# List of first African-American U.S. state legislators

African Americans have served in state legislatures, with several interruptions, since Alexander Twilight was elected to the Vermont lower house in 1836. Representation increased during the Reconstruction era, plummeted during the ensuing decades, and rose again during the 1950s and 1960s with the civil rights movement. The last state to elect its first African-American state legislator was North Dakota in 2022.

## Nationwide

| Legislator | Legislative achievement | Seat held | Took office | Left office | Party |
| Mathias de Sousa | 1st African-American man elected to any state legislature | General Assembly Upper House | 1641 | ? | N/A |
| John R. Lynch | 1st African-American man to serve as speaker of any state lower house | Mississippi's 6th District (Created by State Legislature) | 1873 | 1883 | Republican |
| Minnie Buckingham Harper | 1st African-American woman to serve in any state legislature | Rep. from Keystone, West Virginia | 1928 | 1930 | |
| Crystal Bird Fauset | 1st African-American woman elected to any state legislature | 18th District of Pennsylvania | 1938 | 1940 | Democratic |
| Cora Brown | 1st African-American woman elected (rather than appointed to a state senate | Michigan State Senate from 2nd & 3rd Distrist | 1953 | 1956 | Democratic |
| William Owen Bush | 1st African-American man elected to any state Legislature on the West Coast | First sitting of the Washington House of Representatives | 1889 | 1895 | Republican |
| Karen Bass | 1st African-American woman to serve as speaker of any state lower house | California State Assembly from the 47th District | 2004 | 2010 | Democratic |
| Andrea Stewart-Cousins | 1st African-American woman to serve as speaker of any state upper house | New York Senate from the 35th District | 2007 | 2019–Present | |
| Peter Groff | 1st bicameral state legislature to have both chambers headed simultaneously by African Americans | Colorado Senate from the 33rd District | 2003 | 2009 | Democratic |
| Terrance Carroll | 1st bicameral state legislature to have both chambers headed simultaneously by African Americans | Colorado Speaker of the House, 7th District | 2009/2003 | 2011 | |

## Alabama

| Legislator | Legislative Achievement | Took Office |
| Benjamin F. Royal | 1st African-American man elected to the Alabama Senate | 1868 |
| Sundra Escott-Russell | 1st African-American woman elected to the Alabama Senate | 1990 |
| Jeremiah Haralson | 1st African-American man elected to the Alabama House of Representatives | 1870 |
| Yvonne Kennedy | 1st African-American woman elected to the Alabama House of Representatives | 1979 |

## Alaska

| Legislator | Legislative Achievement | Took Office |
| Blanche McSmith | 1st African-American woman elected to the Alaska House of Representatives | 1959 |
| Bettye Davis | 1st African-American woman elected to the Alaska Senate | 2000 |
| Willard L. Bowman | 1st African-American man elected to the Alaska House of Representatives | 1972 |
| David S. Wilson | 1st African-American man elected to the Alaska Senate | 2017 |

## Arkansas

| Legislator | Legislative Achievement | Took Office |
| William Henry Grey, James T. White, Anderson Louis Rush, Richard R. Samuels, James W. Mason, and Monroe E. Hawkins | 1st African-American men to serve in the Arkansas House of Representatives | 1868 |
| James W. Mason | 1st African-American man elected to the Arkansas Senate | 1869 |
| Jerry Jewell | 1st African-American man elected to the Arkansas Senate since Reconstruction | 1972 |
| Richard Mays, William Townsend, Henry Wilkins III | 1st African-American men elected to the Arkansas House of Representatives since Reconstruction | 1972 |
| Irma Hunter Brown | 1st African-American woman elected to the Arkansas House of Representatives | 1981 |
| Irma Hunter Brown | 1st African-American woman elected to the Arkansas Senate | 2002 |

## Arizona

| Legislator | Legislative Achievement | Took Office |
| Hayzel Burton Daniels and Carl Sims | 1st African-American men elected to the Arizona House of Representatives | 1951 |
| Ethel Maynard | 1st African-American woman elected to the Arizona House of Representatives | 1966 |
| Cloves Campbell Sr. | 1st African-American man elected to the Arizona State Senate | 1966 |
| Carolyn Walker | 1st African-American woman elected to the Arizona State Senate | 1987 |

## California

| Legislator | Legislative Achievement | Took Office |
| Frederick Madison Roberts | 1st African-American man elected to the California State Assembly | 1918 |
| Yvonne Brathwaite Burke | 1st African-American woman in the California State Assembly | 1966 |
| Mervyn Dymally | 1st African-American man elected to the California Senate | 1967 |
| Diane E. Watson | 1st African-American woman elected to the California Senate | 1978 |
| Willie Lewis Brown, Jr. | 1st African-American man elected speaker of the California State Assembly | 1980 |
| Karen Bass | 1st African-American woman elected Speaker of the California State Assembly | 2008 |

## Colorado

| Legislator | Legislative Achievement | Took Office |
| John T. Gunnell | 1st African-American man elected to the Colorado House of Representatives | 1881 |
| Gloria Tanner | 1st African-American woman elected to the Colorado Senate | 1994 |
| George L. Brown | 1st African-American man elected to the Colorado Senate | 1957 |
| Terrance Carroll | 1st African-American Speaker of the House | 2009 |
| Peter Groff | 1st African-American President of the Senate | 2008 |
| Jamie Jackson | 1st African-American woman appointed to the Colorado House of Representatives | 2025 |

## Connecticut

| Legislator | Legislative Achievement | Took Office |
| Wilfred X. Johnson | 1st African-American man elected to the Connecticut House of Representatives | 1958 |
| Margaret E. Morton | 1st African-American woman elected to the Connecticut House of Representatives | 1973 |
| Boce W. Barlow Jr. | 1st African-American man elected to the Connecticut State Senate | 1966 |
| Margaret E. Morton | 1st African-American woman elected to the Connecticut State Senate | 1981 |

## Delaware

| Legislator | Legislative Achievement | Took Office |
| William J. Winchester | 1st African-American man elected to the Delaware House of Representatives | 1948 |
| Herman Holloway | 1st African-American man elected to the Delaware Senate | 1963 |
| Henrietta R. Johnson | 1st African-American woman elected to the Delaware House of Representatives | 1970 |
| Margaret Rose Henry | 1st African-American woman elected to the Delaware Senate | 1994 |

## Florida

       first African-American man elected to the Florida House of Representatives since Reconstruction: Joe Lang Kershaw (1968)
       first African-American woman elected to the Florida House of Representatives: Gwen Cherry (1970)
       first African-American woman elected to the Florida Senate: Carrie Meek (1980)
       first African-American man elected to the Florida Senate: Arnett E. Girardeau (1982)

## Georgia

       first 33 African-American legislators in Georgia: see Original 33 (1868)
       first African-American woman elected to the Georgia House of Representatives: Grace Towns Hamilton (1966)
       first African-American woman elected to the Georgia State Senate: Nadine Thomas (1992)
       first African-American man elected to the Georgia State Senate since Reconstruction: Leroy Johnson (1963)
       first African-American man to serve as Majority Leader of the Georgia State Senate: Charles Walker (1996)

## Hawaii

       first African-American man elected to the Hawaii House of Representatives and Hawaii Senate: Charles Campbell (1976; 1978)
       first African-American woman elected to the Hawaii House of Representatives: Helene Hale (2000)

## Idaho

       first African-American woman elected to the Idaho House of Representatives: Cherie Buckner-Webb (2010)
       first African-American woman elected to the Idaho Senate: Cherie Buckner-Webb (2012)
       first African-American man elected to the Idaho House of Representatives: Chris Mathias (2020)

## Illinois

       first African-American man elected to the Illinois General Assembly: John W. E. Thomas (1876)
       first African-American man elected to the Illinois Senate: Adelbert H. Roberts (1924)
       first African-American woman elected to the Illinois General Assembly: Floy Clements (1958)
       first African-American woman elected to the Illinois Senate: Earlean Collins (1977)

## Indiana

       first African-American man elected to the Indiana House of Representatives: James Sidney Hinton (1880)
       first African-American man elected to the Indiana Senate: Robert Brokenburr (1940)
       first African-American woman elected to the Indiana House of Representatives: Daisy Riley Lloyd (1964)
       first African-American woman elected to the Indiana Senate: Julia Carson (1977)

## Iowa

       first African-American woman elected to the Iowa House of Representatives: Willie Stevenson Glanton (1964)
       first African-American man elected to the Iowa House of Representatives: James H. Jackson (1964)
       first African American elected to the Iowa Senate: Thomas Mann (1983)

## Kansas

       first African-American man elected to the Kansas House of Representatives: Alfred Fairfax (1888)
       first African-American woman elected to the Kansas House of Representatives: Barbara Ballard (1993)
       first African-American men elected to the Kansas Senate: Curtis McClinton Sr. and George Haley (1960)
       first African-American woman elected to the Kansas Senate: Oletha Faust-Goudeau (2008)

## Kentucky

       first African-American man elected to the Kentucky House of Representatives: Charles W. Anderson (1936)
       first African-American woman elected to the Kentucky House of Representatives: Amelia Tucker (1961)
       first African-American (and first woman) elected to the Kentucky Senate: Georgia Davis Powers (1968)
       first African-American man elected to the Kentucky Senate: Gerald Neal (1988)

## Louisiana

       first African-American man elected to the Louisiana House of Representatives since Reconstruction: Ernest Nathan Morial (1969)
       first African-American woman elected to the Louisiana House of Representatives: Dorothy Mae Taylor (1971)
       first African-American man elected to the Louisiana Senate since Reconstruction: Sidney Barthelemy (1976)
       first African-American woman elected to the Louisiana Senate: Diana Bajoie (1991)

## Maine

       first African-American man elected to the Maine House of Representatives: Gerald Talbot (1972)
       first African-American man elected to the Maine Senate: John Jenkins (1996)
       first African-American woman elected to the Maine House of Representatives: Rachel Talbot Ross (2016)
       first African-American woman elected to the Maine Senate: Jill Duson (2022)

## Maryland

       first African-American man elected to the Maryland Assembly: Mathias de Sousa (1641)
       first African-American man elected to the Maryland Senate: Harry A. Cole (1954)
       first African-American woman elected to the Maryland House of Delegates: Irma George Dixon (1958)
       first African-American woman elected to the Maryland Senate: Verda F. Welcome (1958)

## Massachusetts

       first African-American men elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives: Edward G. Walker and Charles Lewis Mitchell (1866)
       first African-American woman elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives: Doris Bunte (1973)
       first African-American man elected to the Massachusetts Senate: Bill Owens (1975)
       first African-American woman elected to the Massachusetts Senate: Dianne Wilkerson (1993)

## Michigan

       first African-American man elected to Michigan House of Representatives: William Webb Ferguson (1893)
       first African-American man elected to Michigan Senate: Charles A. Roxborough (1930)
       first African-American woman elected to the Michigan House of Representatives: Charline White (1950)
       first African-American woman elected to Michigan Senate: Cora Brown (1952)

## Minnesota

       first African-American man elected to the Minnesota House of Representatives: John Francis Wheaton (1898)
       first African-American man elected to the Minnesota Senate: B. Robert Lewis (1972)
       first African-American woman elected to the Minnesota House of Representatives: Neva Walker (2001)
       first African-American women elected to the Minnesota Senate: Erin Maye Quade, Zaynab Mohamed, and Clare Oumou Verbeten (2022)

## Mississippi

       first African-American man elected to the Mississippi House of Representatives: John R. Lynch (1869)
       first African-American Speaker of the Mississippi House of Representatives: John R. Lynch (1873)
       first African-American man elected to the Mississippi House of Representatives since Reconstruction: Robert G. Clark Jr. (1967)
       first African-American man elected to the Mississippi State Senate since Reconstruction: Arthur Tate (1979)
       first African-American woman elected to the Mississippi House of Representatives: Alyce Clarke (1985)
       first African-American woman elected to the Mississippi State Senate: Alice Harden (1988)

## Missouri

       first African-American man elected to the Missouri House of Representatives: Walthall M. Moore (1921)
       first African-American woman elected to the Missouri House of Representatives: DeVerne Lee Calloway (1962)
       first African-American man elected to the Missouri Senate: Theodore McNeal (1960)
       first African-American woman elected to the Missouri Senate: Gwen B. Giles (1977)

## Montana

       first African-American woman elected to the Montana Legislature: Geraldine W. Travis (1974)

## Nebraska

       first African-American man elected to the former Nebraska House of Representatives: Matthew Ricketts (1893)
       first African-American man elected to the unicameral Nebraska Legislature: John Adams Jr. (1937)
       first African-American woman appointed to the Nebraska Legislature: JoAnn Maxey (1977)
       first African-American women elected to the Nebraska Legislature: Tanya Cook and Brenda Council (2009)

## Nevada

       first African-American man elected to the Nevada Assembly: Woodrow Wilson (1966)
       first African-American man elected to the Nevada Senate: Joe Neal (1972)
       first African-American woman elected to the Nevada Senate: Bernice Mathews (1994)
       first African-American woman elected to the Nevada Assembly: Dina Neal (2011)

## New Hampshire

       first African American elected to the New Hampshire House of Representatives: Henry B. Richardson (1974)
       first African American elected to the New Hampshire Senate: Melanie Levesque (2018)

## New Jersey

       first African-American man elected to the New Jersey General Assembly: Walter G. Alexander I (1920)
       first African-American woman elected to the New Jersey General Assembly: Madaline A. Williams (1957)
       first African-American man elected to the New Jersey Senate: Hutchins F. Inge (1965)
       first African-American woman elected to the New Jersey Senate: Wynona Lipman (1971)
       first African-American man to serve as Speaker of the General Assembly: Walter G. Alexander I (1921)
       first African-American man elected as Speaker of the General Assembly: S. Howard Woodson (1974)

## New Mexico

       first African-American man elected to the New Mexico House of Representatives: Lenton Malry (1969)
       first African-American woman elected to the New Mexico House of Representatives: Sheryl Williams Stapleton (1995)
       first African-American man elected to the New Mexico Senate: Harold Pope Jr. (2020)

## New York

       first African-American man elected to the New York State Assembly: Edward A. Johnson (1917)
       first African-American man elected to the New York State Senate: Julius A. Archibald (1953)
       first African-American woman elected to the New York State Assembly: Bessie A. Buchanan (1955)
       first African-American woman elected to the New York State Senate: Constance Baker Motley (1964)
       first African-American man elected Speaker of the New York State Assembly: Carl Heastie (2015)

## North Carolina

       first African-American men elected to the North Carolina Senate: John R. Bryant (1870)
       first African-American man elected to the North Carolina House of Representatives: Hanson T. Hughes (1876)
       first African-American woman to serve in the North Carolina House of Representatives: Annie Brown Kennedy (appointed, 1979; elected, 1982)
       first African-American woman to serve in the North Carolina Senate: Jeanne Hopkins Lucas (1993, appointed and re-elected)

## North Dakota

       first African-American woman elected to the North Dakota House of Representatives: Hamida Dakane (2022)

## Ohio

       first African-American man elected to the Ohio House of Representatives: George Washington Williams (1880)
       first African-American man elected to the Ohio Senate: John Patterson Green (1892)
       first African-American woman elected to the Ohio House of Representatives: Helen Rankin (1978)
       first African-American woman elected to the Ohio Senate: Rhine McLin (1994)

## Oklahoma

       first African-American man elected to the Oklahoma House of Representatives: A. C. Hamlin (1908)
       first African-American man elected to the Oklahoma Senate: E. Melvin Porter (1965)
       first African-American woman elected to the Oklahoma House of Representatives: Hannah Atkins (1968)
       first African-American woman elected to the Oklahoma Senate: Maxine Horner (1987)
       first African-American Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives: T. W. Shannon (2013)

## Oregon

       first African-American man elected to the Oregon House of Representatives: William McCoy (1972)
       first African-American man appointed to the Oregon Senate: William McCoy (circa 1975, appointed and re-elected)
       first African-American woman elected to the Oregon House of Representatives: Margaret Carter (1985)
       first African-American woman elected to the Oregon Senate: Avel Gordly (1996)

## Pennsylvania

       first African-American man elected to the Pennsylvania House of Representatives: Harry W. Bass (1911)
       first African-American woman elected to the Pennsylvania House of Representatives: Crystal Bird Fauset (1938)
       first African-American man elected to the Pennsylvania State Senate: Herbert Arlene (1967)
       first African-American woman elected to the Pennsylvania State Senate: Roxanne Jones (1985)
       first African-American speaker of the Pennsylvania House: K. Leroy Irvis (1977)
       first African-American woman speaker of the Pennsylvania House: Joanna McClinton (2023)

## Rhode Island

       first African American elected to the Rhode Island House of Representatives: Mahlon Van Horne (1885)
       first African-American man elected to the Rhode Island Senate: Charles D. Walton (1983)
       first African-American woman elected to the Rhode Island House of Representatives: Maria Lopes (1989)

## South Carolina

       first African-American men elected to the South Carolina House of Representatives since Reconstruction: Herbert Fielding, James Felder, and I. S. Levy Johnson (1970)
       first African-American woman elected to the South Carolina House of Representatives: Juanita Goggins (1975)
       first African-American man elected to the South Carolina Senate since Reconstruction: Isaiah DeQuincey Newman (1983)
       first African-American woman elected to the South Carolina Senate: Maggie Wallace Glover (1992)

## South Dakota

       first African-American man elected to the South Dakota House of Representatives: Tony Randolph (2018)

## Tennessee

       first African-American man elected to the Tennessee House of Representatives: Sampson W. Keeble (1873)
       first African-American man elected to the Tennessee House of Representatives since Reconstruction: Archie Walter Willis Jr. (1964)
       first African-American woman elected to the Tennessee House of Representatives: Dorothy Lavinia Brown (1966)
       first African-American men elected to the Tennessee Senate: Avon Williams and J. O. Patterson Jr. (1969)
       first African-American woman elected to the Tennessee Senate: Thelma Harper (1991)

## Texas

       first African-American men elected to the Texas Senate: George T. Ruby and Matthew Gaines (1869)
       first African-American men elected to the Texas House of Representatives: 14 men (1869)
       first African-American woman elected to the Texas Senate: Barbara Jordan (1966)
       first African-American men elected to the Texas House of Representatives since Reconstruction: Mickey Leland and Craig Washington (1972)
       first African-American women elected to the Texas House of Representatives: Senfronia Thompson and Eddie Bernice Johnson (1973)

## Utah

       first African-American man elected to the Utah House of Representatives: Robert Harris (1976)
       first African-American man elected to the Utah Senate: Terry Lee Williams (1983)
       first African-American woman elected to the Utah House of Representatives: Sandra Hollins (2015)

## Vermont

       first African-American man elected to Vermont House of Representatives: Alexander Twilight (1836)
       first African-American woman elected to Vermont House of Representatives: Louvenia Bright (1988)
       first African-American man elected to the Vermont Senate: Julius D. Canns (1992)

## Virginia

       first 24 African-American men elected to the Virginia House of Delegates: William H. Brisby, Henry Cox, Isaac Edmundson, Ballard T. Edwards, George Fayerman, Ross Hamilton, Charles E. Hodges, John Q. Hodges, Benjamin F. Jones, Peter K. Jones, Robert G. W. Jones, James F. Lipscomb, J. B. Miller Jr., Peter G. Morgan, F. S. Norton, Robert Norton, Alexander Owen, Caesar Perkins, Fountain M. Perkins, William H. Ragsdale, George Lewis Seaton, William N. Stevens, John Watson, and Ellis Wilson (1869)
       first African-American men elected to the Virginia Senate: James W. D. Bland, Isaiah L. Lyons, William P. Moseley, Frank Moss, John Robinson, and George Teamoh (1869)
       first African-American man elected to the Virginia House of Delegates since Reconstruction: William Ferguson Reid (1968)
       first African-American man elected to the Virginia Senate since Reconstruction: Douglas Wilder (1970)
       first African-American woman elected to the Virginia Senate: Yvonne B. Miller (1988)
       first African-American woman elected to the Virginia House of Delegates: Yvonne B. Miller (1984)

## Washington

       first African-American man elected to the Washington State Legislature: William Owen Bush (1889)
       first African-American man elected to the Washington State Senate: John Henry Ryan (1933)
       first African-American woman appointed to the Washington State Legislature: Marjorie Pitter King (1965)
       first African-American woman elected to the Washington Legislature: Peggy Maxie (1971)
       first African-American woman appointed to the Washington State Senate: Rosa Franklin (1993)

## Wisconsin

       first African-American man elected to the Wisconsin State Assembly: Lucian H. Palmer (1906)
       first African-American woman elected to the Wisconsin State Assembly: Marcia P. Coggs (1977)
       first African-American man elected to the Wisconsin Senate: Monroe Swan (1973)
       first African-American woman elected to the Wisconsin Senate: Gwen Moore (1993)

## West Virginia

       first African-American man elected to the West Virginia House of Delegates: Christopher Payne (1886)
       first African-American woman to serve in the West Virginia House of Delegates: Minnie Buckingham Harper (appointed) (1928)
       first African-American woman elected to the West Virginia House of Delegates: Elizabeth Simpson Drewry (1950)
       first African-American woman elected to the West Virginia Senate: Marie Redd (1998)
       first African-American man to serve in the West Virginia Senate: Owens Brown (appointed) (2021)

## Wyoming

       first African-American man elected to the Wyoming Legislature: William Jefferson Hardin (1879)
       first African-American woman elected to the Wyoming Legislature: Harriet Elizabeth Byrd (1988)

## First speakers and caucus leaders

* Alabama
** Quinton Ross, (Senate, Minority)
** Anthony Daniel (House, Minority)
* Arizona
** Leah Landrum Taylor (Senate, Minority)
* California
** Willie Brown (Assembly, Speaker (male))
** Karen Bass (Assembly, Speaker (female))
* Colorado
** Terrance Carroll (Assembly, Speaker)
** Peter Groff (Senate, President)
* Georgia
** Charles Walker (Senate, Majority)
** Robert Brown (Senate, Minority)
** Stacey Abrams (House, Minority)
* Illinois
** Cecil A. Partee (Senate, President)
* Louisiana
** Diana Bajoie (Senate, President Pro Tempore)
* Maryland
** Adrienne A. Jones (House, Speaker)
* Michigan
** Kwame Kilpatrick (House, Minority)
* Mississippi
** John R. Lynch (House, Speaker)
* New Jersey
** Walter G. Alexander I (Assembly, acting Speaker)
** S. Howard Woodson (Assembly, Speaker)
* New York
** Andrea Stewart-Cousins (Senate, Majority Leader)
** Carl Heastie (Assembly, Speaker)
** David Paterson (Senate, Minority)
* Ohio
** William L. Mallory Sr. (House, Majority (male))
** Tracy Maxwell Heard (House, Majority (female), Minority)
** Ben Espy (Senate, Minority (male))
** Rhine McLin (Senate, Minority (female))
** Jack Ford (House, Minority)
* Oklahoma
** T. W. Shannon (House, Speaker)
* Oregon
** Jackie Winters (Senate, Minority)
* Pennsylvania
** K. Leroy Irvis (House, Speaker)
** Joanna McClinton (House, Minority (female))
* Tennessee
** Karen Camper (House, Minority)
* Virginia
** Charniele Herring (House, Majority)