# Elio de Angelis

Elio de Angelis (26 March 1958 – 15 May 1986) was an Italian racing driver, who competed in Formula One from 1979 to 1986. De Angelis won two Formula One Grands Prix across eight seasons.
De Angelis competed in Formula One for Shadow, Lotus and Brabham, winning two Grands Prix across eight seasons. He finished third in the 1984 World Drivers' Championship with Lotus. De Angelis was a very competitive and highly popular presence in Formula One during the 1980s, and is sometimes referred to as Formula One's "last gentleman player".
In May 1986, de Angelis was killed in an accident whilst testing the Brabham BT55 at Paul Ricard.

## Early life

De Angelis was born in Rome. His father Giulio was a wealthy real estate developer and an inshore and offshore powerboat racer who won many world championships in the 1960s and 1970s.
After a brief spell with karts, de Angelis went on to win the Italian Formula Three Championship in 1977. In 1978 he raced in Formula Two for Minardi and then for the ICI British F2 Team, he also competed in one round of the British Formula One championship and won the prestigious Monaco F3 race.

## Formula One

At the end of the 1977 season, de Angelis was on Enzo Ferrari's short list to replace Niki Lauda. De Angelis successfully tested the Ferrari at the Fiorano circuit but eventually Ferrari decided to hire Gilles Villeneuve. De Angelis's debut Formula One season was in 1979 with Shadow. He finished seventh in his maiden Grand Prix in Argentina and 15th in the championship with three points.
De Angelis's performance with Shadow caught the eye of Lotus boss Colin Chapman, who hired him to partner Mario Andretti in 1980. At the age of 21, de Angelis became the youngest Grand Prix podium finisher of all time when he finished second at the Brazilian Grand Prix, run at the Interlagos circuit.
His first victory came in the 1982 Austrian Grand Prix at the Österreichring, 0.05 seconds ahead of the Williams of eventual 1982 World Champion Keke Rosberg. The win was the last hailed by Colin Chapman's act of throwing his cloth cap into the air. Chapman died in December that year and Peter Warr became the new Lotus team manager.
In 1983, Lotus switched from the Cosworth DFV they had been using since 1967, to Renault turbo engines, but it was a disappointing season, suffering multiple mechanical failures. De Angelis's best result was a fifth place in the 1983 Italian Grand Prix.
In 1984, de Angelis had a much better season, scoring a total of 34 points and finishing third in the standings with three podiums. His best result was a second place at the Detroit Grand Prix. De Angelis was the only driver to finish in the top 5 in 1984 not to score a race win, showing his consistent performances throughout the season with the improving Lotus-Renault.
In 1985, de Angelis was joined at Lotus by Ayrton Senna, who had left the Toleman team. De Angelis's second win came in the third race of the season, at the 1985 San Marino Grand Prix, after Alain Prost was disqualified when his McLaren MP4/2B was found 2 kg underweight. De Angelis also claimed his last Formula One pole position that year in Canada. He finished fifth in the championship, with 33 points, five points behind his teammate. However, de Angelis chose to leave Lotus at the end of the season, frustrated that the team's efforts were being focused mostly on Senna.
De Angelis's drive for 1986 was with Brabham, as a replacement for twice World Champion Nelson Piquet, who had moved to Williams to join de Angelis's former Lotus teammate Nigel Mansell. Fellow Italian Riccardo Patrese was his teammate. Patrese was returning to the Bernie Ecclestone owned team after two unhappy years with Alfa Romeo.
The 1986 Brabham-BMW, the BT55, was the brainchild of long time Brabham designer Gordon Murray. The BT55 was a lowline car with a reduced frontal area, the idea being to have a cleaner airflow over the car to create more downforce, while at the same time reducing the car's drag. The chassis proved effective, unlike the I4 BMW turbo that had to be tilted to an angle of 72°. This caused severe oil surge and an even greater lack of throttle response than the BMW had become famous for. Although the team worked hard to overcome these problems, it was clear from early in the season that Brabham had fallen behind the leading pack.

## Death and aftermath

In May 1986, during tests at the Paul Ricard circuit in France, the rear wing of de Angelis's BT55 detached at high speed resulting in the car losing downforce on the rear wheels, which instigated a cartwheel over a crash barrier, causing the car to catch fire. The impact itself did not kill de Angelis but he was unable to extract himself from the car unassisted. The situation was exacerbated by the lack of track marshals on the circuit who could have provided him with emergency assistance. A 30-minute delay ensued before a helicopter arrived and de Angelis died 29 hours later, at the hospital in Marseille where he had been taken, from smoke inhalation. His actual crash impact injuries were only a broken collar bone and light burns on his back.
De Angelis's death also saw the end of Formula One using the full 5.812 km (3.612 mi) Paul Ricard Circuit. F1 cars started using the 3.812 km (2.369 mi) "Club" version of the circuit, bypassing the Verriere curves where the Brabham had crashed, and cutting the length of the Mistral Straight from 1.8 to 1 km in length. The move was unpopular with many of the drivers, although others did like the reduced straight length as it was easier on the engines. Paul Ricard would not host a race on the full layout until 2018, which featured sharper Verriere curves and a chicane on Mistral effectively cutting the straight to two 800m straights.
De Angelis's place in the Brabham team was subsequently taken by Derek Warwick, allegedly because Warwick was the only available top level driver who did not contact team owner Bernie Ecclestone immediately after de Angelis's death asking to replace him. McLaren driver Keke Rosberg, who was a close friend of de Angelis, retired at the end of the 1986 season.
De Angelis was the last driver to die in a Formula One car until Roland Ratzenberger died during qualifying for the San Marino Grand Prix at Imola eight years later. The day after Ratzenberger's death, de Angelis's former Lotus teammate and three times World Champion Ayrton Senna died from injuries sustained in a crash on the seventh lap when his Williams-Renault crashed into the Tamburello Curve wall at approximately 130 mph (209 km/h).

## Legacy

De Angelis was a concert-standard pianist, and famously kept his fellow Formula One drivers entertained with his skills by playing multiple concertos by Chopin and Mozart, while they locked themselves in a Johannesburg hotel before the 1982 South African Grand Prix at Kyalami when the Grand Prix Drivers Association held a strike in protest at the new Super Licence conditions imposed by the governing body, the FIA.
The French-Italian driver Jean Alesi, who broke into the sport in 1989, wore a helmet that matched de Angelis's design, in tribute to his semi-compatriot.
In 2017 de Angelis was honoured at the Ludovico Scarfiotti Memorial in Rome.

## Racing record
### Career summary

| Season | Series | Team | Races | Wins | Poles | F/Laps | Podiums | Points | Position |
| 1977 | European Formula Three | Valtellina Racing | 14 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 18 | 7th |
| 1978 | European Formula Two | Chevron Racing | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 14th |
| 1979 | Formula One | Interscope Shadow RacingShadow Racing | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 15th |
| 1979 | BMW M1 Procar Championship | BMW Italia | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 20 | 13th |
| 1980 | Formula One | Team Essex Lotus | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 13 | 7th |
| 1981 | Formula One | Team Essex Lotus | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 8th |
| 1981 | Formula One | John Player Team Lotus | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 8th |
| 1982 | Formula One | John Player Team Lotus | 15 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 23 | 9th |
| 1983 | Formula One | John Player Special Team Lotus | 15 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 17th |
| 1984 | Formula One | John Player Special Team Lotus | 16 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 34 | 3rd |
| 1985 | Formula One | John Player Special Team Lotus | 16 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 33 | 5th |
| 1986 | Formula One | Olivetti Brabham | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NC |
| Source: ||||||||||

### Formula One World Championship results

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position)
| Year | Entrant | Chassis | Engine | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | WDC | Pts. |
| 1979 | Interscope Shadow Racing | Shadow DN9 | Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8 | ARG 7 | BRA 12 | RSA Ret | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 15th= | 3 |
| 1979 | Shadow Racing | Shadow DN9 | Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8 | | | | USW 7 | ESP Ret | BEL Ret | MON DNQ | FRA 16 | GBR 12 | GER 11 | AUT Ret | NED Ret | ITA Ret | CAN Ret | USA 4 | | 15th= | 3 |
| 1980 | Team Essex Lotus | Lotus 81 | Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8 | ARG Ret | BRA 2 | RSA Ret | USW Ret | BEL 10 | MON 9 | FRA Ret | GBR Ret | GER 16 | AUT 6 | NED Ret | ITA 4 | CAN 10 | USA 4 | | | 7th | 13 |
| 1981 | Team Essex Lotus | Lotus 81 | Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8 | USW Ret | BRA 5 | ARG 6 | SMR WD | BEL 5 | | | | | | | | | | | | 8th | 14 |
| 1981 | Team Essex Lotus | Lotus 87 | Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8 | | | | | | MON Ret | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 8th | 14 |
| 1981 | John Player Team Lotus | Lotus 87 | Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8 | | | | | | | ESP 5 | FRA 6 | GBR DSQ | GER 7 | AUT 7 | NED 5 | ITA 4 | CAN 6 | CPL Ret | | 8th | 14 |
| 1982 | John Player Team Lotus | Lotus 87B | Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8 | RSA 8 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 9th | 23 |
| 1982 | John Player Team Lotus | Lotus 91 | Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8 | | BRA Ret | USW 5 | SMR | BEL 4 | MON 5 | DET Ret | CAN 4 | NED Ret | GBR 4 | FRA Ret | GER Ret | AUT 1 | SUI 6 | ITA Ret | CPL Ret | 9th | 23 |
| 1983 | John Player Special Team Lotus | Lotus 91 | Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8 | BRA DSQ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 17th | 2 |
| 1983 | John Player Special Team Lotus | Lotus 93T | Renault-Gordini EF1 1.5 V6 turbo | | USW Ret | FRA Ret | SMR Ret | MON Ret | BEL 9 | DET Ret | CAN Ret | | | | | | | | | | | 17th | 2 |
| 1983 | John Player Special Team Lotus | Lotus 94T | Renault-Gordini EF1 1.5 V6 turbo | | | | | | | | | GBR Ret | GER Ret | AUT Ret | NED Ret | ITA 5 | EUR Ret | RSA Ret | | 17th | 2 |
| 1984 | John Player Special Team Lotus | Lotus 95T | Renault EF4 1.5 V6 turbo | BRA 3 | RSA 7 | BEL 5 | SMR 3 | FRA 5 | MON 5$^‡$ | CAN 4 | DET 2 | DAL 3 | GBR 4 | GER Ret | AUT Ret | NED 4 | ITA Ret | EUR Ret | POR 5 | 3rd | 34 |
| 1985 | John Player Special Team Lotus | Lotus 97T | Renault EF4B / EF15 1.5 V6 turbo | BRA 3 | POR 4 | SMR 1 | MON 3 | CAN 5 | DET 5 | FRA 5 | GBR NC | GER Ret | AUT 5 | NED 5 | ITA 6 | BEL Ret | EUR 5 | RSA Ret | AUS DSQ | 5th | 33 |
| 1986 | Olivetti Brabham | Brabham BT55 | BMW M12/13 1.5 L4 turbo | BRA 8 | ESP Ret | SMR Ret | MON Ret | BEL | CAN | DET | FRA | GBR | GER | HUN | AUT | ITA | POR | MEX | AUS | NC | 0 |
| Source: ||||||||||||||||||||||
* ‡ Race was stopped with less than 75% of laps completed, half points awarded.