OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Strangulated graph

In graph theoretic mathematics, a strangulated graph is a graph in which deleting the edges of any induced cycle of length greater than three would disconnect the remaining graph. That is, they are the graphs in which every peripheral cycle is a triangle.

## Examples

In a maximal planar graph, or more generally in every polyhedral graph, the peripheral cycles are exactly the faces of a planar embedding of the graph, so a polyhedral graph is strangulated if and only if all the faces are triangles, or equivalently it is maximal planar. Every chordal graph is strangulated, because the only induced cycles in chordal graphs are triangles, so there are no longer cycles to delete.

## Characterization

A clique-sum of two graphs is formed by identifying together two equal-sized cliques in each graph, and then possibly deleting some of the clique edges. For the version of clique-sums relevant to strangulated graphs, the edge deletion step is omitted. A clique-sum of this type between two strangulated graphs results in another strangulated graph, for every long induced cycle in the sum must be confined to one side or the other (otherwise it would have a chord between the vertices at which it crossed from one side of the sum to the other), and the disconnected parts of that side formed by deleting the cycle must remain disconnected in the clique-sum. Every chordal graph can be decomposed in this way into a clique-sum of complete graphs, and every maximal planar graph can be decomposed into a clique-sum of 4-vertex-connected maximal planar graphs.
As Seymour & Weaver (1984) show, these are the only possible building blocks of strangulated graphs: the strangulated graphs are exactly the graphs that can be formed as clique-sums of complete graphs and maximal planar graphs.
# FESOM

FESOM (Finite-Element/volumE Sea ice-Ocean Model) is a multi-resolution ocean general circulation model that solves the equations of motion describing the ocean and sea ice using finite-element and finite-volume methods on unstructured computational grids. The model is developed and supported by researchers at the Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), in Bremerhaven, Germany.

## Overview

FESOM implements the idea of using meshes with variable resolution to simulate the circulation of the global ocean with regional focus. Because of the broad range of scales characterizing the ocean circulation, downscaling is commonly needed to describe processes on regional scales. FESOM allows global multi-resolution cross-scale simulations without traditional nesting.
The dynamical core of the new version (FESOM2) switches from the finite-element method used in the original version of FESOM to the finite-volume method for the sake of better computational efficiency. Both versions include the Finite-Element Sea Ice Model (FESIM). FESOM is also used as the ocean component of the AWI-CM, the coupled atmosphere-ocean climate model developed at AWI.

## History

The prototype version of FESOM appeared in 2004 due to work of Sergey Danilov, Gennady Kivman and Jens Schröter. Ralph Timmermann extended it to a full global ocean – sea ice configuration in 2009. Qiang Wang rewrote its numerical algorithm and parameterizations from 2008 through 2014, which led to essentially improved numerical and physical performance. The last release of FESOM with the finite-element dynamical core is FESOM1.4 (Wang et al., 2014). The release of AWI-CM using FESOM is by Sidorenko et al. in 2015.
# Toltec fruit-eating bat

The Toltec fruit-eating bat (Dermanura tolteca) is a species of bat in the family Phyllostomidae. It is also sometimes called the "lowland fruit eating bat."

## Taxonomy

Three subspecies of the Toltec fruit-eating bat are recognized: A. t. toltecus, the nominate; A. t. hesperus; and A. t. ravus.

## Description

The Toltec fruit-eating bat is a small bat usually weighing under 16 g. The nominate is the largest of the subspecies. Its fur ranges from light brown in its northern habitats to blackish in Costa Rica and then paler in the northern ranges of South America. The darker individuals are typically found in the more humid regions while the lighter ones are in relatively dry habitats. A. t. ravus differs from the other subspecies in having white ear edges and clearer stripes below the eye.

## Distribution and habitat

The nominate subspecies occurs along the eastern and western Mexican coast from Nuevo León and Sinaloa south through Central America including Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama. It inhabits mountain ranges at mid-altitudes.
A. t. hesperus is found in the Caribbean at elevations of 300-1,750 m. A. t. ravus occurs at lower elevations than the other groups in Colombia and northwest Ecuador.

## Behavior

The species is frugivorous and feeds mostly on fruits of Constegia volcanalis, of Cecropia, and figs.
The Toltec fruit-eating bat may roost in caves and under banana leaves, but it is also one of a variety of bats that build "tents" from plant leaves, using the leaves of Anthurium species to create diurnal roost that provide camouflage and protection from the weather. The bat modifies a single leaf to create its tent, cutting the basal nerve of the leaf with its teeth but not injuring the midline nerve of the leaf and thus leaving it alive. This causes the leaf to form a pyramid-shaped tent by folding down to the midrib.

## Conservation

The species has been classified as Least Concern by the IUCN.
# Ferrocarril Urquiza

Ferrocarril Urquiza may refer to:
* The General Urquiza Railway, an Argentine standard gauge railway and former state railway company.
* UAI Urquiza, an Argentine Primera B Metropolitana football team in Greater Buenos Aires.
# Molycria

Molycria is a genus of Australian ground spiders that was first described by Eugène Louis Simon in 1887.

## Species

As of June 2019 it contains thirty-six species, found in the Northern Territory, Western Australia, South Australia, New South Wales, and Queensland:
* Molycria amphi Platnick & Baehr, 2006 – Australia (Queensland)
* Molycria broadwater Platnick & Baehr, 2006 – Australia (Queensland, New South Wales)
* Molycria bulburin Platnick & Baehr, 2006 – Australia (Queensland)
* Molycria bundjalung Platnick & Baehr, 2006 – Australia (New South Wales)
* Molycria burwelli Platnick & Baehr, 2006 – Australia (Queensland)
* Molycria canonba Platnick & Baehr, 2006 – Australia (Queensland, New South Wales)
* Molycria cleveland Platnick & Baehr, 2006 – Australia (Queensland)
* Molycria cooki Platnick & Baehr, 2006 – Australia (Queensland)
* Molycria dalby Platnick & Baehr, 2006 – Australia (Queensland, New South Wales)
* Molycria daviesae Platnick & Baehr, 2006 – Australia (Queensland)
* Molycria dawson Platnick & Baehr, 2006 – Australia (Queensland)
* Molycria drummond Platnick & Baehr, 2006 – Australia (Queensland)
* Molycria goanna Platnick & Baehr, 2006 – Australia (Queensland, New South Wales)
* Molycria grayi Platnick & Baehr, 2006 – Australia (Queensland, New South Wales, Lord Howe Is.)
* Molycria isla Platnick & Baehr, 2006 – Australia (Queensland)
* Molycria kaputar Platnick & Baehr, 2006 – Australia (New South Wales)
* Molycria mammosa (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1874) (type) – Australia (New South Wales, Capital Territory)
* Molycria mcleani Platnick & Baehr, 2006 – Australia (Queensland)
* Molycria milledgei Platnick & Baehr, 2006 – Australia (New South Wales)
* Molycria moffatt Platnick & Baehr, 2006 – Australia (Queensland)
* Molycria monteithi Platnick & Baehr, 2006 – Australia (Queensland)
* Molycria moranbah Platnick & Baehr, 2006 – Australia (Queensland)
* Molycria nipping Platnick & Baehr, 2006 – Australia (Queensland)
* Molycria quadricauda (Simon, 1908) – Southern Australia
* Molycria raveni Platnick & Baehr, 2006 – Australia (Queensland)
* Molycria robert Platnick & Baehr, 2006 – Australia (Queensland)
* Molycria smithae Platnick & Baehr, 2006 – Australia (New South Wales)
* Molycria stanisici Platnick & Baehr, 2006 – Australia (Queensland)
* Molycria taroom Platnick & Baehr, 2006 – Australia (Queensland)
* Molycria thompsoni Platnick & Baehr, 2006 – Australia (Queensland)
* Molycria tooloombah Platnick & Baehr, 2006 – Australia (Queensland)
* Molycria upstart Platnick & Baehr, 2006 – Australia (Queensland)
* Molycria vokes Platnick & Baehr, 2006 – Australia (Western Australia, Northern Territory, South Australia)
* Molycria wallacei Platnick & Baehr, 2006 – Australia (Queensland)
* Molycria wardeni Platnick & Baehr, 2006 – Australia (Queensland)
* Molycria wrightae Platnick & Baehr, 2006 – Australia (Queensland)
# LeBeau

LeBeau or Le Beau may refer to:
* LeBeau (surname)
* Lebeau, Louisiana, an unincorporated community
* LeBeau, South Dakota, a ghost town
# Leones

Leones may refer to:
* Colegio Los Leones de Quilpué, basketball team from Chile
* Sierra Leonean Leone, currency of Sierra Leone
* Leones (football team), from El Salvador
* Leones, Córdoba [es], a city in Marcos Juárez Department, Córdoba Province, Argentina
* Leones, Herrera, corregimiento in Panama
* Leones, Veraguas, corregimiento in Panama
* Aerfer Leone, undeveloped fighter aircraft
* Subaru Leone, subcompact car
* Carea Leonés, Spanish breed dog
* Leonese language, a language from the Iberian Peninsula
* Leonese people, the inhabitants of León whose homeland is the former Kingdom of León
# Eman Ukpa

Eman Ukpa is a village in Uruan local government area of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria inhabited by the Ibibio people.
# Kalyan Banerjee (Rotary International)

Kalyan Banerjee was the President of Rotary International, one of the largest humanitarian service organizations in the world, for the year 2011–12. He took office on 1 July 2011 from Ray Klinginsmith. He leads a worldwide network of 1.2 million individuals from more than 200 countries and geographical regions who, through volunteer service, help meet the needs of communities worldwide. He is Rotary International's 101st President.

## Early life and education

Kalyan Banerjee belongs to the Rotary Club of Vapi, Gujarat, India. He earned a degree in chemical engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur in 1964.

## Career

He is Rotary International's third President from India, the third largest contributor to The Rotary Foundation.
He is a director of United Phosphorus Limited, the largest agrochemical manufacturer of India, and the chairman of United Phosphorus (Bangladesh) Limited. He is a member of the Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers and the American Chemical Society. He has been president of Vapi Industries Association and chairman of the Gujarat chapter of the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII).

## Personal life

Banerjee is based in Vapi. He is married to Binota, and the couple have two children and four grandchildren.
# Unenlagiidae

Unenlagiidae is a proposed family of eumaniraptoran paravians that includes the subfamilies Unenlagiinae and possibly Halszkaraptorinae. Fossils of both subfamilies have been found in both Gondwanan and Laurasian deposits. The biology of the group suggests that some members were semiaquatic specialists.

## Classification

The family Unenlagiidae traditionally includes the same members as the previously named subfamily of Dromaeosauridae, Unenlagiinae, so Unenlagiidae was often seen as a synonym of Dromaeosauridae. However, since the 2010s, there have been subsequent studies that have questioned this placement, necessitating the revival of the family name. Some have placed unenlagiids as outside Dromaeosauridae, being the sister taxon or closely related to Avialae, while others have placed the newly recognized halszkaraptorines in the family, as basal deinonychosaurs outside Dromaeosauridae and Troodontidae. Other recent studies supported the traditional placement of Halszkaraptorinae and Unenlagiinae in Dromaeosauridae, forming no distinct clade. In 2021, Brum et al. named the clade Unenlagiinia for a unified Unenlagia+Halszkaraptor clade, recovering them as basal dromaeosaurs.
The following cladogram is from Motta et al., 2020, showing Unenlagiidae outside dromaeosaurids and more closely related to Avialae:
# Monaco-Monte-Carlo station

Monaco-Monte-Carlo station (French: Gare de Monaco-Monte-Carlo; Monégasque: Staçiun de Munegu-Munte-Carlu) is the sole railway station in the Principality of Monaco, though part of it is located in Beausoleil, France. It is served by trains of the French state-owned operator SNCF, on the Marseille–Ventimiglia railway line. The station, along with the entire railway line in the principality, is located underground.

## History

The railway line from Marseille reached Monaco in 1868. The first station in the Principality, originally named Monaco (Gare de Monaco), was located in La Condamine. The following year, a second station named Monte Carlo (Gare de Monte-Carlo), was opened in Monte Carlo quarter, directly below the Monte Carlo Casino. The first station in La Condamine was later renamed Monaco-Monte-Carlo (Gare de Monaco-Monte-Carlo) in the 1950s, after the building of a new tunnel bypassing the second station in Monte Carlo, which was closed in 1965. The idea to relocate the railway and bypass Monte Carlo station was conceived by Rainier III to reclaim valuable land for development.
In the early 1990s, it was again decided to re-route the railway (this time, completely underground) and build a new station back closer to the center of Monaco. Construction commenced in 1993 on the station in the ward of Ravin de Sainte-Dévote; the new station opened on 7 December 1999, replacing the former surface Monaco-Monte-Carlo station from then on. This comprises a curved tunnel 466 metres (1,529 ft) in length, 22 metres (72 ft) wide and 13 metres (43 ft) in height. There are three tracks through the station (accessed from a side platform on the south side) and an island platform between the two tracks to the north.
* Old surface platforms (1974). This station is indicated by blue dots on the map.
* Current station interior
* Lower entrance to the current station
* Railway stations in Monaco. The present-day station is indicated by light-green dots.

## Monte-Carlo Country Club halt

A single platform halt is located at the eastern end of the Monaco tunnel, over the Monaco border in Roquebrune-Cap-Martin, France. It provides access to the Monte-Carlo Country Club (also itself located in France) and is only operational during the Monte Carlo Masters tennis tournament each April. It is served by TER services between Cannes and Ventimiglia. Its platform is located on the southern side of the line.

## Train services

The majority of trains serving Monaco-Monte-Carlo are local TER Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur services between Marseille-Saint-Charles and Ventimiglia in Italy, close to the France–Italy border. There are also a small number of TGV services from the Gare de Lyon in Paris.
The station is served by the following services:
* High speed services (TGV) Paris – Avignon – Cannes – Nice – Menton
* Local services (TER Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur) Grasse – Cannes – Nice – Monaco – Ventimiglia
# Water treader

Water treaders, the superfamily Mesovelioidea, are insects in the order Hemiptera, the true bugs. They are semiaquatic insects that live in moist and wet habitat and on wet plant matter in several types of aquatic habitat.
These insects are no more than 3.5 mm long. They have elongated heads, long antennae, and large eyes, with the exception of Cryptovelia species, which have vestigial eyes. Females are larger than the males of their species and have well-developed ovipositors.
The type genus, Mesovelia, contains about 27 species, many of which are common and widespread. The other genera are small or even monotypic, and are less common.
One species is known for its unique specific name, Cavaticovelia aaa, sometimes called the aaa water treader. It is a legitimate binomial name following the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, featuring aaa, the Hawaiian word for "lava tube".
According to some treatments, two families (Madeoveliidae and Mesoveliidae) are in the Mesovelioidea. The family Madeoveliidae is often treated as a subfamily of the Mesoveliidae, but molecular studies suggest it is phylogenetically inconsistent, and thus suggest to abandon dividing the two.
# Wathaurong Aboriginal Co-operative

The Wathaurong Aboriginal Co-operative is a community organisation based in Geelong, Australia that supports the social, economic, and cultural development of Aboriginal people within the Geelong and surrounding areas. It was formed in 1978 and registered in 1980.

## Purpose

The Wathaurong Aboriginal Co-operative provides health, community and family services to Aboriginal people in the Geelong area. It is the largest employer of Aboriginal people in the Geelong region. A protest in 2014, claiming the organisation had "...become distanced from its community...", revolved around staff cuts, services and gatherings for the community and concerns the organisation was focused on business than the community.

## Staff

The chief executive officer was for many years Trevor Edwards, who was succeeded by Tracey Currie, and then Rod Jackson. In 2014, the organisation had 300 members and employed 55 staff, with a turnover of over $5m a year. The organisation operates a number of business ventures including Wathaurung Glass & Arts, and has title to land at Mount Rothwell that contains the Wurdi Youang Aboriginal stone arrangement.
# Wathen

Wathen is a surname, and may refer to:
* Arthur Wathen (1841–1937), English cricketer
* Sir Charles Wathen Kt. (1833 - 1893) Wool Merchant, Clothier & six times Mayor of Bristol.
* Daniel Wathen, American lawyer and politician
* George Wathen (actor) (1762–1849), English actor, stage manager and theatre owner
* Heini Wathén (born 1955), Finnish model
* Jonathan Wathen (surgeon) (c.1728 – 1808), English surgeon
* Jonathan Wathen-Waller (1769–1853), English eye surgeon
* Richard Wathen (born 1971), British painter
* Richard B. Wathen (1917–2001), American politician, journalist, and author
* George Henry Wathen (1816–1879), geologist and South African politician
* Samuel Wathen (c.1720 – 1787), English physician
# Wawiag River

Wawiag River is a river in Ontario, Canada, that is fed by Mack Creek and Greenwood Creek.

## Description

Wawiag River is a glacial river fed by Halet Lake,$^{:146}$ Burchell Lake, Mack Creek and Greenwood Creek and flows into Kawnipi Lake.

## Wildlife

Wildlife on the river includes moose, cougars, wolverines, mooneye, whitefish, walleye, kingbirds, tree swallows, white-winged crossbills, rose-breasted grosbeaks, evening grosbeaks, Cape May warblers, great grey owls and hawk owls. Wild rice grows in the river, and edible berries grow around it.

## History and nomenclature

Indigenous peoples have lived around the river's mouth for generations, partly due to the location being a good hunting grounds for caribou. In 1890 the river was known in Ojibwe as Kahwawiagamak River (Gaa-waawiyaagamaag-ziibi), meaning "the round lake's river". There was an 5,948 acres (2,407 ha) Ojibwe reserve at the river mouth, known as the Sturgeon Lake Indian Reserve 24C, created in 1877 and disestablished in 1915.
# Wawina Township, Itasca County, Minnesota

Wawina Township is a township in Itasca County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 77 at the 2010 census.
This township took its name from Wawina, Minnesota.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 36.5 square miles (94.7 km$^2$), of which 36.5 square miles (94.6 km$^2$) is land and 0.03% is water.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 110 people, 40 households, and 26 families residing in the township. The population density was 3.0 people per square mile (1.2/km$^2$). There were 76 housing units at an average density of 2.1/sq mi (0.8/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the township was 99.09% White, and 0.91% from two or more races.
There were 40 households, out of which 37.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.0% were married couples living together, 10.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.0% were non-families. 35.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.75 and the average family size was 3.62.
In the township the population was spread out, with 35.5% under the age of 18, 5.5% from 18 to 24, 23.6% from 25 to 44, 21.8% from 45 to 64, and 13.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 139.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 115.2 males.
The median income for a household in the township was $19,167, and the median income for a family was $24,583. Males had a median income of $45,625 versus $15,750 for females. The per capita income for the township was $10,860. There were 9.5% of families and 7.4% of the population living below the poverty line, including 7.1% of under eighteens and none of those over 64.

## Culture

Wawina has the distinction of having America's smallest telephone company. Northern Telephone Company of Minnesota (Area Code 218-488) serves fewer than 40 subscribers.
It gained brief fame as the last place in the continental United States to use a trunking system (inter-office circuits) that was called "N2 Carrier", an analog system that utilized Multi-Frequency (MF) tones and the notorious 2600 Hz control tone for answer supervision and idle trunk condition. This system was much loved by phone phreaks as it was the same system which the now infamous John Draper made famous. The era ended in June 2006, when the privately owned exchange switched to a digital trunk. Phone hacking attempts from across the nation had placed a large burden on the extremely small telephone company serving the township.
# Monographella albescens

Monographella albescens is a fungal plant pathogen also known as leaf scald which infects rice.

## Transmission

Conidia are transferred by water splash.

## Host resistance

Lines of rice that are resistant against M. albescens are available. Most resistance breeding has been in field trials in countries where the disease is already widespread. Even in "resistant" strains, however, there is some noticeable lesioning but little to no loss of yield. The mechanism of resistance remains unknown. There is wide variation in pathogen strain-host strain pathogenicity.
Rice plants fed increased silicon showed increased resistance to M. albescens. Surprisingly this is not - or not entirely - due to its structural role but also due to increased production of various compounds and enzymes.
# Waterfront, New Jersey

Waterfront, New Jersey can refer to:
* Camden Waterfront in Camden, New Jersey
* Hudson Waterfront in Hudson County, New Jersey
* Lamberton, New Jersey, also known as Waterfront, in Trenton, New Jersey