OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Laurence Shorter

Laurence Shorter (born 1970) is an author and comedian who lives in London.
He is the author of The Optimist: One Man’s Search For The Brighter Side Of Life, which was published in January 2009 by Canongate Books, and author and photographer of A Hedonist's Guide to Tallinn, published by Hg2.
Born in New York, he studied History at Cambridge University. Following an early career in business which included management consultancy, new media business development and venture capital, Shorter gained an MBA at the business school INSEAD. He went on to co-found a Business-to-business web startup in Paris. He has been writing and performing since 2001, when he was selected for the Old Vic Theatre’s noted "New Voices" programme. He and his work have appeared on the BBC, in The Observer and The Independent, and at the Edinburgh Festival and assorted London theatres.
# Supnick matrix

A Supnick matrix or Supnick array – named after Fred Supnick of the City College of New York, who introduced the notion in 1957 – is a Monge array which is also a symmetric matrix.

## Mathematical definition

A Supnick matrix is a square Monge array that is symmetric around the main diagonal.
An n-by-n matrix is a Supnick matrix if, for all i, j, k, l such that if
    $1\leq i<k\leq n$ and $1\leq j<l\leq n$
then
    $a_{ij}+a_{kl}\leq a_{il}+a_{kj}\,$
and also
    $a_{ij}=a_{ji}.\,$
A logically equivalent definition is given by Rudolf & Woeginger who in 1995 proved that
    A matrix is a Supnick matrix iff it can be written as the sum of a sum matrix S and a non-negative linear combination of LL-UR block matrices.
The sum matrix is defined in terms of a sequence of n real numbers {α$_i$}:
    $S=[s_{ij}]=[\alpha _{i}+\alpha _{j}];\,$
and an LL-UR block matrix consists of two symmetrically placed rectangles in the lower-left and upper right corners for which a$_{ij}$ = 1, with all the rest of the matrix elements equal to zero.

## Properties

Adding two Supnick matrices together will result in a new Supnick matrix (Deineko and Woeginger 2006).
Multiplying a Supnick matrix by a non-negative real number produces a new Supnick matrix (Deineko and Woeginger 2006).
If the distance matrix in a traveling salesman problem can be written as a Supnick matrix, that particular instance of the problem admits an easy solution (even though the problem is, in general, NP hard).
# Koloman Wallisch

Koloman Wallisch (28 February 1889 in Lugosch, Austria-Hungary (today Lugoj, Romania) – 19 February 1934 in Leoben, Austria) was a socialist labor leader and revolutionary in Austria.
Wallisch was national secretary of the Austrian socialist party SPÖ and a delegate in the Austrian national assembly from 1930 to 1934.
After calling for a general strike in 1934, he took to arms and tried to take over Bruck an der Mur during the Austrian Civil War. After the Austrian national guard was approaching the city, he fled into the mountains with 320 followers to wage guerrilla warfare. However, he was captured by the authorities on 18 February 1934 and after a brief interrogation and trial, he was executed by Josef Lang using an Austrian version of the Garrote (Würgegalgen) in the courtyard of Leoben. There is a first-hand account of his arrest, trial and execution in the Vienna Diary of Naomi Mitchison, published shortly after her return to Britain in 1934.
After World War II, three Austrian cities – Leoben, Bruck an der Mur and Kapfenberg – named city squares in his honor and Bertolt Brecht wrote a poem about his struggles.
In 1983, a movie was made documenting his life and times.
# Sphex funerarius

Sphex funerarius, the golden digger wasp, is a species of digger wasp of the family Sphecidae.

## Description

Sphex funerarius can reach a length of 15–23 millimetres (0.59–0.91 in). These large, solitary, ground-nesting wasps are black with an orange-red large band on the anterior abdomen. On the head and the body there is fine and thin hair. Wings are yellowish with darkened tops of the front wings.

## Ecology and life cycle

The larvae feed on living insects that the females paralyze and carry to the underground nest. The females of these digger wasps store several grasshoppers in a nest. They dig a 15 cm long corridor, with various brood chambers, in each of which one prey is stored with an egg. The preys are normally orthopteran insects, particularly nymphs of locusts or katydids. After three to four days, the eggs hatch and after another 18 days, the larvae are fully grown. Adults fly in July and August. They feed on the nectar of flowers (Apiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, etc.).

## Distribution

This species is present in southern and central parts of Europe and spread eastward to Central Asia.

## Gallery

* Sphex funerarius with Metrioptera bicolor as prey
* Sphex funerarius. Museum specimen
* Sphex funerarius digging and introducing prey into its nest
# Secretary of State for Trade and Industry v Bottrill

Secretary of State for Trade and Industry v Bottrill [1999] EWCA Civ 781 is a UK company law and UK labour law case, which relates to issues such as lifting the corporate veil and the definition of "employee".

## Facts

Mr Bottrill was the managing director of the insolvent Magnatech UK Ltd, the fact that he was the only shareholder did not preclude his claim for unpaid wages (£346.15 a week) from the National Insurance Fund. Mr Bottrill’s sole shareholding was merely a temporary measure before the American Magnatech Group would take over ownership.

## Judgment

Lord Woolf MR held that Mr Bottrill was an "employee" for the purpose of access to the statutory compensation fund.
   The gloss sought to be given by Mummery P to “employee” in the ERA, based as it is on the ability of the controlling shareholder to prevent his dismissal, is all the more surprising when applied to a case such as the present when Mr. Bottrill was powerless to prevent his actual dismissal which triggered his claim… We recognise the attractions of having in relation to the ERA a simple and clear test which will determine whether a shareholder or a director is an employee for the purposes of the Act or not. However, the Act does not provide such a test and it is far from obvious what Parliament would have intended the test to be. We do not find any justification for departing from the well-established position in the law of employment generally. That is whether or not an employer or employee relationship exists can only be decided by having regard to all the relevant facts. If an individual has a controlling shareholding that is certainly a fact which is likely to be significant in all situations and in some cases it may prove to be decisive. However, it is only one of the factors which are relevant and certainly is not to be taken as determinative without considering all the relevant circumstances.
# Lucien Brun

Lucien Henri Louis Brun (2 June 1822 – 28 November 1898) was a French politician.
Brun was born in Gex, Ain, on 2 June 1822. After graduating from the Faculty of Law of Paris, Brun practiced law in Lyon until his 1871 election to the National Assembly as a deputy from Ain. Brun won over 40,000 votes and was the sixth of seven Ain-based deputies to be seated. He served until 1876. The next year, Brun was elected to the Senate and designated a senator for life. He died on 28 November 1898, and was replaced by Athanase Bassinet.
# Skillfulness (album)

Skillfulness (also released as Skillfullness) is an album by multi-instrumentalist Alan Silva. It was recorded in November 1968 in New York City, and was released in 1969 by ESP-Disk. On the album, Silva is joined by flutist Becky Friend, pianist Dave Burrell, pianist and organist Mike Ephron, vibraphonist Karl Berger, and percussionists Lawrence Cooke, Barry Altschul, and Mario Pavone. The recording was made shortly before Silva moved to Europe.
According to Silva, the album was based on the notion of "skillful means" (Upaya) as expressed in the Buddhist Lotus Sutra. The recording contains two tracks: "Skillfullness" for three musicians, and "Solestrial" for an expanded group, with Silva conducting. Silva later stated that "Solestrial" was his first recorded attempt to conduct an improvisation, and acknowledged the influence of Sun Ra, with whom he had worked, in this regard. (The track can be viewed as a forerunner of Butch Morris's "conductions.") He also credited John Coltrane's influence, commenting: "My work was based on John Coltrane's Ascension. The first ten minutes of Ascension, before the solos start, were revolutionary. I always thought if he'd gone on with just the collective improvisation he'd have got it. So I felt he left that to me to do!"

## Reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| The Penguin Guide to Jazz | |
In a review for AllMusic, Dan Warburton stated that "Skillfullness" "gives the lie to the idea that free jazz in New York in 1968 was all about blowing the wall down," and noted that on "Solestrial," "Silva was able to summon extraordinary solo performances from his musicians... without losing sight of the work's overall architecture."
Regarding "Skillfullness," the authors of the Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings commented: "For all the hippy fantasies of rock and the space operas emerging on the fringes of jazz, nothing of the time quite captures its spirit – ethereal but grounded in sophisticated intelligence and high technical skill – quite as well." Concerning "Solestrial," they wrote: "The quality of concentration and playing from the group... is staggering." They concluded: "It's a brief record... but an essential one."

## Track listing

Composed by Alan Silva.
* "Skillfullness" – 23:45
* "Solestrial" – 15:02

## Personnel

* Alan Silva – violin, cello, piano, conductor
* Becky Friend – flute, vocals
* Karl Berger – vibraphone
* Dave Burrell – piano (track 2)
* Mike Ephron – piano, organ (track 2)
* Lawrence Cooke – percussion (track 2)
* Barry Altschul (credited as "Barry") – percussion (track 2)
* Mario Pavone (credited as "Mario") – percussion (track 2)
# La grande rinuncia

La Grande rinuncia (The Great Waiver) is a 1951 Italian melodrama film directed by Aldo Vergano.

## Cast

* Lea Padovani as Elisabetta / Suor Teresa
* Luigi Tosi
* Luigi Pavese
# Uniformizable space

In mathematics, a topological space X is uniformizable if there exists a uniform structure on X that induces the topology of X. Equivalently, X is uniformizable if and only if it is homeomorphic to a uniform space (equipped with the topology induced by the uniform structure).
Any (pseudo)metrizable space is uniformizable since the (pseudo)metric uniformity induces the (pseudo)metric topology. The converse fails: There are uniformizable spaces that are not (pseudo)metrizable. However, it is true that the topology of a uniformizable space can always be induced by a family of pseudometrics; indeed, this is because any uniformity on a set X can be defined by a family of pseudometrics.
Showing that a space is uniformizable is much simpler than showing it is metrizable. In fact, uniformizability is equivalent to a common separation axiom:
    A topological space is uniformizable if and only if it is completely regular.

## Induced uniformity

One way to construct a uniform structure on a topological space X is to take the initial uniformity on X induced by C(X), the family of real-valued continuous functions on X. This is the coarsest uniformity on X for which all such functions are uniformly continuous. A subbase for this uniformity is given by the set of all entourages
    $D_{f,\varepsilon }=\{(x,y)\in X\times X:|f(x)-f(y)|<\varepsilon \}$
where f ∈ C(X) and ε > 0.
The uniform topology generated by the above uniformity is the initial topology induced by the family C(X). In general, this topology will be coarser than the given topology on X. The two topologies will coincide if and only if X is completely regular.

## Fine uniformity

Given a uniformizable space X there is a finest uniformity on X compatible with the topology of X called the fine uniformity or universal uniformity. A uniform space is said to be fine if it has the fine uniformity generated by its uniform topology.
The fine uniformity is characterized by the universal property: any continuous function f from a fine space X to a uniform space Y is uniformly continuous. This implies that the functor F : CReg → Uni that assigns to any completely regular space X the fine uniformity on X is left adjoint to the forgetful functor sending a uniform space to its underlying completely regular space.
Explicitly, the fine uniformity on a completely regular space X is generated by all open neighborhoods D of the diagonal in X × X (with the product topology) such that there exists a sequence D$_1$, D$_2$, … of open neighborhoods of the diagonal with D = D$_1$ and $D_{n}\circ D_{n}\subseteq D_{n-1}$.
The uniformity on a completely regular space X induced by C(X) (see the previous section) is not always the fine uniformity.
# Laurel Branch, Virginia

Laurel Branch is an unincorporated community in Floyd County, Virginia, United States.
# Pang Kok Keong

Pang Kok Keong (born 1975) is a chef in Singapore. He was the chef-owner of Antoinette (closed down circa 2020), a home-grown Parisian-style pâtisserie, restaurant and salon du thé (French for the tea house) that features French cuisine and pastries. The dishes offered are made from a combination of traditional French techniques and modern cooking methods. He is also the owner of "Sugar Daddy Group" while Antoinette was running. He now runs his new venture SuperCurry and has a store front for Hakka noodles.

## Early life and education

Pang's parents are ishball noodles hawkers who owned a stall in Jurong. He grew up helping his mother in the kitchen. As a teenager, Pang worked part-time jobs in coffee shops and restaurants to earn pocket money.
Pang studied in Rulang Primary School and Yuhua Secondary School. He enrolled in the Singapore Hotel and Tourism Education Centre (SHATEC) at 16 years old and graduated with a diploma in food preparation in 1996.

## Career

Pang started pastry-making during a work attachment at the Imperial Hotel, where he was assigned to the pastry section due to a lack of manpower.
Pang was the Executive Pastry Chef at Les Amis Group’s first pastry shop, Canelé Pâtisserie, in 2004.
He set up Pang's Hakka Delights in 2018 as a way to revisit his Hakka roots. Pang cited leek kueh as a childhood dish made by his mother, who learned the recipe from her grandmother. When learning to make the dish, Pang mentioned that he had to learn it from memory, tasting the dish as he goes. Pang wanted to safeguard the legacy of Hakka dishes through this business venture as he found that these recipes were rarely documented. The restaurant served also served documenting Hakka cuisine for the younger generation.
With Pang's Hakka Delights, Pang tested various Hakka recipes like salt-baked chicken, yellow ginger poached chicken, and mei cai kou rou (pork belly with preserved mustard greens).
In 2018, Pang started selling abacus seeds, a Hakka dish commonly consumed during Chinese New Year.
Pang shared that it was initially difficult to convince his colleagues to accept his passion for making Hakka food, as it was a labour-intensive process.

## Awards & accolades

Pang has been participating in pastry competitions since 1996. These competitions were an outlet for his creativity. In 2011, Pang was inducted into the Pastry Chef Hall of Fame and is the youngest to receive such an honour.
| Year | Event | Award | Notes |
| 2007 | World Gourmet Summit 2007 | Cacao Barry Pastry Chef of the Year | Finalist |
| 2011 | World Pastry Cup | Singapore National Pastry Team (Team Manager, Coach) | Singapore ranked 7th out of 22 competitors |
| 2013 | World Pastry Cup | Singapore National Pastry Team (Team Manager, Coach) | Singapore ranked 6th out of 22 competitors |
| 2018 | Shatec Industry Excellence (SHINE) Awards | Outstanding Alumni Award (Pastry) | |
# Styggevatnet

Styggevatnet is a glacial lake from the glacier Jostedalsbreen in Luster Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. The lake lies just southeast of the lake Austdalsvatnet. The lake is regulated by a dam and it empties into the river Jostedøla. The lake is about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) to the east of Lodalskåpa and Brenibba in Jostedalsbreen National Park.
Styggevatnet lies about 18 kilometres (11 mi) from the Breheimsenteret information center, where one can learn about the glacier Nigardsbreen. In the lake, it is possible to kayak with a guide between the ice rocks to a nearby glacier.

## Media gallery

* View of the glacier
* Lake Styggevatnet
* View of the glacier (2011)
* View of the glacier lake (2011)
* Dam of the lake (2011)
* Tour on the glacier (2011)
# Loan Exhibition of Women's Industries

The Loan Exhibition of Women's Industries was an exhibition held in Queens Villa, Queen's Road, Bristol which opened on 26 February 1885 and ran until the end of April. It highlighted the work of women, aiming to give them improved representation and encourage others to better appreciate them. 18,000 visitors attended over the course of the exhibition.

## History

Inspired by a previous Bristol exhibition called the Industrial and Fine Art Exhibition the previous year, Helen Blackburn formed a committee to organise an exhibition to encourage "opportunities afforded women for scientific study and technical training" who began contacting local women's societies and employers around the country. These organisations then submitted exhibitions to the committee for approval.

## Exhibition

   "Might he not say that that Exhibition with all its variety - all its beautiful and excellent objects - the work of women's hands - would at least have this result, a higher general appreciation of the skill, the talent and the genius of women. And if with increased appreciation there would naturally be some added energy to give rise to a movement for increased scholastic establishments that would have for their special object the technical training of women - then indeed that Exhibition would have accomplished a very great result." - Sir Joseph Weston, Mayor of Bristol, at the opening of the exhibition.
The exhibition ran from 26 February to the end of April 1885 and was located at the Queen's Villa in the Clifton suburb of Bristol. Only the work of women was exhibited, though several of the 303 exhibitors were men. The works shown at the exhibition were "done by women who make a profession in their pursuit, either for art's sake, or for the sake of earning a livelihood", according to the official catalogue. While the works were often made by working class women, the exhibition prioritised the visibility of the philanthropic women hosting their works.
Exhibitions at the event included oil paintings, pottery, architecture, floral displays, and metalwork. One room highlighted, with portraits, women who had been among the first in, or made important contributions to, their field.
A reduced price was offered on Saturdays to working class visitors. 18,000 visitors attended the exhibition over the course of its run.
Attendees complained that there often wasn't sufficient space for visitors, with the Pall Mall Gazette commenting that "every nook and corner of the moderate sized house in which the Exhibition is held is full".
# Seega

Seega may refer to:
* Seega (game), board game from Egypt
* Seega (Thuringia), village in Thuringia
# Skillet skate

The skillet skate (Dactylobatus armatus) is a small-bodied, deepwater skate in the family Rajidae.

## Distribution and habitat

The skillet skate is typically found at depths between 338 and 625 m (1,109 and 2,051 ft). Found in the western central Atlantic, its range extends from South Carolina to southern Florida, the northern Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean coasts of Nicaragua and northern South America.

## Description

The skillet skate is a small skate. Its total length is up to 32 cm. Its body is narrow and features a spatula-shaped lobe from the margin of each pectoral muscle. On the underside of the frontal disc, the skate displays characteristic spines.

## Relationship to humans

This species is assessed as least concern.
# Paul France

Michael Paul France (born 10 September 1968 in Huddersfield, West Yorkshire) is a former professional footballer who played as a defender for Huddersfield Town.
While at Huddersfield he was sent on loan to Cobh Ramblers in November 1988 .
Following short stays at Bristol City and Burnley he moved into non-league football.
He was Altrincham's player of the year in his first season, and went on to combine playing for the club with positions as Football in the Community Officer at first Leeds United and then Huddersfield Town.
He left Altrincham in 1999, having played over 300 games for the club, and signed for Stalybridge Celtic. He later joined Ashton United, but had left by November 2001.
After football, he was Football in the Community Officer at Huddersfield Town and manager of the Sporting Pride Community Trust, based in Huddersfield. He is currently Deputy Chief Executive at Burnley FC in the Community.
# Fereshta Ludin

Fereshta Ludin (born 1972 in Kabul) is a German teacher of Afghan descent. She was a symbolic figure in the headscarf dispute in Germany from the late 1990s to the early 2000s.

## Life

Ludin comes from an upper-middle-class background and is the youngest of five children. Her mother was one of the first women in Afghanistan to go to university in the 1950s. After graduating, she worked as a teacher. Her father was an engineer, worked as a counsellor and later as a minister in the Afghan government. When Fereshta Ludin was four years old, her father became ambassador in Bonn. After the Invasion of Afghanistan by Soviet troops in 1979, the family went into exile in Saudi Arabia. Her father worked there as an engineer. The family lived in Riyadh. Fereshta Ludin had to wear a headscarf from the fifth year of school there. After her father's death, the family moved to Germany in 1986 and applied for asylum. After graduating from high school, Ludin studied to become a teacher of English, German and social studies. She studied at the Pädagogische Hochschule Schwäbisch Gmünd. She was granted German citizenship in 1995. She completed her traineeship with a grade of 1.3. From 1997 to 1999, she was a member of the board of Muslim Youth in Germany.
Ludin has been refused employment in the Baden-Württemberg school service by the authorities and courts since 1998 because she did not want to wear a headscarf in class for religious reasons. Her lawsuit before the Federal Constitutional Court was successful in 2003, as there was no legal basis for a headscarf ban in state law. During her legal battle, she frequently appeared on talk shows and there was intensive media coverage. In January 2015, the Federal Constitutional Court once again ruled on the wearing of headscarves by female teachers, this time in the case of a teacher and a social education worker in North Rhine-Westphalia. A blanket ban on headscarves has now been rejected, as it is not compatible with the constitutionally guaranteed freedom of religion. Only if there is a concrete danger to school peace or state neutrality, for example through proselytising, can the wearing of a head covering be banned as a fulfilment of religious duty.
After the headscarf ruling, Ludin taught at a state-approved Islamic primary school in Berlin. Ludin was one of the organisers of the first Berlin Ramadan peace march in June 2017.

## Publications

* Thank you, Mr President! In: Hilal Sezgin (ed.): Manifesto of the Many: Germany reinvents itself. Blumenbar, Berlin 2011, ISBN 978-3-9367-3874-2.
* with Sandra Abed: Enthüllung der Fereshta Ludin: Die mit dem Kopftuch. Deutscher Levante Verlag, Berlin 2015, ISBN 978-3943737-21-9 (autobiography).
# San Esteban Atatlahuca

San Esteban Atatlahuca is a town and municipality located in Oaxaca and south-western part of Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 61.24 km². It is part of the Tlaxiaco District in the south of the Mixteca Region.
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 3,676.