# Civil Services Examination

The Civil Services Examination (CSE) is a standardized test in India conducted by the Union Public Service Commission for recruitment to higher civil services in the Government of India, such as the All India Services and Central Civil Services (Group A and a few Group B posts).
It is conducted in three phases: a preliminary examination consisting of two objective-type papers (Paper I consisting of General Studies and Paper II, referred to as the Civil Service Aptitude Test or CSAT), and a main examination consisting of nine papers of conventional (essay) type, in which two papers are qualifying and only marks of seven are counted; finally followed by a personality test (interview). A successful candidate sits for 32 hours of examination during the complete process spanning around one year.

## List of services

Those who pass the Civil Service Examination may be selected to join the following services:

### All India Services

* Indian Administrative Service (IAS)
* Indian Police Service (IPS)

### Central Civil Services (Group A)

* Indian Foreign Service (IFS)
* Indian Audit and Accounts Service (IA&AS)
* Indian Civil Accounts Service (ICAS)
* Indian Corporate Law Service (ICLS)
* Indian Defence Accounts Service (IDAS)
* Indian Defence Estates Service (IDES)
* Indian Information Service (IIS)
* Indian Postal Service (IPoS)
* Indian P&T Accounts and Finance Service (IP&TAFS)
* Indian Railway Protection Force Service (IRPFS)
* Indian Revenue Service (IRS-IT)
* Indian Revenue Service (IRS-C&CE)
* Indian Trade Service (ITrS)
* Indian Railway Management Service (IRMS)

### Central Civil Services (Group B)

* Armed Forces Headquarters Civil Services (AFHCS)
* Delhi, Andaman and Nicobar Islands Civil Service (DANICS)
* Delhi, Andaman and Nicobar Islands Police Service (DANIPS)
* Pondicherry Civil Service (PCS)
* Pondicherry Police Service (PPS)
Previously, passing the Civil Services Examination also allowed candidates to join the Central Secretariat Service (CSS) Indian Ordnance Factories Service (IOFS) or the Indian Railway Management Service (IRMS).

## Process

The Civil Services Examination is based on the British era Imperial Civil Service tests, as well as the civil service tests conducted by old Indian empires such as the Mauryan Empire and Mughal Empire. It is one of the most difficult competitive examinations in not just India but across the world, with more than a million candidates every year. A single attempt can take two complete years of preparation - one year before the prelims and one year from the prelims to the interview. As of 2014, on an average, 900,000 to 1,000,000 candidates apply every year and the number of candidates sitting in the preliminary examination is approximately 550,000. Results for the Prelims are published in mid-August, while the final result is published in May of the next year.
* Stage I: Preliminary Examination - Held in June every year. Results are announced in August.
* Stage II: Mains
* Examination - Held in October every year. Results are announced in January.
* Personality Test (interview) - Held in March. Final results are usually announced in May.
After the completion of the Medical examination of the successful candidates and other necessary formalities, the training program for the selected candidates usually commences the following September.

## Eligibility

Eligibility for the examination is as follows:

### Nationality

* For the Indian Administrative Service, the Indian Police Service and the Indian Foreign Service the candidate must be a citizen of India.
* For other services, the candidate must be one of the following:
* A citizen of India.
* A citizen of Nepal or a subject of Bhutan.
* A Tibetan refugee who settled permanently in India before 1 January 1962.
* A person of Indian origin who has migrated from Pakistan, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Zaire, Ethiopia or Vietnam with the intention of permanently settling in India.

### Educational qualification

All candidates must have as a minimum one of the following educational qualifications:
* A degree from a Central, State or a Deemed university
* A degree received through correspondence or distance education
* A degree from an open university
* A qualification recognized by the Government of India as being equivalent to one of the above
The following candidates are also eligible, but must submit proof of their eligibility from a competent authority at their institute/university at the time of the main examination, failing which they will not be allowed to attend the exam.
* Candidates who have appeared in an examination the passing of which would render them educationally qualified enough to satisfy one of the above points.
* Candidates who have passed the final exam of the MBBS degree but have not yet completed an internship.
* Candidates who have passed the final exam of ICAI, ICSI and ICWAI.
* A degree from a private university.
* A degree from any foreign university recognized by the Association of Indian Universities.

### Age

The candidate must have attained the age of 21 years and must not have attained the age of 32 years (for the General category candidate) on 1 August of the year of examination. Prescribed age limits vary with respect to caste reservations.
* For Other Backward Castes (OBC) the upper age limit is 35 years.
* For Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST), the limit is 37 years.
* For Defence Services Personnel disabled in operations during hostilities, the limit is 40 years.
* For Candidates belonging to ex-servicemen including Commissioned officers and ECOs/SSCOs who have rendered military services for at least five years as of 1 August, of the year and have been released
** on completion of assignment (including those whose assignment is due to be completed within one year from 1 August of the year otherwise than by way of dismissal or discharge on account of misconduct or inefficiency or
** on account of physical disability attributable to Military Service or
** on invalidation or
** Relaxation of up to a maximum of five years will be given in the case of ECOs/SSCOs who have completed an initial period of assignment of five years of Military Service as of 1 August of the year and whose assignment has been extended beyond five years and in whose case the Ministry of Defence issues a certificate that they can apply for civil employment and that they will be released on three months' notice on selection from the date of receipt of an offer of appointment, the limit is 32 years.
* For ECOs/SSCOs who have completed an initial period of assignment of five years of Military Service, the limit is 32 years.
* For PWD candidates, the limit is 37 years.
* For Domiciles of Jammu and Kashmir from 1 January 1980 to 31 December 1989, the limit is 32 years.
* For the Economically Weaker Section (EWS) category, the standard age limits apply.

### Number of attempts

The number of times a candidate can appear for the exam are given below.
* General category candidates – 6
* OBC category candidates – 9
* SC/ST candidates – unlimited attempts till 37 years of age.
Appearing to attempt one of the papers in the preliminary examination is counted as an attempt, including disqualification/ cancellation of candidature. However, applying to sit the exam but failing to attend is not counted as an attempt.

## Preliminary

The pattern of the Preliminary examination, also known as the Prelims exam up to 2010 was based on the recommendations of the Kothari Commission (1979). It included two examinations, one on general studies worth 150 marks, and the second on one of 23 optional subjects worth 300 marks. Until 2011, when it was revamped, the preliminary pattern was sustained with only minor changes once every ten to fifteen years.
From 2011 onwards, the preliminary examination intends to focus on analytical abilities and understanding rather than the ability to memorize. The new pattern includes two papers of two hours duration and 200 marks each. Both papers have multiple-choice objective type questions only. They are as follows:

### General Studies Paper I

Tests the candidate's knowledge of current events, the history of India and the Indian national movement, Indian and world geography, Indian polity Panchayati Raj system, and governance, economic and social development, environmental ecology, biodiversity, climate change, and general science, Art and culture.

### General Studies Paper II (CSAT or Civil Services Aptitude Test)

Tests the candidate's skills in comprehension, interpersonal skills, communication, logical reasoning, analytical ability, decision-making, problem-solving, basic numeracy, data interpretation, English language comprehension skills, and mental ability. It is qualifying, and the marks obtained in this paper are not counted for merit. However, the candidate must score a minimum of 33 percent in this paper to qualify for the Prelims exam.

#### Changes

In August 2014, the Centre announced that English marks in CSAT will not be included for gradation or merit and 2011 candidates may get a second chance to appear for the test next year.
In May 2015, the Government of India announced that Paper II of the preliminary examination would be qualifying in nature i.e. it will not be graded for eligibility in the Mains Examination and a candidate will need to score at least 33% to be eligible for grading based on marks of Paper I of the Preliminary Examination. Those who qualify in the Prelims become eligible for the Mains.

## Mains

The Civil Services Mains Examination consists of a written examination and an interview.

### Mains Examination

The Civil Services Main written examination consists of nine papers, two qualifying and seven ranking in nature. The range of questions may vary from just one mark to sixty marks, twenty words to 600 words answers. Each paper is of a duration of 3 hours. Candidates who pass qualifying papers are ranked according to marks and a selected number of candidates are called for an interview or a personality test at the Commission's discretion.
According to the new marks allocations in Civil Service Examination 2013, there are some changes made in the examination according to the suggestion of Prof. Arun. S. Nigavekar Committee. However, after some controversy, the qualifying papers for Indian languages and English were restored.
Civil Services New Mains Format :
| Paper | Subject | Marks |
| Paper A | (One of the Indian languages listed below, to be selected by the candidate (from the languages listed in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India) (Qualifying) | 300 |
| Paper B | English (Qualifying) | 300 |
| Paper I | Essay | 250 |
| Paper II | General Studies I (Indian heritage and culture, history and geography of the world and society) | 250 |
| Paper III | General Studies II (Governance, constitution, policy, social justice and international relations) | 250 |
| Paper IV | General Studies III (Technology, economic development, bio-diversity, environment, security and disaster management) | 250 |
| Paper V | General Studies IV (ethics, integrity and aptitude) | 250 |
| Paper VI | Two papers on one subject to be selected by the candidate from the list of optional subjects below (250 marks for each paper) | 250 |
| Paper VII | Two papers on one subject to be selected by the candidate from the list of optional subjects below (250 marks for each paper) | 250 |
| Sub Total (Written Test) | Sub Total (Written Test) | 1750 |
| Personality Test (Interview) | Personality Test (Interview) | 275 |
| Total Marks | Total Marks | 2025 |
1.$^A$ The paper A on Indian Language will not, however, be compulsory for candidates hailing from the states of Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Sikkim.

#### List of languages

The examination is available in the following languages, with the name of the script in parentheses:
* Assamese (Assamese)
* Bengali (Bengali)
* Bodo (Devanagari)
* Dogri (Devanagari)
* English (English)
* Gujarati (Gujarati)
* Hindi (Devanagari)
* Kannada (Kannada)
* Kashmiri (Persian)
* Konkani (Devanagari)
* Maithili (Devanagari)
* Malayalam (Malayalam)
* Manipuri (Bengali)
* Marathi (Devanagari)
* Nepali (Devanagari)
* Odia (Odia)
* Punjabi (Gurumukhi)
* Sanskrit (Devanagari)
* Santhali (Devanagri or Ol Chiki)
* Sindhi (Devanagari or Arabic)
* Tamil (Tamil)
* Telugu (Telugu)
* Urdu (Persian)

#### Optional subjects

The subjects available for Papers VI and VII are:
* Agriculture
* Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science
* Anthropology
* Botany
* Chemistry
* Civil Engineering
* Commerce and Accountancy
* Economics
* Electrical Engineering
* Geography
* Geology
* History
* Law
* Literature of any one of the languages listed above
* Management
* Mathematics
* Mechanical Engineering
* Medical Science
* Philosophy
* Physics
* Political Science and International Relations
* Psychology
* Public Administration
* Sociology
* Statistics
* Zoology

### Personality test

Unofficially called the "interview", the objective of the interview is to assess the personal suitability of the candidate for a career in public service by a board of competent and unbiased observers. The test is intended to evaluate the mental calibre of a candidate. In broad terms, this is really an assessment of not only a candidate's intellectual qualities, but also social traits and interest in current affairs. Some of the qualities to be judged are mental alertness, critical powers of assimilation, clear and logical exposition, balance of judgement, variety and depth of interest, ability for social cohesion and leadership, and intellectual and moral integrity.
The technique of the interview is not that of a strict cross-examination, but of a natural, though directed and purposeful conversation that is intended to reveal the mental qualities of the candidate.
The interview is not intended to test either of the specialized or general knowledge of the candidate, which has been already tested through written papers. Candidates are expected to have taken an intelligent interest not only in their special subjects of academic study, but also in the events which are happening around them both within and outside their own state or country as well as in modern currents of thought and in new discoveries which should rouse the curiosity of all well-educated youth. The interview standards are generally high and require thorough preparation as well as commitment.