OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Paludification

Paludification is the most common process by which peatlands in the boreal zone are formed.

## Formation

The process is characterized by peat initialization on previously drier and vegetated habitats over inorganic soils, with no fully aquatic phase. Thus the paludification process includes a shift from forests, grassland or long exposed bare land to peatland. The initiation of this accumulation of organic matter (i.e. peat), can be controlled by both allogenic (i.e. external to the ecosystem) and autogenic (i.e. internal to the ecosystem) factors. The hydrological balance is critical for the initiation of peat. The hydrological balance can simply be defined as the difference between the incoming and outgoing amount of water (e.g. precipitation minus evapotranspiration and minus runoff). Usually it is considered that factors such as climate, geomorphology, geology and soils control this balance. However, paludification may also be just a result of the local accumulation of peat (i.e. autogenic factor).

## Climatic factors

The climate factor has a great influence on the paludification process. The development of a paludified soil requires a positive hydrological balance during the growing season. Therefore, there needs to be a shift in local hydrological conditions. Such a shift could be caused by an increase in water inputs or a decrease in outputs. Human activity such as tree removal, natural or human induced forest fires, increase in precipitation, and podsolization, etc. are processes which could change those in- and outputs.

## Geomorphology

The factor geomorphology (and also topography) creates spatial diversity in the hydrological characteristics of the landscape. The flat topography (and thus low slopes) in the two major peatlands in the world, located in the West Siberian Plain and in the Hudson/James Bay Lowlands of Canada respectively, illustrate the significance of this factor.

## Impact of soils

Geology and soils (i.e. bedrock and texture) play also an important role. When the mineral soil is composed of heavy clay, the soil will act as an impermeable substrate that facilitates water accumulation.
Simply an increase in surface water from melting permafrost can cause increased paludification in boreal ecosystems.
In the context of forest management, paludification has been studied intensively during the last decade. Especially because of the negative effects paludification has for the boreal forests. In this way that paludification may lead to:
* Reduction in soil temperature, soil aeration, nutrient availability, decomposition rates
* Formation of permafrost in certain areas
* Increase of the water table level
* Decrease in tree productivity.
# Mezőgyán

Mezőgyán is a village in Békés County, in the Southern Great Plain region of south-east Hungary. It covers an area of 59.9 km$^2$ and has a population of 1,058 people (2015).
# Thiago de Mello

Amadeu Thiago de Mello (30 March 1926 – 14 January 2022), published as Thiago de Mello, was a Brazilian poet, writer, translator, and environmental activist. He was among the most appreciated writers in the country and especially as an icon of Amazonian regional literature. His work has been translated into numerous languages.

## Life and career

After Thiago de Mello completed his elementary education at the Grupo Escolar Barão do Rio Branco and high school at the Gymnásio Pedro II in Manaus, he moved to Rio de Janeiro, where he enrolled in the Faculty of Medicine (Faculdade Nacional de Medicina), but left after four years to pursue the path of poetry. In 1951, Silêncio e Palavra, his first book, was published and immediately received critical acclaim.
During the military dictatorship from 1964 to 1985, he first took exile in Chile, where he found a friend and political sympathizer in Pablo Neruda and witnessed the violent overthrow of President Salvador Allende and the subsequent military coup.
In 1964, he wrote what is probably his best-known poem, Os Estatutos do Homem ( "The Statutes of Man"), which proclaimed simple human rights as a protest against the military regime and was allegedly immediately banned by it. His further exile took him to Argentina, Portugal, France, and Germany. After the end of the Brazilian military dictatorship, he moved back to his native city of Barreirinha, where he lived in a house owned by the architect Lúcio Costa and worked for the integrity of the Amazon region and for human rights.
During literary career, De Mello was awarded national and international prizes and awards.
Besides his own work, he had a long career as a translator of Latin American poetry by Pablo Neruda, César Vallejo, Ernesto Cardenal, Eliseo Diego, Nicolás Guillén, and also T. S. Eliot into Portuguese. His own works have appeared in Chile, Cuba, Argentina, Portugal, the United States, France, Great Britain and Germany, in addition to Brazil. Pablo Neruda said about him, "Thiago de Mello is a soul transformer," and dedicated the poem Thiago y Santiago to him.
De Mello died in Manaus on 14 January 2022, at the age of 95.

## Awards

* 1960: Brazilian Academy of Letters' Poetry award
* 1962: Book of the Year Award by União Brasileira de Escritores
* 1997: Rio de Janeiro Book Biennial (Bienal do Livro do Rio de Janeiro) Award
* 1997: Prêmio Jabuti for De uma vez por todas
In addition, Thiago de Mello was named Chevalier des Arts et des Lettres de France in the 1980s.

## Works

* 1951: Silêncio e palavra
* 1952: Narciso cego
* 1956: A lenda da rosa
* 1960: Vento geral
* 1965: Faz escuro mas eu canto
* 1966: A canção do amor armado
* 1977: Os Estatutos do Homem
* 1981: Mormaço na floresta
* 1982: Horóscopo para os que estão vivos
* 1986: Num campo de margaridas
* 1991: Amazonas, pátria da àgua Photographies by Luiz Cláudio Marigo
* 1992: Os Estatutos do Homem e Poemas inéditos
* 1993: Borges na luz de Borges
* 1996: De uma vez por todas
* 1999: Campo de milagres
# Thomas Madigage

Thomas Madigage (11 November 1970 – 19 October 2012) was a South African football player and coach.

## Club career

Born in Pretoria, Madigage started his career at Arcadia Shepherds where he played alongside Paul Matthews, the son of Roy Matthews, assistant at Jomo Cosmos. After impressing Matthews, he was spotted by Jomo Sono who brought the player to his own team, raising him as a son.
He made his debut for Jomo Cosmos at the age of 16, winning the 1987 National Soccer League in his first year at the club. In 1990, he had a trial at Rangers with fellow Cosmos player Augustine Makalakalane, but the duo was not signed. Instead, both joined Swiss side FC Zürich.
At Zürich, Madigage suffered with knee injuries and played a single league match in a 5-1 loss against FC Luzern, scoring his sole team goal. After failing to appear in further matches, he returned to Jomo Cosmos in 1992.
He later joined Pretoria City (later renamed SuperSport United), winning the 2nd division and reaching the Bob Save Super Bowl in 1995, before retiring in 2003.

## International career

Madigage earned four caps for the South African national team.

## Retirement

After retiring as a player, Madigage worked as an assistant coach for SuperSport United from 2004 to 2012 and later the South African national team.

## Later life and death

Madigage died in a car crash in the early hours of Friday 19 October 2012, after hitting a donkey crossing a road near Burgersfort, Limpopo. He was 41 at the time.
# Wah Do (constituency)

Wah Do (Chinese: 華都) is one of the 18 constituencies in the North District of Hong Kong which was first created in 2003.
The constituency loosely covers King Shing Court, Flora Plaza and Wah Sum Estate in Fanling with an estimated population of 18,412.

## Councillors represented

| Election | Member | Party |
| 2003 | Poon Chun-yuen | Democratic |
| 2011 | Yiu Ming | DAB |
| 2019 | Cheung Chun-wai | North District Blueprint |

## Election results
### 2010s

North District Council Election, 2019: Wah Do :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | NDB | Colin Cheung Chun-wai | 5,288 | 58.68 |
| | DAB | Yiu Ming | 3,724 | 41.32 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 1,564 | 17.36 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 9,046 | 74.58 |
| | NDB gain from DAB | NDB gain from DAB | Swing | |
North District Council Election, 2015: Wah Do :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | DAB | Yiu Ming | Uncontested | | |
| | DAB hold | DAB hold | Swing | | |
North District Council Election, 2011: Wah Do :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | DAB | Yiu Ming | 3,062 | 59.2 |
| | Democratic | Wilson Li Wing-shing | 1,956 | 37.8 |
| | People Power | Li Kai-hang | 158 | 3.1 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 1,106 | 21.4 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 5,176 | 49.5 |
| | DAB gain from Democratic | DAB gain from Democratic | Swing | |

### 2000s

North District Council Election, 2007: Wah Do :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Democratic | Poon Chung-yuen | 2,547 | 59.4 |
| | DAB | Yiu Ming | 1,739 | 40.6 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 808 | 18.8 |
| | Democratic hold | Democratic hold | Swing | |
North District Council Election, 2003: Wah Do :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Democratic | Poon Chung-yuen | 3,059 | 82.9 |
| | Independent | Lai Sum | 629 | 17.1 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 2,430 | 65.8 |
| | Democratic hold | Democratic hold | Swing | |
# Micropterix wockei

Micropterix wockei is a species of moth belonging to the family Micropterigidae. It was described by Otto Staudinger in 1871. It is named after Maximilian Ferdinand Wocke. It is known from Greece.
The length of the forewings is 3.4 mm for males and 4.2 mm for females.
# Nault

Nault is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Bob Nault (born 1955), Canadian politician
* Fernand Nault (1920–2006), Canadian dancer and choreographer
* Joseph Daniel Nault (1888–1954), Canadian politician
* Marie-Ève Nault (born 1982), Canadian soccer player
# 1940–41 Chelsea F.C. season

The 1940–41 season was Chelsea Football Club's second season of wartime football during the Second World War. As the Football League and the FA Cup were suspended for the duration, the club instead competed in regional competitions. Records and statistics for these matches are considered unofficial. Due to the disruption of the war, many scheduled matches were not completed. Chelsea finished 21st in the 32-team Football League South.
# Townsend (CDP), Wisconsin

Townsend is an unincorporated census-designated place located in the town of Townsend, Oconto County, Wisconsin, United States. Townsend is located on Wisconsin Highway 32 22.5 miles (36.2 km) southeast of Crandon. Townsend has a post office with ZIP code 54175. As of the 2010 census, its population is 146.
# Naungyin, Homalin

Naungyin is a village in Homalin Township, Hkamti District, in the Sagaing Region of northwestern Burma.
# Thirukanurpatti

Thirukanurpatti is a village in the Thanjavur taluk of Thanjavur district, Tamil Nadu, India.

## Demographics

As per the 2001 census, Thirukanurpatti had a total population of 4003 with 1999 males and 2004 females. The sex ratio was 1003. The literacy rate was 64.18.
# Field hockey in the Netherlands

Field hockey in the Netherlands is a sport which has popular support in the country. There are 350,000 people who play for a variety of field hockey teams.

## History

In 1892 was the when field hockey was first played in the Netherlands. The Royal Dutch Hockey Federation the governing body for field hockey in the country.

## Domestic League

Hoofdklasse Hockey has a men's and women's professional field hockey leagues. The hockey season begins in two stages: from September to December and then March to June.

## National teams

The Dutch men's and women's national teams have enjoyed major success in international field hockey tournaments. The men's team has won 3 world championships and three times Olympic gold. The women's team has won 9 world championships and 5 gold medals at the Olympics (1984, 2008, 2012, 2021, 2024).

### World Rankings

FIH World Rankings as of 13 August 2024. :
| Rank | Change | Team | Points |
| 1 | | Netherlands | 3168.01 |
| 2 | 3 | Germany | 3035.28 |
| 3 | 1 | England | 2973.31 |
FIH Women's World Rankings as of 13 August 2024. :
| Rank | Change | Team | Points |
| 1 | | Netherlands | 3641.34 |
| 2 | | Argentina | 3058.56 |
| 3 | 1 | Belgium | 2851.61 |
# Micropterix tunbergella

Micropterix tunbergella is a moth of the family Micropterigidae found in most of Europe. The moths are very small and can be found feeding on the pollen of hawthorn, oak and sycamore. The larva and pupa are unknown. The moth was described Johan Christian Fabricius in 1787.

## Taxonomy

The moth was first described from a specimen found in Germany, by the Danish zoologist, Johan Christian Fabricius in 1787. He named it Tinea tunbergella. Tinea – a ″gnawing worm″, was first used by the father of modern taxonomy Carl Linnaeus, in his Systema Naturae published in 1758 and was applied to various larvae, including those Lepidoptera which ruined clothing. Micropterix was raised by Jacob Hübner and the name comes from the small size of the adult; Mikros – ″little″ and pterux – ″a wing″. The specific part of the name tunbergella is after the Swedish naturalist Carl Peter Thunberg (1743–1828).

## Description

The wingspan is 8–11 millimetres (0.31–0.43 in). The forewing is reddish-purple with indistinct dull golden markings present in the apical third of the forewing. The head is golden-yellow. Moths in the family Micropterigidae are different from other moths, as they have chewing mouthparts, and this species is on wing during the day in May and June feeding on the pollen of various flowering plants, including cherry laurel, oaks (Quercus species), sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) and hawthorns (Crataegus) species.
The larva, their food plant(s) and the pupa are not known.

## Distribution

It is found in most of Europe, except Bulgaria, Croatia, Finland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg Portugal, Slovenia and Ukraine.
# Montlainsia

Montlainsia (French pronunciation:, literally Montlainsia) is a commune in the department of Jura, eastern France. The municipality was established on 1 January 2017 by merger of the former communes of Lains (the seat), Dessia and Montagna-le-Templier.
# Meanwood Valley Urban Farm

Meanwood Valley Urban Farm is a city farm established in 1980 in Meanwood, Leeds, England, which has animals and crops and an environmentally friendly visitors centre. The farm is on Meanwood Beck and occupies 24 acres (97,000 m$^2$). The main entrance is on Sugarwell Road.

## Activities

It demonstrates a variety of wildlife habitats, organic farming and sustainability over 24 acres (97,000 m$^2$) to members of the public, and introduces schoolchildren to various aspects of farming and the environment. The Farm also provides educational services to disadvantaged young people and adults with learning difficulties. It provides locally grown food and allotments for the community. There is a social enterprise coffee shop where profits go to the community, and which provides a meeting place for local communities and work experience and training.
The animals farmed include Dexter cattle, sheep (Whitefaced Woodland Ryeland), alpacas, goats, several breeds of pig, chickens and ducks. There are also guinea pigs and rabbits in the small animals area and two donkeys. Honey is produced from beehives kept on the farm and the moors.
A Recycled Bike Project takes cycles from Meanwood Household Waste Site and donated by West Yorkshire Police, which are rebuilt by young people, teaching them mechanical skills. The final bicycles are then donates to trainees or unemployed people to aid commuting. Ten have been sent to Romania for Medicare Nurses to visit their patients.

## History

It was established in 1980 as a charity run by volunteers with £5,000 from Leeds City Council, initially with one caravan (later two) as the only accommodation, and was formally opened in July 1981 by the Lord Mayor of Leeds.
By 1986 there was a hut, and in 1999, having raised half a million pounds, a timber frame building called the Epicentre was opened as a resource for the farm and the local community, with offices, education and meeting rooms. Further fundraising produced donations of a similar sum to enable expansion, with new animal buildings in 2004.

## Epicentre

The main building provides administrative rooms for the farm, and meeting rooms for local groups. It is an example of Walter Segal system of self-build construction which is environmentally-friendly in its use of materials and energy. It is a low-energy building using the principle of solar gain; it has a turf roof and uses a reed bed drainage treatment system. It was officially opened by the Environment Secretary, Michael Meacher and was also visited by Prince Charles in 2002.

## Recognition

It was commended by Prince Charles. Its Director, Sue Reddington, received an MBE for her work with the farm in the 2000 New Year Honours and one of its first volunteers, Robert Collins, received the same in the 2013 New Year Honours.
* Map sign
* View across Meanwood Beck and then the reed beds towards the Epicentre
* Raised flower beds and growing tunnels
* The Limestone Walk path
* A pig
* A donkey
# Panther anole

There are two species of lizard named panther anole:
* Anolis bimaculatus, endemic to the Caribbean Lesser Antilles
* Anolis leachii, endemic to the Caribbean
# Metropolitan Park metro station

Metropolitan Park is a station on the Red line of Kaohsiung MRT in Nanzih District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
The station is a three-level, elevated station with one island platforms and four exits. It is 171 meters long and is located at the junction of Gaonan Highway and Cingnong Road.

## Around the station

* Kaohsiung Metropolitan Park
* Taiwan Railways Administration Nanzi Station
* National Kaohsiung Marine University
* Gaonan Highway
* Kaohsiung Blood Center
# Federalist No. 83

Federalist No. 83 is an essay by Alexander Hamilton, the eighty-third of The Federalist Papers. It was published on July 5, 9, and 12, 1788, under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all The Federalist papers were published. Titled "The Judiciary Continued in Relation to Trial by Jury", it is the last in a series of six essays discussing the powers and limitations of the judicial branch.
# Unified Wine & Grape Symposium

The Unified Wine & Grape Symposium (UWGS) is an annual wine and grape industry event, held every January in Sacramento, California, United States of America. Since 1995 the American Society for Enology and Viticulture (ASEV) and the California Association of Winegrape Growers (CAWG) have worked together to develop the trade show combined with symposium. The Unified Symposium also hosts a trade show with over 650 vendors displaying their products and services to the more than 14,000 people who attend annually.
# George Gill (cricketer)

George Cooper Gill (18 April 1876 – 21 August 1937) was an English first-class cricketer who played in 171 matches for Somerset, Leicestershire and London County between 1897 and 1906.
A right-hand bat and right-arm fast medium, Gill scored 4,160 runs (including one century) and took 465 wickets at 25.36 runs per wicket.
# Vietnam National Symphony Orchestra

The Vietnam National Symphony Orchestra (or Việt Nam National Symphony Orchestra; abbreviated VNSO, Vietnamese: Dàn nhạc giao hưởng Việt Nam) is the foremost symphony orchestra in Vietnam. It is based in Hanoi, the nation's capital.
The orchestra's origins date back to 1959, although it was divided by the Vietnam War. It was reorganized in 1984 by the Ministry of Culture and Information. The orchestra performs 60 concerts per year. In addition to performing in Vietnam, it has performed in China, Laos, Thailand, and Japan. In addition to works from the standard orchestral repertoire, it also performs works by Vietnamese composers.

## Staff

Graham Sutcliffe, a long term UK resident in Vietnam, is the orchestra's Resident Conductor, Colin Metters serves as Guest Conductor, and Tetsuji Honna is Music Advisor and Principal Conductor. Orchestra members are primarily drawn from the Hanoi Conservatory, though Ho Chi Minh City also has a conservatory teaching western music.

## Collaboration

The orchestra works with the Hanoi Opera House (VNOB), and the amateur Hanoi Philharmonic Orchestra (Dàn nhạc giao hưởng Hà Nội) of the Hanoi Conservatory (Học viên Âm nhạc Quốc gia). For some compositions merging western and traditional instruments it may draw on members from either the Traditional Orchestra of the Vietnam Conservatory of Music or the Traditional Orchestra of the Vietnam National Music Theatre.

## Discography

* Japan Live 2018 - Trọng Bằng: Symphonic Poem 'Người về đem tới ngày vui (Someone Who Brought Happiness to Us)' / Se Chỉ Luồn Kim (Spinning Song) (Vietnamese folk song from Bắc Ninh Province. arranged by Trần Mạnh Hùng) / Antonín Dvořák: Symphony No. 9, conducted by Tetsuji Honna. Exton CD 2018
# Moragalla Tunnel

Moragalla Railway Tunnel or Lion's Mouth Tunnel is the second longest railway tunnel in Sri Lanka.
The tunnel was designed by Sir Guilford Lindsey Molesworth, the first Director-General of Railways in Ceylon (1865–1871) and constructed by F. W. Faviell. It is the last climb of the Kadugannawa Pass, and is considered to be one of the most dangerous and difficult construction projects along the railway line. The tunnel was bored from both ends meeting in the middle. Construction commenced from the Kandy end in July 1863 and the Colombo side in September 1863 and the works were completed on 22 March 1866, with over 7,894 m$^3$ (10,325 cu yd) of rock excavated. The tunnel is 334 m (1,096 ft) long and contains a double curve.
The tunnel gains its name from the overhanging rock, immediately proceeding the tunnel on the Kadugannawa end, which appears to resemble the open mouth of a roaring lion.
# Monument to First Rhode Island Regiment

The Monument to the 1st Rhode Island Regiment at Yorktown Heights, New York was erected on May 13, 1982, on the grounds of the First Presbyterian Church to commemorate the valiant efforts of a Revolutionary War unit composed predominantly of black soldiers that fought on May 14, 1781, under the command of Colonel Christopher Greene.

## History

The Monument was installed thanks to the civic advocacy of African American historian and Westchester community leader John H. Harmon; Harmon was the founder in 1969 of the Afro-American Cultural Foundation as well as executive director and the monument is a legacy of that institution.
An engraved plaque on a large stone marker calls attention to the patriotism of the First Rhode Island Regiment; 140 out of 225 soldiers were Black, the largest percentage by far in any of the integrated armies. While the valor of two white officers and a guide killed in the deadly skirmish known as the Battle of Pine's Bridge had been commemorated earlier with a plaque at the site in 1900, the deaths and bravery of more than 40 men defending America's freedom had been overlooked.
The monument was added to the African American Heritage Trail of Westchester County in 2004 as part of a mission to “preserve and interpret the legacy and contributions that people of African descent have made to the development of our unique American identity.” It is one of only 14 such sites. It was sponsored by the Afro-American Cultural Foundation of Westchester County together with the Rhode Island Black Heritage Society.
# Metro Toledo

Metro Toledo can refer to:
* Toledo metropolitan area, a metropolitan area centered on the American city of Toledo, Ohio
* Toledo (Naples Metro), a station on Line 1 of the Naples Metro
# Molbath

Molbath is a small village in Lower Saxony, Germany. It has about 130 inhabitants and belongs to the commune of Suhlendorf. It was mentioned in historic documents under the name "Moolbaat," which may give a hint as to the traditional pronunciation, as this place name seems to be unique.
52°58′N 10°43′E﻿ / ﻿52.967°N 10.717°E﻿ / 52.967; 10.717
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