OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Diskworld

Diskworld (ISSN 0899-4838) was a disk magazine for the Apple Macintosh computer system, published by Softdisk beginning in 1988. It was a sister publication of Softdisk for the Apple II, Loadstar for the Commodore 64, and Big Blue Disk for the IBM PC. Diskworld ceased publication in 1998.

## Overview

Diskworld was originally designed and created by Sean Golden (Managing Editor), Jeff Billings (Senior Programmer) and Lynda Fowler (Junior Programmer). Sean Golden wrote the original Diskworld "shell" program which provided access to the monthly disk contents. He also wrote most of the editorial content each month. Jeff Billings and Lynda Fowler developed monthly productivity, utility or game programs which were published on the disk. Jeff and Lynda also provided some editorial content, and Sean also contributed programs. Freelance programmers also provided content for a fee. The product was broken down into editorials, articles, reviews, artwork and software, all presented with the custom "shell" program which allowed users to run the disk without having to swap out system disks on the original Macintosh. The early issues were published on 400K disks, but moved to 800K disks when the 400K disks become obsolete.
Eventually it was possible to produce a version of the "shell" program that did not carry a duplicate version of the Mac OS when hard drives became commonplace. That allowed for more content to be published on each disk. Jeff Billings left the company and Lynda Fowler became Senior Programmer. When Sean Golden was promoted to Softdisk Publishing, Inc. Publisher, Lynda Fowler became Managing Editor of Diskworld.
Later, Diskworld was renamed Softdisk for Mac, but it ceased publication in 1998 along with the other disk magazines published by Softdisk (other than Loadstar, which broke off as an independent company and continued into the 2000s) as the company moved more into Internet development.
# Gillingham Bridge

Gillingham Bridge is an 1823 landscape painting by the British artist John Constable. It portrays a scene of the country town of Gillingham in Dorset. It features the old bridge crossing the River Stour (not to be confused with the river of the same name in Constable's native Suffolk) by the town with church tower of St Mary the Virgin in the background. Constable's friend John Fisher held the incumbency of Gillingham and Constable visited him there in 1820. He returned again in 1823 when he painted this work.
Today the painting is in the collection of Tate Britain in Pimlico. Three years later Constable produced Parham Mill, another work inspired by his visit to Gillingham.
# Saulius Pakalniškis

Saulius Pakalniškis (born 15 June 1958 in Staškūniškis, Anykščiai district municipality-21 February 2006) was a Lithuanian zoologist, entomologist and dipterologist (researcher of flies).

## Biography

In 1976, Saulius graduated from Jonava 3rd Middle School in Jonava and in 1985 - Vilnius University, Faculty of Natural Sciences. For a time he worked at Jonava furniture factory, and then served in the Soviet Army. After returning from her, attended preparatory courses, preparing to enroll in the Vilnius University. Viewed nature, vegetation (although it attracted more small fauna). Acquainted with the employees of invertebrate zoology sector at Institute of Zoology and Parasitology.
From 1979 to 1989 he was technician, senior technician, junior research fellow at Institute of Zoology and Parasitology of Lithuanian Academy. From 1990 he was Assistant Research Fellow at Institute of Ecology. In 1994, defended he at Ecology Institute his doctoral thesis about flies. He was a researcher at Institute of Ecology of Vilnius University, member of Lithuanian Entomological Society.
Saulius Pakalniškis first described a new kind of science leafminers: Liriomyza labanoro, Liriomyza lituanica and Pseudonapomyze stanionyteae. He described the Lithuanian mining dipteran insect fauna. Wrote the book "Plants insects discriminatory manner" (1985, With other authors. Publications "Žuvintas reserve" (1993, in Russian), The Lithuanian state reserves of flora and fauna" (1997) with others. He published research articles and participated in a number of scientific expeditions in Lithuania, Latvia, Belarus and other countries.
# Edward McKeever

Edward Clark Timothy McKeever (August 25, 1910 – September 13, 1974) was an American football player, coach, and executive. He served as the head football coach at the University of Notre Dame (1944) and Cornell University (1945–1946) and the University of San Francisco (1947), compiling a career college football record of 25–12–1.
A native of Texas, McKeever originally attended Notre Dame in 1930 and 1931 and transferred to Texas Tech University, where he played football from 1932 to 1934. He launched his coaching career in 1935 as backfield coach at Texas Tech, where he remained through 1938. In 1939 and 1940, McKeever was on Frank Leahy's staff at Boston College. He came to Notre Dame along with Leahy in 1941 and served as an assistant through 1943, and was named interim head coach in 1944 when Leahy entered the United States Navy. McKeever gained a spot in the Notre Dame record books by presiding over the worst defeat in school history, a 59–0 rout by Army. In 1945, McKeever moved on to Cornell as head coach, where he remained for two seasons. In 1947, he became head coach at the University of San Francisco and the following season served as head coach of the Chicago Rockets of the All-America Football Conference In 1949, he joined the staff at Louisiana State University. He left coaching in 1951 to become the executive director of the Associated General Contractors of Louisiana. He was also a scout for the New York Giants. In 1960, he became general manager of the Boston Patriots of the American Football League. In 1964, the position of general manager was eliminated and McKeever's duties were assumed by head coach Mike Holovak. McKeever returned to his home in Baton Rouge, Louisiana and scouted southeastern colleges for the Patriots until 1971.
McKeever died on September 13, 1974.

## Head coaching record
### College

| Year | Team | Overall | AP$^#$ |
| Notre Dame Fighting Irish (Independent) (1944) |||||||
| 1944 | Notre Dame | 8–2 | 9 |
| Notre Dame: | Notre Dame: | 8–2 | |
| Cornell Big Red (Independent) (1945–1946) |||||||
| 1945 | Cornell | 5–4 | |
| 1946 | Cornell | 5–3–1 | |
| Cornell: | Cornell: | 10–7–1 | |
| San Francisco Dons (Independent) (1947) |||||||
| 1947 | San Francisco | 7–3 | |
| San Francisco: | San Francisco: | 7–3 | |
| Total: | Total: | 25–12–1 | |
| $^#$Rankings from final AP Poll. |||||||
# Siege of Kalinjar

The siege of Kalinjar was a military expedition conducted by the Ghurid Empire under the leadership of Qutb-ud-din Aibak and Iltutmish against the Chandelas of Jejakabhukti in 1203. During this campaign, the Ghurids successfully captured the Kalinjar fortress after laying siege to it. The Ghurid forces emerged victorious, defeating the Chandelas, and the Chandela ruler Paramardi surrendered Kalinjar to the Ghurids.

## Background

Kalinjar served as the political capital of the Chandelas of Jejakabhukti. It faced an invasion by Prithviraj Chauhan of the Chauhan Dynasty in 1183. However, following Prithviraj's demise after the Second Battle of Tarain, the Chandelas reclaimed their dominance over Kalinjar. The Chandela dynasty was ruled by Paramardi, its last major king.
In 1202–1203, Qutb-uddin Aibak, along with his fellow commander Iltutmish, led an expedition towards Kalinjar. His forces defeated the Chandela army and captured Kalinjar. Although Paramardi surrendered and agreed to pay tribute, he passed away before fulfilling his commitments.

## Aftermath

The Ghurids were unable to maintain control over Kalanjara for long. Paramardi's son, Trailokyavarman, also known as Trailokyamalla, defeated the Ghurids at Kakadadaha (modern-day Kakadwa) sometime before 1205 and regained all territories, including Kalanjara. His inscriptions, dated from 1205 to 1241, confirm that his kingdom included areas such as Lalitpur, Chattarpur State, Panna State, Ajaigarh State, and Rewah State. In 1211-1212, he conquered Rewah in Baghelkhand and likely the entire Dahala-matidala region from the Kalachuri ruler Vijayasirhha. Malik Nusrat-ud-din Tayasal, a general under Iltutmish, led an invasion of Kalanjara during the reign of Mamluk Sultanate, acquiring significant wealth through the plundering of the townships within the region.
# 1989 in the Palestinian territories

Events in the year 1989 in Palestine.

## Incumbents

* President of Palestine – Yasser Arafat (starting 2 April)
* Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization – Yasser Arafat

## Events

* 2 January – Rwanda recognizes the State of Palestine.
* 4 February – Ethiopia and Iran recognizes the State of Palestine.
* 8 March – PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat visits Pakistan and lays the cornerstone for a Palestinian embassy in Islamabad.
* 21 March – 1989 Tel Aviv stabbing attack: A knife-wielding Palestinian Arab attacks Israeli civilians at random in Tel Aviv, killing two and wounding a third.
* 2 April –
** 1989 Palestinian presidential election: The Central Council of the Palestine National Council, the governing body of the PLO, elects Yasser Arafat as President of Palestine.
** 1989 Palestinian presidential inauguration: Yasser Arafat assumes office as the first president of the State of Palestine, the same day he was elected.
* 10 April – Lone gunman wearing an Israeli army-issue uniform shot down four Arabs outside Jerusalem's Old City with a sub-machine gun. Sicarii claims responsibility for the shooting.
* 3 May – Hamas; Kidnapping and murder of Avi Sasportas and Ilan Saadon.
* 12 May – Benin, Equatorial Guinea, and Kenya recognizes the State of Palestine.
* 19 May – First Intifada: The Palestinian leader Ahmed Yassin, the founder and spiritual leader of Hamas, was arrested by Israel. Yassin was later on sentenced to life imprisonment for his involvement in attacks against Israelis.
* 6 July – Tel Aviv Jerusalem bus 405 attack: The first Palestinian Arab suicide attack is carried out inside Israel's borders on a crowded Egged bus when a Palestinian Islamic Jihad member seizes the steering wheel from the driver and pulls the bus over a steep precipice into a ravine in the area of Qiryat Ye'arim. 16 passengers are killed.
* 21 August – Vanuatu recognizes the State of Palestine.
* 4 September – The Philippines recognizes the State of Palestine. 86 countries recognized the State of Palestine by the end of 1989 which is now counted as 89 countries due to the 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union and the 1992 dissolution of Czechoslovakia.
* 21 September – Palestinian president Yasser Arafat holds a press conference with Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak, after having a meeting with him, where he endorses open talks with Israel, urges citizens to resist the most recent crackdown on Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, and answers and debates with Israeli journalists.
# Dargāh of Shaykh Kamāl al-Dīn

The Dargāh of Kamāl al-Dīn Chishtī is a tomb located within a walled enclosure with several other tombs in the centre of old Dhar, Madhya Pradesh. Shaykh Kamāl Mālvī or Kamāl al-Dīn arrived in Malwa in the late 13th century and died there in 1331. He was a follower of Farīd al-Dīn Gaṅj-i Shakar (circa 1173–1266 ) and the Chishti saint Nizamuddin Auliya (1238–1325). Some details about Kamāl al-Dīn are recorded in Muḥammad Ghauthi's Azkar-i Abrar, a hagiography of Sufi saints written in 1613. The cloak presented to Kamāl al-Dīn by Nizam al-Dīn is still displayed inside the tomb. The custodians of the tomb, Kamāl al-Dīn's direct descendants, have served continuously for 700 years.

## Architecture

The original tomb from the 14th century was supplemented by the Sultans of Malwa in the 15th century, at which time a surrounding wall and gatehouse were added. Inside the gatehouse under the dome is a long Persian language inscription, according to which the shrine was enlarged to accommodate poor and needy pilgrims and pious men in AH 861 (1456-57 CE). The shrine proper was refurbished in the 20th century.

## History

The economic and social histories of the Dargāh are told by a series of documents daing from the 17th century to the 20th. These have been digitized in a project carried out under the auspices of the French Institute of Pondicherry, funded by the Endangered Archives Programme at the British Library. All the documents are visible online.
# Clinton, Nebraska

Clinton is a village in Sheridan County, Nebraska, United States. The village was named for Clinton, Iowa. The population was 41 at the 2010 census.

## History

Clinton got its start in the 1880s when the Fremont, Elkhorn, & Missouri Valley Railroad was extended there, but the town was not incorporated as a village until 1920.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.09 square miles (0.23 km$^2$), all land.

## Demographics
### 2010 census

As of the census of 2010, there were 41 people, 19 households, and 13 families residing in the village. The population density was 455.6 inhabitants per square mile (175.9/km$^2$). There were 21 housing units at an average density of 233.3 per square mile (90.1/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the village was 75.6% White, 2.4% African American, 2.4% Native American, and 19.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.4% of the population.
There were 19 households, of which 15.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.4% were married couples living together, and 31.6% were non-families. 26.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 21.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.16 and the average family size was 2.62.
The median age in the village was 55.5 years. 14.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 2.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 17% were from 25 to 44; 21.9% were from 45 to 64; and 43.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 53.7% male and 46.3% female.

### 2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 30 people, 16 households, and 11 families residing in the village. The population density was 319.7 inhabitants per square mile (123.4/km$^2$). There were 17 housing units at an average density of 181.1 per square mile (69.9/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the village was 96.67% White, and 3.33% from two or more races.
There were 16 households, out of which 6.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.3% were married couples living together, 12.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.3% were non-families. 31.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.88 and the average family size was 2.27.
In the village, the population was spread out, with 6.7% under the age of 18, 3.3% from 18 to 24, 26.7% from 25 to 44, 26.7% from 45 to 64, and 36.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 56 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.0 males.
As of 2000 the median income for a household in the village was $40,000, and the median income for a family was $41,250. Males had a median income of $26,250 versus $22,500 for females. The per capita income for the village was $22,977. None of the population and none of the families were below the poverty line.
# Helga Liné

Helga Lina Stern (born 14 July 1932), known as Helga Liné (pronounced), is a German-born Spanish film actress, model, and former vedette. She was a star of the horror genre during the 1960's and '70s, and gained the reputation of a scream queen.

## Early life

Liné was born Helga Lina Stern on 14 July 1932 in Berlin, into a circus family. When she was still very young, her family emigrated to Portugal to escape the Nazi regime. She began her performing arts career at the age of 8 in her family's circus acts, as an acrobat and contortionist.

## Career

After winning a beauty contest, Liné made her film debut at the age of 13 in the Spanish-Portuguese co-production La mantilla de Beatriz (1946). As a young adult she worked professionally as a model, showgirl, and vedette, working variously in Portugal, Spain, and Brazil.
In the 1950s she made further film appearances, but her career took off after she moved to Madrid in 1960. From this point, the red-headed actress made many appearances in the 1960s, particularly in horror and action films. She also starred in the spaghetti westerns In a Colt's Shadow (1965) and Have a Good Funeral, My Friend... Sartana Will Pay (1970). Although she appeared in giallo films such as So Sweet... So Perverse (1969), My Dear Killer (1972), Alta tensión (1972) and Red Rings of Fear (1978), she is best known for her horror film work. She appeared opposite Barbara Steele in Nightmare Castle (1965), and then starred as the spy Natasha in the Gothic feature Horror Express (1972), in the title role in The Loreley's Grasp, aka When the Screaming Stops (1973), as a vampire countess in the erotic film The Vampires Night Orgy (1973), and as the leader of a Satanic cult in Black Candles (1982). She also starred opposite Spanish horror actor Paul Naschy in Horror Rises from the Tomb and The Mummy's Revenge in 1973, and appeared in the 1974 Peter Fonda film Open Season.
Later she would go on to work under Pedro Almodóvar in films such as Labyrinth of Passion in 1982 and Law of Desire in 1986. She also took part in the popular Spanish TV series Verano azul in the early eighties, as a secondary character.
# 2018 in Iraq

Events in the year 2018 in Iraq.

## Incumbents

* Presidents: Fuad Masum (until 2 October) Barham Salih (since 2 October)
* Prime Minister: Haider al-Abadi, Adil Abdul-Mahdi
* Vice President: Nouri al-Maliki, Usama al-Nujayfi, Ayad Allawi

## Events

* 15 January – Iraq's Ministry of Health reported that 27 people were killed and 64 injured by a double suicide bombing in central Baghdad. Although there were no immediate claims of responsibility, it was reported that such attacks had usually been the work of Islamic State in the past, and that elements of the group were still active north of the city despite the government's claim of victory in December 2017. Two days later (on Wednesday January 17, 2018) Islamic State "claimed responsibility for the twin suicide bombings in Baghdad this week", though the New York Times suggested that the delay, and a number of errors in the claim, may show that the group's "media apparatus has been disrupted".
* 12 April – 2018 Asdira funeral bombing killed 25 people and wounded 18 others. The attack took place at a funeral for Iraqi fighters who had been killed by IS.
* 14 July – Internet service was cut off in Baghdad, Najaf and Basra following anti-government protests in several cities.
* 16 August – 27 September – deaths of the "Thursday victims", Rafif al-Yasiri (plastic surgeon 16 August), Rasha al-Hassan (beautician 23 August), Suʽad al-ʽAli (activist 25 September), and Tara Fares (model 27 September), prominent women to die under uncertain circumstances. Their deaths were linked together by acting Prime minister Haider al-Abadi, despite little connection between the victims.

## Deaths

* 2 January – Ali Kadhim, footballer (b. 1949).
* 12 February– Kamal al-Hadithi, poet (b. 1939).
* 18 May – Iyad Futayyih, military officer (b. 1942)
* 27 September – Tara Fares, Iraqi model and beauty blogger (b. 1996)
# Mariya Polyakova

Mariya Polyakova (born 7 April 1974) is a Ukrainian former volleyball player.
She was part of the Ukraine women's national volleyball team at the 1996 Summer Olympics, and the 1994 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship. On club level she played with Olexandria Bila.

## Clubs

* Olexandria Bila (1994)
# Maurice Gusman

Maurice Gusman (1889 – April 4, 1980) was a Russian-born American millionaire investor and philanthropist. Gusman emigrated to the United States at the age of 14 and became a millionaire by the age of 32 as a real estate developer.

## History

Born in the Russian Empire into a Jewish family, Gusman immigrated to the United States at the age of 14 alone. Gusman began working at the age of 13 to save money for his ticket to the United States and never had a formal education. Gusman arrived in New York through Ellis Island and spent several years in the Lower East Side of Manhattan, working at a drugstore. Within three years of arrival to the United States, he opened his own store but lost it in the financial crisis of 1907. He moved to Akron, Ohio to open another store and made millions in the rubber industry.
Gusman became a millionaire by the age of 32. In 1947, he moved to Miami with his family and began his real estate investment and development.
In 1948, Gusman purchased the Olympia Theater, renovated it and gave it to the City of Miami in 1975. He donated $2.5 mln to the University of Miami for the building of the concert hall that opened on January 31, 1975 at the Frost School of Music.
# Calceolaria Herbeohybrida Group

Calceolaria Herbeohybrida Group, also called Calceolaria ×herbeohybrida Voss, is a cultivar group of hybrids in the genus Calceolaria, derived from three species from Chile and Argentina, C. crenatiflora, C. corymbosa and C. cana.
Calceolaria Herbeohybrida Group hybrids are usually 30–45 cm (12 to 18 in) tall, sometimes smaller. They have soft stems and flowers can vary from yellow to red. There are many cultivars including 'Gold Fever' with yellow flowers, 'Jewel Cluster' early flowering with mixed colours, 'Sunset Mixed' with orange to red flowers, and 'Sunshine' with yellow flowers. Similar to a poinsettia, Calceolaria Herbeohybrida Group is sold at florist shops and kept in the house until it finishes blooming. It will rarely rebloom in the house because it needs the higher humidity of a greenhouse environment. It does not like summer heat and needs mild temperatures.
# Louis d'Orléans Showing Off His Mistress

Louis d'Orléans Showing Off His Mistress is an oil painting on canvas produced in 1825–1826 by the French artist Eugène Delacroix, now in the Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum in Madrid. It shows Louis I, Duke of Orléans, his chamberlain Albert Le Flamenc and Mariette d'Enghien, who was both Le Flamenc's wife and the Duke's mistress. The painting draws on an episode recounted in both Prosper de Barante's Histoire des ducs de Bourgogne de la maison de Valois and Brantôme's Vie des dames galantes. It shows strong influence from Rubens and Titian as well as from Richard Parkes Bonington, a British artist with whom he actively swapped ideas and sketches between 1825 and 1828.