# William Nicholson (artist)

Sir William Newzam Prior Nicholson (5 February 1872 – 16 May 1949) was a British painter of still-life, landscape and portraits. He also worked as a printmaker in techniques including woodcut, wood-engraving and lithography, as an illustrator, as an author of children's books and as a designer for the theatre.

## Life

William Nicholson was born in Newark-on-Trent on 5 February 1872, the youngest son of William Newzam Nicholson, an industrialist and Conservative MP of Newark, and his wife Annie Elizabeth Prior, the daughter of Joseph Prior and Elizabeth (née Mallam) of Woodstock, Oxon. From the age of 9 he attended Magnus Grammar School, first as a weekly boarder, later as a day-boy. He had art lessons from the painter, politician and art-master William Cubley of Newark-on-Trent, who had been a pupil of Sir William Beechey, in turn a pupil of Sir Joshua Reynolds. He was briefly a student at Hubert von Herkomer's art school, where he met his future wife Mabel Pryde (1871–1918), who introduced him to her brother James Pryde (1866–1941). From the autumn of 1891 he attended the Académie Julian in Paris, but after six months returned to Newark.
In the spring of 1893, Nicholson eloped with Mabel Pryde, whom he had by then known for four years; they were married in Ruislip on 25 April. The couple went to live in what had been a pub, the Eight Bells at Denham, Bucks. They were soon joined by Mabel's brother James, and not long after by Ellen Terry's son Edward Gordon Craig and his wife May, who had also recently eloped and married. Nicholson received an annual allowance of £150 from his father.
William and Mabel Nicholson had four children: the celebrated painter Ben (1894–1982); (John) Anthony (1897–1918), who died of wounds in France during the First World War; Annie Mary "Nancy" (1899–1978), artist and wife of the poet Robert Graves; and the architect and designer Christopher "Kit" (1904–1948). Mabel died in July 1918 in the Spanish flu epidemic, and Anthony died near the end of the war on 5 October 1918 of wounds received in action. The inscription on Nicholson's son's grave reads simply: "TONY". War commemoration artwork produced by Nicholson included The Cenotaph (Morning of the Peace Procession) (1919).
From about 1910 until he remarried in 1919, Nicholson's housekeeper Marie Laquelle, whose real name was Adèle Marie Schwarz, née Schiestel, was also his mistress. Nicholson painted her several times, first as Carlina in 1909; he also painted her daughter Georgette and her second husband Norman Holder.
In October 1919, Nicholson married Edith Minnie, daughter of Sir Lionel Phillips, first baronet, and widow of Lieutenant-Colonel John Stuart-Wortley (killed in action, 21 March 1918), who, under the name Elizabeth Drury, was also a painter. Nicholson had painted her in the previous year as Lady in Grey. They had two sons, William and Gavin, and a daughter Liza born in 1920. Edie had two children from her previous marriage, and Nancy's daughter Jennie had been born the previous year. Nicholson's books for children all date from the 1920s; around this time he lived at the Old Manor House, Sutton Veny, Wiltshire.
From 1935 until his death, Nicholson's companion was the novelist Marguerite Steen. According to Steen, they met in Andalucia in May 1935, and by mid-June were living together at Nicholson's mews studio in Apple Tree Yard, off Jermyn Street. Nicholson had been separated from Edie for some years, but they remained on good terms; although she promised to give him a divorce, she never did so.
In later life, Nicholson lived at Blewbury in Berkshire (now Oxfordshire) where he died on 16 May 1949.

## Work
### Graphic work

From 1893 to 1898, Nicholson collaborated with his brother-in-law James Pryde on poster design and other graphic work including signboard painting and book illustration. They called themselves the Beggarstaffs, or J. & W. Beggarstaff; in recent times they have been referred to as the Beggarstaff Brothers, although they did not use this name.

### Book design and illustration

Nicholson provided illustrations and a cover design for An Alphabet by William Nicholson, An Almanac of Twelve Sports by William Nicholson with words by Rudyard Kipling, and London Types, all three published by William Heinemann in 1898. Two years later came The Square book of Animals by Sir William Nicholson with Rhymes by Arthur Waugh (W. Heinemann, 1900). He also illustrated several of the early books of his son-in-law Robert Graves and The Velveteen Rabbit, a book for children by Margery Williams (1922), and a new edition by Heinemann of John Gay’s Polly (1923). He also wrote and illustrated two books of his own for children, Clever Bill (1926) and The Pirate Twins (1929), both published by Faber & Faber. In 1929 he provided illustrations for a new edition of Siegfried Sassoon’s Memoirs of a Fox-Hunting Man.

### Paintings

From about 1900, Nicholson concentrated on painting, encouraged by Whistler. He first exhibited as a painter at the International Society, of which Whistler was President.

### Work in other fields

In 1904, he designed the original settings for Peter Pan, and went on to design other plays and to illustrate several books. He also designed stained glass, notably a memorial window at St Andrew's Church, Mells.

### Teaching

Nicholson had a number of pupils, including, in the 1930s, Winston Churchill. Churchill wrote that "I think the person who taught me most about painting was William Nicholson".

## Reception

Nicholson was awarded a gold medal in the graphic works section of the Art competitions at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam for his Almanach de douze sports 1898, the French edition of the Almanac of Twelve Sports, published 30 years earlier. He was knighted in 1936.

## Published works
### As author and illustrator

* An Alphabet. London: William Heinemann, 1898.
* Twelve Portraits. London: William Heinemann; [New York]: R.H. R[ussell], 1899.
   * Douze portraits Paris: H. Floury, [1899].
* Characters of Romance. London: William Heinemann, New York: R.H. Russell, 1900.
* Twelve Portraits – Second Series. London: William Heinemann; New York: R.H. Russell, 1902.
* Clever Bill. [London]: William Heinemann, [1926].
* The Pirate Twins. [London]: Faber & Faber, [1929].
* The Book of Blokes. [London]: Faber & Faber, [1929].

### As illustrator

* An Almanac of Twelve Sports. Verses by Rudyard Kipling, illustrations by William Nicholson. London: William Heinemann, 1897.
   * Almanach de douze sports 1898. Illustrations by William Nicholson, text by Octave Uzanne (Kipling's verses were not used in the French edition). Paris: Société française d'éditions d'art, [1898].
* London Types. Quatorzains by William Ernest Henley, illustrations by William Nicholson. London: William Heinemann; New York: R.H. Russell, 1898.
* Tony Drum: a Cockney Boy. Edwin Pugh, ten coloured plates from designs by the Beggarstaff Brothers (five by Nicholson, five by James Pryde). London: William Heinemann; New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1898.
* The Square Book of Animals. Rhymes by Arthur Waugh, illustrations by William Nicholson. London: William Heinemann, 1900 (designed 1896, copyright 1899).
* Oxford, Parts I and II, each containing lithographs by William Nicholson, descriptive notes by Arthur Waugh. London: Stafford Gallery, 1905.
* The Velveteen Rabbit, or, How Toys Became Real. Margery Williams, illustrations by William Nicholson. London: William Heinemann, 1922.

## Exhibitions

The principal exhibitions of William Nicholson include:
| Date | Gallery | Catalogue | Notes |
| 1903 | Stafford Gallery, London | The Works of William Nicholson | first one-man show |
| April 1905 | Galeries Barbazanges, Paris | Exposition des oeuvres de William Nicholson | |
| 1906 | W. B. Paterson Gallery, London | | |
| June–July 1910 | Chenil Gallery, London | Exhibition of Paintings by William Nicholson: Rottingdean Landscapes and Other Subjects | |
| April–May 1911 | Goupil Galleries, London | Oil Paintings by William Nicholson | |
| June–July 1918 | Goupil Galleries, London | Still-life etc. by William Nicholson | |
| June–July 1927 | Beaux Arts Gallery, London | Pictures and Drawings by William Nicholson | |
| 1930 | Beaux Arts Gallery, London | | |
| 1933 | Castle Museum and Art Gallery, Nottingham | | first retrospective |
| May–June 1933 | Beaux Arts Gallery, London | Retrospective Exhibition of Paintings by William Nicholson | retrospective |
| 1934 | City Museum and Art Gallery, Belfast | Loan Exhibition of Paintings and Prints by William Nicholson | retrospective |
| 1934 | Leicester Galleries, London | Recent Paintings by William Nicholson | |
| 1936 | Leicester Galleries, London | An Exhibition of Paintings by William Nicholson | |
| 1938 | Leicester Galleries, London | An Exhibition of Paintings by Sir William Nicholson | |
| 1942 | National Gallery, London | Exhibition of Paintings by Sir William Nicholson and Jack B. Yeats | retrospective, with Jack Yeats retrospective |
| 1943 | Leicester Galleries, London | | |
| 1945 | Roland, Browse and Delbanco, London | Paintings by Sir William Nicholson | |
| 1947 | Arts Council, London | Sir William Nicholson: Paintings, Woodcuts and Lithographs | |
| 1951 | Leger Gallery, London | | |
| 1951 | Roland, Browse and Delbanco, London | | |
| 1954 | Roland, Browse and Delbanco, London | | |
| 1967 | Marlborough Fine Art, London | William Nicholson | |
| 1967 | Folio Society, London | Sir William Nicholson: Prints and Drawings | |
| 1972 | Roland, Browse and Delbanco, London;Aldeburgh Festival | William Nicholson Centenary Exhibition | |
| 1980–81 | Arts Council of Great Britain:Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge;City Museum and Art Gallery, Stoke-on-Trent;City Art Gallery, Bristol;Cartwright Hall, Bradford | William Nicholson: Paintings, Drawings and Prints | |
| April–May 1981 | Maclean Gallery | William Nicholson: Woodcuts and Lithographs | |
| 1982–83 | Galleria d'Arte Moderna, MilanPalazzo Venezia, Rome | William Nicholson: segno e immagine in un'ottica vittoriana | |
| 1990 | Browse & Darby | William Nicholson, 1872–1949 | |
| 1995–96 | Towner Art Gallery, Eastbourne;Kettle's Yard, Cambridge;Castle Museum and Art Gallery, Nottingham;Browse & Darby, London | William Nicholson: Landscape and Still-life | |
| May–July 1998 | Kunsthalle Darmstadt, Darmstadt | William Nicholson, das graphische Werk: 1895–1905 | |
| October 2004 – January 2005 | Royal Academy of Arts, London | William Nicholson (1872–1949): British Painter and Printmaker | |