OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Valentine Rescuing Sylvia from Proteus

Valentine Rescuing Sylvia from Proteus is an 1851 oil painting by the English artist William Holman Hunt. It depicts a scene from William Shakespeare's The Two Gentlemen of Verona. The top left and right portions of the frame include excerpts from act V, scene IV of the play. From left to right, the characters are Julia, disguised as a page, Sylvia, Valentine, and Proteus, who is in love with Julia. Sylvia's father, the Duke of Milan, and a group of followers are present in the background.
The painting was on display at the Royal Academy in 1851, then was transferred to the Liverpool Academy in 1851. In 1887, the painting was bought by the Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery. As of 2021, the painting is still in their collection.
# London Society of West India Planters and Merchants

The London Society of West India Planters and Merchants was an organisation established to represent the views of those engaged in the trade with the Caribbean that held a diverse range of views on the region, ranging from London-based merchants to British West Indian planters, including both pro and anti-abolitionists.‍
The Society was formed in 1775 and brought together three different groups: British-based sugar merchants, absentee planters and colonial agents.‍

## Background

Estimates of the size of the West India Lobby vary between 20 and 60 Members of Parliament, the wide variance arising from whether tight or loose criteria are used to define what was an informal lobby. This informal way of organizing was effective prior to 1763 while their interest was aligned with the mercantilist approach which dominated British thinking: by supplying tropical staples, they did not compete with produce grown in Britain, and they provided a market for the produce they imported from within the empire. Thus informal contacts, dinners and individual solicitation were sufficient to see the passage of the Molasses Act or the defeat of Henry Pelham's proposed sugar duty.‍
However, particularly during and following the American Revolution, the West Indian merchants lost not only a market for rum, but also a source of provisions. This situation was exacerbated with the entry of France into the American Revolutionary War in 1778. Still, West Indian planters exerted their influence in the House of Commons, and by the 1780s it was estimated that as many as 74 MPs were absentee planters or had connections with various British West Indian colonies.‍ These connections also translated into financial arrangements with the Incorporated Society for the Conversion and Religious Instruction of the Negro Slaves in the British West India Islands. The following is from the annual report of the Incorporated Society of the Conversion of Religious Instruction and Education of Negro Slaves in the British West India islands, "That the Treasurer of the West India Planters and Merchants, be authorized to pay over to the Treasurer of the Society of the Conversion of the Religious Instruction and Education of Negros in the British West India Islands of one thousand pounds from the general fund of the West India Planters and Merchants of the City of London."
The society started with a predominantly Jamaican leadership, but by the 1830s, as emancipation approached, the leadership came to include a broader ranger of planter interests from across the British West Indies.‍
The society evolved into a modern charity, the West India Committee.

## Archives

The Society's minute books were purchased by the government of Trinidad and Tobago. They are currently held at the Alma Jordan Library, at the University of the West Indies, St. Augustine.‍
# Hummel (instrument)

The hummel (also hommel or humle) is an old Northern European stringed instrument similar to an older type of zither and is related to the Norwegian langeleik.

## History

The hummel is probably from the Middle Ages, when it was found all over Europe in slightly differing variants. The instrument was common in the Netherlands, Flanders, Northern Germany and Denmark during the 18th century. The earliest evidence of the instrument in Swedish folk culture is from the 17th century, and it seems to have been most common in the southern parts of the country. During the 19th century, the hummel was considered to be a primitive peasant instrument and its popularity dwindled. In Flanders, these instruments appeared during the 17th century and were popular with soldiers in the trenches during World War I, climaxing in the 1920s and 1930s but by the 1930s they returned to obscurity. They were mainly a family instruments and were widely played by women. Some enthusiasts have taken up playing it again since the folk revival of the 1970s.

## Construction

The hummel has many related forms. Common to all varieties is a flat top and bottom. There are variations in the type of wood it is made from, but the wood is always thin. On the top of the instrument are one or more soundholes. The strings vary in number, but often include a smaller number of melody strings and a greater number of accompanying strings. It is not uncommon to have three melody strings: two tuned identically, and the third tuned one octave below the others. Under the melody strings, either directly on the body or attached to a fretboard, are about 17 frets. The body comes in two main forms, either a pear-shaped form with the strings in the middle, or a half-pear with the strings near the edge.

## Playing

The hummel is placed on a table like a zither, to amplify the sound. The melody strings are sounded by being plucked downwards, either with fingers or a plectrum. The identically tuned melody strings are often fretted in unison or so to create a major third. It is possible to play a sixth interval, through using the octave string. The strings are played with a plectrum and are often all played at once. This is common because the accompaniment strings are tuned to a suitable chord that is relatively open, for example all the strings may be tuned to D or A.
# Ciarán Cronin

Ciarán Ó Cronín (born 1988 in Lisgoold, County Cork) is an Irish sportsman.
He plays hurling with his local club Lisgoold. He is goalkeeper for the Lisgoold GAA team since 2004. He was involved in the last Cork School team to win the Harty Cup in 2006 with Midleton CBS. He was a member of the Cork senior team, when he was called up due to the 2008 panels strike. He scored a goal from a puck out for his club vs Carrig na bhfear in a league game in 2016.
# Andrea Ludwig

Andrea Ludwig (born September 25, 1970) is a Canadian-born mezzo-soprano opera singer based in Toronto, Ontario. Born and raised in Regina, Saskatchewan, her mother was a nurse and her father was a German Lutheran pastor. She has three brothers and two sisters. She participated in the Kiwanis Music Festival between the ages of 8 and 15 years old. After graduating from Luther College High School she moved to Toronto intending to study piano at the University of Toronto. However she changed her major to Vocal Performance and graduated in 2001 with an Opera Diploma. She is also a 2002 Canadian Opera Company Ensemble graduate.
Andrea has been a member of the Elmer Iseler Singers in Toronto as the Mezzo Soprano from 1995 to 1999 and again from 2009 to 2017.
Andrea was nominated for a JUNO award in 2016 for her vocal performance Peter Togni's Responsio project (in the category Classical Album of the Year: Vocal or Choral Performance). Ludwig performs in concert with a wide range of presenters and has sung numerous roles with the Canadian Opera Company, Edmonton Opera, Philadelphia Opera, San Francisco Opera and the Festival d'Aix-en-Provence. In 2018 she played The Landlady in The Overcoat (Canstage/Tapestry) and reprised the same role at Vancouver Opera.

## Discography

Album Appearances
* 2018 Nestor Nyzhankivsky: Galicians ll, with the Ukrainian Art Song Project. (CD)
* 2017 Music of Franz Schubert (1797-1828) Conducted by Bernhard Gueller/Featuring Andrea Ludwig, mezzo-soprano (CD)
* 2015 Responsio Peter-Anthony Togni - Responsio (CD)
* 2009 Peter-Anthony Togni - Jeff Reilly (3), Elmer Iseler Singers, Lydia Adams (2) - Lamentatio Jeremiae Prophetae (CD, Album)
* 1998 The Elmer Iseler Singers*, Norine Burgess, Michael Schade, Mireille Lagacé - Noël - Early Canadian Christmas Music (CD, Album)
* 1998 Elmer Iseler Singers - A Canadian Panorama (CD)
# Papcastle

Papcastle is a village and civil parish in the district of Cumberland in the English county of Cumbria. The village is now effectively a northern extension of Cockermouth, which lies to the south of the River Derwent. It has its own parish council and lies within Bridekirk Parish for Church of England purposes. In 2001 it had a population of 406, reducing to 385 at the 2011 Census.
The name of Papcastle is said to be a compound formed from Old Norse and Old English papi+cæster, meaning 'the Roman fort inhabited by a hermit'.

## Remains of Roman Derventio

It has been known for some time that there was a Roman presence at Papcastle. It was the site of a Roman fort called Derventio, which was originally built in timber and rebuilt in stone. There was also a civilian settlement (vicus). The remains of the forts and part of the vicus were designated an ancient monument in 1992. More parts of the vicus were excavated from Sibby Brows field and the house of the Buckinghams in the village itself, during an episode of British archaeological TV programme Time Team in 1999. The major flood of 2009 led to the discovery of Roman remains on the south side of the River, including well-preserved foundations of a watermill. This led to a three-year archaeological programme on both sides of the river, finding several bathhouse phases, mansio, and eventually the remains of the bridge. A short account of these discoveries over 4 years is available from Grampus Heritage and Training, Threapland, Bothel, Cumbria. The full text, as well as that of "Papcastle History" is available on the village website (http://www.papcastle.org.uk.)

## Village hall

Papcastle Village Hall was built as a reading room for men only in 1895, donated by local resident, Honora Wybergh, who lived at The Mount, a large house demolished in the 1960s to make way for the modern Mount housing estate. Originally run by trustees, a new management scheme set up in 1940 by the Charity Commission is still in force. The hall is run by the Council of Management (Trustees). The hall has gone through several phases of popularity and decline. In 2006 it underwent major refurbishment with the help of major grants from a number of local organisations.

## Bus Services

Stagecoach Cumbira operates a bus service, numbered the 600, which connects Papcastle with Cockermouth, Wigton and Carlisle. The services operates between Monday and Saturday and stops just outside the village, on the A5086. There is also a number of buses from Cockermouth town centre, including routes to Keswick and Penrith. See separate article.
# Nagai Nagayoshi

Nagai Nagayoshi (長井 長義, August 8, 1844 – February 10, 1929) was a Japanese doctor of pharmacy and chemist. He is best known for the discovery of ephedrine and methamphetamine.

## Early life

Nagai was born in Myōdō District, Awa Province in what is now Tokushima Prefecture, as the son of a doctor and started studying rangaku medicine at the Dutch Medical School of Nagasaki (Igaku-Denshujo) in 1864. While in Nagasaki, he made the acquaintance of Ōkubo Toshimichi, Itō Hirobumi, and other future leaders of the Meiji government.

## Career

Nagai continued his studies at Tokyo Imperial University and became the first doctor of pharmacy in Japan. He was sent under government sponsorship to Prussia in 1871 to study at the University of Berlin. He was the only civilian in a group of military students sent to study in Great Britain and France, and he traveled by way of the United States and Great Britain. While in Berlin, he resided at the home of Japanese diplomat Aoki Shūzō. He was influenced by the lectures of von Hofmann, and received a doctorate with a study on eugenol while working as an assistant at von Hofmann's laboratory. He decided to take up organic chemistry in 1873.
Nagai returned to Japan in 1883 to take up a position at the Tokyo Imperial University, and became Professor of Chemistry and Pharmacy there in 1893. His research centered on the chemical analysis of various Japanese and Chinese traditional herbal medicines.
While in Germany, Nagai married Therese Schumacher, the daughter of a wealthy lumber and mining magnate. On their return to Japan, she became a professor of German language at Japan Women's University, and was active in introducing German foods and culture to Japan. In 1923, Nagai and his wife hosted Albert Einstein and his wife during their visit to Japan.
His son, Alexander Nagai, served as a diplomat at the Embassy of Japan in Berlin until the end of World War II.
As first president of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan (PSJ, founded in 1880); Nagai had an important impact on the propagation of chemistry and pharmaceutical sciences in an industrializing Japan.

## Death

Nagai died in 1929 in Tokyo of acute pneumonia.

## Scientific contributions

* Isolation of ephedrine from Ephedra vulgaris in 1885. Nagai recognized it to be the active component of the plant.
* Synthesis of methamphetamine from ephedrine in 1893. Methamphetamine was later synthesized in crystalline form in 1919 by Akira Ogata.
* Isolation of rotenone from Derris elliptica in 1902. Nagayoshi named the substance after the Japanese name for the plant, roten.
* Synthesis and structural elucidation of ephedrine in 1929.
# Octafluorocubane

Octafluorocubane or perfluorocubane is an organofluorine compound with the formula C$_8$F$_8$, consisting of eight carbon atoms joined into a cube, with a fluorine bonded to each carbon corner. It is a colorless, sublimable solid at room temperature. It has been of longstanding theoretical interest, but was not synthesised until 2022, when it was prepared in several steps from a cubane carboxylic ester beginning with its heptafluorination. According to X-ray crystallography, the C-C distances (1.570 Å) in octafluorocubane are identical in length to those in the parent cubane (1.572 Å).
Octafluorocubane has attracted interest from theorists because of its unusual electronic structure, which is indicated by its susceptibility to undergo reduction to a detectable anion C $_8$F$^−$ $_8$, with the free electron trapped inside of the cube.
The compound was voted "favorite molecule of 2022" by readers of Chemical & Engineering News.
# Charles Doignon

Charles Denis Joseph Doignon (1790–1864) was a Belgian lawyer, parliamentarian and clergyman.

## Life

Doignon was born in Tournai on 2 April 1790. Shortly before the Belgian Revolution of 1830 broke out, he had closed his chambers as a lawyer in order to become editor-in-chief of the newspaper Courrier de l'Escaut. From 23 May 1833 to 7 July 1842, he sat in the Belgian Parliament as a representative of the Constituency of Tournai. He was a member of the group L'Espoir, which was set up to organise the Catholic vote. From 1842 to 1847, Doignon served as commissioner general of the mint in Brussels. In 1847 he took holy orders, and in 1862 was appointed honorary canon of Tournai Cathedral.
Doignon died in Tournai on 10 June 1864.
# Yenish language

Yenish (French: Yeniche, German: Jenisch, Luxembourgish: Jéinesch) is a variety of German spoken by the Yenish people, former nomads living mostly in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Alsace, Luxembourg, and other parts of France.

## Components

Yenish has been documented since the 18th century. Yenish speakers generally speak their local German dialect, enriched by the Yenish vocabulary, which is derived in part from Rotwelsch, with influences from Yiddish, Romani, and other minority languages of their region.
The Yenish vocabulary contains many words of Romani and Yiddish (and through the latter route, Hebrew) origin; it also has many unusual metaphors and metonyms that replace the standard German words. Some original Yenish words have become parts of standard German.
The Yenish were originally travelers, they were people with professions outside of mainstream society that required them to move from town to town, such as showpeople, tinkers, and door-to-door salesmen. Today, the Yenish jargon is only used in certain isolated locations, such as certain poor districts of Berlin, Münster, some Eifel villages, and Luxembourg.
Individual variants of the Yenish language can be quite distinct, and have names of their own, such as Masematte, Lepper Talp, Heenese Vlek, and others.
Yenish has a grammatical syntax borrowed from the German language and its vocabulary is a mixture of Yiddish, Hebrew and German with some French and Romani terms.
The origin of Yenish peoples is unclear but it would be linked to a gradual interbreeding over the centuries between itinerant German and Ashkenazi Jewish populations, then the integration of certain members of the Gypsy communities: indeed, according to Yaron Matras of the University of Manchester, the Yenish community has, over the centuries, integrated members of minority communities such as Gypsies and Jews who, for one reason or another, left their own communities. This hypothesis is shared by Rémy Welschinger, who specifies that, due to the various wars and numerous food shortages, Jews and Yenishes were forced to live marginally by exercising professions which required great mobility and that the two peoples were able to settle and their languages to mix. In this hypothesis, the Yenish language would mainly come from the mixture of Rotwelsch, the language of the marginalized of Germanic origin, and Yiddish and Hebrew, the languages of the Ashkenazi Jews, when the poor and marginalized itinerant German populations absorbed, notably via mixed unions, the Jews rejected on the road, following the persecutions carried out against them at the time. According to Sandrine Szwarc also raises the hypothesis that the Yenishes are, at least for certain families, descendants of Ashkenazi crypto-Jews.
According to the encyclopedia of Hebrew languages and linguistics, jenisch "words of Hebrew origin, such as laf ‘no’ (= לאו lav) and Schuck ‘market’ (= שוק šuq), entered Jenisch with the Ashkenazi pronunciation employed when Hebrew words were integrated in the Judeo-German speech of German Jews", that is to say before its modification in contact with Slavic languages.
# Starred review

A starred review is a book review marked with a star to denote a book of distinction or particularly high quality. A starred review can help to increase media coverage, bookstore placement and sales of a book.
Outlets that published starred reviews include:
* Booklist
* The Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books
* The Horn Book Magazine
* Kirkus Reviews
* Library Journal
* School Library Journal
* Publishers Weekly
* Shelf Awareness
# Middleburg, North Carolina

Middleburg is a town in Vance County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 133 at the 2010 census. It was in Warren County and known as Middleburgh prior to the establishment of Vance County in 1881.

## History

Middleburg Baptist Church was established on November 27, 1881. The first pastor was Reverend M.V. McDuffy.
The Pleasant Hill/Hawkins House is located near Middleburg. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. The original dwelling was probably built by Colonel Philemon Hawkins II, and birthplace of Governor William Hawkins (1777-1819).

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 0.6 square mile (1.5 km$^2$), all land.
Middleburg is located roughly halfway between New York and Atlanta, which is possibly the etymology of the town.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 162 people, 54 households, and 46 families residing in the town. The population density was 284.6 inhabitants per square mile (109.9/km$^2$). There were 56 housing units at an average density of 98.4 per square mile (38.0/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the town was 34.57% White, 63.58% African American, 1.23% from other races, and 0.62% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.70% of the population.
There were 54 households, out of which 35.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.6% were married couples living together, 24.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 13.0% were non-families. 13.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.00 and the average family size was 3.26.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 30.9% under the age of 18, 8.6% from 18 to 24, 29.0% from 25 to 44, 22.2% from 45 to 64, and 9.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.6 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $25,313, and the median income for a family was $28,750. Males had a median income of $21,563 versus $18,125 for females. The per capita income for the town was $11,552. About 4.2% of families and 5.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.5% of those under the age of eighteen and none of those 65 or over.

## Notable people

* Tiny Broadwick, pioneer parachutist and inventor of the ripcord
* John Clifford Hawkins, second ever African American member of the New York State Assembly
* William B. Henderson, state legislator in North Carolina
# Mount Rose

Mount Rose may refer to:
* Mount Rose (Washington), a summit in the Olympic Mountains
* Mount Rose Station, a cancelled hotel and casino next to The Summit in Reno, Nevada
* Mount Rose (Nevada), a mountain peak in Washoe County, Nevada
** Mount Rose Ski Tahoe, a recreational ski resort in Nevada
** Mount Rose Summit, a mountain pass on Nevada State Route 431
** Mount Rose Weather Observatory, a historic observatory on the summit
** Mount Rose Wilderness, protected wilderness area in the Carson Range
* Mount Rose (New Jersey), a section of the Rocky Hill Ridge in Mercer County, New Jersey
* Mount Rose, New Jersey, a section of Hopewell Township, Mercer County, New Jersey
# Pollachius pollachius

Pollachius pollachius is a species of marine fish in the family Gadidae. FAO uses the English name pollack for this species, whereas in American English it is known as European pollock. Other vernacular names include lythe, and in the Isle of Man, callig.
It is common in the north-eastern parts of the Northern Atlantic, including the Bay of Biscay and North Sea. Adults can grow up to 130 cm (51 in) and weigh up to 12.5 kg (28 lb), although more commonly their maximum length is 75 cm (30 in).

## Ecology and life history

Pollack are fast-growing and relatively short-lived. The maximum reported age is 15 years. They are said to spawn offshore, although their spawning grounds are poorly known; a study of a fjord population in Norway suggested local spawning.
Pollack are benthopelagic, that is, they live near the sea floor. They seem to be relatively sedentary.

## Fisheries

Pollack is of value to fisheries, although it mainly represents bycatch. Landings data show three fairly distinct centres of distribution, one in the northern North Sea/Skagerrak extending north along the Norwegian coast, one between the English Channel, the Irish Sea, and the northern part of the French west coast, and one in the Iberian waters. Total reported landings are of the order of a few thousand tonnes.
Pollack is an important species in recreational fisheries. In Norway, tourist fishers alone were estimated to catch 100 tonnes of pollack in 2009. In France, 3,500 tonnes of pollock were estimated to be caught in all recreational fisheries.
# Vattenfall i Småland

Vattenfall i Småland (English:Waterfall in Småland) is a 19th-century oil painting by Swedish painter Marcus Larson. Painted in 1856, it has been characterized as a typical example of the Düsseldorf school of painting.