# 25E-NBOMe

25E-NBOMe (2C-E-NBOMe, NBOMe-2C-E) is a derivative of the phenethylamine 2C-E. It acts in a similar manner to related compounds such as 25I-NBOMe, which are potent agonists at the 5-HT$_{2A}$ receptor. 25E-NBOMe has been sold as a drug and produces similar effects in humans to related compounds such as 25I-NBOMe and 25C-NBOMe.

## Pharmacology

25E-NBOMe acts as an agonist of the serotonin 5-HT$_2$ receptors. In accordance with its psychedelic effects in humans, it produces the head-twitch response, a behavioral proxy of psychedelic effects, in rodents.
25E-NBOMe has shown reinforcing effects in rodents. This included conditioned place preference (CPP) and self-administration. The reinforcing effects of 25E-NBOMe were mediated by increased dopaminergic signaling in the nucleus accumbens. Blockade of the dopamine D$_1$ receptor could attenuate the CPP induced by 25E-NBOMe.

## Toxicity and harm potential

NBOMe compounds are often associated with life-threatening toxicity and death. Studies on NBOMe family of compounds demonstrated that the substance exhibit neurotoxic and cardiotoxic activity. Reports of autonomic dysfunction remains prevalent with NBOMe compounds, with most individuals experiencing sympathomimetic toxicity such as vasoconstriction, hypertension and tachycardia in addition to hallucinations. Other symptoms of toxidrome include agitation or aggression, seizure, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, hypertonia, rhabdomyolysis, and death. Researchers report that NBOMe intoxication frequently display signs of serotonin syndrome. The likelihood of seizure is higher in NBOMes compared to other psychedelics.
NBOMe and NBOHs are regularly sold as LSD in blotter papers, which have a bitter taste and different safety profiles. Despite high potency, recreational doses of LSD have only produced low incidents of acute toxicity. Fatalities involved in NBOMe intoxication suggest that a significant number of individuals ingested the substance which they believed was LSD, and researchers report that "users familiar with LSD may have a false sense of security when ingesting NBOMe inadvertently". While most fatalities are due to the physical effects of the drug, there have also been reports of death due to self-harm and suicide under the influence of the substance.

### Neurotoxic and cardiotoxic actions

Many of the NBOMe compounds have high potency agonist activity at additional 5-HT receptors and prolonged activation of 5-HT$_{2B}$ can cause cardiac valvulopathy in high doses and chronic use. 5-HT$_{2B}$ receptors have been strongly implicated in causing drug-induced valvular heart disease. The high affinity of NBOMe compounds for adrenergic α$_1$ receptor has been reported to contribute to the stimulant-type cardiovascular effects.
In vitro studies, 25C-NBOMe has been shown to exhibit cytotoxicity on neuronal cell lines SH-SY5Y, PC12, and SN471, and the compound was more potent than methamphetamine at reducing the visibility of the respective cells; the neurotoxicity of the compound involves activation of MAPK/ERK cascade and inhibition of Akt/PKB signaling pathway. 25C-NBOMe, including the other derivative 25D-NBOMe, reduced the visibility of cardiomyocytes H9c2 cells, and both substances downregulated expression level of p21 (CDC24/RAC)-activated kinase 1 (PAK1), an enzyme with documented cardiac protective effects.

### Emergency treatment
## Legality
### United Kingdom

This substance is a Class A drug in the United Kingdom as a result of the N-benzylphenethylamine catch-all clause in the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971.

### Sweden

Sweden's public health agency classified 25E-NBOMe as a narcotic substance, on January 18, 2019.