# Oliver! (film)

Oliver! is a 1968 British period musical drama film based on Lionel Bart's 1960 stage musical, itself an adaptation of Charles Dickens's 1838 novel Oliver Twist.
Directed by Carol Reed from a screenplay by Vernon Harris, the picture includes such musical numbers as "Food, Glorious Food", "Consider Yourself", "As Long as He Needs Me", "I'd Do Anything", "You've Got to Pick a Pocket or Two", and "Where Is Love?".
It stars Ron Moody, Oliver Reed, Harry Secombe, Shani Wallis, Jack Wild, and Mark Lester in the title role. Filmed at Shepperton Film Studio in Surrey, it was a Romulus production by John Woolf and was distributed internationally by Columbia Pictures.
At the 41st Academy Awards for 1968, Oliver! was nominated for eleven Academy Awards and won six, including Best Picture, Best Director for Reed, and an Honorary Award for choreographer Onna White. At the 26th Golden Globe Awards, the film won two Golden Globes: Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy and Best Actor – Musical or Comedy for Ron Moody.
The British Film Institute ranked Oliver! the 77th-greatest British film of the 20th century. In 2017, a poll of 150 actors, directors, writers, producers and critics for Time Out magazine ranked it the 69th-best British film ever.

## Plot
### Act 1

At a workhouse in Dunstable, orphans are served their daily gruel. Some boys draw lots, with Oliver drawing the tangled one, forcing him to approach Mr. Bumble and the Widow Corney, and ask for more gruel. Enraged, Bumble takes Oliver to the governors for punishment and then parades Oliver in the street to sell him off as an apprentice. Mr. Sowerberry, an undertaker, buys Oliver. Sowerberry's other apprentice Noah Claypole latee bullies Oliver, who eventually retaliates and is thrown first into a coffin and then into the cellar. There, he discovers that the window grate is unlocked and escapes.
A week later, Oliver reaches London. He meets the Artful Dodger, who takes him under his wing. Dodger brings Oliver to a hideout for young pickpockets led by Fagin, who instructs the gang in the art of stealing. Fagin later meets with burglar Bill Sikes. When Fagin returns to his den, he goes through a secret cache of treasures. Oliver wakes up, notices Fagin's secret and startles him. Fagin explains that the trove is to help him in his old age.
In the morning, Sikes's girlfriend Nancy and her friend Bet arrive at the hideout to collect his money. Fagin sends the boys out for the day, teaming Oliver with Dodger. At a bookstall, Dodger steals a wallet from Mr. Brownlow, who mistakes Oliver for being the thief and has police arrest him. At the court, the bookseller Mr. Jessop testifies that Oliver is innocent. Brownlow takes Oliver in, while Sikes and Fagin send Dodger to follow them.

### Act 2

Oliver has been living in the residence of wealthy Mr. Brownlow for several days now. From the balcony, he watches the merchants and other folk of London sell their wares. Sikes has been keeping an eye on Oliver, firmly believing he may tell on them. He and Fagin are determined to get him back and employ Nancy to help them as Oliver trusts her more than he does the others. Nancy refuses as she wants Oliver to have a life free of thievery, but Sikes hits her. As Nancy reluctantly follows Sikes, she sings of her unwavering love for him despite his ways. The next day, Brownlow entrusts Oliver with some books and money to be delivered to the bookshop. As he leaves, Brownlow notices a striking resemblance between Oliver and a portrait of his long-lost niece Emily. While walking through the streets of London, Oliver is sidetracked by Nancy and is kidnapped by Sikes and taken back to the hideout. Following a brief confrontation with Fagin over Oliver's five pound note, Sikes is defied by Oliver, who in turn is protected by Nancy. Sikes becomes increasingly violent, leading Nancy to leave. When Fagin warns him to calm down, Sikes threatens him with his life, almost choking him, should their operation be compromised. Realizing Sikes' violent nature, Fagin begins reconsidering his life as a thief and weighs all his options, but decides to keep to his old ways, though perhaps not forcing others to do as he orders.
Bumble and Corney pay a visit to Brownlow after he begins searching for Oliver's origin. They present a locket belonging to Oliver's mother, who arrived at the workhouse penniless and died during childbirth. Brownlow recognizes the locket as his niece's and throws the two out, enraged that they selfishly chose to keep the trinket and information to themselves until they could collect a reward for it. Meanwhile, in an attempt to introduce Oliver to a life of crime, Sikes forces Oliver to take part in a house robbery. The robbery fails when Oliver accidentally awakens the occupants, but he and Sikes get away. While Sikes and Oliver are gone, Nancy, fearful for Oliver's life, goes to Brownlow, confessing her part in Oliver's kidnapping, however, she refuses to state the name of Fagin or Bill Sikes for her own protection. She promises to return him to Brownlow at midnight at London Bridge She then goes to the tavern. When Sikes and Oliver appear, Sikes orders his dog Bullseye to guard the boy. Nancy starts up a lively drinking song, hoping that the noise will distract Sikes. Bullseye, however, alerts Sikes, who gives chase.
As Oliver and Nancy share a farewell embrace at London Bridge, Sikes catches up and grabs both of them and throws Oliver aside. Nancy then tries to pull Sikes away, angering him. He then drags her behind the staircase of London Bridge and violently bludgeons her, injuring her fatally. He then takes off with Oliver, but Bullseye returns to the scene where Nancy has succumbed to her injuries and alerts the police. The dog leads Brownlow and an angry mob to the thieves' hideout. Sikes arrives at Fagin's den and demands money, revealing that he killed Nancy, as well. Upon seeing the approaching mob, the thieves disband and flee. Sikes runs off with Oliver, using him as a hostage. During the evacuation, Fagin loses his prized possessions, which sink into mud. Sikes attempts to flee to an adjacent roof, but is shot dead in the process by the police. Fagin makes up his mind to change his ways for good. Just as he is about to walk away a reformed character, Dodger appears from nowhere with a wallet he stole earlier. They dance off into the sunrise together, happily determined to live out the rest of their days as thieves while Oliver returns to Brownlow's home for good.

## Cast

* Mark Lester as Oliver Twist
* Ron Moody as Fagin
* Jack Wild as Artful Dodger
* Oliver Reed as Bill Sikes
* Shani Wallis as Nancy
* Harry Secombe as Mr. Bumble
* Joseph O'Conor as Mr. Brownlow
* Hugh Griffith as the Magistrate
* Peggy Mount as Mrs. Bumble
* Leonard Rossiter as Mr. Sowerberry
* Hylda Baker as Mrs. Sowerberry
* Kenneth Cranham as Noah Claypole
* Megs Jenkins as Mrs. Bedwin
* Sheila White as Bett
* Wensley Pithey as Dr. Grimwig
* James Hayter as Mr. Jessop
* Elizabeth Knight as Charlotte
* Fred Emney as Chairman of the Workhouse
* Robert Bartlett, Graham Buttrose, Geoffrey Chandler, Kirk Clugston, Dempsey Cook, Christopher Duff, Nigel Grice, Ronnie Johnson, Nigel Kingsley, Robert Langley, Brian Lloyd, Peter Lock, Clive Moss, Ian Ramsey, Peter Renn, Billy Smith, Kim Smith, Oliver Hancock, Freddie Stead, Raymond Ward and John Watters as Fagin's Boys.

## Production
### Casting

The film used mostly young unknowns, among them Mark Lester (Oliver), Shani Wallis (Nancy) and Jack Wild as The Artful Dodger, but also featured Hugh Griffith, an Oscar winner for Ben-Hur, in the role of the Magistrate. Harry Secombe, who played Mr. Bumble, was well known in Britain but not in the United States, and Oliver Reed, who played Bill Sikes, had just begun to make a name for himself. Producer John Woolf suggested Oliver Reed for the role to the director Carol Reed, without knowing that the two were, in fact, related as nephew and uncle respectively. Many felt that the role of Nancy should have gone to Georgia Brown, who had played the role in the West End production. Classical actor Joseph O'Conor, not well known in the U.S., played Mr. Brownlow.
Ron Moody later told an interviewer that when it was first proposed that he play Fagin, he felt that character was "pretty vicious and unpleasant; I didn't want to do that. I didn't want to perpetuate what I considered to be an unfair, unpleasant image of Jewish people." He came to realize "that the only way to play Fagin was to forget Dickens and create a clown and I used every trick I could think of to take Fagin away from Dickens' concept and to bring it into more of an entertainment situation."
Filming at Shepperton Studios commenced on 23 June 1967.

### Music

The soundtrack is similar to the original play, although without Bill Sikes' song "My Name", the song, “I Shall Scream,” featuring Mr. Bumble and Mrs. Corney, and the song featuring Mr. Bumble and Mr. and Mrs. Sowerby, "That's Your Funeral".

## Reception
### Box office

The film earned $10.5 million in theatrical rentals at the US and Canadian box office, earning $40 million worldwide. In the United Kingdom, the film played for 90 weeks at the Leicester Square Theatre in London, grossing $1,992,000. It had been seen by 5 million people across the country at that time.

### Critical response

Oliver! received widespread acclaim from critics. It was hailed by Pauline Kael in her review published in The New Yorker as being one of the few film versions of a stage musical that was superior to the original show, which she suggested she had walked out on. "The musical numbers emerge from the story with a grace that has been rarely seen since the musicals of René Clair."
Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times awarded the film four out of four stars. "Sir Carol Reed's Oliver! is a treasure of a movie," he wrote. "It is very nearly universal entertainment, one of those rare films like The Wizard of Oz that appeals in many ways to all sorts of people. It will be immediately exciting to the children, I think, because of the story and the unforgettable Dickens characters. Adults will like it for the sweep and zest of its production. And as a work of popular art, it will stand the test of time, I guess. It is as well-made as a film can be." He particularly admired Carol Reed's working relationship with the children in the film: "Not for a moment, I suspect, did Reed imagine he had to talk down to the children in his audience. Not for a moment are the children in the cast treated as children. They're equal participants in the great adventure, and they have to fend for themselves or bloody well get out of the way. This isn't a watered-down lollypop. It's got bite and malice along with... romance and humor." Although he stated that the film's roadshow presentation was a minor problem for children, who are not used to long films, he praised the production design, musical adaptation score, and casting and acting, particularly that of Ron Moody and Jack Wild. He concluded, "Oliver! succeeds finally because of its taste. It never stoops for cheap effects and never insults our intelligence. And because we can trust it, we can let ourselves go with it, and we do. It is a splendid experience." He later named the film as the seventh-best film of 1968.
John Simon wrote "Oliver is a nice, big movie musical [about] which it is hard to say anything of special interest to the reader or even to oneself."
The Philadelphia Inquirer was enthusiastic: "There's atmosphere and airy grace to 'Oliver!.' It has catchy, sometimes beautiful songs and the voices to go with them. It rarely stops moving and it has the touch of melodramatic excitement... a prancing musical film which by reason of its stagecraft and performance is more exhilarating than it was on the stage, better rounded in its 'free' adaptation."
Rotten Tomatoes awards the film a 90% "fresh" rating based on 77 reviews, with an average score of 8/10; the critics' consensus reads: "Oliver! transforms Charles Dickens' muckraking novel into a jaunty musical Victorian fairytale, buoyed by Ron Moody's charming star turn and Onna White's rapturous choreography."
At his death in 2015, The Forward said that Moody succeeded in transforming "a viciously anti-Semitic literary portrait into a joyous musical onscreen image."

### Accolades

Oliver!, along with Columbia Pictures' other Best Picture nominee Funny Girl, secured a combined total of 19 Academy Award nominations, the most nominations for musicals from one studio in a year.
Oliver! was the last G-rated film to win the Academy Award for Best Picture. It was the last movie musical to win the award, until Chicago in 2002 (there have been other musicals nominated such as Hello, Dolly!, Fiddler on the Roof, Cabaret, All That Jazz, Beauty and the Beast and Moulin Rouge!). Oliver! also had the distinction of being the last British film to win Best Picture until Chariots of Fire in 1981.
| Award | Category | Nominee(s) | Result |
| Academy Awards | Best Picture | John Woolf | Won |
| Academy Awards | Best Director | Carol Reed | Won |
| Academy Awards | Best Actor | Ron Moody | Nominated |
| Academy Awards | Best Supporting Actor | Jack Wild | Nominated |
| Academy Awards | Best Screenplay – Based on Material from Another Medium | Vernon Harris | Nominated |
| Academy Awards | Best Art Direction | Art Direction: John Box and Terence Marsh; Set Decoration: Vernon Dixon and Ken Muggleston | Won |
| Academy Awards | Best Cinematography | Oswald Morris | Nominated |
| Academy Awards | Best Costume Design | Phyllis Dalton | Nominated |
| Academy Awards | Best Film Editing | Ralph Kemplen | Nominated |
| Academy Awards | Best Score of a Musical Picture – Original or Adaptation | Johnny Green | Won |
| Academy Awards | Best Sound | Buster Ambler, John Cox, Jim Groom, Bob Jones, and Tony Dawe | Won |
| Academy Awards | Honorary Academy Award | Onna White | Won |
| American Cinema Editors Awards | Best Edited Feature Film | Ralph Kemplen | Nominated |
| British Academy Film Awards | Best Film | Carol Reed | Nominated |
| British Academy Film Awards | Best Direction | Carol Reed | Nominated |
| British Academy Film Awards | Best Actor in a Leading Role | Ron Moody | Nominated |
| British Academy Film Awards | Best Costume Design | Phyllis Dalton | Nominated |
| British Academy Film Awards | Best Editing | Ralph Kemplen | Nominated |
| British Academy Film Awards | Best Production Design | John Box | Nominated |
| British Academy Film Awards | Best Sound | John Cox and Bob Jones | Nominated |
| British Academy Film Awards | Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Roles | Jack Wild | Nominated |
| Directors Guild of America Awards | Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures | Carol Reed | Nominated |
| Golden Globe Awards | Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy | Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy | Won |
| Golden Globe Awards | Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy | Ron Moody | Won |
| Golden Globe Awards | Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture | Hugh Griffith | Nominated |
| Golden Globe Awards | Best Director – Motion Picture | Carol Reed | Nominated |
| Golden Globe Awards | Most Promising Newcomer – Male | Jack Wild | Nominated |
| Laurel Awards | Top Musical | Top Musical | Won |
| Laurel Awards | Top Male New Face | Mark Lester | Nominated |
| Laurel Awards | Top Male New Face | Ron Moody | Nominated |
| Laurel Awards | Top Female New Face | Shani Wallis | Nominated |
| Moscow International Film Festival | Special Prize | Carol Reed | Won |
| Moscow International Film Festival | Best Actor | Ron Moody | Won |
| National Board of Review Awards | Top Ten Films | Top Ten Films | 9th Place |
| New York Film Critics Circle Awards | Best Film | Best Film | Nominated |
| New York Film Critics Circle Awards | Best Director | Carol Reed | Nominated |
| Sant Jordi Awards | Best Performance in a Foreign Film | Ron Moody | Won |

## Preservation

The Academy Film Archive preserved Oliver! in 1998.

## Home video

Commencing in the US in 1998, Oliver! has been released worldwide on DVD by Columbia Tristar Home Entertainment and its successor Sony Pictures Home Entertainment. The US DVD has the film, complete with its original overture and entr'acte music, spread across two sides of a double-sided disc, separated at the intermission. Everywhere else, it was issued on a single-sided disc.
Since 2013, it has been released on Blu-ray in several countries by Sony, with the US having an additional limited edition release by Twilight Time.