OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Vernon L. Lowrance

Vernon Long "Rebel" Lowrance (April 19, 1909 – May 12, 1995) was a United States Navy officer who served as a submarine commander during World War II and later became director of the Office of Naval Intelligence. Promoted to vice admiral, he commanded Submarine Force Atlantic and then served as deputy director of the Defense Intelligence Agency.

## Early life and education

Lowrance was born and raised in Catawba, North Carolina. He was appointed to the United States Naval Academy in 1926, graduating in 1930.

## Military career

At the outbreak of World War II, Lowrance was in command of the submarine R-16 on the Atlantic Coast. Transferred to the Pacific theatre, he commanded Kingfish and Sea Dog on seven successful combat patrols. Credited with sinking 56,000 tons of Japanese shipping, Lowrance was awarded the Navy Cross and three Silver Stars. He was then given command of Submarine Division 121.
After the war, Lowrance commanded Submarine Squadron Eight. Frocked as a captain on November 15, 1945, his promotion became permanent on July 1, 1949. From April 1955 to November 1956, he served as commander of the cruiser Macon. Lowrance also served as interim commander of the attack transport Rockbridge for three weeks in July 1955.
Promoted to rear admiral effective August 1, 1957, Lowrance served as director of the Office of Naval Intelligence from September 1960 to June 1963.
Promoted to vice admiral effective August 31, 1964, Lowrance served as commander of Submarine Force Atlantic from September 1964 to November 1966 and as deputy director of the Defense Intelligence Agency from November 1966 until his retirement in October 1969. He received a Navy Distinguished Service Medal for each of these assignments.

## Personal

Lowrance was the youngest of eight children born to Lawson Henry Lowrance (October 10, 1862 – July 18, 1910) and Essie Cline (Long) Lowrance (January 15, 1877 – March 21, 1968). Their eldest child Carlos Uriah Lowrance (January 20, 1895 – November 11, 1985) served in the United States Army during both World War I and World War II, retiring as a major.
Vernon Lowrance died in Coronado, California and was interred at the United States Naval Academy Cemetery along with his wife Claire V. (Dowden) Lowrance (June 21, 1910 – July 13, 1985) and a son who died in infancy. Their other son Douglas Long Lowrance (December 1, 1935 – July 8, 2017) was a 1957 Naval Academy graduate and commander of the submarine Picuda.
# Verticordia acerosa

Verticordia acerosa is a flowering plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is a shrub with yellow flowers which change colour through red to almost black as they age. There are two varieties which vary in their leaf shape, their flower colour and some of the structures in the flower.

## Description

Verticordia acerosa is a shrub which grows to a height of about 1.0 m (3 ft) and has a single, branching stem. The leaves on the lower part of the stem are linear in shape, pointed, 7–16 mm (0.3–0.6 in) long and dished or almost circular in cross-section. The leaves near the flowers are lance-shaped to egg-shaped or almost circular. The flower-cup is top-shaped, 1.0–1.5 mm (0.04–0.06 in) long, glabrous, covered with small lumps and has 10 ribs. The petals are shaped like fingers on a hand, 3–4 mm (0.1–0.2 in) and yellow, turning to red. Flowering time is from August to November, from September in southern parts of the plant's range.

## Taxonomy and naming

The species was first formally described by John Lindley in 1839 and the description was published in A Sketch of the Vegetation of the Swan River Colony. The specific epithet (acerosa) is a Latin word meaning "full of chaff".
There are two varieties:
* V. acerosa Lindl. var. acerosa which has its staminodes fringed with hairs, upper leaves that are lance-shaped to egg-shaped and bright yellow young flowers;
* V. acerosa var. preissii (Schauer) A.S.George which has staminodes with toothed margins, elliptic to almost circular upper leaves and lemon-yellow young flowers.
When Alex George reviewed the genus Verticordia in 1991, he placed this species in subgenus Chrysoma, section Chrysoma along with V. citrella, V. subulata, V. endlicheriana.

## Distribution and habitat

The variety acerosa grows in lateritic soils in jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) and marri (Corymbia calophylla) forest or in sand in heath along the Darling Scarp or at the foot of the range between Forrestfield and Cannington. The variety preissii is more widely distributed across the south-west of Western Australia between Coorow and the Fitzgerald River National Park. It grows in a wide range of soils and vegetation associations, often with other species of verticordias in the Avon Wheatbelt, Jarrah Forest and Mallee biogeographic regions.

## Conservation status

Verticordia acerosa is classified as "not threatened" by the Government of Western Australia Department of Parks and Wildlife.

## Use in horticulture

This verticordia was first grown in gardens in England in 1842. It can be propagated from cuttings and by seed, some garden specimens having self-sown. Its foliage, red young stems and bright yellow, perfumed flowers make this an attractive garden specimen. The variety preissii is often a more striking, compact small shrub with larger heads of flowers than the type variety. Both varieties need to be grown in light soils in a sunny location. They are usually frost tolerant but sometimes suffer from fungal infections.
# Musketeer Regiment Prinz Carl

The Musketeer Regiment Prinz Carl was a regiment of Hessian troops that served Great Britain during the American Revolutionary War. It was raised in 1702 by Colonel C. F. E. von Wartensleben and became a regiment of the princes of the Landgraviate family. It became 1st Battalion of the 3rd Hessian Infantry Regiment in 1821, and was disbanded in 1832.

## American Revolutionary War

According to German military records, the regiment was raised in Bad Hersfeld, Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel), Germany. On January 21, 1776, the regiment marched from Hersfeld, embarking in Carlstadt at Bremerlehe on March, 23. They sailed for America on April 17, 1776, and landed at Staten Island, New York on August 15. They fought in the Battle of White Plains on October 28, 1776, and participated in the capture of Newport, Rhode Island July 29 to August 31, 1778, as well as other minor actions. On November 12, 1783, the regiment sailed from New York for Bremerlehe, returning to the garrison at Hersfeld on May 28, 1784. Some of the men were sent to Whippingham on the Isle of Wight to convalesce: many died there and are buried at the parish church.
Although the official history of the unit does not give precise details of its movements, there are indications of other operations:
According to a Sep. 23, 1777 letter from Lieutenant General Sir Henry Clinton, to Gen. Sir William Howe, the regiment participated in an incursion into New Jersey from the 12th to the 16th of September, 1777.
Also, a report of a Hessian deserter from 28 August 1782, found in George Washington's papers, indicates this regiment, along with "the Regt. of Wesebach & Angenella together with Fanning's Corps., & 7th British Reg., came lately from Savannah & are now on Long Island, very weak in number and very sickly." In this report, "7th British Regt. is likely the "7th Regiment of Foot (Royal Fuzileers)" under Lt. Gen. Richard Prescott, who had been ordered to Savannah on 22 December 1781. "Fanning's Corps." is probably the loyalist "King's American Regiment" "Angenella" is probably the "Grenadier Regt. von d'Angelelli." And, the "Regt. of Wesebach" likely refers to the Hessian "Regt. von Wissenbach", although von Knoblauch had taken command by that time. The British forces evacuated Savannah on July 11, 1782.

## Officers
### Kompanie 2

* (1775–80) Generalmajor Martin Konrad Schmitt
* (1780–84) Generalmajor Ephraim v. Gose

### Kompanie 3

* (1775) Obrist (Colonel) Ephraim v. Gose
* (1776–84) Obrist George Emanuel v. Lengerke

### Kompanie 4

* (1775–84) Obristleutnant Johann Wilhelm Schreiber (promoted to Obrist)

### Kompanie 5

* (1775–84) Major Wilhelm v. Loewenstein (promoted to Obristleutnant, then Obrist)
Source:
# Vera Charles

Vera Katherine Charles (1877–1954) was an American mycologist. She was one of the first women to be appointed to professional positions within the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Charles coauthored several articles on mushrooms while working for the USDA.

## Education

Charles graduated from Mount Holyoke College, and received her PhD from Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences in 1903. While in school, she primarily studied mycology, but also focused on plant pathology. After graduation, she began to work for the USDA, where she worked for many years in the Office of Mycological Collections and its successors.

## Career and research

During her early career as a mycologist, Charles often worked with Flora Wambaugh Patterson, the first female mycologist in the USDA. During the 1910s and 1920s, they published many coauthored papers. These papers were held in high regard by Charles' and Patterson's contemporaries. This partnership continued until Patterson's death in 1928.
Charles was responsible for inspecting many imported plants prior to the Plant Quarantine Act, enacted in 1912. Through inspecting these plants for signs of disease, Charles and her lab were the first to report and categorize potato wart disease. Charles and Patterson became primarily responsible for fungus research with the Pathological Collections after the organization of Plant Disease Survey in 1917. Charles also conducted research and publish articles on the fungal pathogens that North American insects face. Her knowledge of agarics, specifically the identification of edible and poisonous fungi, meant that for many years she was the government expert. Her Some common mushrooms and how to know them published in 1931 and twice revised was still among the most frequently requested publications from the US Department of Agriculture in the mid-1950s.
In 1931 she published Introduction to Mushroom Hunting. In addition, she contributed a chapter to a 1935 book on careers for women. Her chapter was entitled "The Mycologist." Even after retiring on 30 June 1942, Charles collaborated with other mycologists. However, eventually Charles' eyesight weakened to the point that she could no longer use a microscope but she continued writing. During her career she was author or co-author of over 37 books and scientific papers, as well as assisting other mycologists with descriptions of new species.

## Selected publications

* Charles VK. "Occurrence of Lasiodiplodia on Theobroma cacao and Mangifera indica". The Journal of Mycology, Vol. 12, No. 4 (1906), pp. 145–146
* Charles VK. "A fungus on lace bugs" Mycologia, Vol. 29, No. 2 (1937), pp. 216–221
* Charles VK. "An entomogenous fungus on spider mites on water Hyacinth" Mycologia, Vol. 32, No. 4 (1940), pp. 537–540
* Charles VK. "A fungous disease of codling moth larvae" Mycologia, Vol. 33, No. 4 (1941), pp. 344–349
* Charles VK. "Mushroom poisoning caused by Lactaria glaucescens" Mycologia, Vol. 34, No. 1 (1942), pp. 112–113
* Charles VK. "Some common mushrooms and how to know them. United States Department of Agriculture, no. 143 Washington, D.C. (1946) doi:10.5962/bhl.title.27597
# Liu Wenjie (government official)

Liu Wenjie (born 1944) is a Chinese official who has been the Deputy Chairman of the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade since 1998.
# Svetlaya Polyana

Svetlaya Polyana is a village in the Jeti-Ögüz District of Issyk-Kul Region of Kyrgyzstan. Its population was 3,234 in 2021.
# Spy for a Day

Spy for a Day is a 1940 British comedy thriller film directed by Mario Zampi and starring Douglas Wakefield, Paddy Browne and Jack Allen. The screenplay concerns a British farmer who is abducted by the Germans during World War I.

## Premise

During World War I, a British farmer is abducted by the Germans to take the place of a spy about to be executed whom he closely resembles.

## Cast

* Douglas Wakefield as Sam Gates
* Paddy Browne as Martha Clowes
* Jack Allen as Captain Bradshaw
* Albert Lieven as Captain Hausemann
* Nicholas Hannen as Colonel Pemberton
* Gibb McLaughlin as Colonel Ludwig
* Allan Jeayes as Colonel Roberts
* Alf Goddard as Sergeant Bryan
* George Hayes as Corporal Boehme
* Eliot Makeham as Trufit
* Hay Petrie as Britt
* O. B. Clarence as Medical Officer
# Edward Acevedo

Edward Acevedo may refer to:
* Edward Acevedo (footballer) (born 1985), Dominican footballer
* Edward Acevedo (politician) (born 1963), American politician
# Tzelepides

The Tzelepides were officials of the Ottoman state who collected the tzelepiko tax (resm-iagnam-Icelebkeşan) on large scale livestock breeders.
The Ottoman government created this tax to help cover its needs in certain livestock products. Its payment in kind and its collection exclusively by the state led to the establishment of a special mechanism for its administration. The tax collectors were called "tzelepides" (celep). The need for a flexible state agency, that will oversee the supply and prompt delivery of the required animals for consumption, gradually involves the livestock breeding populations in the mechanism for the collection of the tax. Through this process they are turned into one of the empire's productive forces, while the capacity of a tzelepis is slowly identified with livestock owners who have undertaken the task to supply the state with livestock products. This upgraded relationship with the state provides them with the privilege to access or intervene in the state mechanisms, which in turn maintains or even instigates their pursuitof a stronger economic presence. This is realized when livestock breeding develops into a broader commercial activity. This way these “state sheepherders” sell part of their production on the free market, thus achieving greater profits and greater economic power.

## Sources

* Β.Cvetkova, «Les Celep et leur rôle dansla vie économique des Balkans à l'époque Ottomane (XVe-XVIIe s.)», M. A. Cook, Studiesin the Economic History of the Middle East, from the rise of Islam to the present day, Oxford 1970, pp. 172–192.
* B. Cvetkova, «Le service des "celep" et le ravitaillement en bétail dans l'Empire Ottoman (XVe-XVIIIe s.)», Études Historiques 3 (Sofia, 1966), pp. 145–150
* V. Moutavcieva, Agrotikes scheseis stin othomaniki autokratoria (15–16 c.) [Agrarian Institutions in the Ottoman Empire (17th and 18th centuries)], transl. O. Astrinaki – E. Mpalta, Publ. Poreia, Athens 1990, pp. 274 note 205.
* V. Rokou, Oreines koinonies kata tin periodo ths Othomanikis kiriarchias sta Valkania [Mountain communities during the time of the Ottoman rule in the Balkans], publ. Erodios, Thessaloniki 2007, pp. 81–106.
* This Ottoman Empire–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
* This tax-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
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* e
# Leptocometes obscurus

Leptocometes obscurus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Monné in 1990.
# List of Algerian provinces by area

    This article has been translated from the French Wikipedia equivalent.
The following is a list of the wilayat, or provinces, of the North African country of Algeria by area.
| Rank | Number on map | Name | Area (km$^2$) | Percentage of area |
| 1 | 11 | Tamanrasset Province | 557 906 km$^2$ | 23.42% |
| 2 | 01 | Adrar Province | 427 368 km$^2$ | 17.94% |
| 3 | 33 | Illizi Province | 284 618 km$^2$ | 11.94% |
| 4 | 30 | Ouargla Province | 211 980 km$^2$ | 8.90% |
| 5 | 08 | Béchar Province | 162 200 km$^2$ | 6.81% |
| 6 | 37 | Tindouf Province | 159 000 km$^2$ | 6.68% |
| 7 | 47 | Ghardaïa Province | 86 105 km$^2$ | 3.61% |
| 8 | 32 | El Bayadh Province | 78 870 km$^2$ | 3.31% |
| 9 | 17 | Djelfa Province | 66 415 km$^2$ | 2.79% |
| 10 | 39 | El Oued Province | 54 573 km$^2$ | 2.29% |
| 11 | 45 | Naâma Province | 29 950 km$^2$ | 1.26% |
| 12 | 03 | Laghouat Province | 25 057 km$^2$ | 1.05% |
| 13 | 07 | Biskra Province | 20 986 km$^2$ | 0.88% |
| 14 | 14 | Tiaret Province | 20 673 km$^2$ | 0.87% |
| 15 | 28 | M'Sila Province | 18 718 km$^2$ | 0.79% |
| 16 | 12 | Tébessa Province | 14 227 km$^2$ | 0.60% |
| 17 | 05 | Batna Province | 12 192 km$^2$ | 0.51% |
| 18 | 40 | Khenchela Province | 9 811 km$^2$ | 0.41% |
| 19 | 43 | Mila Province | 9 375 km$^2$ | 0.39% |
| 20 | 22 | Sidi Bel Abbès Province | 9 150 km$^2$ | 0.38% |
| 21 | 13 | Tlemcen Province | 9 061 km$^2$ | 0.38% |
| 22 | 26 | Médéa Province | 8 866 km$^2$ | 0.37% |
| 23 | 04 | Oum El Bouaghi Province | 7 638 km$^2$ | 0.32% |
| 24 | 20 | Saïda Province | 6 764 km$^2$ | 0.28% |
| 25 | 19 | Sétif Province | 6 504 km$^2$ | 0.27% |
| 26 | 29 | Mascara Province | 5 941 km$^2$ | 0.24% |
| 27 | 44 | Aïn Defla Province | 4 897 km$^2$ | 0.21% |
| 28 | 48 | Relizane Province | 4 870 km$^2$ | 0.20% |
| 29 | 02 | Chlef Province | 4 791 km$^2$ | 0.20% |
| 30 | 41 | Souk Ahras Province | 4 541 km$^2$ | 0.19% |
| 31 | 10 | Bouira Province | 4 439 km$^2$ | 0.19% |
| 32 | 34 | Bordj Bou Arreridj Province | 4 115 km$^2$ | 0.17% |
| 33 | 24 | Guelma Province | 4 101 km$^2$ | 0.17% |
| 34 | 21 | Skikda Province | 4 026 km$^2$ | 0.17% |
| 35 | 36 | El Tarf Province | 3 339 km$^2$ | 0.14% |
| 36 | 06 | Béjaïa Province | 3 268 km$^2$ | 0.14% |
| 37 | 38 | Tissemsilt Province | 3 152 km$^2$ | 0.13% |
| 38 | 15 | Tizi Ouzou Province | 2 958 km$^2$ | 0.12% |
| 39 | 18 | Jijel Province | 2 577 km$^2$ | 0.11% |
| 40 | 46 | Aïn Témouchent Province | 2 379 km$^2$ | 0.11% |
| 41 | 25 | Constantine Province | 2 187 km$^2$ | 0.09% |
| 42 | 27 | Mostaganem Province | 2 175 km$^2$ | 0.09% |
| 43 | 42 | Tipaza Province | 2 166 km$^2$ | 0.09% |
| 44 | 31 | Oran Province | 2 121 km$^2$ | 0.09% |
| 45 | 35 | Boumerdès Province | 1 591 km$^2$ | 0.07% |
| 46 | 09 | Blida Province | 1 478 km$^2$ | 0.06% |
| 47 | 23 | Annaba Province | 1 439 km$^2$ | 0.06% |
| 48 | 16 | Algiers Province | 809 km$^2$ | 0.03% |
| Total | Total | 2 381 741 km$^2$ | 100% |
# Linney

Linney is an English surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Caitlin Linney, American trance vocalist and singer-songwriter
* Dave Linney (born 1961), English footballer
* George Linney (1869–1927), English-born Australian cricketer, father of Keith Linney
* Keith Linney (1912–1992), Australian-born English cricketer
* Laura Linney (born 1964), American actress of film, television and theatre
* Romulus Linney (playwright) (1930–2011), American playwright and professor
* Romulus Zachariah Linney (1841–1910), Republican U.S. Congressman from North Carolina 1895–1901
# Linarolo

Linarolo is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Pavia in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 35 km south of Milan and about 9 km east of Pavia. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 2,200 and an area of 12.3 km$^2$.
The municipality of Linarolo contains the frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Ospedaletto, San Leonardo, and Vaccarizza.
Linarolo borders the following municipalities: Albaredo Arnaboldi, Albuzzano, Belgioioso, Mezzanino, Travacò Siccomario, Valle Salimbene.
# Linars

Linars (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

## Population

| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1793 | 628 | — |
| 1800 | 647 | +0.43% |
| 1806 | 630 | −0.44% |
| 1821 | 566 | −0.71% |
| 1831 | 590 | +0.42% |
| 1841 | 473 | −2.19% |
| 1846 | 500 | +1.12% |
| 1851 | 501 | +0.04% |
| 1856 | 477 | −0.98% |
| 1861 | 469 | −0.34% |
| 1866 | 454 | −0.65% |
| 1872 | 465 | +0.40% |
| 1876 | 448 | −0.93% |
| 1881 | 448 | +0.00% |
| 1886 | 471 | +1.01% |
| 1891 | 480 | +0.38% |
| 1896 | 411 | −3.06% |
| 1901 | 464 | +2.46% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1906 | 506 | +1.75% |
| 1911 | 506 | +0.00% |
| 1921 | 478 | −0.57% |
| 1926 | 492 | +0.58% |
| 1931 | 506 | +0.56% |
| 1936 | 528 | +0.85% |
| 1946 | 595 | +1.20% |
| 1954 | 582 | −0.28% |
| 1962 | 726 | +2.80% |
| 1968 | 852 | +2.70% |
| 1975 | 1,667 | +10.06% |
| 1982 | 2,208 | +4.10% |
| 1990 | 2,193 | −0.09% |
| 1999 | 2,110 | −0.43% |
| 2007 | 2,068 | −0.25% |
| 2012 | 2,073 | +0.05% |
| 2017 | 2,078 | +0.05% |
Source: EHESS and INSEE (1968-2017) :
# The Flagellation of Christ (Caravaggio)

The Flagellation of Christ is a painting by the Italian Baroque painter Caravaggio, now in the Museo Nazionale di Capodimonte, Naples. It is dated to 1607, and may have been reworked by the artist in 1610. It is not to be confused with Christ at the Column, another Flagellation by Caravaggio of the same period.

## Description

According to art biographer Gian Pietro Bellori (1672), this work was commissioned by the di Franco (or de Franchis) family for a chapel in the church of San Domenico Maggiore in Naples. The family were connected with the Confraternity of the Pio Monte della Misericordia, for whose church Caravaggio had already painted The Seven Works of Mercy. It was moved to the museum at Capodimonte in 1972.
The Flagellation of Christ had long been a popular subject in religious art—and in contemporary religious practice, where the church encouraged self-flagellation as a means by which the faithful might enter into the suffering of Christ. Caravaggio would have had in mind the famous fresco by Sebastiano del Piombo in the church of San Pietro in Montorio in Rome. Caravaggio has reworked Piombo's composition by drastically reducing the picture space so that the sculptural figures seem presented on a shallow stage. He has, however, retained Piombo's sense of the flagellation as a kind of sadistic ballet, with the figures arranged rhythmically across the canvas. Caravaggio's painting introduces an acutely observed reality into the scene: Christ is in this drooping pose, not because it might seem graceful, but because the torturer on the right is kicking the back of his knee while the figure on the left holds his hair tightly in his fist.
This series of highly dramatic and innovative Neapolitan altarpieces — the Seven Works of Mercy, this Flagellation, and a close companion piece, Christ at the Column, all done within a few months of his arrival in the city — instantly made Caravaggio the most talked-about artist in Naples, and the church of Sant'Anna dei Lombardi (Saint Anna of the Lombards — Caravaggio was originally from Lombardy) became a centre of the Caravaggisti, artists painting in the style of Caravaggio. These were not only native Neapolitans like Carlo Sellitto and Battistello Caracciolo, but included Flemish artists like Louis Finson, Abraham Vinck and Hendrick de Somer who would later help spread Caravaggism to northern Europe.
# The Flail of God

The Flail of God is a 1931 Australian radio play by Max Afford adapting his own story.
It may have been the first locally written play for Australian radio.
Afford originally wrote a short story The Flail which he adapted into a one act play that was performed on stage in 1931.
The play was presented again in 1932.

## Premise

Four newspaper reporters are sent to cover an execution.