# United States Minor Outlying Islands

The United States Minor Outlying Islands is a statistical designation applying to the minor outlying islands and groups of islands that comprise eight United States insular areas in the Pacific Ocean (Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Atoll, Palmyra Atoll, and Wake Island) and one in the Caribbean Sea (Navassa Island).
It is defined by the International Organization for Standardization's ISO 3166-1 code. The entry code is ISO 3166-2:UM.
While the strategically important islands scattered across Polynesia and Micronesia are relatively small, they are rich in history and nature. The nearly barren Howland is famous for being the island renowned American pilot Amelia Earhart intended to land on before she vanished during her round-the-world flight in 1937. Wake, home to a now extinct flightless bird, was the site of a pitched World War II battle in 1941, and was an essential stopover for aircraft transiting the Pacific in the mid-20th century. Likewise, Midway Atoll is home to many corals and birds and was also the center of a famous battle of WW2, which helped turn the tide of the Pacific War. Other islands are rich in unique biodiversity, such as Palmyra, the site of a WW2 base. Johnston Atoll was a famous island for its Cold War base, when it was expanded and used to destroy chemical weapon stockpiles; it was also the site of a nuclear accident. Johnston was heavily modified with land expansion, while others are nearly untouched nature reserves.

## History

In 1936, a colonization program began to settle Americans on Baker, Howland, and Jarvis islands. All were evacuated in 1942 due to World War II.
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) introduced the term "United States Minor Outlying Islands" in 1986. From 1974 until 1986, five of the islands (Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Palmyra Atoll, and Kingman Reef) were grouped under the term United States Miscellaneous Pacific Islands, with ISO 3166 code PU. The code of Midway Atoll was MI, the code of Johnston Atoll was JT, and the code of Wake Island was WK. Before 1986, Navassa Island, along with several small islands in the Caribbean Sea that are no longer under U.S. sovereignty, were grouped under the term United States Miscellaneous Caribbean Islands, with FIPS country code BQ.
The populated Stewart Islands, called Sikaiana and now effectively controlled by the Solomon Islands, are not included in official lists of U.S. Minor Outlying Islands. In 1856, the Kingdom of Hawaii Privy Council and King Kamehameha IV voted to accept their voluntary cession. The Kingdom later became the Republic of Hawaii, all of which was annexed by the United States in 1898. In 1959, the resulting federal U.S. Territory of Hawaii, excluding only Palmyra Atoll and Midway Atoll, became a U.S. state. Residents of the Stewart Islands, who are Polynesian like the native Hawaiians rather than Melanesian, claimed to be citizens of the United States since the Stewart Islands were given to King Kamehameha IV in 1856 and were part of Hawaii at the time of the United States annexation in 1898. The U.S. federal and Hawaii state governments informally accept the recent claim of the Solomon Islands over the Stewart Islands, and the United States makes no official claim of sovereignty.

## Overview

Except for Palmyra Atoll, all of these islands are unincorporated unorganized territories of the United States. Currently, none of the islands have any known permanent residents. However, military personnel, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service personnel, and temporarily stationed scientific and research staff are posted to some islands. The 2000 census counted 315 people on Johnston Atoll and 1 person on Wake Island. The Territory of Palmyra Atoll is an incorporated territory, separated in 1959 from the rest of the former incorporated Territory of Hawaii when Hawaii became a state.
There has been no recorded modern Indigenous population, except at the 1940 census. During the late 2010s, the U.S. military began reinvesting in the airfield and other assets on Wake Island.
The islands are grouped for statistical convenience. They are neither administered collectively nor share a single cultural or political history beyond being uninhabited islands under the sovereignty of the United States. They are all outside the customs territory of the United States and have no customs duties. Except for Midway Atoll, the Pacific islands are surrounded by large exclusive economic zones and are within the bounds of the Pacific Islands Heritage Marine National Monument.
They are collectively represented by the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code UM. The individual islands have ISO 3166-2 numerical codes.
The Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) ".um" has historically been assigned to the islands; however, the .um ccTLD was retired in January 2007.
Most of the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands islands are closed to the public. Visitors to islands such as Jarvis Island need a permit. Palmyra Atoll is open to the public, but there is no easy way to reach it.

## Islands and atolls

| Atoll or island | Island area (km$^2$) | Lagoon (km$^2$) | Coordinates | NWR established | Acquired | FIPS Code | GEC |
| North Pacific Ocean, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands ||||||||
| Midway Atoll | 6.2 | 40 | 28°13′N 177°22′W﻿ / ﻿28.217°N 177.367°W﻿ / 28.217; -177.367﻿ (Midway Atoll) | 1988 Apr 22 | 1867 Aug 28 | 74300 | MQ |
| North Pacific Ocean, scattered isolated islands ||||||||
| Wake Island | 6.5 | 6 | 19°18′N 166°38′E﻿ / ﻿19.300°N 166.633°E﻿ / 19.300; 166.633﻿ (Wake Island) | 2009 Jan 16 | 1899 Jan 17 | 74450 | WQ |
| Johnston Atoll | 2.6 | 130 | 16°45′N 169°31′W﻿ / ﻿16.750°N 169.517°W﻿ / 16.750; -169.517﻿ (Johnston Atoll) | 1926 Jun 29 | 1859 Sep 6 | 74200 | JQ |
| North Pacific Ocean, Northern Line Islands ||||||||
| Kingman Reef | 0.01 | 76 | 6°24′N 162°24′W﻿ / ﻿6.400°N 162.400°W﻿ / 6.400; -162.400﻿ (Kingman Reef) | 2001 Jan 18 | 1860 Feb 8 | 74250 | KQ |
| Palmyra Atoll | 3.9 | 15 | 5°53′N 162°05′W﻿ / ﻿5.883°N 162.083°W﻿ / 5.883; -162.083﻿ (Palmyra Atoll) | 2001 Jan 18 | 1912 Feb 21 | 74400 | LQ |
| North Pacific Ocean, Northern Phoenix Islands ||||||||
| Howland Island | 2.6 | – | 0°48′N 176°37′W﻿ / ﻿0.800°N 176.617°W﻿ / 0.800; -176.617﻿ (Howland Island) | 1974 Jun 27 | 1856 Oct 28 | 74100 | HQ |
| Baker Island | 2.1 | – | 0°12′N 176°29′W﻿ / ﻿0.200°N 176.483°W﻿ / 0.200; -176.483﻿ (Baker Island) | 1974 Jun 27 | 1856 Oct 28 | 74050 | FQ |
| South Pacific Ocean, Central Line Islands ||||||||
| Jarvis Island | 5.0 | – | 0°22′S 160°01′W﻿ / ﻿0.367°S 160.017°W﻿ / -0.367; -160.017﻿ (Jarvis Island) | 1974 Jun 27 | 1856 Oct 28 | 74150 | DQ |
| Caribbean Sea, Greater Antilles ||||||||
| Navassa Island | 5.4 | – | 18°24′N 75°01′W﻿ / ﻿18.400°N 75.017°W﻿ / 18.400; -75.017﻿ (Navassa Island) | 1999 Dec 3 | 1858 Oct 31 | 74350 | BQ |
| Caribbean Sea, scattered isolated islets ||||||||
| Bajo Nuevo Bank | 0.02 | 155 | 15°53′N 78°38′W﻿ / ﻿15.883°N 78.633°W﻿ / 15.883; -78.633﻿ (Bajo Nuevo Bank) | | 1869 Nov 22 | (none) | (none) |
| Serranilla Bank | 0.02 | 1200 | 15°50′N 79°50′W﻿ / ﻿15.833°N 79.833°W﻿ / 15.833; -79.833﻿ (Serranilla Bank) | | 1879 Sep 8 1880 Sep 13 | (none) | (none) |
| U.S. Minor Outlying Islands | 34.3 | 267 | | | | | |
* ↑ Each island (except for Bajo Nuevo Bank and Serranilla Bank) has a unique FIPS (INCITS) code treating it as a county-equivalent for statistical purposes; "74" is the state-level code for the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands.
* ↑ GEC stands for "Geopolitical Entities and Codes", a coding system superseding the FIPS 10-4 codes; the codes (such as FQ for Baker Island) treat each island as if it were a country.
* ↑ Claimed by the Marshall Islands.
* ↑ Previously claimed by Hawaii when independent. Palmyra Atoll was officially a part of the Hawaii Territory until 1959, when Hawaii became a U.S. state.
* ↑ Claimed by Haiti.
* ↑ Administered by Colombia, also claimed by Jamaica, not included in the ISO list of territories; its area is not included in the total.
* ↑ Administered by Colombia, also claimed by Honduras and Jamaica, not included in the ISO list of territories; its area is not included in the total.

## Transportation
### Airports

Airports in the United States Minor Outlying Islands provide critical emergency landing points across the vast Pacific Ocean for all aircraft types, allow for important military presence in key strategic zones, and have limited scheduled commercial services. The following is a list of island airports with ICAO (IATA) codes:
* PLPA: Palmyra (Cooper) Airport, Cooper Island, Palmyra Atoll
* PMDY (MDY): Henderson Field, Sand Island, Midway Atoll
* PWAK (AWK): Wake Island Airfield, Wake Island
Other airports include:
* Johnston Atoll Airport, Johnston Atoll (Formerly PJON/JON): The airport was built during WWII and saw significant commercial traffic during the second half of the 20th century. However, it was abandoned in 2003.
* Kamakaiwi Field: Howland Island (from 1937 to about 1945)
* Kingman Reef: The lagoon was used as a halfway station between Hawaii and American Samoa by Pan American Airways for flying boats in 1937 and 1938.

### Seaports

Three of the islands are listed with ports in the World Port Index, with World Port Number:
* 56325 JOHNSTON ATOLL: Johnston Atoll
* 56328 MIDWAY ISLAND: Midway Atoll
* 56330 WAKE ISLAND: Wake Island
* not listed WEST LAGOON: Palmyra Atoll
Baker Island, Howland Island, and Jarvis Island each have small boat landing places. Kingman Reef and Navassa Island only have offshore anchorages.

## Flora and fauna

* List of birds of the United States Minor Outlying Islands
* List of mammals of the United States Minor Outlying Islands