# Danaïdes

In Greek mythology, the Danaïdes (/dəˈneɪ.ɪdiːz/; Greek: Δαναΐδες), also Danaides or Danaids, were the fifty daughters of Danaus, king of Libya. In the Metamorphoses, Ovid refers to them as the Belides after their grandfather Belus. They were to marry the 50 sons of Danaus' twin brother Aegyptus, a mythical king of Egypt. In the most common version of the myth, all but one of them killed their husbands on their wedding night and are condemned to spend eternity carrying water in a sieve or perforated device. In the classical tradition, they came to represent the futility of a repetitive task that can never be completed (see also Sisyphus and Ocnus).

## Mythology and literature

Danaus did not want his daughters to go ahead with the marriages. He fled with them in the first boat to Argos, which is located in Greece near the ancient city of Mycenae. Danaus agreed to the marriage of his daughters only after Aegyptus came to Argos with his fifty sons to protect the local population, the Argives, from any battles. The daughters were ordered by their father to kill their husbands on the first night of their weddings, and this they all did except for one, Hypermnestra, who spared her husband Lynceus because he respected her desire to remain a virgin. Danaus was angered that his daughter refused to do as he ordered and took her to the Argives courts. Lynceus killed Danaus as revenge for the death of his brothers, and he and Hypermnestra started the Danaid Dynasty of rulers in Argos. In other versions of the myth, Danaus himself united Hypermnestra and Lynceus instead.
The other 49 daughters buried the heads of their bridegrooms in Lerna and paid funeral honors to their bodies in front of the city. The gods Athena and Hermes purified them at the command of Zeus. Afterward, they remarried by choosing their mates in footraces (or their father bestowed them to the victors of the athletic contest). Some accounts tell that their punishment in Tartarus was being forced to carry a jug to fill a bathtub (pithos) without a bottom (or with a leak) to wash their sins off. Because the water constantly leaked, they would forever try to fill the tub. This myth is probably connected with a ceremony concerning the worship of waters, and the Danaïdes were water-nymphs.
The sisters are the subject of an epic of which only one detail is known, the Danais. Aeschylus devoted a trilogy to the subject, containing The Suppliants, The Egyptians, and The Danaids, or perhaps a tetralogy, with Amymone.

## The Danaïds and their husbands
### Apollodorus

The list in the Bibliotheca preserves not only the names of brides and grooms but also those of their mothers. A lot was cast among the sons of Aegyptus to decide which of the Danaids each should marry, except for those daughters born to Memphis who were joined by their namesakes, the sons of Tyria. According to Hippostratus, Danaus had all these progenies begotten by a single woman, Europa, the daughter of Nilus.
Apollodorus' List of Danaids :
| No. | Danaids | Mother | Aegyptus' Sons | Mother | No. | Danaids | Mother | Aegyptus' Sons | Mother |
| 1 | Hypermnestra | Elephantis | Lynceus | Argyphia | 26 | Chrysippe | Memphis | Chrysippus | Tyria |
| 2 | Gorgophone | Elephantis | Proteus | Argyphia | 27 | Autonoe | Polyxo, a naiad | Eurylochus | Caliadne, a naiad |
| 3 | Automate | Europe | Busiris | Argyphia | 28 | Theano | Polyxo, a naiad | Phantes | Caliadne, a naiad |
| 4 | Amymone | Europe | Enceladus | Argyphia | 29 | Electra | Polyxo, a naiad | Peristhenes | Caliadne, a naiad |
| 5 | Agave | Europe | Lycus | Argyphia | 30 | Cleopatra (different one) | Polyxo, a naiad | Hermus | Caliadne, a naiad |
| 6 | Scaea | Europe | Daiphron | Argyphia | 31 | Eurydice | Polyxo, a naiad | Dryas | Caliadne, a naiad |
| 7 | Hippodamia | Atlanteia or of Phoebe, the Hamadryads | Istrus | Arabian woman | 32 | Glaucippe | Polyxo, a naiad | Potamon | Caliadne, a naiad |
| 8 | Rhodia | Atlanteia or of Phoebe, the Hamadryads | Chalcodon | Arabian woman | 33 | Antheleia | Polyxo, a naiad | Cisseus | Caliadne, a naiad |
| 9 | Cleopatra | Atlanteia or of Phoebe, the Hamadryads | Agenor | Arabian woman | 34 | Cleodore | Polyxo, a naiad | Lixus | Caliadne, a naiad |
| 10 | Asteria | Atlanteia or of Phoebe, the Hamadryads | Chaetus | Arabian woman | 35 | Evippe (different one) | Polyxo, a naiad | Imbrus | Caliadne, a naiad |
| 11 | Hippodamia (different one) | Atlanteia or of Phoebe, the Hamadryads | Diocorystes | Arabian woman | 36 | Erato | Polyxo, a naiad | Bromius | Caliadne, a naiad |
| 12 | Glauce | Atlanteia or of Phoebe, the Hamadryads | Alces | Arabian woman | 37 | Stygne | Polyxo, a naiad | Polyctor | Caliadne, a naiad |
| 13 | Hippomedusa | Atlanteia or of Phoebe, the Hamadryads | Alcmenor | Arabian woman | 38 | Bryce | Polyxo, a naiad | Chthonius | Caliadne, a naiad |
| 14 | Gorge | Atlanteia or of Phoebe, the Hamadryads | Hippothous | Arabian woman | 39 | Actaea | Pieria | Periphas | Gorgo |
| 15 | Iphimedusa | Atlanteia or of Phoebe, the Hamadryads | Euchenor | Arabian woman | 40 | Podarce | Pieria | Oeneus | Gorgo |
| 16 | Rhode | Atlanteia or of Phoebe, the Hamadryads | Hippolytus | Arabian woman | 41 | Dioxippe | Pieria | Aegyptus | Gorgo |
| 17 | Pirene | Ethiopian woman | Agaptolemus | Phoenician woman | 42 | Adite | Pieria | Menalces | Gorgo |
| 18 | Dorion | Ethiopian woman | Cercetes | Phoenician woman | 43 | Ocypete | Pieria | Lampus | Gorgo |
| 19 | Phartis | Ethiopian woman | Eurydamas | Phoenician woman | 44 | Pylarge | Pieria | Idmon | Gorgo |
| 20 | Mnestra | Ethiopian woman | Aegius | Phoenician woman | 45 | Hippodice | Herse | Idas | Hephaestine |
| 21 | Evippe | Ethiopian woman | Argius | Phoenician woman | 46 | Adiante | Herse | Daiphron (different one) | Hephaestine |
| 22 | Anaxibia | Ethiopian woman | Archelaus | Phoenician woman | 47 | Callidice | Crino | Pandion | Hephaestine |
| 23 | Nelo | Ethiopian woman | Menemachus | Phoenician woman | 48 | Oeme | Crino | Arbelus | Hephaestine |
| 24 | Clite | Memphis | Clitus | Tyria | 49 | Celaeno | Crino | Hyperbius | Hephaestine |
| 25 | Sthenele | Memphis | Sthenelus | Tyria | 50 | Hyperippe | Crino | Hippocorystes | Hephaestine |

### Hyginus

Hyginus' list is partially corrupt, and some of the names are nearly illegible. Nevertheless, this catalog has almost nothing in common with that of Pseudo-Apollodorus. Names with the (†) symbol mean corrupted entries but annotations from various editors were provided to rationalize their possible names.
Hyginus' List of Danaids :
| No. | Danaïdes | Aegyptus' Sons | No. | Danaïdes | Aegyptus' Sons |
| 1 | Idea † | Antimachus | 26 | Autodice | Clytus |
| 2 | Philomela | Panthius | 27 | Polyxena | Aegyptus |
| 3 | Scylla | Proteus | 28 | Hecabe | Dryas |
| 4 | Phicomone † | Plexippus | 29 | Acamantis or Achamantis † | Echomius † |
| 5 | Evippe | ? | 30 | Arsalte † | Ephialtes |
| 6 | ? | ? | 31 | Monuste † | Eurysthenes † |
| 7 | ? | Agenor | 32 | Amymone | Midamus † |
| 8 | Demoditas | ? | 33 | Helice | Evideas † |
| 9 | ? | Chrysippus | 34 | Amoeme or Oeme | Polydector |
| 10 | Hyale † | Perius | 35 | Polybe | Itonomus † |
| 11 | Trite | Enceladus | 36 | Helicta † | Cassus |
| 12 | Damone † | Amyntor | 37 | Electra | Hyperantus † |
| 13 | Hippothoe (possibly Hypothoe) | Obrimus (possibly Bromius) | 38 | Eubule | Demarchus |
| 14 | Myrmidone | Mineus † (possibly Oeneus) | 39 | Daplidice † | Pugnon † |
| 15 | Eurydice | Canthus | 40 | Hero | Andromachus |
| 16 | Cleo | Asterius | 41 | Europome † | Atlites or Athletes † |
| 17 | Arcania † | Xanthus | 42 | Pyrantis † | Plexippus |
| 18 | Cleopatra | Metalces | 43 | Critomedia | Antipaphus |
| 19 | Philea † | Philinas | 44 | Pirene | Dolichus |
| 20 | Hyparete | Protheon | 45 | Eupheme or Eupheno † | Hyperbius |
| 21 | Chrysothemis | Asterides † | 46 | Themistagora | Podasimus |
| 22 | Pyrante | Athamas | 47 | Celaeno | Aristonoos † |
| 23 | Armo † | asbus † | 48 | Itea † | Antiochus |
| 24 | Glaucippe | Niavius † | 49 | Erato † | Eudaemon |
| 25 | Demophile | Pamphilus | 50 | Hypermnestra | Lynceus |

### Ellis

A third list was provided by the English antiquarian, Henry Ellis, which was derived from Hyginus. The names of the Danaïdes were complete but with new entries and some alterations in the spellings. It can be observed that the names Armoaste and Danaes (Danais) were an addition to complete the list, while Scea (Scaea) and Autonomes (Automate), which were borrowed from Apollodorus' accounts were also added.
Comparison of Hyginus' and Ellis' List of Danaids :
| Hyginus | Hyginus | Ellis | Hyginus | Hyginus | Ellis | Hyginus | Hyginus | Ellis | Hyginus | Hyginus | Ellis | Hyginus | Hyginus | Ellis |
| 1 | Midea or Idea | Idea | 11 | Trite | Trite | 21 | Chrysothemis | Chrysothemis | 31 | Monuste | Monuste | 41 | Europome | Europomene |
| 2 | Philomela | Philomela | 12 | Damone | Damone | 22 | Pyrante | Heranta | 32 | Amymone | Amimone | 42 | Pyrantis | Chrysanta |
| 3 | Scylla | Scillo | 13 | Hippothoe | Hippothoe | 23 | ? | Armoaste | 33 | Helice | Helice | 43 | Critomedia | Critomedia |
| 4 | (Am)Phicomone | Phicomene | 14 | Myrmidone | Mirmidone | 24 | Glaucippe | Glaucippe | 34 | Oeme | Amaome | 44 | Pirene | Pyrene |
| 5 | Evippe | Euippe | 15 | Eurydice | Euridice | 25 | Demophile | Demophile | 35 | Polybe | Polybe | 45 | Eupheme | Eupheno |
| 6 | ? | Danaes | 16 | Cleo | Chleo | 26 | Autodice | Autodice | 36 | Helicta | Helicte | 46 | Themistagora | Themistagora |
| 7 | ? | Scea | 17 | Arcadia or Arcania | Vrania | 27 | Polyxena | Polyxena | 37 | Electra | Electra | 47 | Celaeno | Paleno |
| 8 | Demoditas | Demoditas | 18 | Cleopatra | Cleopatra | 28 | Hecabe | Hecate | 38 | Eubule | Eubule | 48 | Itea | Itea |
| 9 | ? | Autonomes | 19 | Phila or Philae | Phylea | 29 | Acamantis | Achamantis | 39 | Daplidice | Daphildice | 49 | Erato | Erato |
| 10 | Hyale | Hyale | 20 | Hipparete | Hypareta | 30 | Arsalte | Arsalte | 40 | Hero | Hero | 50 | Hypermnestra | Hypermnestra |

## Other Danaïdes

Several minor female characters mentioned in various accounts unrelated to the central myth of Danaus and the Danaïdes are also referred to as daughters of Danaus. These include:
* Archedice, along with her sister Helice and two others, chosen by lot by the rest, had founded the temple of Lindian Athene where they made offerings on Lindos in Rhodes.
* Anaxithea, mother of Olenus by Zeus.
* Amphimedusa, mother of Erythras by Poseidon
* Eurythoe, one of the possible mothers of Oenomaus by Ares; alternatively, mother of Hippodamia by Oenomaus
* Hippe, who, like her sister Amymone, gave her name to a freshwater source
* Hippodamia, mother of Olenus by Zeus. (Maybe the same as the above Anaxithea)
* Isonoe or Isione or Hesione, mother of Orchomenus or Chryses by Zeus.
* Kamira
* Phaethusa, one of the possible mothers of Myrtilus by Hermes
* Phylodameia, mother of Pharis by Hermes
* Physadeia, who, like her sister Amymone, gave her name to a freshwater source
* Polydora, nymph-mother of Dryops (Oeta) by the river god Spercheus
* Side, mythical eponym of a town in Laconia

## Modern literature

The Daughters of Danaus is also the title of an 1894 novel by Mona Caird, also dealing with imposed marriage although, in this case, it is a single marriage instead of 50, and in 19th-century Great Britain.
In 1910, the Hungarian poet Mihály Babits published his poem The Danaids, translated into English by Peter Zollman and István Tótfalusi.
Magda Szabó's 1964 novel, A Danaida (The Danaid), is about a woman who lives selfishly for two-thirds of her life without realizing that even she can change the course of history.
Le Châtiment des Danaïdes is an essay by the French-Canadian author Henri-Paul Jacques applying the Freudian concept of psychoanalysis to studying the punishment imposed on the Danaïdes after they committed their crimes.
In Monday Begins on Saturday, it is mentioned that the Danaïdes had their case reviewed in modern times, and, due to mitigating circumstances (the marriage being forced), had their punishment changed to laying and then immediately demolishing asphalt.