OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# P50 (neuroscience)

In electroencephalography, the P50 is an event related potential occurring approximately 50 ms after the presentation of a stimulus, usually an auditory click. The P50 response is used to measure sensory gating, or the reduced neurophysiological response to redundant stimuli.
Research has found an abnormal P50 suppression in people with schizophrenia, making it an example of a biological marker for the disorder. Besides schizophrenia, abnormal P50 suppression has been found in patients with traumatic brain injury, recreational drug use, and post-traumatic stress disorder.

## Paired click test

In a paired click test, one auditory click sound will be presented, followed by a second click approximately 500 ms after the first one. The second sound is considered redundant, and so a typical control showing normal sensory gating will produce a reduced response (in wave amplitude) to the second click. The suppression is measured as the percentage of amplitude decrease in response to the second click compared to the first click, with typical controls showing an approximately 80% decrease to the second stimulus. This response is recorded at the scalp and represents a pre-attentive process of sensory gating.

## Development

Healthy infants as young as 1 to 4 months old were found to demonstrate a P50 suppression in a paired click task, suggesting that sensory gating is present early in development.

## Suppression deficits in individuals with schizophrenia

Studies have found that patients with schizophrenia fail to show a reduced response to the second click. Abnormal sensory gating may be behind symptoms of schizophrenia such as sensory overload and difficulty concentrating.
A link exists between abnormal α7 receptors and the abnormal P50 response.
In a family that has a child with schizophrenia, at least one of the parents tends to show higher rates of abnormal P50 gating compared to normal controls even when the parents themselves do not have schizophrenia.
Abnormal P50 suppression in paired click tests can be found through either a failure to suppress the second stimulus, or as a failure to produce a heightened response to the first stimulus. Some studies suggest that P50 suppression in people with schizophrenia might instead appear as a smaller response to the first auditory stimulus.
# Awful Things

"Awful Things" is a song by American rapper Lil Peep featuring fellow American rapper Lil Tracy from his first studio album, Come Over When You're Sober, Pt. 1 (2017). It was released as the third single from the album on July 28, 2017. The track was produced by Smokeasac and IIVI, and written by George Astasio, Jason Pebworth, Jon Shave, Michael Blackburn and the artists themselves. The song is Lil Peep's third highest charting single in the United States, peaking at number 79 on the Billboard Hot 100 following his death on November 15, 2017.

## Critical reception

The song was listed by Billboard as one of the seven best tracks from Peep's discography. With author John Norris referring to song as a "sing-along anthem".

## Chart performance

In the United States, following Lil Peep's death, "Awful Things" debuted at number 79 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the week beginning December 9, 2017, becoming Lil Peep's highest charting song in the country, gaining 8.4 million streams and selling 3,000 downloads according to Nielsen Music, in the week ending November 23, 2017. The song later fell off the Hot 100, in the following week.
In Canada, the song debuted at number 58 on the Canadian Hot 100 alongside "Save That Shit", in the week beginning December 9, 2017, where it became Lil Peep's highest charting song in the country. It later fell to number 98 the following week beginning on December 16, 2017. The song later dropped out of the chart on the week beginning December 23, 2017, spending a total of two weeks on the Canadian Hot 100.

## Music video

The music video for "Awful Things" premiered on August 17, 2017. It was directed by Sus Boy & Nick Koenig, and produced by Daniel Ostroff. The video's director of photography was C.J. Brion, with Olivia Stiglich being the story writer and Graeme Barrett, acting as the creative consultant. It has surpassed 260 million views on YouTube as of August 2023.

## Cover version

American band Good Charlotte performed a cover of the song on December 2, 2017, during Peep's memorial service in Long Beach, New York. A studio recording of the cover was later officially released on December 22, 2017, through MDDN Records.

## Charts
### Weekly charts

| Chart (2017) | Peak position |
| Canada (Canadian Hot 100) | 58 |
| US Billboard Hot 100 | 79 |

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| Australia (ARIA) | Gold | 35,000$^‡$ |
| New Zealand (RMNZ) | Gold | 15,000$^‡$ |
| United Kingdom (BPI) | Silver | 200,000$^‡$ |
| United States (RIAA) | 2× Platinum | 2,000,000$^‡$ |
| $^‡$ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. |||
# A Wind-Beaten Tree

A Wind-Beaten Tree or A Windswept Tree is an oil painting created in August 1883 by Vincent van Gogh. It was painted early in his artistic career, whilst he was living in The Hague. It was stolen from a private collection in Zurich in 1997 and has not been recovered.
# Barrow baronets of Ulverstone (1835)

The Barrow baronetcy, of Ulverstone in the County of Lancaster, was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 30 March 1835 for the secretary of the Admiralty John Barrow. He was succeeded by his son George, the 2nd Baronet, in 1870 Chief Clerk of the Colonial Office.
As of 2025 the baronetcy is held by his great-great-great-grandson (the title having descended from father to son), the 7th Baronet, who succeeded in 2009.

## Barrow baronets, of Ulverstone (1835)

* Sir John Barrow, 1st Baronet (1764–1848)
* Sir George Barrow, 2nd Baronet (1806–1876)
* Sir John Croker Barrow, 3rd Baronet (1833–1900)
* Sir Francis Laurence John Barrow, 4th Baronet (1862–1950)
* Sir Wilfred John Wilson Croker Barrow, 5th Baronet (1897–1960)
* Sir Richard John Uniacke Barrow, 6th Baronet (1933–2009)
* Sir Anthony John Grenfell Barrow, 7th Baronet (born 1962)
The heir presumptive to the baronetcy is John Lendon Barrow (born 1934). He is the eldest son of the third son of the 4th Baronet.
# Ajeet Singh Yadav

Ajeet Singh Yadav (born 5 September 1993) is an Indian Para athlete from Uttar Pradesh who competes in men's javelin throw, in F-46 category. On 3 September 2024, he won a silver medal in javelin throw F46 category at the 2024 Summer Paralympics in Paris.

## Early life

Ajeet Singh was born in 1993 in Etawah Uttar Pradesh. He is studying in Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh. In 2017, he was involved in a tragic train accident while saving his friend. As a result, he is missing his left arm below the elbow. During recovery and rehab phase, almost after 4 months of accident, he took part in Para Athletic Senior National 2018 in Panchkula, Haryana.
He was included in Sports Authority of India Government of India program under Target Olympic Podium Scheme, and is also supported by the Olympic Gold Quest. He had completed his PhD in physical education and sports from Laxmibai National Institute of Physical Education,LNIPE, Gwalior.

## Career

After taking the sport of para javelin, he made his international debut in 2019. He took part in 7th World Para Athletics Grand Prix held in Beijing, China and won gold medal in the javelin throw. He represented India in the 2019 World Para Athletics Championships in Dubai where he claimed a bronze medal and as a result he qualified for the 2020 Summer Paralympics. He also claimed gold medal in the 2021 World Para Athletics Grand Prix.

### Paralympics

He made his Paralympic debut representing India at the 2020 Summer Paralympics. He qualified to represent India at the 2024 Summer Paralympics at Paris, his second Olympics.
# Autumn (Manet)

Autumn is an oil on canvas painting by Édouard Manet, executed in 1882, now in the Musée des Beaux-arts de Nancy.
The work resulted of an order made by Antonin Proust to Manet to create four paintings on the theme of the Four Seasons, but the painter only had time to make two, this one and Spring, before dying.
The model Méry Laurent wears a fur coat and appears in profile, in a similar way to the portraits of the Italian Renaissance. Placed in front of a Japanese fabric, the blue of it and the brown of her clothing brings out the pink of her complexion.
The model herself bought this work by 1550 francs in 1884, after the artist's death; this one bequeaths the painting to the Museum of Fine Arts in Nancy, her birthplace, making this painting the first by Manet to enter a provincial museum.
# Thomas Fetsch

Thomas Norbert Fetsch (born 7 July 1969 in Mainz) is a German lawyer and politician who was elected as a member of the Bundestag in 2025. He is the spokesperson of the Alternative for Germany in Bergstraße.
# Chestnut Trees and Farm at Jas de Bouffan (Cézanne, Pasadena)

Chestnut Trees and Farm at Jas de Bouffan is an oil on canvas painting by Paul Cézanne, created c. 1884. It is held in the Norton Simon Museum, in Pasadena.
# Chestnut Trees and Farm at Jas de Bouffan (Cézanne, Moscow)

Chestnut Trees and Farm at Jas de Bouffan or Trees in a Park is an oil on canvas painting by Paul Cézanne, created c. 1886. It depicts the home of the Cézanne family, where the artist spent his holidays. It is held now the Pushkin Museum, in Moscow.
# Count Alphonse de Toulouse-Lautrec Driving His Mail-Coach

Count Alphonse de Toulouse-Lautrec Driving His Mail-Coach is a painting by Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec of his father, a great lover of horses, completed in 1881 when Toulouse-Lautrec was 17 years old. It is now in the Petit Palais in Paris.
The work is highly influenced by equestrian scenes by Crafty and by British and American engravings of horse-teams. It is signed in the bottom right-hand corner "HTL, Souvenir de la Promenade des Anglais". The painter stayed on the Côte d'Azur several times due to his bad health and wasinspired by Nice.
# Flowers in a Crystal Vase

Flowers in a Crystal Vase (French - Œillets et clématites dans un vase de cristal) is an 1882 painting by Édouard Manet, in the Musée d'Orsay in Paris since 1986. It shows clematis and 'oeillets', a French word used for several kinds of cut flowers, many from the Dianthus genus. It was probably executed in July 1882 at Rueil and forms part of a set of still life paintings produced by Manet at the end of his life, mainly showing flowers.
# Lilac Bush

Lilac Bush (catalogue number : F 579, JH 1692) is a May 1889 oil on canvas painting by Vincent van Gogh, produced during his stay in Saint-Rémy. It is now in the Hermitage Museum. The artist began painting almost as soon as he had arrived at the psychiatric hospital of Saint-Paul de Mausole in Saint-Rémy. Among his first subjects were the irises and lilac bush in the hospital garden, mentioned in a letter written to his brother Theo and Theo's wife Johanna a few days after his arrival:
   I have two other [paintings] to send - purple irises and a lilac bush. Two subjects taken from the garden.
# Michael Carrington (figure skater)

Michael Carrington is a British former figure skater. He is the 1952 European bronze medalist. He trained in London at the Queen's Ice Skating Club.

## Competitive highlights

International :
| Event | 1949 | 1950 | 1951 | 1952 |
| World Championships | | 6th | 8th | |
| European Championships | | | 4th | 3rd |
| National |||||
| British Championships | 1st | 1st | | |
# Wojski

A wojski (Lithuanian: Vaiskis; Medieval Latin: tribunus, hence sometimes rendered into English as tribune) was an officer in medieval Poland and later in Lithuania, responsible for the security of voivodeships or districts at times when voivods and castellans had accompanied the szlachta (nobility) to war.
With time, the wojski's responsibilities were taken over by starostas, and wojski became an honorary district office in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
* Wojski koronny - Crown Wojski
* Wojski litewski (Lithuanian: Lietuvos vaiskis) - Lithuanian Wojski
* Wojski większy - Major Wojski
* Wojski mniejszy - Minor Wojski
* Wojski grodzki - City Wojski
* Wojski zamkowy - Castle Wojski
# Michael Booker (figure skater)

Michael Robert Booker (born 16 April 1937) is a British former figure skater who competed in men's singles. He is a three-time European medalist (silver in 1955 and 1956, bronze in 1957) and a six-time British national champion. Booker placed sixth at the 1956 Winter Olympics and fifth at the 1956 World Championships.

## Results

International :
| Event | 1953 | 1954 | 1955 | 1956 | 1957 | 1958 |
| Winter Olympics | | | | 6th | | |
| World Championships | 9th | 6th | 6th | 5th | 10th | 8th |
| European Championships | 4th | 4th | 2nd | 2nd | 3rd | 4th |
| National |||||||
| British Championships | 1st | 1st | 1st | 1st | 1st | 1st |
# Marwice, Lubusz Voivodeship

Marwice is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lubiszyn, within Gorzów County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland. It lies approximately 12 km (7 mi) east of Lubiszyn and 11 km (7 mi) north-west of Gorzów Wielkopolski.
# Franz Josef Heinz

Franz Josef Heinz, known as Heinz-Orbis, (25 February 1884 - 9 January 1924) was a Palatine separatist who briefly led the government of the "Autonomous Palatinate" during the French occupation of the Rhineland. He was assassinated by German nationalists in 1924.
Heinz came from the town of Orbis in Northern Palatinate, later using the town as part of his name. He was a farmer and became a leader of the free peasantry and the founder of the Palatine Corps. In the aftermath of World War I, France occupied the Rhineland. Along with some other members of the liberal German People's Party (DVP), Heinz saw this as an opportunity to reject the Prussian militarist state. In 1920 he became a member of the Palatine district council, arguing for greater autonomy in the area.
By 1923 a separatist movement for a Rhenish Republic in the occupied Rhineland territory had developed, encouraged by the French. In August 1923 a republic was proclaimed under Josef Friedrich Matthes of the Rhenish Independence League. In November, Heinz proclaimed the "Government of the Autonomous Palatinate in the Association of the Rhenish Republic", based in Speyer. The aim was to create an independent state, adjoining France. The new government adopted a currency based on the French franc, which it promised would deal with the problem of the current hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic.
With the approval of the Bavarian government, a detachment of the Viking League, enemies of the separatists, under the command of Edgar Julius Jung planned to assassinate Heinz. After part of his farm in Orbis was set on fire, Heinz predicted that an attempt would be made to murder him. On 9 January 1924 Jung's troop of around twenty nationalists forced their way into the dining room of the Speyer Wittelsbacher Hof hotel and shot Heinz dead. In the shoot-out, one of his staff and another hotel guest were also killed, along with two assassins. The deaths signalled the end of the independence movement. Clashes between nationalists and separatists followed, leading to a number of other deaths, notably in Pirmasens where 12 separatists trapped in a building were burned out and then massacred.
A monument was later put up in the Speyer cemetery to the two murderers, Franz Hellinger and Ferdinand Wiesmann, who died in the shootout with Heinz's supporters after the assassination. Hellinger and Wiesmann were both members of the Nazi Party. In 1934, Edgar Julius Jung was himself murdered during the Night of the Long Knives.
The maintaining of the monument and annual wreath laying at the site continued until 2001, when a book was published about the assassination.
# Self-portrait without beard

Self-portrait without beard is an 1889 oil on canvas painting by the Post-Impressionist artist Vincent van Gogh. The picture, which may have been Van Gogh's last self-portrait, was painted in September that year. The self-portrait is one of the most expensive paintings of all time, selling for $71.5 million in 1998 in New York City. At the time, it was the third (or an inflation-adjusted fourth) most expensive painting ever sold.
Art historians are divided as to whether this painting or Self-portrait is Van Gogh's final self-portrait. Ronald Pickvance considered this to be the last, whilst Ingo F. Walther and Jan Hulsker think Self-portrait was the later painting. It was given by van Gogh to his mother as a birthday gift.

## Sources

* Beckett, Wendy (1994), The Story of Painting, The Essential Guide to the History of Western Art, Dorling Kidersley, ISBN 978-0751301335
* Denvir, Bernard (1994). Vincent: The Complete Self-Portraits. Philadelphia, PA: Running Press. ISBN 978-0-7624-0094-2.
* Pickvance, Ronald (1986). Van Gogh in Saint-Rémy and Auvers. New York: Abrams. ISBN 0-87099-477-8.
* Walther, Ingo; Metzger, Rainer (2000). Van Gogh: The Complete Paintings. Cologne: Taschen. ISBN 978-3-8228-1215-0.
* Walther, Ingo (2000). Van Gogh. Cologne: Taschen. ISBN 978-3-8228-6322-0.
# Lahinja

The Lahinja is a river in White Carniola, the extreme southeastern part of Slovenia. It is 34 kilometres (21 mi) long and originates from several karst springs at the end of a steephead valley between the villages of Knežina, Belčji Vrh, and Mali Nerajec.
In its upper course the river flows towards the north in a narrow bed with a very shallow gradient, resulting in significant meandering. All of its major affluents join it from the west and all of them start from karst springs. At Dragatuš it is joined by its major tributary Podturnščica Creek, and at Črnomelj by Dobličica Creek. From the outflow of Podturnščica Creek the bed of the Lahinja is narrow and up to 20 m deep, with numerous bends. At the vicinity of one of them stands Gradac Castle. From Črnomelj to Gradac the river has no surface affluents, but below Gradac it is joined by the high-volume and faster-flowing Krupa. After its confluence with the Krupa, the Lahinja turns towards the east. It joins the Kolpa at Primostek.
The Lahinja's river basin is asymmetric because it receives the majority of its surface affluents from the right side. It is a part of the Sava Basin. The Lahinja Regional Park extends from Knežina to Pusti Gradec, along the first seven km (4.5 mi) of the Lahinja.
# Surinder Singh Sodhi (field hockey)

Surinder Singh Sodhi (born 22 June 1957) is a former field hockey player from India. He is famous for playing a major role in getting India the gold medal in the 1980 Olympic games after a gap of 16 years. He played in the center forward position.
In previous games, Surinder Singh Sodhi scored 5 goals against Tanzania and 4 against Cuba.
The 15 goals he scored in the 1980 Moscow Olympics are the second-highest goals and the highest tally by an Indian in an Olympic hockey competition. It surpassed the earlier record of 14 goals set by the great Udham Singh in the 1956 Melbourne Olympics. He was awarded Arjuna Award and Maharaja Ranjit Singh Award and is a former I.G Of Police (IPS Officer) and was also awarded a police medal for Meritorious Services in 1994.
In 2022, he ran for the Jalandhar Cantonment Assembly constituency seat as the Aam Aadmi Party's candidate, losing to Pargat Singh.
# Lotus holosericeus

Lotus holosericeus or silvery heartwort is a plant in the genus Lotus endemic to the Canary Islands (Gran Canaria).

## Description

This species is a subshrub with hairy leaves, small vetch-like flowers, with the top lined through and the bottom looking of that of a normal pea family plant. the hairs on the leaves are greyish and the leaves are the color of sagebrush.

## Conservation status

This species is considered Threatened by the Kew database.
# V. R. Raghunath

Vokkaliga Ramachandra Raghunath (born 1 November 1988) is a former Indian professional field hockey player. He played as a fullback and was known for his abilities as a drag flicker.

## Early life

Raghunath was born on 1 November 1988 to a former Indian field hockey player V. S. Ramachandra and Doddamane Bojamma along with his two sisters, Niveditha Sanketh and Kavana Yatheesh.

## Career

Raghunath made his debut for India in the sub-junior side in the 2003 sub-junior Asia Cup in Dhaka that India won. He made his senior debut in the national side during the bi-lateral series in 2005 against Pakistan, as a replacement to an injured Sandeep Singh. He was a part of the Indian team that won bronze in the 2007 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup, silver in 2008, gold in the 2007 Asia Cup and silver in 2013. Having scored six goals in the 2013 Asia Cup, Raghunath was awarded the 'Best Player of the Tournament'.

### Hockey India League

In the auction of the inaugural Hockey India League, Raghunath was bought by the Uttar Pradesh franchise for US$76,000 with his base price being US$13,900. The team was named Uttar Pradesh Wizards. He captained the team to a third-place finish in the inaugural season. He ended the first season having scored 9 goals in 14 games and the second season scoring 8 goals in 12 games.
# Ilie Bolojan

Ilie Gavril Bolojan (Romanian pronunciation:; born 17 March 1969) is a Romanian politician who has been the acting president of Romania since February 2025 following the resignation of Klaus Iohannis. He was previously the mayor of Oradea, and the president of the Bihor County Council.
Following the National Liberal Party's defeat in the first round of the now-annulled 2024 Romanian presidential election, and the subsequent resignation of Nicolae Ciucă, Bolojan became the party's acting president and was elected president of the Senate of Romania.
On 12 February 2025, following the resignation of Klaus Iohannis, Bolojan became the acting president of Romania until the elections in May 2025.

## Early life and career

Ilie Bolojan graduated from the Emanuil Gojdu Mathematics-Physics High School in Oradea and studied mechanics (1988–1993) at the Traian Vuia Polytechnic Institute in Timișoara and mathematics (1990–1993) at the West University of Timișoara. He became a member of the National Liberal Party (PNL) in 1993. During 1993–1994, he was a teacher at the Tileagd Auxiliary School.
Between 1996 and 2004, Ilie Bolojan was a local councilor of the town of Aleșd, and from 2004 a member of the Bihor County Council. In 2005 and 2006, he attended specialization courses in public administration in France and at the National Institute of Administration in Bucharest.
In the period 2005–2007, he was commissioner (prefect) of Bihor County, and in the period 2007–2008 he held the position of secretary general of the Government.
He is unrelated to Victor Bolojan [ro], a high-ranking communist politician and diplomat.

## Political career
### Mayor of Oradea

In 2008, Bolojan was elected mayor of the municipality of Oradea with 50.3% of the votes, becoming the first mayor of the city elected in the first round after 1989. He started a program of administrative and economic reforms, modernizing the infrastructure, rehabilitating the historic center and attracting investors, thus Oradea became more attractive from an economic and tourist point of view. In 2012 and 2016, Bolojan was re-elected mayor, and in 2016 he obtained 70.95% of the votes.

### President of the Bihor County Council

In 2020, Bolojan was elected president of the Bihor County Council with 61.5% of the votes. He continued to promote infrastructural development and investment attraction projects for the county, improving public services and creating a more efficient and transparent administrative system.

### President of the Senate

Following the December 2024 parliamentary elections, Bolojan became a member of the Romanian Senate, and on December 23, 2024, he was chosen as the president of the Senate of Romania.

### Acting presidency (2025–present)

Following the resignation of Klaus Iohannis on 12 February 2025, Bolojan became acting president in accordance with the presidential succession laws. He is expected to serve until a new president is chosen in the 2025 Romanian presidential election in May.
During the handover ceremony, Iohannis greeted Bolojan at Cotroceni Palace and held a brief meeting.