# Iftar Cannon

The Iftar Cannon (Madfa al-ifṭār, Arabic: مدفع الافطار, literally "cannon for breaking the fast") is a long-held tradition that began in Turkey and spread to all Ottoman Empire. Every evening upon the Maghrib adhan (sunset call to prayer), a cannon would fire a single shot to notify people of the start of Iftar in Ramadan, when Muslims get to break their day-long fasting as the sun sets.

## Origin

Though the tradition is practiced today in most parts of the Muslim world, the blast of the cannon was first used to inform the entire city of the time of Iftar, before the invention of accurate clocks and mass media. The cannon is first fired to herald the beginning of the holy month of Ramadan, and then each day to announce the breaking of the fast at the sunset prayers of Maghrib. Most historians agree the practice originated in Egypt, with some claiming it dates back as far as the 10th century, when one of the Fatimid caliphs ordered a cannon be placed on Cairo's Muqatam Hill so all Muslims would hear the signal to break their fasts, although this is unlikely as cannons were not invented yet. Other historians trace the tradition to the Mamluk ruler Sayf ad-Din Khushqadam in the 15th century, but the most common account places the origin of the custom in the 19th century, during the reign of Ottoman governor of Egypt Muhammad Ali.
A popular story is that the practice originated during the time of the Mamluk ruler, Khosh Qadam. It was said the Sultan was given a cannon and that his soldiers tested it by firing it one sunset. By coincidence, this happened at the end of the day's fasting in Ramadan. When the people of Cairo heard the boom they took it as sign they could end their fast, and were so thrilled with the idea that they thronged to the palace to congratulate the sultan. Seeing an opportunity to endear her father to the people, his daughter Hajja Fatimah urged him to fire the cannon every day for iftar. He agreed and the tradition of "midfa al iftar" was born, with the local nickname Hajja Fatimah. To this day, a cannon is placed on the plateau of Muqatam near the Citadel to announce iftar. However this story considered as history revisionism and the reason of the revisionism is avoiding the Ottoman Past.
The practice has spread throughout the Muslim world in the past century. It was adopted by the Saudi state following their conquest of the holy cities of Mecca and Medina in the 1920s, and introduced in Sharjah and Dubai in the mid-20th century. Various designs of Ramadan cannon are used, ranging from purpose-built blank-firing devices to conventional artillery guns, such as the British QF 25-pound howitzer used in the United Arab Emirates. An American 75 mm M1916 howitzer, gifted to the local Muslim authorities by the British Army, is used in Jerusalem. In Cairo, a German Krupp 75 mm field gun is used. This is nicknamed "al-ḥājja Fāṭima", after Sayf ad-Din Khushqadam's wife.

## Other countries

* Bahrain - 3 cannons are located in Bahrain, which are usually fired daily at the Riffa Fort (Video), Arad Fort and The Avenues, Bahrain.
* Qatar - Cannons are placed at Souq Waqif, Katara, Muhammad Ibn Abdulwahhab Grand Mosque, and Souq Al Wakrah, under supervision of the Qatari Armed Forces.
* Saudi Arabia - Several cannons are located in Saudi Arabia, especially in the Hejaz region cities such as Mecca, Jeddah and Medina.
* UAE - The first cannon was fired in Sharjah in the 19th century under the rule of Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi. Each emirate now fires at least one cannon, with the three most populous (Abu Dhabi, Dubai, and Sharjah) hosting several sites throughout their cities.
* Yemen - The sound of the Iftar Cannon was once heard over the capital Sana'a, though with the ongoing civil war it is not sure if this practice continues.
* Kuwait - Naif Palace