magazine (in French). Groupe Jeune Afrique, S.A. 1999.
* 1 2 "La femme est l'avenir de la Tunisie". Slate.fr (in French). 23 January 2011. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
* ↑ "Moufida Tlatli, cinéaste et ministre de la Culture". Tout Pour Les Femmes (in French). 19 January 2011. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
* ↑ Petré, Christine (22 October 2014). "Tunisie : le combat des femmes pour participer à la vie publique". Visions et voix Arabes : Moyen-Orient et Afrique du Nord (in French). Retrieved 8 February 2019.
* ↑ Foucher, Michèle Sani traduit par Joséphine. "Amel Karboul (Tunisia): 'Breaking the vicious cycle of a low price policy!'". TourMaG.com, 1er journal des professionnels du tourisme francophone (in French). Retrieved 8 February 2019.
* ↑ Tribune, Lisa Anderson, Chicago. "Princess of Politics". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 8 February 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* ↑ "In Uganda, a woman can be VP but have few rights". Christian Science Monitor. 26 December 2003. ISSN 0882-7729. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
* ↑ "Chiefs of State and Cabinet members of foreign governments / National Foreign Assessment Center. Sept. – Dec. 2001". HathiTrust. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
* ↑ "Chiefs of State and Cabinet members of foreign governments / National Foreign Assessment Center. Jan. - Apr. 2002". HathiTrust. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
* ↑ Turner, B. (2017). The Statesman's Yearbook 2005: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World. Springer. ISBN 9780230271333.
* ↑ Mbuyo Nalumango and Monde Sifuniso (1998) Woman power in politics, Zambia Women Writers Association, p48
* ↑ Kamini Krishna & Friday E. Mulenga (2004) Contribution of Zambian Women and Indian Women to the Struggle for Freedom: A legend of Courage and Compassion ‘African Renewal, African Renaissance’: New Perspectives on Africa’s Past and Africa’s Present
* ↑ "Zambia Ministers". www.guide2womenleaders.com. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
* ↑ "Zambia Gets First Female Vice President". allAfrica.com. 27 January 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
* ↑ "Zambia : Prominent Lusaka Lawyer Nelly Mutti elected as the first ever woman Speaker of the National Assembly". 3 September 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
* ↑ "Zanzibar".
* ↑ Lowry, Donal (June 1997). "'White Woman's Country': Ethel Tawse Jollie and the Making of White Rhodesia". Journal of Southern African Studies. 23 (2): 259–281. doi:10.1080/03057079708708536. JSTOR 2637621.
* 1 2 Scarnecchia, Timothy (2008). The Urban Roots of Democracy and Political Violence in Zimbabwe: Harare and Highfield, 1940–1964. Rochester: University of Rochester Press. p. 19. ISBN 9781580463638.
* 1 2 Seligman, Dee (Spring 1980). "The Four-Faced Novelist". Modern Fiction Studies. 26 (1). The Johns Hopkins University Press: 11. JSTOR 26280553.
* ↑ Profiles of Rhodesia's Women. National Federation of Business and Professional Women of Rhodesia. 1976. ISBN 9780797401679.
* 1 2 Journal of Peacebuilding and Development. Center for Global Peace, American University. 2004.
* ↑ "Election of the President of the Senate". Senate Hansard. 18 (1). Parliament of Zimbabwe: 11. 25 August 2008 – via Yumpu.
* 1 2 Gender and Constitutional Issues: A Report. Harare: Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum. 2001. p. 18.
* 1 2 Ncube, Gibson (20 May 2020). "Eternal mothers, whores or witches: The oddities of being a woman in politics in Zimbabwe". Agenda. 34 (4): 5. Archived from the original on 31 July 2020. Retrieved 20 December 2023 – via Internet Archive.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
* ↑ Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku (2012). Dictionary of African Biography. OUP USA. ISBN 9780195382075.
* ↑ "H.E. Edna Madzongwe: Biography". Global Summit of Women Speakers of Parliament. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
* ↑ "Women in Zimbabwe Presidential Race Face Long Odds". VOA. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
* ↑ "Zimbabwe's Mugabe Names Female VP Acting Head of State". VOA. 30 October 2009. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
* ↑ "Muchinguri named Zanu-PF National Chairperson". The Zimbabwe Mail. 15 December 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
* ↑ Chingwere, Mukudzei (28 September 2023). "President appoints first female Attorney General". The Herald. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
* ↑ Barwe, Reuben (6 November 2023). "New Attorney General Virginia Mabhiza sworn in". The Zimbabwean. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
* ↑ "Mugabe appoints first female higher education minister". University World News. 14 September 2013. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
* ↑ "First Lady Hails Mahofa's Appointment". The Herald. 16 March 2015. Retrieved 22 January 2023 – via allAfrica.
* ↑ "Oppah Muchinguri Makes History As The First Woman To Hold Defence Portfolio". ZimEye. 11 November 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
* ↑ "Mutsvangwa appointed Information Minister". ZimTechReview. 7 September 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
* ↑ "Zimbabwe: 20 Zim Women Doing Remarkable Work". The Herald. 9 March 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2023 – via allAfrica.
* ↑ Sithole, Simbarashe (15 September 2018). "Photos: Dinha hands over to Mavhunga". Bulawayo24 News. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
* ↑ "Uhuru: Provinces ready". The Herald. 16 April 2019. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
* ↑ Kufakurinani, Ushehwedu (2015). White Women and Domesticity in Colonial Zimbabwe, c. 1890 to 1980. Harare: University of Zimbabwe. p. 284.
* ↑ Profiles of Rhodesia's Women. Salisbury: National Federation of Business and Professional Women of Rhodesia. 1976. pp. 21–24. ISBN 978-0-7974-0169-3.
* ↑ The Municipal Journal, Public Works Engineer and Contractors' Guide. Municipal Journal. 1961.
* ↑ Gaveni, Kudzai (13 September 2023). "History as Mutare's first female Mayor elected". The Chronicle. Retrieved 20 December 2023.