# Khanate of Kokand

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The Khanate of Kokand was a Central Asian polity in the Fergana Valley centred on the city of Kokand between 1709 and 1876. It was ruled by the Ming tribe of Uzbeks. Its territory is today divided between Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Kazakhstan.

## History

The Khanate of Kokand was established in 1709 when the emir of the Ming tribe of Uzbeks, Shahrukh declared independence from the Khanate of Bukhara, establishing a state in the eastern part of the Fergana Valley. He built a citadel as his capital in the small town of Kokand, thus starting the Khanate of Kokand. His son, Abdul Kahrim Bey, and grandson, Narbuta Bey, enlarged the citadel, but both were forced to submit as a protectorate, and pay tribute to, the Qing dynasty between 1774 and 1798.
Narbuta Bey’s son Alim was both ruthless and efficient. He hired a mercenary army of Ghalcha highlanders, and conquered the western half of the Fergana Valley, including Khujand and Tashkent. He was assassinated by his brother Umar in 1811. Umar's son, Mohammed Ali (Madali Khan), ascended to the throne in 1822 at the age of 12. During his reign, the Khanate of Kokand reached its greatest territorial extent. The Kokand Khanate also housed the Khojas of Kashgar like Jahangir Khoja. In 1841, the British officer Captain Arthur Conolly failed to persuade the various khanates to put aside their differences, in an attempt to counter the growing penetration of the Russian Empire into the area. In November 1841, Captain Conolly left Kokand for Bukhara in an ill-fated attempt to rescue fellow officer Colonel Charles Stoddart, and both were executed on 24 June 1842 by the order of Emir Nasrullah Khan of Bukhara.
Following this, Madali Khan, who had received Conolly in Kokand, and who had also sought an alliance with Russia, lost the trust of Nasrullah. The Emir, encouraged by the conspiratorial efforts of several influential figures in Kokand (including the commander in chief of its army), invaded the Khanate in 1842. Shortly thereafter he executed Madali Khan, his brother, and Omar Khan's widow, the famed poet Nodira. Madali Khan's cousin, Shir Ali, was installed as the Khan of Kokand in June 1842. Over the next two decades, the khanate was weakened by a bitter civil war, which was further exacerbated by Bukharan and Russian incursions. During this period, the Kyrgyz tribes also broke away, forming the Kara-Kyrgyz Khanate under the leadership of Ormon Khan. Shir Ali's son, Khudayar Khan, ruled from 1844 to 1858, from 1862 to 1863, and from 1865 to 1875. In the meantime, Russia was continuing its advance; on 29 June 1865 Tashkent was taken by the Russian troops of General Chernyayev; the loss of Khujand followed in 1867.
Shortly before the fall of Tashkent, Kokand’s best-known son, Yakub Beg, former lord of Tashkent, was sent by the then Khan of Kokand, Alimqul, to Kashgar, where the Hui Muslims were in revolt against the Chinese. When Alimqul was killed in 1865 during the battle with Russia for Tashkent, many Kokandian soldiers fled to join Yaqub Beg, helping him establish his dominion (known as Yettishar) throughout the Tarim Basin, which lasted until 1877, when Qing reconquered the region.
The now powerless Khudayar Khan spent his energies improving his lavish palace. Western visitors were impressed by the city of 80,000 people, which contained some 600 mosques and 15 madrasahs. Insurrections against Russian rule and Khudayar’s oppressive taxes forced him into exile in 1875. He was succeeded by his son, Nasruddin Khan, whose anti-Russian stance provoked the annexation of Kokand by generals Konstantin von Kaufman and Mikhail Skobelev. The Khanate of Kokand was declared abolished, and incorporated into the Fergana Oblast of Russian Turkestan.

## Society

In the 1830s, more than 5 million people lived in the Khanate of Kokand. Roughly 3 million of them were sedentary residents with Turkic and Iranian roots, while the remaining population of 2.0–2.5 million were nomadic tribes, spread across 400,000 households, consisting of various Turko-Mongolian groups such as Uzbeks, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, Karakalpaks, Kalmyks, and Farghani Kipchaks.

## List of the khans of Kokand

| Reign | Ruler |
| 1709–1722 | Shahrukh Bey |
| 1722–1734 | Abdul Rahim Bey |
| 1734–1751 | Abdul Karim Bey |
| 1751–1752 | Irdana Bey (1st Reign) |
| 1752–1753 | Bobobek |
| 1753–1769 | Irdana Bey (2nd Reign) |
| 1769–1770 | Suleiman Bey |
| 1770–1799 | Narbuta Bey |
| 1799–1811 | Alim Khan |
| 1811–1822 | Muhammad Umar Khan |
| 1822–1842 | Muhammad Ali Khan |
| 1842–1844 | Shir Ali Khan |
| 1844 | Murad Beg Khan |
| 1844–1852 | Muhammad Khudayar Khan (1st Reign) |
| | Mingbashi Musulmonqul (Regent for Khudayar Khan) |
| 1852–1858 | Muhammad Khudayar Khan (2nd Reign) |
| 1858–1862 | Muhammad Mallya Beg Khan |
| 1862 | Shah Murad Khan |
| 1862–1863 | Muhammad Khudayar Khan (3rd Reign) |
| 1863–1865 | Muhammad Sultan Khan |
| | Alimqul (Regent for Sultan Khan) |
| 1865 | Bil Bahchi Khan |
| 1865–1875 | Muhammad Khudayar Khan (4th Reign) |
| 1875 | Nasruddin Khan (1st Reign) |
| 1875 | Muhammad Pulad Beg Khan |
| 1876 | Nasruddin Khan (2nd Reign) |
Sources: