# Oujda

Oujda (Arabic: وجدة, romanized: wajda, pronounced) is a major city in northeast Morocco near the border with Algeria. Oujda is the capital city of the Oriental region of northeastern Morocco and has a population of 720,618 people (2022 census). It is located about 15 kilometres (9 miles) west of the Moroccan-Algerian border in the south of the Beni Znassen Mountains and about 55 km (34 miles) south of the Mediterranean Sea coast.

## History
### Origins

There is some evidence of a settlement during the Roman occupation, which seems to have been under the control of Berbers rather than Romans.
The city was founded in 994 by Ziri ibn Atiyya, Berber chief of the Zenata Maghrawa tribe. Ziri was, with his tribe, authorized to occupy the region of Fas, but feeling insecure in that region and that town, and wishing to be nearer to the central Maghrib homeland of his tribe, he moved to Ouajda, installed there a garrison and his possessions, appointing one of his relatives as governor.

### 11th to 19th centuries

In the mid-11th century, a new quarter with a wall was allegedly added to the primitive core. Yusuf ibn Tashfin occupied the city in 1079, and in the next century, it came under Almohad control, with its fortifications repaired and strengthened under the Almohad caliph Muhammad al-Nasir.
Oujda played an important strategic role between the Marinids, based in Fes, and the Abdalwadids of the Kingdom of Tlemcen. The Marinid sultan Abu Yusuf Yaqub destroyed the city when he defeated Sultan Yaghmorasan in 1271. When his successor Abu Yaqub Yusuf conquered the city again in 1296, he destroyed the remaining fortifications but then rebuilt the town with the new walls, a palace, and a Great Mosque (the current one). The town continued to change hands, however. Around 1325, Sultan Abu al-Hasan took the city again during a series of campaigns which extended Marinid control into the central Maghreb for a brief period.
Because of its frontier position, the city was frequently contested between the Sharifian dynasties of Morocco – the Saadis, followed by the Alaouites – to the west and the Ottoman Empire to the east, from the 16th century onward. It was often attached to the province or region of Tlemcen, which itself also changed hands several times in this period. During the long reign of Moulay Isma'il (1672–1727), Oujda was firmly under Alaouite control and defended by new fortifications and garrisons built by the sultan. After Isma'il's death, however, political instability returned. It was only in 1795 that the city was retaken by the Alaouite empire and permanently incorporated into Morocco.
The French occupied it in 1844 and again in 1859. To the west of the city is the site of the Battle of Isly which occurred in 1844. In 1907-1908, Oujda was reconquered by General Bugeaud and Marshal Lyautey and used as a French military base to control eastern Morocco. The modern city owes much of its present form to the French, who developed along the roads built at that time.

### 20th century and present day

Anti-Jewish riots occurred in Oujda June 1948, during the 1948 Palestine war in the aftermath of the establishment of the State of Israel.$^{:151}$ Oujda, located near the border, was a departure point for Moroccan Jews seeking to reach Israel by crossing into French Algeria; at the time they were not permitted to do so from within Morocco.$^{:151}$ In the events, 47 Jews and a French person were killed, many were injured, and property was damaged.$^{:151}$
The 1953 Oujda revolt took place during Thami El Glaoui's attempted coup against Sultan Muhammad V.
In 1954, from the beginning of the Algerian Independence War, Morocco allowed Oujda to become the logistic center of the Oujda Group.
The Moroccan border with Algeria is just east of Oujda; on the other side of the border is the Algerian town of Maghnia. The border has been closed since 1994.
In 2010, Rod Solaimani chronicled his trip to Oujda for MTV.

## Geography

The city is located 60 km (37 mi) south of the Mediterranean sea and 15 km (9 mi) west of Algeria, with an estimated altitude of 450 metres (1,476 feet).
5 km (3 mi) south from city centre, is Jbel Hamra, a typical Mediterranean forest and into the east of this forest is Sidi Maafa park.
Oujda is located in the south of Beni Znassen mountains.

### Climate

The city has a cold semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSk). Rainfall is between 300 mm (11.8 in) and 500 mm (19.7 in) per year. It rarely snows in winter; last snowfall was on 5 February 2012. Weather in Oujda is cool but still tepid and wet in winter, hot and dry in summer.
Climate data for Oujda (Oujda Airport) 1991–2020, extremes 1910–present :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 27.9 (82.2) | 33.1 (91.6) | 35.4 (95.7) | 39.5 (103.1) | 41.6 (106.9) | 44.0 (111.2) | 47.3 (117.1) | 46.7 (116.1) | 42.8 (109.0) | 39.4 (102.9) | 32.6 (90.7) | 31.0 (87.8) | 47.3 (117.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 16.6 (61.9) | 17.5 (63.5) | 20.1 (68.2) | 22.4 (72.3) | 26.1 (79.0) | 30.5 (86.9) | 34.5 (94.1) | 34.8 (94.6) | 30.2 (86.4) | 26.3 (79.3) | 20.5 (68.9) | 17.5 (63.5) | 24.8 (76.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 10.4 (50.7) | 11.3 (52.3) | 13.5 (56.3) | 15.6 (60.1) | 19.0 (66.2) | 23.0 (73.4) | 26.6 (79.9) | 27.1 (80.8) | 23.2 (73.8) | 19.6 (67.3) | 14.5 (58.1) | 11.6 (52.9) | 17.9 (64.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 4.3 (39.7) | 5.0 (41.0) | 6.9 (44.4) | 8.7 (47.7) | 11.7 (53.1) | 15.4 (59.7) | 18.7 (65.7) | 19.4 (66.9) | 16.3 (61.3) | 12.9 (55.2) | 8.6 (47.5) | 5.7 (42.3) | 11.1 (52.0) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −7.1 (19.2) | −4.0 (24.8) | −5.0 (23.0) | −2.4 (27.7) | 0.0 (32.0) | 4.0 (39.2) | 6.0 (42.8) | 7.0 (44.6) | 5.0 (41.0) | 0.0 (32.0) | −0.4 (31.3) | −6.0 (21.2) | −7.1 (19.2) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 31.5 (1.24) | 29.9 (1.18) | 34.3 (1.35) | 32.7 (1.29) | 24.3 (0.96) | 5.2 (0.20) | 1.5 (0.06) | 6.4 (0.25) | 18.0 (0.71) | 27.6 (1.09) | 34.0 (1.34) | 25.4 (1.00) | 270.8 (10.66) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 4.8 | 4.3 | 4.5 | 4.7 | 3.2 | 1.0 | 0.4 | 1.2 | 2.4 | 3.8 | 4.6 | 4.3 | 39.2 |
| Average relative humidity (%) (at 6:00 am) | 83 | 82 | 84 | 87 | 86 | 83 | 76 | 77 | 81 | 85 | 82 | 83 | 82 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 197.5 | 189.9 | 229.0 | 249.5 | 284.6 | 312.4 | 333.3 | 314.1 | 255.0 | 227.6 | 193.6 | 188.1 | 2,974.6 |
| Source 1: NOAA (sun 1981–2010) ||||||||||||||
| Source 2: Deutscher Wetterdienst (humidity, 1947–1976), Meteo Climat (record highs and lows) ||||||||||||||

## Architecture

The main characteristic of the city is having the old city in the centre. The old city maintains traditional features of the Moroccan architecture with its narrow, winding alleys which lead to the houses and markets such as the jewelry market and the leather market. The Grand Mosque of Oujda is one of its historically most important mosques.
Bled el Gaada is a Roman era ruins just outside of Ouijda. The ruins consist of a Roman fort measuring 175 by 210 metres (574 by 689 ft).

## Music

Gharnati refers to a variety of Andalusi music, named after the city of Granada. Its traditional center in North Africa is Tlemcen in western Algeria, but in the 20th century it also spread to Morocco, with Oujda being one of its main Moroccan centers. Each year, the city hosts an International Festival of Gharnati Music.
Reggada Music is a major traditional music movement. Its a Moroccan Amazigh ancient musical genre and traditional war dance from the Beni Znassen/Aït Iznasen tribes of north-east Morocco (Provinces of Oujda, Berkane and Taourirt), more precisely coming from the village called Ain-Reggada. This dance used to celebrate and emulate victory of a battle. This music has now become part of the global music sphere.

## Subdivisions

The province is divided administratively into the following:
| Name | Geographic code | Type | Households | Population (2004) | Foreign population | Moroccan population |
| Bni Drar | 411.01.11. | Municipality | 1648 | 8919 | 57 | 8862 |
| Naïma | 411.01.19. | Municipality | 218 | 1151 | 0 | 1151 |
| Oujda | 411.01.23. | Municipality | 82128 | 400738 | 2700 | 398038 |
| Ahl Angad | 411.07.01. | Rural commune | 2897 | 16494 | 113 | 16381 |
| Ain Sfa | 411.07.03. | Rural commune | 837 | 5082 | 5 | 5077 |
| Bni Khaled | 411.07.05. | Rural commune | 1231 | 7104 | 30 | 7074 |
| Bsara | 411.07.07. | Rural commune | 317 | 1922 | 1 | 1921 |
| Isly | 411.07.09. | Rural commune | 4262 | 23896 | 24 | 23872 |
| Mestferki | 411.07.11. | Rural commune | 797 | 4832 | 0 | 4832 |
| Sidi Boulenouar | 411.07.17. | Rural commune | 516 | 3526 | 0 | 3526 |
| Sidi Moussa Lemhaya | 411.07.19. | Rural commune | 563 | 3436 | 0 | 3436 |

## Transport

Tourists aiming at Saïdia, bordering the Mediterranean, transit to Oujda's airport. The city is served by Angads Airport, which has connecting international flights to Lisbon, Brussels, Madrid, Marseille or Paris for example, as well as domestic flights to Casablanca.
The city is the endpoint of the main railroad from Casablanca via Fes and Taourirt before the border with Algeria. There are several day and night trains to and from the city, linking it to the western part of the country.
The Oriental Desert Express was originally built in the 1920s and 1930s as part of the Mediterranean–Niger Railway. One of its cars, the historical "prince's wagon" passenger car runs now twice annually. Outside camera shots of the Oriental Desert Express were featured in the 2015 James Bond film Spectre.

## Economy

Oujda has a strategic importance because of its location on the border. There are many economic and natural resources, however, the city struggles historically with an unemployment rate higher than the national average, standing on average at 20% compared to the 10.3% national average.
Oujda relies heavily on trading given its location near the borders of Algeria. The economy of the city is directly related to the border's condition as it represents a passage for businesses directed towards Fes in the west, Talmasan in the east, Figuig in the south and Melilla in the north.
On 18 March 2003, King Mohammed VI indicated the importance of reviving the economy of the Eastern regions of Morocco. As a result of this effort, Technopole Oujda was established and the region witnessed road improvement, airport expansion and other projects.

## Sport

The sports infrastructure in Oujda is composed of a municipal stadium, an Olympic venue, the Honneur Stadium of Oujda, built in 1976, the sports complex 'Rock' including a rugby stadium, a complex tennis in the park Lala Aicha, a golf course and two sports halls.

### Football

In 1957, MC Oujda (MCO) became the first football club to win the Throne Cup of Morocco, defeating the Wydad of Casablanca, a feat the club repeated the following year. In 1959, in its third successive appearance in the final, the club lost against FAR of Rabat. However, in MC Oujda's fourth successive final, the club defeated FUS Rabat. In 1962 MCO won its last Throne cup against the Kawkab Athletic Club of Marrakech.
After ten years, MC Oujda came back to win in 1972 the Maghreb Cup, three years after it won The Botola Pro of Morocco.
US Musulmane d'Oujda, is another football club in Oujda.

## Notable people
### Arts and cinema

* Hafid Bouazza – Writer
* Hamid Bouchnak – Moroccan raï singer and songwriter
* Nathalie Delon – Actress and director
* Douzi – Singer and songwriter
* Les Freres Megri – Rock band very popular in the Arab world, composers and producers.
* Philippe Faucon – Filmmaker
* Fouad Laroui – Writer and economist
* Michel Qissi – Actor
* Mimoun El Oujdi – Raï singer
* Younes Megri – Actor, singer author of 'Leli Touil' sung by Maria de Rossi & Boney M.
* Abdelkrim Derkaoui – Cinematographer, film director and screenwriter
* Bassouar Al Maghnaoui – Singer
* Simon Basinger – Musicologist, essayist, producer and author.
* Charlotte Slovack – Filmmaker
* Serge Guirao – Singer

### Sports

* Adil Belgaid – Olympic judo fighter (3 times World Champion, 6 times African Champion, 3 times Arab Champion, 3 times Olympian)
* Abdelatif Benazzi – Rugby player
* Philippe Casado – Cyclist
* Abdelkarim Kissi – Footballer
* Soufiane Kourdou – Professional basketball player
* Moha Rharsalla – Footballer
* Mohammed Qissi – Actor (Kickboxer, Bloodsport with Jean Claude Vandamme)
* Mohcin Cheaouri – Track and Field athlete, 2 times African champion
* Yahya Berrabah – Olympic athlete, African champion in long jump
* Daniel Sanchez – Footballer
* Gilles Simon – Formula 1
* Ahmed Belkedroussi – Football manager
* Khadfi Rharsallah – Footballer
* Marianne Agulhon – Slalom canoeist
* Mohammed Berrabeh – International footballer
* Hassan Alla – Footballer
* Mohammed Ben Brahim – Footballer
* Khalid Chalqi – Footballer
* Gerard Soler – Football midfielder
* Khalid Lebji – Football midfielder
* Abou El Kacem Hadji – Footballer
* Ryad El Alami – Footballer
* Abdelah Kafifi – Footballer
* Mohamed Atmani – Boxer (Summer Olympics)
* Soufiane Kourdou – Basketball player
* Houssam Amaanan – Footballer
* Habib Allah Dahmani – Footballer

### Politicians

* Ahmed Osman – Former Prime Minister, married King Hassan II's sister, Lalla Nuzha of Morocco
* Zoulikha Nasri – Advisor to King Mohammed IV, MD of foundation 'Mohammed V for Solidarity'
* Muhammad Ben Abdessalam Al Muqri – Late 19th senior official, advisor and grand vizier to several sultans.
* Abdelkader Lecheheb – Football player and Ambassador to Russia
* Mohamed Allal Sinaceur – Former Minister of Cultural Affairs
* Mohamed Habib Sinaceur – Politician
* Ahmed Toufiq Hejira – Former Minister of Housing and Urbanism
* Kaddour El Ouartassi – Historian
* Najima Rhozali – Politician, professor
* Yvette Katan Bensamoun – Historian
* Omar Benjelloun – Journalist
* Abdelaziz Bouteflika – (1937–2021), 5th President of Algeria
* Abdelnour Abbrous – Politician
* Chakib Khelil – Politician
* Hassnae Bouazza – Journalist, writer, columnist
* Louisette Ighilariz – Politician

### Business

* Maurice Levy – French businessman, Chairman of Publicis Group.

## Town twinning

* Trowbridge, UK, (2009) Trowbridge has the largest Moroccan community in the UK outside London, and is the first UK town to be twinned with a place from a Muslim country. At the time, Trowbridge had approximately 80 resident families who had roots in Oujda.
* Lille, France
* Sevran, France
* Jouy-le-Moutier, France
* Aix-en-Provence, France (2007)
* Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
* Sirte, Libya
* Oran, Algeria
* Molenbeek-Saint-Jean, Belgium