# Washtenaw County, Michigan

Washtenaw County (/ˈwɔːʃtənɔː/ WAWSH-tə-naw) is a county located in the U.S. state of Michigan. At the 2020 census, the population was 372,258. The county seat and largest city is Ann Arbor. The county was authorized by legislation in 1822 and organized as a county in 1826. Washtenaw County comprises the Ann Arbor Metropolitan Statistical Area. The county is home to the University of Michigan, Eastern Michigan University, Washtenaw Community College, and Concordia University Ann Arbor.

## History
### Native American territories

The first peoples occupying the central portion of what is now Michigan included: "the Pottawattamies, the Chippewas, the Ottawas, the Wyandottes and the Hurons". Native Americans whose territories included land within the Washtenaw County boundaries are shown to have included: Myaamia (Miami), Bodéwadmiké (Potawatomi), Anishinabewaki ᐊᓂᔑᓈᐯᐗᑭ, Peoria, Meškwahki·aša·hina (Meskwaki), and the Mississauga nation.

### Etymology of Washtenaw

In the Ojibwe language, "Wash-ten-ong" or "Owashtanong" literally translates as "far away waters", and was then used by the Ojibwe as the name for the Grand River due to its great length. At the time of the official naming of the county in 1822, the headwaters of the Grand River fell within the original boundaries of Washtenaw County, which encompassed a much larger area than the present county.

### Early colonization

The earliest histories mention French trappers and traders conducting trade in the area at the Potawatomi Trail and Pontiac Trail crossings of the Huron River, and later English then American settlers. The first successful settlement was established at the present site of Ypsilanti about 1809 by French traders.
In 1822, the Legislative Council of Michigan Territory government defined the name and boundaries of the county, but attached it to Wayne County for revenue, taxation and judicial affairs. Four years after the first platting out of the county, Washtenaw was established as a separate self-administered county by an act of the Michigan Territorial Legislature, in 1826. It was attached for administrative purposes to Wayne County until (before 1829) when county government was seated. Ingham and other counties were formed from portions of territorial Washtenaw County.
Swamps were drained to lower the water table. The swamp northwest of the I-94 and US-23 intersection, and areas within Waterloo Recreation Area still appear as they did to early settlers. As productive farms became established, the local deer herds grew. In the 1820s and 1830s, the events surrounding the independence of Greece from Turkey inspired construction of Greek Revival buildings, and the names of townships, towns, and children.
The "frostbitten convention" was held at Ann Arbor, the county seat, in 1835. Statehood was delayed because Michigan claimed the Toledo Strip, which was also claimed by Ohio. Following resolution of the Toledo War (1835–1836), in which Michigan Territory ceded its claim to Toledo in exchange for most of the Upper Peninsula (from the Porcupine Mountains eastward), Ohio withdrew its objection and Michigan became a state on January 26, 1837.
The convention also decided to move the capital from Detroit to a point further away from the Canadian border. After considering many existing communities, the delegates decided to build an entirely new capital city, which became Lansing. The University of Michigan, founded at Detroit in 1817, was moved to Ann Arbor in 1839 as a consolation for the city not being named the new state capital, as it had sought. The university subsequently became and remains Washtenaw County's largest employer.
In 1849, the Michigan State Normal School (now Eastern Michigan University) was established in Washtenaw's oldest settlement, Ypsilanti. It was elevated to collegiate status c. 1891 as Michigan State Normal College. The name was changed in 1956 to Eastern Michigan College, which was elevated to university status in 1959.

## Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 722 square miles (1,870 km$^2$), of which 706 square miles (1,830 km$^2$) is land and 16 square miles (41 km$^2$) (2.3%) is water.

### Adjacent counties

* Livingston County (north)
* Oakland County (northeast)
* Wayne County (east)
* Monroe County (southeast)
* Lenawee County (southwest)
* Jackson County (west)
* Ingham County (northwest)

### Major highways

* I-94
* BL I-94
* US 12 (Michigan Avenue, Chicago Road)
* Bus. US 12
* US 23
* Bus. US 23
* M-14
* M-17
* M-52
* M-153 (Ford Road)

## Demographics

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 372,258 people living in the county. 69.2% were White, 11.5% Black or African American, 9.03% Asian, 0.3% Native American, 1.9% of some other race and 7.8% of two or more races. 5% were Hispanic or Latino (of any race). 17.4% were of German, 10.5% English, 10% Irish and 7.1% Polish ancestry.
83.4% spoke only English at home; 3.7% spoke Spanish and 12.9% spoke another language.
There were 149,379 households, out of which 17.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.9% were married couples living together, 29.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.6% were non-families.
In the county, 23.77% of the population was under the age of 19, 12.71% was from 19 to 25, 25.74% from 25 to 44, 22.58% from 45 to 64, and 16.4% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35.5 years.
The median income for a household in the county was $83,754 and the median income for a family was $116,562. 15.3% of people were under the poverty line.

## Government
### Elected officials

* Prosecuting Attorney: Eli Savit (Democrat)
* Sheriff: Alyshia M. Dyer (Democrat)
* County Clerk/Register of Deeds: Lawrence Kestenbaum (Democrat)
* County Treasurer: Latitia Lamelle Sharp (Democrat)
* Water Resources Commissioner: Gretchen Driskell (Democrat)
The Board of Commissioners has nine members, elected from single member districts, on a partisan ballot, in November of even-numbered years. The term is two years. Information as of October 2024.
| District | Commissioner | Party | Positions |
| 1 | Jason Maciejewski | Democrat | |
| 2 | Crystal Lyte | Democrat | |
| 3 | Shannon Beeman | Democrat | |
| 4 | Caroline Sanders | Democrat | Vice Chair of the Board |
| 5 | Justin Hodge | Democrat | Board Chair |
| 6 | Annie Sommerville | Democrat | Working Session Committee Chair |
| 7 | Andy LaBarre | Democrat | Vice Chair of the Working Session |
| 8 | Yousef Rabhi | Democrat | |
| 9 | Katie Scott | Democrat | |

### Government services
#### Parks and recreation

Washtenaw County operates 10 parks and one recreation center (gymnasium). One park has a water sprinkler area, one has a substantial water park component, and there is one golf course. The recreation center has a swimming pool, indoor track, basketball courts, complete set of resistance machines, a weight room, and several multipurpose rooms.
Washtenaw County is in the process of acquiring land for natural preservation. The program started in 2001, was renewed in 2010. The millage was renewed a second time in 2020 with a record high of 72% of votes supporting the renewal. Eight parcels of land had been purchased by July 2007. These parcels are of special ecological, recreational, and educational benefits. They are preserved in a natural unimproved state and are open to the public during daylight hours.

#### Wireless communication

In partnership with private enterprise, the county maintains a wireless network which is currently available to approximately 50% of county residents. This is the Wireless Washtenaw Project; its stated aim of this project is to provide wireless access to all county residents.

#### Miscellaneous

The county government operates the jail, maintains rural roads (through a largely independent road commission), operates the major local courts, records deeds and mortgages, maintains vital records, administers public health regulations, and participates with the state in providing welfare and social services. The county board of commissioners controls the budget and has limited authority to make laws or ordinances. In Michigan, most local government functions – police and fire, building and zoning, tax assessment, street maintenance, etc. – are the responsibility of individual cities and townships.

## Politics

United States presidential election results for Washtenaw County, Michigan :
| Year | Republican | Republican | Democratic | Democratic | Third party(ies) | Third party(ies) |
| Year | No. | % | No. | % | No. | % |
| 2024 | 58,844 | 26.49% | 157,152 | 70.74% | 6,173 | 2.78% |
| 2020 | 56,241 | 25.93% | 157,136 | 72.44% | 3,554 | 1.64% |
| 2016 | 50,631 | 26.64% | 128,483 | 67.59% | 10,965 | 5.77% |
| 2012 | 56,412 | 31.28% | 120,890 | 67.04% | 3,035 | 1.68% |
| 2008 | 53,946 | 28.76% | 130,578 | 69.62% | 3,024 | 1.61% |
| 2004 | 61,455 | 35.47% | 109,953 | 63.46% | 1,856 | 1.07% |
| 2000 | 52,459 | 36.19% | 86,647 | 59.78% | 5,834 | 4.03% |
| 1996 | 40,097 | 32.33% | 73,106 | 58.94% | 10,825 | 8.73% |
| 1992 | 41,386 | 30.11% | 73,325 | 53.34% | 22,755 | 16.55% |
| 1988 | 55,029 | 46.67% | 61,799 | 52.41% | 1,092 | 0.93% |
| 1984 | 58,736 | 51.27% | 55,084 | 48.08% | 749 | 0.65% |
| 1980 | 48,699 | 41.92% | 51,013 | 43.91% | 16,467 | 14.17% |
| 1976 | 56,807 | 50.86% | 50,917 | 45.59% | 3,965 | 3.55% |
| 1972 | 50,535 | 46.98% | 55,350 | 51.45% | 1,690 | 1.57% |
| 1968 | 36,432 | 46.82% | 33,073 | 42.50% | 8,309 | 10.68% |
| 1964 | 25,595 | 37.70% | 42,089 | 62.00% | 206 | 0.30% |
| 1960 | 39,632 | 60.99% | 25,129 | 38.67% | 225 | 0.35% |
| 1956 | 38,911 | 66.88% | 19,124 | 32.87% | 141 | 0.24% |
| 1952 | 35,826 | 66.64% | 17,671 | 32.87% | 262 | 0.49% |
| 1948 | 24,588 | 63.75% | 12,721 | 32.98% | 1,258 | 3.26% |
| 1944 | 24,740 | 62.00% | 14,922 | 37.39% | 244 | 0.61% |
| 1940 | 21,664 | 64.25% | 11,802 | 35.00% | 253 | 0.75% |
| 1936 | 14,986 | 50.78% | 13,589 | 46.05% | 935 | 3.17% |
| 1932 | 15,368 | 52.81% | 12,552 | 43.13% | 1,180 | 4.05% |
| 1928 | 19,676 | 78.41% | 5,308 | 21.15% | 109 | 0.43% |
| 1924 | 14,326 | 72.24% | 3,603 | 18.17% | 1,901 | 9.59% |
| 1920 | 14,082 | 74.46% | 4,468 | 23.63% | 362 | 1.91% |
| 1916 | 6,505 | 54.09% | 5,279 | 43.90% | 242 | 2.01% |
| 1912 | 2,495 | 23.64% | 4,164 | 39.45% | 3,897 | 36.92% |
| 1908 | 5,845 | 54.58% | 4,441 | 41.47% | 423 | 3.95% |
| 1904 | 6,566 | 62.04% | 3,779 | 35.71% | 238 | 2.25% |
| 1900 | 5,369 | 50.10% | 5,072 | 47.33% | 275 | 2.57% |
| 1896 | 5,671 | 49.73% | 5,348 | 46.90% | 384 | 3.37% |
| 1892 | 4,362 | 41.99% | 5,508 | 53.02% | 518 | 4.99% |
| 1888 | 4,549 | 42.96% | 5,482 | 51.78% | 557 | 5.26% |
| 1884 | 4,049 | 40.53% | 5,315 | 53.20% | 626 | 6.27% |
Since 1988, when Michael Dukakis won it, the county has been a Democratic stronghold in local and national elections due to the presence of Ann Arbor and the University of Michigan. In the 2020 United States presidential election it gave 72.4% of the vote to Democratic nominee Joe Biden, the highest margin for a Democrat in the county, the third-highest for any candidate in the county's history, and the highest in the state at the time as well. Between 1960 and 1988 it was generally a swing county: 1992 marked the first time that the county supported the same party as in the previous election since 1960.
Despite its modern-day Democratic strength, it was reliably Republican at the presidential level from 1896 to 1960, only voting Democratic once in that span in 1912 when the Republican vote was split. It was one of the few counties where Franklin D. Roosevelt was shut out in all four of his successful campaigns. George McGovern's win over Richard Nixon in the county in 1972 despite the latter winning nationally by a landslide was a sign of the county's shift towards supporting the Democratic Party, though Michigander and former Wolverine Gerald R. Ford won it in 1976 and Ronald Reagan won it in 1984 amid his national landslide, being the most recent Republican to win the county.

## Economy

The largest employers in Washtenaw County, as of July 2020, are:
| # | Employer | # of full-time employees |
| 1 | University of Michigan | 35,446 |
| 2 | Trinity Health | 7,435 |
| 3 | United States Federal government | 3,060 |
| 4 | Ann Arbor Public Schools | 2,607 |
| 5 | Toyota Technical Center | 2,295 |
| 6 | Faurecia North America | 2,178 |
| 7 | Eastern Michigan University | 1,559 |
| 8 | IHA Health Services | 1,442 |
| 9 | State of Michigan | 1,409 |
| 10 | Washtenaw County | 1,264 |
| 11 | Thomson Reuters | 1,155 |
| 12 | Domino's Pizza | 812 |
| 13 | City of Ann Arbor | 712 |
| 14 | Ford Motor Company | 700 |
| 15 | NSF International | 693 |
| 16 | US Postal Service | 650 |
| 17 | Washtenaw Community College | 597 |
| 18 | DTE Energy | 568 |
| 19 | Ypsilanti Community Schools | 550 |

## Communities
### Cities

* Ann Arbor (county seat)
* Chelsea
* Dexter
* Manchester
* Milan (partial)
* Saline
* Ypsilanti

### Village

* Barton Hills

### Charter townships

* Ann Arbor Charter Township
* Augusta Charter Township
* Pittsfield Charter Township
* Superior Charter Township
* York Charter Township
* Ypsilanti Charter Township

### Civil townships

* Bridgewater Township
* Dexter Township
* Freedom Township
* Lima Township
* Lodi Township
* Lyndon Township
* Manchester Township
* Northfield Township
* Salem Township
* Saline Township
* Scio Township
* Sharon Township
* Sylvan Township
* Webster Township

### Census-designated place

* Whitmore Lake (partial)

### Other unincorporated communities

* Bridgewater
* Dixboro
* Delhi Mills
* Geddes
* Mooreville
* Paint Creek
* Salem
* Stony Creek
* Whittaker
* Willis

### Ghost town

* Rawsonville (partial)

## Education

School districts include:
* Ann Arbor Public Schools
* Columbia School District
* Chelsea School District
* Clinton Community Schools
* Dexter Community School District
* Grass Lake Community Schools
* Lincoln Consolidated School District
* Manchester Community Schools
* Milan Area Schools
* Northville Public Schools
* Pinckney Community Schools
* Plymouth-Canton Community Schools
* Saline Area Schools
* South Lyon Community Schools
* Stockbridge Community Schools
* Van Buren Public Schools
* Whitmore Lake Public Schools
* Ypsilanti Community Schools
Former school districts:
* Ypsilanti Public Schools
* Willow Run Community Schools