OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Tourettism

Tourettism refers to the presence of Tourette-like symptoms in the absence of Tourette syndrome, as the result of other diseases or conditions, known as "secondary causes".
Tourette syndrome (TS) is an inherited neurological condition of multiple motor and at least one vocal tic. Although Tourette syndrome is the most common cause of tic disorders, other sporadic, genetic, and neurodegenerative disorders may also exhibit tics.
Conditions that may manifest tics or stereotyped movements include developmental disorders; autism spectrum disorders and stereotypic movement disorder; Sydenham's chorea; idiopathic dystonia; and genetic conditions such as Huntington's disease, neuroacanthocytosis, pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Wilson's disease, and tuberous sclerosis. Other possibilities include chromosomal disorders such as Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, XYY syndrome and fragile X syndrome. Acquired causes of tics include drug-induced tics, head trauma, encephalitis, stroke, and carbon monoxide poisoning. The symptoms of Lesch–Nyhan syndrome may also be confused with Tourette syndrome.

## Tic mimickers

* Chorea (disease)
* Myoclonus
* Dystonia
** Torsion dystonia
** Idiopathic dystonia

## Genetic/chromosomal

* Chromosomal abnormalities
* Citrullinemia
* Down syndrome
* Duchenne muscular dystrophy
* Fragile X syndrome
* Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration
* Huntington's disease
* Klinefelter syndrome
* Lesch–Nyhan syndrome
* Neuroacanthocytosis
* Neurodegeneration
* Phenylketonuria
* Schizophrenia
* Tuberous sclerosis
* Wilson's disease
* XYY syndrome

## Infectious or post-infectious

* Encephalitis
* Mycoplasma pneumoniae
* Sydenham's chorea

## Developmental

* Pervasive developmental disorders
** Asperger syndrome
** Autism spectrum
** Rett syndrome
* Intellectual disability
* Static encephalopathy
* Stereotypic movement disorder

## Toxins/insults/acquired

* Carbon monoxide poisoning
* Cerebral palsy
* Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
* Fetal alcohol syndrome
* Head trauma
* Hypoglycemia
* Intrauterine exposure to illicit drugs
* Intrauterine infections
* Mercury
* Neurocutaneous syndromes
* Neurosyphilis
* Perinatal asphyxia
* Psychogenic disease
* Stroke
* Wasp venom

### Drugs

* Cocaine
* Levodopa (Dopar, Larodopa)
* Antiepileptics Carbamazepine (Atretol, Epitol, Tegretol)
* Lamotrigine (Lamictal)
* Amphetamines
* Pemoline
* Phenytoin (Dilantin)
* Phenobarbital
* Antipsychotics (e.g.; haloperidol)
# Mont Brouillard

Mont Brouillard (4,069 m) is a mountain in the Mont Blanc massif in the Val d'Aosta, Italy, being a satellite peak on the south ridge of Mont Blanc.

## Toponym

Though in French this name means "mountain of mist", this toponym comes from Valdôtain Francoprovençal patois. According to Aostan botanist and scientist Joseph-Marie Henry, the word Broillà means "made of breuils", Breuil meaning alpine marshy berm, as for Breuil in Valtournenche.

## Ascent

The question of who made the first ascent of the peak was for a time a matter of contention. Martino Baretti and his guide Jean-Joseph Maquignaz believed that they had climbed the peak, together with Punta Baretti, on 28 July 1880, but Karl Blodig showed that this was unlikely, no cairn being found when he made his ascent on 10 July 1906 with Oscar Eckenstein and Alexis Brocherel. Later research showed that the time that Baretti gave for the traverse between Punta Baretti and Mont Brouillard was "half that required".
The Brouillard ridge to the summit of Mont Blanc does not cross Mont Brouillard, being separated from the peak by the Col Emile Rey.
# Heinrich von Brentano

Heinrich Joseph Maximilian Johann Maria von Brentano di Tremezzo (20 June 1904 – 14 November 1964), known professionally as Heinrich von Brentano, was a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU). He served as Federal Minister for Foreign Affairs from 1955 to 1961.

## Personal life

Brentano was born in Offenbach am Main, the son of the Centre politician Otto von Brentano, a member of the 1919 Weimar National Assembly. The Brentano family, of Italian (Lombard) origin, had settled in the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt in the 17th century and were recognized as Hessian nobles, with close contact to important figures of the German Romanticism, including Goethe, Savigny and Arnim. He was related to famous German poets such as Clemens Brentano (1778–1842) and Bettina von Arnim (1785–1859). The author Bernard von Brentano (1901–1964) was his elder brother.
Upon his Abitur degree in 1922, Heinrich von Brentano studied jurisprudence at the University of Munich and took his first and second Staatsexamen in 1925 and 1929. He received his doctorate from the University of Giessen and from 1932 worked as a lawyer in Darmstadt, from 1943 until 1945 as a prosecutor in Hanau.
Brentano remained a bachelor throughout his life, living with his mother up to her death in 1948. In 1961, rumors circulated about his homosexuality, to which Adenauer drily replied: "He has not hit on me yet."
Brentano died of cancer at the age of 60. He was buried at Waldfriedhof Darmstadt.

## Political career

After World War II, Brentano was one of the founders of the Christian Democratic Union in Hesse and became a member of the Landtag of Hesse in 1946, from 1947 as chairman of the parliamentary group.
He also attended the proceedings of the Parlamentarischer Rat assembly drafting the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany. In the federal elections of 1949, he obtained a seat in the West German Bundestag parliament by directly winning the mandate of the Bergstraße constituency. In 1952 he and other CDU MPs advocated the implementation of a plurality voting system instead of the personalized proportional representation concept, though to no avail. In the federal parliament, he served as head of the CDU/CSU faction from 1949 to 1955 and again from 1961 until his death.
A member of the European Movement Germany, the European Common Assembly and the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, Brentano was an important figure in the foundation of the European Economic Community (EEC).
After the Allied occupation statute had been lifted in 1955, he was appointed Foreign Minister of Germany at the suggestion of Chancellor Konrad Adenauer, who prior had filled the office himself. Brentano resigned when Adenauer had to form a coalition government with the Free Democratic Party (FDP) after the federal election of 1961 and had to accept the appointment of a FDP state secretary in the Foreign Office. He was succeeded by his party fellow Gerhard Schröder.

## Honours
### Foreign honours

* Grand Cross of the Order of Christ, Portugal (10 April 1958)
# Metrostar

Metrostar or Metrostars may refer to:

## Sports

* New York Red Bulls, formerly called the "MetroStars", a soccer team from New York
* DEG Metro Stars, German hockey club
* Manila Metrostars, a Philippine basketball team
* Mississauga MetroStars, a defunct professional indoor soccer team that played in the Major Arena Soccer League
* North Eastern MetroStars, a football club from Adelaide, South Australia which plays in the National Premier League South Australia

## Other uses

* MetroStar Award, a French-Canadian award for television, now known as the Artis Award
* Manila Metro Rail Transit System Line 3, popularly called "The Metrostar Express", a part of the metropolitan rail system in Manila
* Metrostar Ferry, a passenger ferry service on Manila Bay
# Michael Brind'Amour

Michael Brind'Amour is a Canadian retired lawyer who was the chair of Hockey Canada from November 2018 until his resignation in August 2022. He resigned during the Hockey Canada sexual assault scandal.

## Career

Brind'Amour is a Saint-Alphonse-Rodriguez, Quebec-based retired lawyer. His forty-year legal career included working in civil, family youth protection, criminal, and administrative social law.
Brind'Amour was elected as the chair of the board of directors of Hockey Canada in November 2018, and re-elected for a second two-year term in 2022. He resigned from the role on August 5, 2022, during the Hockey Canada sexual assault scandal. He appeared before a parliamentary hearing on October 4 2022 along with Andrea Skinner, who succeeded him as the board chair, to answer questions about the scandal. At the hearing, Brind'Amour was criticised for a lack of transparency, allegations that he rejected.
Prior to his chairing of Hockey Canada, Brind'Amour was the chair of Hockey Québec.
# Piliterga

Piliterga is a genus of flies belonging to the family Lesser Dung flies.

## Species

* P. thaii Papp, 2008
# Oppenstein Brothers

The Oppenstein Brothers (Louis, Sam, Harry, and Michael) were four brothers from Denver Colorado.

## Business

In the late 19th century the eldest brother, Louis Oppenstein, used $1,500 from his father's life insurance to purchase a Denver jewelry store where he had worked for a year to support his family after his father's passing. Louis Oppenstein became the head of his family at the age of 14. Louis was able to employ his brothers as they came of age, and by 1898 the group was able to operate a much larger store in Denver.
In 1902 the brothers moved from Denver to Kansas City, Missouri, where they purchased the Herman Streicher Watch and Jewelry Company at 1017 Main Street. The shop became quite a success, and Louis was able to invest in Kansas City real estate. In 1919 the brothers purchased the Navarro building in Kansas City. The brothers, though quite wealthy, were publicly modest; they used their wealth to help support various communities in Kansas City, including its Jewish community. Louis Oppenstein died at age 63 from a heart attack; his funeral drew over 1,000 attendees. His three surviving brothers who sold the jewelry business after Louis' death and eventually the proceeds were used to form the Oppenstein Brothers Foundation which was established in 1941. Louis Oppenstein's generosity was summed up in his obituary: "He responded eagerly to those in distress and despair, and to every call of philanthropy. He felt a special responsibility to those who ran amiss of the law. Lives were rehabilitated through his compassion and generosity.

## Legacy

The legacy of the brothers continues to today through the Oppenstein Brothers Foundation, which started distributing funds in 1976. The Foundation administers funds "for religious, charitable, scientific and educational purposes". Louis Oppenstein was remembered not only for business, but for contributions to the community in a variety of roles including president of the board of public works, city councilman, police commissioner, and as a member of the Board of Education. One specific grant that was particularly impactful was approved by the Oppenstein Brothers Foundation in the late 1980s for a collaboration with the Kansas City, Kansas School District. The grant impacted 40 participants with income need during the first year of existence and was focused on providing services similar to the Economic Opportunity Foundation that helped adults obtain high school diploma. In addition to many of grants to a variety of causes, the Oppenstein Brothers Memorial Park in Kansas city was named in honor of the four Oppenstein Brothers.
# Estadio 9 de Mayo

Estadio 9 de Mayo is a multi-use stadium in Machala, Ecuador. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Audaz Octubrino, Fuerza Amarilla and Orense. The stadium holds 16,500 spectators and opened in 1939.
# Matthew Harris (Australian politician)

Sir Matthew Harris (18 September 1841 – 8 June 1917) was an Irish-born Australian politician.

## Life

He was born in Magherafelt in County Londonderry to John Harris and Nancy Ann McKee. The family migrated to Sydney in 1842 after his father had an inheritance from his great uncle John Harris. His brothers were William Henry and John and his niece was the racing driver Vida Jones.
Harris attended the University of Sydney, receiving a Bachelor of Arts in 1863; he inherited property from his father in 1862. On 4 August 1868 he married Frances Snowdon Lane, by whom he would have eleven children. From 1883 to 1900 he was a Sydney City alderman; he served as Mayor from 1898 to 1900. His term as mayor was marked by the sacking of the City Organist, Auguste Wiegand — an act, it was said, that was only regretted once.
In 1894 he was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly as the Free Trade member for Sydney-Denison, serving until his retirement in 1901. He was knighted in 1899. Harris died at the Jenner Private Hospital in Potts Point in 1917.
# Heinrich von Breymann

Friedrich Heinrich Christoph Breymann (c. 1725 – 7 October 1777) was a senior officer of Brunswick–Luneburg troops who commanded grenadiers in the Northern Theater of the American War of Independence.

## American War of Independence

Under the command of British Army officer General John Burgoyne, Breymann fought in the Battle of Bennington and the Battle of Bemis Heights. On 7 October 1777, Breymann's unit was driven behind a redoubt by American troops; he grew frustrated with his own men and began attacking four soldiers with his sabre before Breymann was shot and killed by one of them.
# Trade unions in Nauru

Trade unions in Nauru do not have a significant structure in the country. While there are some organizations that provide support for workers in certain industries, the organizations are not formal unions. A primary reason for the lack of trade unions in Nauru is its small population and lack of large-scale private employment.

## Trade union rights

Nauru's constitution has provisions for the general right to belong to associations, including trade unions. However, the 2020 Registration of Associations Act, which granted additional rights to organizations, expressly excluded trade unions. Employers may fire workers who engage in union activity, though a worker may bring a civil complaint if fired for union involvement.
The right to strike is not protected, though it is not prohibited either. However, civil servants, who make up a significant portion of Nauru's labor force, may be prosecuted for organizing or participating in strikes, and fired following the prosecution. Similarly, though collective bargaining is not prohibited, it is not protected, and it does not occur in Nauru. Additionally, past efforts to form labor unions have been met with government discouragement.

## Worker affiliation

Unlike the situation which exists in some countries, political parties are not involved in coordinated attempts to work and encourage organized labour as the party system itself in Nauru is not widely developed.
Nauru is not a member of the International Labour Organization.

## Foreign workers

There are many foreign workers in Nauru in proportion to the local population, which contributes to the lack of organized labour. Some of these, including a sizeable number of Tuvalu nationals, are not infrequently owed back-pay, given the economic difficulties which beset the country. The issue of the rights of expatriate workers is arguably a lower priority to political representatives in Nauru.
# Midi Music Awards

The Midi Music Awards, also called Midi Rock Music Awards or simply Midi Awards (Chinese: 中国摇滚迷笛奖) are an annual awards presented by the Beijing Midi School of Music since 2009. Unlike the various Chinese music awards that honors pop music, the Midi Music Awards highlights the outstanding Chinese rock (pop rock, hard rock, metal, folk, etc.) acts of the past calendar year. The fourth annual Midi Music Awards was held at the MasterCard Center (Wukesong Center) in Beijing.

## Categories

The following are the competitive categories:
* Album of the Year (最佳年度摇滚专辑)
* Song of the Year (最佳年度摇滚歌曲)
* Best Rock Performance By Group With Vocals (最佳年度摇滚乐队)
* Best Male Rock Vocal Performance (最佳年度摇滚男歌手)
* Best Female Rock Vocal Performance (最佳年度摇滚女歌手 )
* Best Hard Rock Performance (最佳年度硬摇滚乐队)
* Best Metal Performance (最佳年度金属乐队)
* Best Rock Instrumental Performance (最佳年度摇滚乐器演奏)
* Best Live Performance (最佳年度摇滚现场)
* Best New Artist (最佳年度摇滚新人奖)
* Best Album Art (最佳年度专辑设计奖)
* Best Folk Music (最佳年度民谣音乐奖)
Special awards:
* Award For Special Contribution to Chinese Rock (中国摇滚贡献奖)
# Michael Murphy (priest)

Fr. Michael Murphy (c. 1767 – 9 June 1798) was an Irish Roman Catholic priest and United Irishmen leader during the Irish Rebellion of 1798.
While his birthplace in Ireland is undetermined, various locations (such as Ballinoulart, Castleannesley or in Kilnew, County Wexford) are documented as possibilities. He was ordained a priest in 1785 at Wexford after completing hedge school in Oulart. After continuing his Theology and Philosophy studies at the Irish College in Bordeaux in France, his first parish was at Ballycanew. Murphy joined the Rebellion on 27 May 1798 following the vandalism of his church by yeomanry, in defiance of the strictly anti-United Irishmen stance of the Hierarchy of the Catholic Church in Ireland.
Murphy proceeded towards battle at Gorey, Kilthomas Hill, then Ballyorril Hill where he met with fellow priest Fr. John Murphy of Boolavogue. Murphy was attacking a gun position on horseback at the Battle of Arklow on 9 June 1798 when he was killed by gunfire. His grave is at Castle Ellis.
# Tony Takezaki

Tony Takezaki (トニーたけざき, Tonī Takezaki) is a Japanese mangaka born on July 15, 1963, in Osaka.

## Selected bibliography
### Manga

* A.D. Police 25:00 (1988)
* A.D. Police: Dead End City (1989 - 1990)
* Dr Kishiwada's Scientific Affection (1992 - 1998)
* Genocyber (1993)
* Space Pinchy (2002)
* Tony Takezaki's Gundam Comic (2004 - 2010)
* Tony Takezaki's Evangelion (2010)
# Tosoh

Tosoh Corporation (東ソー株式会社, Tōsō Kabushiki-gaisha) is a global chemical and specialty materials company. The company was founded in 1935 in Yamaguchi Prefecture, as Toyo Soda Manufacturing Co., Ltd., and in 1987 changed its name to Tosoh Corporation. Today, its corporate headquarters are in Tokyo, Japan.
It began as a manufacturer of chlor-alkali and petrochemical commodities and feedstocks. Today it produces other kinds of products including electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD), specialty polymers, fine chemicals, scientific instruments, and thin-film materials.
The Tosoh Group globally comprises more than 130 companies and includes manufacturing and marketing facilities in East Asia, Europe and the United States.
The company is listed on the first section of the Tokyo Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the Nikkei 225 stock index.
Tosoh's Nanyo complex has an annual vinyl chloride monomer production capacity of 1.2 million tonnes, the primary chemical intermediate of vinyl plastic.
Tosoh is a member of the Mizuho keiretsu.
Tosoh acquired Nippon Polyurethane Industry [ja] in 2006 and absorbed into Tosoh in 2014.

## Business groups and products

Tosoh Corporation is divided into 13 business divisions that are organized into five groups: Petrochemical, Chlor-Alkali, Speciality, and Engineering. The fifth group is composed of support services, including logistics, construction, engineering support, and other support activities. Listed below are the five groups and their primary products:
* Petrochemical Group
** Olefins: ethylene, propylene and polypropylene, tert-Butanol, and aromatics.
** Polymers: LDPE, LLDPE, HDPE, synthetic rubber, polychloroprene rubber, etc.
* Chlor-Alkali Group
** Basic Chemicals: calcium hypochlorite, sodium hydroxide, chlorinated paraffins, sodium bicarb, vinyl chloride monomer, and polyvinylchloride.
** Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI).
** Cement: Portland cement, blast-furnace slag cement, and fly ash cement.
* Specialty Group
** Organic Chemicals: organic intermediates, ethyleneamines, flame retardants, polyurethane catalysts, benzyl alcohol, hydrocarbon based solvents, piperazine, sodium styrene sulfonate, and bromochloropropane(BCP).
** Advanced Materials: silica glass, sputtering deposition targets, zeolites, zirconia injection mold and grinding media, battery materials, and silica.
** Bio-science: automated immunoassay and glycohemoglobin analyzers, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), molecular analyzers, chromatographic resins, size-exclusion chromatography instruments, laboratory automation solutions and services, and reagents.
       The Specialty Group focuses on products for high-tech industries such as semiconductors, consumer electronics, pharmaceuticals, and healthcare.
* Engineering Group
** Water Treatment
* Other Services Group
** Analytical Services
** Information Technology
** Personnel Management
** Logistics
# Frank Winter

Frank David Winter MBE (5 January 1906 – 28 March 1976) was a well-known South Island Māori leader, and later a resident of Wellington. He was chairman of the Ngāi Tahu Maori Trust Board for almost a decade and was also the chairman of the Akapaitiki 'A' Block Incorporation.
Winter was a patron of the Victoria University of Wellington Māori Club from its inception; was national treasurer of the Citizens' All Black Tour Association; and was a past secretary of the Poneke Māori Committee. He was also national secretary of the New Zealand Institute of Architects.
Winter was educated at Te Aute College, where he was dux in 1922 or 1923. In 1924 he joined the Maori Affairs Department (now Te Puni Kōkiri) and for the next nine years he was employed in the Ikaroa and South Island District Office in Wellington, after working in Gisborne.
In the 1974 Queen's Birthday Honours, Winter was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire, for services to the community.
# Orcival

Orcival (French pronunciation:; Auvergnat: Orsivau) is a commune in the Puy-de-Dôme department in Auvergne in central France. The 12th-13th century basilica of Notre Dame is a listed monument. It contains many ancient religious objects, including a 12th century procession statue of the Virgin and Child. The village of Orcival is located in the Vale of Silouet, 26 km. from Clermont-Ferrand, west of Mont-Domes and north of Mont-Dore.
# Estadio 20 de Noviembre

Estadio 20 de Noviembre is a multi-purpose stadium in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico. It is the home stadium for the professional American football team Jefes de Ciudad Juárez from the Liga de Fútbol Americano Profesional (LFA). The stadium is property of the Ciudad Juárez government and is operated by the Instituto Municipal del Deporte y Cultura Física de Ciudad Juárez. The stadium has a capacity of 5,000 seated spectators.

## General information

Estadio 20 de Noviembre is currently used for professional American football games. The stadium has an artificial turf surface and a 400 m tartan track around the field used for athletics. It also has an open area with exercise machines.
The stadium was renovated in 2022 in order to host the Jefes de Ciudad Juárez in their inaugural season as part of Fútbol Americano de México, one of the two professional American football leagues in Mexico, alongside Liga de Fútbol Americano Profesional. These works included installing artificial turf, expanding the stadium's capacity with metal grandstands and refurbishing the locker rooms and bathrooms.