OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Cambodian English

Cambodian English is a World English variety spoken in Cambodia. It is used by the media, educated Cambodians, and English language learners.

## History

English was introduced to Cambodia in the 1990s through the presence of the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC). Its usage expanded significantly following Cambodia's 1999 accession to the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). In the mid-2000s, Cambodian scholars such as Keuk Chan Narith and Kao Sophal began to formally identify and analyze the distinct features of Cambodian English.
Initially considered "unintelligible," its intelligibility has improved due to the growth of international school education, particularly among younger generations. Cambodian scholars Chan Hum and Kimkong Heng have observed an increase in children attending international schools in urban areas.
The rapid growth of globalization and technological advancements has further accelerated its adoption, particularly for hand-held devices and social networking. While a Khmer script exists for digital devices, there is a tendency to use audio messages in Khmer rather than typed messages.

## Characteristics

Cambodian English exhibits distinct phonological and morphosyntactic features, influenced by the Khmer language.

### Phonology

* Deletion and insertion of the /s/ sound.
* Dropping of final consonants.
* Simplification of verb endings (-es, -ed).
* Distortion of non-native English sounds.
* Variations in word stress.

### Morphosyntax

* Omission of prepositions and articles.
* Influence of Khmer syntax and word order.
* Use of present tense for past tense.
* Use of singular forms for plurals.
These features were identified by Stephen Moore and Suksiri Bounchan.

## Variations

Transitional Cambodian English (TCE) is a possible emerging standard variation, primarily observed among university students. It is characterized by a blend of American and British English with minimal Khmer linguistic influence, and it was first identified by American scholar Joshua Wilwohl.
A colloquial, non-standard variation, "KhmEnglish", has also been identified.

## Current status and sociolinguistic considerations

English is increasingly used across various domains in Cambodia, including education, business, tourism, technology, and media, leading some scholars to describe it as a "language of transformation." However, the growing prevalence of English raises concerns about potential impacts on Khmer language proficiency and cultural identity.
# List of theaters in Maryland

This page is about theater in Maryland.
List of theatrers in Maryland.

## Professional Theatres

* Adventure Theatre
* Baltimore Theatre Project
* Centerstage
* Chesapeake Shakespeare Company
* Columbia Center for Theatrical Arts
* Cumberland Theatre
* Everyman Theatre
* Hippodrome Theatre
* Imagination Stage
* Maryland Ensemble Theatre
* Maryland Shakespeare Festival
* Olney Theatre Center
* Performance Workshop Theatre
* Perisphere Theater
* Red Branch Theatre Company
* Rep Stage
* Round House Theatre
* Single Carrot Theatre
* Toby's Dinner Theatre

## Fringe Theatres

* Baltimore Rock Opera Society
* Baltimore Shakespeare Factory
* Iron Crow Theatre
* The Rude Mechanicals
* The Strand Theater
* Submersive Productions
* Venus Theatre

## Community Theatres

* Annapolis Summer Garden Theatre
* The Arena Players
* Artistic Synergy of Baltimore
* Bowie Community Theater
* The Colonial Players of Annapolis
* Dundalk Community Theater
* Fells Point Corner Theatre
* Hard Bargain Players
* Laurel Mill Playhouse
* Liberty Showcase Theater
* Milburn Stone Theatre
* Mobtown Players
* New Direction Community Theater
* The Newtowne Players
* Patuxent Playhouse
* Port Tobacco Players
* Potomac Playmakers
* Rockville Little Theater
* September Song Musical Theatre
* Silhouette Stages
* Silver Spring Stage
* Spotlighters Theatre
* Tantallon Players, Fort Washington
* Theatre on The Hill
* Twin Beaches Players, Chesapeake Beach
* Vagabond Players
* Winters Lane Productions
* Way Off Broadway Dinner Theatre & Children's Theatre

## Children's Theatre & Youth Theatres

* Adventure Theatre
* Children's Playhouse of Maryland
* Children's Theater Association
* Drama Learning Center
* Imagination Stage
* Pumpkin Theatre
* The Sky Is The Limit Productions
* Children’s Theatre of Annapolis
* Talent Machine

## Collegiate Educational Theatre

* University of Maryland College Park
* University of Maryland Baltimore County
* Bowie State University
* Loyola College
* Salisbury University
* Towson University
* Goucher College
* St. Mary's College
* Frostburg State University
* Maryland Institute College of Art
* Morgan State University (Theatre Morgan)

## Awards

* Helen Hayes Awards
* Greater Baltimore Theater Awards
* The Cappies in Baltimore, Maryland
# Wiswillani

Wiswillani (Hispanicized spellings Huishuillane, Huishuillani, erroneously also Huishillani) or Q'asa (Quechua for mountain pass, Hispanicized spelling Ccasa) is a mountain in the Andes of Peru, about 5,070.3 metres (16,635 ft) high. It is situated in the Arequipa Region, Caylloma Province, on the border of the districts Tisco and Callalli. The mountain lies south of the lake Samaquta.
By the local people Wiswillani is venerated as an apu.
# Wila Quta (Apurímac-Arequipa)

Wila Quta (Aymara wila blood, blood-red, quta lake, "red lake", also spelled Huilacota) is a mountain in the Wansu mountain range in the Andes of Peru, about 5,100 metres (16,732 ft) high. It is situated in the Apurímac Region, Antabamba Province, Antabamba District, and in the Arequipa Region, La Unión Province, Huaynacotas District. Wila Quta lies west of Taruja Marka and Allqa Walusa and southeast of Wallqa Wallqa.
# Yanajaja (Arequipa)

Yanajaja (possibly from Quechua yana black, qaqa rock, "black rock") is a 5,173-metre-high (16,972 ft) mountain in the west of the Chila mountain range in the Andes of Peru. It is located in the Arequipa Region, Castilla Province, Chachas District. Yanajaja lies southwest of Cerani at a lake named Cochapunco.
# Yanawara (Arequipa)

Yanawara (Quechua yana black, wara trousers, "black trousers", Hispanicized spelling Yanahuara) is a mountain in the Andes of Peru, about 5,267.2 metres (17,281 ft) high. It is located in the Arequipa Region, Castilla Province, on the border of the districts Andagua, Ayo and Machaguay. Yanawara lies south-west of P'aqu Urqu and north of Qullpa, Yanqha and Yana Urqu (Quechua for "black mountain", Hispanicized Yana Orcco).
# Yanqha

Yanqha (Aymara for bad, Quechua yanqha, yanqa, useless, trivial, unimportant, Hispanicized spelling Yancca) is a mountain in the Andes of Peru, about 5,200 metres (17,060 ft) high. It is situated in the Arequipa Region, Castilla Province, on the border of the districts Ayo and Uñón. Yanqha lies south of the mountains Yanawara and Yana Urqu (Quechua for "black mountain", Hispanicized Yana Orcco) and north of the mountain Qullpa.
# Park McArthur

Park McArthur (born 1984, North Carolina, USA) is a conceptual artist living in New York City who works in sculpture, installation, text, and sound. McArthur is a wheelchair user whose work uses this position to inform her art.

## Early life and education

McArthur received her B.A. from Davidson College in 2006. She then graduated with a Masters in Fine Art from the University of Miami in 2009 and studied at the Whitney Museum of American Art's Independent Study Program, 2011–2012. She also attended the Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture in 2012.

## Work

About McArthur's 2014 exhibition Ramps, wherein the artist exhibited the wheelchair ramps of institutions with which she had previously worked, writer Andrew Blackley said, "The exhibition displayed the means by which institutions both produce and deny access. Each ramp challenged reappraisal and reinforced a set of past and future foreclosures. ‘Ramps’ enlisted generative, generous responses to the negativity of the institution, to the point of engendering the reproduction of those very negative characteristics (by removing the objects’ previously assumed ‘function’). By extension, at stake and always under threat are the threaded relationships between queerness and disability, the breakdown of their concomitant binaries and the temporality of care."
In 2015, McArthur addressed Felix Gonzalez-Torrez's "Untitled" (Love Letter From the War Front) in Whitney Museum of American Art, Lower Manhattan, New York.
McArthur's work has been described as questioning of "care alongside questions of autonomy and dependency" in regards to the daily experience of disabled individuals. McArthur uses her work to challenge the status quo and give those who are usually marginalized by societal structures a voice. Her choice of medium are sculptures and installations that "conceptually driven and often composed of utilitarian materials such as blocks of foam or a Wikipedia entry." Her works elicit an “experience of activism and jerry-built ingenuity.”

## Other activities

In 2022, McArthur was a member of the jury that selected LaToya Ruby Frazier as recipient of the Carnegie Prize.

## Recognition

In 2014, McArthur won the Wynn Newhouse Award, an annual prize given to disabled artists in recognition of their artistic merit.
In 2015, McArthur was an Artadia Awardee.
in 2024, McArthur was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in Fine Arts.

## Notable solo exhibitions

* "Projects 195: Park MacArthur", MoMA, New York, New York (2018)
* "New Work: Park MacArthur", SFMOMA, San Francisco (2017)
* "Poly", Chisenhale Gallery, London (2016)
* Yale Union, Portland, Oregon (2014)
* "Passive Vibration Isolation", Lars Friedrich, Berlin, Germany (2014)
* "Ramps", Essex Street, New York, New York (2014)

## Selected group exhibitions

* "2017 Whitney Biennial," Whitney Museum of American Art, New York (2017)
* "Incerteza viva: 32nd Bienal de São Paulo", São Paulo, Brazil (2016)
* "Greater New York", MoMA PS1, Long Island City, New York (2015)
# Orientation (EP)

Orientation is Sonata Arctica's second EP, released on 22 August 2001 through the label Spinefarm Records.

## Track list

All tracks are written by Tony Kakko

## Personnel

* Tony Kakko – Vocals
* Jani Liimatainen – Guitar
* Marko Paasikoski – Bass guitar
* Mikko Härkin – Keyboards
* Tommy Portimo – Drums
Mixed by Mikko Karmila at Finnvox Studios and mastered by Mika Jussila at Finnvox Studios.
# Mihai Balan

Mihai Balan (born 15 February 1954) is a Moldovan diplomat. He was the ambassador of the Republic of Moldova to Israel in January–October 2012, and prior to this was ambassador of Moldova to Greece and Cyprus (2010 – 2011). Bălan was the Foreign Policy Advisor to the President of Moldova (December 15, 2009 - August 2010).

## Early life and education

Mihai Balan was born on 15 February 1954 in the village Trebujeni, Orhei district, Moldavian SSR of the Soviet Union. In 1972–1974, carried out the compulsory military service. In 1974–1979, he studied at the Moldova State University, Faculty of Philology (Romanian language and literature, Journalism specialty).

## Career

From 1979 to 1980, he was the deputy chairperson of the Trade Union Committee of the Moldova State University, then, in 1980-1984 he was the chairperson of the trade union committee. In the same years (1980-1984), he was a lecturer at the journalism faculty of the Moldova State University in Chișinău. Between 1984 and 1990, he was a councilor and head of division within the Party (in Chișinău).
From 1990 to 1994, he worked at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Moldova:
* 1990-1992 - Head of the Division at the Financial and Administrative Directorate,
* 1992-1993 - Deputy Head of the Consular Department,
* 1993-1994 - Head of the Consular Department.
In 1992, he held the diplomatic courses at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Romania, and in 1994, he held diplomatic courses at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. From 1994 to 1995 he worked as a Business Advisor, at the Embassy of the Republic of Moldova in Israel, and from 1995 to 2001, he was Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Ambassador of the Republic of Moldova in Israel. In 2001 by 2005, Mihai Bălan returned to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, being head of the Consular General Directorate. From January to May 2002, he studied at the George Marshal Center for Security Studies, Garmisch, Germany. Between 2006 and 2008, he worked in the private sector. From 2009 until 2010 he was the Counselor of the President of the Republic of Moldova Mihai Ghimpu on issues related to the foreign policy and European integration. In the period 2010 to 2011, he worked as Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Ambassador of the Republic of Moldova at the Hellenic Republic and the Republic of Cyprus, Vlad Lupan replaced him as Foreign Policy Advisor to the President of Moldova. In January–October 2012 he served as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Moldova in Israel. On 25 October 2012, by the Decision of the Parliament of the Republic of Moldova Nr. 224, with the vote of 60 MPs, was appointed as the Director of the Information and Security Service of the Republic of Moldova.

## Personal life

Mihai Bălan is married to television star Ludmila Bălan, with whom he has two children: the singer Dan Bălan and television presenter Sanda Bălan. Besides the fact that his mother's native language is Romanian, Mihai Bălan also speaks English and Russian.
# Viljami Jokiranta

Viljami Jokiranta (born 23 July 2006) is a Finnish professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Ykkösliiga side Lahti.

## Career

Jokiranta moved to Lahti and joined FC Lahti organisation from PEPO Lappeenranta in July 2022. He debuted in Veikkausliiga with FC Lahti first team on 24 July 2022, becoming the youngest player ever to debut for the club, at the age of 16 years and one day.
# Ângelo de Sousa

Ângelo César Cardoso de Sousa (2 February 1938 – 29 March 2011) was a Portuguese painter, sculptor, draftsman and professor, better known for continuously experimenting with new techniques in his works. He was seen as a scholar of light and colour who explored minimalism in new radical ways.
He was born in Lourenço Marques (now Maputo) in 1938 and in 1955 he moved to Porto where he enrolled in the School of Fine Artes. It was there that he received his degree in painting with the highest mark, 20. His academic excellence led him, along with Armando Alves, Jorge Pinheiro and José Rodrigues, to become part of a group known as "Os Quatro Vintes" (Portuguese for "The Four Twenties").
Ângelo de Sousa lived and worked in Porto, where he lectured in the School of Fine Arts (now the Faculty of Fine Arts of the University of Porto) from 1962 until 2000, when he retired as a Full Professor. Prior to teaching, de Sousa had his first solo exhibition in 1959 and since then his works have been shown worldwide.
In 1975 he received the International Prize of the 13th São Paulo Art Biennial and in 2007 the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation presented him with the Gulbenkian Prize.
Some of his drawings illustrate books by Eugénio de Andrade, Maria Alzira Seixo, Mário Cláudio, Fiama Hasse Pais Brandão, amongst others.
He died in his home, at the age of 73, after battling with cancer for several months.
# Yuaytacondorsenja

Yuaytacondorsenja (possibly from Quechua wayta crest; wild flower; the whistling of the wind, kuntur condor, sinqa nose,) is a 5,345-metre-high (17,536 ft) mountain in the Chila mountain range in the Andes of Peru . It is located in the Arequipa Region, Castilla Province, Chachas District. Yuaytacondorsenja lies northwest of Chila and Chila Pillune. It is situated at the end of a valley named Puncuhuaico (possibly from Quechua for p'unqu pond, dam, wayq'u valley or stream). Its stream flows to Chachas Lake.
# Alcoa Care-free Home

Alcoa Care-free Home is a historic home located at Brighton in Monroe County, New York. It was designed by Charles M. Goodman (1906–1992) and is one of 24 Alcoa Care-free Homes listed in their sales brochure of 1957 that were built for a demonstration project and the only one located New York State. It is a one-story, Ranch-style house with 1,900 square feet (180 m$^2$) of living space, a carport, and a full basement. It is 91 feet (28 m) long and 36 feet (11 m) wide. It is of post and beam construction with a shallow pitched, side gabled roof. It features end walls constructed completely of plate glass framed by aluminum and supported by wood columns that are clad in aluminum.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.
# Isobutyraldehyde

Isobutyraldehyde is the chemical compound with the formula (CH$_3$)$_2$CHCHO. It is an aldehyde, isomeric with n-butyraldehyde (butanal). Isobutyraldehyde is made, often as a side-product, by the hydroformylation of propene. Its odour is described as that of wet cereal or straw. It undergoes the Cannizzaro reaction even though it has alpha hydrogen atom. It is a colorless volatile liquid.

## Synthesis

Isobutyraldehyde is produced industrially by the hydroformylation of propene. Several million tons are produced annually.

### Biological routes

In the context of butanol fuel, isobutyraldehyde is of interest as a precursor to isobutanol. E. coli as well as several other organisms has been genetically modified to produce isobutanol. α-Ketoisovalerate, derived from oxidative deamination of valine, is prone to decarboxylation to give isobutyraldehyde, which is susceptible to reduction to the alcohol:
    (CH$_3$)$_2$CHC(O)CO$_2$H → (CH$_3$)$_2$CHCHO + CO$_2$
    (CH$_3$)$_2$CHCHO + NADH + H$^+$ → (CH$_3$)$_2$CHCH$_2$OH + NAD$^+$
It can also be produced using engineered bacteria.

### Other routes

Strong mineral acids catalyse the rearrangement of methallyl alcohol to isobutyraldehyde.

## Reactions

Hydrogenation of the aldehyde gives isobutanol. Oxidation gives methacrolein or methacrylic acid. Condensation with formaldehyde gives hydroxypivaldehyde. The latter is a precursor to vitamin B5.
# Maude Abbott Medical Museum

The Maude Abbott Medical Museum (French: Musée Médical Maude Abbott) is a medical museum located at McGill University in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The museum is named after Canadian doctor Maude Abbott, who served as its curator in the late 19th century.

## History

The museum originally consisted of collections of "interesting specimens," owned by university professors. In the late 19th century, the collection included dissection room specimens from the collection of F.J. Shepherd, skeletons, bones, and models made of papier-mâché, wax, and plaster. William Osler donated almost 500 post-mortem specimens. The specimens came from the Université de Montréal Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and the Montreal General Hospital. Wyatt Johnson also contributed to the collection. The museum was curated by a junior faculty member. In 1894, the museum was located in two rooms at the medical building. In 1898, Maude Abbott became assistant curator of the museum. She is credited with organizing the collection via catalogue system. In 1899, she was named curator.

## Collection
### The Osler Collection

The Osler collection once consisted of 180 specimens by 1899, though only about 130 remained by 1935.

### The Abbott Collection

The Maude Abbott collection consists of specimens from animals and humans with cardiovascular anomalies.
# Ralph Marcus

Ralph Marcus (August 17, 1900 – December 25, 1956) was an American classical philologist and historian of Hellenistic Judaism and the Second Temple period. He is most known for his Loeb Classical Library translations of works of the Jewish authors Josephus and Philo of Alexandria from Koine Greek and Classical Armenian into English.

## Biography

Ralph Marcus was born on August 17, 1900, in San Francisco. His father was Moses Marcus, a Talmudic scholar, and his mother was Selma Marcus, née Neufeld. After the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, his family moved to New York. Marcus studied at Columbia University and received his BA, Masters, and PhD there. He finished his doctorate in 1927, with his dissertation being "Law in the Apocrypha". In addition to his studies at Columbia, Marcus also worked and studied with Harry Austryn Wolfson at Harvard from 1925–1927, one of the premier scholars of Hellenic Judaism and Philo of Alexandria of the era.
After attaining his doctorate, he acquired a teaching position at Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion, a seminary of Reform Judaism in New York. He would teach there from 1927–1943, and acquired a professorship in philology in 1935. He also worked as a lecturer at Columbia, his alma mater. In 1943, he left New York for Chicago and joined the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago as an associate professor of Hellenistic culture. He became a full professor there in 1950. In the academic year 1954/55, he served as a visiting professor at Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt.
Marcus died of a heart attack on December 25, 1956, in Chicago.

## Work

Marcus's most notable achievements were landmark translations for the Loeb Classical Library of the works of Philo of Alexandria and Flavius Josephus. The first five volumes of Josephus's Jewish Antiquities had been translated for Loeb by Henry St. John Thackeray in the 1920s, but Thackeray died in 1930. Marcus was called upon to complete the sixth volume, as well as perform further Loeb translations of volumes 7–17. (Allen Wikgren finished 16–17 that Marcus had started before his death, and Louis H. Feldman would translate volumes 18–20 of the mammoth work.) For Philo, Marcus translated "Questions and Answers on Genesis and Exodus" despite much of the work only existing in an Armenian language translation; his attempts at reconstructing the original Greek from the Armenian were lauded.
Toward the end of his life, Marcus contributed to academic study of the Dead Sea Scrolls, a cache of scriptures of the Essenes found in the late 1940s that greatly expanded knowledge of Hellenistic and Roman era Judaism.
Marcus served as an associate editor of the Journal of Biblical Literature and various other journals during his career.
# Yevhen Lutsenko

Yevhen Valentynovych Lutsenko (born 10 November 1980) is a Ukrainian former professional footballer who played as a midfielder, and now a manager, currently working in Fratria as youth coach and assistant.

## Club career

Lutsenko began playing in the Dynamo Kyiv football school, before moving to Belgium to continue his training with R.S.C. Anderlecht. In 1999, he moved to the Swiss Super League to play with Lausanne Sports. He helped the team finish second in his first year there. In 2002, with the team relegated, he moved to play in the Russian Premier League with Dynamo Moscow. After a single season there he moved to another Russian club, Shinnik Yaroslav, before returning to Ukraine to join Chornomorets Odesa for the 2004–05 season. The following season he played 21 games and scored 1 goal, helping the team finish third in the league. After another season in Odesa he moved to Zorya Luhansk in the winter transfer window of the 2006–07 season. He returned to Chornomorets Odesa on 8 August 2008.

## International career

Lutsenko was capped by the Ukraine national team on two occasions.
# Ghulam Mohammed Abdul Khader

Ghulam Mohammed Abdul Khader was the seventh Prince of Arcot. He was the son of Ghulam Mohiuddin Khan, the sixth Prince of Arcot.

## Biography

He held the title from 1969, until his death 1993. He was succeeded by Muhammed Abdul Ali who succeeded as the titular head of the family.