OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Mass action law (electronics)

In electronics and semiconductor physics, the law of mass action relates the concentrations of free electrons and electron holes under thermal equilibrium. It states that, under thermal equilibrium, the product of the free electron concentration $n$ and the free hole concentration $p$ is equal to a constant square of intrinsic carrier concentration $n_{\text{i}}$. The intrinsic carrier concentration is a function of temperature.
The equation for the mass action law for semiconductors is: $np=n_{\text{i}}^{2}$

## Carrier concentrations

In semiconductors, free electrons and holes are the carriers that provide conduction. For cases where the number of carriers are much less than the number of band states, the carrier concentrations can be approximated by using Boltzmann statistics, giving the results below.

### Electron concentration

The free-electron concentration n can be approximated by $n=N_{\text{c}}\exp \left[-{\frac {E_{\text{c}}-E_{\text{F}}}{k_{\text{B}}T}}\right],$ where
* E$_c$ is the energy of the conduction band,
* E$_F$ is the energy of the Fermi level,
* k$_B$ is the Boltzmann constant,
* T is the absolute temperature in kelvins,
* N$_c$ is the effective density of states at the conduction band edge given by N$_c$=2(2πm$_e$$^∗$k$_B$T/h$^2$)$^{3/2}${\textstyle N_{\text{c}}=2\left({\frac {2\pi m_{\text{e}}^{*}k_{\text{B}}T}{h^{2}}}\right)^{3/2}}, with m*$_e$ being the electron effective mass and h being the Planck constant.

### Hole concentration

The free-hole concentration p is given by a similar formula $p=N_{\text{v}}\exp \left[-{\frac {E_{\text{F}}-E_{\text{v}}}{k_{\text{B}}T}}\right],$ where
* E$_F$ is the energy of the Fermi level,
* E$_v$ is the energy of the valence band,
* k$_B$ is the Boltzmann constant,
* T is the absolute temperature in kelvins,
* N$_v$ is the effective density of states at the valence band edge given by N$_v$=2(2πm$_h$$^∗$k$_B$T/h$^2$)$^{3/2}${\textstyle N_{\text{v}}=2\left({\frac {2\pi m_{\text{h}}^{*}k_{\text{B}}T}{h^{2}}}\right)^{3/2}}, with m*$_h$ being the hole effective mass and h being the Planck constant.

### Mass action law

Using the carrier concentration equations given above, the mass action law can be stated as $np=N_{\text{c}}N_{\text{v}}\exp \left(-{\frac {E_{\text{g}}}{k_{\text{B}}T}}\right)=n_{i}^{2},$ where E$_g$ is the band gap energy given by E$_g$ = E$_c$ − E$_v$. The above equation holds true even for lightly doped extrinsic semiconductors as the product $np$ is independent of doping concentration.
# Olive Chapel African Methodist Episcopal Church

Olive Chapel African Methodist Episcopal Church (also known as Olive Chapel AME Church, and Evangelische Friedens Gemneinde Lutheran Congregation) is a historic church built in 1899, and located at 309 S. Harrison Avenue in Kirkwood, Missouri. It is the oldest Protestant church in Kirkwood. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 20, 2004.

## History

The congregation was founded in 1853 by the Reverend Jordan Winston Early. Services were initially held in a private home.
The current church building, constructed in 1899, originally housed the Friedens Evangelical Lutheran Church/Peace Lutheran Church. The Olive Chapel AME congregation bought it in 1923. The church still has its original bell, pews, and stained glass windows.
The Quinette Cemetery was associated with this church from 1866 until 2002.
# Mastax tessmanni

Mastax tessmanni is a species of beetle in the family Carabidae found in Cameroon, Chade, Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda. It was described by Liebke in 1934.
# Mastax vegeta

Mastax vegeta is a species of beetle in the family Carabidae found in such Indian provinces as Darjeeling, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim and Uttarakhand. In Uttarrakhand it was found north-northeast of Ramnagar in the valley near Kosi River. The species have brown pronotum and yellow dots on its black body.
# On the Street Where You Live (disambiguation)

"On the Street Where You Live" is a song from the 1956 Broadway musical My Fair Lady.
On the Street Where You Live may also refer to:
* On the Street Where You Live (album), a 1964 album by Vic Damone
* On the Street Where You Live (TV series), an Irish documentary television series
* On The Street Where You Live, a 2001 novel by Mary Higgins Clark
# María José Sarmiento

María José Sarmiento is an Argentine judge.

## Biography

In 1997, during the government of Carlos Menem, she ruled against a rise in taxes for telephones. Other judges made similar rulings, which were ratified afterwards.
During 2002, she made many rulings that authorized people to access their money, held in the banks due to the corralito. By doing so she joined the line of judges that deemed the measure unconstitutional.
In 2007, she ordered Felisa Miceli, the Minister of Economy at the time, to answer to the Senate for an amount of money destined to the Greco group in a hidden manner.
In 2008, she considered that the blockade of the San Martín bridge by neighbours of the city, protesting against the placement of factories nearby, was illegal.
At the beginning of 2010, during a judicial break, she ruled against two decrees of President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner. She denied the use of Central Bank reserves for paying debt, and then ratified Martín Redrado as president of the bank.
# Trichromia sardanapalus

Trichromia sardanapalus is a moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by Walter Rothschild in 1909. It is found in Peru and Brazil.
# Trichromia samos

Trichromia samos is a moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by Herbert Druce in 1896. It is found in Belize and Honduras.
# One Beer

One Beer may refer to:
* "One Beer" (Hardy song), 2020
* "One Beer" (Madvillain song), recorded by MF Doom in 2004
* "One Beer" (Tiny Toon Adventures)
# One in a Million (Sandy Mölling song)

"One in a Million" is a song by German artist Sandy Mölling on her 2004 debut album, Unexpected. It was covered by Miley Cyrus for the soundtrack to season two of the television series Hannah Montana, and released on the accompanying soundtrack album Hannah Montana 2 (2007). Cyrus' cover was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in March 10, 2023.
Mölling's version of the song contains an alcohol reference with the line "I feel drunk but I am sober. And I'm smiling all over." For Hannah Montana's version, the line was changed to "Can't believe that I'm so lucky. I have never felt so happy."
In the Hannah Montana episode "You Are So Sue-able to Me", "One in a Million" is featured in the background with Jackson. It was used as the end of the episode "Achy Jakey Heart (Part 1)". In the episode "Song Sung Bad", Lilly asks Miley to sing the song for her mom's birthday present because it is her favorite Hannah song. Miley decides to have Lilly sing it herself because her mother would appreciate that more.
The song has also been covered by Japanese pop-rock singer Anna Tsuchiya, who changed the lyrics to keep only the music from the original song. The song in question is called "BLUE MOON" and is present on the track list of her 2006 single "Slap that Naughty Body/My Fate".

## Charts

| Chart (2007) | Peak position |
| U.S. Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 | 12 |
| U.S. Billboard Pop 100 | 96 |

## Certification

Certification for "One In A Million" (Hannah Montana version) :
| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| United States (RIAA) | Gold | 500,000$^‡$ |
| $^‡$ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. |||
# Onaç

Onaç can refer to:
* Onaç, Ilgaz
* Onaç, İskilip
* Onaç, Mustafakemalpaşa
* Onaç spring minnow
* Onaç-1 Dam
* Onaç-2 Dam
# Tibor Lutter

Tibor Lutter (15 August 1910, Budapest - 9 June 1960, Budapest) was a Hungarian academic and literary scholar.

## Life

His parents were János Lutter and Irma Aczél. He started his education in the Jesuit Gymnasium (today: Szent István Gymnasium) in Kalocsa and finished his secondary studies at the II. District Real Gymnasium in Budapest. In 1933, he earned an English-French-Hungarian teacher degree from the Eötvös Loránd University. In 1936, he also earned a Doctor of Philosophy degree in English language at the Eötvös Loránd University.

## Teaching career

Between 1933 and 1946, he taught at the IX. District Trade School. Between 1943 and 1944, he also taught at the Deutsche Reichschule in Budapest. Between 1944 and 1945, he also took part in the opposition of the Occupation of Hungary by Nazi Germany.
Between 1946 and 1948, he was a teacher at the University of Szeged. Between 1948 and 1950, he was the director of the Eötvös József College. Between 1946 and 1948, he was a private teacher at the University of Debrecen.
Between 1949 and 1952, he was an instructor at the Department of English of the Faculty of Humanities of Eötvös Loránd University. Between 1949 and 1956, he was an associate professor and a director of the Department of English Language and Literature of the Eötvös Loránd University.

## Works

* Lutter, T. (1952). G. B. Shaw. Nep Könyvkiadó, Budapest.
* Lutter, T. (1956). John Milton, az angol polgári forradalom költöje. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest.
* Lutter, T. (1959). James Joyce. Gondolat, Budapest.
* András, L.T., Lutter, T., Róna, É., & Károlyné, S. (1963). Rendszeres angol nyelvtan. Tankönyvkiadó Vállalat, Budapest.
# Oliver Glacier

Oliver Glacier is a glacier located on the northeast coast of the Baffin Mountains on Baffin Island, Nunavut, Canada. It is just outside Sirmilik National Park.
# True team

The true team format is meant to determine the top overall team, rather than individuals, in a track and field or swim and dive competition. In a true team meet, each team has a given number of competitors, with each competitor scoring at least one point (barring disqualification). Therefore, in a nine team meet with three competitors per event, the event champion would earn 27 points whereas the last place finisher would earn 1 point. The purpose of a true team meet is to judge which team is the best overall, rather than which team has the most top finishers.

## Minnesota

The Minnesota State High School Coaches Association began using a true team format to determine the top high school track and field team in 1987. In 2005, they created a true team state meet for swimming and diving. These meets are separate from the Minnesota State High School League sanctioned individual state championships. The meets have since expanded to three divisions.
Minnesota True Team State Track and Field format
* The teams are divided into eight true team regions, generally with nine teams per region
* Each team has two competitors per event in classes AA and A, and one team for every relay. (Class AAA has three competitors per event.)
* The top team from each region goes to the True Team State Meet
* A four additional wildcard teams also advance to the True Team State Meet by comparing the results of each region's second through fifth place teams place team. All sections second through fifth place teams have their times/mark entered in to a "paper meet" of 32 teams. The top four teams from this "paper meet" advance to the state meet.
* The True Team State Meet takes place on a nine-lane track. In the field events there are three flights for each events with one competitor form each team in each flight. In classes A and AA there are three heats for each race on the track (class AAA has four heats) with one athlete from each school in a different heat. In the 4X800, 1600, 3200 there is one heat on the track.
# Trunk Bay

Trunk Bay is a body of water and a beach on St. John in the United States Virgin Islands. Trunk Bay is part of the Virgin Islands National Park. Trunk Bay is named for the Leatherback turtle, which is endemic to the USVI and are locally known as trunks. The beach area is divided into two halves, the main Trunk Bay beach and swim area and Burgesman Cove which is located on the west end of Trunk Bay near Jumby Bay. Its amenities include a snack bar, showers and restrooms, a lifeguard, and an underwater trail for snorkeling its coral reef. Trunk Bay has consistently been voted one of the top beaches in the world.

## Trunk Cay

Trunk Cay is a small grass-covered islet that sits in Trunk Bay. The cay has an elevation of 48 feet and is situated only 200 feet from Trunk Bay Beach. It is an islet of rocky cliffs, coral sandy beaches, and palm trees. The Virgin Islands National Park Service offers underwater snorkeling trails around the cay.
# Trycherodes producta

Trycherodes producta is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It was described by Lord Walsingham in 1912. It is found in Guatemala.
The wingspan is about 20 mm. The forewings are pale fawn ochreous, tinged with flesh colour, with a sprinkling of greyish fuscous scales, grouped in a reduplicated curved series commencing at the middle of the costa and terminating in a somewhat darker group on the dorsum before the tornus. A single small fuscous spot lies on the cell at one-third from the base. The hindwings are whitish ochreous.
# Three strikes

Three strikes or 3 Strikes may refer to:
* Strikeout (or strike-out) in baseball or softball, when a batter receives three strikes during his time at bat, which leads to an "out"; a strikeout is a statistic recorded for both pitchers and batters
* Three strikes (policy), Internet disconnection for repeat offenders of copyright violations
* Three-strikes law, U.S. state laws for repeat offenders
* Three strikes (Revolutionary War), the three strikes necessary for the American Revolutionary War to start
* Turkey (bowling), in the sport of bowling, three consecutive strikes is known as a "turkey" or "triple"

## Media

* 3 Strikes (film), a 2000 comedy film
* 3 Strikes (The Price Is Right), a segment game from the American TV game show The Price Is Right
* "3 Strikes", a song by American band Terror Jr
* Trigger is referred to as "Three Strikes" in the later half of the campaign in Ace Combat 7: Skies Unknown
# Omoglymmius emdomani

Omoglymmius emdomani is a species of beetle in the subfamily Rhysodidae. It was described by R.T. & J.R. Bell in 2000.
# Omoglymmius data

Omoglymmius data is a species of beetle in the subfamily Rhysodidae. It was described by R.T. & J.R. Bell in 1982.
# Mathew Swetenham

Matthew Swettenham (died 29 December 1416) was Henry IV's bowbearer. He is commemorated by a brass effigy at St. Mary's Church in Blakesley.

## Life

Mathew Swetenham first appears in the historical records when Richard II 'granted him 6 pence a day being retained as Saggitarius dei Corona (Archer of the Crown)'. In 1390, he was appointed Yeoman of the Chamber. After Richard II was deposed in 1399, Swetenham transferred his allegiance to Henry IV who granted him £30 per year from properties in Northamptonshire. In 1405, he was made Yeoman of the King's Chamber, armour bearer and High Sheriff of Northamptonshire. Following Henry IV's death in 1413, Swetenham continued to serve under Henry V.
The town of Swettenham in Cheshire was named after Mathew Swetenham, whose descendants continued to live there for some 350 years. The Swettenham's country house was Somerford Booths Hall.
Mathew Swetenham was an ancestor of the British colonial administrator Sir Frank Swettenham.
# Master of the Regular Canons' Altarpiece

The Master of the Regular Canons' Altarpiece was a German painter, active in the area around Erfurt during the fifteenth century. He is named for an altarpiece painted for the church of the regular canons in Erfurt, dated to between 1450 and 1460; in addition one of his works is held by the Alte Pinakothek in Munich.
* This article about a German painter is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Master of the Rajhrad Altarpiece

The Master of the Rajhrad Altarpiece (sometimes called the Master of Raigern) was a Bohemian painter active in the region around Olomouc and Brno before 1420. Likely of Moravian extraction, he derives his name from an altarpiece that once hung in the church of Saint Maurice in Olomouc; since disassembled, some of its panels are now in Rajhrad. These depict scenes from the Passion and from the Legend of the True Cross, and were painted before 1420. Two scenes, the Transportation of the Cross (Image) and the Crucifixion, are believed to be by his hand, while the rest are products of his studio. Also ascribed to him are the altarpiece of Náměšť, also dating to before 1420 and today found in Brno, and an Altarpiece of Saint Jacob of about 1430, today dispersed between Prague, Brno, Vienna and Nuremberg.
The Master influenced the work of artists even beyond Bohemia; work by the Master of the Saint Lambrecht Votive Altarpiece indicates that his style was known even in Vienna. Some historians conflate him with the Master of Ambrass, but not all agree with this assessment.

## Works attributed to the Master of the Rajhrad Altarpiece

* Rajhrad Altarpiece
** Crucifixion from Nové Sady (National Gallery in Prague)
** Last Supper (Moravian Gallery in Brno)
** Christ on the Mount of Olives (Moravian Gallery in Brno)
** Carrying of the Cross (Moravian Gallery in Brno)
** Resurrection of Christ (Moravian Gallery in Brno)
** The finding and testing of the true Holy Cross by St Helena and Constantine (Moravian Gallery in Brno)
* around 1425 (?) Double-sided painted panel from the castle in Náměšt' nad Oslavou with scenes of the Passion of St. Katherina, the Passion of St. Apolena (Moravian Gallery in Brno)
* around 1430-36 St. James Altar (Minorite Church of St. James in Prague or Church of St. James in Brno)
# Master of the Retablo of the Reyes Catolicos

Master of the Retablo of the Reyes Catolicos, (active 15th century) was a Spanish painter. His dates of birth and death are not known.
The name given to this artist refers to his work on creating retablos for the Catholic Monarchs (Reyes Católicos) Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon. His works The Nativity and the Annunciation can be found at the California Palace of the Legion of Honor.
# Thrinax parviflora

Thrinax parviflora is a palm which is endemic to the Blue Mountains of Jamaica where it occurs in open and rocky, seasonally dry open deciduous forest up to 900-metre (3,000 ft) elevation.

## Taxonomy

Some botanists recognize two subspecies, one being Thrinax parviflora var. parviflora.

## Description

It grows a slender, smooth trunk no more than six inches (150 mm) with a maximum height of 50 feet (15 m). It is topped by an open crown of smallish, very thick, and leathery fan leaves 3–4 feet (0.91–1.22 m) in diameter with curiously twisted and curled, heavily veined grass green segments. Adult palms are graceful due to the nature of the crown and the rather thin trunk.

## Horticulture

This palm is rare in cultivation. However, because it will grow to some elevation and tolerate drier conditions, it is expected to thrive in subtropical climates and favorable warm temperate climates, tolerating an occasional light frost. It is tolerant of limerock and coastal exposure.
# Troubled Sleep (album)

Troubled Sleep is a studio album by American experimental musician Dominick Fernow under his alias Prurient, released in September 2003 as a limited edition CD on Truculent Recordings.

## Background and composition

Troubled Sleep was originally recorded in the late winter of 2001, before being officially released in September 2003. The entirety of the album's lyrics are adapted from Jean Feraca's Crossing the Great Divide (1992), with the album being bookended by different readings of the same poem on the opening track, "Bolt" and the closing track, "Tarantella". The album also makes use of samples of the 'Silentium' movement from Arvo Pärt's Tabula Rasa, albeit mixed to be faintly audible under the album's overall use of severely clipped high and low frequencies.
The album's mastering, a trademark of Fernow's production style and overall noise ethic, is noticeably extremely clipped, and its DC offset is at times in the album intentionally brickwalled. Due to this, in an anomalous case of Prurient's albums being digitally distributed, the album is nearly incapable of being properly listened to on Spotify, as it amounts to faint white noise.

## Personnel

Credits adapted from Discogs.
* Lyrics - Jean Feraca
* Photography, sounds, design - Dominick Fernow
# Troubled Times (disambiguation)

Troubled Times is a 2012 album by Cast.
Troubled Times may also refer to:
* "Troubled Times", a song by Green Day from their 2016 album Revolution Radio
* "Troubled Times", a song by Screaming Trees from their 1992 album Sweet Oblivion
* "Troubled Times", a song by Fountains of Wayne from their 1999 album Utopia Parkway
* "Troubled Times", a song by Your Vegas from their 2007 album A Town and Two Cities
# Truesdell

Truesdell may refer to:

## Given name

* Truesdell Sparhawk Brown (1906–1992), classical scholar, ancient historian, co-founder of the journal California Studies in Classical Antiquity
* Elmer Truesdell Merrill (1860–1936), American Latin scholar, born at Millville, Massachusetts
* Jesse Truesdell Peck (1811–1883), American bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, elected in 1872

## Surname

* Aaron D. Truesdell, 19th-century American politician
* Alex Truesdell (born c. 1955), American designer and maker
* Clifford Truesdell (1919–2000), American mathematician, natural philosopher, and historian of science
* Donald Leroy Truesdell (1906–1993), United States Marine Corps Corporal who received the Medal of Honor
* Glenn Truesdell (1909–1992), American businessman and politician
* Keith Truesdell, American television director and producer
* Leon E. Truesdell (1880–1979), American demographer
* Nathan Truesdell, independent film-maker
* Nick Truesdell (born 1990), American football tight end
* Xavier Lamar Truesdell (born 1985), also known as XL, American actor, model, singer, songwriter, and producer

## Locations

* Truesdell, Wisconsin, residential and business neighborhood of the city of Kenosha in east-central Kenosha County, Wisconsin, United States
* 90446 Truesdell, minor planet

## Other

* Truesdell middle school, a regular middle Wichita Public School, Kansas, United States
* Truesdell Bridge Disaster, also known as the Dixon Bridge Disaster in 1873, when the bridge across the Rock River at Dixon, Illinois, collapsed
* John and Edna Truesdell Fischer Farmstead, private farm, including house and outbuildings, at 4896–5228 Sheldon Road in Canton Township, Michigan
* Ephraim and Emma Woodworth Truesdell House, private house at 1224 Haggerty Road in Canton Township, Michigan
# Massachusetts General Hospital Academy

The Massachusetts General Hospital Academy is an educational organization for physicians, nurses, specialists, and other health professionals who diagnose, treat and care for patients across a variety of therapeutic areas, like cardiology, neurology, oncology and more. It is directly organized and managed by the Department of Postgraduate Education at Massachusetts General Hospital, which is owned by Partners HealthCare, the largest healthcare provider in Massachusetts.
The Academy organizes and produces CME activities—like one-day live symposia and online webcasts—that educate attendees about effective clinical practice for treating health disorders, like fibromyalgia and dementia.

## Faculty and staff

Faculty for Academy activities and programs come from within Massachusetts General Hospital as well as other prominent educational institutions like Yale University and Mount Sinai School of Medicine.