OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Universitetsky-Tatyana-2

Universitetsky-Tatyana-2 was a small research and educational satellite mainly developed by Taiwan (National Cheng Kung University and National Central University) and Russia Moscow State University and launched on 17 September 2009 from Baikonur Cosmodrome on a Soyuz-2.1b rocket. This satellite was equally sponsored by Taiwan and Russia. Along with teamwork supported by Mexico and South Korea, the two Taiwanese institutions particularly contributed satellite computing systems, flight programmes as well as thermotic, magnetic, and digital data processing devices.

## Mission objectives

The satellite was part of an international research and educational youth program of near-Earth space exploration. The mission's objectives were:
* Investigating light phenomena in the Earth's atmosphere due to the effect of galaxy cosmic rays and high-energy charged particles;
* Investigating en-route radiation conditions;
* Investigating variations of the Earth's gravitational and magnetic fields.
Over the course of its mission, Universitetsky-Tatyana-2 detected over 1000 flashes in the Earth's atmosphere.

## End of mission

The Universitetsky-Tatyana-2 spacecraft ended operations on 16 January 2010 due to a failure in the attitude control system.
# Morrison incident

The Morrison incident (モリソン号事件, Morison-gō Jiken) of 1837 occurred when the American merchant ship Morrison, headed by Charles W. King, was driven away from "sakoku" (isolationist) Japan by cannon fire. This was carried out in accordance with the Japanese Edict to Repel Foreign Vessels of 1825. It has been alleged that King used the pretext of repatriating seven Japanese castaways, among them Yamamoto Otokichi, to try to open trade with Japan.

## History

In addition to its commercial aims, the ship was attempting to repatriate seven shipwrecked Japanese citizens who had been picked up in Macau. It also carried Christian missionaries such as Samuel Wells Williams.
In July 1837, Charles W. King set off with the seven Japanese aboard an American merchant ship called the SS Morrison, on which he sailed to Uraga at the entrance of Edo Bay. The ship had been disarmed to signify its peaceful intentions.
Cannon were fired from the hilltops of the Miura Peninsula as soon as the ship approached Uraga, in compliance with the 1825–42 shogunal order that any approaching Western ships, apart from Dutch ones, should be fired upon.
King anchored at a safe distance, out of range of the shore batteries. Men from several small fishing ships boarded the SS Morrison, and sake and cookies were shared until late in the night. By daybreak, however, cannons had been brought closer to the seaside, and they were again fired at the ship. Hundreds of small boats, each with a small cannon at the front, also started to surround and attack the ship. The Morrison sailed away, with little damage.
King then sailed to Kagoshima in Kyūshū. The first day he met some officials there, who took two of the castaways into custody. The following day, a fisherman came alongside and warned the sailors to leave immediately. As the ship was setting its sails, the Japanese opened fire from cannons they had moved to the proximity of the ship during the night. King decided to abandon the mission and returned to Canton with the remaining castaways.
King was outraged by the Japanese response, and upon his return to the United States in 1839 wrote a book about his adventure. In the book he explained that the American flag had been fired upon by a foreign government and that the next contacts with Japan "had better be left to the stronger and wiser action of the American Government".
In 1845, a resolution was introduced to the United States Congress to open Japan to trade. Although the resolution was never passed, the United States government sent an expedition under James Biddle with two heavily armed ships, to induce Japan to negotiate.
The nature of the ship's mission became known one year after the event, and this resulted in increased criticism of the Edict.

## Fictional Depictions

* King's visit to Japan was briefly depicted during the opening episode of the 2008 NHK Taiga drama Atsuhime.
# List of 1880s American state and local politicians convicted of crimes

This list includes American politicians at the state and local levels who have been convicted of felony crimes committed while in office by decade; this list encompasses the 1880s.
At the bottom of the article are links to related articles which deal with politicians who are involved in federal scandals (political and sexual), as well as differentiating among federal, state and local convictions. Also excluded are crimes which occur outside the politician's tenure in office unless they specifically stem from acts during his time of service.
Entries are arranged by date, from most current to less recent, and by state.

## Kentucky

* State Treasurer James "Honest Dick" Tate (D) was convicted of fraud and theft. (1888)

## Louisiana

* State Treasurer Edward A. Burke (D) was convicted of fraud and theft. (1888)
# Eyesat-1

Eyesat-A was launched on September 26, 1993 using an Ariane 4 rocket at Guiana Space Centre, Kourou, French Guiana, along with SPOT-3, Stella, Healthsat-2, KITSAT-2, and PoSAT-1.
# Ellen Jones

Ellen Jones may refer to:
* Ellen Jones (novelist), American author of historical romance novels, published from 1991
* Ellen Isabel Jones (died 1946), née Cotton, English suffragette and close associate of the Pankhursts
* Ellen Jaffe Jones, American consumer, health, and fitness journalist and author
* Ellen Jones (translator), British scholar and translator
* Ellen Jones (footballer) (born 2002), English footballer
* Elin Jones (born 1966), Welsh politician and Presiding Officer of the Senedd
# Paschim Guwahati Mahavidyalaya

Paschim Guwahati Mahavidyalaya, established in 1978, also known as PGM, is an undergraduate, coeducational college situated at Dharapur Chariali in Guwahati, Assam. This college is affiliated with the Gauhati University.

## Departments

* Assamese
* English
* History
* Education
* Economics
* Philosophy
* Political Science
* Hindi
* Geography
* Commerce
* Management
* Finance
* Statistics
# Southern Area League Riders' Championship

The Southern Area League Riders' Championship was a contest between the top riders with the highest average points total from motorcycle speedway clubs competing in the Southern Area League in the United Kingdom. It was held in each year that the league existed - between 1954 and 1959 and also during 1960, when several teams without league racing raced a series of challenge matches.
The event was superseded by the Provincial League Riders' Championship because the Provincial League replaced the Southern Area League in 1960.

## Winners

| Year | Winner | Team | Venue |
| 1954 | Alby Golden | Ringwood Turfs | Rye House Stadium |
| 1955 | Mike Broadbank | Rye House Roosters | Rye House Stadium |
| 1956 | Leo McAuliffe | Eastbourne Eagles | Rye House Stadium |
| 1957 | Leo McAuliffe | Rayleigh/Southern Rovers | Arlington Stadium |
| 1959 | Dave Hankins | Yarmouth Bloaters | Foxhall Stadium |
| 1960 | Ross Gilbertson | Eastbourne Eagles | Arlington Stadium |
# Marash (disambiguation)

Marash is the Armenian and Arabic name of Kahramanmaraş, a city in Turkey.
Marash may also refer to:

## Places

* Marash Eyalet, an eyalet of the Ottoman Empire
* Merash, or Marash, Iran
* Varosha, Famagusta, Turkish Maraş or Kapalı Maraş, an abandoned southern quarter of the Cypriot city of Famagusta
* Maraşlı, Karaisalı, a village in the District of Karaisalı, Adana Province, Turkey
* Marash Peak, the peak rising to 800 m in the southeast foothills of Detroit Plateau on Nordenskjöld Coast in Graham Land, Antarctica

## People

* Baldwin of Marash, 12th century
* Thoros of Marash, also known as Thatoul, father of Arda of Armenia
* Marash Kumbulla (born 2000), Albanian professional footballer
* Dave Marash (born 1942), American TV journalist
# Thymelicus hyrax

Thymelicus hyrax, the Levantine skipper, is a butterfly in family Hesperiidae that lives in Iran, Syria, Israel, Jordan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, the Northwest Caucasus, Turkey, Greece, Lesbos, Chios, Samos and Rhodes

## Life cycle

The species predominantly inhabits dry areas, otherwise open woodlands, occupying an elevation range of up to 2000 metres above sea level. The larval host plant is probably Achnatherum bromoides. Butterflies take wing from June till August in a single generation.
# Parish of Croombimbie

Croombimbie is a Parish of Ularara County in north west New South Wales.
Located at 29°56′19″S 143°14′03″E on the Bootra Creek the main economic activity of the parish is agriculture. The climate is semi-arid, featuring low rainfall, very hot summer temperatures and cool nights in winter. The parish has a Köppen climate classification of BWh (Hot desert).
# MAC service data unit

MAC service data unit (media access control service data unit, MSDU) is the service data unit in the IEEE 802 reference model of network architecture. This data unit is exchanged at the interface between the media access control (MAC) sub-layer and the layer immediately above it, typically the (optional) logical link control (LLC) sub-layer. The LLC and MAC sub-layers are collectively referred to as the data link layer (DLL).
# Léon Angor

Léon Robert Angor (13 July 1928 – 1993) was a Congolese politician and trade union leader. He was a leader of the CASL trade union centre. He was the President of the National Assembly of the Republic of the Congo between 1964 and 1966. Angor was identified as part of the pro-China wing of the ruling National Movement of the Revolution. Under Angor's aegis, the Congolese Trade Union Confederation was formed in March 1964.
In May of 1966, Angor ran for re-election for the presidency of the National Assembly, but was defeated. It was speculated that this election marked a defeat of the pro-China wing and a victory of the pro-Soviet tendency in the party.
Between August and December 1968, Angor was a member of the National Council of the Revolution (the ruling military junta). He later served as ambassador to the United Arab Republic and Gabon.
Angor was born in Brazzaville on 13 July 1928. He died in 1993.
# MWZ (disambiguation)

MWZ is the IATA code for Mwanza Airport, Tanzania
MWZ or mwz can also refer to:
* Mahishadahari railway station, West Bengal, India (station code: MWZ)
* Moingi language, a Bantu language spoken in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (iso 639-3 code: mwz)
# MW Motors Luka EV

The MW Motors Luka EV is an electric car designed and produced by MW Motors in the Czech Republic since the 2010s.
The Luka EV is unusual in having four wheel hub motors instead of a central electric motor. The body is inspired by the Tatra JK 2500 prototype and is made from fibreglass on an aluminium chassis.
Charging the battery takes 9 hours from a domestic single phase 220 VAC socket or 2 hours with a 3-phase rapid charger.
The MRK I and II prototypes were hand built as open source projects on Hackaday. The final production MRK III follows the previous cars closely but the details are closed source. The price is expected to start at €30,000.
The MRK I prototype was nominated, together with five other vehicles, for the eCarTec Award 2015 in the Electric Vehicle category.
# Kurt Adams

Kurt Adams may refer to:

## Sportsmen

* Kurt Adams (Canadian football) (born 1987)

## Others

* Kurt Adams (politician) (1889–1944), German politician
* 'Kurt Adams', a pseudonym used by Jimmy Van Heusen in the authorship of the song "Somewhere Along the Way"
# Macon Whoopee (CHL)

The Macon Whoopee was a professional ice hockey team that played from 1996 until 2001 in the Central Hockey League (CHL). Located in Macon, Georgia, the team played its home games at the Macon Coliseum.

## History

A professional ice hockey team known as the Macon Whoopees, played in the Southern Hockey League during the 1973–74 season, but poor attendance led the team to disband mid-season.
Hockey was not resurrected in Macon until 1996. The new team, known as the "Whoopee" (without the plural "s"), played in the Central Hockey League from 1996 to 2001. After several owners endured seasons of poor attendance and financial losses, the team went bankrupt in 2001.
Hockey stayed in Macon for the 2001–02 season when the Tallahassee Tiger Sharks of the East Coast Hockey League (ECHL) were relocated to Macon, Georgia, where they also became known as the Macon Whoopee, but they played just one season in Macon.
Later efforts to continue professional hockey in Macon led to the formation of the Macon Trax, also now defunct. In 2015, the Southern Professional Hockey League added the Macon Mayhem as a relocation of the former Augusta RiverHawks.

## Etymology

The name 'Whoopee' was a reference to a sexual slang, popularized by the Gus Kahn-penned tune "Makin' Whoopee" and the TV game show The Newlywed Game. Facilitating the double entendre, the second team's mascot was the whooping crane, menaced by a bee ("the birds and the bees").
# MIS capacitor

A MIS capacitor is a capacitor formed from a layer of metal, a layer of insulating material and a layer of semiconductor material. It gets its name from the initials of the metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) structure. As with the MOS field-effect transistor structure, for historical reasons, this layer is also often referred to as a MOS capacitor, but this specifically refers to an oxide insulator material.
The maximum capacitance, C$_{MIS(max)}$ is calculated analogously to the plate capacitor:
    $C_{\mathrm {MIS(max)} }=\varepsilon _{0}\varepsilon _{r}\cdot {{A} \over {d}}$
where :
* ε$_r$ is the insulator's relative permittivity
* ε$_0$ is the permittivity of the vacuum
* A is the area
* d is the insulator thickness
The production method depends on materials used (it is even possible that polymers can be used as both the insulator or the semiconductor layers). We will consider an example of an inorganic MOS capacitor based on silicon and silicon dioxide. On the semiconductor substrate, a thin layer of oxide (silicon dioxide) is applied (by, for example, thermal oxidation, or chemical vapour deposition) and then coated with a metal.
This structure and thus a capacitor of this type is present in every MIS field-effect transistor, such as MOSFETs. For the steady reduction of the size of structures in microelectronics, the ever thinner insulation layers are required (to keep the same capacitance for smaller area). However, when the oxide thickness falls below ~ 5 nm there arise parasitic leakages due to the tunneling effect. From this reason, the use of so-called high-κ dielectrics as the insulator material is being investigated.
In the MOSFET R&D, the MIS capacitors are extensively used as a relatively simple testing bench, e.g. to examine fabrication process and properties of the novel insulator materials, to measure leakage currents and charge-to-breakdown, to get the trap density value, to verify different models for carrier transport. Furthermore, the capacitors are often included in tutorial courses, particularly to discuss their charge states (inversion, depletion, accumulation) which also occur in the more complex transistor systems.
# Parkdale station

Parkdale station may refer to:
* Parkdale railway station, Victoria, Australia
* Parkdale station (Toronto), Ontario, Canada; aka North Parkdale railway station
# M45 motorway

The M45 is a motorway in Northamptonshire and Warwickshire, England and is 7.9 miles (12.7 km) long. It runs between junction 17 of the M1 motorway south east of Rugby and a junction with the A45 road southwest of Rugby. It has one of the lowest traffic volumes of the United Kingdom motorway system.

## History

Built in 1959 when the M1 (as part of a link from London to Birmingham) went as far as Junction 18, the M45 was designed to dissipate some of the motorway traffic before the M1 terminated. Its equivalent at the southern end of the M1 is the former M10, which was downgraded on 1 May 2009 to become part of the A414.
As the signposted route to Birmingham, accompanied by a boom in private motor ownership in the 1960s, the M45 (and its effective continuation, the final 30 miles (48 km) or so along the predominantly dual carriageway A45), formed a key leg of one of the busiest roads in Britain.
In 1972, the opening of the M6 parallel to the north provided a much faster route through to the West Midlands from London. Most traffic diverted to this route, and since January 1991 additional West Midlands traffic, whether to the south of that region, or from the south side of London has often used the M40 motorway parallel to the south, leaving the route with only a fraction of its previous traffic.
A limited-access junction (Eastbound exit and Westbound entry) was added in September 1991, around two-thirds of the way along from the M1, south of Dunchurch, the main southern suburban village (to Rugby) nearby. Apart from this, the motorway is very much in its 'as-built' condition and unlike its feeder motorway, the M1 its land use has not expanded, in a county that has three motorways running east–west almost wholly across it, Warwickshire. The choice of routes means that logistics operations are an important part of the economy of Coventry and Rugby.

## Junctions

Data from driver location signs are used to provide distance and carriageway identifier information.
M45 motorway junctions :
| miles | km | Westbound exits (A carriageway) | Junction | Eastbound exits (B carriageway) |
| 7.7 | 12.4 | Coventry, Rugby, A45 Dunchurch B4429 | J1 | Start of motorway |
| 6.0 | 9.7 | No access | | Daventry A45 |
| | | Entering Warwickshire | | Entering Northamptonshire |
| 0.1 | 0.2 | Start of motorway | M1, J17 | The south, Northampton M1 |
| Notes Distances in kilometres and carriageway identifiers are obtained from driver location signs/location marker posts. Where a junction spans several hundred metres and the data is available, both the start and finish values for the junction are shown. |||||
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Incomplete access |||||
# M46 (Johannesburg)

The M46 is a short metropolitan route in Greater Johannesburg, South Africa. It connects Tulisa Park in Johannesburg South with Springs via Germiston, Boksburg and Brakpan.

## Route

The M46 begins at a junction with the M31 road (Heidelberg Road) in the suburb of Tulisa Park in Johannesburg South. West of this junction, it is the M38 road. The M46 begins by going eastwards as Rand Airport Road, flying over the N17 highway and meeting the N3/N12 highway (Johannesburg Eastern Bypass) (northbound only), to enter the city of Germiston and meet the M48 road in the suburb of Gosforth Park.
The M48 joins the M46 and they are one road eastwards before the M48 becomes its own road eastwards just north of Rand Airport. The M46 continues east-north-east into the southern part of the Germiston City Centre as Power Street, meeting the M93 road (Refinery Road), the M37 road (Joubert Street), the M49 road (Webber Road) and the M53 road (Meyer Street; Victoria Street).
The M46 becomes Linton Jones Street and proceeds eastwards to meet the M39 road, where it becomes Lower Boksburg Road. It continues eastwards to enter the city of Boksburg and meet the northern terminus of the M35 road just north of the Reiger Park suburb, where it changes its name to Commissioner Street. It enters Boksburg Central in an easterly direction, passing under the R21 road (Rondebult Road). In Boksburg Central, it makes a right and left turn to become Leeuwpoort Street and at the eastern end of the CBD, it becomes Jubilee Street towards the south-east.
It crosses the M43 road (Van Dyk Road) to enter the town of Brakpan, first bypassing the Brakpan Airfield and passing through the Dalpark Suburb to meet the R23 road (Heidelberg Road). It enters the Brakpan Town Centre eastwards as Athlone Avenue and then reaches a junction, where it becomes Van Der Walt Road via a left turn. It then becomes Voortrekker Road eastwards, meeting the M45 road and the M56 road at the Prince George Avenue junction. The M46 becomes Prince George Avenue south-eastwards before becoming Olympia Road eastwards, where it enters the city of Springs. It becomes South Main Reef Road and meets the R51 road to enter the Springs City Centre. It passes through the Springs CBD eastwards and then enters the suburb of Cassledale, where it ends at a junction with the R29 road (Ermelo Road).
# March Madness (board game)

March Madness is a board game published in 1991 by Avalon Hill.

## Contents

March Madness is a game in which college basketball is represented on a board that resembles a 64 place tournament schedule.

## Publication history

Bob Toole and Steve Thompson designed March Madness which was accepted by Avalon Hill, and the company noted that only 10 percent of the company's games originated with outside creators. It was the first board game based on the NCAA tournament.

## Reception

Brian Walker reviewed March Madness for Games International magazine, and gave it a rating of 9 out of 10, and stated that "Don't worry if you, like me, can't tell a basketball from a banana. This game is a great way to start learning."
# Kuchen (disambiguation)

Kuchen is the German word for cake and is used in other languages as the name for several different types of sweet desserts, pastries, and gateaux.
Kuchen may also refer to:
* Audrey Kuchen, television news reporter
* Dick Kuchen, basketball coach
* Fritz Kuchen (1877–1973), sport shooter
* Kuchen, Baden-Württemberg
# Paradise Wildlife Park

Hertfordshire Zoo, previously known as Paradise Wildlife Park and before that as Broxbourne Zoo, is a family-run wildlife park and charity in Broxbourne, in Hertfordshire, England. It came under the management of the Peter and Grace Sampson family in 1984; in 2017, their daughter Lynn Whitnall became chief executive and continued the family business. Also in 2017, the family founded the Zoological Society of Hertfordshire, a registered charity (no.1108609). The zoo receives no government funding.
Among the animals in the zoo are Amur tigers, white lions, snow leopards and European wolves, as well as African penguins, red pandas, green anacondas, two-toed sloths, lemurs, meerkats, Bactrian camels, plains zebras and Brazilian tapirs.
On 4 April 2022, the park announced that it would be rebranding to Hertfordshire Zoo as part of its 40th anniversary celebrations in 2024.

## History

The zoo opened in the early 1960s as Broxbourne Zoo. By 1984, it had earned a reputation as one of the UK's worst zoos.
In 1984, the Sampson family purchased the site with the intention of re-housing the animals into larger enclosures that mimicked their natural habitat, making them as comfortable as possible. The zoo was closed down for two years to undergo this transformation and re-opened as "Paradise Park and Woodland Zoo", which was then shortened to Paradise Wildlife Park in the 1990s.
Paradise Wildlife Park, like many animal attractions in England, was forced to close by the Foot and Mouth epidemic in the spring of 2001.
In 2000, Parkside Leisure, the parent company of Paradise Wildlife Park, purchased the site of the Big Cat Foundation in Kent, a sanctuary operated at the time by the Born Free Foundation. A new organisation was established by Paradise Wildlife Park called the Wildlife Heritage Foundation (WHF).
Since becoming the Zoological Society of Hertfordshire in 2017 (registered charity no.1108609), the zoo has made significant investment in upgrading and expanding its facilities.
Since 2020, CBBC show 'One Zoo Three' has been filmed at the zoo, featuring brothers Aaron, Tyler and Cam Whitnall.

## Animals

The zoo is home to several hundred animals, including small mammals, paddock and farmyard animals, birds, primates, reptiles, and big cats. It has Siberian tigers, snow leopards, ocelot, jaguars and white lions.
The Angkor Reptile Temple houses the largest anaconda in the UK, named Optimus Prime.
# Karooro

Karooro is name. Notable people with the name include:
* Emmanuel Karooro (born 1945), Ugandan educator
* Mary Karooro Okurut (born 1954), Ugandan educator