OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Timothy J. McGrew

Timothy Joel McGrew is a professor of philosophy at Western Michigan University, and the chair of the department of philosophy there. His research interests include epistemology, the history and philosophy of science, and the philosophy of religion. He is a specialist in the philosophical applications of probability theory.

## Career

McGrew graduated from the University of Scranton in Pennsylvania with a B.A. in Philosophy (summa cum laude, 1988). He went on to earn an MA (1991) and a PhD (1992) in philosophy at Vanderbilt University.
He taught as an assistant professor at Washington State University for three years (1992-1995), before joining Western Michigan University in 1995, where he held an assistant professorship for four years (1995-1999), then an associate professorship for six years (1999-2005). He became a full professor, and chairman of the Department of Philosophy at Western Michigan University in 2005, a position that he presently holds.

## Research interests

In epistemology, McGrew works on foundationalism, internalist and externalist theories of epistemic justification, theories of rationality, a priori knowledge, objectivity and relativism, formal and performative self-refutation, perceptual knowledge and the given, and metaepistemology. His interests in the philosophy of science include models of explanation, simplicity, probability, falsifiability and rational theory choice, history of science and rational reconstruction, logic, realism and contemporary physics, and the mathematics and philosophy of cosmological fine-tuning.
In probability theory, McGrew has published on induction and statistical inference, Bayesian confirmation theory, and probabilistic models of explanatory reasoning.
His interests in the history of science include developments in physics among the Muslim scholars of the Middle Ages, astronomy and dynamics from Aristotle through Isaac Newton, particles, waves, the development of optics between the years 1660 and 1850, the fall of the ether theory, and the advent of relativity.
In the philosophy of religion, McGrew focuses on historical arguments for and against miraculous claims, natural theology and atheology, and ramified natural theology.

## Personal life

McGrew is married to Lydia McGrew and they have three children.
He is a chess master and was the Michigan Chess co-champion in 2006, and his daughter Bethel, who has a Ph.D. in mathematics, was one of the top thirty female blitz players in the USA. He was one of the commentators online who discovered the missed draw in the second game of the 1997 match between Garry Kasparov and Deep Blue.

## Publications

Besides numerous articles and book chapters, McGrew has published and/or edited four books:
* Philosophy of Science: An Historical Anthology. Co-edited with Marc Alspector-Kelly and Fritz Allhoff. (Blackwell 2009)
* Internalism and Epistemology: The Architecture of Reason. With Lydia McGrew. (Routledge 2007)
* The Foundations of Knowledge. Littlefield Adams Books, 1995.
# St Peter's Church, Devizes

St Peter's Church is an Anglican parish church in Devizes, Wiltshire. It is a Victorian building and is on the Bath Road, on the western outskirts of the town. One of four Anglican churches in the town, it is in the Anglican Diocese of Salisbury but under the episcopal care of the Bishop of Oswestry. The congregation is a member of Devizes Churches Together.

## History

St Peter's Church was built when Rev Benjamin Dowding, Vicar of St James's Church, Devizes, decided that the town needed another church that was nearer to the Kennet and Avon Canal and the industries surrounding it.
The foundation stone was laid on 30 June 1865 by Rev Dowding. The construction took from 1865 to 1866 and was by Slater & Carpenter. The church was consecrated on 24 July 1866 by Walter Kerr Hamilton, Bishop of Salisbury. The consecration service was attended by the Royal Wiltshire Militia who marched to the church with the clergy in procession.
The south aisle and organ chamber were added between 1884 and 1885 by Weaver & Adye.
The first vicar of St Peter's was Rev Harold Grindle. Successive incumbents added to the development of the building and the culture of the parish, notably Canon Frederick Phipps who served for 34 years and introduced the Anglo-Catholic style of worship that continues to this day.
Another former vicar is Rev Douglas Bryant. He was priest of St Peter's for seven years and did much to increase the church's devotional atmosphere. He eventually became a Canon of Guildford Cathedral. His son, Mark Bryant, was Bishop of Jarrow.
In more recent years, St Peter's has become an active member of both Forward in Faith and The Society (Church of England), and the PCC have passed Resolutions A, B and C in opposition to the ordination of women as priests.

## Stations and icons

St Peter's has a hand-carved, wooden collection of Stations of the Cross that decorate the walls of the church. It also has a collection of icons, including one of St Paul and one of St Peter, which was given to the church by a former parishioner, Estelle Holloway.

## List of incumbents

| Priest's Name | From | To |
| Harold Grindle | 1866 | 1885 |
| Arthur Devas | 1885 | 1901 |
| Frederick Phipps | 1901 | 1935 |
| George F. George | 1935 | 1939 |
| Cyril Reeves Palmer | 1939 | 1941 |
| Sidney Wyman | 1941 | 1944 |
| George Hamilton Douglas | 1944 | 1950 |
| Douglas Bryant | 1950 | 1957 |
| Vernon Thomas | 1957 | 1966 |
| Henry Maude | 1966 | 1974 |
| John Croft | 1974 | 1985 |
| Brian Tigwell | 1985 | 1999 |
| Leslie Attwood | 2000 | 2002 |
| Peter Moss | 2005 | 2013 |
| Vincent Perricone | 2014 | 2020 |

## Organ

The church has a two-manual pipe organ by Griffin and Stroud dating from 1898. A specification of the organ can be found on the National Pipe Organ Register.
# Mangkunegara IV

Mangkunegara IV (3 March 1811 – 2 September 1881) was the fourth ruler of Mangkunegaran, a principality based in Surakarta, Java, ruling from 1853 to his death in 1881. He was son-in-law of Mangkunegara III. His title before ascending was Prince Adipati Prangwedana III.

## Reign

During his reign, the foundations of estate agriculture producing coffee and sugar were established, he became the first non-European to own sugar factories (De Tjolomadoe and Tasikmadu factory). The profits from the system were reinvested in the domains, instead of being sent abroad, as happened in many colonial situations; however, as typical for a less-developed economy, the inhabitants were dependent on the world price of these cash crops. He abolished the appanage system of compensating his retainers and officials and instead paid them salaries. Nevertheless, Mangkunegara IV had to deal with the Kingdom of Netherlands as well as the other rulers in central Java of the period. In 1857 and 1877, he was unable to reclaim land leased to European planters.

## Contributions to arts

Mangkunegara IV's court is especially known for its contributions to the traditional arts. He himself was a prominent poet who collaborated with Raden Ngabei Ranggawarsita (1802–1873), said to be the last of the great court poets. Mangkunegara IV's most famous poem is Wedhatama ("Exalted Wisdom"), which praises morality consistent with the mystical Islam of Java, in contrast to the more self-consciously Orthodox Islamic community.
He is also credited with the composition of several ketawang, a gamelan musical form, including Puspawarna, which was included in the Voyager Golden Record sent to outer space in the 1970s.
# Mariamman Temple, Ho Chi Minh City

The Mariamman Temple in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, is a temple dedicated to the Hindu goddess Mariamman. It was built in the late 19th century by Palaniappa Thevar from Pattukkottai, Thanjavur District a trade community from Tamil Nadu, India. The temple is now under the management of the Vietnamese Indian Children brought up by Late priest Attangudi Lakshmanan Chettiar who previously used to be the priest who managed the Thenday Yutthapani Temple at 66, Ton That Thiep, Quan 1, HCMC.

## Architecture

In the outer hall, Parvati's sons Ganesha and Muruga are on her right and left, respectively. The Raja-gopuram of this temple is about 12m high and contains a number of statues. Statues of Lakshmi, Murugan and other devas dot the hallways.
The main feature of the temple are the various statues of Mariamman, which surround the outer walls of the temple. These include Nataraja, Shiva, Brahma, Vishnu, Kali, Biramasakthi, Samundi, Thirumagal, Mageswari, Meenatchi, Valambigai, Andal, Kamatchiamman, Karumari-amman, Sivagami and Parvati who has Murugan in her lap.
There is also a huge mandapam or main hall inside the kovil (Temple).

## Devotees

It was built at to serve the Hindu community in Vietnam. It serves around fifty Tamil families in Ho Chi Minh City. Most of the devotees are Vietnamese or Sino-Vietnamese who experienced the powers of Mariamman.
# Kreis Strelno

Kreis Strelno was a district in Regierungsbezirk Bromberg in the Prussian Province of Posen, from 1886 to 1919.

## History

On 1 July 1886 the new Strelno district was formed from the southern part of the Inowrazlaw district with the towns of Strelno and Kruschwitz. The town of Strelno became the seat of the district administration.
On 27 December 1918 the Greater Poland uprising began in the province of Posen, and by 5 January 1919 the town of Strelno was under Polish control. On 16 February 1919 an armistice ended the Polish-German fighting, and on 28 June 1919 the German government officially ceded the Strelno district to the newly founded Poland with the signing of the Treaty of Versailles.

## Demographics

According to the Prussian census of 1910, the district had a population of 37,620, of which 80% were Poles and 20% were Germans. Most German residents left the area after 1919.

## Military command

Kreis Strelno was part of the military command in Posen (German: Bezirkskommando) at Hohensalza.

## Court system

The main court (German: Landgericht) was in Bromberg, with lower courts (German: Amtsgericht) in Strelno and Hohensalza.

## Standesämter

"Standesamt" is the German name of the local civil registration offices which were established in October 1874 soon after the German Empire was formed. Births, marriages and deaths were recorded. Previously, only the church records were used for Christians. In 1905, these Standesämter served towns in Kreis Strelno:
# 1897 Arkansas Industrial Cardinals football team

The 1897 Arkansas Industrial Cardinals football team represented the University of Arkansas during the 1897 college football season. Arkansas opened its 1897 season with its sixth game in four years against the team from Fort Smith High School. The Cardinals next competed in their third intercollegiate game, playing Drury College to a 6–6 tie. On November 20, 1897, Arkansas won its first ever intercollegiate football game against Ouachita College, a liberal arts college in Arkadelphia, Arkansas.
The captains of the 1897 team were H. Y. Fishback and E. G. Martin. John C. Futrall was the manager, and B. N. Wilson was the coach. Coach Wilson received a bachelor of science degree from Georgia School of Technology (Georgia Tech) in 1896 and joined the faculty at Arkansas Industrial as an instructor of mechanical engineering. He served as the football team's trainer in the fall of 1896 and took over as the coach in 1897.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result |
| November 6 | Fort Smith High School | Fayetteville, AR | W 12–0 |
| November 20 | Drury | Fayetteville, AR | T 6–6 |
| November 25 | at Ouachita Baptist | Arkadelphia, AR | W 24–0 |
# Matrix consimilarity

In linear algebra, two n-by-n matrices A and B are called consimilar if
    $A=SB{\bar {S}}^{-1}\,$
for some invertible $n\times n$ matrix $S$, where ${\bar {S}}$ denotes the elementwise complex conjugation. So for real matrices similar by some real matrix $S$, consimilarity is the same as matrix similarity.
Like ordinary similarity, consimilarity is an equivalence relation on the set of $n\times n$ matrices, and it is reasonable to ask what properties it preserves.
The theory of ordinary similarity arises as a result of studying linear transformations referred to different bases. Consimilarity arises as a result of studying antilinear transformations referred to different bases.
A matrix is consimilar to itself, its complex conjugate, its transpose and its adjoint matrix. Every matrix is consimilar to a real matrix and to a Hermitian matrix. There is a standard form for the consimilarity class, analogous to the Jordan normal form.
# Thomas Maguire (priest)

Thomas Maguire (May 9, 1776 – July 17, 1854) was an American-born Canadian Roman Catholic priest, a vicar general and an educator.
Maguire was born in Philadelphia to new immigrants from Ireland. Loyalists, the Maguire family relocated to Halifax, Nova Scotia in the same year.
Maguire was interested in education and in May 1821 Joseph-Octave Plessis appointed him as part of a committee at Quebec to prepare a constitution for the Quebec Education Society. The committee was led by Joseph-François Perrault.
He supported Bishop Jean-Jacques Lartigue in his struggle with the Sulpicians in the Montreal district.
# Madley Park

Madley Park is a district on Madley Brook, a small tributary of the River Windrush in Witney, Oxfordshire. It comprises housing, schools and a community centre.

## History

Construction work of the area began in 2001 and continued until 2007. The Madley Brook Primary School and Springfield School were both completed in 2003, as well as playing fields and a swimming pool. In 2011, Madley Park community hall was opened to residents.

## Location

Madley Park is located off of the A4095 in North East Witney, alongside the Wood Green School, situated within the historic boundary of South Leigh.
# Spatial variability

Spatial variability occurs when a quantity that is measured at different spatial locations exhibits values that differ across the locations. Spatial variability can be assessed using spatial descriptive statistics such as the range.
Let us suppose that the Rev' z(x) is perfectly known at any point x within the field under study. Then the uncertainty about z(x) is reduced to zero, whereas its spatial variability still exists. Uncertainty is closely related to the amount of spatial variability, but it is also strongly dependent upon sampling.
Geostatistical analyses have been strictly performed to study the spatial variability of pesticide sorption and degradation in the field. Webster and Oliver provided a description of geostatistical techniques. Describing uncertainty using geostatistics is not an activity exempt from uncertainty itself as variogram uncertainty may be large and spatial interpolation may be undertaken using different techniques.
# East Coast Railway Stadium

East Coast Railway Stadium is a cricket stadium in Bhubaneswar, Odisha. It hosts Ranji Trophy, and other matches.

## History

The present stadium was built across an area of over 22 acres at a cost of Rs 6 crore. The stadium has four turfs for practice. The drainage system is one of the best in the state. The stadium hosted its first Ranji Trophy match in November 2008.
A few Twenty20 matches during the first edition of the Odisha Premier League were also hosted at this venue.
A huge manual scoreboard has been put up for the first time for Odisha versus Karnataka Ranji Trophy match.
In 2010, Bhubaneswar Stadium was put to use during the Orissa-Punjab Elite Group B Ranji Trophy tournament league match was played. General Manager of East Coast Railway AK Vohra inaugurated the match. Former Australian cricketer and Odisha coach Michael Bevan was also present.
# Karen Ardiff

Karen Ardiff is an Irish actor and writer.

## Biography

Karen Ardiff was born in Dublin and attended Trinity College, Dublin's Samuel Beckett Centre. She has worked as an actress on stage and television as well as in Evelyn and Brooklyn. She has written, In Skagway, her first play, which was produced by Guna Nua Theatre company and won the Irish Playwrights and Screenwriters Guild Best New Play Award as well as the Stewart Parker/BBC Northern Ireland Award. Her first novel The Secret of my Face came out in 2007.

## Sources

* ↑ "Karen Ardiff". www.playwrightscanada.com. Playwrights Canada Press.
* ↑ "Not all Shakespeare plays are created equal". independent.
* ↑ Ardiff, Karen (2014). In Skagway. Nick Hern Books Limited. ISBN 978-1-84842-394-7.
* ↑ "Irish playography". www.irishplayography.com.
* ↑ "Literature Ireland". www.literatureireland.com.
* ↑ "The promise of beauty and the myths and legends it can leave behind". independent.
* ↑ "RTÉ's Sunday best". Irish Examiner. 26 March 2007.
* This article about an Irish writer or poet is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Tsing Yi Park

Tsing Yi Park is a public park on the Tsing Yi Island, Hong Kong with Tsing Yi Estate, Tsing Yi Garden, Broadview Garden and St. Paul's Village in its proximity. It was opened to the public in September 1996, with area of 7.09 hectares, the park was organised by the Leisure and Cultural Service Department. It locates at 60 Tsing King Road and it is under Kwai Tsing District. The park features a pond with many turles and trees and much nature. The park was designed to have a pure European style.
# Lost World (pinball)

Lost World is a pinball machine released by Bally in 1977. The game features a fantasy theme. It should not be confused with the pinball machine Escape from the Lost World from 1987.

## Description

Lost World is the first pinball machine that uses electronic sounds which replaces chimes. It is also the first machine that uses a photographic backglass. The game spawned a sequel - Paragon released in 1979.
The machine features a simple gameplay with the goal of hitting the A-B-C-D-E-F targets repeatedly. The playfield contains very few other feature including three pop bumpers, two kickouts, a captive ball and a spinner.
The backglass depicts a dragon, a warrior and a woman. Designer Paul Faris and his wife were the models for the latter. His daughter was later also the model for the Christine Daaé character on the backglass of the pinball machine The Phantom of the Opera.

## Digital versions

Lost World is a playable table in Williams Pinball Classics (2001) by Encore, Inc. for PC.
# St Peter's Church, Dale End

St Peter's Church, Dale End is a former Church of England parish church in Birmingham.

## History

The memorial stone was laid on 27 July 1825 with the following inscription
   The first Stone of a New Church, Dedicated to Saint Peter, was laid on the 26th day of July, 1825, by the Rev. Charles Curtis, The Rev Laurence Gardner, D.D. and James Taylor, Esquire, the Local Commissioners for building Churches in this District. The expense of the Site and Structure amounting to £19,676. 2s 11d. was defrayed out of a Parliamentary Grant of £1,000,000. The Hon. and Right Rev. Henry Ryder, D.D. Lord Bishop of the Diocese. The Rev. Laurence Gardner, D.D. Rector of the Parish. John Welshman Whateley, John Cope, Churchwardens of the Parish. Messrs. Rickman & Hutchinson, Architects.
The church was built in the Greek Revival style to designs by the architects, Thomas Rickman and Henry Hutchinson. It was consecrated by the Bishop of Worcester on 10 August 1827.
On 23 January 1831 a fire destroyed the roof and the interior, but it was rebuilt and reopened on 3 September 1837 by the Bishop of Worcester.
A parish was assigned out of St Philip's Church, Birmingham in 1847.
The church was closed in 1897 and demolished, and the endowments were transferred to the new parish of St Peter's Church, Spring Hill.

## Organ

An organ was installed by Elliott and Hill of London and opened by Samuel Wesley on 23 May 1828 but this was destroyed in the fire in 1831. A new organ was opened on 25 August 1839 built by Messrs Berosher and Fleetwood of Liverpool. The opening recital was given by George Hollins.

### Organists

* John Twelch Greaves 1828 - 1831 (formerly organist of St Editha's Church, Tamworth and afterwards organist of St Editha's Church, Tamworth
# Mara, Sardinia

Mara is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in the Italian region Sardinia, located about 140 kilometres (87 mi) northwest of Cagliari and about 35 kilometres (22 mi) south of Sassari.
Mara borders the following municipalities: Cossoine, Padria, Pozzomaggiore.

## Monuments and places of interest
### Religious buildings

* Sanctuary of Our Lady of Bonu Ighinu
* Church of Saint John
* Church of Saint Cross

### Caves

* Cave of Sa Ucca de su Tintirriolu
* Cave of Filiestru
# Manpur, Dang

Manpur, Sahipur is a town and Village Development Committee in Dang Deokhuri District in Lumbini Province of south-western Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 9,960 persons residing in 1449 individual households.
# Pappus's theorem

Pappus's theorem may refer to:
* Pappus's area theorem
* Pappus's centroid theorem
* Pappus's hexagon theorem
# 1897–98 French Rugby Union Championship

The 1897–98 French Rugby Union Championship was won by Stade Français.
As in the previous season, the title is assigned with a round robin tournament.

## Ranking

* Stade Français 10 points
* Racing Club de France 6 pts
* Olympique 6 pts
* Ligue Athlétique 6 pts
* Union Athlétique du Premier 2 pts
* Cosmopolitan Club 0 pt
# Onehouse

Onehouse is a small village in the English county of Suffolk, about 3 miles west from the centre of Stowmarket near to the Golf Club. The population of the parish at the 2011 Census was 810.
Recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 variously as "Aneus", "Anehus", "Anuhus" and "Anhus" (meaning a lonely cottage or house), today it is mainly modern housing for commuters with a few scattered older buildings.
Robert Drury was granted, in 1510, licence to crenellate his manors of Hansted Hall, Buknahams and Onhowshalle, Suff. There are three fragments of a moat around the site of Onehouse Hall, according to the Victoria County History. Homestead Moat, in good condition, comprises two water-filled arms and one dry arm. The remaining N. arm has been destroyed by farm buildings. The Hall was pulled down before 1847 (Copinger), probably in the mid C17 when the Callums (the Drury heirs) constructed Hardwick House. They seem to have destroyed the other two properties at this time.
The House of Industry was built in 1779 to serve the entire hundred of Stow (hundred). Later it became the Union Workhouse on Union Road (extreme east). Nearby is the Paupers' Graves, now a conservation area owned and maintained by the parish council.
Until the 1950s the village was a scattering of some dozen houses along Lower Road (to the south) and about 15 houses on Upper Road (to the north) with another 5 on Union Road leading to Stowmarket. By the late 1960s housing development had begun. With the major build of 150 houses in the 1970s Upper Road became Forest Road and the Northfield Estate came into being.
The village church, St John the Baptist, is one of 38 existing round-tower churches in Suffolk and was close to the Hall. It is in the fields midway between Lower and Upper Road and is a small flint, stone and brick structure, with a round tower containing two bells, close by the ancient site of Onehouse Hall. There was a church in Saxon times, as recorded in the Domesday Book, but the present church is thought to have been built during the Norman build and rebuild period following the Conquest. Archaeologists now date the earliest part of the building as of the 12th century. The round tower of the parish church has recently been restored.

## Notable people

* Charles Davy (1722–1797), Rector of Onehouse, miscellaneous author (Conjectural observations on the origin and progress of alphabetic writing, London 1772)
* Margaret Green, painter
* John Wark, Ipswich Town and Scotland footballer
* Trevor Whymark, Ipswich Town and England footballer
# Tithe Commutation Act

Tithe Commutation Act may refer to:
* Tithe Commutation Act 1836 applied in England and Wales
* Tithe Commutation Act 1838 applied in Ireland