# Demographics of Romania

Demographic features of the population of Romania include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations, and other aspects of the population.
About 89.3% of the people of Romania are ethnic Romanians (as per 2021 census), whose native language, Romanian, is an Eastern Romance language, descended from Latin (more specifically from Vulgar Latin) with some Slavic, French, Turkish, German, Hungarian, Greek and Italian borrowings.
Romanians are by far the most numerous group of speakers of an Eastern Romance language today. It has been said that they constitute "an island of Latinity" in Eastern Europe, surrounded on all sides either by Slavic peoples (namely South Slavic and East Slavic peoples) or by the Hungarians. The Hungarian minority in Romania constitutes the country's largest minority, or as much as 6.0 per cent of the entire population. With a population of about 19,054,267 people in 2022, Romania received 989,357 Ukrainian refugees on 27 May 2022, according to the United Nations (UN).
The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine that began on 24 February 2022 triggered a major refugee crisis in Europe. In connection with the Russian invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022, as part of the Russian-Ukrainian war, by 15 May 2022, more than 6,223,821 Ukrainian refugees left the territory of Ukraine, moving to the countries closest to the west of Ukraine, of which more than 919,574 people fled to neighbouring Romania.

## Population evolution

Romania's population has declined steadily in recent decades, from a peak of 23.2 million in 1990 to 19.12 million in 2021. Among the causes of population decline are high mortality, a low fertility rate since 1990, and tremendous levels of emigration.
In 1990, Romania's population was estimated to be 23.21 million inhabitants. For the entire period 1990–2006, the estimated population loss tops 1.5 million, but it is likely to be higher, given the explosion of migration for work after 2001 and the tendency of some migrants to settle permanently in the countries where they live.
Sources give varied estimates for Romania's historical population. The National Institute for Research and Development in Informatics (NIRDI) gives the following numbers (the figure for 2020 was provided by the National Institute of Statistics – INS):

## Ethnic groups

Slightly more than 10% of the population of Romania is formed of minorities in Romania. The principal minorities are Hungarians and Roma, although other smaller ethnic groups exist too. Before World War II, minorities represented more than 28% of the total population. During the war that percentage was halved, largely by the loss of the border areas of Bessarabia and northern Bukovina (to the former Soviet Union, now Moldova and Ukraine) and southern Dobrudja (to Bulgaria). Two-thirds of the ethnic German population either left or were deported after World War II, a period that was followed by decades of relatively regular (by communist standards) migration. During the interwar period in Romania, the total number of ethnic Germans amounted to as much as 786,000 (according to some sources and estimates dating to 1939), a figure which had subsequently fallen to circa 36,000 as of 2011 in contemporary Romania. One reason for the decline of Romanian Germans is that after the Romanian Revolution there has been a mass migration of Transylvania Saxons to Germany, in what was referred by British daily newspaper Guardian to as 'the most astonishing, and little reported, ethnic migration in modern Europe'.
Of a total population of three quarter million Jews before World War II, about a third were killed during the Holocaust. Mass emigration, mostly to Israel and United States, has reduced the surviving Jewish community to less than 6,000 in 2002 (it is estimated that the real numbers could be 3–4 times higher).
Hungarians (Magyars; see Hungarians in Romania, especially in Harghita, Covasna, and Mureș counties) and Roma (see Romani people in Romania) are the principal minorities, with a declining German population (Banat Swabians in Timiș; Transylvanian Saxons in Sibiu, Brașov and elsewhere), and smaller numbers of Czechs, Slovaks, Serbs, Croats, and Banat Bulgarians (in Banat), Ukrainians (especially in Maramureș and Bukovina), Greeks of Romania (especially in Brăila and Constanța), Turks and Tatars (mainly in Constanța), Armenians, Russians (Lipovans, Old Believers in Tulcea), Jews and others. Since the Romanian Revolution of 1989, Bucharest and other cities have again become increasingly cosmopolitan, including identifiable presences from outside the EU (Chinese, Turks, Moldovans, Syrians, Iraqis, Africans) as well as from the EU (French, Italians, Germans, British, Greeks). In Romania, there are also guest workers from countries such as Vietnam and Nepal.
Minority populations are greatest in Transylvania and the Banat, areas in the north and west of the country, which were part of the Kingdom of Hungary (after 1867 the Austria-Hungary) until the end of World War I. Even before the union with Romania, ethnic Romanians comprised the overall majority in Transylvania. However, ethnic Hungarians and Germans were the dominant urban population until relatively recently, while Hungarians still constitute the majority in Harghita and Covasna counties.
The Roma constitute one of Romania's largest minorities. According to the 2011 Romanian census, they number 621,573 people or 3.08% of the total population, being the second-largest ethnic minority in Romania after Hungarians, with significant populations in Mureș (8.9%) and Călărași (7,47%) counties. There are different estimates about the size of the total population of people with Roma ancestry in Romania because a lot of people of Roma descent do not declare themselves as Roma. The number of the Roma is usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 5–11% of Romania's population.
After Hungarians and the Roma, Ukrainians of Romania are the third-largest minority. According to the 2011 Romanian census they number 51,703 people, making up 0.3% of the total population. Ukrainians mainly live in northern Romania, in areas close to the Ukrainian border. Over 60% of all Romanian Ukrainians live in Maramureș County (where they make up 6.77% of the population).

## Censuses in Romania

Evolution of Romania's population between 1859–1899 :
| Year | Population |
| 1859–60 | 3,864,848−4,424,961 |
| 1884 | 4,648,123 |
| 1889 | 5,038,342 |
| 1894 | 5,406,249 |
| 1899 | 5,956,690 |
Population of Romania according to ethnic group in 1899 :
| Ethnicity | Number | % |
| Romanians | | 92.15 |
| Hungarians | | 1.82 |
| Germans | | 0.13 |
| Austrians | | – |
| Russians | | 0.08 |
| Bulgarians | | 0,13 |
| Turks | | 0.40 |
| Serbs | | 0.07 |
| Greeks | | 0.34 |
| Italians | | 0.15 |
| Foreigners without protection | | 4,68 |
| Others | | 0.00 |
| Unknown | | 0.00 |
| Total | 5,956,690 | |
Population of Romania according to religion in 1899 :
| Orthodoxy | Orthodoxy | 91.5% | 91.5% |
| Judaism | Judaism | 4.5% | 4.5% |
| Catholicism | Catholicism | 2.5% | 2.5% |
| Protestantism | Protestantism | 0.4% | 0.4% |
| Muslim | Muslim | 0.7% | 0.7% |
Population of Romania according to ethnic group in 1912 :
| Ethnicity | Number | % |
| Romanians | | 93.47 |
| Hungarians | | 0.96 |
| Germans | | 0.11 |
| Austrians | | 0.63 |
| Russians | | 0.06 |
| Bulgarians | | 0.16 |
| Turks | | 0.47 |
| Serbs | | 0.06 |
| Greeks | | 0.24 |
| Italians | | 0.15 |
| Foreigners without protection | | 3.63 |
| Others | | 0.01 |
| Unknown | | 0.01 |
| Total | 7,234,920 | |
Population of Romania according to religion in 1912 :
| Orthodoxy | Orthodoxy | 93.1% | 93.1% |
| Judaism | Judaism | 3.3% | 3.3% |
| Catholicism | Catholicism | 2.2% | 2.2% |
| Protestantism | Protestantism | 0.3% | 0.3% |
| Muslim | Muslim | 0.7% | 0.7% |
Population of Romania according to ethnic group in 1930 :
| Ethnicity | Number | % |
| Romanians | 12,981,324 | 71.9 |
| Hungarians | 1,425,507 | 7.9 |
| Germans | 745,421 | 4.1 |
| Jews | 728,115 | 4.0 |
| Ruthenians and Ukrainians | 582,115 | 3.2 |
| Russians | 409,150 | 2.3 |
| Bulgarians | 366,384 | 2.0 |
| Roma (Gypsies) | 262,501 | 1.5 |
| Turks | 154,772 | 0.9 |
| Gagauzians | 105,750 | 0.6 |
| Czechs and Slovaks | 51,842 | 0.3 |
| Serbs, Croats and Slovenes | 51,062 | 0.3 |
| Poles | 48,310 | 0.3 |
| Greeks | 26,495 | 0.2 |
| Tatars | 22,141 | 0.1 |
| Armenians | 15,544 | <0.1 |
| Hutsuls | 12,456 | <0.1 |
| Albanians | 4,670 | <0.1 |
| Others | 56,355 | 0.3 |
| Undeclared | 7,114 | <0.1 |
| Total | 18,057,028 | 100.0 |
Population of Romania according to ethnic group 1948–2021 :
| Ethnic group | census 1948$^1$ | census 1948$^1$ | census 1956$^2$ | census 1956$^2$ | census 1966$^3$ | census 1966$^3$ | census 1977$^4$ | census 1977$^4$ | census 1992$^5$ | census 1992$^5$ | census 2002$^6$ | census 2002$^6$ | census 2011$^7$ | census 2011$^7$ | census 2021$^8$ | census 2021$^8$ |
| Ethnic group | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % |
| Romanians | 13,597,613 | 85.7 | 14,996,114 | 85.7 | 16,746,510 | 87.7 | 18,999,565 | 88.1 | 20,408,542 | 89.5 | 19,399,597 | 89.5 | 16,792,868 | 83.5 | 14,801,442 | 77.7 |
| Hungarians | 1,499,851 | 9.4 | 1,587,675 | 9.1 | 1,619,592 | 8.5 | 1,713,928 | 7.9 | 1,624,959 | 7.1 | 1,431,807 | 6.6 | 1,227,623 | 6.1 | 1,002,151 | 5.3 |
| Roma (Gypsies) | 53,425 | 0.3 | 104,216 | 0.6 | 64,197 | 0.3 | 227,398 | 1.05 | 401,087 | 1.8 | 535,140 | 2.5 | 621,573 | 3.1 | 569,477 | 3.0 |
| Ukrainians | 37,582 | 0.2 | 60,479 | 0.4 | 54,705 | 0.3 | 55,510 | 0.3 | 65,764 | 0.3 | 61,098 | 0.3 | 50,920 | 0.3 | 45,835 | 0.3 |
| Germans | 343,913 | 2.2 | 384,708 | 2.2 | 382,595 | 2.0 | 359,109 | 1.6 | 119,462 | 0.5 | 59,764 | 0.3 | 36,042 | 0.2 | 22,907 | 0.1 |
| Turks | 28,782 | 0.2 | 14,329 | 0.2 | 18,040 | 0.1 | 23,422 | 0.1 | 29,832 | 0.1 | 32,098 | 0.2 | 27,698 | 0.2 | 20,945 | 0.1 |
| Aromanians | | | | | | | 982 | 0.0 | 21,736 | 0.1 | 26,500 | 0.1 | | | | |
| Tatars | | | 20,469 | 0.2 | 22,151 | 0.1 | 23,369 | 0.1 | 24,596 | 0.1 | 23,935 | 0.1 | 20,282 | 0.1 | 18,156 | 0.1 |
| Russians | 39,332 | 0.2 | 38,731 | 0.2 | 39,483 | 0.2 | 21,206 | 0.2 | 7,983 | 0.1 | 35,791 | 0.2 | 23,864 | | | |
| Lipovans | 39,332 | 0.2 | 38,731 | 0.2 | 39,483 | 0.2 | 11,090 | 0.1 | 30,623 | 0.2 | 35,791 | 0.2 | 23,864 | | 19,394 | 0.0 |
| Serbs | 45,447 | 0.3 | 46,517 | 0.3 | 44,236 | 0.3 | 34,429 | 0.2 | 29,408 | 0.1 | 22,561 | 0.1 | 18,076 | 0.1 | 12,026 | 0.0 |
| Croats | 45,447 | 0.3 | 46,517 | 0.3 | 44,236 | 0.3 | 7,500 | 0.0 | 4,085 | 0.0 | 6,807 | 0.0 | 5,408 | 0.0 | 4,842 | 0.0 |
| Slovenes | 45,447 | 0.3 | 46,517 | 0.3 | 44,236 | 0.3 | | | | | 175 | 0.0 | | | | |
| Slovaks | 35,143 | 0.2 | 23,331 | 0.2 | 22,151 | 0.1 | 21,286 | 0.1 | 19,594 | 0.1 | 17,226 | 0.2 | 13,654 | 0.1 | 10,232 | 0.0 |
| Czechs | 35,143 | 0.2 | 11,821 | 0.0 | 9,978 | 0.0 | 7,683 | 0.0 | 5,797 | 0.0 | 3,941 | 0.0 | 2,477 | 0.0 | 1,576 | 0.0 |
| Bulgarians | 13,408 | 0.1 | 12,040 | 0.1 | 11,193 | 0.1 | 10,372 | 0.0 | 9,851 | 0.1 | 8,025 | 0.0 | 7,336 | 0.0 | 5,975 | 0.0 |
| Greeks | 8,696 | 0.1 | 11,166 | 0.0 | 9,088 | 0.0 | 6,262 | 0.0 | 3,940 | 0.0 | 6,472 | 0.0 | 3,668 | 0.0 | 2,086 | 0.0 |
| Jews | 138,795 | 0.9 | 146,264 | 0.8 | 42,888 | 0.2 | 24,667 | 0.1 | 8,955 | 0.0 | 5,785 | 0.0 | 3,271 | 0.0 | 2,378 | 0.0 |
| Poles | 6,753 | 0.0 | 7,627 | 0.0 | 5,860 | 0.0 | 4,641 | 0.0 | 4,232 | 0.0 | 3,559 | 0.0 | 2,543 | 0.0 | 2,137 | 0.0 |
| Armenians | 6,987 | 0.0 | 6,441 | 0.0 | 3,436 | 0.0 | 2,342 | 0.0 | 1,957 | 0.0 | 1,780 | 0.0 | 1,361 | 0.0 | 1,213 | 0.0 |
| Macedonians | | | | | | | 1,176 | 0.0 | 6,867 | 0.0 | 731 | 0.0 | 1,264 | 0.0 | 1,089 | 0.0 |
| Csangos | | | | | | | | | | | 1,266 | 0.0 | 1,536 | 0.0 | | |
| Others/undeclared | 15,897 | 0.1 | 17,522 | 0.1 | 6,990 | <0.1 | 5,731 | <0.1 | 9,368 | <0.1 | 28,303 | 0.1 | 23,741 | 0.1 | 12,877 | 0.1 |
| Undeclared | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1,236,810 | 6.14 | 2,484,926 | 13 |
| Total | 15,872,624 | 15,872,624 | 17,489,450 | 17,489,450 | 19,103,163 | 19,103,163 | 21,559,910 | 21,559,910 | 22,810,035 | 22,810,035 | 21,680,974 | 21,680,974 | 20,121,641 | 20,121,641 | 19,053,815 | 19,053,815 |
| $^1$ The results of the 1948 census are according to language. $^2$ Source: $^3$ Source: $^4$ Source: $^5$ Source: $^6$ Source: $^7$ Source: $^8$ Source: |||||||||||||||||

## Vital statistics
### Total Fertility Rate from 1850 to 1899

The total fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire period. Sources: Our World In Data and Gapminder Foundation.
| Years | 1850 | 1851 | 1852 | 1853 | 1854 | 1855 | 1856 | 1857 | 1858 | 1859 | 1860 |
| Total Fertility Rate in Romania | 5.22 | 5.08 | 4.94 | 4.8 | 4.66 | 4.52 | 4.38 | 4.24 | 4.11 | 3.97 | 4.23 |
| Years | 1861 | 1862 | 1863 | 1864 | 1865 | 1866 | 1867 | 1868 | 1869 | 1870 |
| Total Fertility Rate in Romania | 4.29 | 4.29 | 4.07 | 4.82 | 4.64 | 4.19 | 4.25 | 4.48 | 4.56 | 4.61 |
| Years | 1871 | 1872 | 1873 | 1874 | 1875 | 1876 | 1877 | 1878 | 1879 | 1880 |
| Total Fertility Rate in Romania | 4.49 | 4.29 | 4.36 | 4.6 | 5.2 | 4.96 | 4.74 | 4.22 | 4.97 | 5.05 |
| Years | 1881 | 1882 | 1883 | 1884 | 1885 | 1886 | 1887 | 1888 | 1889 | 1890 |
| Total Fertility Rate in Romania | 5.56 | 5.41 | 5.74 | 5.55 | 5.78 | 5.65 | 5.49 | 5.68 | 5.44 | 5.16 |
| Years | 1891 | 1892 | 1893 | 1894 | 1895 | 1896 | 1897 | 1898 | 1899 |
| Total Fertility Rate in Romania | 5.67 | 5.23 | 5.43 | 5.48 | 5.67 | 5.45 | 5.75 | 4.92 | 5.63 |

### Before WWI

| | Average population | Live births | Deaths | Natural change | Crude birth rate (per 1000) | Crude death rate (per 1000) | Natural change (per 1000) | Total fertility rates |
| 1900 | 6,050,000 | 235,000 | 146,000 | 89,000 | 38.8 | 24.2 | 14.7 | 5.20 |
| 1901 | 6,120,000 | 241,000 | 160,000 | 81,000 | 39.3 | 26.2 | 13.2 | 5.27 |
| 1902 | 6,210,000 | 242,000 | 172,000 | 70,000 | 39.0 | 27.7 | 11.3 | 5.23 |
| 1903 | 6,290,000 | 252,000 | 156,000 | 96,000 | 40.1 | 24.8 | 15.3 | 5.37 |
| 1904 | 6,390,000 | 256,000 | 156,000 | 100,000 | 40.1 | 24.4 | 15.6 | 5.37 |
| 1905 | 6,480,000 | 248,000 | 160,000 | 88,000 | 38.3 | 24.7 | 13.6 | 5.13 |
| 1906 | 6,570,000 | 262,000 | 157,000 | 105,000 | 39.9 | 23.9 | 16.0 | 5.35 |
| 1907 | 6,680,000 | 274,000 | 176,000 | 98,000 | 41.1 | 26.3 | 14.8 | 5.51 |
| 1908 | 6,770,000 | 273,000 | 185,000 | 88,000 | 40.3 | 27.4 | 13 | 5.40 |
| 1909 | 6,860,000 | 282,000 | 188,000 | 94,000 | 41.1 | 27.4 | 13.7 | 5.51 |
| 1910 | 6,970,000 | 274,000 | 173,000 | 101,000 | 39.3 | 24.8 | 14.5 | 5.27 |
| 1911 | 7,090,000 | 300,000 | 179,000 | 121,000 | 42.3 | 25.3 | 17.1 | 5.67 |
| 1912 | 7,240,000 | 314,000 | 166,000 | 148,000 | 43.4 | 22.9 | 20.4 | 5.82 |
| 1913 | 7,360,000 | 310,000 | 192,000 | 118,000 | 42.1 | 26.1 | 16.0 | 5.64 |
| 1914 | 7,770,000 | 327,000 | 183,000 | 144,000 | 42.1 | 23.5 | 18.5 | 5.64 |
| 1915 | 7,910,000 | 320,000 | 194,000 | 126,000 | 40.5 | 24.5 | 15.9 | 5.43 |
| Years | 1916 | 1917 | 1918 |
| Total Fertility Rate in Romania | 4.84 | 4.25 | 3.67 |

### Between WWI and WWII

| | Average population | Live births | Deaths | Natural change | Crude birth rate (per 1000) | Crude death rate (per 1000) | Natural change (per 1000) | Total fertility rates |
| 1919 | 15,920,000 | 366,000 | 328,000 | 38,000 | 23.0 | 20.6 | 2.4 | 3.08 |
| 1920 | 16,010,000 | 539,000 | 415,000 | 124,000 | 33.7 | 25.9 | 7.7 | 4.52 |
| 1921 | 16,240,000 | 620,000 | 372,000 | 248,000 | 38.2 | 22.9 | 15.3 | 5.12 |
| 1922 | 16,500,000 | 614,000 | 376,000 | 238,000 | 37.2 | 22.8 | 14.4 | 4.98 |
| 1923 | 16,770,000 | 609,000 | 372,000 | 237,000 | 36.4 | 22.1 | 14.4 | 4.88 |
| 1924 | 16,990,000 | 623,000 | 383,000 | 240,000 | 36.7 | 22.5 | 14.1 | 4.92 |
| 1925 | 17,190,000 | 606,000 | 362,000 | 244,000 | 35.2 | 21.1 | 14.1 | 4.72 |
| 1926 | 17,460,000 | 608,000 | 373,000 | 235,000 | 34.8 | 21.4 | 13.4 | 4.66 |
| 1927 | 17,690,000 | 603,000 | 393,000 | 210,000 | 34.1 | 22.2 | 11.9 | 4.57 |
| 1928 | 17,970,000 | 624,000 | 352,000 | 272,000 | 34.7 | 19.6 | 15.1 | 4.65 |
| 1929 | 17,640,000 | 601,000 | 378,000 | 223,000 | 34.1 | 21.4 | 12.6 | 4.57 |
| 1930 | 17,870,000 | 625,000 | 347,000 | 278,000 | 35.0 | 19.4 | 15.6 | 4.69 |
| 1931 | 18,190,000 | 605,000 | 379,000 | 226,000 | 33.3 | 20.8 | 12.4 | 4.46 |
| 1932 | 18,427,000 | 662,000 | 399,000 | 263,000 | 35.9 | 21.7 | 14.3 | 4.81 |
| 1933 | 18,653,000 | 598,000 | 348,000 | 250,000 | 32.1 | 18.7 | 13.4 | 4.30 |
| 1934 | 18,914,000 | 612,416 | 390,668 | 221,748 | 32.4 | 20.7 | 11.7 | 4.34 |
| 1935 | 19,088,000 | 585,503 | 402,720 | 182,783 | 30.7 | 21.1 | 9.6 | 4.11 |
| 1936 | 19,319,000 | 608,906 | 382,179 | 226,727 | 31.5 | 19.8 | 11.7 | 4.22 |
| 1937 | 19,535,000 | 601,310 | 377,954 | 223,356 | 30.8 | 19.3 | 11.4 | 4.13 |
| 1938 | 19,750,000 | 585,423 | 379,445 | 205,978 | 29.6 | 19.2 | 10.4 | 3.97 |
| 1939 | 19,934,000 | 563,817 | 370,348 | 193,469 | 28.3 | 18.6 | 9.7 | 3.79 |
| Years | 1940 | 1941 | 1942 | 1943 | 1944 | 1945 |
| Total Fertility Rate in Romania | 3.55 | 3.08 | 2.87 | 3.14 | 2.91 | 2.63 |

### After WWII

Main sources:
Source: National Institute of Statistics
| | Average population (July 1) | Live births | Deaths | Natural change | Crude birth rate (per 1000) | Crude death rate (per 1000) | Natural change (per 1000) | Crude migration change (per 1000) | Total fertility rates |
| 1946 | 15,760,000 | 391,273 | 296,439 | 94,834 | 24.8 | 18.8 | 6.0 | | 3.32 |
| 1947 | 15,860,000 | 370,562 | 349,331 | 21,231 | 23.4 | 22.0 | 1.3 | 5.0 | 3.14 |
| 1948 | 15,893,000 | 379,868 | 248,238 | 131,630 | 23.9 | 15.6 | 8.3 | -6.2 | 3.20 |
| 1949 | 16,084,000 | 444,065 | 219,881 | 224,184 | 27.6 | 13.7 | 13.9 | -2.1 | 3.70 |
| 1950 | 16,311,000 | 426,820 | 202,010 | 224,810 | 26.2 | 12.4 | 13.8 | 0.1 | 3.14 |
| 1951 | 16,464,000 | 412,534 | 210,021 | 202,513 | 25.1 | 12.8 | 12.3 | -3.0 | 3.01 |
| 1952 | 16,630,000 | 413,217 | 195,287 | 217,930 | 24.8 | 11.7 | 13.1 | -3.2 | 2.97 |
| 1953 | 16,847,000 | 401,717 | 194,752 | 206,965 | 23.8 | 11.6 | 12.3 | 0.6 | 2.76 |
| 1954 | 17,040,000 | 422,346 | 195,091 | 227,255 | 24.8 | 11.4 | 13.3 | -2.0 | 2.98 |
| 1955 | 17,325,000 | 442,864 | 167,535 | 275,329 | 25.6 | 9.7 | 15.9 | 0.6 | 3.07 |
| 1956 | 17,583,000 | 425,704 | 174,847 | 250,857 | 24.2 | 9.9 | 14.3 | 0.4 | 2.89 |
| 1957 | 17,829,000 | 407,819 | 181,923 | 225,896 | 22.9 | 10.2 | 12.7 | 1.1 | 2.73 |
| 1958 | 18,056,000 | 390,500 | 156,493 | 234,007 | 21.6 | 8.7 | 13.0 | -0.4 | 2.58 |
| 1959 | 18,226,000 | 368,007 | 186,767 | 181,240 | 20.2 | 10.2 | 9.9 | -0,6 | 2.43 |
| 1960 | 18,403,414 | 352,241 | 160,720 | 191,521 | 19.1 | 8.7 | 10.4 | -0.8 | 2.33 |
| 1961 | 18,566,932 | 324,859 | 161,936 | 162,923 | 17.5 | 8.7 | 8.8 | 0 | 2.17 |
| 1962 | 18,680,721 | 301,985 | 172,429 | 129,556 | 16.2 | 9.2 | 6.9 | -0.8 | 2.04 |
| 1963 | 18,813,131 | 294,886 | 155,767 | 139,119 | 15.7 | 8.3 | 7.4 | -0.4 | 2.01 |
| 1964 | 18,927,081 | 287,383 | 152,476 | 134,907 | 15.2 | 8.1 | 7.1 | -1.1 | 1.96 |
| 1965 | 19,027,367 | 278,362 | 163,393 | 114,969 | 14.6 | 8.6 | 6.0 | -0.8 | 1.91 |
| 1966 | 19,140,783 | 273,678 | 157,445 | 116,233 | 14.3 | 8.2 | 6.1 | -0.1 | 1.90 |
| 1967 | 19,284,814 | 527,764 | 179,129 | 348,635 | 27.4 | 9.3 | 18.1 | -10.7 | 3.66 |
| 1968 | 19,720,984 | 526,091 | 188,509 | 337,582 | 26.7 | 9.6 | 17.1 | 5.1 | 3.63 |
| 1969 | 20,010,178 | 465,764 | 201,225 | 264,539 | 23.3 | 10.1 | 13.2 | 1.3 | 3.19 |
| 1970 | 20,252,541 | 427,034 | 193,255 | 233,779 | 21.1 | 9.5 | 11.5 | 0.4 | 2.89 |
| 1971 | 20,469,658 | 400,146 | 194,306 | 205,840 | 19.5 | 9.5 | 10.1 | 0.6 | 2.66 |
| 1972 | 20,662,648 | 389,153 | 189,793 | 199,360 | 18.8 | 9.2 | 9.6 | −0.3 | 2.55 |
| 1973 | 20,827,525 | 378,696 | 203,559 | 175,137 | 18.2 | 9.8 | 8.4 | -0.5 | 2.44 |
| 1974 | 21,028,841 | 427,732 | 191,286 | 236,446 | 20.3 | 9.1 | 11.2 | −1.7 | 2.72 |
| 1975 | 21,245,103 | 418,185 | 197,538 | 220,647 | 19.7 | 9.3 | 10.4 | −0.2 | 2.62 |
| 1976 | 21,445,698 | 417,353 | 204,873 | 212,480 | 19.5 | 9.6 | 9.9 | -0.6 | 2.58 |
| 1977 | 21,657,569 | 423,958 | 208,685 | 215,273 | 19.6 | 9.6 | 9.9 | −0.2 | 2.60 |
| 1978 | 21,854,622 | 416,598 | 211,846 | 204,752 | 19.1 | 9.7 | 9.4 | −0.4 | 2.54 |
| 1979 | 22,048,305 | 410,603 | 217,509 | 193,094 | 18.6 | 9.9 | 8.8 | 0 | 2.50 |
| 1980 | 22,201,387 | 398,904 | 231,876 | 167,028 | 18.0 | 10.4 | 7.5 | −0.6 | 2.45 |
| 1981 | 22,352,635 | 381,101 | 224,635 | 156,466 | 17.0 | 10.0 | 7.0 | −0.2 | 2.37 |
| 1982 | 22,477,703 | 344,369 | 224,120 | 120,249 | 15.3 | 10.0 | 5.3 | 0.2 | 2.17 |
| 1983 | 22,553,074 | 321,498 | 233,892 | 87,606 | 14.3 | 10.4 | 3.9 | −0.5 | 2.00 |
| 1984 | 22,624,505 | 350,741 | 233,699 | 117,042 | 15.5 | 10.3 | 5.2 | −2.0 | 2.19 |
| 1985 | 22,724,836 | 358,797 | 246,670 | 112,127 | 15.8 | 10.9 | 4.9 | −0.5 | 2.26 |
| 1986 | 22,823,479 | 376,896 | 242,330 | 134,566 | 16.5 | 10.6 | 5.9 | −1.6 | 2.39 |
| 1987 | 22,940,430 | 383,199 | 254,286 | 128,913 | 16.7 | 11.1 | 5.6 | −0.5 | 2.42 |
| 1988 | 23,053,552 | 380,043 | 253,370 | 126,673 | 16.5 | 11.0 | 5.5 | −0.6 | 2.31 |
| 1989 | 23,151,564 | 369,544 | 247,306 | 122,238 | 16.0 | 10.7 | 5.3 | −1.1 | 2.19 |
| 1990 | 23,206,720 | 314,746 | 247,086 | 67,660 | 13.6 | 10.6 | 2.9 | −0.5 | 1.83 |
| 1991 | 23,185,084 | 275,275 | 251,760 | 23,515 | 11.9 | 10.9 | 1.0 | −1.9 | 1.56 |
| 1992 | 22,788,969 | 260,393 | 263,855 | −3,462 | 11.4 | 11.6 | −0.2 | −16.9 | 1.50 |
| 1993 | 22,755,260 | 249,994 | 263,323 | −13,329 | 11.0 | 11.6 | −0.6 | −0.9 | 1.45 |
| 1994 | 22,730,622 | 246,736 | 266,101 | –19,365 | 10.9 | 11.7 | −0.9 | −0.2 | 1.42 |
| 1995 | 22,680,951 | 236,640 | 271,672 | −35,032 | 10.4 | 12.0 | −1.5 | −0.6 | 1.34 |
| 1996 | 22,607,620 | 231,348 | 286,158 | −54,810 | 10.2 | 12.7 | −2.4 | −0.8 | 1.29 |
| 1997 | 22,545,925 | 236,891 | 279,315 | −42,424 | 10.5 | 12.4 | −1.9 | -0.9 | 1.31 |
| 1998 | 22,502,803 | 237,297 | 269,166 | −31,869 | 10.5 | 12.0 | −1.4 | −0.5 | 1.33 |
| 1999 | 22,458,022 | 234,600 | 265,194 | −30,594 | 10.4 | 11.8 | −1.4 | -0.6 | 1.32 |
| 2000 | 22,435,205 | 234,521 | 255,820 | −21,299 | 10.5 | 11.4 | −0.9 | −0.1 | 1.32 |
| 2001 | 22,408,393 | 220,368 | 259,603 | −39,235 | 9.8 | 11.6 | −1.8 | 0.6 | 1.23 |
| 2002 | 21,675,775 | 210,529 | 269,666 | −59,137 | 9.7 | 12.4 | −2.7 | −30.1 | 1.26 |
| 2003 | 21,574,365 | 212,459 | 266,575 | −54,116 | 9.8 | 12.4 | −2.5 | −2.2 | 1.29 |
| 2004 | 21,451,845 | 216,261 | 258,890 | −42,629 | 10.1 | 12.1 | −2.0 | −3.7 | 1.32 |
| 2005 | 21,319,673 | 221,020 | 262,101 | −41,081 | 10.4 | 12.3 | −1.9 | −4.2 | 1.38 |
| 2006 | 21,193,749 | 219,483 | 258,094 | −38,611 | 10.4 | 12.2 | −1.8 | −4.1 | 1.41 |
| 2007 | 20,882,980 | 214,728 | 251,965 | −37,237 | 10.3 | 12.1 | −1.8 | −12.9 | 1.43 |
| 2008 | 20,537,848 | 221,900 | 253,202 | −31,302 | 10.8 | 12.3 | −1.5 | −15.0 | 1.58 |
| 2009 | 20,367,437 | 222,388 | 257,213 | −34,825 | 10.9 | 12.6 | −1.7 | −6.6 | 1.65 |
| 2010 | 20,246,798 | 212,199 | 259,723 | −47,524 | 10.5 | 12.8 | −2.3 | −3.6 | 1.58 |
| 2011 | 20,147,657 | 196,242 | 251,439 | −55,197 | 9.7 | 12.5 | −2.7 | −2.2 | 1.46 |
| 2012 | 20,060,182 | 201,104 | 255,539 | −54,435 | 10.0 | 12.7 | −2.7 | -1.6 | 1.52 |
| 2013 | 19,988,694 | 188,599 | 247,475 | −58,876 | 9.4 | 12.4 | −2.9 | −0.6 | 1.45 |
| 2014 | 19,916,451 | 198,740 | 254,965 | −56,225 | 10.0 | 12.8 | −2.8 | −0.8 | 1.55 |
| 2015 | 19,822,250 | 201,995 | 262,442 | −60,447 | 10.2 | 13.2 | −3.0 | −1.7 | 1.61 |
| 2016 | 19,706,424 | 205,773 | 258,404 | −52,631 | 10.4 | 13.1 | −2.7 | −3.2 | 1.68 |
| 2017 | 19,592,933 | 210,590 | 262,321 | −51,731 | 10.7 | 13.4 | −2.6 | −3.1 | 1.77 |
| 2018 | 19,483,840 | 210,290 | 264,963 | −54,673 | 10.8 | 13.6 | −2.8 | −2.8 | 1.81 |
| 2019 | 19,394,228 | 211,175 | 260,877 | −49,702 | 10.9 | 13.5 | −2.6 | −2.0 | 1.86 |
| 2020 | 19,296,076 | 206,826 | 299,524 | −92,698 | 10.7 | 15.5 | −4.8 | −0.3 | 1.80 |
| 2021 | 19,126,302 | 199,107 | 336,075 | −136,968 | 10.4 | 17.6 | −7.2 | -1.7 | 1.81 |
| 2022 | 19,052,694 | 178,233 | 272,953 | −94,720 | 9.4 | 14.3 | −4.9 | 1.1 | 1.71 |
| 2023 | 19,065,215 | 160,078 | 244,061 | −83,983 | 8.4 | 12.8 | −4.4 | 5,1 | 1.54 |
| 2024 | 19,067,576 | 149,612 | 246,012 | -96,400 | 7.8 | 12.9 | -5.1 | 5,2 | |
Note: The 2011 Romanian census gave a figure of 20,121,641.
The 2021 Romanian census gave a figure of 19,053,815.

### Current vital statistics

The current vital statistics of Romania are as follows:
| Period | Live births | Deaths | Natural increase |
| January 2024 | 13,743 | 24,727 | −10,984 |
| January 2025 | 12,755 | 23,600 | −10,845 |
| Difference | −988 (−7,18%) | –1,127 (–4,55%) | +139 |
| Age Group | Male | Female | Total | % |
| Total | 9 387 590 | 9 814 072 | 19 201 662 | 100 |
| 0–4 | 521 481 | 493 753 | 1 015 234 | 5.29 |
| 5–9 | 491 575 | 465 014 | 956 589 | 4.98 |
| 10–14 | 542 113 | 513 007 | 1 055 120 | 5.49 |
| 15–19 | 529 720 | 497 225 | 1 026 945 | 5.35 |
| 20–24 | 516 683 | 488 542 | 1 005 225 | 5.24 |
| 25–29 | 521 145 | 486 568 | 1 007 713 | 5.25 |
| 30–34 | 692 834 | 641 537 | 1 334 371 | 6.95 |
| 35–39 | 666 920 | 624 800 | 1 291 720 | 6.73 |
| 40–44 | 773 295 | 740 280 | 1 513 575 | 7.88 |
| 45–49 | 757 067 | 717 118 | 1 474 185 | 7.68 |
| 50–54 | 802 907 | 770 972 | 1 573 879 | 8.20 |
| 55–59 | 502 848 | 511 124 | 1 013 972 | 5.28 |
| 60–64 | 574 456 | 653 682 | 1 228 138 | 6.40 |
| 65−69 | 536 795 | 676 615 | 1 213 410 | 6.32 |
| 70−74 | 403 858 | 556 959 | 960 817 | 5.00 |
| 75−79 | 234 736 | 370 749 | 605 485 | 3.15 |
| 80−84 | 181 168 | 332 869 | 514 037 | 2.68 |
| 85−89 | 92 247 | 181 016 | 273 263 | 1.42 |
| 90−94 | 34 236 | 68 768 | 103 004 | 0.54 |
| 95−99 | 9 544 | 18 845 | 28 389 | 0.15 |
| 100+ | 1 962 | 4 629 | 6 591 | 0.03 |
| Age group | Male | Female | Total | Percent |
| 0–14 | 1 555 169 | 1 471 774 | 3 026 943 | 15.76 |
| 15–64 | 6 337 875 | 6 131 848 | 12 469 723 | 64.94 |
| 65+ | 1 494 546 | 2 210 450 | 3 704 996 | 19.30 |

### Life expectancy 1950–2020

Average life expectancy at age 0 of the total population.
| Period | Life expectancy in Years |
| 1950–1955 | 61.15 |
| 1955–1960 | 63.287 |
| 1960–1965 | 67.78 |
| 1965–1970 | 67.34 |
| 1970–1975 | 69.02 |
| 1975–1980 | 69.59 |
| 1980–1985 | 69.73 |
| 1985–1990 | 69.52 |
| 1990–1995 | 69.60 |
| 1995–2000 | 69.71 |
| 2000–2005 | 71.47 |
| 2005–2010 | 73.08 |
| 2010–2015 | 74.85 |
| 2015–2020 | ? |

## Birth rates by counties

Romania has 41 counties and one city with a special status, namely Bucharest. Ilfov County has the highest crude birth rate (12.0‰), while Vâlcea County has the lowest crude birth rate (6.6‰). Birth rates are generally higher in rural areas compared to urban areas.
Crude birth rate by province in 2016 (INS) :
| Județ | Total CBR (‰) | Urban (‰) | Rural (‰) |
| Romania | 8.6 | 8.3 | 8.9 |
| Alba County | 8.0 | 7.5 | 8.8 |
| Arad County | 8.5 | 8.1 | 8.9 |
| Argeș County | 8.3 | 8.2 | 8.3 |
| Bacău County | 8.0 | 7.5 | 8.5 |
| Bihor County | 9.2 | 8.6 | 9.8 |
| Bistrița-Năsăud County | 9.7 | 9.8 | 9.7 |
| Botoșani County | 8.3 | 8.1 | 8.4 |
| Brașov County | 9.6 | 8.6 | 12.6 |
| Brăila County | 6.9 | 6.2 | 8.4 |
| Bucharest City | 8.8 | 8.8 | — |
| Buzău County | 7.6 | 7.7 | 7.6 |
| Caraș-Severin County | 6.9 | 6.7 | 7.3 |
| Călărași County | 8.7 | 8.5 | 8.9 |
| Cluj County | 9.5 | 9.2 | 9.9 |
| Constanța County | 9.3 | 8.8 | 10.4 |
| Covasna County | 9.6 | 8.1 | 11.2 |
| Dâmbovița County | 8.3 | 7.7 | 8.6 |
| Dolj County | 7.9 | 7.9 | 7.9 |
| Galați County | 7.4 | 6.7 | 8.3 |
| Giurgiu County | 8.3 | 7.2 | 8.8 |
| Gorj County | 7.5 | 7.9 | 7.1 |
| Harghita County | 9.4 | 8.4 | 10.2 |
| Hunedoara County | 7.2 | 7.4 | 6.7 |
| Ialomița County | 8.2 | 7.8 | 8.7 |
| Iași County | 9.4 | 9.1 | 9.7 |
| Ilfov County | 12.0 | 12.3 | 11.8 |
| Maramureș County | 8.7 | 8.3 | 9.2 |
| Mehedinți County | 7.8 | 7.6 | 8.1 |
| Mureș County | 9.4 | 8.2 | 10.7 |
| Neamț County | 7.5 | 7.0 | 7.9 |
| Olt County | 7.0 | 7.8 | 6.5 |
| Prahova County | 7.9 | 7.6 | 8.2 |
| Satu Mare County | 8.6 | 7.6 | 9.5 |
| Sălaj County | 10.0 | 10.2 | 9.9 |
| Sibiu County | 9.3 | 8.4 | 11.3 |
| Suceava County | 10.3 | 9.6 | 10.8 |
| Teleorman County | 6.8 | 6.5 | 6.9 |
| Timiș County | 9.4 | 9.0 | 10.0 |
| Tulcea County | 7.3 | 7.8 | 6.8 |
| Vaslui County | 8.2 | 7.5 | 8.8 |
| Vâlcea County | 6.6 | 7.2 | 5.9 |
| Vrancea County | 8.3 | 7.9 | 8.5 |

## Demographics statistics

Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review in 2019.
* One birth every 3 minutes
* One death every 2 minutes
* Net loss of one person every 5 minutes
* One net migrant every 19 minutes
The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.

### Population

c. 19,000,000 (January 2023 est.)

### Median age

    total: 41.6 years. Country comparison to the world: 38th
    male: 40.2 years
    female: 43 years (2018 est.)

### Birth rate

    8.7 births/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 211th

### Death rate

    12 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 17th

### Total fertility rate

    1.71 children born/woman (2017) Country comparison to the world: 154th

### Net migration rate

    −0.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 113th
    −0.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.)

### Mother's mean age at first birth

    26.7 years (2014 est.)

### Population growth rate

    −0.35% (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 219th
    −0.127% (2007 estimate).

### Urban–rural ratio

Romania is one of the least urbanised countries in Europe. Just a slight majority, 56.4 percent, lives in urban areas (12,546,212 people in total). The remainder, 43.6 percent, lives in rural areas (9,695,506 people in total).
    urban population: 54% of total population (2018)
    rate of urbanization: −0.38% annual rate of change (2015–20 est.)

### Sex ratio
#### at birth

    1.06 male(s)/female

#### under 15 years

    1.05 male(s)/female

#### 15–64 years

    0.99 male(s)/female

#### 65 years and over

    0.71 male(s)/female

#### total population

    0.95 male(s)/female (2008 est.)

### Infant mortality rate

9.2 deaths/1,000 live births (May 2010); down from 17.3 deaths/1,000 live births in 2002.

### Life expectancy at birth

* total population: 75.6 years (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 106th
** male: 72.1 years (2018 est.)
** female: 79.2 years (2018 est.)
* Total population: 75 years
** male: 71.4 years
** female: 78.8 years (2015 est.)

### Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write (2015 est.)
    total population: 98.8%
    male: 99.1%
    female: 98.5% (2015 est.)

### School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

    total: 14 years
    male: 14 years
    female: 15 years (2016)

### Unemployment, youth ages 15–24

    total: 20.6%. Country comparison to the world: 62nd
    male: 19.9%
    female: 21.8% (2016 est.)

### Nationality

The noun form is Romanian(s), and the adjectival form is Romanian.

## Age structure

    0–14 years: 14.31% (male 1,576,621 /female 1,493,082)
    15–24 years: 10.45% (male 1,151,312 /female 1,091,956)
    25–54 years: 46.11% (male 5,010,272 /female 4,883,090)
    55–64 years: 12.37% (male 1,244,669 /female 1,409,854)
    65 years and over: 16.76% (male 1,454,320 /female 2,141,940) (2018 est.)
The following demographic statistics are from National Institute of Statistic on 1 July 2016.
* 0–14 years: 14.7% (male 1,678,542/female 1,586,709)
* 15–64 years: 69.5% (male 7,744,863/female 7,687,078)
* 65 years and over: 15.8% (male 1,420,144/female 2,097,659) (2016 est.)
As a consequence of the pro-natalist policies of the Nicolae Ceaușescu regime (see Decree 770), Romania has a higher proportion of people born in the late 1960s and 1970s its population than any other Western country except Slovenia. The generations born in 1967 and 1968 were the largest, although fertility remained relatively high until 1990. 8.55% of the Romanian population was born in the period from 1976 to 1980, compared with 6.82% of Americans and 6.33% of Britons.

### Age structure by ethnicity

Population by ethnicity based on age groups, according to the 2011 census:
| Age group | Total population | Romanians | Hungarians | Roma | Ukrainians | Germans | Turks | Others/Undeclared |
| 0–4 | 1,045,029 | 766,078 | 52,158 | 73,860 | 2,606 | 890 | 2,348 | 147,089 |
| 5–9 | 1,054,391 | 804,721 | 55,477 | 69,998 | 3,058 | 990 | 2,095 | 118,052 |
| 10–14 | 1,090,226 | 861,915 | 58,081 | 64,776 | 3,285 | 1,072 | 1,996 | 99,101 |
| 15–19 | 1,108,453 | 911,478 | 59,737 | 53,768 | 3,712 | 1,158 | 1,651 | 76,949 |
| 20–24 | 1,366,374 | 1,119,417 | 76,714 | 60,542 | 3,770 | 1,488 | 2,261 | 102,182 |
| 25–29 | 1,303,077 | 1,048,482 | 74,135 | 49,452 | 3,545 | 1,459 | 2,117 | 123,887 |
| 30–34 | 1,522,719 | 1,241,284 | 90,620 | 51,267 | 3,692 | 1,770 | 2,452 | 131,634 |
| 35–39 | 1,538,897 | 1,283,084 | 95,034 | 45,551 | 3,710 | 1,999 | 2,403 | 107,116 |
| 40–44 | 1,743,878 | 1,493,176 | 103,663 | 39,351 | 3,530 | 2,672 | 2,319 | 99,167 |
| 45–49 | 1,076,258 | 924,664 | 66,469 | 24,319 | 3,082 | 1,933 | 1,642 | 54,149 |
| 50–54 | 1,332,266 | 1,156,851 | 80,134 | 25,816 | 3,259 | 2,530 | 1,732 | 61,944 |
| 55–59 | 1,448,043 | 1,255,293 | 94,852 | 23,064 | 3,109 | 3,375 | 1,554 | 66,796 |
| 60–64 | 1,244,286 | 1,084,578 | 82,353 | 15,976 | 2,874 | 2,523 | 1,090 | 54,892 |
| 65–69 | 890,340 | 766,197 | 74,709 | 8,708 | 2,238 | 2,796 | 682 | 35,010 |
| 70–74 | 901,370 | 792,445 | 63,963 | 7,063 | 2,190 | 3,525 | 560 | 31,624 |
| 75–79 | 729,965 | 646,048 | 48,315 | 4,803 | 1,697 | 2,734 | 430 | 25,938 |
| 80–84 | 462,807 | 407,295 | 32,265 | 2,346 | 1,021 | 1,947 | 231 | 17,702 |
| 85+ | 263,262 | 229,862 | 18,944 | 913 | 542 | 1,181 | 135 | 11,685 |

## Immigration

Foreign-born population (according to Eurostat):
| | 2016 | 2018 | 2020 |
| Population total | 19,760,585 | 19,533,481 | 19,328,838 |
| Total | 347,344 | 510,526 | 723,913 |
| Moldova | 137,406 | 201,628 | 302,001 |
| Italy | 46,172 | 60,543 | 72,473 |
| Spain | 35,857 | 46,645 | 59,978 |
| Ukraine | 14,328 | 25,644 | 47,614 |
| United Kingdom | 10,428 | 22,127 | 34,812 |
| Germany | 10,750 | 20,739 | 34,071 |
| France | 9,262 | 15,887 | 21,960 |
| Bulgaria | 10,882 | 10,540 | 10,029 |
| Hungary | 7,151 | 8,588 | 9,560 |
| Russia | 5,596 | 7,294 | 9,308 |
| Turkey | 6,769 | 7,933 | 9,230 |
| Greece | 5,576 | 6,843 | 7,829 |
| China | 4,235 | 5,485 | 6,125 |
| United States | 3,634 | 5,095 | 5,771 |
| Belgium | 1,808 | 3,120 | 4,970 |
| Israel | 2,121 | 3,727 | 4,718 |
| Vietnam | 111 | 642 | 4,223 |
| Ireland | 1,299 | 2,678 | 3,829 |
| Austria | 1,179 | 2,054 | 3,767 |
| Syria | 2,833 | 3,376 | 3,191 |
| Serbia | 1,897 | 2,484 | 2,845 |
| Portugal | 929 | 1,771 | 2,369 |
| Denmark | 545 | 1,105 | 2,246 |
| Sri Lanka | 89 | 340 | 2,195 |
| Nepal | 18 | 180 | 2,136 |
| Netherlands | 552 | 1,220 | 1,921 |
| Tunisia | 1,362 | 1,652 | 1,672 |
| India | 235 | 421 | 1,572 |
| Cyprus | 560 | 1,012 | 1,508 |
| Iraq | 1,701 | 2,044 | 1,419 |
| Iran | 1,348 | 1,350 | 1,410 |
| Norway | 477 | 941 | 1,375 |
| Sweden | 408 | 898 | 1,356 |
| Morocco | 386 | 876 | 1,343 |
| Philippines | 169 | 467 | 1,206 |
| Switzerland | 361 | 789 | 1,136 |
| Poland | 387 | 970 | 1,061 |
| Pakistan | 404 | 437 | 1,032 |

### Net migration data

Romania net migration :
| Year | Immigration (Permanent) | Emigration (Permanent) | Net Migration (Permanent) | Temporary Immigration | Temporary Emigration | Net Temporary Migration | Total Net Migration |
| 1991 | 1,602 | 44,160 | -42,558 | - | - | - | -42,558 |
| 1992 | 1,753 | 31,152 | -29,399 | - | - | - | -29,399 |
| 1993 | 1,269 | 18,446 | -17,177 | - | - | - | -17,177 |
| 1994 | 878 | 17,146 | -16,268 | - | - | - | -16,268 |
| 1995 | 4,458 | 25,675 | -21,217 | - | - | - | -21,217 |
| 1996 | 2,053 | 21,526 | -19,473 | - | - | - | -19,473 |
| 1997 | 6,600 | 19,945 | -13,345 | - | - | - | -13,345 |
| 1998 | 11,907 | 17,536 | -5,629 | - | - | - | -5,629 |
| 1999 | 10,078 | 12,594 | -2,516 | - | - | - | -2,516 |
| 2000 | 11,024 | 14,753 | -3,729 | - | - | - | -3,729 |
| 2001 | 10,350 | 9,921 | 429 | - | - | - | 429 |
| 2002 | 6,582 | 8,154 | -1,572 | - | - | - | -1,572 |
| 2003 | 3,267 | 10,673 | -7,406 | 91,726 | 143,977 | -52,251 | -59,657 |
| 2004 | 2,987 | 13,082 | -10,095 | 98,329 | 194,488 | -96,159 | -106,254 |
| 2005 | 3,704 | 10,938 | -7,234 | 91,040 | 175,297 | -84,257 | -91,491 |
| 2006 | 7,714 | 14,197 | -6,483 | 100,537 | 188,439 | -87,902 | -94,385 |
| 2007 | 9,575 | 8,830 | 745 | 86,267 | 544,074 | -457,807 | -457,062 |
| 2008 | 10,030 | 8,739 | 1,291 | 138,929 | 302,796 | -163,867 | -162,576 |
| 2009 | 8,606 | 10,211 | -1,605 | 135,844 | 246,626 | -110,782 | -112,387 |
| 2010 | 7,059 | 7,906 | -847 | 149,885 | 197,985 | -48,100 | -48,947 |
| 2011 | 15,538 | 18,307 | -2,769 | 147,685 | 195,551 | -47,866 | -50,635 |
| 2012 | 21,684 | 18,001 | 3,683 | 167,266 | 170,186 | -2,920 | 763 |
| 2013 | 23,897 | 19,056 | 4,841 | 153,646 | 161,755 | -8,109 | -3,268 |
| 2014 | 36,644 | 11,251 | 25,393 | 136,035 | 172,871 | -36,836 | -11,443 |
| 2015 | 23,093 | 15,235 | 7,858 | 132,795 | 194,718 | -61,923 | -54,065 |
| 2016 | 27,863 | 22,807 | 5,056 | 137,455 | 207,578 | -70,123 | -65,067 |
| 2017 | 50,199 | 23,156 | 27,043 | 177,435 | 242,193 | -64,758 | -37,715 |
| 2018 | 65,678 | 27,229 | 38,449 | 172,578 | 231,661 | -59,083 | -20,634 |
| 2019 | 64,479 | 26,775 | 37,704 | 202,422 | 233,736 | -31,314 | 6,390 |
| 2020 | 32,250 | 21,031 | 11,219 | 145,519 | 186,818 | -41,299 | -30,080 |
| 2021 | 49,769 | 34,341 | 15,428 | 194,642 | 216,861 | -22,219 | -6,791 |
| 2022 | 54,839 | 48,438 | 6,401 | 293,024 | 202,311 | 90,713 | 97,114 |
| 2023 | 29,830 | 48,612 | -18,782 | 324,091 | 239,244 | 84,847 | 66,065 |

## Religion

* Romanian Orthodox — 86.7%
* Roman Catholic — 4.7%
* Protestant Churches (Calvin, Lutheran, Unitarian, Pentecostal, Baptist, Adventist) — 5.3%
* Greek Catholic – Uniate — 0.9%
* Islam — 0.3%
* Atheist — ≈0.04% (9,271 people)
* No religion — 0.1%
* Other religions — 2.0%
* Refused to declare — 0.1%
Religious affiliation tends to follow ethnic lines, with most ethnic Romanians identifying with the Romanian Orthodox Church. The Greek Catholic or Uniate church, reunified with the Orthodox Church by fiat in 1948, was restored after the 1989 revolution. The 2002 census indicates that 0.9% of the population is Greek Catholic, as opposed to about 10% prior to 1948. Roman Catholics, largely ethnic Hungarians and Germans, constitute 4.7% of the population; Calvinists, Baptists (see Baptist Union of Romania and Convention of the Hungarian Baptist Churches of Romania), Pentecostals, and Lutherans make up another 5%. There are smaller numbers of Unitarians, Muslims, and other religions.