# Time-slot interchange

A time-slot interchange (TSI) switch is a network switch that stores data in RAM in one sequence, and reads it out in a different sequence. It uses RAM, a small routing memory and a counter. Like any switch, it has input and output ports. The RAM stores the packets or other data that arrive via its input terminal.

## Mechanism

In a pure time-slot interchange switch, there is only one physical input, and one physical output. Each physical connection is an opportunity for a switching fabric to fail. The limited number of connections of this switch is therefore valuable in a large switching fabric, because it makes this type of switching very reliable. The disadvantage of this type of switch is that it introduces a delay into the signals.
When a packet (or byte, on telephone switches) comes to the input, the switch stores the data in RAM in one sequence, and reads it out in a different sequence. Switch designs vary, but typically, a repeating counter is incremented with an internal clock. It typically wraps-around to zero. The RAM location chosen for the incoming data is taken from a small memory indexed by the counter. It is usually a location for the desired output time-slot. The current value of the counter also selects the RAM data to forward in the current output time slot. Then the counter is incremented to the next value. The switch repeats the algorithm, eventually sending data from any input time-slot to any output time-slot.
To minimize connections, and therefore improve reliability, the data to reprogram the switch is usually programmed via a single wire that threads through the entire group of integrated circuits in a printed circuit board. The software typically compares the data shifted-in with the data shifted-out, to verify that the ICs remain correctly connected. The switching data entered into the ICs is double-buffered. That is, a new switch set-up is shifted-in, and then a single pulse applies the new configuration instantly to all the connected ICs.

## Limitation

In a time-slot interchange (TSI) switch, two memory accesses are required for each connection (one to read and one to store). Let T be the time to access the memory. Therefore, for a connection, 2T time will be taken to access the memory. If there are n connections and t is the operation time for n lines, then t=2nT which gives n=t/2T
t and n normally come from a higher-level system design of the switching fabric. Hence the technology yielding T determines n for a given t. T also limits t for a given n. Real switching fabrics have real requirements for n and t, and therefore since T must be an actual number set by a possible technology, real switches cannot be arbitrarily large n or small t.
In higher-speed switches, the limit from T can be halved by using a more expensive, less reliable two-port RAM. In these designs, the read and write usually occur at the same time. The switch must still arbitrate when there is an attempt to read and write a RAM slot at the same time. This is normally done by avoiding the case in the control software, by rearranging the connections in the switching fabric. (E.g. see Nonblocking minimal spanning switch)

## Customary applications

In packet-switching networks, a time-slot interchange switch is often combined with two space-division switches to implement small network switches.
In telephone switches, time-slot interchange switches usually form the outer layer of the switching fabric at a central office's switch. They take data from time-multiplexed T-1 or E-1 lines that serve neighborhoods. The T-1 or E-1 lines serve the subscriber line interface cards (SLICs) in local neighborhoods. The SLICs serve as the outer space-division switches of a modern wired telephone system.