OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# No. 46 (Royal Marine) Commando

No. 46 (Royal Marine) Commando was a battalion size formation of the Royal Marines, part of the British Commandos, formed in August 1943 during the Second World War. The Commando was assigned to the 4th Special Service Brigade and served in North-west Europe and took part in the D-Day landings, as well as operations around Ostend and Antwerp, before being disbanded after the war in January 1946.

## Background

The British Commandos were formed in 1940 by the order of Winston Churchill, the British Prime Minister. He called for specially trained troops that would "develop a reign of terror down the enemy coast". At first, they were a small force of volunteers who carried out small raids against enemy-occupied territory, but by 1943, their role had changed into lightly equipped assault infantry, which specialise in spearheading amphibious landings.
The man selected as the overall commander of the force was Admiral Sir Roger Keyes, himself a veteran of the landings at Galipoli and the Zeebrugge raid in the First World War. Initially the Commandos were a British Army formation, the first Royal Marines Commando was formed in 1942. The Royal Marine Commandos, like all British Army Commandos, went through the six-week intensive commando course at Achnacarry. The course in the Scottish Highlands concentrated on fitness, speed marches, weapons training, map reading, climbing, small-boat operations and demolitions, both by day and by night.
No. 46 (Royal Marine) Commando was formed in August 1943, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Campbell Hardy as part of the conversion of the Royal Marines Division into commandos. Following training, it was allocated to the 1st Special Service Brigade. It took part in the Normandy landings of 6 June 1944, serving on the Orne River bridgehead alongside the British 6th Airborne Division. It suffered heavy casualties in Normandy and at the end of September 1944, was returned to the United Kingdom to refit. Returning to mainland Europe in January 1945, it was the Antwerp guard force. The commandos then participated in a number of assault river crossings during the advance into Germany. At the end of the war, the commandos took part in the occupation of Germany before being disbanded in February 1946.
No. 46 (Royal Marine) Commando was disbanded after the Second World War. The Royal Marine Commando tradition is today continued by 3 Commando Brigade and its units.

## Battle honours

The following Battle honours were awarded to the British Commandos during the Second World War.
* Adriatic
* Alethangyaw
* Aller
* Anzio
* Argenta Gap
* Burma 1943–45
* Crete
* Dieppe
* Dives Crossing
* Djebel Choucha
* Flushing
* Greece 1944–45
* Italy 1943–45
* Kangaw
* Landing at Porto San Venere
* Landing in Sicily
* Leese
* Litani
* Madagascar
* Middle East 1941, 1942, 1944
* Monte Ornito
* Myebon
* Normandy Landing
* North Africa 1941–43
* North-West Europe 1942, 1944–1945
* Norway 1941
* Pursuit to Messina
* Rhine
* St. Nazaire
* Salerno
* Sedjenane 1
* Sicily 1943
* Steamroller Farm
* Syria 1941
* Termoli
* Vaagso
* Valli di Comacchio
* Westkapelle
# Ships in Harbour, Evening

Ships in Harbour, Evening (German - Schiffe im Hafen am Abend) is an 1828 oil on canvas painting by the German artist Caspar David Friedrich, now in the Galerie Neue Meister in Dresden.
# Agatrix strongi

Agatrix strongi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cancellariidae, the nutmeg snails.
# Alega Gang: Public Enemy No.1 of Cebu

Alega Gang: Public Enemy No.1 of Cebu is a 1988 action crime film co-edited and directed by Pepe Marcos and written by Jose N. Carreon. It stars Ramon 'Bong' Revilla Jr. in the lead role. Set in Cebu, it tells an account of the life of Ulysses "Boboy" Alega (Revilla), and his descent into crime. Originally released on June 23, 1988, it was re-released on April 2, 1994, with Padilla receiving equal billing with Revilla.
Critic Lav Diaz gave a positive review of the film, commending its clear characterization of the main character in comparison to other films involving outlaws.

## Plot

In 1985, jeepney driver Ulysses "Boboy" Alega loses his vehicle just as he needed money to pay his rent and buy medications for his child. After he accidentally shoots and kills a person during a fight, Boboy is then imprisoned and tortured by the police. With his release from prison, Boboy eventually joins a group involved in arms smuggling, and after some time its members come to consider him as their leader.

## Cast

* Ramon "Bong" Revilla as Ulysses "Boboy" Alega
* Princess Punzalan as Cheryl Alega
* Ronel Victor as Alega Gang Member
* Jon Hernandez as Alega Gang Member
* Bing Davao as Alega Gang Member
* King Gutierrez as Alega Gang Member
* Robin Padilla as Alega Gang Member
* E.R. Ejercito as Alega Gang Member
* Edwin Reyes as Alega Gang Member
* Bobby Zshornack as Alega Gang Member
* Ramon Laxa as Alega Gang Member
* Bobby Roxas as Alega Gang Member
* Noel Trinidad as Alega Gang Member
* Perla Bautista as Boboy's Mother
* Joseph de Cordova as Boboy's Father
* Beverly Vergel as Boboy's Wife
* Alain Jason Bautista as Boboy's Brother
* Mark Alvin Bautista as Boboy's Son
* Ramon Olver Bautista as Boboy's Son
* Paquito Diaz as Abling
* Baldo Marro as Ramon
* Zandro Zamora as Police Intelligence
* Tony Tacorda as Police Chief
* Bomber Moran as Logan
* Danny Riel as Lozares Brothers
* Rene Hawkins as Lozares Brothers
* Joey Galvez as Radio Commentator

## Release

Alega Gang was released in the Philippines on June 23, 1988. On April 2, 1994, the film was re-released by Moviestars Production, with Padilla receiving equal billing with Revilla.

### Box office

The film was box office hit in the Philippines, especially in Cebu City, where according to the Philippine Daily Inquirer, there was an alleged incident of people breaking a box office window while demanding tickets.

### Critical response

Lav Diaz, writing for Manila Standard, gave a favorable review of Alega Gang, commending its clear illustration of the main character as a victim of society, unlike many other films featuring "police characters". Though he commented that Ulysses' final dying shout was "corny", he concluded that the film is a good addition to the list of intense Filipino action films.
# Lajos Szíjártó

Lajos Szíjártó (January 11, 1896 – September 3, 1966) was a Kossuth Prize-winning Hungarian architect, diplomat, and government minister.

## Biography

Szíjártó was born in 1896 to a working-class family in Szekszárd.
From 1914, Szíjártó was a factory calculator at the Ganz Wagon Factory, and in 1915 he became a member of the trade union associated with the Social Democratic Party of Hungary. In November 24, 1918, he was one of the founding members of the Hungarian Communist Party. During the Hungarian Soviet Republic, he served as a commander in the Red Army, took part in the capture of Losonc, and then became the commander of the Nógrád county border guard regiment. He was a member of the Council of Five Hundred. After the fall of the Soviet Republic, he was sentenced to 12 years in prison, but in September 1922 he was sent to the Soviet Union as a result of a prisoner exchange.
Szíjártó completed the six-month party school and then obtained an architectural engineering diploma. He worked on large-scale industrial constructions and then became the construction director of the Ministry of Electrical Works. After the Second World War, Szíjártó returned home in May 1948, and served as a consultant to the Construction Directorate in Hungary, then the general manager of the Factory Construction Industry Center, and helped to organize the Ministry of Construction. From May to June 1949, he was a department head and then a group leader at the Ministry of Construction and Public Works. In May 1950, he became the State Secretary for Construction, and in January 1951, he became the first deputy of the Minister of Construction László Sándor. In 1951, he was awarded the Kossuth Prize.
On October 6, 1951, Szíjártó was appointed Minister of Construction in the Dobi government. He held his position in the Rákosi Government, the first Imre Nagy government, the Hegedüs government and the second Imre Nagy government, until October 27, 1956.
After the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, Szíjártó entered the diplomatic field, and served as ambassador of Hungary to Sudan, Ethiopia and Yemen in Cairo from October 1957 to December 1963. He died in 1966 in Budapest.

## Awards

* Order of Merit of the Hungarian People's Republic, 4th degree (1950)
* Order of Merit of the Hungarian People's Republic, 3rd degree (1950)
* Order of Merit of the Red Banner of Labor (1954)
* Order of Merit of the Red Banner of Labor (1956)
# 2nd Tank Division (Imperial Japanese Army)

The 2nd Tank Division (戦車第2師団, Sensha Dai-ni Shidan) was one of four armored divisions of the Imperial Japanese Army in World War II.

## History

The 2nd Tank Division was raised in Manchukuo on June 24, 1942. Stationed in Mudanjiang in northeastern Manchukuo, it was tasked primarily with border patrol of Manchukuo's eastern frontier with the Soviet Union under the overall command of the Japanese First Area Army.
In February 1944, the 11th Tank Regiment was sent to the Kuriles. In the following month, the Recon Unit was renamed the 27th Tank Regiment and with the AA unit, sent to China. As the situation in the Pacific War against the Allies deteriorated for Japan, in early August 1944 the remaining units of the 2nd Tank Division were reassigned to the Japanese Fourteenth Area Army, and sent to the Philippines, where it was deployed on the main island of Luzon.
In January 1945, the US forces made amphibious landings on Luzon and the army units pushed inland. General Tomoyuki Yamashita held back the tank division so as not to waste them in large scale counterattacks against superior forces. He had them withdraw inland to northern defensive positions. During this time, the 2nd Tank Division came under heavy air attacks. Most of the 2nd Tank Division, dug in around San Jose. It lost 108 of its 220 tanks in heavy fighting in just over a week. By March 5, the division had lost a total of 203 Type 97 Chi-Ha and 19 Type 95 Ha-Go tanks, and two of its new Type 4 Ho-Ro self-propelled guns. The remaining tanks were used to support infantry or were dug in like pillboxes and annihilated during the remainder of the Battle of the Philippines in various engagements on Luzon, Leyte and Mindanao.
The 2nd Tank Division was reconstituted in Japan as a training unit after the disaster in the Philippines. In February 1945, its 11th Armored Regiment was transferred to the control of the Japanese Fifth Area Army and attached to the 91st Infantry Division. It was stationed in the northern Kuril Islands, where it was in combat against the Soviet Red Army at Paramushir during Invasion of the Kuril Islands at the end of World War II. It was officially demobilized in September 1945 with the rest of the Imperial Japanese Army. Also, the reconnaissance regiment was transferred to Okinawa where it was converted to the 27th armored regiment attached to the 24th Division, and finally anti-aircraft company was transferred to 20th Army.

## Commanding officer

| | Name | From | To |
| 1 | Lieutenant General Tasuku Okada | 20 September 1942 | 7 December 1943 |
| 2 | Lieutenant General Yoshiharu Iwanaka | 27 December 1943 | 30 September 1945 |
# Butochiyn Tsog

Butochiyn Tsog (Mongolian: Бутачийн Цог) was a Mongolian politician and military leader in the Mongolian People's Republic from the 1950s up until 1985. He is credited with building Mongolian military strength in the 60s and 70s.

## Biography

He was born 25 May 1912 in Mongolia. At the age of 10, he was a student at Manjushri Monastery. From 1929, he worked as a raw material manager, head of a cooperative and head of a department in the State Cooperative and “Mongol Teeh”. In 1937, he graduated from the Sumy Artillery School in Ukraine. He headed the Artillery Division of the Mongolian military. During Battles of Khalkhin Gol, he fought with famous Soviet military leaders such as Georgy Zhukov and Nikolai Voronov. In 1945, he participated in the East Prussian offensive. During these operations, he led a Red Army tank brigade.
After the end of World War II, he continued his service in the Mongolian People's Army. He graduated from the Military Academy of the General Staff in 1956, becoming the first Mongolian graduate of the academy. He contributed to the establishment of a civil aviation industry separate from the Mongolian Air Force. He has held senior positions in the Mongolian Army, such as Chief of Staff (1965-1970), Deputy Minister of Defense, and First Deputy Minister of Defense. In these roles, he commanded the annual Naadam parade on Sükhbaatar Square and received it once in 1980 after Jarantyn Avkhia came down with an illness. In 1985, he retired and went to Moscow with his wife. In August 1989, Tsog arrived in the Mongolian capital to celebrate the golden jubilee (50th anniversary) of Khalkin Gol, where he died on the 10th of that month.

## Legacy

On July 8, 2012, by the resolution of the Presidium of the Aimag Citizens' Representative Khural, a monument to Tsog exists in Zuunmod in the Töv Province. The 016th Mechanised Brigade based at Sergelen near Ulaanbaatar is named after him.

## Personal life

He was married to Natalya Barsukova, an ethnic Russian. He had 2 children, Gennady and Svetlana, and 5 grandchildren Kocsis, Balazs, Hervert, Tsog and Beata. His son Gennady (1939-2012) was a major general living in Hungary. The father and son were only one of two cases in which a general's son later became a general.

## Awards
### Mongolia

* Hero of the Mongolian People's Republic (March 13, 1981)
* 5 Orders of Sukhbaatar
* 2 Orders of the Red Banner
* 3 Orders of the Polar Star
* Order "For Service in Battle"
* Medal "We have won"
* Medal "25 Years of People's Revolution"

### USSR

* Order of Lenin
* Order of the Patriotic War
* Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"
* Medal "For the Victory over Japan"
* Jubilee Medal "30 Years of the Soviet Army and Navy"
* Jubilee Medal "Twenty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945"
* Jubilee Medal "Thirty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945"
* Jubilee Medal "Forty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945"
# Charge exchange

Charge exchange (or charge exchange collision) is a process in which a neutral atom or molecule collides with an ion, resulting in the neutral atom acquiring the charge of the ion. The reaction is typically expressed as
    ${\ce {A+ + B -> A + B+}}$.
This reaction has various diagnostic applications, such as in plasma physics and mass spectrometry.

## Theory

When a neutral atom collides with an ion in a gas or a plasma, the ion can acquire an electron from the neutral atom as both electron shells overlap in the course of the collision. This can be used in various applications, such as the issues discovered in the quantum area as regards light ions developed by the Brinkman-Kramers theory.

## Applications
### Charge-exchange spectroscopy

Charge-exchange spectroscopy (abbreviated CES or CXS) is a technique commonly used in plasma diagnostics to analyze high-temperature controlled fusion plasmas. In fusion plasmas, the light elements tend to become fully ionized during operation, which makes it challenging to diagnose their properties using conventional optical diagnostics. To address this, a method was developed in the 1970s which involves the injection of a beam of neutral atoms, such as hydrogen or deuterium, into the plasma. This process results in the ionization of hydrogenic atoms the excitation of ions through charge exchange, as represented by the reaction:
    ${\ce {{H^{0}}+A^{+q}->{H+}+[A^{+(q-1)}]^{\star }}}$,
where ${\ce {A^{+q}}}$ represents the various possible charged states of the ions in the plasma.
Optical fibers are then strategically positioned to create "chords", lines of sight along which the measurements are taken. These chords pass through regions both with and without the neutral beam. By subtracting the signals from these two chords, emissions not generated by the neutral beam can be inferred. This allows for the determination of ion properties, such as its temperature and density.
The technique can also be extended to include multiple chords to build spatial profiles of the plasma, such as its toroidal and poloidal rotation. This provides insights into how ions conduct heat and transport momentum within the plasma.
Charge-exchange spectroscopy is often referred to as charge-exchange recombination spectroscopy, which is acronymized as CXRS or CER.
# The Falls of Niagara

The Falls of Niagara is a c.1825 painting by Edward Hicks. It is part of the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Although Hicks had personally visited Niagara Falls in 1819 this picture was based on a previous depiction of the Falls by Henry Schenck Tanner on an 1822 map of North America. The view is from the Canadian side and includes traditional North American images of moose, beaver, rattlesnake and eagle. On the wide border of the picture are inscribed extracts from a poem, The Foresters, by Alexander Wilson. It reads (clockwise from left):
   With uproar hideous first the Falls appear The stunning tumult thundering on the ear. Above, below, where'er the astonished eye Turns to behold, new opening wonders lie, This great overwhelming work of awful Time In all its dread magnificence sublime Rises on our view amid a crashing roar That bids us kneel, and Times great God adore.
# The Coronation of Charles X

The Coronation of Charles X (French: Le sacre de Charles X) is an 1827 history painting by the French artist François Gérard depicting the Coronation of Charles X of France at Reims Cathedral on 29 May 1825.
Charles X had succeeded his brother Louis XVIII in September 1824. His was the last coronation in France and was part of a move to revive pre-French Revolution traditions during the Restoration era. Gérard, a student of Jacques-Louis David, has made his name painting portraits during the Napoleonic era. After the House of Bourbon returned to the throne post 1814 he shifted to celebrations of the monarchy.
The large painting features individual portraits of the various participants. Today it is in the collection of the Musée des Beaux-Arts in Chartres.
# Kurt R. A. Giambastiani

Kurt Robert Achilles Giambastiani (born December 4, 1958) is an American novelist whose works blend elements of science fiction, fantasy, adventure, and romance. Giambastiani's work is also usually imbued with a strong historical context, resulting in many of his novels being classified as alternate history, historical fantasy, or historical fiction.

## Biography

Born in San Rafael, California, Giambastiani first embarked on a career in music. He studied classical music at San Francisco State University before transferring to the Jerusalem Academy of Music and Dance in Jerusalem, Israel. He moved to Seattle, Washington in 1984.
Upon returning to the United States from Israel, he spent several years as a violist with regional orchestras, including five years as principal violist with the Bellevue Philharmonic in Washington State. At the same time, Giambastiani built a second career as a software developer.
Giambastiani switched from music to writing in the early 1990s, concentrating on short stories in science fiction and fantasy. After several publications of his short fiction, he turned to novels and, in 2001, debuted with The Year the Cloud Fell, the first volume in his Fallen Cloud Saga, which was a finalist for the Endeavour Award.
# Pelican of London

Pelican of London is a sail training ship based in the United Kingdom. Built in 1948 as Pelican she served as an Arctic trawler and then a coastal trading vessel named Kadett until 1995. In 2007 an extended conversion to a sail-training ship was completed.

## History

Built in 1948 in Le Havre, France, Pelican was originally a double-beam Arctic fishing trawler, one of five identical ships built in Chantiers et Ateliers Augustin Normand, the shipyard founded by the Normand family. She was sold to a Norwegian firm and spent the next 19 years fishing the Arctic.
In 1968 Pelican was converted from a trawler to a coaster. Her owners renamed her Kadett. She remained Kadett for 27 years until in 1995 she again changed hands.
She was bought by ex-Naval Commander Graham Neilson who transformed her into a tall ship and renamed her Pelican of London. He had already undertaken a similar project with the TS Astrid. Working in Portland Harbour, Dorset, UK, Neilson and his team spent 12 years stripping back the trawler and rebuilding her as a main mast barquentine. A moderate rearrangement of the mainmast standing rigging enables the yards to be braced to half the traditional angle when on the wind, giving the ship unusual windward ability for a square rigger. A trainee on the ship won the 2010 Torbay cup.
As of 2012, Pelican of London was operated as a sail training vessel for young people, by the charity Adventure Under Sail. Sail Training International ranks it is a Class A tall ship. In autumn of 2012, Pelican of London was scheduled to become the first sailing ship in a century to make a trans-Atlantic voyage from the Port of Liverpool with fare-paying passengers. It's not clear if this voyage took place. Pelican has completed a number of transatlantic voyages.
Pelican of London was advertised for sale in 2012, valued at £2.45 million.
In June 2015 it was noted as an attendee of Tall Ships Belfast 2015.
From 2018-2024 TS Pelican of London sailed from Europe to the Caribbean and back in cooperation with the German project Ocean College during the winter months (October-April). During the summer she operated around the UK, working with various partners to provide sail training to young and disadvantaged people. Partners include Sail Training Ireland, Gordonstone International Summer School and the Sea Cadets.
In 2021 the ship embarked upon a thirteen-week research cruise organised by charity City to Sea and environmental research group Darwin200 to survey the extent of plastic pollution in UK coastal waters.
# Welcome 2 Bastarz

Welcome 2 Bastarz is the second mini album by South Korean boy group Bastarz (Korean: 바스타즈; stylized BASTARZ), a sub-unit of the group Block B. The album was released on October 31, 2016 and contains five songs, all of which member P.O contributed to in lyrics and some in composition. It was released a year and a half after their debut mini-album Conduct Zero.

## Background

The pre-release track "Selfish & Beautiful Girl" and its music video were released on October 24, along with three official teaser images of each member of the group. The song was written, co-composed and co-produced by P.O. The music video is in the style of a dance-centric video game and features English model Alexa O'Brien, who previously featured in South Korean boy group WINNER's EXIT: E album teaser.
On October 27, 2016, Block B's official Twitter account released a teaser for the album, including a video featuring snippets of all the songs and a track list. The group released a teaser for their title single "Make It Rain" on October 28, which was composed and arranged by R'n'B singer and producer Dean, with lyric contributions by P.O. The song was released on October 31 at midnight with the rest of the album.
The group released a surprise video for the track "That's Right" on November 7, made entirely of self-shot footage of the group travelling.

## Production and composition

P.O contributed to the lyrics of all songs and the composition of "Selfish & Beautiful Girl", "That's Right", and "The Hidden Picture". B-Bomb co-wrote and co-composed the track "Tightly".