OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Book of Royal Degrees

The Book of Royal Degrees (Russian: Степенная книга, romanized: Stepennaya kniga) was the first official work of historiography produced in the nascent Tsardom of Russia. It was commissioned by Macarius, Metropolitan of Moscow from Ivan the Terrible's personal confessor, Andrew, in 1560. This vast work of codification recast historical data compiled from medieval Russian chronicles so as to suit Ivan's tastes and ambitions in the wake of his coronation as the first Russian tsar.
The book gave shape to the idea of Moscow being the "third Rome" by tracing Ivan's patrilineal descent not only from Rurik, but from the first Roman emperor, Augustus. This fantasy genealogy was borrowed from the earlier Tale of the Princes of Vladimir. The compilation is subdivided into 17 parts, or degrees (hence the title). Each degree corresponds to a generation of Ivan's royal ancestors.
According to Arthur Voice, the book "glorifies to the utmost the historic past and the present of Muscovite Rus, primarily by extolling the rulers as having acted in full accord with the church". The biographies of Kievan, Vladimirian and Muscovite rulers tend to pass over into hagiography. Each monarch is presented as a saint, and his actions are cast as "holy deeds". The political philosophy of the time tends to be obscured by thick layers of hyperbole and rhetoric.
# Charles Wilfred Valentine

Charles Wilfred Valentine (16 August 1879 – 26 May 1964) was a British educationalist and psychologist.
He was a student at Cambridge University and there befriended William Gidley Emmett with whom he later co-wrote a book, The Reliability of Examinations in 1932, which questioned the value of traditional testing and helped create a foundation for alternative test methods.
Valentine was President of the British Psychology Society in 1947–48 and became an Honorary Fellow of the Society in 1958.
# Mordvin Tatars

Mordvin Tatars (Russian: Мордовские татары, Italian: Tartari di Mordua) was a term used to refer to medieval nobility of Volga Tatar, Volga Finnic, and Burtas descent serving Grand Duchy of Moscow.

## History

The term was used interchangeably with the term Mordvin princes (Russian: Мордовские князья) in 15-16th centuries in official documents of Grand Duchy of Moscow. First the term was applied to pagan princes.

## Noble Families

Tümen Princes Kugushevs (ethnic Mishar) and Rasts (ethnic Moksha) were mentioned as Mordvin princes. The latter also sometimes referred to as Siberian. Possibly Tyumen and Tümen are mixed.
According to Stefan Kuznetsov: "There are 55 princely families of Mordvin and Mordvin-Tatar descent (e.g. Devlet-Kildeyev, Yedelev (Volga Finnic), Yengalychev, Yenikeyev (Mishar clan), Kildyushev, Kugushev, Kudashev, Kulomzin (Volga Finnic, disputable Erzya or Meryan), Maksutov, Tenishev, Chevkin, Chegodayev, Shuguruv, etc. some of them use the princely title, others only consider themselves princes"
    More princley families list Ivan Smirnov and Vladimir Velʹi͡aminov-Zernov: Yenikeyev (founder Yenikey-murza Kuldyashev of Moksha descent), Shugurov (Moksha), Smilenev (Moksha), Prosandeyev p.94, Alekseyev (Volga Finnic), Andreyev (Volga Finnic), Bayushev, Engalychev, Ichalov (Erzya), Izdebersky (Volga Finnic), Karamzin, Kazurov (Volga Finnic), Kildishev (Volga Finnic), Kizhedeyev (Volga Finnic), Kuprin, Lapin (Volga Finnic), Maksheyev (Moksha),Meshchersky (Moksha), Mokshazarov (Volga Finnic), Mordvinov (Moksha), Mushkubeyev (Volga Finnic), Pavlov (Volga Finnic), Razgildeyev (disputable Volga Tatar or Volga Finnic descent), Romodanov (Volga Finnic), Tyapin (Volga Finnic), Kirdyakov, Sheysupov (Tatar).
"It is important to note that they [Muscovy authorities] as a rule recorded in possessory documents names and ancestral nicknames of only known persons. The names of their more ancient ancestors who had lived there before their lands were annexed do not interest the Muscovy authorities"

## Serving People

Burtases are mentioned as Burtases and Posop Tatars interchangeably.
# 1972 Las Palomas mid-air collision

On 29 July 1972, Avianca flight 630, operating a scheduled domestic passenger flight within Colombia, flying from La Vanguardia Airport to Los Colonizadores Airport, with stopovers at Paz de Ariporo Airport and Santiago Pérez Quiroz Airport, collided with another Avianca flight, operating as flight 626, also operating a scheduled domestic passenger flight within Colombia, flying from La Vanguardia Airport to Las Gaviotas Airport, with stopovers in 3 different cities. The resulting mid-air collision killed all 21 occupants on board flight 630, and all 17 occupants on board flight 626, resulting in 38 total fatalities.

## Background
### Flight 626
#### Aircraft

The aircraft operating flight 630 was a 29 year old Douglas DC-3A, built in 1943, the aircraft was registered HK-107, with the manufacturing number being 11723. It was equipped with two Pratt & Whitney R-1830 Twin Wasp engines.

#### Crew

On board flight 630 were 3 crew members, which were Captain Alvaro Gómez, first officer Carlos López, and flight engineer Gustavo Amortequl.

### Flight 626
#### Aircraft

The aircraft operating as flight 626 was also a 29 year old Douglas DC-3A, being built in 1943, with the registration being HK-1341. The aircraft was equipped with the manufacturing number 11716, also being equipped with two Pratt & Whitney R-1830 Twin Wasp engines.

#### Crew

Three crew members were also on board flight 626. There was captain Enrique Medina, first officer Julio Barona, and flight engineer Martin Correal.
No flight attendants were on board either aircraft.

## Accident

Flight 630 took off from La Vanguardia Airport at 06:20 local time, and began on a heading towards their first stopover, Paz de Ariporo Airport. Flight 626 would take off two minutes after flight 630, at 06:22 local time. The exact sequence isn't known, but the both aircraft were supposed to have a separation of about two minutes. However, despite the separation, their paths collided at 06:53 local time, killing a total of 38 people on both planes.

## Investigation

Shortly after the mid-air collision, an investigation by Colombia's Civil Aeronautics Administration was launched. The investigation lasted an unknown amount of time, but ultimately, a cause was not determined.
# The New Leader

The New Leader (1924–2010) was an American political and cultural magazine.

## History

The New Leader began in 1924 under a group of figures associated with the Socialist Party of America, such as Eugene V. Debs and Norman Thomas. It was published in New York City by the American Labor Conference on International Affairs. Its orientation was liberal and anti-communist. The Tamiment Institute was its primary supporter.
Its overall politics shifted in its second decade:
   Under Levitas's editorship, during years when the much-higher-circulation Nation and New Republic often ran acrobatic apologies for Stalin, the New Leader became a bi-weekly platform for what was then known as liberal anti-Communism.

## Editors

* 1924-1940: James Oneal, founding editor
* 1936-1960: Sol Levitas, managing editor
* 1940-1960: Sol Levitas, executive editor
** 1945-1950: Liston M. Oak, managing editor
** 1950-1960: Suzanne La Follette, managing editor
** 1960-1961: Myron Kolatch, managing editor
* 1960-2006: Myron Kolatch, executive editor

## Contributors

Its contributors were prominent liberal thinkers and artists. The New Leader was the first to publish Joseph Brodsky and Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn in the United States. It was one of the first to publish Martin Luther King Jr.'s 1963 "Letter from Birmingham Jail". Other contributors, who were generally paid nothing or only a modest fee, included James Baldwin, Daniel Bell, Willy Brandt, David Dallin, Milovan Djilas, Theodore Draper, Max Eastman, Ralph Ellison, Sidney Hook, Hubert Humphrey, George F. Kennan, Murray Kempton, Irving Kristol, Melvin Lasky, Richard J. Margolis, Reuben Markham, Claude McKay, C. Wright Mills, Hans Morgenthau, Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Albert Murray, Ralph de Toledano, Reinhold Niebuhr, George Orwell, Bertrand Russell, Cyril Joad, Bayard Rustin, Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. and Tony Sender.

## Closure

The New Leader ceased print publication after the January/April 2006 double issue. A bimonthly online version was published from January/February 2007 to May/June/July/August 2010.
Longtime Editor Myron Kolatch conducted an interview with Columbia University's The Current in 2007. He mainly discussed the history of journals of ideas (The New Leader, Partisan Review, The New Republic, National Review) and their role in politics and intellectual discourse. Kolatch's "Who We Are and Where We Came From", adapted from the last print issue, covers some of the same topics.
# Conditions (magazine)

Conditions (full title: Conditions: a feminist magazine of writing by women with a particular emphasis on writing by lesbians) was a lesbian feminist literary magazine that came out biannually from 1976 to 1980 and annually from 1980 until 1990, and included poetry, prose, essays, book reviews, and interviews. It was founded in Brooklyn, New York, by Elly Bulkin, Jan Clausen, Irena Klepfisz and Rima Shore.

## Publishing collective

Conditions was a magazine that emphasized the lives and writings of lesbians, and, throughout its history, maintained an all-lesbian collective. This collective expressed a "long standing commitment to diversity; of writing style and content and of background of contributors", within the lesbian and feminist communities. Conditions was especially dedicated to publishing the work of lesbians, in particular working-class lesbians and lesbians of color. While the founders were all white, Conditions was committed to promoting multiracial, multicultural, and multiethnic voices from its inception. By the early 1980s, the magazine had a diverse group of editors, especially under the leadership of Cheryl L. Clarke.

## The Black Women's Issue

The journal's fifth issue, published in November 1979, was edited by Barbara Smith and Lorraine Bethel. Conditions 5 was "the first widely distributed collection of Black feminist writing in the U.S.", and was later to be the basis for the anthology Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology (1983), one of the first books released by Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press. Conditions 5: The Black Women's Issue was hugely popular, and set a record in feminist publishing by selling 3,000 copies in the first three weeks it was available.

## Publication ceases

Conditions ceased publication in 1990. It ended because the existing collective members were focusing on other projects and they were unable to find new members.

## Editors

* Barbara Smith
* Lorraine Bethel
* Dorothy Allison
* Cheryl L. Clarke
* Jewelle Gomez
* Nancy Clarke Otter
* Debbi Schaubman
* Elly Bulkin
* Jan Clausen
* Irena Klepfisz
* Rima Shore
* Melinda Goodman
* Paula Martinac
* N. Mirtha Quintanales
* Randye Lordon

## Selected contributors

* Wilmette Brown
* Joy Harjo
* Cherríe Moraga
* Joan Nestle
* Amber Hollibaugh
* Donna Allegra
* Becky Birtha
* Audre Lorde
* Ann Allen Shockley
* Beverly Smith
* Gloria Anzaldúa
* Joan Larkin
* Paula Gunn Allen
* Jacqueline Lapidus
* Adrienne Rich
* Michelle Cliff
* Hattie Gossett
* Chrystos
* Marilyn Hacker
* Mitsuye Yamada
* Jo Carillo
* Toi Derricotte
* Minnie Bruce Pratt
* Bonnie Zimmerman
* Elly Bulkin
* Cheryl Clarke
* Dorothy Allison
* Irena Klepfisz
* Jewelle Gomez
* Honor Moore
* Luzma Umpierre
* Linda Smukler (Samuel Ace)
* Ramina Mays
* Barbara Banks
* Mab Segrest
* Sapphire
# Tafazzul Islam

Tafazzul Islam (Bengali: তফজ্জুল ইসলাম) is a Bengali masculine given name of Arabic origin. It may refer to:
* Md. Tafazzul Islam (born 1943), 17th Chief Justice of Bangladesh
* Tofazzal Islam (born 1966), Bangladeshi biotechnologist, ecological chemist, educator and author
# Sarmaya

Sarmaya (Punjabi: سرمایہ) is a 1990 Pakistani Punjabi-language action film. Directed by Idrees Khan and written by Nasir Adeeb, the film stars Sultan Rahi, Javed Sheikh, Neeli and Humayun Qureshi.

## Cast

* Sultan Rahi as Zulfi Pelwan
* Anjuman as Sehiylaa
* Javed Sheikh as Superintendent of Police
* Shakeela as Javed's lover
* Sonia as Zebo
* Waseem Abbas as Monna
* Albela
* Tanzeem Hassan as Ibrahim
* Babar as Dolur
* Mehmood Aslam as Oot
* Rashid Mehmood as Sonna
* Bahar as Haleema
* Nida Mumtaz as Sastaa
* Deeba as mother of Sastta
* Rangeela
* Mansoor Baloch as Sudhan
* Humayun Qureshi as Gurdev
* Asif Khan
* Adeeb Thaikaydar

## Track list

Film's music soundtrack was composed by the musician Chikku Lehri, with film song lyrics by Khawaja Pervez and Waris Ludhianvi and sung by Noor Jehan.
| Title | Singer(s) |
| "Guddi Raat Nu Auddiy Aay" | Noor Jehan |
| "Vey Pinday Taun Razai Lath Gai" | Noor Jehan |
| "Moti Bolia Da Akhiyan Nu Cherda" | Noor Jehan |
| "Akar Bakar Bambay Bo" | Noor Jehan |
# Laura Gallagher

Laura Gallagher (born 26 March 1989) is a British retired trampoline gymnast.
Coached by Susan Bramble, her achievements in trampolining included becoming the Under-19 world champion in 2007, winning an individual bronze medal at the 2012 European Championship, a gold medal in the team event at the 2013 Trampoline World Championships, and placing sixth in the individual event at the 2019 World Championships. In 2014, Gallagher suffered a back injury that led to her withdrawing from competition for seven months.
In June 2021, Gallagher and Bryony Page were selected for the trampoline event at the 2020 Summer Olympics.
In August 2024, Gallagher became Bridgwater and Taunton College’s trampolining coach. She subsequently announced her retirement from trampolining on in October 2024.
# Devils Paw

Devils Paw (or Devil's Paw, or Boundary Peak 93) is the high point of the Juneau Icefield, on the Alaska–British Columbia border. It is a part of the Boundary Ranges of the Coast Mountains. It is notable for its steep rise above the low local terrain. Its height is sometimes given as 8,507 feet (2,593 m).
Devils Paw is located on the northeast side of the Juneau Icefield, and its north slopes feed Tulsequah Lake and the Tulsequah Glacier. Its south slope forms the head of the picturesquely-named "Hades Highway", which is the eastern extremity of the Icefield.
To illustrate the steepness of the peak: the north face drops 7,000 ft (2,130 m) in approximately three miles (4.8 km), and the southeast side drops 8,000 ft (2,440 m) in about seven miles (11 km).

## Climate

Based on the Köppen climate classification, Devils Paw is located in a subpolar oceanic climate zone, with long, cold, snowy winters, and cool summers. Temperatures can drop below −20 °C with wind chill factors below −30 °C.

## Gallery

* Devils Paw, with Michaels Sword on the left
# Mathias Delorge

Mathias Delorge-Knieper (born 31 July 2004) is a Belgian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Gent.

## Club career

Delorge is a youth product of Heers VV before moving to Sint-Truiden's academy in 2011. In November 2020, he started training with the senior team for the first time. On 15 January 2021, he signed his first professional contract with Sint-Truiden and started playing with their reserves. He was a part of the senior team for the preseason in the summer of 2021.
Delorge made his senior and professional debut with Sint-Truiden as a substitute in a 3–0 win over Standard Liège on 10 April 2022. In the summer of 2022 he tore his meniscus, which kept him out for 4 months. On January 31, 2023, he was loaned to Lierse Kempenzonen in the Challenger Pro League for the second half of the season. Making 10 appearances and scoring 1 goal on his loan, Delorge returned to Sint-Truiden for the 2023–24 season.
On 24 July 2024, Delorge signed a four-year contract with Gent.

## International career

Delorge is a youth international for Belgium, having played for the Belgium U20s in November 2023.

## Personal life

Mathias is the son of Peter Delorge and nephew of Kristof Delorge, both former professional footballers.

## Career statistics

    As of match played 9 March 2025
| Club | Season | League | League | League | National Cup | National Cup | Europe | Europe | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Sint-Truidense | 2021–22 | Belgian Pro League | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 1 | 0 |
| Sint-Truidense | 2023–24 | Belgian Pro League | 40 | 1 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 40 | 1 |
| Sint-Truidense | Total | Total | 41 | 1 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 41 | 1 |
| Lierse Kempenzonen (loan) | 2022–23 | Challenger Pro League | 10 | 1 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 10 | 1 |
| Gent | 2024–25 | Belgian Pro League | 27 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 14 | 1 | — | — | 43 | 2 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 78 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 14 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 94 | 4 |
* ↑ Appearances in UEFA Conference League
# Andrea Gore

Andrea C. Gore is a neuroendocrinology professor at the University of Texas at Austin in the Division of Toxicology and Pharmacology, where she holds the Vacek Chair of Pharmacology. She is a prominent contributor to the field of reproductive endocrinology. Her research interests span from the neurological basis of reproductive aging to endocrine disruptors in the nervous system. From January 2013 through December 2017, she was Editor-in-Chief of the journal Endocrinology. She has also been elected into the Fellow to the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

## Education

Gore graduated cum laude from Princeton University in 1985 with a A.B. in Biology. She received her Ph.D. in neuroscience from University of Wisconsin-Madison in 1990. For her Ph.D. she studied hormonal control of puberty onset in rhesus monkeys. From 1991 to 1995, she completed a postdoctoral fellowship in Molecular Medicine at Mount Sinai School of Medicine.

## Career

After her postdoctoral fellowship, she became an assistant professor in Neurobiology at Mount Sinai School of Medicine. In 2002, she became an associate professor at Mount Sinai. Beginning in 2008, Gore has served as a Gustavus & Louise Pfeiffer Professor Professor of Pharmacology at University of Texas at Austin. Throughout her career, Gore has been dedicated to increasing representation of women in science by mentoring female students and advocating against biases regarding women's innate abilities for math and science. The Senate of College Councils honored her mentorship of women with the Edith Clarke Woman of Excellence Award.

## Research

Gore has authored or co-authored four books and published over 170 peer-reviewed articles. Her current research focuses on the effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals from the environment on hypothalamus development which can alter psychological and social outcomes as well as generational effects in children and adults. Her lab is also focused on the effects of estrogen levels and supplementation on menopause onset timing and neurological changes related to aging and menopause.

## Awards

Visionary Environmental Health Research (RIVER) (R35) Grant Award, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) Revolutionizing Innovative (2023)
Civitatis Award, The University of Texas at Austin (2019)
Endocrine Society Laureate Award, Outstanding Public Service Award (2016)
Edith Clarke Woman of Excellence Award by the Senate of College Councils (2016)
Distinguished Scientist Award, Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (2013)
Top 100 Science Stories of 2007 of Discover Magazine (2007)
Women in Endocrinology, Janet W. McArthur Achievement Award (1996)
# Krishan Kumar (actor)

Krishan Kumar Dua is an Indian actor and producer. He is best known for Bewafa Sanam (1995) and owning the largest music producing company in India, T-Series.

## Personal life

He was born Krishan Kumar Dua in a Punjabi Hindu family, the son of fruit seller Chandrabhan who had migrated to Delhi from Lahore after the partition of India. He is the younger brother of Gulshan Kumar, founder of Super Cassettes Industries/T-Series. Kumar married actress Tanya Singh, the daughter of composer of Ajit Singh and sister of actress Nattasha Singh. Their only daughter, Tishaa Kumar, died on 18 July 2024 at the age of 21, after a prolonged battle with cancer.

## Filmography
### As actor

| Year | Film | Role |
| 1993 | Aaja Meri Jaan | Chand Kapoor |
| 1993 | Kasam Teri Kasam | Ravi |
| 1993 | Shabnam | |
| 1995 | Bewafa Sanam | Sundar Sehgal |
| 1998 | Pagla Kahin Ka | Album |
| 2000 | Papa The Great | Jai Prakash |

### As producer

List of Krishan Kumar film credits as producer :
| Year | Title | Notes |
| 2005 | Lucky: No Time for Love | |
| 2006 | Humko Deewana Kar Gaye | |
| 2007 | Darling | |
| 2011 | Link Road | |
| 2011 | Ready | Co-producers – Rajat RawailBhushan KumarNitin ManmohanSohail Khan |
| 2013 | Nautanki Saala! | |
| 2016 | Airlift | |
| 2018 | Satyameva Jayate | |
| 2018 | Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety | |
| 2019 | De De Pyaar De | |
| 2019 | Marjaavaan | |
| 2020 | Tanhaji | Co-producers Ajay DevgnBhushan Kumar |
| 2020 | Thappad | Co-producers Anubhav SinhaBhushan Kumar |
| 2021 | Thank God | |
| 2021 | Satyameva Jayate 2 | |
| 2022 | Chandigarh Kare Aashiqui | Co-producers – Bhushan KumarPragya KapoorAbhishek Nayyar |
| 2022 | Adipurush | Co-producer – Bhushan Kumar |
| 2022 | Bhool Bhulaiyaa 2 | Co-producer – Bhushan Kumar |
| 2022 | Ek Villain Returns | |
| 2022 | Mister Mummy | Co-producers Bhushan KumarSiva AnanthShaad Ali |
| 2022 | Faraaz | Co-producers Bhushan KumarAnubhav Sinha |
| 2023 | Shehzada | Co-producers Bhushan KumarAman GillAllu AravindS. Radha KrishnaKartik Aaryan |
| 2023 | Gumraah | Co-producers Bhushan KumarMurad KhetaniAnjum Ketani |
| 2024 | Vicky Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video | Co-producers Bhushan KumarEkta KapoorShobha KapoorVipul D. ShahAshwin VardeRajesh BahlRaaj ShaandilyaaVimal Lahoti |