OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Unit of analysis

The unit of analysis is the entity that frames what is being looked at in a study, or is the entity being studied as a whole. In social science research, at the macro level, the most commonly referenced unit of analysis, considered to be a society is the state (polity) (i.e. country). At meso level, common units of observation include groups, organizations, and institutions, and at micro level, individual people.

## Unit of analysis vs the level of analysis

Unit of analysis is closely related to the term level of analysis, and some scholars have used them interchangingly, while others argue for a need for distinction. Ahmet Nuri Yurdusev wrote that "the level of analysis is more of an issue related to the framework/context of analysis and the level at which one conducts one's analysis, whereas the question of the unit of analysis is a matter of the 'actor' or the 'entity' to be studied". Manasseh Wepundi noted the difference between "the unit of analysis, that is the phenomenon about which generalizations are to be made, that which each 'case' in the data file represents and the level of analysis, that is, the manner in which the units of analysis can be arrayed on a continuum from the very small (micro) to very large (macro) levels."

## Unit of analysis vs unit of observation

The unit of analysis should also not be confused with the unit of observation. The unit of observation is a subset of the unit of analysis. A study may have a differing unit of observation and unit of analysis: for example, in community research, the research design may collect data at the individual level of observation but the level of analysis might be at the neighborhood level, drawing conclusions on neighborhood characteristics from data collected from individuals. Together, the unit of observation and the level of analysis define the population of a research enterprise.

## Countries as units of analysis

Dependency theory and world-systems analysis challenged the treatment of countries as societies or units of analysis and the assumption that each country develops separately through stages from agrarian to industrial, from authoritarian to democratic, from backwards to advanced, by raising historical evidence. The development of an uneven division of labor (world-economy) shows factors of causality that account for changes within countries indicating that countries are part of a larger society or historical social system with systemic patterns that account for global inequality.
The literature of international relations provides a good example of units of analysis system.
# Tooni Mahto

Tooni Mahto is a marine biologist, oceanographer and campaigner known for co-presenting the BBC series Oceans and Britain's Secret Seas.

## Career

Tooni Mahto graduated from Plymouth University and has worked in television as camera operator and researcher at the BBC's Natural History Unit. She works for the Australian Marine Conservation Society (AMCS) as a Marine Campaigns Officer.
# Vallenfyre

Vallenfyre was a British death metal band founded in Halifax, West Yorkshire, England, as a side project by Paradise Lost's chief songwriter and lead guitarist Gregor Mackintosh in 2010 as tribute to his father's death in December 2009.
Vallenfyre took part in the Decibel Magazine Tour 2015, alongside At the Gates, Converge, and Pallbearer.

## Members

* Vallenfyre, live at With Full Force 2018
* Singer Gregor Mackintosh
* Lead guitarist Hamish Glencross
* Drummer Waltteri Väyrynen
* Rhythm guitarist Sam Kelly-Wallace
* Bassist Chris Casket

## Discography
### Albums

| Year | Album | Peak positions | Peak positions |
| Year | Album | FIN | UK |
| 2011 | A Fragile King | – | |
| 2014 | Splinters | 43 | |
| 2017 | Fear Those Who Fear Him | | |

### EPs

| Year | EP | Peak positions | Peak positions |
| Year | EP | FIN | UK |
| 2011 | Desecration (EP) | – | – |
| 2015 | The Last Of Our Kind (EP) | – | – |

### Music videos

| Year | Song | Director |
| 2011 | "Cathedrals of Dread" | Unknown |
| 2014 | "Splinters" | Unknown |
| 2017 | "Kill All Your Masters" | Unknown |
| 2017 | "The Merciless Tide" | Ash Pears |
# Opatha

Opatha is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Rashmika Opatha (born 1997), Sri Lankan cricketer
* Tony Opatha (1947–2020), Sri Lankan cricketer
# Vicente N. Mendoza

Vicente Néstor Mendoza Balderrama (1876–1940) was a Mexican politician and jurist.

## Life and career

Vicente Néstor Mendoza Balderrama was born in 1876 in Santa Isabel, in the Mexican state of Chihuahua. He was part of a family of peasants, earning their living by cultivating small areas of land. His education was limited to elementary school. Gradually he became prominent in his native town and eventually became the municipal president, equivalent to Mayor of the town. He married on the year of 1903, to a peasant lady named Francisca Parada, and they had eight children. The family became prominent and established a store selling daily household items.
Around the year 1910, the Mexican Revolution began and the family had to leave Santa Isabel, and establish in the city of Chihuahua, capital of the state. Again, Vicente N. Mendoza became prominent in the government of the State; eventually he became served in the XXX Legislature of the state congress and then was chosen to be Interim Governor of the State in the years of 1924 and 1925. Thereafter, he held a position of Minister of the Supreme Tribunal of Justice. By this time he had developed self-taught qualities of a lawyer and therefore held several positions as Judge in different towns of the state, namely: Batopilas, Camargo, Parral, Cusihuiriachic and Santa Bárbara. He died on January 3, 1940, in Mexico City.
# Ubaldo Aquino

Ubaldo Aquino Valenzano (born May 2, 1958) is a retired football referee from Paraguay, best known for supervising two matches (Germany-Saudi Arabia and Sweden-Senegal) during the 2002 FIFA World Cup in South Korea and Japan.
Aquino is known to have served as a FIFA referee during the period from 1995 to 2003. He officiated in numerous international competitions, including the 1999 FIFA Confederations Cup, 1997 FIFA World Youth Championship, and qualifying matches for the 1998, 2002, and 2006 World Cups. Aquino also served as a referee in the 1999 and 2001 Copa América competitions, officiating the final in 2001.
After retiring from his career as a match official, Aquino has worked as referee coordinator for the Asociación Paraguaya de Fútbol.
# TonePort

TonePort is a line of USB audio interfaces from Line 6 which extended the earlier GuitarPort interface. The TonePort line was eventually replaced, except for the UX8 model, by the POD Studio line. The TonePort line included the following models:
* GX - features: 1/4" instrument input, 1/8" line out/phones, USB output.
* UX1 - features: 1/4" instrument input, XLR microphone input, 1/4" (left and right) line inputs, 1/4" monitor input, 1/4" (left and right) analog outputs, USB output.
* UX2 - features: 1/4" instrument input, 1/4" padded (-10db) instrument input, 2 XLR microphone inputs, 1/4" (left and right) line inputs, 1/4" monitor input, 1/4" (left and right) analog outputs, S/PDIF output, two VU meters, USB output.
* KB37 - same audio interface features as the UX2, plus a 37-note velocity sensitive MIDI keyboard controller.
* UX8 - 8 XLR inputs, 8¼" line inputs, two 1/4-inch front panel instrument inputs, eight 1/4" outputs, two 1/4" stereo headphone jacks, stereo RCA S/PDIF input and output, two VU meters, USB output
All TonePort models included GearBox, a software package for creating and managing amplifier, speaker cabinet, effect, and microphone pre-amp models. All versions except the GX and the UX8 shipped with Ableton Live Lite recording software and Sonoma Wire Works RiffWorks Line6 Edition recording software.
In October 2008, Line6 dropped the TonePort name, except for the KB37 and UX8 models, and renamed the GX, UX1, and UX2 models "POD Studio." In January 2009, the KB37 model was also rebranded, the UX8 being the only model still using the TonePort brand.
Line6 introduced a new software package for the POD Studio line, called POD Farm, which replicates most of the function of GearBox but with a different user interface (both GearBox and POD Farm work with all TonePort and POD Studio models).
# Metamya

Metamya is a genus of moths in the subfamily Arctiinae. The genus was described by Travassos in 1946.

## Species

* Metamya aenetus (Schaus, 1896)
* Metamya bricenoi Rothschild, 1911
* Metamya chrysonota Hampson, 1898
* Metamya flavia Schaus, 1898
* Metamya picta Druce, 1895
* Metamya intersecta Hampson, 1898
# Pacific Metals

Pacific Metals Co Ltd. is a Japanese company. It is listed on the Nikkei 225. The company manufactures and sells ferronickel products. Through its four subsidiaries and seven associate companies, Pacific Metals engages in the complete production cycle from refining ore, to product creation, to sales, to energy production and waste recycling. In 2015, a comparison of Pacific Metals with three other Asian metal producers yielded evidence of a stable production model with sales for the quarter ended in March 2015 reported at ¥61.23 billion (US$508.17 million) as compared to 2010 sales of ¥58.49 billion. The data represents overall sales, as the electrical segment showed a decrease in sales over the same period of ¥1.36 billion.
# The Dollyrots (album)

The Dollyrots is the fourth studio album by the Los Angeles–based pop-punk band The Dollyrots, released on Arrested Youth Records in 2012. According to an article on Yahoo! by Jason Tanamor, the band used a Kickstarter campaign to raise funds to record and release the album. Their original goal was to raise $7,500 but they ended up raising over $33,000.

## Reception

* "The Dollyrots are known for their stripped down 3-piece sound and songs from the Ramones school of songwriting - pure pop drenched in attitude. This is true of this record." (Molly Segers, Atlanta Music Guide)
* "Kelly's voice is one that conveys enjoyment of the music that the band plays and as a whole you certainly label them alongside their good friends Bowling For Soup as "feel good" music. Luis's riffs are energetic and groove filled which further help add to the feel good factor and tick the boxes as far as quality pop punk is concerned." (Jamie Giberti, Scribes of Metal)
* "The record sounds slicker than a slice of Velveeta that's been sitting out on the counter all day, but every song sounds like a hit." (Tim Sendra, Allmusic)
* "The Dollyrots' self-titled CD doesn't stray far from previous offerings, with the signature chug-chug style and catchy melodies the group is known for. Fans of the Ramones will once again find plenty to eat up." (Matt Munoz, The Bakersfield Californian)

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Luis Cabezas and Kelly Ogden except where noted

## Personnel

The following people worked on the album (taken from album sleeve notes).
# Fiona Kernaghan

Fiona Sheree Kernaghan (born 1973) is an Australian singer-songwriter and guitarist. She has released three solo albums, Cypress Grove (1995), Shadow Wine and Truth Lilies (2007) and The Art of Being (2017). Cypress Grove was nominated for Best New Talent at the ARIA Music Awards of 1996. Kernaghan is the daughter of country musician, Ray Kernaghan, and the sister of Lee and Tania Kernaghan.

## Biography

Fiona Sheree Kernaghan was born in 1973. She is the daughter of Pamela and Ray Kernaghan and the younger sister of Lee, Greg and Tania Kernaghan. She learnt to play guitar from her elder siblings and performed in a covers band before deciding to write her own material.
Kernaghan and Tania co-wrote, "I'll Be Gone", with Heather Field and James Gillard; it was released by Tania in 1992 as her first single. Kernaghan then worked with Keith Urban to record demo versions of her songs. Her debut album, Cypress Grove (1995), was nominated for Best New Talent at the ARIA Music Awards of 1996. She supported the Badloves on their tour of Australia.
During 1995 Kernaghan relocated to the United States to mainly work as a songwriter, initially living in Nashville before moving to Los Angeles in 2003. Her songs have been recorded by Mindy McCready ("Take Me Apart"), Tina Arena, Felicity Urquhart, and Tania. In 2005 a compilation album, Feeling Fiona, by various artists performing songs written by Kernaghan, was released by Red Rebel/Automatic.
Kernaghan's second solo album, Shadow Wine and Truth Lilies (2007), was produced by Daniel Kresco. By October 2015 she had returned to Australia and explained, "It's so exciting to think that with the advances in technology, I can do what I do as a writer and as an artist from anywhere." Her third solo album, The Art of Being, appeared in 2017, which was produced by Todd Herfindal.

## Discography
### Albums

| Title | Album details |
| Cypress Grove | Release date: 1995 Label: ABC Music/EMI (4836252) |
| Shadow Wine and Truth Lilies | Release date: 2007 Label: Red Rebel Music (RRM006FK) |
| The Art of Being | Release date: 2017 Label: Fiona Kernaghan (FK001) |

## Awards and nominations
### ARIA Music Awards

The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. They commenced in 1987.
| Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result | Ref. |
| ARIA Music Awards of 1996 | Cypress Grove | Best New Talent | Nominated | |

### Tamworth Songwriters Awards

The Tamworth Songwriters Association (TSA) is an annual songwriting contest for original country songs, awarded in January at the Tamworth Country Music Festival. They commenced in 1986. Fiona Kernaghan has won three awards.
| Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result (wins only) |
| 1998 | "Dunroamin' Station" by Fiona Kernaghan | Songmaker Award | Won |
| 2006 | "30 Something" by Fiona Kernaghan | Contemporary Country Song of the Year | Won |
| 2006 | "30 Something" by Fiona Kernaghan | Country Song of the Year | Won |
# Vallenilla

Vallenilla is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Ernesto Mayz Vallenilla (1925–2015), Venezuelan philosopher
* Laureano Vallenilla Lanz (1870–1936), Venezuelan sociologist and politician
* Luis Vallenilla (born 1974), Venezuelan footballer
* Winston Vallenilla (born 1973), Venezuelan television presenter
# One Cure Fits All

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Drowned in Sound | |
One Cure Fits All is the ninth full-length album by rock band Therapy?, and the third and final to be released on Spitfire Records. It was released on 24 April 2006. The album was recorded in January 2006 at Jacobs Studios in Surrey. The album was not released in North America, but charted at number 152 in the UK Albums Chart.
Produced by Pedro Ferreira (who also produced The Darkness album Permission to Land), the album features markedly polished production, similar to their major label years. This met with a mixed reaction upon its release by fans of the band. The material itself varies, with songs like "Walk through Darkness" and "Dopamine, Seratonin, Adrenaline" displaying anthemic tendencies, while the like of "Unconsoled" and "Private Nobody" are in keeping with the familiar themes of isolation and alienation.
The album was released on CD and download.

## Track listing

All songs written by Therapy?

## Personnel
### Therapy?

* Andy Cairns – vocals, guitar
* Neil Cooper – drums
* Michael McKeegan – bass
with:
* Eduardo Rei – cowbell
* Ian Gatford – voice on "Dopamine, Seratonin, Adrenaline"

### Technical

* Pedro Ferreira – producer, mixer and engineer
* Sam Scott Hunter – photography
* Curt Evans – design

## Singles

* "Rain Hits Concrete" was a download only EP released on 10 April 2006 with "Crazy Cocaine Eyes", "Hard Work Hope" and "Play On".
* "Freeze the Remains" was a download only track available from iTunes. It was also later released on a promo CD given away with Rock Sound magazine.

## Charts

| Chart (2006) | Peak position |
| Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders) | 56 |
| UK Albums (OCC) | 152 |
# Omorgus mariae

Omorgus mariae is a species of hide beetle in the subfamily Omorginae.
# Free Association for the Development and Dissemination of Positive Science

The Free Association for the Development and Dissemination of Positive Science (Svobodnaia Assotsiatsia dlia Razvitiia i Rasprostraneniia Polozhitel'nykh Nauk – SARRPN) was an organisation established in Russia shortly after the February Revolution in 1917. It was founded on 28 March at the Women's Medical Institute, attended by 96 representatives of the exact scientists. It was organised by members of the Russian Academy of Sciences such as Vladimir Vernadsky, Ivan Borodin, Aleksey Krylov, Vladimir Steklov and Ivan Pavlov. They were joined by the novelist Maxim Gorky, the Bolshevik engineer Leonid Krasin and the physicists Dmitri Egorov and Dimitri Rozhdestvensky. The association aimed to facilitate the application of science to the problems of backwardness and ignorance of Russian society and thus help realise the economic potential of the country.
Over the next two months the association organised three meetings in Petrograd and Moscow attracting such political figures as Pavel Milyukov, Alexander Kerensky and Nikolai Sukhanov.
# Ubaldo Arata

Ubaldo Arata (23 March 1895 – 7 December 1947) was an Italian cinematographer. Arata worked on more than a hundred films between 1918 and his death in 1947. Arata entered cinema in the silent era and worked prolifically during the 1920s including on one of the final entries into the long running Maciste series. He was employed on the first Italian sound film The Song of Love (1930). Until the fall of Fascism, he was one of the leading Italian cinematographers working on propaganda films such as Scipione l'africano (Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal, 1937) and Luciano Serra, Pilot (1938) as well as more straightforward entertainment films.
Arata worked with Roberto Rossellini on the 1945 neorealist drama Rome, Open City. He was instrumental in securing the backing of the distribution company Minerva Film for the production's release. Following the Second World War, Arata worked on several co-productions with Britain and the United States.

## Selected filmography

* Zingari (1920)
* Maciste in Hell (1925)
* The Courier of Moncenisio (1927)
* The Last Tsars (1928)
* The Carnival of Venice (1928)
* Rails (1929)
* Judith and Holofernes (1929)
* The Song of Love (1930)
* When Naples Sings (1930)
* Courtyard (1931)
* The Doctor in Spite of Himself (1931)
* Before the Jury (1931)
* The Charmer (1931)
* Paradise (1932)
* La Wally (1932)
* Pergolesi (1932)
* The Last Adventure (1932)
* Together in the Dark (1933)
* I'll Always Love You (1933)
* Everybody's Woman (1934)
* The Little Schoolmistress (1934)
* Lady of Paradise (1934)
* Just Married (1934)
* Unripe Fruit (1934)
* The Wedding March (1934)
* Villafranca (1934)
* Red Passport (1935)
* Ginevra degli Almieri (1935)
* Aldebaran (1935)
* King of Diamonds (1936)
* A Woman Between Two Worlds (1936)
* The Amnesiac (1936)
* The Love of the Maharaja (1936)
* Scipione l'africano (1937)
* Luciano Serra, Pilot (1938)
* The Widow (1939)
* Angelica (1939)
* Bridge of Glass (1940)
* The King's Jester (1941)
* A Woman Has Fallen (1941)
* The Story of Tosca (1941)
* Girl of the Golden West (1942)
* Carmen (1942)
* Life Begins Anew (1945)
* Rome, Open City (1945)
* The Innocent Casimiro (1945)
* The Adulteress (1946)
* Teheran (1946)
* Fatal Symphony (1947)
* Call of the Blood (1949)
* Black Magic (1949)
# Tomáš Nekoranec

Tomáš Nekoranec (born 1985) is a Slovak professional ice hockey player.
He played with HC Slovan Bratislava in the Slovak Extraliga.
# Metamulciber geometricus

Metamulciber geometricus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning.
# Piricaudiopsis punicae

Piricaudiopsis punicae is a fungus occurring on dead branches of Punica granatum, hence its name. It was first found in a tropical forest in southern China. It differs from other Piricaudiopsis species in conidial morphology and in the proliferation of its conidiogenous cell. The presence or proliferation of the conidiogenous cells and the conidial appendages, as well as the height of its conidia are considered putative phylogenetic characters of this genus.
# Limmareds glasbruk

Limmareds glasbruk, near Limmared, is Sweden's oldest still running glassworks. It was founded in 1740. Limmareds glasbruk is the manufacturer of the Absolut Vodka bottle.
# Francis Kojo Arthur

Francis Kojo Arthur (born 22 November 1954) is a former member of the Sixth Parliament of the Fourth Republic of Ghana, representing the Gomoa West Constituency in Central region of Ghana.

## Personal life

Arthur is married with ten children. He is a Christian (Catholic).

## Early life and education

Arthur was born on 22 November 1954 in Gomoa Abasa Number 2 in the Central region of Ghana.
He attended the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology where he obtained a master's degree in Animal Breeding in 2000.

## Career

Prior to becoming a member of parliament, Arthur was a tutor at Anglican Senior High School in Kumasi.

## Politics

Arthur is a member of National Democratic Congress. In 2009, he succeeded Joe Kingsley Hackman as the member of parliament for Gomoa West after contesting and winning the seat in the 2008 Ghanaian elections. During the elections he garnered 15,985 votes which represented 47.47% of the total valid votes cast and hence defeated the other contestants. He contested again in the 2012 Ghanaian Elections and won giving him the chance to represent his constituency for the second term. In the 2012 elections, he garnered 27,624 votes which represented 56.67% of the total valid votes cast.
However, in 2016, he could not contest in the 2016 Ghanaian elections because he lost the National Democratic Congress (NDC) parliamentary elections. Hence the winner, Samuel Fletcher, represented the NDC in the 2016 Ghanaian elections.