OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Spiro Kostof

Spiro Konstantine Kostof (7 May 1936, Istanbul – 7 December 1991, Berkeley) was a Turkish-born American leading architectural historian, and educator. He was a professor at the University of California, Berkeley. His books continue to be widely read and some are routinely used in collegiate courses on architectural history.

## Biography

Born in Turkey, of Greek and Bulgarian ethnic origin, Kostof was educated at Istanbul's Robert College. He came to the United States in 1957 for graduate work at Yale University. Although he intended to major in drama, his interests shifted to architectural history. He received his Ph.D. in 1961, then taught at Yale for four years, before moving to the University of California, Berkeley, to join the faculty of the College of Environmental Design. He was to remain at Berkeley for the duration of his career.
Kostof's approach to architectural history emphasized urbanism as well as architecture and showed how architectural works are embedded in their physical and social contexts. Commonly accepted today, Kostof's approach was a break with previous directions in architectural history which tended to emphasize the sequence of styles and to study architectural works in relative isolation from their settings. Kostof's textbook, A History of Architecture: Settings and Rituals (1985) embodied these ideas and soon became one of the standard texts in the field.
In 1987, Kostof hosted a five-part PBS series, America by Design.
Kostof's publications were wide-ranging and included The Architect: Chapters in the History of the Profession; The City Shaped: Urban Patterns and Meanings Through History; America by Design; and The City Assembled: Elements of Urban Form through History.
In 1993, following his death, the Society of Architectural Historians established the "Spiro Kostof Award", to recognize books "in the spirit of Kostof's writings," particularly those that are interdisciplinary and whose content focuses on urban development, the history of urban form, and/or the architecture of the built environment.

## Books

* Kostof, Spiro, The Architect: Chapters in the History of the Profession, Oxford University Press, 1977; third edition, University of California Press, Berkeley Los Angeles London 2000.
* Kostof, Spiro, A History of Architecture: Settings and Rituals, Oxford University Press, New York Oxford 1985; second edition 1995.
* Kostof, Spiro, America by Design, Oxford University Press, New York 1987.
* Kostof, Spiro, Caves of God: Cappadocia and its Churches Publisher: Oxford University Press, 1989 ISBN 0-19-506000-8 ISBN 978-0195060003
* Kostof, Spiro, The City Shaped: Urban Patterns and Meanings Through History, Bullfinch Press 1991; second edition, Thames & Hudson, New York 1999
* Kostof, Spiro, The City Assembled: Elements of Urban Form through History, Little Brown, Boston 1992; second printing Thames & Hudson New York 2005.
# Sphaeroplea

Sphaeroplea is a genus of green algae in the family Sphaeropleaceae. It was first circumscribed by the Swedish botanist Carl Adolph Agardh in 1824.

## Description

Sphaeroplea consists of unbranched filaments of cells, one cell thick. Cells are usually 10–50 μm in diameter, but one variety can reach up to 170 μm in diameter. Cells are cylindrical, several times longer than wide, with a linear series of alternating vacuoles and cytoplasmic zones containing nuclei and chloroplasts. The chloroplasts are band-shaped, and contain several pyrenoids. Nuclei are typically in pairs.

## Reproduction

Sphaeroplea reproduces asexually and sexually. In asexual reproduction, the filaments break apart, although one species has been observed to produce zoospores that are biflagellate (i.e. with two flagella). Sexual reproduction is typically oogamous, where vegetative cells become reproductive cells without changing their shape. Female gametes are large, spherical and green, and are borne in one to several rows within the cell. Male gametes are typically produced on the same filament as female gametes, and are small and biflagellate.
After the gametes fuse, a zygote (termed an oospore) is formed. Zygotes develop a thick cell wall with ornamentation, and eventually turn reddish-orange before being released. The zygotes may last for an extended period of time in a desiccated state. During germination, the zygote becomes four biflagellate cells that attach to a substrate, lose their flagella, and develop into a new filament.

## Habitat and distribution

Sphaeroplea occurs in temporary freshwater habitats such as roadside ditches, margins of ponds, and vleis. It tends to prefer calcareous habitats. It has been recorded from all continents except Antarctica, but not very frequently. Its occurrence is ephemeral; it tends to appear abundantly in one spot, then disappear for many years. When abundant, it can impart a reddish discoloration to the water with its abundant reddish-orange oospores.

## Species

According to AlgaeBase, the following species are accepted:
* Sphaeroplea africana
* Sphaeroplea annulina
* Sphaeroplea chapmanii
* Sphaeroplea fragilis
* Sphaeroplea robusta
* Sphaeroplea soleirolii
* Sphaeroplea striatocristata
* Sphaeroplea tenuis
* Sphaeroplea tricarinata
* Sphaeroplea willmanii
One fossil species is known:
* †Sphaeroplea miocenica
Species are distinguished from each other by characteristics of the oospores, such as their shape and ornamentation.
# Sphaerophysa

Sphaerophysa may refer to:
* Sphaerophysa (fish), a genus of fishes in the family Nemacheilidae
* Sphaerophysa (plant), a genus of plants in the family Fabaceae
# Spirorbula latens

Spirorbula latens is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Geomitridae, the hairy snails and their allies.
This species is endemic to Madeira, Portugal.
# Springwood, Huddersfield

Springwood is a district of Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, England.
It is immediately to the west of Huddersfield town centre and stretches as far as the town's Greenhead Park.
There is a large 800 space car park which is used by workers and shoppers to the town centre. It is a buffer between the Springwood's housing and the town centre.
The Huddersfield and Penistone railway lines run underneath Springwood and two giant ventilation shafts overlook the area built as an outlet for steam trains from the early days of rail.
# Ludwig van Beethoven (disambiguation)

Ludwig van Beethoven (1770–1827) was a German composer and pianist.
Ludwig van Beethoven may also refer to:
* Ludwig van Beethoven (1712–1773), German singer, music director, and grandfather of the composer
* Ludwig van Beethoven (Baerer), a series of sculptures in the United States
# Tony Hunt (judge)

Tony Hunt is an Irish judge who has served as a Judge of the High Court since October 2014, and is the senior presiding judge of the Special Criminal Court. He previously served as a Judge of the Circuit Court from 2007 and 2014.

## Education

Hunt attended University College Dublin from where he obtained a BCL degree in 1984. He subsequently attended the King's Inns to study to become a barrister.

## Legal career

Hunt was called to the Bar in 1986. He was an appointee of the Bar Council to the Superior Court Rules Committee.
Much of his practice was spent appearing in criminal trials as prosecuting counsel for the Director of Public Prosecutions. He acted in trials involving assault, sexual assault, manslaughter, drugs offences, and tax offences. He acted for defendants in traffic offences, and sexual assault cases.
Hunt also represented clients in cases involving injunctions, contracts, and personal injuries.

## Judicial career
### Circuit Court

His career on the bench began in May 2007 when he was appointed a judge of the Circuit Court. From March 2012, he was assigned to the Midland Circuit.
He was a member of the Circuit Court Rules Committee. He replaced Yvonne Murphy as a member of the Working Group on Efficiency Measures in the Criminal Justice System for the Circuit and District Courts in February 2012.

### High Court

Hunt was elevated to the High Court in October 2014, coinciding with multiple vacancies created on the court following the creation by the Court of Appeal.
Hunt frequently hears cases from the Central Criminal Court, including those involving murder, manslaughter, and rape. In 2015, he was the judge in the trial of Graham Dwyer arising out of the murder of Elaine O'Hara. The trial lasted 46 days and attracted much media and public attention. In 2023, he was the judge in the trial of Jozef Puška, arising out of the high-profile murder of Ashling Murphy. Hunt has also heard extradition applications.
He is the senior presiding judge of the Special Criminal Court. He has heard cases concerning dissident republicanism and the Hutch–Kinahan feud, including the shooting of Gareth Hutch, Dessie O'Hare, and the kidnapping of Kevin Lunney. In May 2020, he described the Kinahan organisation as having a "hierarchical structure" containing "cells and sub-cells" to engage in "execution-type murders" related to international "organised drugs and firearm trafficking". This was the first time a judge had outlined the organisation in such a way in court.
# Luke Hodges

Luke Hodges was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1646 to 1653. He supported the Parliamentary cause in the English Civil War.
Hodges was the Sheriff of Bristol in the year 1638. In 1643, he was appointed to the parliamentary committee to assess Bristol and was restored to his position as common councillor for Bristol by the parliament in 1645. In January 1646, he was elected Member of Parliament for Bristol in the Long Parliament and sat until 1653. In 1649 he was one of the members given instructions for the preservation of timber in the Forest of Dean. He became a militia commissioner for Bristol in 1655.
# Spirit screen

A spirit screen, also called a spirit wall, screen wall, yingbi, or zhaobi, is used to shield an entrance gate in traditional Chinese architecture. Spirit screens can be positioned either on the outside or the inside of the gate they are protecting. The Chinese term "yingbi" is used to refer to screens on the outside as well as on the inside, whereas the term "zhaobi" is used only to refer to screens positioned on the outside. Spirit screens can be either solitary structures or could be attached to a neighboring wall. They can be constructed from a variety of materials such as brick, wood, stone, or glazed tile. Outer spirit screens were often status symbols and could be richly decorated. Common decorations include symbols of good luck, such as the character for good fortune (Chinese: 福; pinyin: fú). Particularly ornate spirit screens featuring a dragon motif are the Nine-Dragon Walls that can be found in imperial palaces and gardens.
Spirit screens are tied to the belief that evil spirits (Chinese: 鬼; pinyin: guǐ) cannot move around corners, hence the spirit screen blocks them from entering through the gate they shield.
Practically, they allow natural light and air circulation to enter a room, while obstructing vision. A solution that allows for privacy and cooling in an era without air conditioning.
Archaeological evidence has established the existence of spirit screens back to the Western Zhou dynasty (1046–771 BCE). During the times of the Western Zhou, spirit screens were a privilege reserved for palaces and the mansions of noblemen such as dukes or princes. The usage of spirit screens in private residences did not develop until much later.
# Luria pulchra

Luria pulchra is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cypraeidae, the cowries.

## Subspecies

The following subspecies are recognized :
* Luria pulchra akabensis
* Luria pulchra pulchra (Gray, J.E., 1824) (synonyms : Cypraea pulchella Gray, J.E., 1824; Cypraea viridacea Sulliotti, G.R., 1924)
* Luria pulchra sinaiensis Heiman & Mienis, 2000

## Description

L. pulchra is superficially similar to L. lurida. L.pulchra is less swollen, smoother, glossier, and lighter in color.

## Distribution

This species is distributed in the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aqaba, the Gulf of Oman, the Persian Gulf and along Eritrea.
# Lunds ASK

Lunds ASK or Lund's Academic Chess Club (Lunds Akademiska Schackklubb) is a Premier League chess club who play in Lund, Sweden, and were founded in 1906. The team originally consisted of people connected to Lund University. Between 1920 and 1956, the club did not have any activity.
After being restarted in 1956, the team won the Swedish national premier league eight times: 1965, 1966, 1967, 1970, 1972, 1976, 1977, and 1978. Following each of the league wins, they represented Sweden in the European Club Cup. They currently play in the premier league (Elitserien) and in 2006 they came second.

## Notable games

Ivan Sokolov v Niclas Hjelm, Swedish Team Championship, Lunds ASK, 16 March 2001
1. d4 d5 2. c4 dxc4 3. Nf3 Nf6 4. e3 e6 5. Bxc4 a6 6. O-O c5 7. Qe2 b5 8. Bb3 Bb7 9. a4 b4 10. Nbd2 Nbd7 11. Nc4 Be7 12. a5 O-O 13. Bd2 Qc7 14. Rfc1 Rac8 15. Ba4 Bc6 16. Bxc6 Qxc6 17. Nce5 Qb7 18. Nxd7 Nxd7 19. Be1 Rc7 20. Rc2 Rfc8 21. Rac1 h6 22. h3 Bd6 23. dxc5 Rxc5 24. Nd4 R8c7 25. Rxc5 Nxc5 26. Rc4 Nd7 27. Rc2 Rxc2 28. Qf1 Rc4 29. Qxc4 Ne5 30. Qc2 Nd7 31. b3 Bc5 32. Qc4 Qe4 33. Qxa6 Bxd4 34. Qc8+ Nf8 35. Bxb4 Be5 36. Qxf8+ Kh7 37. Be1 1-0
Predrag Nikolić v Alexander Chernin, Swedish Team Championship, Lunds ASK, 16 March 2001
1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nf3 d5 4. Nc3 Bb4 5. Bg5 dxc4 6. e4 c5 7. Bxc4 cxd4 8. Nxd4 Bxc3+ 9. bxc3 Qa5 10. Nb5 a6 11. Nd6+ Ke7 12. f4 Nc6 13. Qd2 Rd8 14. Rd1 e5 15. Nxc8+ Raxc8 16. Bd5 Qc5 17. Rf1 Rd6 18. c4 Kf8 19. fxe5 Nxe5 20. Be3 Qa3 21. Bd4 Nxe4 22. Qb2 Qxb2 23. Bxb2 Nxc4 24. Rxf7+ Ke8 25. Bxg7 Ne3 26. Rf8+ Kd7 27. Rxc8 Nxd1 28. Bxb7 Nef2 29. Rc2 Nd3+ 30. Ke2 Nf4+ 31. Kf3 Ng6 32. g3 1-0

## Notable members

* Leif Erlend Johannessen
# Top-rated United States television programs of 1981–82

This table displays the top-rated primetime television series of the 1981–82 season as measured by Nielsen Media Research.
| Rank | Program | Network | Rating |
| 1 | Dallas | CBS | 28.4 |
| 2 | 60 Minutes | CBS | 27.7 |
| 3 | The Jeffersons | CBS | 23.4 |
| 4 | Three's Company | ABC | 23.3 |
| 5 | Alice | CBS | 22.7 |
| 6 | The Dukes of Hazzard | CBS | 22.6 |
| 6 | Too Close for Comfort | ABC | 22.6 |
| 8 | ABC Monday Night Movie | ABC | 22.5 |
| 9 | M*A*S*H | CBS | 22.3 |
| 10 | One Day at a Time | CBS | 22.0 |
| 11 | Monday Night Football | ABC | 21.8 |
| 12 | Archie Bunker's Place | CBS | 21.6 |
| 13 | Falcon Crest | CBS | 21.4 |
| 14 | The Love Boat | ABC | 21.2 |
| 15 | Hart to Hart | ABC | 21.1 |
| 15 | Trapper John, M.D. | CBS | 21.1 |
| 17 | Magnum, P.I. | CBS | 20.9 |
| 18 | Happy Days | ABC | 20.6 |
| 19 | Dynasty | ABC | 20.2 |
| 20 | Laverne & Shirley | ABC | 19.9 |
| 21 | Real People | NBC | 19.7 |
| 22 | ABC Sunday Night Movie | ABC | 19.5 |
| 23 | House Calls | CBS | 19.2 |
| 24 | The Facts of Life | NBC | 19.1 |
| 24 | Little House on the Prairie | NBC | 19.1 |
| 26 | The Fall Guy | ABC | 19.0 |
| 27 | Hill Street Blues | NBC | 18.6 |
| 28 | That's Incredible! | ABC | 18.4 |
| 28 | T.J. Hooker | ABC | 18.4 |
| 30 | Fantasy Island | ABC | 18.3 |
# Top-rated United States television programs of 1974–75

This table displays the top-rated primetime television series of the 1974–75 season as measured by Nielsen Media Research.
| Rank | Program | Network | Rating |
| 1 | All in the Family | CBS | 30.2 |
| 2 | Sanford and Son | NBC | 29.6 |
| 3 | Chico and the Man | NBC | 28.5 |
| 4 | The Jeffersons | CBS | 27.6 |
| 5 | M*A*S*H | CBS | 27.4 |
| 6 | Rhoda | CBS | 26.3 |
| 7 | Good Times | CBS | 25.8 |
| 8 | The Waltons | CBS | 25.5 |
| 9 | Maude | CBS | 24.9 |
| 10 | Hawaii Five-O | CBS | 24.8 |
| 11 | The Mary Tyler Moore Show | CBS | 24.0 |
| 12 | The Rockford Files | NBC | 23.7 |
| 13 | Little House on the Prairie | NBC | 23.5 |
| 14 | Kojak | CBS | 23.3 |
| 15 | Police Woman | NBC | 22.8 |
| 16 | S.W.A.T. | ABC | 22.6 |
| 17 | The Bob Newhart Show | CBS | 22.4 |
| 18 | The Wonderful World of Disney | NBC | 22.0 |
| 18 | The Rookies | ABC | 22.0 |
| 20 | Mannix | CBS | 21.6 |
| 20 | Cannon | CBS | 21.6 |
| 22 | Cher | CBS | 21.3 |
| 22 | The Streets of San Francisco | ABC | 21.3 |
| 22 | The NBC Sunday Mystery Movie | NBC | 21.3 |
| 25 | Paul Sand in Friends and Lovers | CBS | 20.7 |
| 25 | Tony Orlando & Dawn | CBS | 20.7 |
| 27 | Medical Center | CBS | 20.6 |
| 28 | Gunsmoke | CBS | 20.5 |
| 29 | The Carol Burnett Show | CBS | 20.4 |
| 30 | Emergency! | NBC | 20.0 |
# Sphaerotheca varshaabhu

Sphaerotheca varshaabhu commonly known as the Varshaa burrowing frog is a species of Ranidae family frog which is found in India. The species name is derived from the Sanskrit word ‘Varshaabhu’. Varshaa means rain and bhu means taking birth. It signifies its breeding activity only during the rainy season.
# Tony Simmons

Tony Simmons may refer to:
* Tony Simmons (born 1974), former National Football and Canadian Football League wide receiver, current American football coach internationally
* Tony Simmons (born 1948), British athlete
# Lusići

Lusići (Serbian Cyrillic: Лусићи) is a village in the municipality of Banja Luka, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
# Lusk, Tennessee

Lusk (also Atpontley) is an unincorporated community in Bledsoe County, Tennessee. It lies along U.S. Route 127 southwest of the city of Pikeville, the county seat of Bledsoe County.
The variant name Atpontley is a compound of the names of three coal miners: Atkinson, Dupont, and Finley.
# Luther Store

The Luther Store is a historic store at 160 Old Warren Road in Swansea, Massachusetts. It is a 2+1⁄2-story brick structure with a saltbox profile. Its main facade is five bays wide, with entrances in the second and fourth bays, and interior chimneys at each end. The store retains original fixtures, including solid mahogany counters, drawers for goods storage, and the proprietor's desk. The store was built in 1815 by John Brown Luther, and was operated by the Luther family as a store until 1903. The Luther's Corner area was in the mid-19th century the economic center of Swansea, and Luther's Store served as post office and library. It was acquired in 1941 by the Swansea Historical Society, which now operates it as a local history museum.
Fall River architect Maude Darling-Parlin worked on the restoration of the Luther Store.
The store was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.
* The Luther Store in 1935
* Garden commemorating Captain John Luther
# List of ship commissionings in 1937

This is a chronological list of ship commissionings in 1937.
| | Operator | Ship | Class and type | Pennant | Other notes |
| 12 March | Estonian Navy | Kalev | Kalev-class submarine | | |
| 14 April | Estonian Navy | Lembit | Kalev-class submarine | | |
| 15 April | Kriegsmarine | U-32 | Type VIIA submarine | | |
| 21 April | United States Navy | Langley | Seaplane tender | AV-3 | Recommissioning |
| 1 August | Luftwaffe | Greif | Tug type light seaplane tender | | |

## Citations

* ↑ Gröner, p. 47
# Luzaga's Bronze

The Bronze of Luzaga is a plate of 16 x 15 centimeters which has, in 8 lines, 123 Celtiberian characters engraved in the metal with a bradawl or similar, and which has 7 holes, perhaps in order to be held. Since its discovery in the late nineteenth century, it has been lost.

## Transcription

* aregoratikubos : karuo : genei
* gortika : lutiakei : aukis : barazioka
* erna : uela : tigerzetaz : so
* ueizui : belaiokumkue
* genis : garikokue : genis
* sdam : gortikam : elazunom
* karuo : tegez : sa : gortika
* teiuoreikis
(Jordán 2005)
# Tony Washington

Tony Washington may refer to the following people:
* Tony Washington (offensive lineman) (born 1986), offensive lineman in the Canadian Football League
* Tony Washington (linebacker), American football linebacker
* Tony Washington (wide receiver), American football wide receiver
# Tony Was an Ex-Con

Tony Was An Ex-Con is the second studio album by the Irish indie act The Coronas, released 25 September 2009 by 3ú Records. A version of "Listen Dear" in Irish was also released, entitled "Éist a Ghrá".

## Track listing

* "Won't Leave You Alone" - 3:54
* "Far From Here" - 4:14
* "Someone Else's Hands" - 4:26
* "Listen Dear" - 3:31
* "This Is Not A Test" - 4:11
* "Warm" - 3:53
* "Tony Was An Ex-Con" - 3:09
* "Point Me Towards The Sky" - 3:00
* "Sandy" - 2:47
* "Faith In Fate" - 4:34
* "All The Luck In The World" - 4:13
# Tondabayashi Jinaimachi

Tondabayashi Jinaimachi (富田林寺内町) is a popular name of the old temple-based town (Jinaimachi) located in Tondabayashi City, Osaka Prefecture, Japan. It is one of the Important Preservation Districts for Groups of Traditional Buildings (1997) in Tondabayashi-shi Tondabayashi (富田林市富田林重要伝統的建造物群保存地区). The town retains town blocks from the Sengoku period, along with machiyas (traditional wooden town residences) built from the mid-Edo period on.

## Geography

Tondabayashi Jinaimachi is located at the center of the city, on a fluvial terrace at left bank of the Ishi river and the midstream. Most of the old town area falls within the jurisdiction of Tondabayashi-cho (富田林町); the rest of the area is in Hon-machi (本町). Tondabayashi-cho adheres to the old town since the Edo period.
The town has an area of 12.9 hectares. It was formed in an ellipsoidal form, measuring 400m from east to west and 350m from north to south. The town layout was designed with a grid plan, which consists of six streets in a north–south direction and seven streets in an east–west direction. There are 25 quadrilateral town blocks in the center, and 16 irregular town blocks on the outer edge.
The relative elevation is about 10m from the river to the town. It used a natural terrace cliff to construct the earthworks (土居, doi) with bamboo groves at the eastern, southern and western edge of the town, and the dug-out moat (堀割, horiwari) at the northern edge.

## History

About 1558 (Eiroku 1), Kosho-ji temple obtained a wasteland of the Tonda (富田) for temple grounds. Kosho-ji temple cooperated with eight headmen (八人衆) to construct a branch temple, town blocks, residences and dry fields. They changed the name of Jinaimachi to Tondabayashi (富田林).
In the Sengoku period, Kosho-ji branch temple (興正寺別院) and Jinaimachi were granted privileges and immunities by authorities. The town people governed autonomously against a background of religious authority of Kosho-ji temple.
Over the Edo period, the town forfeited its privileges and immunities. In the early Edo period, the town was developed as Zaigoumachi (在郷町, merchant town in the countryside). Many people came from the surrounding villages and the town prospered with merchants offering lumber, cotton, rapeseed oil, and sake.
After the Meiji Restoration, the town continued to prosper as the political and commercial center of southern Kawachi. From the latter Meiji period onward, the town headed gradually into a decline due to the opening of the railway, land reform, and motorization. As a result, it was left out of postwar development.

## Traditional buildings
### Temples

* Kosho-ji branch temple
* Myokei-ji temple
* Jokoku-ji temple

### Machiyas

* Old Sugiyama family residence
* Nakamura family residence

### Modern architectures

* Nakauchi ophthalmic clinic

## Notable people

* Tsuyuko Isonokami