# Rump state

A rump state is the remnant of a once much larger state that was reduced in the wake of secession, annexation, occupation, decolonization, a successful coup d'état or revolution on part of its former territory. In the last case, a government stops short of going into exile because it controls parts of its remaining territories.

## Examples
### Ancient history

* During the Second Intermediate Period, following the conquest of Lower Egypt by the Hyksos, there was a rump Egyptian kingdom in Upper Egypt centered on Thebes, which eventually reunified the country at the start of the New Kingdom.
* The Seleucid Empire became a rump state in Northern Syria after losing most of its territory to the Parthian Empire.
* After the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in Gaul, the Kingdom of Soissons survived as a rump state under Aegidius and Syagrius, until it was conquered by the Franks under Clovis I in 486.

### Post-classical history

* Guge and Maryul was a rump state of the Tibetan Empire.
* The Sultanate of Rum was a rump state of the Seljuk Empire.
* Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia was an Armenian rump state in Cilicia.
* After the Almoravid conquest of the Taifa of Zaragoza in 1110, the taifa's last ruler, Abd-al-Malik, maintained a tiny rump emirate at Rueda de Jalón until his death in 1130.
* Qara Khitai was a rump state of the Liao dynasty.
* After the Jin dynasty assumed control over northern China in 1127, the Southern Song existed as a rump state of the Northern Song dynasty, although it still retained over half of Northern Song's territory and more than half of its population.
* Several Byzantine rump states like Nicaea, Trebizond, Morea, Theodoro and Epirus were formed following conquests from Muslim Turks and Crusaders.
* After the Ming dynasty established control over China proper in 1368, the Yuan dynasty retreated to the Mongolian Plateau and survived as a rump state called the Northern Yuan.
* After the disintegration of the Golden Horde in the early 15th century, the Great Horde survived as its rump state in the heartland of the former Khanate in lower Volga, until its territory was divided between other hordes in 1502.
* The Timurid Empire reduced into a rump state in Kabulistan and Balkh under Babur after most of its territory in Khorasan and Central Asia falls to Shaybanid Khanate of Bukhara in 1500s, the state later turned into the Mughal Empire after the Babur's conquest of Delhi in 1526.
* By summer 1503, Aq Qoyunlu rule collapsed in Iran. Some Aq Qoyunlu rump states continued to survive until 1508, before they were absorbed into the Safavid Empire by Ismail I.
* After the fall of the Malacca Sultanate in 1511 to the Portuguese naval forces, many of the Malaccan royalty and nobility retreated to the southern region of the Malay Peninsula and established the Johor Sultanate.
* After the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire in 1532, the Neo-Inca State based at Vilcabamba survived as a rump state until 1572.
* The Afsharid Dynasty survived as a rump state in Mashhad and surrounding after most of its territory in Iran and Khorasan conquered by the Kurdish Zand and Durrani Empire of Afghanistan, until the region finally annexed by the Qajars in 1796.

### Modern history

* The modern country of Luxembourg is the rump state of the former Duchy of Luxembourg, which lost two thirds of its territory due to multiple partitions between 1659 and 1839. This was cemented by the Treaty of London, which gave most of its former territory to newly independent Belgium.
* The modern-day state of Brunei is a rump state of the former Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888), which once encompassed much of northern Borneo. The nation declined sharply during the 19th century, eventually falling under a British protectorate and reduced to its present size by 1901. Brunei would ultimately regain its independence in 1984, remaining a small remnant of the former empire still ruled by the House of Bolkiah, which has governed the nation throughout almost its entire existence.
* During the Russian Civil War, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic served as a rump state of the Russian Empire and, formally, of the short-lived Russian Republic.
* The Republic of German-Austria was created in 1918 as the initial rump state for areas with a predominantly German-speaking population within what had been the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
* The Republic of Armenia became a rump state in 1920 following the Ottoman Empire's victory in the Turkish–Armenian War.
* In 1918-1919, after World War I, a succession of several short-lived rump states existed within the historical territory of Hungary: the First Hungarian Republic (1918–1919), the Hungarian Soviet Republic (March – August 1919), the Hungarian Republic.
* The Second Czechoslovak Republic was the result of the events following the Munich Agreement, where Czechoslovakia was forced to cede the German-populated Sudetenland region to Germany on 1 October 1938. The state existed for 169 days during which it lost the region of Carpathian Ruthenia.
* Vichy France, a collaborationist state with Nazi Germany, was a rump state of the French Third Republic. It existed as an independent state under partial occupation from 1940 to 1942, was fully occupied by Germany until 1944, and operated as a government-in-exile until 1945.
* The fascist Italian Social Republic, a German puppet state led by Benito Mussolini, was a rump state of the Kingdom of Italy 1943–1945.
* The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2003) / Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006) was often viewed as the rump state left behind by the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1992) after it broke up. SFR Yugoslavia itself was considered the 'rump Yugoslavia' for its last ten months, between Slovenian and Croatian declarations of independence on 25 June 1991 and the legal dissolution of Yugoslavia on 27 April 1992.
* Taiwan was the rump state of the Republic of China, under the Kuomintang rule. The current status of Taiwan is disputed and varies based on the observer's perspective. See also Political status of Taiwan.
* The Government of the Grand National Assembly, was a rump state left over in Anatolia after the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, in which the state lost all of its territory in Northern Africa, The Middle East, and Europe, which constituted in a total territorial loss of 89%.
* After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Russian Federation has become a rump state as a legal successor of the former Soviet Union.