OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 2017 Komandorski Islands earthquake

On July 18, 2017, an earthquake struck near the Komandorski Islands, east of the Kamchatka Peninsula in the Bering Sea at 11:34 local time (23:34 UTC on July 17). Although there were no casualties from this earthquake, it was notable for a rare characteristic known as supershear, and is one of the few times a large supershear earthquake has been observed. It was preceded by a few foreshocks months earlier, and aftershocks that continued for nearly six months.

## Tectonic setting

The M$_w$  7.8 earthquake nucleated along the Bering fracture zone, parallel to the Aleutian Islands arc and Aleutian Subduction Zone. This is a transform fault between the Pacific and North American plates, and in between, the Komandorski Sliver. Formed from the highly oblique movement of the Pacific plate, the direction of convergence is nearly parallel to the trench at 7.8 mm/yr. The Bearing Fracture Zone acts as a back-arc fault to accommodate the lateral motion at a rate of 5.1 mm/yr. The same fracture zone may have produced a similar sized earthquake in 1929 close to the Near Islands of Alaska. Energy released from this earthquake was sufficient to accommodate strain built-up since the last earthquake on that section of fault in 1858.

## Earthquake

Initially registering a magnitude 7.4, the earthquake was quickly revised to a 7.7 by the US Geological Survey. No loss of life or property damage was reported following the earthquake due to the remoteness of the event, although it could be felt by people. Shaking intensities V to VI was felt at Bering Island, and in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, was felt as II. Tsunami warning was issued but cancelled a few less than two hours later. A non-destructive tsunami of 0.3 feet was observed. The small tsunami was attributed to the lack of vertical displacement during the event.
The earthquake focal mechanism was almost pure strike-slip, and the entire rupture process took more than 80 seconds. Displacements of 4 to 8.5 meters along the upper 15 km of the crust, with evidence of extension at 20 to 30 km depth. Evidence of supershear was discovered when researchers realized that rupture velocity of this event increased from 2.1 km/s to 5.0 km/s after the rupture jumped onto another segment at a step-over. The rupture speed far exceeded the shear wave velocity. Its rupture length of 400 km is also one of the longest in the world for a strike-slip fault, comparable to the 1906 San Francisco and 2001 Kokoxili earthquake.

## Foreshocks and aftershocks

A magnitude 6.7 earthquake occurred close to Attu Station, Alaska on 2 June, and a 6.3 thirteen hours before that. The 2 June 6.3 event had a foreshock of its own on 27 March.
Nearly all of the aftershocks from this earthquake were relatively small, mostly in the M4.0s range, which meant that the initial quake had released most of the strain that had been building-up. The largest aftershock was an M 6.2 on January 25, 2018. On December 12, a 7.3 struck near the Kamchatka Peninsula with strike-slip mechanism was not part of the aftershock sequence, but was likely triggered by stress transfer from the July 17 quake.
# Stereotypes of Russians

Stereotypes of Russians include actual or imagined characteristics of Russians used by people who view Russians as a single and homogeneous group.
These stereotypes in popular culture reflect increasing Russophobia.

## Common stereotypes

Russians are often characterized as being grim and stoic. While smiling is seen as an obligatory gesture of friendliness in Western countries, smiling at a stranger in Russia is regarded as insincere and is reserved for close friends.

## In pop culture

Since the times of the Cold War, the Soviet Union, and later Russia are the traditional antagonists of the United States, which affects the stereotypes of Russians in American popular culture. In Cold War spy fiction, Russian women are often depicted as beautiful, seductive, and deadly spies.
# LMR 600 Gordon

600 Gordon is a preserved British steam locomotive. It was built during World War II to the War Department's Austerity 2-10-0 design and was the last steam locomotive owned by the British Army. It had the same power output as the Austerity 2-8-0 but a lighter axle load, making it suitable for secondary lines. The middle driving wheels of the class have no flange, to ease turning on tighter tracks.

## Service

Gordon was the second of 150 2-10-0 locomotives built for the War Department by the North British Locomotive Company at its Hyde Park Works in Glasgow. It entered service in December 1943 as No. 3651, shortly afterward becoming No. 73651 when the instruction was given during 1944 to increase WD numbers by 70,000. Although most of the first batch of 100 saw service overseas, Gordon remained in the UK throughout the war.
After the war, the locomotive was used by the Royal Engineers on the Longmoor Military Railway (LMR) in Hampshire. It was renumbered 600 in 1952 and given the name Gordon in honour of Royal Engineers' General, Charles Gordon.
While at the LMR, Gordon was used both on general duties and for instructional use. During the Suez Crisis in 1956, it was reputed to have worked secret nightly trains carrying government materials between Longmoor and Southampton Docks.
By the 1960s, Gordon was the last steam locomotive still in use at the LMR and had become a popular attraction at enthusiasts' specials, including working on the Portsmouth Direct Line between Woking and Liss on 30 April 1966.

## Preservation

When the LMR closed in October 1969, Gordon was offered a home on the Severn Valley Railway, arriving there in 1972 and operating from 29 July of that year. In July 1975, it took part in the Stockton and Darlington 150 celebrations at Shildon, being steamed in the cavalcade. In May 1980, it took part in the Locomotive Parade at Rocket 150, the 150th anniversary of the opening of the Liverpool & Manchester Railway at Rainhill. Gordon also served as Gordon the Big Engine from Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends as part of SVR's former Day Out with Thomas events.
Gordon was withdrawn from service in 1999 after a boiler tube blew. The engine was deemed not cost-effective to repair at that time. After being stored outside for many years, it was given a cosmetic repaint and was one of the first locomotives placed in The Engine House museum adjoining Highley station in March 2008. On 25 July 2008, the locomotive was formally handed over by the British Army to the Severn Valley Railway, who had been looking after it in a caretaker capacity. As of 2025, it remains on static display.
# National Paralympic Games

The National Paralympic Games are high-level multi-sport events held at the national level by the International Paralympic Committee and national Paralympic Committees in non-Olympic years. The events provide competitions for disabled athletes.
The Games started in 1948. A man by the name of Ludwig Guttmann created the events and competition for World War 2 veterans that had spinal injuries.

## Sports

In the Paralympic Games they divide the athletes into different categories based on their disability the categories include:
Amputee:-Athletes with a partial or total loss of at least one limb.
Cerebral Palsy:-Athletes with non-progressive brain damage, for example cerebral palsy, traumatic brain injury, stroke or similar disabilities affecting muscle control, balance or coordination.
Intellectual Disability:-Athletes with a significant impairment in intellectual functioning and associated limitations in adaptive behaviour (currently suspended.)
Wheelchair:-Athletes with spinal cord injuries and other disabilities which require them to compete in a wheelchair.
Visually Impaired:-Athletes with vision impairment ranging from partial vision, sufficient to be judged legally blind, to total blindness.
Athletes with a physical disability that does not fall strictly under one of the other five categories, such as dwarfism, multiple sclerosis or congenital deformities of the limbs such as that caused by thalidomide.
The events that the athletes can participate in are IPC Alpine Skiing, Archery, IPC Athletics, Biathlon, Boccia, Canoe, Cross-country skiing, Cycling, Equestrian, Football 5-a-side, Football 7-a-a-side, Goalball, IPC Iced Sledge Hockey, Judo, IPC Powerlifting, Rowing, Sailing, IPC Shooting, Sitting Volleyball, IPC Swimming, Table tennis, Triathlon, Wheelchair Basketball, Wheelchair curling, Wheelchair dance, Wheelchair fencing, Wheelchair rugby, and Wheelchair tennis.

## List of national Paralympic Games

* Canadian Paralympic Athletics Championships
* National Paralympic Games of China
# Lady Anastasia

MY Lady Anastasia (formerly Aria) is a 47.75 m (156 ft 8 in) luxury motor yacht. The luxury yacht was built in 2001 by Sensation Yachts. In 2022, the yacht became embroiled with the fallout from the Russo-Ukrainian War, with a crew member attempting to scuttle it, and authorities seizing it pursuant to sanctions against Russia.

## History

In 2001, the yacht was launched by Sensation Yachts in New Zealand She was launched under the name Aria. for Robert Milhous.
In 2018, the yacht was placed on sale.
In February 2022, chief engineer Taras Ostapchuk tried to sabotage and sink the superyacht by intentional scuttling through opening the seacocks, at Port Adriano, Palma, Mallorca, Spain. He was unsuccessful as other crew members were alerted by alarm and rescued the ship. Ostapchuk attempted to take action against the head of Rosoboronexport, arms oligarch and yacht owner Aleksandr Mikheyev, in revenge for Russia attacking Kyiv during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.
In March 2022, Spanish authorities seized the yacht pursuant to European Union sanctions against Mikheev.

## Specifications

* Designer: Donald Starkey
* Naval architect: Ray Harvey
* Shipyard: Sensation Yachts, Auckland, New Zealand
* Length: 47.75 m (156 ft 8 in)
* Beam: 8.5 m (27 ft 11 in)
* Draft: 2.2 m (7 ft 3 in)
* Gross tonnage: 476
* Decks: 4
* Guests: 10
* Crew: 9
* Cabins: 5
* Propulsion: 2 × 2,650 hp (1,980 kW) diesel, twin-screw

## Registration

* Flag nation: Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
* IMO number: 8742496
* MMSI number: 377423000
* Callsign: J8Y4288
* Home port: Kingstown
# Resistance: Journal of the Earth Liberation Movement

Resistance: Journal of the Earth Liberation Movement was an environmentalist magazine that was created with the stated aim to "inform, inspire, and energize the earth liberation movement". One of the activists involved was former Earth Liberation Front spokesman, Craig Rosebraugh.

## History and aims

The issues carry several articles on the philosophy of direct action in defense of earth liberation, news concerning the struggle and the environmental crisis, practical discussions on strategies and security issues, as well as listing the diary of actions for various earth liberation groups like the Earth Liberation Front and the Animal Liberation Front.
The first issue was published in Summer of 2009. According to their website, the magazine has a worldwide based subscription, and can be found on several mainstream bookstores, such as Borders and Chapters Indigo, as well as hundreds of independent bookstores and Infoshops across the United States and Canada.
Rosebraugh, one of the co-editors, explained in an interview that the magazine was searching a more mainstream distribution in order to create "an effective, diverse and large movement to protect the planet". He believes that when governments and politicians refuse to act to protect it, it is "up to all of us to step in and protect our home." The goal, he says, is to "remove the profit motive that is driving environmental destruction." Rosebraugh says that the magazine "was created to inform readers not only of the dangerous state of the planet, but also the urgency of action."
# Biddulph baronets

The Biddulph Baronetcy, of Westcombe in the County of Kent, is a title in the Baronetage of England. It was created on 2 November 1664 for Theophilus Biddulph, of Westcombe Park, Greenwich, Kent, Member of Parliament for the City of London and Lichfield. His son, Michael, the second Baronet, also represented Lichfield in the House of Commons. This line of the family failed on the death of the second Baronet's son, Theophilus, the third Baronet, in 1743. The late Baronet was succeeded by his first cousin once removed and namesake, Theophilus, the fourth Baronet. He was the son of Edward Biddulph, elder son of Simon Biddulph, younger son of the first Baronet. His grandson, Theophilus, the sixth Baronet, fought in the Battle of Waterloo and served as High Sheriff of Warwickshire in 1849. He was succeeded by his son, Theophilus, the seventh Baronet. He was a Deputy Lieutenant and Justice of the Peace for Warwickshire. On the death of his son, Theophilus, the eighth Baronet, in 1948, the line of Edward, elder son of Simon Biddulph, younger son of the first Baronet, failed. The late Baronet was succeeded by his fourth cousin once removed, Francis, the ninth Baronet. He was the great-great-grandson of Walter Biddulph, younger son of Simon Biddulph. As of 2008 the title is held by his grandson, Jack, the eleventh Baronet, who succeeded his father in 1986. The three most recent baronets have resided in Australia.
Michael Biddulph, 1st Baron Biddulph, was a descendant of Anthony Biddulph, uncle of Sir Theophilus Biddulph, 1st Baronet, of Westcombe (see Baron Biddulph for more information on this branch of the family).

## Biddulph baronets, of Westcombe (1664)

* Sir Theophilus Biddulph, 1st Baronet (1612–1683)
* Sir Michael Biddulph, 2nd Baronet (1654–1718)
* Sir Theophilus Biddulph, 3rd Baronet (1683–1743)
* Sir Theophilus Biddulph, 4th Baronet (1720–1798). Biddulph was the son of Edward Biddulph of Birdingbury Hall, Birdingbury, Warwickshire (whose father Simon Biddulph was the fourth son of Sir Theophilus Biddulph, 1st Baronet). He was educated at University College, Oxford matriculating 26 June 1736 at age 16, and inherited the baronetcy on the death of his second cousin 16 May 1743. Biddulph married Jane Biddulph, a cousin, and was succeeded by his son Theophilus. Buried 26 March 1798 at Birdingbury, aged 78.
* Sir Theophilus Biddulph, 5th Baronet (1757–1841)
* Sir Theophilus Biddulph, 6th Baronet (1785–1854)
* Sir Theophilus Biddulph, 7th Baronet (1830–1883)
* Sir Theophilus George Biddulph, 8th Baronet (1874–1948)
* Sir Francis Henry Biddulph, 9th Baronet (1882–1980)
* Sir Stuart Royden Biddulph, 10th Baronet (1908–1986)
* Sir Ian (Jack) D'Olier Biddulph, 11th Baronet (1940–2024)
* Sir Paul William Biddulph, 12th Baronet (born 1967)
The heir presumptive to the baronetcy is Michael Andrew Biddulph (born 1964), second cousin of the 12th Baronet.
# Lwów School of Mathematics

The Lwów school of mathematics (Polish: Lwowska szkoła matematyczna) was a group of Polish mathematicians who worked in the interwar period in Lwów, Poland (since 1945 Lviv, Ukraine). The mathematicians often met at the famous Scottish Café to discuss mathematical problems, and published in the journal Studia Mathematica, founded in 1929. The school was renowned for its productivity and its extensive contributions to subjects such as point-set topology, set theory and functional analysis.

## Members

Notable members of the Lwów school of mathematics included:
* Stefan Banach
* Feliks Barański
* Władysław Orlicz
* Stanisław Saks
* Hugo Steinhaus
* Stanisław Mazur
* Stanisław Ulam
* Józef Schreier
* Juliusz Schauder
* Mark Kac
* Antoni Łomnicki
* Stefan Kaczmarz
* Herman Auerbach
* Włodzimierz Stożek
* Stanisław Ruziewicz
* Eustachy Żyliński
The biographies and contributions of these mathematicians were documented in 1980 by their contemporary, Kazimierz Kuratowski in his book A Half Century of Polish Mathematics: Remembrances and Reflections.

## The end of the school

Many of the mathematicians, especially those of Jewish background, fled in 1941 when it became clear that the USSR would be invaded by Germany. Few of the mathematicians survived World War II, but after the war a group including some of the original community carried on their work in western Poland's Wrocław, the successor city to prewar Lwów; see Polish population transfers (1944–1946). A number of the prewar mathematicians, prominent among them Stanisław Ulam, became famous for work done in the United States.
# Women's Emancipation Union

The Women's Emancipation Union was founded by Elizabeth Clarke Wolstenholme Elmy in September 1891, following an infamous court case. Regina v Jackson, known colloquially as the Clitheroe Judgement, occurred when Edmund Jackson abducted his wife in a bid to enforce his conjugal rights, long before the concept of marital rape existed. The court of appeal freed Mrs Jackson under habeas corpus. Recognising the significance of this judgement in relation to coverture, the principle that a wife's legal personhood was subsumed in that of her husband, Wolstenholme left the Women's Franchise League to form this new women's campaigning group.
The group was funded by subscriptions and benefactor Mrs Russell Carpenter. It had a four point agenda:
* Equality of right and duty with men in all matters affecting the service of community and the state
* Equality of opportunity for self-development by the education of the schools and of life
* Equality in industry by equal freedom of choice of career
* Equality in marriage and in parental rights.
The WEU had an executive council, annual conference, ten local organisers in cities from Glasgow to Bristol and an international subscription list of over 7,000. The mixed sex members were an eclectic mix the main requirement of membership being that they were active in political life. Well known members included Charlotte Carmichael Stopes, Harriot Stanton Blatch, Florence Dixie, Mona Caird, George Holyoake and Amy Hurlston. A Parliamentary Sub Committee was formed in 1893.
The Women's Emancipation Union pioneered cross class collaborations, encouraged women's resistance to authority as long as their right to vote remained unacknowledged and advocated making Women's Suffrage a test question in the selection of potential parliamentary candidates.
Isabella Ford worked on behalf of the WEU at outdoor rallies in the East End of London in 1895. Working-class women were invited to give papers concerning their working life and conditions at the annual conferences.
Following the Local Government Act 1894, the WEU worked to get as many women to use their local government franchise and stand for election. Over 100 WEU organisers were elected as Poor Law Guardians or Parish Councillors.
Following the loss of Ferdinand Begg's 1897 Suffrage Bill, subscriptions halved and the death of the Union's benefactor caused the demise of this group. The final meeting was in 1899, and speakers included Harriot Stanton Blatch and Charlotte Perkins Gilman.

## Publications

The WEU published the first sex education manuals for adults to teach children and teenagers, The Human Flower and Baby Buds.
* Ellis Ethelmer Woman Free 1893
* William Henry Wilkins The Voice of the Voteless Toiler 1893
* Ellis Ethelmer The Human Flower 1894
* Ellis Ethelmer Baby Buds 1895
* Ellis Ethelmer Life to Woman 1896
* Ellis Ethelmer Phases of Love: As it Is As it may Be 1897
The pseudonym "Ellis Ethelmer" is often wrongly attributed to Elizabeth Clarke Wolstenholme Elmy but it is in fact the pseudonym of her husband Benjamin Elmy.
# Crazy Titch

Carl Dobson (née Carl Nathaniel, 31 January 1983), better known by his stage name Crazy Titch, is a British grime MC who is, as of 2025, serving a life sentence for murder. Crazy Titch was a successful and well-known grime MC during his active period.

## Early life and education

Dobson was born in Plaistow, East London, to a mother of St. Lucian origin. As a teenager Dobson spent five years in Feltham and Aylesbury Young Offenders' Institute for robbery, handling stolen goods, theft, burglary and criminal damage; On his release in 2003, Dobson turned his attention to grime music. Dobson became estranged from his brother, Durrty Goodz, during his childhood, but they later reconnected and became musical collaborators.

## Career

He gained underground fame due to his membership of grime collective Boyz In Da Hood, which included various artists including half-brother Durrty Goodz. Amongst his better known work was "Sing Along" (2004) and "Gully" on which he collaborated with Sugababes' Keisha Buchanan. He also produced a mixtape entitled Crazy Times Vol.1, and appeared on the grime DVD Practice Hours. In 2006 he made an appearance as himself along with many other MCs on the Channel 4 show Dubplate Drama. Crazy Titch had a reputation for violence during his time in the grime scene. Notorious footage exists of a heated argument between Crazy Titch and Dizzee Rascal and of Crazy Titch allegedly kidnapping a rival and dumping them naked in the countryside.

## Imprisonment

Dobson and Anthony Green were sentenced to life imprisonment for the murder of 21-year-old Richard Holmes on the Chingford Hall estate in Chingford in November 2005. Possibility for parole was set at a minimum of 30 years by which time he will be in his 50s. Durrty Goodz was acquitted in the same trial and released a song about its events entitled "Letter 2 Titch" in 2007. The MAC-10 submachine gun used in the murder was found four years after the killing; in February 2009 a local drug dealer was sentenced to seven years imprisonment for its possession. In 2010 he released his second mixtape, a sequel to 2005's Crazy Times, with the material having been recorded while incarcerated. In 2017, Titch appeared on an interlude on Stormzy's album Gang Signs & Prayer, talking to Stormzy over the phone.
In 2020, a lyric video was produced, titled "Voldemort," which included new audio from Titch. It was uploaded to YouTube to celebrate Titch's birthday in 2020.
Dobson is presently incarcerated in HMP Long Lartin.

## Discography
### Mixtapes

* 2005: Crazy Times, Vol. 1
* 2010: Crazy Times, Vol. 2

### Singles

* 2003: "I Can C U, U Can C Me (Say My Name, Crazy T)"
* 2004: "Sing Along"
* 2020: "Voldemort"
* 2020: "Puff Chest"

### Appeared on

* 2004: Aim High Volume 1 by Danny Weed and Target
* 2005: Aim High Volume 2 by Danny Weed and Target
* 2009: Hardrive by Terror Danjah
* 2010: Born Blessed by Durrty Goodz
* 2011: Porridge by Stanaman
* 2017: Gang Signs & Prayer by Stormzy
# Inverse vaccine

An inverse vaccine, or reverse vaccine, is a hypothetical approach to the use of vaccines that trains the immune system to not respond to certain substances. Under laboratory conditions, an inverse vaccine has been shown to combat autoimmune diseases. An autoimmune disease attacks the body's own cells and substances, an inverse vaccine must counteract this. The current method of combating the effects of an autoimmune disease is to suppress the entire immune system, which means that infections cannot be fought.

## Approaches

As of 2010, human trials were underway using naked DNA that encoded specific antigens of interests, particularly for multiple sclerosis using BHT-3009, and type 1 diabetes mellitus.

## Possible applications

Possible applications of inverse vaccines include:
* Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
* Type 1 diabetes
* Coeliac disease
* Allergic asthma
* Food allergies
* Chronic inflammatory diseases, such as Crohn's disease
* Preventing an immune response after an organ transplant
* Rheumatoid arthritis
As of 2024, a study is underway into the safety of an inverse vaccine against multiple sclerosis, with a small group of patients and volunteers; for an inverse vaccine against celiac disease, a safety and efficacy study is underway in a limited group of subjects.