# Symphony No. 1 (Prokofiev)

The Symphony No. 1 in D major, Op. 25, also known as the Classical, was Sergei Prokofiev's first numbered symphony. He began to compose it in 1916 and completed it on September 10, 1917. It was composed as a modern reinterpretation of the classical style of Joseph Haydn and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. The symphony's nickname was bestowed upon it by the composer. It premiered on April 18, 1918, in Petrograd, conducted by Prokofiev. It has remained one of his most popular works.

## Background

The symphony is composed in a style based on that of Haydn and Mozart, but does not follow them strictly. It has often been described as "neo-classical". The work was partly inspired by his conducting studies at the Saint Petersburg Conservatory, where the instructor, Nikolai Tcherepnin, taught his students about conducting Haydn, among other composers.
The influence of Mozart is apparent in the light, airy scoring and the fast paced bustle of the outer movements but it does deviate from this influence in some surprising ways. Prokofiev's own style is noticeable in the way the themes step upward or downward into the neighboring keys before returning to the first one. This is especially true of the second theme of the first movement and of the gavotte.
Prokofiev wrote the symphony on holiday in the country, using it as an exercise in composing away from the piano. This also served to get him away from the violent street fighting of the February Revolution which was then underway in Petrograd.

## Movements

The symphony is in four movements and lasts about sixteen minutes:
* Allegro (D major)
* Larghetto (A major)
* Gavotte: Non troppo allegro (D major)
* Finale: Molto vivace (D major)

## History

On December 18, 1916, Prokofiev wrote in his diary, "I look forward with joyous anticipation to the Piano Concerto No. 3, the Violin Concerto, and the Classical Symphony." Six months later in May 1917, he took the "important decision" to compose without the aid of a piano. "For some time", he wrote, "I contemplated composing my Classical Symphony away from the piano, and all the work I had so far done on it I had done in my head. Now I resolved to finish it. It seemed to me that composing with or without a piano was purely a matter of habit, and it would be good to gain more experience with a work as uncomplicated as this symphony." That same month he continued in a later entry that he had sketched out the symphony, but had yet to pen a final draft in orchestral score. His entry continued: "When our classically inclined musicians and professors (to my mind faux-classical) hear this symphony, they will be bound to scream in protest at this new example of Prokofiev's insolence, look how he will not let Mozart lie quiet in his grave but must come prodding at him with his grubby hands, contaminating the pure classical pearls with horrible Prokofievish dissonances. But my true friends will see that the style of my symphony is precisely Mozartian classicism and will value it accordingly, while the public will no doubt just be content to hear happy and uncomplicated music which it will, of course, applaud." The following month, June 1917, Prokofiev wrote in his diary that he had scrapped the original finale for the symphony, which he felt had seemed "too ponderous and not characterful enough" for a symphony in the classical style: "Asafyev put into my mind an idea he was developing, that there is no true joyfulness to be found in Russian music. Thinking about this, I composed a new finale, lively and blithe enough for there to be a complete absence of minor triads in the whole movement, only major ones. From my original finale I salvaged only the second subject. . . this kind of finale is quite appropriate to Mozartian style." By the end of summer 1917, Prokofiev wrote that he had finally embarked upon the orchestration of the symphony, but that work was moving slowly at first on account of his unfamiliarity with the music's style.
Originally, the Classical Symphony was intended to be premiered in Petrograd on November 4, 1917 with the Violin Concerto No. 1. However, this was postponed. On January 18, 1918, Russia adopted the Gregorian calendar, bringing it into line with the Americas and Western Europe. This meant that Prokofiev's diary entry for April 5 was actually April 18 under the new calendar, which is now the date accepted as the premiere for the Classical Symphony. On April 18, Prokofiev wrote in his diary: "Rehearsal of the Classical Symphony with the State Orchestra, I conducted it myself, completely improvising, having forgotten the score and never indeed having studied it from a conducting perspective. I thought it might be a complete debacle, but nothing happened and in any case the parts has so many mistakes in them that the session turned mainly into one for making corrections. In Kislovodsk, I had worried that there would be some antagonism from a 'Revolutionary Orchestra' playing my new works, but the opposite was the case: the State Orchestra, infused with much new young blood, was flexible and attentive, and played the Symphony with evident enjoyment."

## Instrumentation

The symphony is scored for a Classical period-sized orchestra consisting of two flutes, two oboes, two clarinets, two bassoons, two horns, two trumpets, timpani, and strings.

## Recordings

Prokofiev recorded a piano arrangement of the "Gavotte" in 1935.
Complete recordings of this symphony include:
| Orchestra | Conductor | Record company | Year | Format |
| Boston Symphony Orchestra | Serge Koussevitzky | RCA Victor | 1929 | CD |
| NBC Symphony Orchestra | Arturo Toscanini | RCA Victor | 1951 | CD |
| National Orchestra of the O.R.T.F. | Jean Martinon | Vox | 1954 | LP |
| Czech Philharmonic | Karel Ančerl | Supraphon | 1956 | CD |
| Philadelphia Orchestra | Eugene Ormandy | Sony Classical | 1961 | CD |
| Paris Conservatory Orchestra | Ernest Ansermet | London Records | 1964 | LP |
| Moscow Radio Symphony Orchestra | Gennadi Rozhdestvensky | Melodiya/Quintessence | 1968 | LP |
| New York Philharmonic | Leonard Bernstein | Columbia | 1968 | CD |
| London Symphony Orchestra | Walter Weller | Decca | 1974 | CD |
| London Symphony Orchestra | Vladimir Ashkenazy | Decca | 1974 | CD |
| Czech Philharmonic | Zdeněk Košler | Supraphon | 1978 | CD |
| London Symphony Orchestra | André Previn | EMI Classics | 1978 | CD |
| Berlin Philharmonic | Herbert von Karajan | Deutsche Grammophon | 1981 | CD |
| Chicago Symphony Orchestra | Sir Georg Solti | Decca | 1982 | CD |
| Scottish National Orchestra | Neeme Järvi | Chandos | 1985 | CD |
| Orchestre National de France | Lorin Maazel | CBS Masterworks | 1985 | CD |
| Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra | André Previn | Philips | 1986 | CD |
| Orpheus Chamber Orchestra | (none) | Deutsche Grammophon | 1987 | CD |
| Münchner Philharmoniker | Sergiu Celibidache | Warner Classics | 1988 | CD |
| Orchestre National de France | Mstislav Rostropovich | Erato | 1988 | CD |
| Berlin Philharmonic | Seiji Ozawa | Deutsche Grammophon | 1989 | CD |
| Slovak Philharmonic | Stephen Gunzenhauser | Naxos | 1989 | CD |
| Chamber Orchestra of Europe | Claudio Abbado | Deutsche Grammophon | 1989 | CD |
| Soviet State Orchestra | Nikolay Tiomkin | Discover the Classics | 1990 | CD |
| Philadelphia Orchestra | Riccardo Muti | Philips Classics Records | 1990 | CD |
| London Symphony Orchestra | Michael Tilson Thomas | Sony Classical | 1991 | CD |
| Chicago Symphony Orchestra | James Levine | Deutsche Grammophon | 1994 | CD |
| St. Petersburg State Symphony Orchestra | Ravil Martynov [ru] | Sony | 1994 | CD |
| National Symphony Orchestra of Ukraine | Theodore Kuchar | Naxos | 1995 | CD |
| London Symphony Orchestra | Valery Gergiev | Philips | 2004 | CD |
| São Paulo State Symphony Orchestra | Marin Alsop | Naxos | 2013 | CD |
| USSR Ministry of Culture State Symphony Orchestra | Gennadi Rozhdestvensky | | | CD/LP |
| Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra | Kirill Karabits | Onyx Classics | 2014 | CD |
| Deutsches Symphonie-Orchester Berlin | Tugan Sokhiev | Sony Classics | 2016 | CD |
| Royal Scottish National Orchestra | Thomas Søndergård | Linn Records | 2019 | CD |
| London Symphony Orchestra | Gianandrea Noseda | LSO Live | 2020 | Download |