# Team Ninja

Team Ninja (Japanese: チームニンジャ) is a Japanese video game developer and a division of Koei Tecmo. It was founded in 1995 as Tecmo Creative #3, a division of Tecmo headed by Tomonobu Itagaki. It is best known for franchises such as Ninja Gaiden, Dead or Alive and Nioh.

## History
### Founding, Dead or Alive and Ninja Gaiden (1995–2009)

Team Ninja was formed by Tomonobu Itagaki as Tecmo Creative #3. The team was formed from a group of game designers working at Tecmo specifically for the purpose of creating the home versions of the fighting game series Dead or Alive. During the mid-1990s, Japanese gaming company Tecmo was in financial trouble. Seeing how popular Sega's Virtua Fighter series was in Japan at the time, the management asked Tomonobu Itagaki to create a game similar to Virtua Fighter. In order to stand out from other fighting games, Team Ninja focused on making Dead or Alive fast-paced and provocative. Itagaki believed that violence and sexuality were needed for "true entertainment". The Dead or Alive series became a critical and commercial success, and was also a key part in saving Tecmo from bankruptcy.
In 1999, the division was renamed Team Ninja to give Tecmo an identity and be recognized as an elite team. That same year, Team Ninja started work on a new Ninja Gaiden project, originally intended for arcades, later for the Dreamcast. Due to Sega exiting the console business, development was moved to the PlayStation 2.
However, due to Itagaki being impressed by the technological capabilities of the new Xbox from Microsoft, development was moved to that platform. Ninja Gaiden would be released in 2004 to rave critical acclaim.
In 2008, the action-adventure game Ninja Gaiden II for the Xbox 360 was published by Microsoft Game Studios, making it the first game created by Team Ninja to not be published by Tecmo; Tecmo Koei later released an enhanced version of Ninja Gaiden II on the PlayStation 3 as Ninja Gaiden Sigma 2.

### Merger with Koei (2009–2013)

In 2009, it was announced that Tecmo and Koei would be merging. The newly founded Koei Tecmo would officially disband Tecmo in 2010. A year later all of Tecmo's assets were absorbed into Koei Tecmo, including IP and its subsidiaries and divisions. Team Ninja would continue as subsidiary of Koei Tecmo.
Team Ninja collaborated on multiple titles with Nintendo. In 2010, Team Ninja co-developed a new Metroid action-adventure game for Nintendo's Wii console, titled Metroid: Other M. A playable Stage from Other M would appear in the Nintendo 3DS game Dead or Alive: Dimensions, which was published by Nintendo in Europe and Australia. Team Ninja would in 2014 also collaborate with Omega Force on the development of Hyrule Warriors, an action game set in The Legend of Zelda universe, and with SEGA AM2 since 2012's Dead or Alive 5, co-developing an Arcade version of the title, as well as on bringing characters from Virtua Fighter to Dead or Alive.

### Restructuring and Nioh (2013–present)

In 2013, following a reconstructing of Koei Tecmo, Team Ninja would cease to exist internally, being renamed Koei Tecmo Ichigaya, with Yosuke Hayashi subsequently becoming Head of the Ichigaya Development Group. The developer was also split into two distinct development teams, one led by Ninja Gaiden Sigma director Yosuke Hayashi and one led by Fatal Frame producer Keisuke Kikuchi. Further restructuring at Koei Tecmo in 2016 resulted in Team Tachyon, the developers behind Quantum Theory as well as Rygar: The Battle of Argus being shut down. A large amount of developers were moved to Team Ninja.
In 2017, Team Ninja released their new action role-playing game Nioh to great critical response. Nioh originally started development in 2004 at Koei, and was moved between multiple developers, such as Omega Force, before Koei approached Team Ninja after the merger in 2010 to help develop the game. When first presented with the project by Koei, Team Ninja staff were skeptic about the game's concept, citing the western protagonist in Sengoku-era Japan, as well as various mechanics. Despite these uncertainties, development was fully transferred to Team Ninja in 2012. The title would go on to receive multiple awards, and became Team Ninja's best-selling title. They released Marvel Ultimate Alliance 3: The Black Order for the Nintendo Switch in 2019 as well as Dead or Alive 6. Team Ninja released the prequel to Nioh, Nioh 2, in March 2020. A compilation of Ninja Gaiden series, dubbed Ninja Gaiden: Master Collection, released in June 2021. Team Ninja also developed Stranger of Paradise: Final Fantasy Origin, which released in 2022.
As of 2022, Yosuke Hayashi had left Team Ninja to serve as the general manager of Koei Tecmo's entertainment division, with Fumihiko Yasuda replacing him as president. Wo Long: Fallen Dynasty was announced the same year, being produced by Team Ninja lead Fumihiko Yasuda, who led the development on Nioh and Nioh 2, as well as Masaaki Yamagiwa. Yamagiwa, who joined Team Ninja in 2021 after the closure of Sony's Japan Studio, was previously producer on Bloodborne. It released in 2023. Rise of the Rōnin, another collaboration with Sony, was released in 2024.

## Split with Tomonobu Itagaki

Tomonobu Itagaki was promoted to Tecmo Executive Officer in June 2004, as well as to General Manager in 2006, alongside his position as the head of Team Ninja. In 2007 due to a lawsuit regarding alleged sexual harassment, his manager roles would be revoked. Although he was later judged innocent by a Tokyo district court, the lawsuit permanently strained the relationship between Itagaki and Tecmo. On June 3, 2008, Itagaki announced that he would be leaving Tecmo and Team Ninja on July 1, 2008, citing difficulties with the company. In the same statement announcing his resignation, he also announced that he was filing a lawsuit against Tecmo president, Yoshimi Yasuda, over unpaid bonuses for his work on Dead or Alive 4 for the Xbox 360. It was later reported that he was fired from Tecmo on June 18, 2008, in retaliation for his lawsuit. Another lawsuit followed shortly after which was filed on 16 June by two plaintiffs on behalf of Tecmo's 300 employees for unpaid wages amounting to ¥8.3 million. Many of his colleagues at Team Ninja quit as well to join him at his new game development team, Valhalla Game Studios. Some ex-Team Ninja members also helped with Ubisoft's Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Smash-Up. The two parties would settle in February 2010 for an undisclosed amount. After Itagaki's departure, Yosuke Hayashi would subsequently serve as the new lead at Team Ninja until his departure in 2022. Fumihiko Yasuda serves as the new president since.

## Controversies
### Depiction of Women

Team Ninja's provocative style, originally coined by Itagaki, while often having been praised, with Dead or Alive's Kasumi being regarded as a modern-day sex symbol, with MTV UK labeling her as one of the sexiest characters in video games, has been accused of objectifying women. In a 2012 Interview with Kotaku, Yosuke Hayashi said that Team Ninja was "very misinterpreted" outside of Japan, and that there's no derogatory intention in their creation process. "We can't help if other cultures in other countries around the globe think that it's a bad representation", so Hayashi. In 2016, Team Ninja garnered public attention after their decision to not release Dead or Alive Xtreme 3 in North America or Europe, reigniting a controversy within the video game industry about the sexualised portrayal of female characters within their games. Shuhei Yoshida, president of Sony Interactive Entertainment at the time, said in a statement in regard to Dead or Alive Xtreme 3 that Europe and North America have their cultural differences about how to depict women in video games and other media.

### Excessive Violence in Ninja Gaiden II

In 2008, the German Rating Board USK refused classification for Ninja Gaiden II, banning the game for sale in Germany, due to the title's excessive violence. The game's publisher, Microsoft, had no interest in releasing a compromised, cut version of the game. This would later affect the development of the PlayStation 3 version, dubbed Sigma 2, as the game's violence was significantly toned down. Sigma 2 received classification in Germany.

### Dead or Alive: Dimensions ban in Sweden and Australia

In 2011, Dead or Alive: Dimensions was banned in Sweden, due to the rating board determining that the characters appeared too young. Due to Sweden's ban on the title, Australian politician Brendan O'Connor urged the Australian Classification Board to reexamine the title, resulting in the game getting its classification revoked and being removed from sale. Nintendo, the publisher of the game in Europe, Australia and New Zealand, stated that Dead or Alive Dimensions contained no objectionable content and resubmitted the game. The classification was reinstated shortly thereafter.

### EVO Japan 2019 shutdown

In 2019, Team Ninja gained controversy, due to a livestream of Dead or Alive 6 at Evo Japan 2019 featuring gravure idols. The livestream was forcibly shut-down by the Evolution Championship Series. The co-founder and CEO of EVO, Joey Cuellar, issued an apology saying that "the stream does not reflect the core values of EVO" and that they had to end to stream to "protect the integrity" of EVO. Mark Julio, head of global business at EVO, later appeared live during the tournament to issue an apology, saying that the content showcased by a partner of EVO wouldn't "reflect the content and intention" of the Esports organiser. Evo 2020 would be cancelled and Cuellar removed as CEO, due to a history of sexual abuse towards minors coming to light.

### Rise of the Rōnin not releasing in South Korea

According to reports, Rise of the Rōnin would not release in South Korea, due to Fumihiko Yasuda comparing Shoin Yoshida, a controversial figure in South Korea, to Socrates. In a statement to gameindustry.biz, Sony gave official confirmation that the game would not release in South Korea, saying "We can confirm that the title is not going to be sold/published in South Korea in any form", but did not provide an official reason.

## Games

| Title | Release year | Genre | Platform(s) | Notes |
| Dead or Alive | 1996 | Fighting game | Arcade, Saturn, PlayStation | |
| Dead or Alive 2 | 1999 | Fighting game | Arcade, Dreamcast, PlayStation 2 | Credited as "Team Ninja - Tecmo Creative #3" |
| Dead or Alive 3 | 2001 | Fighting game | Xbox | |
| Dead or Alive Xtreme Beach Volleyball | 2003 | Sports, Party | Xbox | |
| Ninja Gaiden | 2004 | Action-adventure, hack and slash | Xbox | |
| Dead or Alive Ultimate | 2004 | Fighting game | Xbox | Remake of Dead or Alive and Dead or Alive 2. |
| Ninja Gaiden Black | 2005 | Action-adventure, hack and slash | Xbox | Enhanced version of Ninja Gaiden. |
| Dead or Alive 4 | 2005 | Fighting game | Xbox 360 | |
| Dead or Alive Xtreme 2 | 2006 | Sports, party | Xbox 360 | |
| Ninja Gaiden Sigma | 2007 | Action-adventure, hack and slash | PlayStation 3, PlayStation Vita | Altered version of Ninja Gaiden. Published by Eidos Interactive in PAL regions. |
| Ninja Gaiden: Dragon Sword | 2008 | Action-adventure, hack and slash | Nintendo DS | |
| Ninja Gaiden II | 2008 | Action-adventure, hack and slash | Xbox 360 | Published by Microsoft Game Studios. |
| Ninja Gaiden Sigma 2 | 2009 | Action-adventure, hack and slash | PlayStation 3, PlayStation Vita | Altered version of Ninja Gaiden II. |
| Metroid: Other M | 2010 | Action-adventure | Wii | Co-developed with Nintendo SPD, published by Nintendo. |
| Dead or Alive: Dimensions | 2011 | Fighting game | Nintendo 3DS | Published by Nintendo in PAL regions. |
| Ninja Gaiden 3 | 2012 | Action-adventure, hack and slash | PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 | |
| Ninja Gaiden 3: Razor's Edge | 2012 | Action-adventure, hack and slash | PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii U | Altered version of Ninja Gaiden 3. Wii U version published by Nintendo. |
| Dead or Alive 5 | 2012 | Fighting game | PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 | |
| Dead or Alive 5 Plus | 2013 | Fighting game | PlayStation Vita | Handheld version of Dead or Alive 5 |
| Dead or Alive 5 Ultimate | 2013 | Fighting game | PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 | Enhanced version of Dead or Alive 5, featuring additional characters and stages. |
| Yaiba: Ninja Gaiden Z | 2014 | Action-adventure, hack and slash | PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Microsoft Windows | Co-developed with Spark Unlimited and Comcept. |
| Hyrule Warriors | 2014 | Action, hack and slash | Wii U, Nintendo 3DS, Nintendo Switch | Co-developed with Omega Force |
| Dead or Alive 5 Last Round | 2015 | Fighting game | Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Xbox 360, Xbox One | Enhanced version of Dead or Alive 5 Ultimate, featuring additional characters and stages. |
| Dissidia Final Fantasy NT | 2015 | Fighting game | Arcade, PlayStation 4 | Published by Square Enix. |
| Dead or Alive Xtreme 3 | 2016 | Sports, party | PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita | Only released in Asia. |
| Nioh | 2017 | Action role-playing | PlayStation 4, Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 5 | Originally based on a script by Akira Kurosawa; PlayStation versions published by Sony Interactive Entertainment outside of Japan. |
| Dead or Alive Xtreme Venus Vacation | 2017 | Sports, party | Microsoft Windows, macOS | Steam version only released in specific Asia regions. DMM GAMES version only released in Japan. |
| Dissidia Final Fantasy Opera Omnia | 2017 | Role-playing | Android, iOS | Published by Square Enix. |
| Fire Emblem Warriors | 2017 | Action, hack and slash | New Nintendo 3DS, Nintendo Switch | Co-developed with Omega Force. |
| Dead or Alive 6 | 2019 | Fighting game | PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Microsoft Windows | |
| Dead or Alive Xtreme 3 Scarlet | 2019 | Sports, party | PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch | Only released in Asia. |
| Marvel Ultimate Alliance 3: The Black Order | 2019 | Action | Nintendo Switch | Published by Nintendo. |
| Nioh 2 | 2020 | Action role-playing | PlayStation 4, Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 5 | PlayStation versions published by Sony Interactive Entertainment outside of Japan. |
| Ninja Gaiden: Master Collection | 2021 | Action-adventure, hack and slash | Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Xbox One | A compilation of Ninja Gaiden Sigma, Ninja Gaiden Sigma 2 and Ninja Gaiden 3: Razor's Edge. |
| Stranger of Paradise: Final Fantasy Origin | 2022 | Action role-playing | Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S | Published by Square Enix. |
| Wo Long: Fallen Dynasty | 2023 | Action role-playing | Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S | |
| Atelier Resleriana: Forgotten Alchemy & the Liberator of Polar Night | 2023 | Role-playing | Microsoft Windows, Android, iOS | Co-developed with Gust and Akatsuki Games. |
| Rise of the Rōnin | 2024 | Action role-playing, open-world | PlayStation 5, Microsoft Windows | Development assisted by Sony XDEV Studio. PlayStation version published by Sony Interactive Entertainment. |
| Ninja Gaiden 2 Black | 2025 | Action-adventure, hack and slash | Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 5, Xbox Series X/S | Unreal Engine 5 remaster of Ninja Gaiden II. |
| Venus Vacation Prism: Dead or Alive Xtreme | 2025 | Romance, adventure | Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5 | Only released in Asia. |
| Ninja Gaiden 4 | 2025 | Action-adventure, hack and slash | Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 5, Xbox Series X/S | Co-developed with PlatinumGames. Published by Xbox Game Studios. |

### Cancelled games

* Dead or Alive: Code Chronos - A prequel to the Dead or Alive series, which was going to focus on the backstory of Kasumi and Ayane, and reportedly was not going to be a fighting game. It was cancelled in November 2010.
* Project Progressive - A project that was originally planned for the Xbox, but its development moved to the Xbox 360. It was cancelled in November 2010.
* Ninja Gaiden 3DS - A Nintendo 3DS project announced by Team Ninja in 2011. It was quietly cancelled at a later date.