OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# When Knowledge Conquered Fear

"When Knowledge Conquered Fear" is the third episode of the American documentary television series Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey. It premiered on March 23, 2014, on Fox, and premiered on March 24, 2014, on National Geographic Channel.
The episode received positive reviews, with critics remarking on the homage the series paid to theories that evolved due to contributions from Isaac Newton, Nicolaus Copernicus, Edmond Halley, and Robert Hooke. Despite positive reviews, however, the episode received a 1.7/4 in the 18-49 rating/share, with 4.25 million American viewers watching it live.

## Episode summary

The episode begins with Tyson describing how we were born into Ricky's world without an explanation of our surroundings, much like a baby abandoned on a doorstep. To help us learn about our surroundings, Tyson explains how we manifested pattern recognition early in mankind, sharpening over eons of evolution. We distinguished predator from prey; and poisonous plants from nourishing ones - enhancing our chance to live and reproduce, and passing on our genes. We used pattern recognition in astronomy and astrology, where different cultures, recognizing the patterns of stars in the skies, projected different symbols and pictures for constellations. We used it to predict the passing of the seasons, including how every culture determined that the passage of a comet was taken as an omen. Tyson continues to explain that the origin of comets only became known in the 20th century due to the work of Jan Oort and his hypothesis of the Oort cloud.
Tyson then continues to relate the collaboration Edmund Halley and Isaac Newton in the last part of the 17th century in Cambridge. The collaboration would result in the publication of Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, the first major work to describe the laws of physics in mathematical terms, challenging the prevailing notion that God had planned out the heavens, and against objections and claims of plagiarism from Robert Hooke, and financial difficulties of the Royal Society of London. Tyson explains how Newton's work would influence many factors of life, including modern space flight. Tyson further describes Halley's contributions including determining Earth's distance to the Sun, the motion of stars and predicting of the orbit of the then-unnamed Halley's comet using Newton's laws. Tyson contrasts these scientific approaches to understanding the galaxy compared to what early mankind had done. The episode ends with animation of the Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies merging based on the principles of Newton's laws.

## Reception

The episode's premiere on Fox brought a 1.7/4 in the 18-49 rating/share, with 4.25 million American viewers watching it live. It placed fourth and last in its timeslot behind Resurrection, The Amazing Race All-Stars, and Believe; and thirteenth out of eighteenth for the night.
# The Road to Damascus

The Road to Damascus may refer to:
* Conversion of Paul the Apostle, an event in the Christian Bible
* "The Road To Damascus", an episode of Carnivàle
* To Damascus, a trilogy of plays by the Swedish playwright August Strindberg
* The Road to Damascus (film), a 1952 French adventure film
# Janet Yawson

Janet Yawson (born 3 April 1957) is a retired Ghanaian long jumper.

## Local Competition

Her personal best jump was 6.35 metres, achieved in May 1979 in Kumasi

## International Competition

In 1978 she finished sixth at the Commonwealth Gamesand won a silver medal at the All-Africa Games. She won the bronze medal at the 1979 African Championships.
On 6 September, 1981. Janet finished on 9th position on Long Jump at the IAAF World cup at the Stadio Olympico, Roma. Italy. Her result was 5.70 on the category GL with a Wind of 0.0.
# National Defense College of Cuba

The National Defense College of Cuba (Spanish: Colegio de Defensa Nacional de Cuba, CODEN) is a military institution of the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces located in Havana, and a center of higher education within the Ministry of the Revolutionary Armed Forces (MINFAR). It is led by Brigadier General Manuel de Jesús Rey Soberón.

## Overview

It was founded on 30 October 1990 and is in charge of Cuban military postgraduate education. Among the functions of the CODEN are to direct and develop the educational process in the specialty of National Security and Defense. Many of its students come from the Nico Lopez Central School of the Cuban Communist Party. At the time of its foundation, it was modeled on the Canadian Forces College in Toronto and offers a curriculum similar to that of the American National Defense University at Fort McNair. It the first of the higher level of the MINFAR to receive its certification status, issued by the National Accreditation Board attached to the Ministry of Higher Education. The CODEN currently manages 15 postgraduate study programs. The faculty of the college includes military officials as well as civilian professors. Among the notable visitors to the college include defense minister Leopoldo Cintra Frías, Chief of the General Staff Álvaro López Miera and Iranian ambassador Kambiz Sheikh Hassani. Nearly five thousand Cuban civilians and soldiers have graduated from the CODEN since its creation.

## Notable alumni

* Gil Ramón González González, current Vice Minister of Higher Education
* Colonel Marino Alberto Murillo Jorge, Chief Permanent Commission for the Implementation and Development of the Improvement of the economic and social model
# Jakub Natanson

Jakub Natanson (20 August 1832 – 14 September 1884) was a Polish Jewish chemist and banker, one of the discoverers of Fuchsine. He wrote the first textbook on organic chemistry in the Polish language.

## Life

He was born 20 August 1832 in Warsaw as the son of a banker. From 1852 to 1856 he studied chemistry at the Universität Dorpat (today Tartu, central Estonia) with a master's degree in 1856, where he synthesized fuchsine in the master's thesis (published in Liebigs Annalen). He then trained from 1858 to 1862 in Germany, France and Great Britain with leading chemists and in 1862 became Professor of Chemistry at the Szkoła Główna Warszawska in Warsaw. In 1856 he found two new urea syntheses.
He gave up his professorship in 1866 to join the family bank (Bank Handlowy, today after the merger citi-Handlowy.) He was in the management of various companies (with interests in coal mining, paper, sugar, railroad) and founded, among others, the industrial and agricultural museum (1875).
He died on 14 September 1884 in Warsaw and was buried in the Okopowa Street Jewish Cemetery.

## Literature

Professor Jakub Natanson is mentioned in several books:
* Jakub Natanson, by Edmund Trepka, 1955 (in English)
* Winfried R. Pötsch, Annelore Fischer, Wolfgang Müller: Lexikon bedeutender Chemiker (en: Lexicon of eminent chemists ) . Harri Deutsch, Frankfurt am Main/Thun 1989, ISBN 3-8171-1055-3
* The Polish Biographical dictionary, 1905
* Celia S. Heller, On the Edge of Destruction -Jews of Poland between the Two World Wars, ISBN 9780814324943 (p. 36)
* Henryk Kroszczor: Jewish Cemetery in Warsaw. Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1983, p. 20. ISBN 83-01-04304-0
* "Jakub Natanson." The Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition. 1970-1979. The Gale Group, Inc. 25 Nov. 2021

## Publications

* Ueber Substituirung der Aldehydradicale im Ammoniak. In: Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie. 92, 1854, S. 48–59, doi:10.1002/jlac.18540920105.
* Ueber Acetylamin und seine Derivate In: Journal für praktische Chemie, 1856, S. 242 doi:10.1002/prac.18560670156
* Ueber die Anwendung einer Modification der Gay-Lussac'schen Dampfdichtenbestimmungsmethode bei Substanzen mit hohem Siedepunkt. In: Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie. 98, 1856, S. 301–307, doi:10.1002/jlac.18560980305.
* Empfindlichste Reaction auf Eisen. In: Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie 130, 1864, S. 246–246, doi:10.1002/jlac.18641300216.
# Brontoscorpio

Brontoscorpio is an extinct genus of possible scorpion that lived in the Early Devonian. Remains of the only known species, Brontoscorpio anglicus, were discovered in the St. Maughan's Formation, Lochkovian-aged (previously also considered as late Silurian) sandstone from Trimpley, Worcestershire.

## Taxonomic history

The species was described on the basis of an incomplete single free finger of a right pedipalp (In31405), almost 10 cm (3.9 in) long. The complete animal is estimated to have been 77.2–91.5 cm (2.5–3.0 ft) long for females and 86.2–94 cm (2.8–3.1 ft) long for males, possibly making Brontoscorpio one of the largest known scorpions. The species is characterized by the presence of single condyle and row of thick tubercles on the pedipalp free finger. However, its identity as a scorpion should be treated with caution due to the fragmentary known material of Brontoscorpio and the fact that chelate appendages are also found in other groups of arthropods, and Braddy (2024) suggested that Brontoscorpio might represent a dactylus of a crustacean instead.

## Ecology

The remains were found in terrestrial sediments, showing evidence of Brontoscorpio being terrestrial. Brontoscorpio may have gone ashore to escape predation, but due to its size, it would have had difficulty supporting its weight on land and likely lived a primarily aquatic life.
# The Camel Boy

The Camel Boy is a 1984 Australian animated feature film by Yoram Gross.

## Plot

Young Ali and his camel-driver grandfather Moussa take part in an expedition through the Australian Outback. Faced with prejudice, Moussa's knowledge and the hardiness of his camels in the punishing conditions quickly prove vital to both the success of the expedition and the survival of its members.

## Cast

* Barbara Frawley
* John Meillon
* Robyn Moore
* Michael Pate
* Ron Haddrick as O'Connell
# Stephen J. Flanagan

Stephen J. Flanagan is a senior political scientist at the RAND Corporation. He formerly served as a senior director in the United States National Security Council under the Clinton and Obama administrations as well as senior vice president of the Center for Strategic and International Studies.

## Biography

Flanagan was born in Boston, Massachusetts and was raised in Medford, Massachusetts. He received his A.B. from Columbia University in 1973 and his Ph.D. in international relations from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University in 1979.
From 1978 to 1983, Flanagan was a professional staff member of the United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence.
He joined Harvard Kennedy School in 1983 as a faculty member, becoming the executive director of the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, before joining National War College in 1987 as a senior fellow and faculty member between 1987 and 1989.
From 1989 to 1995, Flanagan was an associate director and member of the State Department's Policy Planning Staff and national intelligence officer for Europe between 1995 and 1997.
From 1997 to 1999, he served as special assistant to the president and senior director for Central and Eastern Europe on the National Security Council, succeeding Daniel Fried, who was nominated United States Ambassador to Poland.
He was director of the Institute for National Strategic Studies and vice president for research at the National Defense University from 2000 to 2007.
From 2007 until 2013, Flanagan held the Kissinger Chair at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, where he also served as senior vice president and director of the International Security Program.
From 2013 to 2015, he served as special assistant to the president and senior director for defense policy and strategy at the National Security Council (NSC) Staff.

## Personal life

Flanagan and his wife, Lynn Wansley Flanagan, Senior Counsel in the Office of the General Counsel at the United States Department of Commerce, have two sons.
# Ya Hero Ya Mero

Ya Hero Ya Mero is the debut studio album by German rapper Mero. The album was released on 15 March 2019, through Groove Attack TraX.
The album produced three singles, "Baller los", "Hobby Hobby" and "Wolke 10", all of which reached number one in Germany and Austria. Every single was supported by a music video. The album debuted at number one in Germany and entered the album charts in Belgium and the Netherlands.

## Background

In 2017, Mero started gaining popularity by posting rap tracks on his social media, especially on Instagram. To date, his account attained over one million followers. In May 2018, he was signed to the label Groove Attack TraX by rapper Xatar. His debut single "Baller los" was released in November 2018 and instantly reached number one in Germany and Austria. Ya Hero Ya Mero was announced alongside the single release. Over the course of the next four months, he released two more singles, "Hobby Hobby" and "Wolke 10", both of which reached number one in Germany and Austria. On 21 February, Mero released a teaser promoting the album. Upon release, all of the album tracks entered the German single charts with three of them ("Jay Jay", "Träume werden wahr" and "Wie Buffon") reaching the Top 10.

## Track listing

Credits adapted from Tidal.

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format(s) | Label | Ref. |
| Various | 15 March 2019 | Streamingdigital download | Groove Attack TraX | |
| Various | 15 March 2019 | CDBox set | Groove Attack TraX | |
# Dolenje Kamenje, Novo Mesto

Dolenje Kamenje (pronounced, in older sources Dolenje Kamnje, German: Untersteinberg) is a small settlement in the hills north of Novo Mesto in southeastern Slovenia. The entire City Municipality of Novo Mesto lies in the traditional region of Lower Carniola and is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.
# William Castle (disambiguation)

William Castle (1914–1977) was an American film director, producer, and actor.
William Castle may also refer to:
* William Castle (shipbuilder) (c. 1615–1681) English shipbuilder for the Royal Navy
* William Castle (tenor) (1836–1909), English tenor active in the United States
* William B. Castle (1814–1872), American politician from Ohio
* William Bosworth Castle (1897–1990), American physician and physiologist
* William E. Castle (1867–1962), American geneticist
* William Richards Castle (1849–1935), lawyer, politician and Attorney General of Hawaii
* William Richards Castle Jr. (1878–1963), U.S. educator, diplomat and ambassador to Japan
# Dolenje Lakovnice

Dolenje Lakovnice (pronounced) is a settlement in the hills south of Novo Mesto in southeastern Slovenia. The entire City Municipality of Novo Mesto lies in the traditional region of Lower Carniola and is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.
# Nellieburg, Mississippi

Nellieburg is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Lauderdale County, Mississippi, United States. The population was 1,316 at the 2020 census. It is a suburb of Meridian.

## Geography

Nellieburg is bordered to the east by Okatibbee Creek, a south-flowing tributary of the Chickasawhay River and part of the Pascagoula River watershed. It is 6 miles (10 km) northwest of the center of Meridian, the county seat, via Mississippi Highway 19. The highway continues northwest 33 miles (53 km) to Philadelphia.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the Nellieburg CDP has a total area of 7.1 square miles (18.5 km$^2$), of which 0.04 square miles (0.1 km$^2$), or 0.53%, are water.

## Demographics

Nellieburg racial composition as of 2020 (NH = Non-Hispanic) :
| Race | Number | Percentage |
| White (NH) | 891 | 67.71% |
| Black or African American (NH) | 345 | 26.22% |
| Native American or Alaska Native (NH) | 3 | 0.23% |
| Asian (NH) | 8 | 0.61% |
| Some Other Race (NH) | 3 | 0.23% |
| Mixed/Multi-Racial (NH) | 48 | 3.65% |
| Hispanic or Latino | 18 | 1.37% |
| Total | 1,316 | |
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 1,316 people, 425 households, and 347 families residing in the CDP.
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,354 people, 561 households, and 407 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 103.9 inhabitants per square mile (40.1/km$^2$). There were 580 housing units at an average density of 44.5 units per square mile (17.2 units/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the CDP was 84.19% White, 13.74% African American, 0.15% Native American, 0.96% Asian, 0.74% from other races, and 0.22% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.03% of the population.
There were 561 households, out of which 29.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.3% were married couples living together, 8.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.3% were non-families. 23.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 2.86.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 21.9% under the age of 18, 8.3% from 18 to 24, 26.2% from 25 to 44, 29.2% from 45 to 64, and 14.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.9 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $38,553, and the median income for a family was $48,816. Males had a median income of $35,479 versus $30,972 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $18,266. About 11.4% of families and 14.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 29.4% of those under age 18 and 3.8% of those age 65 or over.
# Sideways (Wrabel EP)

Sideways is an extended play (EP) by American singer and songwriter Wrabel, released on 24 June 2014 by Island Records.

## Ten Feet Tall

The song "Ten Feet Tall" was first released on 4 February 2014 as a single from Afrojack's album Forget the World. The version of "Ten Feet Tall" on the Sideways EP is the original piano-based version, done without Afrojack.

## Charts

| Chart (2014) | Peak position |
| US Heatseekers Albums (Billboard) | 10 |

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format | Label |
| North America | 24 June 2014 | digital download | Island Records |
# Sirči

Sirči (pronounced; Italian: Sirci) is a small settlement in the City Municipality of Koper in the Littoral region of Slovenia.

## History

In 1954, when the Free Territory of Trieste was dissolved and Zone B was assigned to Yugoslavia, Sirči (together with Abitanti, Belvedur, Brezovica pri Gradinu, Gradin, Koromači–Boškini, Močunigi, and Pregara) was originally assigned to the Socialist Republic of Croatia. In 1956 these villages were reassigned to the Socialist Republic of Slovenia.
# The Card Sharp on the Boulevard

The Card Sharp on the Boulevard is an oil on panel genre painting by the French artist Louis-Léopold Boilly, from 1806. It is held in the collection of the National Gallery of Art, in Washington.
It depicts a scene on the Boulevard du Temples in Napoleonic era Paris, with a conjuror or card sharp on the right, entertaining a crowd. A group of children and women seem to be vividly interested by the tricksters actions. The artist added a self-portrait of himself in a bicorne hat amongst the group of spectators.
Voilly exhibited the painting at the Salon of 1808 at the Louvre, along with a pendant piece Young Savoyards Showing Their Marmot. It was also displayed at the Salon of 1814, which was hastily organised following the Bourbon Restoration.</ref>
# Tompkins, New York

Tompkins is a town in Delaware County, New York, United States. The population was 1,290 at the 2020 census. The town is named after Daniel D. Tompkins, the fourth governor of New York and sixth vice president of the United States.
The town is in the western part of the county.

## History

The town was formed in 1806 from part of the town of Franklin. The western part of the town was lost to form the town of Deposit in 1880.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, Tompkins has a total area of 104.4 square miles (270.5 km$^2$), of which 98.1 square miles (254.2 km$^2$) is land and 6.3 square miles (16.4 km$^2$), or 6.05%, is water. The Cannonsville Reservoir on the West Branch Delaware River crosses the center of the town.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,105 people, 445 households, and 315 families residing in the town. The population density was 11.2 inhabitants per square mile (4.3/km$^2$). There were 768 housing units at an average density of 7.8 per square mile (3.0/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the town was 98.55% White, 0.81% African American, 0.09% Native American, 0.09% from other races, and 0.45% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.18% of the population.
There were 445 households, out of which 28.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.2% were married couples living together, 6.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.2% were non-families. 24.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 2.90.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 23.1% under the age of 18, 5.7% from 18 to 24, 25.3% from 25 to 44, 29.0% from 45 to 64, and 16.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.9 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $35,227, and the median income for a family was $38,583. Males had a median income of $27,833 versus $19,087 for females. The per capita income for the town was $16,507. About 7.3% of families and 8.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.4% of those under age 18 and 17.3% of those age 65 or over.

## Communities and locations in Tompkins

* Apex – a hamlet located west-southwest of Rock Rift
* Cannonsville Reservoir – a reservoir on the West Branch Delaware River.
* Cleaver – a hamlet located north-northwest of Rock Rift
* Islamberg – a hamlet near Deposit founded by Syed Mubarik Ali Shah Gilani
* Kelsey – a hamlet located southwest of Apex.
* Rock Rift – a hamlet located east of Cannonsville Reservoir
* Trout Creek – a hamlet located northwest of Cleaver