# Crash Course (web series)

Crash Course (sometimes stylized as CrashCourse) is an educational YouTube channel started by John Green and Hank Green (collectively the Green brothers), who became known on YouTube through their Vlogbrothers channel.
Crash Course was one of the hundred initial channels funded by YouTube's $100 million original channel initiative. The channel launched a preview on December 2, 2011, and as of March 2022, it has accumulated over 16 million subscribers and 1.8 billion video views. The channel launched with John and Hank presenting their respective World History and Biology series; the early history of the channel continued the trend of John and Hank presenting humanities and science courses, respectively. In November 2014, Hank announced a partnership with PBS Digital Studios, which would allow the channel to produce more courses. As a result, multiple additional hosts joined the show to increase the number of concurrent series.
To date, there are 44 main series of Crash Course, of which John has hosted nine and Hank has hosted seven. Together with Emily Graslie, they also co-hosted Big History. A second channel, Crash Course Kids, was hosted by Sabrina Cruz and completed a series on Science. The first foreign-language course, an Arabic reworking of the original World History series, is hosted by Yasser Abumuailek. The main channel has also begun a series of shorter animated episodes, called Recess, that focus on topics from the previous Crash Course series. A collaboration with Arizona State University titled Study Hall began in 2020, which includes less structured learning in its topics.

## History and funding
### YouTube-funded and Subbable periods (2011–2014)

The Crash Course YouTube channel was conceived by the Green Brothers after YouTube approached them with an opportunity to launch one of the initial YouTube-funded channels as part of the platform's original channel initiative. The channel was teased in December 2011, and then launched on January 26, 2012, with the first episode of its World History series, hosted by John Green. The episode covered the Agricultural Revolution, and a new episode aired on YouTube every Thursday through November 9, 2012. Hank Green's first series, Crash Course Biology, then launched on January 30, 2012, with its first episode covering carbon. A new episode aired on YouTube every Monday until October 22 of that year. The brothers would then go on to end 2012 with two shorter series, with John and Hank teaching English literature and ecology, respectively.
Following their launch year, John and Hank returned in 2013 with US History and Chemistry, respectively. However, that April, John detailed that Crash Course was going through financial hardships; in July, Hank uploaded a video titled "A Chat with YouTube", in which he expressed his frustration with the ways YouTube had been changing and controlling its website. Eventually, YouTube's original channel initiative funding ran out, and shortly after Hank's video, the Green brothers decided to launch Subbable, a crowdfunding website where viewers could donate monthly to channels in exchange for perks. On launching Subbable, Hank Green stated: "We ascribe to the idealistic notion that audiences don't pay for things because they have to[,] but because they care about the stuff that they love and want it to continue to grow". Crash Course was the first channel to be offered on Subbable, and for a time the website crowdfunded the channel. In March 2015, Subbable was acquired by Patreon, and Crash Course's crowdfunding moved over as part of the acquisition.
In May 2014, John mentioned an upcoming 10-episode Crash Course season on Big History, funded by a grant from one of Bill Gates's organizations. The series outlined the history of existence, from the Big Bang forward into the evolution of life. Both Green brothers hosted the series, with Emily Graslie also participating as a guest host.

### Partnership with PBS Digital Studios (2014–2017)

In 2014, Crash Course announced a partnership with PBS Digital Studios, which began in 2015 with the Astronomy and US Government and Politics series. In addition to funding the channel itself, the partnership also entails PBS Digital Studios helping Crash Course to receive sponsorships. As a result of the partnership as well as John commencing a year-long hiatus from the show in 2015, additional hosts were added to increase the number of concurrent series. Though the partnership meant PBS Digital Studios would assist with the production of Crash Course, the channel continued to receive funding from its audience through Patreon. In April 2015, The Guardian reported that Crash Course received $25,900 per month through Patreon donations. Aside from the new series on the main channel, Crash Course Kids was launched in February on a new Crash Course Kids channel. The series was hosted by Sabrina Cruz, known on YouTube as NerdyAndQuirky.
On October 12, 2016, the Crash Course YouTube channel uploaded a preview for Crash Course Human Geography. Hosted by Miriam Nielsen, the course was to discuss "what Human Geography isn't, and what it is, and discuss humans in the context of their world." Two episodes were posted during each of the following two weeks; however, the videos were removed on October 27, with John Green stating on Twitter that "...we got important things wrong. We'll rework the series... And we'll bring a better series to you in a few months." On October 31, John further explained that the videos were removed due to "factual mistakes as well as too strident a tone," and that the mishap was caused by a rushed production stemming from a lack of staffing and budgeting. The following October, during an "Ask Me Anything" (AMA) session on Reddit, John indicated the course may not return for some time, noting that "we don't feel like we've cracked it yet." The channel would go on to launch their Geography course in November 2020, intended to cover both physical and human geography over its run.
In 2017, Crash Course launched three film-related series: one covered film history, another film production, and the last of which covered film criticism. Also in 2017, Thomas Frank began hosting Crash Course Study Skills, which covered topics such as productivity skills, time management, and note-taking.

### Complexly branding and YouTube Learning Fund (2018–2019)

Starting with the Statistics course in early 2018, Crash Course series that are not PBS co-productions began to directly identify as Complexly productions. Also that year, Crash Course launched an Arabic-language edition of World History hosted by Yasser Abumuailek and produced by Deutsche Welle (DW), which was uploaded to DW's Arabic YouTube channel. In July 2018, YouTube announced its YouTube Learning initiative, dedicated to supporting educational content on the platform. A few months later, as $20 million was invested into expanding the initiative, Crash Course secured additional funding via the initiative's Learning Fund program. However, PBS Digital Studios remained one of the primary sources of funding Crash Course, and the network also continued to help in finding sponsorships for the show.
The channel surpassed 1 billion video views in February 2019. In July, YouTube launched Learning Playlists as a continuation of their Learning Fund initiative; while videos in Learning Playlists notably lack recommended videos attached to them, in contrast to videos included in regular playlists on YouTube, they also include organizational features such as chapters around key concepts and lessons ordered by difficulty. After Learning Playlists' launch, Crash Course's video content was formatted into several of these playlists. The channel reached 10 million subscribers in November 2019.

### Partnership with Arizona State University (2020–present)

A collaboration with Arizona State University (ASU) titled Study Hall was announced in March 2020, which includes less structured learning in its topics. It was hosted by ASU alumni and advised by their faculty, with episodes posted on the university's YouTube channel but production and visual design by Complexly in the Crash Course style. The partnership was renewed in 2022, with two new series premiering: Fast Guides is appearing on a new dedicated Study Hall channel, focusing on showing what students can expect to study in a given major; and How to College on the main Crash Course channel, showing the process of choosing, applying for, and starting at a given institution.
In January 2023, Crash Course announced that they would be offering college courses on YouTube, in continued partnership with ASU and Google. The course content would be available online for free, with the full online course available through ASU for US$25, which would be led by ASU faculty and include direct interaction. Students would then have the option to spend US$400 to receive college credit for the course that would be transferable to any institution that accepts ASU credits.

## Production

In an interview with Entrepreneur, Crash Course producer and Sociology host Nicole Sweeney detailed:
   Every year we have a big pitch meeting to determine what courses and things we're going to do the next year. In that meeting, we talk about a number of different things, but the rising question that motivates that meeting and then down the line as we're making decisions about what we're doing is what we think would be most useful for people.
To make its content as useful as possible to viewers, the Crash Course channel hires experts relating to the topics of its series to work on the show. The Missoula-filmed series are produced and edited by Nicholas Jenkins, while Blake de Pastino serves as script editor. The Indianapolis-filmed series is produced and edited by Stan Muller, Mark Olsen, and Brandon Brungard. Script editing is credited to Meredith Danko, Jason Weidner composes music for the series, and Sweeney serves as a producer, editor, and director for Crash Course. Raoul Meyer, an AP World History teacher and Green's former teacher at Indian Springs School, wrote the World History series, with John providing revisions and additions. Sweeney has said that she and the respective host go over each script after it is edited to assess it for content.
Sweeney also stated that each ten-minute episode takes about an hour to film. The Philosophy series and all series relating to science (with the exception of Computer Science) were filmed in a studio building in Missoula, Montana that also houses SciShow. The Biology and Ecology series were filmed in front of green screen, but from the Chemistry season onward, each series was filmed on new custom-built sets. The Computer Science series and all series on the humanities (excepting Philosophy and Economics) were filmed in a studio in Indianapolis, Indiana. In addition, Economics was filmed at the YouTube Space in Los Angeles, while Crash Course Kids was filmed in a studio in Toronto, Ontario. Crash Course Kids was directed by Michael Aranda and produced by the Missoula Crash Course team.
Once filmed, an episode goes through a preliminary edit before it is handed off to the channel's graphic contractor. Graphic design for all of the series except Biology and Ecology is provided by Thought Café (formerly Thought Bubble), and the sound design and music for these series are provided by Michael Aranda (and in later series, his company Synema Studios).

## Formats

Crash Course video series feature various formats depending on the host's presentation style as well as the subject of the course. However, throughout all series, the show's host will progressively elaborate on the topic(s) presented at the beginning of the video. Early on in the history of the show, the Green Brothers began to employ an edutainment style for episodes of Crash Course, using humor to blend entertainment together with the educational content.
The World History series featured recurring segments such as the "Open Letter", where Green reads an open letter to a historical figure, period, item, or concept. Occasionally he converses with a naïve, younger version of himself whom he calls "Me from the Past"; this character usually has naïve or obvious questions or statements about the topic of the video. A running joke throughout the series is that the Mongols are a major exception to most sweeping generalizations in world history, noted by the phrase "Wait for it... the Mongols". Mentions of this fact cue the "Mongoltage" (a portmanteau of "Mongol" and "montage"), which shows a drawing of Mongols shouting "We're the exception!" followed by a three-second clip of a scene from the 1963 film Hercules Against the Mongols depicting a village raid. Green also frequently encouraged his viewers to avoid looking at history through Eurocentric or "Great Man" lenses, but instead to be conscious of a broader historical context.
For US History, Green followed the tone set by World History and put an emphasis on maintaining an open, non-Western view of American History. In addition, the "Open Letter" was replaced by a new segment called the "Mystery Document", in which Green would take a manuscript from the fireplace's secret compartment and read it aloud, followed by him guessing its author and the source work it is excerpted from. If incorrect, he would be punished by a shock pen. While the Mongoltage was largely absent, mentions of America's national pride during the series would cue a new "Libertage", which consisted of photos associated with America atop an American flag, with a guitar riff and an explosion at the start and end of the montage, respectively.
The Biology program featured the recurring segment "Biolo-graphy", during which Hank relayed a short biography of someone who was associated with the topic of the episode. Additionally, at the conclusion of each episode, Hank provided YouTube annotations with links to every subtopic he explained within the video. He also noted that the successor series to Biology, Crash Course Ecology, would follow in the spirit of the former series.

## Other releases

DVD box sets of the complete run of the Biology series and of season 1 of World History were made available for pre-order on October 31, 2013. In June 2016, the show's official site launched, providing free offline downloads of all episodes of every series completed to date. In May 2020, an official mobile app launched, providing easy access to all of the courses' video content along with rolling out flashcard and quiz study aides for particular courses.
The series was also made available for streaming on Curiosity Stream.

## Related and spinoff projects

In 2022, a series called Office Hours began, in which hosts of previous Crash Course series and professors host a livestream and answer viewer questions. In 2024, a Lectures series began, with long-form videos enabling a deeper dive into a single topic. The channel launched its first podcast in 2024. In October 2024, the creation of "Crash Course Books", a new imprint of Penguin Young Readers, was announced, with the first book Everything Is Tuberculosis by John Green set to be released in March 2025.

## Series overview
### Main series

| Series | Episodes | Series premiere | Series finale | Host(s) | Writer(s) |
| Launched in 2012 ||||||
| World History World History 2 | 42 30 | January 26, 2012 July 11, 2014 | November 8, 2012 April 4, 2015 | John Green | John Green Raoul Meyer |
| Biology Biology 2 | 40 50 | January 30, 2012 June 6, 2023 | October 29, 2012 July 16, 2024 | Hank Green Samuel Ramsey | various Jaime Chambers |
| Ecology | 12 | November 5, 2012 | January 21, 2013 | Hank Green | Jesslyn Shields |
| English Literature Literature 2 Literature 3 Literature 4 | 8 16 9 12 | November 15, 2012 February 27, 2014 July 7, 2016 November 7, 2017 | January 24, 2013 June 12, 2014 September 8, 2016 February 13, 2018 | John Green | John Green Alexis Soloski |
| Launched in 2013 ||||||
| US History | 48 | January 31, 2013 | February 6, 2014 | John Green | John Green Raoul Meyer |
| Chemistry | 46 | February 11, 2013 | January 13, 2014 | Hank Green | Kim Krieger |
| Launched in 2014 ||||||
| Psychology | 40 | February 3, 2014 | November 24, 2014 | Hank Green | Kathleen Yale |
| Big History Big History 2 | 10 6 | September 17, 2014 May 24, 2017 | January 9, 2015 July 12, 2017 | Hank Green John Green Emily Graslie | David Baker |
| Launched in 2015 ||||||
| Anatomy & Physiology | 47 | January 6, 2015 | December 21, 2015 | Hank Green | Kathleen Yale |
| Astronomy | 46 | January 15, 2015 | January 21, 2016 | Phil Plait | Phil Plait |
| US Government and Politics | 50 | January 23, 2015 | March 4, 2016 | Craig Benzine | Raoul Meyer |
| Intellectual Property | 7 | April 23, 2015 | June 25, 2015 | Stan Muller | Raoul Meyer |
| Economics | 35 | July 8, 2015 | June 9, 2016 | Adriene Hill Jacob Clifford | Patrick Walsh Jacob Clifford Scott Baumann |
| Launched in 2016 ||||||
| Philosophy | 46 | February 8, 2016 | February 13, 2017 | Hank Green | Ruth Tallman |
| Physics | 46 | March 31, 2016 | March 24, 2017 | Shini Somara | Alyssa Lerner |
| Games | 29 | April 1, 2016 | December 16, 2016 | Andre Meadows | Mathew Powers |
| Launched in 2017 ||||||
| Computer Science | 40 | February 22, 2017 | December 21, 2017 | Carrie Anne Philbin | Amy Ogan Chris Harrison |
| World Mythology | 41 | February 24, 2017 | January 28, 2018 | Mike Rugnetta | Raoul Meyer |
| Sociology | 44 | March 13, 2017 | February 12, 2018 | Nicole Sweeney | Steven Lauterwasser |
| Film History Film Production Film Criticism | 16 15 15 | April 13, 2017 August 24, 2017 January 11, 2018 | August 3, 2017 December 14, 2017 April 26, 2018 | Craig Benzine Lily Gladstone Michael Aranda | Tobin Addington |
| Study Skills | 10 | August 8, 2017 | October 10, 2017 | Thomas Frank | Thomas Frank |
| Launched in 2018 ||||||
| Statistics | 44 | January 24, 2018 | January 9, 2019 | Adriene Hill | Chelsea Parlett-Pelleriti |
| Theater | 50 | February 9, 2018 | March 1, 2019 | Mike Rugnetta | Alexis Soloski |
| Media Literacy | 12 | February 27, 2018 | May 15, 2018 | Jay Smooth | Aubrey Nagle |
| History of Science | 46 | March 26, 2018 | April 29, 2019 | Hank Green | Wythe Marschall |
| Engineering | 46 | May 17, 2018 | May 2, 2019 | Shini Somara | Michael Sago Ricky Nathvani |
| Launched in 2019 ||||||
| Navigating Digital Information | 10 | January 8, 2019 | March 12, 2019 | John Green | Aubrey Nagle |
| Business: Soft Skills Business: Entrepreneurship | 17 17 | March 13, 2019 August 14, 2019 | July 3, 2019 December 11, 2019 | Evelyn Ngugi Anna Akana | Rebecca Upton Madeline Doering |
| European History | 50 | April 12, 2019 | August 28, 2020 | John Green | Bonnie Smith |
| Artificial Intelligence | 20 | August 9, 2019 | December 27, 2019 | Jabril Ashe | Lana Yarosh Yonatan Bisk Tim Weninger |
| Launched in 2020 ||||||
| Organic Chemistry | 50 | April 30, 2020 | April 13, 2022 | Deboki Chakravarti | Kelley Donaghy Kat Day Andy Brunning Kristen Procko |
| Linguistics | 16 | September 11, 2020 | January 22, 2021 | Taylor Behnke | Gretchen McCulloch Lauren Gawne |
| Geography | 50 | November 30, 2020 | April 12, 2022 | Alizé Carrère | Jane P. Gardner Zohra Calcuttawala April Luginbuhl Mather |
| Launched in 2021 ||||||
| Zoology | 14 | April 15, 2021 | July 15, 2021 | Rae Wynn-Grant | Brittney G. Borowiec |
| Black American History | 51 | May 7, 2021 | November 9, 2022 | Clint Smith | Clint Smith Danielle Bainbridge Nia Johnson Lynae Bogues |
| Outbreak Science | 15 | September 7, 2021 | December 21, 2021 | Pardis Sabeti | Ricky Nathvani |
| Launched in 2022 ||||||
| How to College | 15 | March 24, 2022 | July 14, 2022 | Erica Brozovsky | Michael Lodato Kaila Kea-Lewis |
| Public Health | 10 | August 4, 2022 | October 6, 2022 | Vanessa Hill | Dylan Reynolds |
| Climate & Energy | 12 | December 7, 2022 | April 26, 2023 | M Jackson | Jaime Chambers Leila Battison |
| Launched in 2023 ||||||
| Botany | 15 | May 18, 2023 | September 7, 2023 | Alexis Nikole Nelson | Jaime Chambers Leila Battison Molly Edwards |
| Launched in 2024 ||||||
| Art History | 22 | April 11, 2024 | September 26, 2024 | Sarah Urist Green | Jaime Chambers |
| Religions | 24 | September 10, 2024 | March 4, 2025 | John Green | Jaime Chambers |
| Political Theory | 13 | November 7, 2024 | February 13, 2025 | Ellie Anderson | Jaime Chambers |
| Launched in 2025 ||||||
| Sex Ed | 1 | March 13, 2025 | - | Shan Boodram | Jaime Chambers |

### Kids series

| Series | Episodes | Series premiere | Series finale | Host |
| Science | 95 | March 3, 2015 | March 16, 2016 | Sabrina Cruz |

### Foreign language series

| Series | Language | Episodes | Series premiere | Series finale | Host |
| تاريخ العالم (World History) | Arabic | 42 | January 19, 2018 | July 5, 2018 | Yasser Abumuailek |
| Fundamentos de Química (Fundamentals of Chemistry) | Spanish | 11 | March 14, 2023 | May 21, 2023 | Corina Perez |
| Biología (Biology) | Spanish | 50 | June 6, 2023 | July 16, 2024 | Mini Contreras |

### Miniseries

| Series | Episodes | Series premiere | Series finale |
| Recess | 2 | March 5, 2018 | October 2, 2018 |
| A History of Crash Course | 1 | December 4, 2018 | December 4, 2018 |
| How Crash Course is Made | 6 | March 22, 2019 | April 10, 2019 |
| Covid-19 and Public Health | 1 | October 19, 2020 | October 19, 2020 |
| History of Wales | 1 | September 14, 2022 | September 14, 2022 |

### Study Hall series

A partnership with Arizona State University and hosted on the Study Hall channel.

#### College foundations

| Series | Episodes | Series premiere | Series finale | Host(s) |
| Rhetoric & Composition | 29 | August 8, 2022 | March 29, 2023 | Emily Zarka |
| Real World College Math | 30 | August 9, 2022 | April 13, 2023 | Jason Guglielmo |
| Intro to Human Communication | 29 | August 10, 2022 | March 15, 2023 | Cassandra Ryder |
| US History to 1865 | 30 | August 11, 2022 | May 5, 2023 | Danielle Bainbridge |
| Power and Politics in US Government | 30 | August 7, 2023 | April 1, 2024 | Dave Jorgenson Carmella Boykin Chris Vasquez |
| Code and Programming for Beginners | 28 | August 9, 2023 | March 20, 2024 | Sabrina Cruz |
| Modern World History | 30 | August 10, 2023 | April 4, 2024 | Robert Fuller |
| Intro to Psychology | 20 | May 7, 2024 | – | Déja Fitzgerald |
| Macroeconomics | 8 | August 5, 2024 | – | Matt Sopha |
| Sustainability | 1 | October 2, 2024 | – | Miriam Nielsen |

#### Learning playlists

| Series | Episodes | Series premiere | Series finale | Host(s) |
| Composition | 15 | March 31, 2020 | July 7, 2020 | Yumna Samie |
| Algebra | 15 | April 23, 2020 | July 30, 2020 | James Tanton |
| Chemistry | 15 | September 10, 2020 | December 15, 2020 | Will Comar |
| Data Literacy | 15 | September 10, 2020 | December 17, 2020 | Jessica Pucci |

#### Other video series

| Series | Episodes | Series premiere | Series finale | Host(s) |
| How to College | 15 | March 24, 2022 | July 14, 2022 | Erica Brozovsky |
| Fast Guides to Electives and Majors | 36 | March 25, 2022 | – | Hank Green Erica Brozovsky Naia Butler-Craig Cassandra Ryder Sabrina Cruz |
| College Journeys | 3 | June 6, 2024 | – | Hank Green |
| How to Become | 2 | September 19, 2024 | – | Kim Holst Philip Lindsay |
| Things to Know | 1 | September 26, 2024 | – | Erica Brozovsky |

### Office Hours series

| Title | Series premiere | Hosts |
| Anatomy & Physiology | April 21, 2022 | Hank Green Brandon Jackson |
| Geography | April 25, 2022 | Alizé Carrère April Luginbuhl Mather |
| World History | April 26, 2022 | John Green Cathy Keller |

### Lectures series

| Title | Series premiere | Hosts |
| Tuberculosis Explained | March 25, 2024 | John Green |

### Podcasts

| Title | Episodes | Series premiere | Series finale | Hosts |
| Crash Course Pods: The Universe | 11 | April 23, 2024 | September 11, 2024 | John Green Katie Mack |

## Reception

The Crash Course project has been successful in its reach, with World History alone having attracted millions of viewers. It had a particular appeal to American students taking the AP World History class and exam; many students and teachers use the videos to supplement their courses.

### Awards and nominations

| Year | Ceremony | Category | Result |
| 2015 | Streamy Awards | Science or Education | Nominated |
| 2015 | Webby Awards | Online Film & Video - Science & Education (Channel) | Honoree |
| 2016 | Streamy Awards | Science or Education | Nominated |
| 2018 | Webby Awards | Film & Video - Science & Education (Channels & Networks) | Honoree |

## Footnotes

* ↑ as of March 16th 2022
* ↑ A reimagining of the original subject matter from 2012.
* ↑ Graslie is the sole host of the second season.
* ↑ Clifford departed after the 29th episode, with Hill presenting the remainder solo.
* ↑ Hosted on the Crash Course Kids channel.
* ↑ Hosted on the DW عربية channel.
* ↑ Hosted on the Crash Course en Español channel.
* ↑ A partnership with Adobe and hosted on the Thought Café channel.
* ↑ A partnership with Operation Outbreak and the Sabeti Lab at Harvard.
* ↑ Included in episode 7 of Welcome to Wrexham.