OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ammonium tetrachloropalladate(II)

Ammonium tetrachloropalladate(II) is a chemical compound with the chemical formula (NH$_4$)$_2$PdCl$_4$.

## Synthesis

Slow evaporation of mixtures of solutions of tetrachloropalladium acid and ammonium chloride:
       H$_2$[PdCl$_4$] + 2NH$_4$Cl → (NH$_4$)$_2$[PdCl$_4$] + HCl
Passing chlorine through a palladium black suspension in a concentrated ammonium chloride solution:
       Pd + Cl$_2$ + 2NH$_4$Cl → (NH$_4$)$_2$[PdCl$_4$]

## Physical properties

Ammonium tetrachloropalladate(II) forms brown to olive green crysrals of tetragonal crystal system, space group P 4/mmm, cell parameters: a = 0.721 nm, c = 0.426 nm, Z = 1.
Soluble in water, insolible in ethanol.

## Chemical properties

With the gradual addition of ammonia, the insoluble Vauquelin salt is formed.
       2(NH$_4$)$_2$[PdCl$_4$] + 4NH$_3$ → [Pd(NH$_3$)$_4$][PdCl$_4$] + 4NH$_4$Cl

## Uses

The compound is used for the preparation of palladium metallic particles. In addition, it forms Pd-creatinine complexes, which is used in the field of catalysis and semiconductors.
# Latifa al-Droubi

Latifa al-Droubi (Arabic: لَطيْفةُ الدُّروبيِّ; born 1984) is the First Lady of Syria, having assumed the role on 29 January 2025 as the wife of Ahmed al-Sharaa, who was appointed as president in the transitional period following the fall of the Assad regime in the country.

## Early and personal life

Latifa al-Droubi was born in 1984 in Al-Qaryatayn, a rural town in Syria's Homs Governorate. She holds a Master's degree in Arabic language and literature. In Turkish media, it has been claimed that her grandfather, Aladdin al-Droubi, who served as the second prime minister of Syria from 26 July until his assassination on 21 August 1920, was also the personal doctor of Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II. Her family includes well-known religious figures, such as Sheikh Abdul Ghaffar Al-Droubi who was a renowned Quran reciter from Syria who passed away in Jeddah in 2009.
Al-Droubi had maintained a private life away from the public eye, despite her husband's media presence. In a meeting with a delegation of Syrian women residing in the United States, Ahmed al-Sharaa introduced her as his wife, dismissing social media rumors about having multiple spouses. He affirmed that she is his only wife. The couple have three children.

## Public image

Reports indicated that she wears the traditional Syrian attire for hijabi women and does not wear niqab, contrary to previous speculation. Those reports were confirmed on 3 February 2025, as social media platforms circulated footage of her performing the Umrah pilgrimage in Mecca alongside her husband during his first official visit to Saudi Arabia. On 4 February, Emine Erdoğan posted a photo with al-Droubi as she had arrived in Turkey alongside her husband as part of a state visit.
# Torrisi (restaurant)

Torrisi is an Italian restaurant located in the Puck Building in New York City in the neighborhood of Nolita opened by Major Food Group nearby their old first restaurant Torrisi Italian Specialties. Established in December 2022, the business was included in The New York Times's 2023 list of the 50 best restaurants in the United States. The restaurant was ranked 10th on the New York Times list of the best NYC restaurants in 2024, going up 23 places from the prior year and received a Michelin Star in 2023.
# Muriel Cerf

Muriel Cerf (4 June 1950 – 19 May 2012) was a French novelist and travel writer.
Her first book, L'Antivoyage, was inspired by her travels in Southeast Asia, and was a major critical success. She was awarded the Prix Littéraire Valery Larbaud in 1975 for Le Diable vert.

## Selected works

* L'Antivoyage (1974)
* Le Diable vert (1975)
* Les rois et les voleurs (1975)
* Marie Tiefenthaler (1982)
* Julia M. ou le Premier Regard (1991)
* La Petite Culotte (2005)
# 1908 Big Nine Wrestling Championships

The 1908 Big Nine Wrestling Championships was held at the Western Intercollegiate Gymnastics Association Meet on April 9, 1908, in Madison, Wisconsin at the Red Gym.

## Championship bout

W. W. Sylvester of Wisconsin and Nelson of Minnesota faced off in a championship match for the title. Neither wrestler could record a fall and the match was deemed a draw.
# Adèle Hommaire de Hell

Jeanne Louise Adélaïde Hommaire de Hell née Hériot (1819–1883) was a French explorer and writer. From the mid-1830s, together with her husband, the geographer and engineer Xavier Hommaire de Hell, she undertook exploratory journeys to the Ottoman Empire, Moldavia, New Russia, the Caspian steppes, the Caucasus and Crimea. She is remembered above all for compiling detailed records of these journeys which were published from 1846 to 1868. She also documented her journey to Martinique where she visited her son in 1862.

## Biography

Born in 1819 in the Artois region of northern France, Jeanne Louise Adélaïde Hériot was brought up by her elder sister following her mother's early death. As her father was a schoolteacher, the family moved frequently as he took up posts in Franche-Comté, Bourbonnais and Auvergne. They later settled in Paris where she attended a school at Saint-Mandé.
Following the death of her father, she joined her sister in Saint-Étienne. In 1833 when just 15 she met and married Ignace Xavier Morand Hommaire de Hell, a student at the École de mines. In 1835, despite their recent marriage and the expected birth of their first child, her husband accepted a French-government assignment in Constantinople. After he had escaped a shipwreck, she joined him there with her baby son in May 1836.
Following her husband's discovery of iron mines near Kherson in 1838, he was commissioned to undertake an exploratory journey to New Russia. After extensive preparations, the couple set out in May 1840 on what was to be a four-year expedition from Ekaterinoslav on the River Dnieper to Yalta on the Crimean peninsula, travelling through Astrakhan along the coast of the Caspian Sea to the Manych River and then to the Caucasus and the Sea of Azov. From Adèle Hommaire's account of the expedition, Voyage dans les steppes de la Mer Caspienne et dans la Russie Méridionale (1860), she was enchanted by experiencing the primitive conditions of life in a tent or by staying with local inhabitants or government officials in the towns and villages they encountered. She also describes in detail the components which made up their expedition: camels, horses, armed escorts and attendants (Kalmyks and Cossacks), beds, cooking implements and supplies, as well as a carriage in which she and her husband made the journey.
Xavier Hommaire undertook a further journey to Persia but without Adèle. He died there of fever in August 1849. Thanks to his wife who completed the accounts of his travels and expanded his notes, Voyage en Turquie et en Perse was published in 1855.
In 1868, she travelled to Martinique where she visited her eldest son.
Adèle Hommaire de Hal died on 16 May 1883.

## Selected publications

* Adèle Hommaire de Hell (1846). Rêveries d'un voyageur. Amyot.
* Adèle Hommaire de Hell (1860). Voyage dans les steppes de la mer Caspienne et dans la Russie méridionale. L. Hachette.
* Adèle Hommaire de Hell (1868). Les Steppes de la mer Caspienne. Didier.
* Adèle Hommaire de Hell (1870). À travers le monde. Didier.
# Rönninge railway station

Rönninge is a station on Stockholm's commuter rail network, located in Rönninge in Salem Municipality, 28.4 km from Stockholm City Station. The station has a single island platform with a ticket hall on the platform, accessible via a pedestrian tunnel. In 2015, the station had an average of 2,600 boardings per winter weekday.
vte Stockholm Commuter Rail :
Legend :

## History

The station was originally opened in 1888. It underwent renovations in 1915-16 and 1920, when the first pedestrian tunnel was added. In 1970, after Storstockholms Lokaltrafik (SL) took over operations, further adaptations were made for commuter rail service: the platform was elevated, a new pedestrian tunnel was built, and the original station building was demolished. In the late 1980s, additional modernisation efforts included the installation of elevators.

### Development timeline

* 1903: Double-track railway extended from Huddinge to Rönninge.
* 1908: Double-track extended from Rönninge to Södertälje.
* 1926: Electrification completed.
* 1967: Storstockholms Lokaltrafik (SL) takes over commuter train services.
* 1970: Major station rebuild; old station building demolished.
* 1980s: Station modernised with accessibility improvements, including elevators.

## Gallery

* Ticket hall
* Entrance
* Staircase with artistic decoration
* Platform
* Station sign
* Rönninge station in 1908
# Hit It Again

"Hit It Again" is a song by American electronic music duo 3OH!3. The song was released as a non-album promotional single on December 21, 2010, via Photo Finish Records.

## Release

The duo performed the track for the first time while on Warped Tour in June 2009 and received a positive reception. The track became a fan favorite, however it remained unreleased until it was exclusively released on iTunes on December 21, 2010.

## Composition

"Hit It Again" was written by Sean Foreman, Nathaniel Motte, Sam Hollander and Dave Katz, while production was handled by S*A*M and Sluggo and Motte.

## Chart performance

"Hit It Again" charted for one week on the Billboard Hot 100, for the week ending January 8, 2011, at number 66. The song also reached number 49 on the Canadian Hot 100.

## Personnel

Credits for "Hit It Again" adapted from digital liner notes.
* Sean Foreman – vocals, composer, lyricist
* Nathaniel Motte – vocals, composer, lyricist, instrumentation, producer, engineering
* S*A*M and Sluggo – producer
* Sam Hollander – composer, lyricist
* Dave Katz – composer, lyricist
* Sean Gould – mixing

## Charts

Chart performance for "Hit it Again" :
| Chart (2011) | Peak position |
| Canada (Canadian Hot 100) | 49 |
| US Billboard Hot 100 | 66 |
# H-Logic

H-Logic is the fourth studio album by South Korean singer Lee Hyori. It was released on April 12, 2010. The album has 14 tracks, including collaborations with Daesung from Big Bang, Jiyoon from 4Minute, Bekah from After School, Gary from Leessang, and Sangchu from Mighty Mouth. The singer worked also with E-Tribe, the team behind "U-Go-Girl", the lead single from her previous album.
The album sold 31,756 copies in 2010, making it the 46th best-selling Korean album in 2010. The promotions ended after the outputs of the two singles "Bring It Back" and "How Did We Get". Following the album’s release, seven tracks from the album was revealed to be plagiarized by Bahnus. After the controversy, Lee took a temporary hiatus until 2013.

## Release

Lee’s comeback made their return with their fourth studio album, the titled album was called H-Logic which would be shortly released on April 12, 2010, the album’s showcase would be in it.

## Singles

Lee performed "Swing" in the music video as their first single with Gary of Leessang. The music video for the second single "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang" was released on April 7, 2011.

## Accolades

"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang" received a nomination for Best Dance Performance – Solo at the 2010 Mnet Asian Music Awards, but lost to Rain's "Love Song".
Music program awards for "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang" :
| Program | Date |
| M Countdown | April 22, 2010 |
| Inkigayo | April 25, 2010 |
| Inkigayo | May 2, 2010 |
| Inkigayo | May 9, 2010 |

## Plagiarism

Seven of the songs in the album, which were produced by Bahnus, were plagiarized.

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format(s) | Label |
| South Korea | April 8, 2010 | CD, digital download, streaming | B2M Entertainment |
| Worldwide | April 12, 2010 | Digital download | B2M Entertainment |
# Hold On Tight (R3hab and Conor Maynard song)

"Hold on Tight" is an electronic single by Dutch DJ and record producer R3hab and English singer Conor Maynard, who also co-wrote the song. The track became the third number one single in the United States for R3hab and Maynard's first on Billboard's Dance Club Songs chart, reaching the summit in its August 11, 2018 issue.
# Hood Gone Love It

"Hood Gone Love It" is a song by American hip-hop recording artist Jay Rock. It was released as the second single from his debut studio album Follow Me Home (2011). The song features Rock's Black Hippy cohort Kendrick Lamar and was produced by American production team J.U.S.T.I.C.E. League. It was also used in promotion for and included in the game Grand Theft Auto V. The song peaked on the US Billboard Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles at number 18.

## Background

After having performed the song for months while on tour, the full CDQ version of the song featuring Kendrick Lamar's verse was premiered on June 21, 2011. The song's production was handled by hip hop production team J.U.S.T.I.C.E. League.
In the song, Jay Rock sketches a picture of hood life, while Lamar raps circles around the slow soul instrumental. Lamar also shouts out "Thug Life," a nod to his Tupac Shakur fandom, while he raps in knotty double time. The song samples "Easy Days" by the Pointer Sisters.
The song was included in a trailer for Grand Theft Auto V, profiling the character of Franklin Clinton. It was then additionally included on the Radio Los Santos station on the in-game radio.

## Critical reception

"Hood Gone Love It" was met with generally positive reviews from music critics. Jeff Weiss of Los Angeles Times said, "Compton and Watts rappers rhyming about their roots and their version of old-time religion. But great rap is usually some variation of that theme. They make their own stories synonymous with their hood, and along the way, more than just the hood will love it. Andres Vasquez of HipHopDX called the song an "anthemic banger that any hood could appreciate."
Nathan S. of DJBooth.net said, "If Follow Me Home has a manifesto it’s "Hood Gone Love It", a declaration of Rock’s loyalties to the block that raised him. With Kendrick throwing down on a guest verse, "Hood Gone Love It" is the sound of the next standing on the shoulders of those who came before with Jay at his more lyrically complex, revealing a deeply personal undercurrent that runs throughout his music." Ayo of Soul Culture also praised the song saying, "To say the least both Jay and the emcee formally known as K.Dot lyrically black out on J.U.S.T.I.C.E. League's near breath taking instrumental, but it's Lamar who predictably steals the show with his verse." Adam Fleischer of XXL praised Kendrick Lamar's appearance on the song.

## Music video

Three days after single's release, on June 24, 2011, the music video featuring Kendrick Lamar was premiered on MTV2's Sucka Free Countdown. The video was filmed in Nickerson Gardens, the rest of Watts, and Compton, California, and paid homage to Dr. Dre and Snoop Dogg's video for "Nuthin' but a 'G' Thang".

## Remix

On July 16, 2011, just prior to the release of Follow Me Home, Jay Rock released the remix to "Hood Gone Love It" featuring rappers Rick Ross and Birdman.

## Charts

| Chart (2011) | Peak position |
| US Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles (Billboard) | 18 |
# Beeline (software company)

Beeline is a software as a service company dealing with sourcing and managing the extended workforce. The company ranks among the largest vendor management system (VMS) providers in terms of total temp/contract spend and outsourced spend in Staffing Industry Analysts' 2017 VMS Markets Development Summary report. The company was sold in July 2018 to New Mountain Capital.

## History

Beeline was founded in 1999 as the workforce business unit of MPS Group, Inc. in Jacksonville, Florida. The company was among the first to offer VMS.
# 1801 Delaware gubernatorial election

The 1801 Delaware gubernatorial election was held on October 6, 1801.
Acting Governor James Sykes was not eligible for re-election under the Delaware Constitution of 1792.
Democratic-Republican nominee David Hall defeated Federalist nominee Nathaniel Mitchell with 50.13% of the vote.

## General election
### Results

1801 Delaware gubernatorial election :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Democratic-Republican | David Hall | 3,475 | 50.13% |
| | Federalist | Nathaniel Mitchell | 3,457 | 49.87% |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 18 | 0.26% |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 6,932 | 100.00% |
| | Democratic-Republican gain from Federalist | Democratic-Republican gain from Federalist | Swing | |
# Automated readability index

The automated readability index (ARI) is a readability test for English texts, designed to gauge the understandability of a text. Like the Flesch–Kincaid grade level, Gunning fog index, SMOG index, Fry readability formula, and Coleman–Liau index, it produces an approximate representation of the US grade level needed to comprehend the text.
The formula for calculating the automated readability index is given below:
    $4.71\left({\frac {\mbox{characters}}{\mbox{words}}}\right)+0.5\left({\frac {\mbox{words}}{\mbox{sentences}}}\right)-21.43$
where characters is the number of letters and numbers, words is the number of spaces, and sentences is the number of sentences, which were counted manually by the typist when the above formula was developed. Non-integer scores are always rounded up to the nearest whole number, so a score of 10.1 or 10.6 would be converted to 11.
Unlike the other indices, the ARI, along with the Coleman–Liau, relies on a factor of characters per word, instead of the usual syllables per word. Although opinion varies on its accuracy as compared to the syllables/word and complex words indices, characters/word is often faster to calculate, as the number of characters is more readily and accurately counted by computer programs than syllables. In fact, this index was designed for real-time monitoring of readability on electric typewriters.
| Score | Age | Grade Level |
| 1 | 5-6 | Kindergarten |
| 2 | 6-7 | First Grade |
| 3 | 7-8 | Second Grade |
| 4 | 8-9 | Third Grade |
| 5 | 9-10 | Fourth Grade |
| 6 | 10-11 | Fifth Grade |
| 7 | 11-12 | Sixth Grade |
| 8 | 12-13 | Seventh Grade |
| 9 | 13-14 | Eighth Grade |
| 10 | 14-15 | Ninth Grade |
| 11 | 15-16 | Tenth Grade |
| 12 | 16-17 | Eleventh Grade |
| 13 | 17-18 | Twelfth Grade |
| 14 | 18-22 | College student |
# Anne Vallée

Anne Vallée (26 July 1958, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada - 31 July 1982, Triangle Island, British Columbia, ) was one of the first biologists to observe the impact of climate change on animal populations.

## Biography

Born in Quebec City, Anne Vallée completed in 1979 a bachelor's degree in biology at Laval University and took graduate studies at the University of British Columbia supported by a scholarship from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council. She chose tufted puffins as a research subject and, starting in 1980, spent her summers on Triangle Island, an ecological reserve located in the Pacific Ocean west of the north tip of Vancouver Island. She died accidentally on Triangle Island during the summer of 1982. Her work was included in the paper of Gjerdrum et al. (2003).
Following her death, her family and friends created the Anne Vallée Ecological Fund, with the objective to "Support field research highlighting the problems of animal ecology in relation to human settlements and activities such as agriculture, forestry, fishing and tourism." From 1983 to 2011, 45 scholarships have been awarded to student researchers from Quebec and British Columbia universities.
In 1983, the British Columbia government renamed the Triangle Island Ecological reserve the Anne Vallée Triangle Island Ecological Reserve.
In 2002, Alison Watt published the book The Last Island, A Naturalist's Sojourn on Triangle Island, where she recalled her experience in the summer of 1980 when she assisted Anne Vallée in her research on tufted puffins. In 2003, this book won the Edna Staebler Award for creative non-fiction.
In 2006, in the process of street name harmonization following the fusion of suburbs with Quebec City, the Quebec City administration accepted the proposal of a group of citizens to rename rue Quatre-Saisons in the Sainte-Foy–Sillery borough to rue Anne-Vallée.
# Oleg Sobirov

Oleg Vladimirovich Sobirov (Russian: Олег Владимирович Сабиров; born 13 March 1981) is an Uzbekistani professional footballer who plays for FC Tobol.
# NHS Institute for Innovation and Improvement

The NHS Institute for Innovation and Improvement (NHS Institute) was a special health authority of the National Health Service in England. It supported "the NHS to transform healthcare for patients and the public by rapidly developing and spreading new ways of working, new technology and world-class leadership".
Its priority programmes were originally stated as:
* Safer care
* Quality and value
* Building capability
* Commissioning
* No delays
* The productive series
* Share and network
In its 2008/2009 work plan these were restated as:
* Safer care
* Delivering quality and value
* Commissioning for health improvement
* iLinks
* Building capability for a self-improving NHS
* Exploiting innovation - National Innovation Centre
The NHS Institute published papers on its research. These are not, however, publicly available without payment.
It closed in March 2013. It was replaced by NHS Improving Quality, which was subsequently replaced by the NHS England Sustainable Improvement Team in 2015, which was itself subsumed into by NHS Horizons in 2019.

## NHS National Innovation Centre

The National Innovation Centre was part of the NHS Institute. Its aim was "to speed up the development of pre-commercial technologies likely to benefit the NHS". It invited proposals for commercial or other innovation which might benefit the NHS and provided support to develop these where appropriate in the given climate. It was closed in 2013.

### Innovation hubs

The NHS network of regional NHS Innovation Hubs was set up to support NHS-funded organisations to identify and develop innovations that were in the interests of patients and society as a whole. They did this through the activities and services of the network and by adoption of the Department of Health (United Kingdom) Guidance. The Innovation Hubs offered legal and commercial support to NHS staff who had a pre-market product.
The NHS Innovation Hub Network worked to fulfil the following functions:
* To build IP awareness in the Trusts
* To find and evaluate IP for the Trusts
* To protect and manage IP for the Trusts
* To assist and fund technology development
* To commercialise technology and products
* To facilitate the dissemination of service improvements
The NHS Innovation Hub network in England consisted of the following organisations:
* NHS Innovations East (Health Enterprise East)
* NHS Innovations North
* NHS Innovations North West (TrusTECH)
* NHS Innovations South East
* NHS Innovations South West
* NHS Innovations West Midlands (MidTECH)
* NHS Innovations Yorkshire and Humber (Medipex Ltd)
# Allegheny River Lock and Dam No. 3

C.W. Bill Young Lock and Dam (formerly known as Allegheny River Lock and Dam No. 3) in Harmar Township, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, and Plum, Pennsylvania, is a lock that was built in 1932. The lock and fixed-crest dam were built by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers as a part of an extensive system of locks and dams to improve navigation along the Allegheny River.
C.W. Bill Young Lock and Dam is located about 14.5 Miles up the Allegheny River from the Point in Downtown Pittsburgh. Upriver, the pool has an average water elevation of 734.5 feet above sea level and extends about 9.7 miles upriver to Allegheny River Lock and Dam No. 4. Downriver, Allegheny Pool No. 2 has an average water elevation of 721 feet above sea level and extends about 7.8 miles downriver to Allegheny River Lock and Dam No. 2. Thus Lock No. 3 lifts and lowers boats about 13.5 feet between the pools.
The site has six contributing structures, the dam, the lock, an esplanade, the operations building, a gauging station, and a lockkeepers house.
Two 2-story frame lockkeepers houses for the former lock and dam structures were constructed about 1907, with the older house at 301 Barking Road surviving.
The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on April 21, 2000.