OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Critical distance (animals)

Critical distance for an animal is the distance a human or an aggressor animal has to approach in order to trigger a defensive attack of the first animal.
The concept was introduced by Swiss zoologist Heini Hediger in 1954, along with other space boundaries for an animal, such as flight distance (run boundary), critical distance (attack boundary), personal space (distance separating members of non-contact species, as a pair of swans), and social distance (intraspecies communication distance).
Hediger developed and applied these distance concepts in the context of designing zoos.
As the critical distance is smaller than the flight distance, there are only a few scenarios in the wild when the critical distance may be encroached. As an example, critical distance may be reached if an animal noticed an intruder too late or the animal was "cornered" to a place of no escape.
Edward T. Hall, a cultural anthropologist, reasoned that in humans the flight distance and critical distance have been eliminated in human reactions, and thus proceeded to determine modified criteria for space boundaries in human interactions.
# Le Chevalier Du Labyrinthe

Le Chevalier du labyrinthe (French for The Knight of the Labyrinth) was a French game show that aired for 104 episodes from 1990-1991 on Antenne 2. It was based on the British TV show Knightmare.

## Gameplay

Each episode would feature a team of four children (referred as knights). At the beginning of the game one member of the team would wear a helmet which blocked their vision. That child would then be sent into the labyrinth, a computer-generated maze made by Chromakey technology. The other three teammates acted guides, telling the child in the labyrinth what to do. Contestants would solve puzzles and riddles given by the labyrinth's various characters while accumulating knowledge for the final stage of the game. In the final stage the Knight in the labyrinth would remove their helmet and solve one last puzzle, against a time limit (represented by a bomb fuse). If solved, the contestant could release an enchanted sword and the team would receive a prize (during the first year, a Master System).
If the contestant made a mistake, such as walking into a virtual flame, they would "die". Then another member of the team would enter the labyrinth, wearing the helmet. If three members of the team "died", the team would lose.

## The Prizes

A Sega games console and a Chevalier du Labyrinthe board game.

## The Characters

* Le Maître du Château - The host of the show, whose name means "The Master of the Castle". He would occasionally give the team some advice. He was played by Georges Beller.
* Merlin- A wizard. He is the person that takes the teammates to the final challenge. But only if they answer two questions. He was played by René Lafleur.
* Crom- A monster who lived in the walls. He asked questions to the knights. Voiced by René Lafleur
* Laelith- The female version of Crom. Voiced by Chantal Garrigues.
* Mandragore- A witch, played by Chantal Garrigues.
* Tharock- An evil wizard. He hates Merlin and the Knights. He was played by René Lafleur
* Bouffon- A jester, played by Lionel Muzin.
* Iselle - a princess. She was Played by Véronique Moëst in season one, and Marine Jolivet in season two.
* Velda- A warrior who was also played by Véronique Moëst in season one, and Marine Jolivet in season two.
* Le corbeau - A crow who asked the knights riddles, voiced by Lionel Muzin.
* Tasdos- A skeleton, played by Lionel Muzin.
* Morgane- A fairy. She lets the team see Merlin, if they could correctly answer her questions. She was Played by Véronique Moëst in season one, and Marine Jolivet in season two.

## Merchandise

Milton Bradley made a board game based on the series. An EP that featured music from the show was released.
# Manuel Ferriol

Manuel Ferriol Martínez (born 13 August 1998) is a Spanish footballer who plays as a midfielder who plays for UMF Tindastóll in the 3. deild karla.

## Career
### Youth, College & Amateur

Ferriol played as part of the Levante academy from 2010 to 2016, before moving to the United States to play college soccer at James Madison University in Harrisonburg, Virginia. At James Madison, Ferriol made 64 appearances, scoring 32 goals and tallying 11 assists. In his senior year with the Dukes, Ferriol won accolades such as CAA Player of the Year, All-CAA First Team, ECAC Offensive Player of the Year, USC All-Atlantic Region First Team As a junior he was named USC All-Atlantic Region First Team, Most Outstanding Player of the CAA Tournament and was All-CAA Second Team. In his sophomore year he was All-CAA First Team.
In his senior college year, Ferriol also played with USL League Two side Long Island Rough Riders, scoring 5 goals and tallying 4 assists in 12 games for them.

### MLS SuperDraft

On 9 January 2020, Ferriol was selected 40th overall in the 2020 MLS SuperDraft by FC Dallas. However, he was not signed by the club.

### FC Tucson

On 27 February 2020, Ferriol signed with FC Tucson of USL League One. He made his league debut for the club on 12 September 2020, appearing as a 79th-minute substitute during a 2–0 loss to North Texas SC.
# Messier 108

Messier 108 (also known as NGC 3556, nicknamed the Surfboard Galaxy) is a barred spiral galaxy about 46 million light-years away from Earth in the northern constellation Ursa Major. It was discovered by Pierre Méchain in 1781 or 1782. From the Earth, this galaxy is seen almost edge-on.
This galaxy is an isolated member of the Ursa Major Cluster of galaxies in the local supercluster. It has a morphological classification of type SBbc in the de Vaucouleurs system, which means it is a barred spiral galaxy with somewhat loosely wound arms. The maximum angular size of the galaxy in the optical band is 11′.1 × 4′.6, and it is inclined 75° to the line of sight.
This galaxy has an estimated mass of 125 billion solar masses (M$_☉$) and bears about 290 ± 80 globular clusters. Examination of the distribution of neutral hydrogen in this galaxy shows discrete shells of expanding gas extending for several kiloparsecs, known as H1 supershells. These may be driven by currents of dark matter, dust and gas contributing to large star formation, having caused supernovae explosions. Alternatively they may result from an infall from the intergalactic medium or arise from radio jets.
Observations with the Chandra X-ray Observatory have identified 83 X-ray sources, including a source at the nucleus. The brightest of these is consistent with an intermediate-mass black hole accreting matter. The galaxy is also emitting a diffuse soft X-ray radiation within 2.6 arcminutes of the optical galaxy. The spectrum of the source at the core is consistent with an active galactic nucleus, but an examination with the Spitzer Space Telescope showed no indication of activity. The supermassive black hole at the core has an estimated mass of 24 million solar masses (M$_☉$).

## Supernovae

Three supernovae have been observed in M108:
* SN 1969B (type unknown, mag. 16) was discovered by Paul Wild on 6 February 1969. It reached a brightness of mag. 13.9.
* SPIRITS 16tn was discovered by the Spitzer Space Telescope in August 2016. The supernova was only visible in infrared light, because it was heavily obscured by dust. Its extinction was estimated to be 8–9 mag, making it one of the most heavily obscured supernovae ever observed.
* SN 2023dbc (Type Ic, mag. 17) was discovered by the Zwicky Transient Facility on 13 March 2023. 2023dbc is likely a stripped-envelope supernova as there is no evidence for hydrogen in these spectra beyond narrow emission associated with the underlying HII region. It is among the nearest type Ic supernovae discovered to date.
# Benthall, Northumberland

Benthall is a village in Northumberland, England. It is about 6 km (3.7 mi) south east of Bamburgh, on the North Sea coast, and 1 km (0.6 mi) south east of Beadnell.

## Governance

Benthall is in the parliamentary constituency of Berwick-upon-Tweed.
# La Cantiga del Fuego

La Cantiga del Fuego (literally "the song of fire" in Spanish) is the third studio album by Ana Alcaide, released in November 12, 2012 and sung in both Spanish and Judeo-Spanish.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Ana Alcaide (Beatriz Moreno-Cervera for "El pozo amargo")

## Personnel

Taken from the album's booklet:
* Ana Alcaide - vocals, nyckelharpa, violin, soundscrapes, Celtic harp
* Reza Shayesteh - vocals
* Bill Cooley - psaltery, santur, ud, medieval lute, tar
* Jaime Muñoz - clarinet, diatonic accordion, Turkish ney, kaval, bagpipe, drums
* Rafa del Teso - acoustic guitar, mandola
* Josete Ordoñez - additional acoustic guitar, Spanish guitarrillo
* Renzo Ruggiero - acoustic bass, sound effects, electric bass, hurdy-gurdy
* Dimitri Psonis - Greek lyra, additional santur
* Ido Segal - hansa veena
* Sergey Saprychev - percussion
* Diego López - additional percussion
# Red Velvet videography

The videography of the South Korean group Red Velvet consists of thirty-two music videos and two video albums.
Formed by entertainment company SM Entertainment in August 2014, the group initially consisted of four members; Irene, Seulgi, Wendy and Joy. In March 2015, Yeri joined the group.

## Music videos
### Korean music videos

List of Korean music videos, showing year released, and name of director :
| Title | Year | Director(s) |
| "Happiness" | 2014 | Woogie Kim |
| "Be Natural" | 2014 | Kwon Soon-wook |
| "Automatic" | 2015 | Shin Hee-won |
| "Ice Cream Cake" | 2015 | Woogie Kim |
| "Dumb Dumb" | 2015 | Beomjin (VM Project) |
| "One of These Nights" | 2016 | Shin Hee-won |
| "Russian Roulette" | 2016 | Shin Hee-won |
| "Rookie" | 2017 | Shin Hee-won |
| "Would U" | 2017 | Koh In-gon |
| "Red Flavor" | 2017 | Seong Chang-won |
| "Rebirth" | 2017 | Shindong |
| "Peek-a-Boo" | 2017 | Kim Zi-yong |
| "Bad Boy" | 2018 | Kim Ja-kyeong |
| "I Just" | 2018 | Themselves |
| "Power Up" | 2018 | Kim Ja-kyeong |
| "RBB (Really Bad Boy)" | 2018 | Oui Kim |
| "Zimzalabim" | 2019 | Beomjin (VM Project) |
| "Milkshake" | 2019 | Luxmedia |
| "Umpah Umpah" | 2019 | O (Shin Hee-won) |
| "Psycho" | 2019 | O (Shin Hee-won) |
| "Queendom" | 2021 | 725 (Sl8ight) |
| "Queendom" (Demicat Remix) | 2021 | 725 (Sl8ight) |
| "Bad Boy" (Prep Remix) | 2021 | Un­known |
| "Feel My Rhythm" | 2022 | O (Shin Hee-won) |
| "Birthday" | 2022 | Kim Hyunsoo (Segaji) |
| "Beautiful Christmas" (with Aespa) | 2022 | Un­known |
| "Red Flavor" (Mar Vista Remix) | 2023 | Un­known |
| "Chill Kill" | 2023 | Lee Youngeum (Ogg Visual) |
| "Cosmic" | 2024 | Lee Hye-in (2eehyeinfilm) |

### Japanese music videos

List of Japanese music videos, showing year released, and name of director :
| Title | Year | Director(s) |
| "#Cookie Jar" | 2018 | Oh Ji-won |
| "Sappy" | 2019 | Kim Woo-je |
| "Wildside" | 2022 | VISHOP (Vikings League) |

## Video albums

List of video albums, with selected peak chart positions and sales :
| Title | Details | Peak chart positions | Peak chart positions | Sales |
| Sales ||
| Title | Details | DVD | Blu-ray | Sales |
| Red Velvet 1st Concert "Red Room" in Japan | Released: September 12, 2018 Label: Avex Trax Formats: DVD, Blu-ray | 8 | 15 | JPN: 3,431 |
| Red Velvet 2nd Concert "Redmare" in Japan | Released: July 31, 2019 Label: Avex Trax Formats: DVD, Blu-ray | 12 | 21 | JPN: 2,880 |

## Films

| Title | Year | Role | Notes | Ref. |
| Trolls World Tour | 2020 | K-Pop Gang | Voice role | |

## Television

| Title | Year | Role | Notes | Ref. |
| Descendants of the Sun | 2016 | Themselves | Guest appearance (Episode 16) | |
# Andrés García-Peña

Andrés García-Peña is a Colombian-American neo-expressionist painter living and working in New York City. His paintings revolve around scenes of Colombian cultural heritage. Andrés García-Peña started his career in New York City as a muralist in the East Village, Manhattan art scene of the 1980s. Since then he has lived and worked in Barcelona.

## Background

García-Peña was born in Milan to Colombian parents and moved to New York City at age 2. He was later educated as an artist at Cooper Union College in Greenwich Village. To support his art, he took a second job rowing a gondola in Central Park. García-Peña became known as the "Central Park Gondolier", as he was the last rower working at the Central Park Boathouse. He continued to row after gaining more prominence as an artist.

### Art

García-Peña has exhibited internationally, with solo shows in Mexico, Colombia, Holland, Spain, Sweden and throughout the United States. He continues to work extensively in public art and has recently completed commissions for the Children's Aid Society in New York City. He has worked extensively on paintings depicting the theme of bullfighting from the bull's point of view.
# Masters W80 javelin world record progression

Masters W80 javelin world record progression is the progression of world record improvements of the javelin throw W80 division of Masters athletics. Records must be set in properly conducted, official competitions under the standing IAAF rules unless modified by World Masters Athletics.
The W80 division consists of female athletes who have reached the age of 80 but have not yet reached the age of 85, so exactly from their 80th birthday to the day before their 85th birthday. The W80 division throws a 400 g implement.

## Key

Incomplete information  Pending
| Distance | Athlete | Nationality | Birthdate | Location | Date |
| 27.51 | Evaun B. Williams | Great Britain | 19 December 1937 | Toruń | 27 March 2019 |
| 26.06 | Evaun B. Williams | Great Britain | 19 December 1937 | Málaga | 16 September 2018 |
| 24.65 | Evaun B. Williams | Great Britain | 19 December 1937 | Málaga | 14 September 2018 |
| 22.85 | Evaun B. Williams | Great Britain | 19 December 1937 | Stevenage | 11 June 2018 |
| 21.83 | Rachel Hanssens | Belgium | 6 April 1929 | Nyíregyháza | 15 July 2010 |
| 20.01 | Olga Kotelko | Canada | 2 March 1919 | Nanaimo | 5 August 2000 |
| 19.86 | Johanna Gelbrich | Germany | 19 January 1913 | Miyazaki | 9 October 1993 |
| 17.86 | Irja Sarnama | Finland | 27 September 1905 | | 16 August 1986 |
# Ara Paiaya

Ara Paiaya is a film producer, director and actor.
Paiaya directed, produced and co-starred in the Hollywood action feature film Skin Traffik. Paiaya directed and produced Instant Death.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role |
| 2001 | Dubbed & Dangerous | Director, producer, actor |
| 2003 | Dubbed & Dangerous 2 | Director, producer, actor |
| 2004 | Dubbed & Dangerous III | Director, producer, actor |
| 2005 | Night Driver | Director, producer, actor |
| 2006 | Death List | Director, producer, actor |
| 2008 | Maximum Impact | Director, producer, actor |
| 2011 | The Suppressor | Director, producer, actor |
| 2015 | Skin Traffik | Director, producer, actor |
| 2017 | Instant Death | Director, producer, actor |
| 2019 | Purge Of Kingdoms | Director, producer |
# Samuel Francis Boys

Samuel Francis (Frank) Boys (20 December 1911 – 16 October 1972) was a British theoretical chemist.

## Education

Boys was born in Pudsey, Yorkshire, England. He was educated at the Grammar School in Pudsey and then at Imperial College London, whence he graduated in Chemistry in 1932. He then embarked on postgraduate study at Trinity College, Cambridge, supervised first by Martin Lowry, and then, after Lowry's death in 1936, by John Lennard-Jones. He awarded a PhD in 1937 from Cambridge, for a thesis on "The Quantum Theory of Optical Rotation".

## Career

In 1938, Boys was appointed an Assistant Lecturer in Mathematical Physics at Queen's University Belfast. He spent the whole of the Second World War working on explosives research with the Ministry of Supply at the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, with Lennard-Jones as his supervisor. After the war, Boys accepted an ICI Fellowship at Imperial College, London. In 1949, he was appointed to a Lectureship in theoretical chemistry at the University of Cambridge. He remained at Cambridge until his death. He was only elected to a Cambridge College Fellowship at University College, now Wolfson College, Cambridge, shortly before his death.
Boys is best known for the introduction of Gaussian orbitals into ab initio quantum chemistry. Almost all basis sets used in computational chemistry now employ these orbitals. Frank Boys was also one of the first scientists to use digital computers for calculations on polyatomic molecules.
An International Conference, entitled "Molecular Quantum Mechanics: Methods and Applications" was held in memory of S. Francis Boys and in honour of Isaiah Shavitt in September 1995 at St Catharine's College, Cambridge.

## Awards and honours

Boys was a member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1972, a few months before his death.
# Consignor

The consignor is the party to a contract that dispatches goods to another party on consignment. In a contract of carriage, is the party sending a shipment to be delivered whether by land, sea or air. Some carriers, such as national postal entities, use the term "sender" or "shipper" but in the event of a legal dispute the proper and technical term "consignor" will generally be used.
# Am Ah

Am Ah is a 2025 Indian Malayalam-language mystery thriller drama directed by Thomas K. Sebastian. The film features Dileesh Pothan in the lead role, with a supporting cast that includes Devadarshini, Meera Vasudev, Jaffer Idukki, Muthumani, and Alencier Ley. The screenplay was written by Kaviprasad Gopinath, and the film was produced under the banner of Kaapi Productions.

## Plot

The narrative follows Stephen, a road construction supervisor, who visits Kavantha, an enigmatic and picturesque mountainside. During his stay, he uncovers a series of heartwarming events that showcase love in its purest form.

## Cast

* Dileesh Pothan as Stephen
* Devadarshini
* Meera Vasudev
* Jaffar Idukki
* Muthumani
* Alencier Ley

## Production

The film was produced by Kaapi Productions. Cinematography was handled by Anish Lal R.S., editing by Bijith Bala, and the musical score was composed by Gopi Sundar.

## Release and reception

Am Ah was released in theaters on 24 January 2025. The movie has got diverse review from many major news platforms.

## Soundtrack

The music for Am Ah was composed by Gopi Sundar.
# Alexis García

Alexis Enrique García Vega (born 21 July 1960) is a Colombian retired football midfielder. He is the current manager of Unión Magdalena in the Categoría Primera A.

## Club career

Along with seven more siblings, he grew up in barrio La Floresta of Medellín where he started his career playing for the Antioquia Football Selection. In 1980, he joined Once Caldas of Manizales and the same year he was called to play for the Colombia Olympic football team for the Moscow Olympic Games. In 1987, he joined Atlético Nacional of Medellín where he remained until his retirement in 1998. Known as "The Great Captain", Alexis Garcia was considered one of the Colombia's best midfielders and a crowd's favorite in a time when the Colombian football was starting to shine at the international level. In 1989 Garcia led Atlético Nacional to become Copa Libertadores champions. In 1988 Garcia debuted with the senior Colombia national football team against Canada, a game that the Colombians won 3–0. Because of misunderstandings with national team coach Francisco Maturana Alexis Garcia missed the 1990 FIFA World Cup in Italy. His last game for the Colombia national team was in August 1993 against Paraguay. Garcia played a total of 25 games for Colombia and scored a total of 2 goals.

## International career

García made 24 appearances for the senior Colombia national football team from 1988 to 1993, including participating in the 1993 Copa América.
He also played for Colombia at the 1980 Olympic Games in Moscow.

## Honours
### Player

Atlético Nacional
* Categoría Primera A (2): 1991, 1994
* Copa Libertadores (1): 1989

### Manager

La Equidad
* Categoria Primera B (1): 2006
* Copa Colombia (1): 2008
# Zubaida (name)

Zubaida (or Zubaidah, Zubeida, Zubaydah, Zubeda, Sobeyda ) is an Arabic (زُبَيْدَة), feminine given name that means "soft-bodied", "like cream", and is also an idiom for prime (in beauty, in virtue, grace), originating from the fact that cream is the prime part of the dessert, or the core of something that is growing. It is mostly used in Asia.
Notable people with this name include the following:

## Given name

* Zubaidah bint Ja'far (766–831), the favourite wife of Harun al-Rashid
* Zübeyde Sultan (1728–1756), Ottoman princess, daughter of Sultan Ahmed III
* Zübeyde Hanım (1856–1923), mother of Turkish statesman Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
* Zubeida (1911–1988), Indian film actress
* Zubaida Yazdani (1916–1996), Indian historian
* Zubeida Agha (1922–1997), Pakistani artist
* Zubeida Begum (1926–1952), Indian film actress
* Zubaida Khanum (1935–2013), Pakistani playback singer
* Zubaida Tharwat (1940–2016), Egyptian actress
* Zubaida Gulshan Ara (c. 1943/44–2017), Bangladeshi writer
* Zubaida Tariq (1945–2018), Pakistani chef
* Zubaida Jalal Khan (b. 1959), Pakistani politician
* Zübeyde Kaya (b. 1991), Turkish women's football defender
* Zübeyde Süpürgeci (b. 1993), Turkish Paralympian athlete
* Zubaida Bai, Malaysian expert in health products
* Zubeida Malik, British journalist
* Zubaida al-Meeki, Syrian colonel and dissident

## Surname

* Sami Zubaida (born 1937), American political scientist
# Abdul Wadud Ramli

Abdul Wadud bin Ramli (born 21 May 2002) is a Bruneian footballer who plays as a midfielder for the football team of the Royal Brunei Police Force playing in the Brunei Super League as well as the Brunei national football team.

## Club career

Wadud was part of the Brunei under-17s that played in the 2017–18 Brunei Super League as Tabuan Muda 'A'. After his Tabuan Muda age group disbanded, he moved to the football team of the Royal Brunei Police Force Sports Council, and has been playing there since the 2018–19 season.
Wadud and his team reached the final of the 2018–19 Brunei FA Cup where they were beaten 2–1 by Kota Ranger.
Wadud scored his first league goal for MS PPDB in a 6–0 win against IKLS-MB5 on 5 July 2023.

## International career
### Youth

Wadud's first youth international tournament was at the 2017 AFF U-18 Youth Championship in September when in the first game against the Philippines, he scored the winner for the Young Wasps playing at left-back in a 3–2 victory. It was the only high point for Brunei as they were subsequently beaten by the likes of Vietnam, Myanmar and Indonesia by seven-goal margins or more. The following month, the same team arrived in Paju, South Korea for the 2018 AFC U-19 Championship qualification where they were grouped with the hosts as well as Indonesia, Malaysia and Timor-Leste. Wadud was ever-present at left-back as the Young Wasps managed to draw 2–2 with Timor-Leste after losing all of their previous matches.
It was not until February 2022 when Wadud was back in the Tabuan Muda fold, being selected for the 2022 AFF U-23 Championship that was held in Cambodia. He started all three matches in central midfield as Brunei suffered defeats against the hosts, Timor-Leste, and the Philippines.

### Senior

Wadud's first involvement with the full national team was when he was selected for a friendly against Malaysia on 28 May 2022 as an unused substitute in a 4–0 loss to Harimau Malaya.
In November 2024, Wadud was chosen by new national head coach Vinícius Eutrópio to play at an away friendly against Russia in Krasnodar. He made his national team debut as a second half substitute, replacing Shafie Effendy in a 11–0 defeat.