OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Broghil Pass

Broghil Pass (Dari: کوتل بروغیل Kutal-i Broghil) is a high mountain pass along the Durand Line border that crosses the Hindu Kush mountain range and connects Wakhan District of Badakhshan Province in Afghanistan with Chitral District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan. It is at an elevation of 3,798 m (12,461 ft).
Sarhad Broghil is the nearest town in Afghanistan from the pass. The road is being improved as early 2025.

## History

The Broghil area was entirely within Afghanistan until the British established the Durrand Line in 1893. Broghil is a relatively low pass. It was closed for about three months each winter because of snow, but for much of the rest of the year it was passable even for cart traffic.
It is one of the four major mountain passes entering Chitral District; the others are the Dorah Pass from Badakshan Province of Afghanistan, Shandur Top from Gilgit, and Lowari Top from Upper Dir District.
The area of Broghil is inhabited by Wakhi and Kyrgyz people.

## European migration

According to the National Geographic Genographic Project, Broghol Pass appears to be the route used by the ancestors of all modern Western Europeans to reach Europe. Modern Europeans carrying the M45 genetic marker crossed Broghol and then turned west; M45 further mutated to become M173 and then M343, which is carried by 70% of the population of England.

## In popular culture

* The 1985 comedy movie Spies Like Us depicts Dan Aykroyd crossing the Broghol Pass on a mountain yak.
# Polymer-cased ammunition

Polymer-cased ammunition (PCA) is firearm ammunition (cartridge) with casings made from synthetic polymer instead of the typical metallic casing. PCA is commonly seen among shotgun shells, and is considered a new alternative for long guns and handguns that potentially reduces ammunition production cost and weight.

## Origin

The first references to the possible use of polymers in the manufacture of casings come from the early 1950s. One of the earliest is the patent filed by Jack W. Roske in 1950 and the idea was to use a metal cup joined with a polymer shell "that will be converted to gas during the firing phase to assist in propelling the projectile and thereby permit reduction in the use of the propelling powder charge".

## Examples

* The majority of commonly found shotgun shell hulls are constructed of polymer with metal only found on the lower or rim portions of the shells.
* The Steyr ACR was a notable user of polymer cased ammunition.
* The US Army ARDEC developed a 5.56mm Telescoped ammunition for its LSAT program.
* The Assistant Secretary of Defense for Special Operation's TSWG program developed lightweight cartridges in multiple calibers for USSOCOM.
* Textron Systems: Textron CT System carbine, rifle, automatic rifle utilizing a Olin Winchester CT 5.56, 6.5, 6.8 and 7.62 mm polymer cased-telescoped cartridge
* Desert Tech MDR rifle with PCP Ammunition 6.8mm polymer case-metal cartridge
* Knight's Armament Company LAMG machine gun with PCP Ammunition 6.8mm polymer case-metal cartridge and .277 True Velocity polymer ammunition
* True Velocity (earlier LoneStar Future Weapons, General Dynamics): RM-277R bullpup rifle and RM-277AR machine gun utilizing True Velocity .277 TVCM polymer cased cartridge
* KAC M110 SASS sniper rifle utilizing True Velocity 7.62 and .277 TVCM polymer cased cartridge
* M240 machine gun utilizing True Velocity 7.62 and .277 TVCM polymer cased cartridge
* M134 Minigun utilizing True Velocity 7.62 and .277 TVCM polymer cased cartridge
* Lightweight Medium Machine Gun utilizing True Velocity .338 Norma Mag polymer cased cartridge

## Manufacturers

* PCP Tactical offers a variety of calibers in 5.56mm NATO/.223 Rem, 7.62mm NATO/.308 Win, .260 Rem, 6.5mm Creedmoor, 6.8mm PCP and .50 BMG.
* PolyCase Ammunition offered a .380 Polymer Cased Round.
* True Velocity offers polymer ammunition in a variety of calibers including 5.56 NATO, 6.5mm Creedmoor, 6.8mm TVCM, .308 Win/7.62mm NATO, .338 Norma Mag and .50 BMG.
# Galician Uprising (1809)

The Galician Uprising of 1809 was a Polish armed uprising against the Austrian Empire led by Piotr Strzyżewski during the Polish-Austrian War. The rebellion ended with an Insurgent military victory.

## Background

The territory of Galicia has been under the Austrian Control since 1772. The creation of Duchy of Warsaw led to the idea of an armed uprising being more popular among the population.
After the Battle of Raszyn the Austrian forces captured Warsaw, forcing Józef Poniatowski to retreat and assume defensive positions on The Vistula River. The Austrian forces failed to defeat Poniatowski's defences, which allowed his army to use that situation to capture many cities (such as: Kock, Lublin, Sandomierz and Zamość), including Lviv, which became the headquarters of the Provisional Central Military Government of Galicia.
# Manomin County, Minnesota

Manomin County was a county in Minnesota that existed separately for 13 years from 1857 to 1869. The land was originally split off from Ramsey County. When it was formed, it was the smallest county in the United States at roughly 16 square miles. It comprised the Fridley Township, named for Minnesota legislator Abram M. Fridley. Abram Fridley was the chairman of the county commissioners during the lifetime of the county. The population in 1860 was 136. It was merged into Anoka County in 1869. This land area currently makes up the unusual southward extension of Anoka County between Hennepin and Ramsey counties. The Manomin County Park in Fridley, at the confluence of Rice Creek and the Mississippi River remains near the former Manomin town site.
Manomin is a variant spelling of manoomin, the Ojibwe word for wild rice, a staple of their diet. A current Minnesota county, Mahnomen, created in 1906, is similarly named.

## History

Manomin county was created when the Fridley township sections were split from Ramsey County, on May 23, 1857. The county seat was Manomin (present-day Fridley). Another former county, Buchanan County, was created in Minnesota on the same day. Manomin County was disbanded in 1858 and administratively attached to St. Louis County, Minnesota. In 1860, it was attached to Anoka County. At the time, the area's population was 136. In 1863, it was attached to Hennepin County. An amendment to Article 11 of the state constitution, to bring Manomin County into Anoka county passed in the November 2, 1869, election with 88.9 percent support. Henry C. Fridley, son of territorial legislator Abram M. Fridley, would later describe the situation in a letter dated April 18, 1899.
* "...Of course, a county of so small an area and sparsely populated was unable to maintain an organization without embarrassment and liability of being subject to exorbitant taxation, should its political management fall into incompetent hands. It was 'an elephant on our hands,' difficult to get rid of, because of the constitutional provision against reducing counties below four hundred square miles, hence the constitutional amendment was submitted and adopted as the only way out of the dilemma."

## Geography

Within the boundaries of what was Manomin county are today the cities of Fridley, Columbia Heights, Hilltop, part of Spring Lake Park, and a small part of Coon Rapids. It was technically described,
* "The county of Manomin is established and bounded as Beginning in the middle of the channel of the Mississippi river at its with the line between townships twenty nine and thirty north of twenty four west from the fourth meridian thence east on said town line to the south east corner of town thirty of range twenty four thence on the east line of said town to the north east corner thereof thence on the north line of said town to the centre of the channel of the river thence down the middle of said channel to the place of beginning ."
The county consisted of 18 sections, of which six were bounded by the Mississippi river, and measured less than the 640 acres of a full section.
# Dance Music Report

Dance Music Report, initially Disco News and later DMR, was a biweekly U.S. trade magazine oriented toward nightclub and radio DJs in the dance music industry. The magazine was first published in September 1978, changed its name from Disco News to Dance Music Report in 1979, and folded in 1992, when it merged with its Canadian counterpart, Streetsound.
The owner of the magazine and its copyright was Disco News, Inc., based in New York City. The magazine was started as a tip sheet by Tom Silverman (who later founded Tommy Boy Records) and two of his college friends, Scott Anderson and Steve Singer, who all lived together in an apartment/office. The magazine was sold mostly through subscriptions, but in its later years was sold in bulk through record stores. The first editors were Silverman and Anderson, followed by Stephanie Shepherd for the last 10 years of its run.
DMR content included North American regional reporting on local music and happenings, retail and radio reports from around the U.S., record pool news, industry updates, an annual readers' poll, and year-end charts with BPMs.
Two of DMR's writers continued in the industry: Cliff Sheppard, columnist for "On The Rap Tip," and as a recording artist - mainly using the moniker Shep-Dog -, writer and producer on the now-defunct indie, Rockaway Records and Gary Hayslett, founder of a magazine called Remix Service Authority, specializing in reviews of releases by remix services. After DMR folded, Hayslett's magazine was renamed to Dance Music Authority and its coverage was expanded to include the same kind of content as DMR.
The annual New Music Seminar was launched in 1980 as a joint venture between Dance Music Report and Rockpool magazines.
# Theatre of War (video game)

Theatre of War (Russian: Вторая мировая) is a real-time tactical strategy game centering on the decisive battles in the European Theatre of World War II 1939–1945. The game allows the player to control armed forces of France, Germany, Poland, The USSR, United Kingdom or the United States (combined in actual campaign) in over 40 missions. Players will command a special task force composed of different kinds of units, including tanks, APCs, field guns, mortars, various infantry regiments and will also have an opportunity to call for artillery and air support. With a focus on unit detail and combat realism, would-be generals are faced with authentic battle scenarios, taken straight from actual World War II records and maps.
The game was developed by 1C Company and released for purchase via the Internet on April 19, 2007. It received two sequels, Theatre of War 2 and Theatre of War 3.

## Reception

Aggregate score :
| Aggregator | Score |
| Metacritic | 66% |
Review scores :
| Publication | Score |
| GameSpot | 7.8/10 |
| IGN | 7/10 |
# USS LST-569

USS LST-569 was a United States Navy LST-542-class tank landing ship used in the Asiatic-Pacific Theater during World War II.

## Construction and commissioning

LST-569 was laid down on 24 March 1944 at Evansville, Indiana, by the Missouri Valley Bridge and Iron Company. She was launched on 20 May 1944, sponsored by Mrs. George W. Lamb, and commissioned on 5 June 1944.

## Service history

During the war, LST-569 was assigned to the Pacific Theater of Operations. She took part in the Philippines campaign, participating in the Battle of Leyte landing in October and November 1944, the Invasion of Lingayen Gulf in January 1945, the Manila Bay-Bicol operations at the end of January 1945. On 16 February she left Leyte with Convoy IG 9 en route to Hollandia, arriving 22 February 1945. She then participated in the Battle of Mindanao in April and May 1945, before again traveling from Leyte to Hollandia, this time with Convoy IG 22, from 14 to 20 May 1945.
Following the war, LST-569 performed occupation duty in the Far East and saw service in China until mid-May 1946. The ship was decommissioned on 13 June 1946 and struck from the Navy list on 15 October that same year. On 5 December 1947, she was sold to Bosey, Philippines.

## Honors and awards

LST-569 earned four battle stars for her World War II service.
# Valerie M. Thomas

Valerie Margaret Thomas (born 1959) is an American physicist and environmental engineer, with broad research interests in environmental technology including aspects of the subject relating to materials science, energy systems, transportation and transportation energy use, and economics. She is the Anderson Interface Professor of Natural Systems at Georgia Tech, appointed jointly to the schools of industrial and systems engineering and public policy.

## Education and career

As a student, Thomas became interested in becoming a scientist through a fascination with quantum physics. She majored in physics at Swarthmore College, with a minor in mathematics, graduating in 1981. She earned her Ph.D. at Cornell University in 1986, working in theoretical high energy physics with Tung-Mow Yan as her doctoral advisor. Her dissertation was Aspects of two-dimensional quantum field theories.
After finishing her doctorate, she shifted her focus to environmental science, with a postdoctoral research visit to Carnegie Mellon University, where she worked with Granger Morgan in the Department of Engineering and Public Policy. She then worked as a research scientist and lecturer at Princeton University from 1988 to 2004, affiliated with the Princeton Environmental Institute and Princeton School of Public and International Affairs. From 2004 to 2005 she worked as a Congressional Science Fellow for New Jersey congressman Rush Holt Jr., and in 2005 she took her present position at Georgia Tech.

## Recognition

Thomas was named a Fellow of the American Physical Society (APS) in 1998, after a nomination from the APS Forum on Physics and Society, "for her efforts to build an active interface between the science of materials and pollutants, and the avenues mechanisms necessary to build sound management strategies, and to build international networks of environmental science and policy researchers". She was elected as a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2000.
# Visions of Order

Visions of Order (1964) is a posthumously-published work by conservative scholar Richard M. Weaver which argues that Western culture is in decline because many of its intellectuals refuse to believe in an underlying order of things—in the way things are, irrespective of beliefs about them.
More specific targets of Weaver's wrath in this book include: the theory of biological evolution, public education, total wars, the immanentizing of social ideals, and an over-emphasis on function over status.
* This article about a philosophy-related book is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Flathead (fish)

A flathead is one of a number of small to medium fish species with notably flat heads, distributed in membership across various genera of the family Platycephalidae. Many species are found in estuaries and the open ocean in the Indo-Pacific, especially most parts of Australia where they are popular sport and table fish. Flatheads can grow at least 1 metre (3.3 ft) in length and 18 kilograms (40 lb) in weight, with dusky flathead (Platycephalus fuscus) being the largest, although fish this size are rarely caught.

## Anatomy and morphology

Flatheads are notable for their unusual body shape, which their hunting strategy is based upon. Flatheads are dorsally compressed, meaning their body is wide but flattened and very low in height. Both eyes are on the top of the flattened head, giving excellent binocular vision to attack overhead prey. The effect is somewhat similar to flounders. In contrast to flounder, however, flatheads are much more elongated, the tail remains vertical, and the mouth is large, wide and symmetrical. Flatheads utilize this body structure to hide in sand (their body colour changes to match their background), with only their eyes visible, and explode upwards and outwards to engulf small fish and prawns as they drift over, using a combination of ram and suction feeding thereby improving their chances to catch prey.
Flatheads have two short spikes on either side of their heads and on top of their heads that contain venom. The venom, while not fatal, can cause pain and infection for no more than about 2 days. Some anglers believe the pain of the sting of the Flathead fish can be reduced by rubbing the slime of the belly of the same fish that caused the sting on the inflicted wound, due to a particular gland in its belly.

## Habitat

Dusky flatheads (Platycephalus fuscus) are found in estuaries and coastal bays from Cairns in Queensland to the Gippsland Lakes in Victoria. They occur over sand, mud, gravel and seagrass and can inhabit estuarine waters up to the tidal limit.
Oceanic flathead species (sand flathead, tiger flathead, bar-tailed flathead) are, as named, generally located more offshore than the dusky flathead, frequenting the sandy zones around and between coastal reefs; although bar-tailed flathead occur in many estuarine environments, for example the Swan/Canning River System in Perth.

## Importance to humans

Fishermen catch flatheads on a variety of baits and artificial lures all year round, but they are more commonly caught during summer. Only a handful of the many flathead species are regularly caught by fishermen. Saltwater estuaries along the east coast of Australia are a popular place for recreational fishing for flathead species such as the Dusky Flathead. The Australian state of New South Wales has a substantial commercial flathead catch. Many flathead species are commonly used as food in Australia.
However, as of 2022, the sand flathead (Platycephalus bassensis) was classified as depleted due to overfishing.
# Stephen Polin

Stephen Polin was an American artist.
He was born to a Russian Jewish family in 1947 and attended the Hun School of Princeton, from which he graduated in 1965. His work is most famous for his surrealist paintings. His work has been exhibited worldwide, including at the Bodley Gallery. His most recent projects have been commissioned by the owners of Smarty Jones and Mercedes-Benz. Stephen Polin uses the signature S.P. Xyxx on work subsequent to 1979. His styles now have incorporated elements of impressionism as well as photorealism. Stephen Polin passed away on May 1, 2024.
# Oliver Burr Jennings

Oliver Burr Jennings (June 3, 1825 – February 12, 1893) was an American businessman and one of the original stockholders in Standard Oil.

## Early life

Jennings was born in 1825 in Fairfield, Connecticut, to Abraham could Jennings and Anna (née Burr) Jennings. His brother was Frederick B. Jennings. At a young age he came to New York to learn the dry goods business. Through his great-grandfather, Peter Burr, he was distantly related to U.S. Vice President Aaron Burr.

## Career

In 1847 he headed West to seek his fortune in the California Gold Rush. He set up a general mercantile store in San Francisco with Benjamin Brewster an amassed a considerable fortune by outfitting prospecting camps along the coast and around Sacramento.

### Standard Oil

In 1862, he returned to New York with the intention of retiring from al business activities. Due to his close relationship with his wife's brother-in-law, William Avery Rockefeller, Jr., he became interested in the affairs of the Standard Oil Company. In 1871, when Standard Oil was incorporated in Ohio, Jennings was one of the original stockholders. Of the initial 10,000 shares, John D. Rockefeller received 2,667; William Rockefeller, Henry Flagler, and Samuel Andrews received 1,333 each; Stephen V. Harkness received 1,334; Jennings received 1,000; and the firm of Rockefeller, Andrews & Flagler received 1,000.
Jennings served as a director of Standard Oil of Ohio and then as a trustee of the Standard Oil Trust that resulted from the company's reorganization in 1882.

## Personal life

On December 13, 1854, he married Esther Judson Goodsell (1828–1908) in Fairfield. Her younger sister, Almira Geraldine Goodsell, was the wife of Standard Oil co-founder William Rockefeller, Jr. Together, Oliver and Esther had five children:
* Annie Burr Jennings (1855–1939), a philanthropist.
* Walter Jennings (1858–1933), the director of Standard Oil Company of New Jersey and president of the Jekyll Island Club from 1927 until 1933.
* Helen Goodsell Jennings (1860–1946), who married Dr. Walter Belknap James (1858–1927), president of the Jekyll Island Club from 1919 until 1927.
* Emma Brewster Jennings (1861–1942), who married Hugh Dudley Auchincloss, Sr. (1858–1913).
* Oliver Gould Jennings (1865–1936), who married Mary Dows Brewster (b. 1871), daughter of Benjamin Brewster and Elmina Hersey Dows.
Jennings died in 1893 at his residence in New York City. His estate amounted to US$10,000,000 (equivalent to $349,962,963 in 2024), which he left entirely to his family.

### Descendants

Jennings's grandchildren include businessman Benjamin Brewster Jennings (1898–1968) and stockbroker Hugh Dudley Auchincloss, Jr. (1897–1976), who married Janet Lee Bouvier. and Anne Burr Auchincloss, who married Wilmarth S. Lewis and spent her fortune to setting up the Lewis Walpole Library at Yale University, devoted to the life and works of Horace Walpole, the builder of Strawberry Hill House.
# Aladakatti (K.Y.)

Aladakatti (K.Y.) is a village in Belgaum district in the southern state of Karnataka, India.
# Horrie Stevens

Horace Henry Stevens (20 October 1912 – 14 January 1940) was an Australian rules footballer who played with North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL). He drowned in the Yarra River at the age of 27.
# Siyah Nab

Siyah Nab (Persian: سيه ناب) is a village in Mehranrud-e Markazi Rural District of the Central District in Bostanabad County, East Azerbaijan province, Iran.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 843 in 184 households. The following census in 2011 counted 826 people in 200 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 826 people in 223 households.
# Kostas Salapasidis

Kostas Salapasidis (born 1 July 1978) is an Australian former soccer player.

## Club career

Started a professional soccer career with Adelaide City in Australian National Soccer League. A striker with a good eye for goal, he played for Wollongong City FC, SD Compostela and Parramatta Power.

## International career

Salapasidis represented Australia under-20 in the 1997 FIFA World Youth Championship in Malaysia. He started in all three group games against Canada, Hungary, and Argentina, scoring all four goals in the 4–3 win against Argentina that secured qualification to the Round of 16. He started the Round of 16 match against Japan, a game Australia lost 1–0.

## Honours

Australia U-20
* OFC U-19 Men's Championship: 1997
# Conrad the Corsair

Conrad the Corsair is an 1824 oil painting by the French artist Horace Vernet. Inspired by Lord Byron's 1814 poem The Corsair it depicts Conrad, a pirate notorious across the Aegean Sea seated in a cave as two of his men approach. Along with Walter Scott, Byron was a popular literary source for younger French painters, particularly those in the romantic movement. Vernet was the first French artist to depict scenes from Byron's works.
Today it is in the collection of the Wallace Collection in London, having been acquired by the Marquess of Hertford in 1860.