OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Random House Encyclopedia

The Random House Encyclopedia is an English language one-volume encyclopaedia published by Random House. Its first edition was published in 1977 and revised edition in 1990. It was divided into two sections: Colorpedia, which is made of lengthy articles and Alphapedia, which has short alphabetically arranged ones. There was an electronic format made of the encyclopaedia from its 1990 edition. It was made for the MS-DOS 3.3 operating system and was distributed on sixteen 5 1⁄4-inch floppy disks and also on eight 3 1⁄2-inch floppy disks. It has more than 20,000 articles.

## Contents

* Example of an article about reference books.
* Preface 6
* Staff, Contributors, and Consultants 8
* Organization of the Encyclopedia 12
* Colorpedia: Detailed Contents 16
* Time Chart: Contents 28
* Atlas: Contents 29
* Colorpedia: Text 30
* The Universe 32
* The Earth 160
* Life on Earth 400
* Man 640
* History and Culture 944
* Man and Science 1432
* Man and Machines 1576
* Time Chart: Text 1825
* Alphapedia 1876
* Bibliography 2761
* Picture Credits 2771
* Art Credits 2781
* Atlas of the World A1
* Atlas Index A83
   New works of reference In the future, printed reference books will undoubtedly be supplemented by more technologically advanced ways of storing and retrieving information. Computer data banks can hold an enormous amount of information in a way that enables it to be available instantly and readily updated.
# Vosgienne

The Vosgienne is a French cattle breed of medium size well adapted to mountainous regions, primarily found in the Vosges Mountains.

## Origin

According to Alain Raveneau, it originates from cows that arrived in the massif in the 17th century. It is said to have been imported by Swedish soldiers who devastated the Duchy of Lorraine during the Thirty Years' War and crossbred with the local population. It is believed to have found a terrain in the Vosges similar to Scandinavia and naturally adapted to the granite massif and mountainous climate. Philippe J. Dubois [fr], however, considers this origin more of a legend. According to him, the breed comes from a Jura population, close to the Tourache of Franche-Comté, an ancestor of the Montbéliarde. This ancient population would have been crossbred with Brown and Prim'Holstein [fr] breeds. Photos from the late 19th century to the 1960s show animals that were almost entirely black with white heads or piebald, but very few were speckled.
In the past, two types coexisted, selected from different geographical areas: in the Bruche valley, cows were small and slender, and in the Munster region, they were more massive. The first type disappeared before 1980. From 1971, an introduction of Telemark bull semen took place in 12% of the population.

## Abilities

It is a dual-purpose breed, with both productions being valued equally without favoring one over the other. Before the advent of mechanized traction, the Vosgienne breed was also used as a draught animal. Its well-balanced milk, rich in useful substances, is highly valued for AOC Munster cheese. While heifers may lack a bit of precocity, this drawback is offset by very good longevity.

## In popular culture

The Vosgienne breed, represented by the cow Candy, is the official mascot of the 2011 International Agricultural Show in Paris.
# WJC

WJC may refer to:
* Williamsburg-James City County Public Schools, Virginia
* William Jefferson Clinton (born 1946), the 42nd president of the United States (1993-2001)
* Wessel Johannes "Hansie" Cronje (1969–2002), South African cricketer
* World Jewish Congress, an international federation of Jewish communities and organizations founded 1936
* World Junior Ice Hockey Championships, an annual event organized by the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) for national under-20 ice hockey teams from around the world
# FERb 033

FERb 033 is a synthetic, nonsteroidal estrogen that was synthesized in 2009 and is used in scientific research. It is a potent and selective ERβ agonist (K$_i$ = 7.1 nM, EC$_{50}$ = 4.8 nM), with 62-fold selectivity for the ERβ over the ERα.
# Völur

Völur is a Canadian doom metal band based in Toronto, Ontario, signed to Prophecy Productions. Since forming in 2014 they have released two full-length albums, two EPs, one split and have toured Canada, the United States and Europe. They play a hybrid style of doom metal and folk music while often incorporating jazz structures into their songwriting.

## History

Völur was formed in 2014 by Lucas Gadke (Blood Ceremony), Laura C. Bates (ex-Trent Severn) and James Payment (Do Make Say Think). Their first EP, Disir, was recorded in a single day in April 2014 by Ian Blurton and released independently. In 2015 the band signed with Germany-based Prophecy Productions and performed at Prophecy Festival in 2016 at the Stone Age Balve Cave in western Germany. Prophecy subsequently re-released Disir later the same year.
Völur released Ancestors in 2017, their first big label release. They toured the United States for the first time in 2018 along with label-mates 1476, however the tour was cut short after Bates and Gadke were badly injured falling off a collapsing balcony. Two more US tours followed in 2018 and 2019.

## Themes and influences

Völur's lyrical themes draw primarily from Norse mythology. Their name comes from an old Norse word (völva) which means a seeress or woman who can see into the future. Disir focuses thematically on these female Norse goddesses as told in "Voluspa: The Prophecy of the Seeress" from Poetic Edda. Their second album, Ancestors, incorporated more chamber folk and drone musical elements and thematically focused on male gods.
Musically they are influenced by doom metal, folk music, ambient music, chamber music and drone.

## Band members

* Lucas Gadke - Bass, vocals
* Laura C. Bates - Violin, vocals
* Justin Ruppel - Drums

## Discography

* Disir (2014)
* Breaker of Oaths single (2015)
* Ancestors (2017)
* Psychopomp single (2017)
* Breaker of Rings / Blood Witch split with Amber Asylum (2019)
# Vyto Kab

Vyto J. Kab (born December 23, 1959) is an American former professional football player who was a tight end in the National Football League (NFL) for the Philadelphia Eagles, New York Giants, and Detroit Lions. Vyto attended the De Paul High School in Wayne New Jersey, where he was an all-state running-back, linebacker and Academic All-American. Vyto was recruited by every major college football program in the country before playing for the Penn State Nittany Lions. Vyto was selected with the 78th pick of the 1982 NFL Draft by the Philadelphia Eagles. Vyto was on the cover of Sports Illustrated in 1982, and had established himself as a starter by his second year with the Eagles. Kab was known as a dominating blocking tight end in the NFL.

## Executive Profile

After football, Vyto joined his wife Patricia Kab, the founder of SleepTech, and went on to become the co-founder of the sleep disorders company. They served 26 different hospitals in the New York tri-state area, which at the time was the largest sleep disorder provider on the east coast. Vyto was also the principal in a study of NFL players that was published in the New England Journal of Medicine. Kab also serves as an investor, principal and consultant in other healthcare service and real estate-focused companies. Vyto serves on various boards including the Penn State Real Estate Board and the 'Max Cure' Pediatric Cancer Foundation.

## Personal life

Married to Patricia Kab in which they share two daughters, Devon and Dillon Kab.
* This biographical article relating to an American football tight end born in the 1950s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
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# Ulrich P. Strauss

Ulrich Paul Strauss (January 10, 1920 – August 7, 2015) was an American chemist. He was professor emeritus at Rutgers University. Strauss received a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1971.

## Biography

Strauss was born in Frankfurt. He earned a B.A. from Columbia University and a Ph.D. from Cornell University. He finished his postdoc at Yale University before embarking a teaching a career at Rutgers University, where he taught from 1948 to 1990. Strauss' specialty was polyelectrolytes and he created prefabricated soap micelles known as "polysoaps."
Strauss died on August 7, 2015, at age 95 at his home in Highland Park, New Jersey.
# Jacob Gude

Jacob Gude (3 June 1754 - 10 October 1810) was a government official and memoirist from Denmark–Norway. He served as inspector of Waisenhuset from 1783 until his death.

## Early life and education

Gude was born on 3 June 1754 in Copenhagen, the son of royal provisions manager (hofproviantforvalter) Niels Gude (not a member of the noble family Gude) and Christine Due. He completed secondary school in 1759 and earned a law degree from the University of Copenhagen in 1775.

## Career

In 1774, Gude became a volunteer at Danske Kancelli. He was a fiuend of Bolle Luxdorph. In 1776, he was appointed chancellery secretary. In 1783, he was appointed secretary of the General Church Inspection College (Generalkirkeinspektionskollegiet). In 1793, he was appointed secretary of Collegium de cursu Evangelii promovendo and inspector of Waisenhuset. In 1798, he was awarded the title of kancelliråd. In 1809, he was awarded the title of justitsråd.

## Memoirs

Gude wrote his memoirs a few years prior to his death. A shortened version of the extensive manuscript was later published as En kbh.sk embedsmand. J.G.s optegn. 1754-1810 in Memoirer og breve (vol. XXVII, 1918).

## Personal life

Gude married on 13 July 1785 to Helene Marie York (1753-1828). She was a daughter of ship captain Niels Valeriussen York and Karen Marie Munck (1728-98(. Her father went down with his ship when she was just a few years old. Her mother was subsequently married to brewer and former DAC captain Andreas Laalle (1736-1804). Jacob and Helene Gude's first home together was on the second floor of Laalle's property at Kompagnistræde 20.
# Geoff Chapple

Geoff Chapple (born November 1945) is an English a former non-league football manager. His achievements include winning the FA Trophy five times in seven years with Woking (1994, 1995 & 1997) and Kingstonian (1999 & 2000).

## Career

Chapple played amateur football as a forward, but broke his leg in an FA Vase match in 1980, and turned to management. Initially player-manager of Alton Town, he soon moved to a purely managerial post at Windsor & Eton.
Chapple first joined Woking in the 1984–85 season and went on to lead them on their famous FA Cup run in 1991 which saw them beat West Bromwich Albion 4–2 at The Hawthorns, after which he quit working as a financial consultant to become a full-time manager. Under him, the team also achieved three FA Trophy victories.
Chapple left the club in 1997, apparently frustrated by its refusal to provide him with a written contract, and went to manage Kingstonian, taking the club up to the Conference, and winning a further two FA Trophy titles. However, he was sacked in 2001, after the team suffered relegation. He then returned to Woking, although this time he was not so successful and parted company with the club in October 2002.
Out of management, Chapple became a courier, but maintained a link with football as the Chairman of Farnham Town F.C. He was appointed as the Commercial Manager of Woking in the Autumn of 2008.
Chapple reportedly made a surprise return to football management on 3 April 2018 at the age of 72, when Woking's board of directors parted company with former boss Anthony Limbrick. In a statement, it said the Kingfield club had put the five-time FA Trophy winner in temporary charge of first team affairs in a bid to preserve The Cards National League status.
However, while Chapple allowed himself to be interviewed as Woking's interim manager, he was not present in the dugout for any of The Cards remaining five National League fixtures, which was later described as a publicity stunt to initially appease supporters, but backfired. Instead, the onus fell heavily on the shoulders of former Stevenage and AFC Wimbledon midfielder Jason Goodliffe, assisted by Matt Gray. The coaching-duo rejuvenated the team's performance on the pitch, although they did not have enough time to spare Woking of relegation to National League South on 28 April 2018, losing 2–1 at home to Dover Athletic.
# Frank Bennett (politician)

Frank Bennett (February 19, 1895 – November 11, 1946) was a business manager and politician in Newfoundland. He represented St. John's West Extern in the Newfoundland House of Assembly from 1928 to 1932.
The son of Sir John Robert Bennett and Laura Jane Taylor, he was born in St. John's and was educated at Bishop Feild College and St. Andrew's College in Toronto. In 1912, he began work with Gaden's Ltd., a business owned by his father. Bennett served with the Royal Newfoundland Regiment from 1914 to 1916. After the war, he became managing director of Gaden's Aerated Water Co. Ltd. Bennett was elected to the Newfoundland assembly in 1928.
In 1923, he married Nina Louise Crosbie. Bennett was also a director of the Hawkes Bay Trading Company and of the Marine Agencies Limited. He died in St. John's at the age of 51.
# Heptathelidae

Heptathelidae is a family of spiders. It has been sunk within the family Liphistiidae as the subfamily Heptathelinae, but as of April 2024 was accepted by the World Spider Catalog. It is placed in suborder Mesothelae, which contains the most basal living spiders.

## Taxonomy

The group was first proposed by Kyukichi Kishida in 1923, when he described a new genus, Heptathela, and suggested creating two tribes within the family Liphistiidae, with Heptathela placed in Heptatheleae. In 1939, Alexander Petrunkevitch raised the tribe Heptatheleae to a separate family, Heptathelidae. In 1985, Robert Raven reunited the two families, a view supported by Breitling in 2022. Other authors have maintained two separate families, a position accepted by the World Spider Catalog as of April 2024.

### Phylogeny

Molecular phylogenetic studies have repeatedly shown that the family is monophyletic. One possible relationship between the genera is shown in the following Bayesian cladogram (numbers in parentheses give the number of units in the study):
| Mesothelae Liphistius Heptathelidae Songthela (3) Vinathela (2) Ganthela (6) Luthela (12) Qiongthela (2) Ryuthela (2) Heptathela (2) | China, Vietnam Japan, including Okinawa, and the Ryukyu Islands |

### Genera

As of December 2023, the World Spider Catalog accepted seven genera:
* Ganthela Xu & Kuntner, 2015
* Heptathela Kishida, 1923
* Luthela Xu & Li, 2022
* Qiongthela Xu & Kuntner, 2015
* Ryuthela Haupt, 1983
* Songthela Ono, 2000
* Vinathela Ono, 2000
The genus Sinothela is considered a nomen dubium (dubious name).
* Burrow of Heptathela kimurai
* Ryuthela sasakii

## Description

Members of the Heptathelidae share features with the other Mesothelae family, Liphistiidae. They are medium to large spiders. They have downward pointing, daggerlike chelicerae. Like other members of the suborder Mesothelae, and unlike all other extant spiders, they have a segmented series of plates (tergites) on the upper surface of all segments of the abdomen and their spinnerets are placed in the middle of the underside of the abdomen, rather than at the end. Their sternum (a plate on the underside of the cephalothorax) is narrow, and there is another smaller ventral plate (the sternite) between the fourth pair of legs. They respire by means of two pairs of book lungs. Unlike members of the Liphistiidae, the palp of the male lacks a tibial apophysis.
They live in burrows closed by trapdoors. Unlike members of the Liphistiidae, heptathelids do not construct signal lines radiating from the burrow.
# NGC 4706

NGC 4706 is a lenticular galaxy located about 157 million light-years away in the constellation Centaurus. It was discovered by astronomer John Herschel on June 5, 1834. NGC 4706 is a member of the Centaurus Cluster.
# Missouri Pacific Railway Caboose No. 928

The Missouri Pacific Railway Caboose No. 928 is a historic caboose, located near Market and Vine Streets in Bald Knob, Arkansas, near the former Missouri Pacific Depot. It is a cupola caboose, measuring 34 feet 2 inches (10.41 m) in length and 10 feet 0.5 inches (3.061 m) in width, with a height of 14 feet 8.125 inches (4.47358 m). It was built in 1937 by the Magor Car Corporation, and was used by the Missouri Pacific Railroad until it was retired in 1986. It was one of the first generation of steel-framed cupola cabooses built, a form that later became commonplace. It was then given to the city of Searcy, where it was displayed until 2009. It was transferred to the White County Historical Society, and was then moved to Bald Knob.
The caboose was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2011.
# Minerals and Mining Law

The Minerals and Mining Law of 1986 (PNDCL 153), as amended by the Minerals and Mining (Amendment) Act of 1994 (Act 475) and the minerals and mining bill of 2005 (law No. 703), regulates mining in Ghana. Under the Minerals and Mining Law, mining companies must pay royalties; companies may also pay corporate taxes at standard rates. Companies are exempt from custom duties on accessories, equipment, machinery, and plants used for mining operations, but must pay local property taxes on their immovable properties. The 1986 mining law had been instrumental in attracting more than $5 billion in foreign investment to the Ghanaian mining industry between 1986 and 2002. The 1994 amendments reduced the 45% general mining corporate tax rate to 35%, which is the same as that imposed on other industries.
On December 15, 2005, the Ghanaian Parliament passed into law a new minerals and mining bill. Some of the provisions under the new Minerals and Mining Law, law No. 703, included access to mineral rights on a first-come, first-considered basis; a specific timeframe within which all applications are expected to be granted; the right for applicants to demand written reasons from the Minister if an application is rejected; the Government’s right to acquire land or authorize its occupation and use if the land is required for mining purposes; the establishment of a cadastral system for the administration of mineral rights; a provision establishing the range of royalty rates, which is not to be less than 3% or exceed 6% of total mining revenues; the Government’s right to obtain a 10% free-carried interest in mining leases; and the establishment of the period of duration of a mining lease, which is not to exceed 30 years and which may be renewed once for a period not to exceed an additional 30 years.
# Tébar

Tébar is a municipality located in the province of Cuenca, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. It has a surface area of 99,02 km2. According to the 2017 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 283 inhabitants.

## Notable people

* Luis Tribaldos de Toledo (1558–1634)
# George E. Collins

George E. Collins (January 10, 1928 in Stuart, Iowa – November 21, 2017 in Madison, Wisconsin) was an American mathematician and computer scientist. He is the inventor of garbage collection by reference counting and of the method of quantifier elimination by cylindrical algebraic decomposition.
He received his PhD from Cornell University in 1955. He worked at IBM, the University of Wisconsin–Madison (1966–1986) Ohio State University, RISC-Linz, University of Delaware, and North Carolina State University.

## Selected publications

| G60. | George E. Collins: A Method for Overlapping and Erasure of Lists, Commun. ACM, volume 3, number 12, 1960. |
| G75. | George E. Collins: Quantifier elimination for the elementary theory of real closed fields by cylindrical algebraic decomposition, Second GI Conf. Automata Theory and Formal Languages, Springer LNCS 33, 1975. |
# Mercados Libres Campesinos

Los Mercados Libres Campesinos (Farmers' Free Markets), often known by the abbreviation MLC, were farmers' markets that formerly operated in Cuba. Authorized by the Cuban government in 1980, they were ended in 1986 as part of a general program of economic centralization. During their short existence they were credited with increasing the productivity of the Cuban agricultural sector, but also criticized for creating upward pressure on food prices. Since 1994 a new form of farmers' market that is functionally similar to the MLCs has been legal in Cuba.

## Background

Throughout the 1970s, Cubans enjoyed steadily increasing wages, resulting in higher levels of disposable income. However, inefficiency in the state-managed food distribution network simultaneously resulted in shortages of some agricultural products. Started in 1980 to alleviate the bottleneck, Mercados Libres Campesinos were sites where private farmers and home gardeners could sell their surplus produce directly to consumers, instead of to the state. Their creation was authorized by Decree No. 66 of the Council of State.

## Operation

Under the terms of the authorizing legislation, private farmers could sell produce at MLCs after their quota obligations to the state had first been met. Certain categories of economically vital produce, including sugar, tobacco, and coffee, were prohibited from sale. Farmers were also limited to selling in their local MLC and were required to sell their surplus produce themselves, instead of through intermediaries.

## Growth and demise

MLCs were generally credited with increasing agricultural output in Cuba during the period of their existence. In Villa Clara Province, for instance, private sector pork production increased by more than 500-percent, while rice production increased by more than 400-percent. Nonetheless, MLCs came under criticism after producers began diverting portions of their produce from state sales to the more profitable MLCs, contributing to an upward pressure in prices. Public complaints about high prices led to an investigation of selling practices at MLCs by the National Revolutionary Police Force in February 1982. The inquiry uncovered the growing influence of intermediaries, which were officially prohibited. While new regulations imposed that year to better control the situation resulted in a decrease in popularity of the markets, the number of MLCs in operation had, nevertheless, grown to more than 250 by 1985.
The Mercados Libres Campesinos were ended in 1986 as part of a general program of economic centralization.

## Legacy

Beginning in 1994, the Cuban government authorized the creation of a new series of farmers' markets that were functionally similar to the MLCs.
# North Park Nature Reserve

North Park Nature Reserve is a protected area along the banks of the Umhlatuzana River, near Queensburgh in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The park was proclaimed in 1968 and is managed by Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife.

## Flora and fauna

The reserve protects riverine and coastal scarp forest, and is known for its birdlife and butterflies. There are a recorded 102 tree species in the reserve, with 48 considered rare. Close to 160 bird species have been recorded, including the Knysna Turaco and Purple Crested Turaco.
A number of small mammals can be found in the reserve, including blue and grey duiker, mongoose, hyrax and cane rats.