# Paleobiota of the Latah Formation

The Paleobiota of the Latah Formation encompasses both floral and faunal elements preserved in temporary lacustrine environments formed between eruptive phases of the Columbia River Basalts in central to east Eastern Washington and central to north Idaho. The Latah Formation is centered around the greater Spokane area, with a western extent outcropping at Grand Coulee and the eastern margins as far southeast as the area of White Bird, Idaho. Dating of the core Spokane sites is based on the host Grande Ronde Basalts which give a 16.5 to 16.1 million years ago age range The Clarkia fossil beds lagerstätte site are slightly younger, being interbedded in the Wanupum Basalts Priest Rapids Member with an age constraint of 16.1 to 15.9 million years ago, or Early Barstovian in age.
The intermittent lakes were surrounded by a temperate ecosystem that was mesophytic in nature, and hosting a diverse flora with plants that are still native to the region and others now restricted to other areas of the globe. There is a small element of the flora that consists of fully extinct genera that are unique to the time and region. Based on work from sampling around Mica, Washington a diverse assembly of diatoms and algae. The known fauna of the formation is smaller than the flora, with most taxa being insect species though one unnamed Sciuridae fossil was described in 2018, and fish belonging to the salmonid, cyprinid, and centrarchid groups are known. Preservation varies from carbonized comapressions at most sites to exceptional organic preservations in some parts of the Clarkia area localities where original organic material is preserved down to living coloration and possible ancient DNA fragments. Upper layers of the Clarkia deposits have been recorded with modern fungi actively feeding on the ancient organic material of the fossils as a food source.

## Plants

The initial taxonomic work on the flora was undertaken by Frank Knowlton with assistance from diatom specialist Albert Mann and bryologist Elizabeth Britton. Their combined work was published as a supplemental chapter to the initial 1926 descriptive work by Joseph Pardee and Kirk Bryan. After Knowltons death in November 1926, his revision of the Latah flora was taken over by Edward W. Berry who also erroneously included strata of the much older Klondike Mountain Formation around Republic, Washington. This error was noted and corrected in later works by Roland W. Brown. Ralph W. Cheney and Daniel I. Axelrod broke the Latah into four major florules, Grand Coulee and Spokane in Washington plus Coeur d'Alene and White Bird in Idaho, while noting several "miscellaneous" sites as well. Modern works have concentrated more on single taxa and certain florules.

### Mosses

| Family | Genus | Species | Author/year | Florule | Notes | Synonyms | Images |
| Polytrichaceae | †Polytrichites | †Polytrichites spokanensis | Britton | Spokane | A possible polytrichaceous moss | | Polytrichites spokanensis |
| incertae sedis | †Hypnites | †Hypnites brittoniae | (Steere) Miller | Spokane | A moss of uncertain affiliation. | Archaeomnium brittoniae (1952) "Moss, genus and species (?)" of Knowlton, 1926 Paleohypnum brittoniae (1946) | Hypnites brittoniae |
| incertae sedis | †Hypnites | †Hypnites patens | (Britton) Miller | Spokane | A moss of uncertain affiliation | Archaeomnium patens (1926) | Hypnites patens |

### Lycopods

| Family | Genus | Species | Author/year | Florule | Notes | Images |
| Lycopodiaceae | Lycopodium | †Lycopodium hesperium | Knowlton | Coeur d'Alene | A possible lycopod clubmoss Treated as a plant of uncertain affinity by Chaney & Axelrod 1959 | Lycopodium hesperium |

### Ferns

| Family | Genus | Species | Author/year | Florule | Notes | Synonyms | Images |
| Blechnaceae | Woodwardia | †Woodwardia praeradicans | Berry | Spokane | A chain fern species | | Woodwardia praeradicans |
| Equisetaceae | Equisetum | †Equisetum alexanderi | Brown | Spokane | A horsetail species | | |
| Dennstaedtiaceae | Pteridium | †Pteridium calabazensis | (Dorf) Graham | Misc - Alkali Creek | A Pteridium fern species | Dryopteris idahoensis (of Berry, 1934) Pteris idahoensis (1959) | |
| Osmundaceae | Osmunda | †Osmunda occidentalis | (Berry) Brown | Spokane | A royal fern species Not to be confused with Asplenium occidentale Knowlton (1917) | Asplenium occidentale Berry (1929) Pteris sp. Berry (1929) "Fern, fragment" of Knowlton, 1926 | Osmunda occidentale |
| Woodsiaceae | Woodsia | †Woodsia bonseri | Berry | Spokane | A cliff fern species | | Woodsia bonseri |

### Ginkgos

| Family | Genus | Species | Author/year | Florule | Notes | Images |
| Ginkgoaceae | Ginkgo | †Ginkgo adiantoides | (Unger) Heer | Clarkia Grand Coulee Spokane | A ginkgo species | Ginkgo adiantoides |

### Conifers

| Family | Genus | Species | Author | Florule | Notes | Synonyms | Images |
| Cupressaceae | Juniperus | †Juniperus sabinoides | Ashlee | White Bird | A juniper species | | |
| Cupressaceae | Metasequoia | †Metasequoia occidentalis | | Clarkia | A dawn redwood species. | | |
| Cupressaceae | Taxodium | †Taxodium dubium | (Sternberg) Heer | Clarkia Coeur d'Alene Grand Coulee Spokane White Bird Misc locals | A bald-cypress. | Glyptotrobus aments of Berry, 1929 Sequoia langsdorfii of Knowlton, 1926 Sequoia langsdorfii of Berry, 1929 Sequoia langsdorfii of Berry, 1931 | Taxodium dubium |
| Cupressaceae | Tetraclinis | †Tetraclinis salicornioides var. praedecurrens | (Knowlton) Kvaček & Manchester | Clarkia Grand Coulee Misc-Potlatch (Julietta) Spokane White Bird | A Tetraclinis species. | Callitris potlatchensis (1935) Fokienia praedecurrens (1959) Fokieniopsis praedecurrens (1997). Libocedrus praedecurrens (1926) Tetraclinis potlachensis (1997) | Tetraclinis salicornioides var. praedecurrens |
| Cupressaceae | Thuja | †Thuja dimorpha | (Oliver) Chaney & Axelrod | Spokane | | | |
| Pinaceae | Keteleeria | †Keteleeria heterophylloides | (Berry) Brown | Spokane Misc-Clearwater River | A Keteleeria species. | Potamogeton heterophylloides (1929) | Keteleeria heterophylloides |
| Pinaceae | Pinus | †Pinus harneyana | Chaney & Axelrod 1959 | Spokane | A pine | | Pinus harneyana |
| Pinaceae | Pinus | †Pinus wheeleri | Cockerell | Spokane White Bird | A pine | Pinus monticolensis p.p.(not Republic specimens) | |
| Pinaceae | Tsuga | †"Tsuga latahensis" | Berry | Grand Coulee Spokane | First described as a hemlock conescale. Suggested to be a bud scale in 1937. Treated as an incertae sedis plant by Chaney & Axelrod (1959). | | Tsuga latahensis |
| Taxaceae | Cephalotaxus | †Cephalotaxus bonseri | (Knowlton) Cheney & Axelrod | Spokane | A yew | Torreya bonseri (1926) Tumion bonseri (1952) | Cephalotaxus bonseri |

### Basal dicots

| Family | Genus | Species | Author | Florule | Notes | Images |
| Nymphaeaceae | Nymphaea | Unidentified. | | Clarkia | A Nymphaea species leaf Not describable to species | |

### Monocots

| Family | Genus | Species | Author | Florule | Notes | Synonyms | Images |
| Araceae | Arisaema | †Arisaema hesperia | Knowlton | Coeur d'Alene | An Arisaema species. Has been suggested as a synonym of Liquidambar pachyphyllum | | Arisaema hesperia |
| Araceae | Lysichiton | †"Lysichiton washingtonense" | Berry | Grand Coulee | First described as a skunk cabbage. Later treated as a species of uncertain affinity. | | Lysichiton washingtonense |
| Smilacaceae | Smilax | †Smilax magna | Chaney | Spokane White Bird | A green briar species | Aristolochia White Birdensis Ashlee (1932) Smilax lamarensis non Knowlton nec Berry (1929) | Smilax magna |
| Smilacaceae | Smilax | †Smilax praelaurifolia | Ashlee | Misc | A green briar species | | |
| Typhaceae | Typha | †Typha lesquereuxi | Cockerell | Spokane Misc - Arrow Junct. | A cattail species | Typha sp. of Knowlton, 1926 | Typha lesquereuxi |
| Unidentified | Unidentified | Unidentified | | Spokane | A poaceous like leaf. Knowlton did not consider Latah Formation leaves as name-able. | | unnamed "Grass" leaf |
| Unidentified | Unidentified | Unidentified | | Spokane | Possibly a poalean plant Suggested to be a low-growing "grass" | | Grass?, genus? of Knowlton 1926 |

### Magnoliids

| Family | Genus | Species | Author | Florule | Notes | Synonyms | Images |
| Lauraceae | Machilus | †Machilus americana | Brown | Spokane | A Machilus species | | |
| Lauraceae | Machilus | †Machilus asiminoides | Brown | Spokane | A Machilus species | | |
| Lauraceae | Persea | †Persea lanceolata | (Berry) Brown | Grand Coulee Misc-Clearwater River Misc-Juliaetta Spokane White Bird | An avocado species | Laurus similis (non-typic) Umbellularia lanceolata (1929) | Persea lanceolata |
| Lauraceae | Umbellularia | Umbellularia saliciformis | (Knowlton & Cockerell) LaMotte | Grand Coulee Spokane | A pepperwood species. | Laurus similis non Knowlton nec Berry, (1929) Leguminosites bonseri Berry, 1929 (1929) Quercus simulata non Knowlton nec Berry, (1929) Umbellularia dayana non Knowlton nec Brown (1937) | Umbellularia saliciformis |
| Magnoliaceae | Liriodendron | †Liriodendron hesperia | Berry | Clarkia Spokane White Bird | A tulip tree species | | Liriodendron hesperia |
| Magnoliaceae | Magnolia | †Magnolia dayana | Cockerell | Grand Coulee Misc-Juliaetta Misc-St Maries Spokane White Bird | A magnolia species | Hicoria washingtoniana (1931) Laurus grandis of Knowlton, 1926 Laurus grandis of Berry, 1929 Laurus grandis of Berry, 1934 Laurus princeps of Knowlton, 1926 | Magnolia dayana |
| Magnoliaceae | Magnolia | †Magnolia latahensis | (Berry) Brown | Spokane | A magnolia species | Apocynophyllum latahense (1929) Magnolia californica of Berry, 1929 | Magnolia latahensis |

### Ceratophyllales

| Family | Genus | Species | Author | Florule | Notes | Images |
| Ceratophyllaceae | Ceratophyllum | †"Ceratophyllum praedemersum" | Ashlee | Spokane | First described as a Ceratophyllum Reidentified as a possible immature platanaceous fruiting axis. | |

### Basal eudicots

| Family | Genus | Species | Author | Florule | Notes | Synonyms | Images |
| Berberidaceae | Mahonia | †Mahonia simplex | (Newberry) Arnold | Misc-Elk River Misc-Weiser | An oregon grape species. | Ilex latahensis (1932) Odostemon simplex of Berry, 1934 | |
| Platanaceae | Platanus | †Platanus dissecta | Lesquereux | Clarkia Coeur d'Alene Grand Coulee Misc-Alkali Creek Misc-Linson Valley Misc-St. Maries Spokane White Bird | A Platanus subg. Platanus sycamore leaf species. | Acer merriami of Berry, 1929 & 1934 | Platanus dissecta |
| Platanaceae | Platanus | †Platanus emryi | Huegele, Spielbauer, & Manchester | Emerald Creek | A Platanus subg. Platanus sycamore fruit species. | Platanus sp fruit of Ashlee, 1932 | |
| Trochodendraceae | Trochodendron | †Trochodendron rosayi | Manchester, Pigg, & DeVore | Emerald Creek | A Trochodendron fruit species. | | |
| ?Trochodendraceae | †Nordenskioldia | †Nordenskioldia interglacialis | (Hollick) Manchester, Crane, & Dilcher | Clarkia Grand Coulee Spokane White Bird | A stem-group trochodendralean fruit species. Likely fruits of the leaf species Zizyphoides auriculata | Carpites interglacialis (1952) Carpites menthoides (1926) "Equisetum underground stems" (1926) Malva? hesperia (1926) Phyllites amplexicaulis (1926) | Nordenskioldia interglacialis |
| ?Trochodendraceae | †Zizyphoides | †Zizyphoides auriculata | (Heer) Manchester, Crane, & Dilcher | Clarkia Grand Coulee Misc-Arrow Junction Misc-Clearwater River Misc-Juliaetta Misc-St Marie Spokane White Bird | A stem-group trochodendralean leaf species. Likely fruits of the fruit species Nordenskioldia interglacialis | Cebatha heteromorpha (1926) Cocculus heteromorpha (1946) Populus heteromorpha (1926) Populus fairii (1926) | Zizyphoides auriculata |

### Superasterids - basal

| Family | Genus | Species | Author | Florule | Notes | Synonyms | Images |
| Cornaceae | Cornus | †Cornus becki | Berry | Grand Coulee | A dogwood species. | | |
| Cornaceae | Cornus | †Cornus latahense | Chaney and Axelrod | Spokane | A dogwood species. | Cornus ovalis of Brown, 1937 | |
| Ebenaceae | Diospyros | †Diospyros oregoniana | (Lesquereux) Chaney & Axelrod | Grand Coulee Spokane White Bird | A persimmon species | Diospyros andersonae (1926) | Diospyros oregoniana |
| Ebenaceae | †Remberella | †Remberella microcalyx | (Knowlton) Manchester & Judd, 2024 | Clarkia Emerald Creek Spokane Misc-Oviatt Creek | A probable ebenaceous flower. | Porana microcalyx (1929) Diospyros? microcalyx (1926) | Remberella microcalyx |
| Ericaceae | Arctostaphylos | †Arctostaphylos spatulata | Berry | Spokane | A manzanita species Deemed incertae sedis without commentary (1959) | | Arctostaphylos spatulata |
| Ericaceae | Gaultheria | †Gaultheria pacifica | Brown | Spokane-Brickyard | A Gaultheria species | | |
| Ericaceae | †Juddicarpon | †Juddicarpon benewahensis | Smith & Manchester | Clarkia | A vaccinioid fruit. | | |
| Ericaceae | Kalmia? | †Kalmia (?) elongata | Ashlee | Misc-Elk River | A Kalmia species | | |
| Ericaceae | Rhododendron | †Rhododendron knowltoni | Berry | Spokane | A Rhododendron species | Menziesia knowltoni (1929) | Rhododendron knowltoni |
| Ericaceae | Vaccinium | †Vaccinium bonseri | Berry | Spokane | A Vaccinium species One named subspecies/variety V. b. serrulatum | | Vaccinium bonseri |
| Ericaceae | Vaccinium | †Vaccinium sophoroides | Knowlton | Coeur d'Alene | First named as a huckleberry leaf species Synonymized into Vaccinium americanum (1929) Resurrected as incertae sedis (1959) | | Vaccinium salicoides |
| Ericaceae | Vaccinium | †Vaccinium sophoroides | (Knowlton) Brown | Coeur d'Alene Misc-Juliaetta Spokane | A Vaccinium species | Arctostaphylos knowltoni (1929) Cassia sophoroides (1929) Diospyros princetoniana of Berry, 1929 Phyllites sophoroides (1926) Salix perplexa p. p. | Vaccinium sophoroides |
| Hydrangeaceae | Hydrangea | †Hydrangea knowltoni | (Berry) Chaney & Axelrod | Grand Coulee Spokane White Bird | A hydrangea species | Euonymus knowltoni (1929) Hydrangea bendirei of Knowlton, 1926, Berry, 1929, Brown, 1937 Gordonia hesperia p. p. Ternstroemites idahoensis of Berry, 1929 | Hydrangea knowltoni |
| Hydrangeaceae | Philadelphus | †Philadelphus pardeei | (Knowlton) Brown | Spokane | A mock-orange species | Phyllites pardeei (1926) Phyllites peculiaris (1926) | Philadelphus pardeei |
| Loasaceae | Mentzelia | †Mentzelia occidentalis | (Berry) Brown | Spokane Misc-Julietta Misc-Potlatch River White Bird | A stickleaf species | Hibiscus? occidentalis (1929) | Mentzelia occidentalis |
| Nyssaceae | Nyssa | †Nyssa hesperia | Berry | Grand Coulee Misc-Linson Valley Spokane White Bird | A tuplo species of the N. sylvatica complex. | Magnolia spectabilis of Brown, 1938 | |
| Nyssaceae | Nyssa | †Nyssa magnifica | (Knowlton) Berry | Grand Coulee Spokane | A tuplo species of the N. javanica complex. | Carpites magnifica (1926) | Nyssa magnifica |
| Oleaceae | Fraxinus | †Fraxinus dayana | Chaney & Axelrod | White Bird | An ash species. | | |
| Oleaceae | Fraxinus | †Fraxinus idahoensis | Brown | Misc-Potltach Creek White Bird | A ash species. | Fraxinus? sp. of Berry, 1934 | |
| Styracaceae | Halesia | †Halesia columbiana | Brown | Spokane-Brickyard | A silverbell fruit species | | |
| Theaceae | Gordonia | †Gordonia idahoensis | (Knowlton) Berry | Grand Coulee misc-juliaetta Spokane White Bird | A Gordonia species. | Arbutus idahoensis (1937) Carpites paulownia (1926) Celastrus spokanensis (1929) Gordonia hesperia (1929) p. p. Laurus grandis of Knowlton 1926 p. p. Laurus princeps of Berry 1929 Myrica? idahoensis (1898) Myrica lanceolata p. p. | Gordonia idahoensis |

### Superasterids

| Family | Genus | Species | Author | Florule | Notes | Synonyms | Images |
| Adoxaceae | Viburnum | †Viburnum fernquisti | Berry | Coeur d'Alene Grand Coulee Spokane | A Viburnum seed morphospecies. | | Viburnum fernquisti |
| Adoxaceae | Viburnum | †Viburnum lantanafolium | Berry | Spokane | A Viburnum species. | Aesculus hesperia (1929) Rhamnus idahoensis p. p. | Viburnum lantanafolium |
| Adoxaceae | Viburnum | †Viburnum ribesiforme | LaMotte | Coeur d'Alene Grand Coulee Spokane | A Viburnum species. | Ribes fernquisti (1929) Viburnum fernquisti of Brown 1937 | Viburnum ribesiforme |
| Apiaceae | †Umbelliferospermum | †Umbelliferospermum latahense | Berry | Spokane | An apiaceous winged fruit morphogenus. | | Umbelliferospermum latahense |
| Aquifoliaceae | Ilex | †Ilex fulva | MacGinitie | Spokane | A holly species. | | |

### Superrosids - Basal

| Family | Genus | Species | Author | Florule | Notes | Synonyms | Images |
| Altingiaceae | Liquidambar | †Liquidambar pachyphyllum | Knowlton | Grand Coulee Misc-Arrow Junction Spokane White Bird | A sweet gum species. | Arisaema hesperia (1926)? | Liquidambar pachyphyllum |
| Hamamelidaceae | Exbucklandia | †Exbucklandia oregonensis | (Chaney) Brown | Coeur d'Alene Grand Coulee Misc-Cove Spokane White Bird | An Exbucklandia species | Cercus spokanensis non Knowlton nec Brown (1937) p.p. Ficus washingtonensis Knowlton (1926) Meibomites lucens Knowlton (1926) Meibomites knowltoni Berry (1929) | Exbucklandia oregonensis |
| Vitaceae | Vitis | †Vitis bonseri | Berry | Coeur d'Alene Grand Coulee Misc-Arrow Junct. Misc-Juliaetta White Bird | A grape species. | | |
| Vitaceae | Vitis | †Vitis washingtonensis | (Knowlton) Brown | Coeur d'Alene Grand Coulee Spokane White Bird Misc-Oviat Creek | A grape species. | Acer merriami p. p. Cercis idahoensis p. p. Cercis sp. of of Ashlee, 1932 Menispermites latahensis (1929) Populus lindgreni p. p. Populus washingtonensis (1926) | Vitis washingtonensis |

### Superrosids - Fabids

| Family | Genus | Species | Author | Florule | Notes | Synonyms | Images |
| Betulaceae | Alnus | †Alnus fairii | (Knowlton) Wolfe | Coeur d'Alene Grand Coulee Misc-Arrow Junct. Spokane White Bird | An alder. | Betula bryani (1937) Betula nanoides (1934) Betula fairii (1926) Betula heteromorpha of Berry, 1931 Betula heteromorpha of Berry, 1934 Betula largei of Berry, 1931 | Betula fairii |
| Betulaceae | Alnus | †Alnus largei | (Knowlton) Wolfe | Coeur d'Alene Grand Coulee Misc-Clearwater River Misc-St Maries Spokane White Bird | A birch | Betula heteromorpha of Berry, 1931 Betula largei (1966) | Alnus largei |
| Betulaceae | Alnus | †Alnus hollandiana | Jennings | Coeur d'Alene Spokane | An alder | Alnus prerhombifolia Prunus rustii p. p. | Alnus hollandiana |
| Betulaceae | Alnus | †Alnus relatus | (Knowlton) Brown | Coeur d'Alene Grand Coulee Spokane White Bird | An alder | Phyllites relatus (1926) Prunus rustii non Knowlton nec. Berry (1929) | Alnus relatus |
| Betulaceae | Betula | †Betula thor | Knowlton | Spokane | A birch | | Betula thor |
| Betulaceae | Betula | †Betula vera | Brown | Spokane | A birch | | |
| Betulaceae | Ostrya | †Ostrya oregoniana | Chaney | Spokane | A hophornbeam | | |
| Celastraceae | Euonymus | †Euonymus pacificus | Brown | Spokane | A wintercreeper species | | |
| Fabaceae | Caesalpinia | †Caesalpinia spokanensis | (Knowlton) Herendeen & Dilcher | Clarkia Coeur d'Alene Spokane White Bird Misc - Elk River | A Caesalpinia fruit Possibly the fruits belonging to Sophora spokanensis | Cercis? spokanensis (1926) Cercis idahoensis (1930) Cercidium hesperium (1932) Gleditsia praeaquatica (1932) | Caesalpinia spokanensis |
| Fabaceae | Cercis | Unnamed | Brown | Spokane | Leaves first placed as Cercis spokanensis In need of redescription and renaming | Cercis spokanensis of Brown, 1937 | |
| Fabaceae | †Leguminosites | †Leguminosites alexanderi | Berry | Spokane | A fabaceous fruit species | | Leguminosites alexanderi |
| Fabaceae | Robinia? | †Robinia (?) idahoensis | Ashlee | Misc-Grangerville Mtn | A fabaceous fruit species | | |
| Fabaceae | Sophora | †Sophora spokanensis | Knowlton | Coeur d'Alene Grand Coulee Misc-Juliaetta Spokane White Bird | A Sophora species. Possibly the leaves belonging to Caesalpinia spokanensis | Cassia spokanensis Quercus treleasi Sophora alexanderi (1926) | Sophora spokanensis |
| Fagaceae | Castanea | †Castanea spokanensis | (Knowlton) Chaney & Axelrod | Grand Coulee Misc-St Maries Spokane White Bird | A Chestnut species | Castanea castaneaefolia of Knowlton, 1926 Castanea castaneaefolia of Berry, 1931 Castanea castaneaefolia of Berry, 1934 Quercus spokanensis | Castanea spokanensis |
| Fagaceae | Castanopsis | †Castanopsis perplexa | (Knowlton) Brown | Coeur d'Alene | A Chestnut species | | Castanopsis perplexa |
| Fagaceae | Castanopsis | †Castanopsis spokanensis | (Brown) Chaney & Axelrod | Spokane | A chinquapin species | Tetracera spokanensis | |
| Fagaceae | Fagus | †Fagus pacifica | Chaney | Misc-Moscow Misc-E. of Lewiston White Bird | A Beech species Specimens in need of confirmation. | | |
| Fagaceae | Fagus | †Fagus washoensis | LaMotte | Grand Coulee Misc-Arrow junct. Misc-Linson Valley Spokane White Bird | A Beech species | Amygdalus alexanderi (1929) Ostrya oregoniana of Berry, 1934 Quercus spokanensis of Berry, 1938 Ulmus speciosa of Berry, 1934 | |
| Fagaceae | †Pseudofagus | †Pseudofagus idahoensis | Smiley & Huggins | Clarkia | A fagaceous genus | | |
| Fagaceae | Quercus | †Quercus axelrodi | Brown | Spokane | An oak. | | |
| Fagaceae | Quercus | †Quercus bretzi | Chaney | Spokane | An oak. | | |
| Fagaceae | Quercus | †Quercus columbiana | Chaney | Misc ID Potlach Creek Poorman Creek | An oak. | | |
| Fagaceae | Quercus | †Quercus dayana | Knowlton | Spokane | An oak. | | |
| Fagaceae | Quercus | †Quercus eoprinus | Smith | Misc-Montour | An oak. | Quercus spokanensis gracilis (1934) | |
| Fagaceae | Quercus | †Quercus mccanni | Berry | Grand Coulee | An oak. | | Quercus mccanni |
| Fagaceae | Quercus | †Quercus payettensis | Knowlton | Coeur d'Alene Grand Coulee Misc-Clearwater River Misc-E. of Lewiston Misc-Julietta Spokane White Bird | An oak. | Quercus cognatus (1926) Quercus obtusa (1926) Quercus praenigra (1926) Quercus rustii (1926) | Quercus payettensis |
| Fagaceae | Quercus | †Quercus pseudolyrata | Lesquereux | Grand Coulee Misc-Moscow Misc-Potlatch Creek Spokane | An oak. | | |
| Fagaceae | Quercus | †Quercus simulata | Knowlton | Coeur d'Alene Grand Coulee Misc-Arrow junct. Misc-Clearwater River Misc-E. of Lewiston Misc-Juliaetta Misc-Moscow Spokane White Bird | An oak species | Laurus princeps p. p. Phyllites crustacea (1926) Quercus idahoensis (1898) Quercus chaneyi (1926) | Quercus simulata |
| Fagaceae | Quercus | Quercus sp. | | Coeur d'Alene Spokane White Bird | Isolated acorn nuts Not described to species | | Quercus sp. acorn |
| Fagaceae | Quercus | Quercus sp. | | Coeur d'Alene Spokane | Isolated acorn cupules Not described to species | | Quercus sp. cupule |
| Juglandaceae | Carya | †Carya bendirei | (Lesquereux) Chaney & Axelrod | Grand Coulee Misc-Thorn Creek White Bird | A hickory species | Juglans egregia p.p. | Carya bendirei |
| Juglandaceae | †Palaeocarya | †Palaeocarya olsonii | (Brown) Manchester | Misc | A Palaeocarya species | Engelhardia olsoni | |
| Juglandaceae | Pterocarya | †Pterocarya mixta | (Knowlton) Brown | Spokane | A wingnut species | | |
| Malpighiaceae | Hiraea | †Hiraea knowltoni | (Berry) Graham | Spokane | A Hiraea species. | Nyssa knowltoni of Brown, 1937 | |
| Myricaceae | Comptonia | †Comptonia hesperia | Berry | Spokane | A sweet fern | | |
| Myricaceae | Myrica | †Myrica ashleei | LaMotte | Misc-Elk River | A Myrica species. | Myrica idahoensis of Ashlee, 1932 | |
| Rhamnaceae | Paliurus | †Paliurus hesperius | Berry | Clarkia? Misc-Clearwater River Grand Coulee Spokane | A Paliurus species Suggested to be possible syn of †Paliurus favonii That synonymy questioned. | | Paliurus hesperius |
| Rhamnaceae | Rhamnus | †Rhamnus columbiana | Chaney & Axelrod | Misc - Moscow | A buckthorn species | | |
| Rosaceae | Amelanchier | †Amelanchier couleeana | (Berry) Brown | Grand Coulee Misc-Moscow Spokane | A service berry species | Amelanchier dignatus of Brown, 1935 p. p. Amelanchier scudderi of Berry, 1929 Phyllites couleeanus (1931) | Amelanchier couleeana |
| Rosaceae | Cercocarpus | †Cercocarpus praeledifolius | Berry | Spokane | A mountain mahogany species Placement deemed incertae sedis (1959) | | Cercocarpus praeledifolius |
| Rosaceae | Crataegus | †Crataegus latahensis | Ashlee | White Bird | A hawthorn species | | |
| Rosaceae | Rubus | †Rubus idahoensis | Ashlee | Misc-Grangeville Mtn | A bramble species | | |
| Salicaceae | Populus | †Populus eotremuloides | Knowlton | Misc-Arrow Junct. | A cottonwood species | | |
| Salicaceae | Populus | †Populus lindgreni | Knowlton | Spokane-Vera Misc-Orofino | A cottonwood species | | |
| Salicaceae | Populus | †Populus voyana | Chaney & Axelrod | Coeur d'Alene Spokane - Veradale | A cottonwood species | | |
| Salicaceae | Populus | Unnamed | Berry | Spokane - Brickyard | Unnamed cottonwood species flower bracts | | Populus sp. |
| Salicaceae | Salix | †Salix hesperia | (Knowlton) Condit | Grand Coulee Misc-Clearwater River Misc-Juliaetta Misc-Moscow Spokane White Bird | A willow species | Cassia idahoensis (1919) Populus lesquereuxi of Berry, 1931 Quercus simulata of Berry, 1929 p.p. Rhus typhinoides of Knowlton, 1926 Salix florissanti of Berry, 1929 Salix florissanti of Berry, 1934 Salix inquirenda (1926) Salix inquirenda of Berry, 1934 Salix remotidens (1926) | Salix hesperia |
| Salicaceae | Salix | †Salix kempffii | Ashlee | Misc-Elk River | A willow species | | |
| Salicaceae | Salix | †Salix knowltoni | Berry | Misc-Clearwater River | A willow species | | |
| Salicaceae | Salix | †Salix spokanensis | (Berry) Brown | Spokane | A willow species | Rhamnus spokanensis (1929) Robinia? sp. (1926) Phyllites sp. (1926) Quercus sp. (1929) Vaccinium spokanense (1929) | Salix spokanensis |
| Salicaceae | Salix | Unnamed | Berry | Spokane - Brickyard | Unnamed willow species stipules | | Salix sp. |
| Ulmaceae | †Cedrelospermum | †Cedrelospermum lineatum | (Lesquereux) Manchester | Misc-Juliaetta | An ulmaceous species. | Ulmus brownelli of Berry, 1934 | |
| Ulmaceae | Ulmus | †Ulmus newberryi | Knowlton | Spokane | Elm species fruits. Not reassessed by Tanai & Wolfe (1977) | Ulmus sp. (fruits) (1929) | Ulmus newberryi |
| Ulmaceae | Ulmus | †Ulmus moorei | Chaney & Elias | Misc-N of Weiser | An Elm species | Fagopsis longifolia of Berry, 1934 | |
| Ulmaceae | Ulmus | †Ulmus speciosa | Newberry | Grand Coulee Spokane White Bird Misc-Arrow junction | An Elm species | | Ulmus speciosa |
| Ulmaceae | Zelkova | †Zelkova browni | Tanai & Wolfe | Spokane | An Elm species | Fagopsis longifolia of Berry, 1929 Ulmus fernquisti (1926) Zelkova oregoniana (1937) | Zelkova browni |

### Superrosids - Malvids

| Family | Genus | Species | Author | Florule | Notes | Synonyms | Images |
| Lythraceae | Trapa | †Trapa americana | Knowlton | Juliaetta | | A water caltrop species | Trapa americana |
| Malvaceae | †Florissantia | †Florissantia speirii | (Lesquereux) MacGinitie | Spokane | A malvalean flower. | | |
| Malvaceae | Tilia | †Tilia aspera | (Newberry) LaMotte | Misc-Arrow junction Spokane | A linden species | Platanus aspera (1883) Tilia hesperia (1929) | Tilia aspera |
| Meliaceae | Cedrela | †Cedrela pteraformis | (Berry) Brown | Coeur d'Alene Grand Coulee Misc-Juliaetta Spokane White Bird | A Cedrela. | synonymy Carpolithes pteraformis (1929) Cassia spokanensis (1929) Gordonia pteraformis (1929) Rhus merrilli of Berry, 1934 Sapindus armstrongi (1929) Umbellularia dayana of Berry (1929) | Cedrela pteraformis |
| Rutaceae | Ptelea | †Ptelea miocenica | Berry | Grand Coulee Spokane White Bird | A Ptelea species | Nyssa knowltoni (1929) | Ptelea miocenica |
| Sapindaceae | Acer | †Acer browni | Wolfe & Tanai | Spokane - Veradale | An Acer species | | |
| Sapindaceae | Acer | †Acer busamarum subsp. fingerrockense | Wolfe & Tanai | Clarkia | An Acer species | | |
| Sapindaceae | Acer | †Acer chaneyi | Knowlton | Clarkia Coeur d'Alene Misc-Juliaetta Grand Coulee Spokane - Veradale | An Acer leaf morphospecies Most likely the leaves belonging to Acer gigas | Acer bendirei p.p. Acer glabroides p.p. Acer merriami of Berry, 1931 Quercus pseudolyrata of Knowlton, 1926 | Acer chaneyi |
| Sapindaceae | Acer | †Acer gigas | Knowlton | Clarkia | An Acer fruit morphospecies Most likely the fruits belonging to Acer chaneyi | |
| Sapindaceae | Acer | †Acer knolli | Wolfe & Tanai | Spokane | An Acer species | Acer oregonianum of Berry, 1929 | Acer knolli |
| Sapindaceae | Acer | †Acer latahense | Wolfe & Tanai | Spokane - Veradale | An Acer species | Acer glabroides p.p. | |
| Sapindaceae | Acer | †Acer medianum | Knowlton | Grand Coulee Spokane | An Acer species | Acer bolanderi p.p. | |
| Sapindaceae | Acer | †Acer niklasi | Wolfe & Tanai | Clarkia Spokane | An Acer species | | |
| Sapindaceae | Acer | †Acer smileyi | Wolfe & Tanai | Clarkia | An Acer species | | |
| Sapindaceae | Acer | †Acer tigilense | Chelebaeva | Spokane | An Acer species | Acer bendirei p.p. Acer glabroides p.p. Acer minor of Berry, 1929 | Acer tigilense |
| Sapindaceae | Acer | †Acer whitebirdense | (Ashlee) Wolfe & Tanai | Grand Coulee Misc-Juliaetta Spokane White Bird | An Acer species | Viburnum whitebirdensis (1932) Acer florissanti of Berry, 1934 Acer oregonianum of Berry, 1934 Acer osmonti of Brown, 1937 Platanus dissectaBerry, 1934 Acer glabroides p.p. | |
| Sapindaceae | Dilodendron | †Dilodendron boreale | Brown | Spokane | A Dilodendron species | |

### incertae sedis

| Family | Genus | Species | Author | Florule | Notes | Synonyms | Images |
| Incertae sedis | †Carpites | †Carpites boraginoides | Knowlton | Coeur d'Alene Grand Coulee Spokane White Bird | Seeds or nutlets of uncertain affinity Possibly boraginaceous or malvaceous? | Carpolithes hibiscoides (1935) | Carpites boraginoides |
| Incertae sedis | †Carpites | †Carpites ginkgoides | Knowlton | Grand Coulee Spokane | A fruit/seed on a "fleshy" axis Strongly similar to modern Ginkgo biloba fruits. | | Carpites ginkgoides |
| Incertae sedis | †Carpites | †Carpites polygonoides | Knowlton | Spokane | Possible seeds or fruits Reminiscent of Rumex fruits | | Carpites polygonoides |
| Incertae sedis | †Carpites | †Carpites spokanensis | Knowlton | Grand Coulee Spokane | A seed or other reproductive organ Brown suggested as bud scales | | Carpites spokanensis |
| Incertae sedis | †Ozakia | †Ozakia emryi | Manchester & Uemura | Misc - Emerald Creek | A winged fruit An eudicot of uncertain affinity | | |

## Fungi

The Clarkia outcrops is noted for exceptionally good palynological preservation, with a number of fungal palynomorphs preserved at the sites.
| Order | Family | Genus | Species | Florule | Images |
| Amphisphaeriales | Cf. Apiosporaceae | indeterminate | indeterminate | Clarkia | Cf. Apiosporaceae |
| Chaetosphaeriales | Chaetosphaeriaceae | Cf. Catenularia | indeterminate | Clarkia | Cf. Catenularia sp. |
| Coronophorales | incertae sedis | Sphaerodes | indeterminate | Clarkia | Sphaerodes sp. |
| Dothideomycetes | incertae sedis | Bactrodesmium | Aff. B. abruptum | Clarkia | Bactrodesmium aff. abruptum |
| Dothideomycetes | incertae sedis | Bactrodesmium | indeterminate | Clarkia | Bactrodesmium sp. |
| Helotiales | Helotiaceae | Bispora | indeterminate | Clarkia | Bispora sp. |
| Hysteriales | Hysteriaceae | Cf. Acrogenospora | indeterminate | Clarkia | Cf. Acrogenospora sp. |
| Minutisphaerales | Minutisphaeraceae | Minutisphaera | indeterminate | Clarkia | Minutisphaera sp. |
| Pleosporales | Dictyosporiaceae | Dictyocheirospora | indeterminate | Clarkia | Dictyocheirospora sp. |
| Pleosporales | Didymosphaeriaceae | Cf. Didymosphaeria | indeterminate | Clarkia | Cf. Didymosphaeria sp. |
| Pleosporales | Roussoellaceae | Neoroussoella | indeterminate | Clarkia | Neoroussoella sp. |
| Savoryellales | Savoryellaceae | Cf. Helicoon | indeterminate | Clarkia | Cf. Helicoon sp. |
| Sordariales | Chaetomiaceae | Chaetomium | indeterminate | Clarkia | Chaetomium sp. |
| Sordariales | Chaetomiaceae | Trichocladium | indeterminate | Clarkia | Trichocladium sp. |
| Sordariales | Lasiosphaeriaceae | Cf. Bombardioidea | indeterminate | Clarkia | Cf. Bombardioidea sp. |
| Sordariales | Naviculisporaceae | Naviculispora | indeterminate | Clarkia | Naviculispora sp. |
| Sordariales | Neoschizotheciaceae | Cf. Cercophora | indeterminate | Clarkia | Cf. Cercophora sp. |
| Sordariales | Podosporaceae | Podospora | indeterminate | Clarkia | Podospora sp. |
| Sordariales | incertae sedis | Brachysporiella | indeterminate | Clarkia | Brachysporiella sp. |
| Cf. Sordariales | indeterminate | indeterminate | indeterminate | Clarkia | Cf. Sordariales |
| Tubeufiales | Tubeufiaceae | Pendulispora | indeterminate | Clarkia | Pendulispora sp. |
| Xenospadicoidales | Xenospadicoidaceae | Spadicoides | S. sp. 1. | Clarkia | Spadicoides sp. 1 |
| Xenospadicoidales | Xenospadicoidaceae | Spadicoides | S. sp. 2. | Clarkia | Spadicoides sp. 2 |
| Xylariales | Xylariaceae | Cf. Rosellinia | indeterminate | Clarkia | Cf. Rosellinia sp. |
| Xylariales | Xylariaceae | indeterminate | indeterminate | Clarkia | Xylariaceae sp. |
| incertae sedis | Diporothecaceae | Diporotheca | Aff. D. rhizophila | Clarkia | Diporotheca aff. rhizophila |
| incertae sedis | incertae sedis | Acarocybiopsis | indeterminate | Clarkia | Acarocybiopsis sp. |
| incertae sedis | incertae sedis | Cf. Brachydesmiella | indeterminate | Clarkia | Cf. Brachydesmiella sp. |
| incertae sedis | incertae sedis | Desertella | indeterminate | Clarkia | Desertella sp. |
| incertae sedis | incertae sedis | Endophragmia | indeterminate | Clarkia | Endophragmia sp. |
| incertae sedis | incertae sedis | Endophragmiopsis | indeterminate | Clarkia | Endophragmiopsis sp. |
| incertae sedis | incertae sedis | Endophragmiella | indeterminate | Clarkia | Endophragmiella sp. |
| incertae sedis | incertae sedis | Helensiella | indeterminate | Clarkia | Helensiella sp. |
| incertae sedis | incertae sedis | Cf. Hermatomyces | indeterminate | Clarkia | Cf. Hermatomyces sp. |
| incertae sedis | incertae sedis | Hughesinia | indeterminate | Clarkia | Hughesinia sp. |
| incertae sedis | incertae sedis | Cf. Lemkea | indeterminate | Clarkia | Cf. Lemkea sp. |
| incertae sedis | incertae sedis | Melanocephala | indeterminate | Clarkia | Melanocephala sp. |
| incertae sedis | incertae sedis | Cf. Melanographium | indeterminate | Clarkia | Cf. Melanographium sp. |
| incertae sedis | incertae sedis | Phragmocephala | indeterminate | Clarkia | Phragmocephala sp. |
| incertae sedis | incertae sedis | Cf. Polytretophora | indeterminate | Clarkia | Cf. Polytretophora sp. |
| incertae sedis | incertae sedis | Seychellomyces | indeterminate | Clarkia | Seychellomyces sp. |

## Insects

| Order | Family | Genus | Species | Author/year | Florule | Notes | Images |
| Blattodea | Hodotermitidae | †Ulmeriella | †Ulmeriella latahensis | Snyder, 1949 | Spokane | A harvester termite | |
| Blattodea | Kalotermitidae | Eotermes | Indeterminate | 1990 | Misc-Juliaetta | drywood termite Not described to species | |
| Blattodea | Stylotermitidae | †Parastylotermes | †Parastylotermes washingtonensis | (Snyder, 1931) | Spokane | A Stylotermitid termite First named as Stylotermes washingtonensis | |
| Coleoptera | Anthribidae | Unidentified | Unidentified | "Smiley et al. 1975" | Clarkia | Two partial adults | |
| Coleoptera | Carabidae | Calosoma | †Calosoma fernquisti | Cockerell, 1925 | Spokane-Deep Creek | A carabid ground beetle | Calosoma fernquisti |
| Coleoptera | Carabidae | Pterostichus | †Pterostichus fernquisti | Wickham, 1931 | Spokane | A carabid ground beetle | |
| Coleoptera | Dascillidae | Dascillus? | †Dascillus? latahensis | Lewis, 1973 | Spokane | A possible soft bodied plant beetle species. | |
| Coleoptera | Dytiscidae | Dytiscus | †Dytiscus latahensis | Wickham, 1931 | Spokane | A predaceous diving beetle | |
| Coleoptera | Elateridae | Unidentified | Unidentified | "Smiley et al. 1975" | Clarkia | Two partial adults | |
| Coleoptera | Scarabaeidae | Unidentified | Unidentified | "Smiley et al. 1975" | Clarkia | A single whole adult. | |
| Diptera | Anisopodidae | Sylvicola | †Sylvicola carolae | (Lewis) Evenhuis, 1994 | Misc-Juliaetta | A wood gnat First described as Anisopus carolae (1969) | |
| Diptera | Bombyliidae | Incertae sedis | †"Anthrax" dentoni | Lewis, 1969 | Spokane | First identified as an Anthrax species bee fly Redescribed as Bombyliidae incertae sedis (2015) | |
| Diptera | Bibionidae | Bibio | †Bibio latahensis | Lewis, 1969 | Misc-Juliaetta | A march fly | |
| Diptera | Bibionidae | Bibio | †Bibio testeus | Lewis, 1969 | Misc-Juliaetta | A march fly | |
| Diptera | Bibionidae | Bibio | Indeterminate | 1969 | Spokane | An unidentified march fly | |
| Diptera | Bolitophilidae? | Bolitophila? | †Bolitophila pulveris | Lewis, 1969 | Misc-Juliaetta | A bolitophilid gnat Considered nomen dubium | |
| Diptera | Mycetophilidae | Boletina | Indeterminate | 1990 | Misc-Juliaetta | An exechian fungus gnat | |
| Diptera | Mycetophilidae | Exechia | †Exechia juliaetta | Lewis, 1969 | Misc-Juliaetta | An exechian fungus gnat | |
| Diptera | Mycetophilidae | Rymosia | †Rymosia miocenica | Lewis, 1969 | Misc-Juliaetta | A rymosian fungus gnat | |
| Diptera | Mycetophilidae | Indeterminate | Indeterminate | 1990 | Misc-Juliaetta | Unidentified mycetophiline and mycetophilid fugus gnats | |
| Diptera | Sciaridae | Sciara | †Sciara sepulta | Lewis, 1969 | Misc-Juliaetta | A sciarid fungus gnat | |
| Diptera | Tipulidae | Tipula | †Tipula latahensis | Lewis, 1969 | Spokane | A Tipulid cranefly | |
| Hemiptera | Pentatomidae | Hymenarcys | †Hymenarcys cridlandi | Lewis, 1969 | Spokane | A pentatomid shield bug | |
| Hemiptera | Saldidae | Propentacora | †Propentacora froeschneri | (Lewis) Polhemus, 1985 | Misc-Juliaetta | A shore bug First described as Oreokora froeschneri (1969) | |
| Hemiptera | Tessaratomidae | †Latahcoris | †Latahcoris spectatus | Cockerell, 1931 | Spokane | A tessaratomid giant stink bug | |
| Hymenoptera | Apidae | Bombus | †Bombus proavus | Cockerell, 1931 | Spokane Misc-Juliaetta | A Bumblebee | |
| Hymenoptera | Formicidae | Camponotus | Indeterminate | 1990 | Misc-Juliaetta | Unidentified carpenter ants | |
| Hymenoptera | Formicidae | Dolichoderus | Indeterminate | 1990 | Misc-Juliaetta | Unidentified Dolichoderus species ants | |
| Hymenoptera | Formicidae | Lasius | Indeterminate | 1990 | Misc-Juliaetta | Unidentified Lasius species ants | |
| Hymenoptera | Formicidae | Messor ? | Indeterminate | 1990 | Misc-Juliaetta | Unidentified possible Messor species ants | |
| Hymenoptera | Formicidae | Indeterminate | Indeterminate | 1931 | Spokane | Unidentified ants | |
| Hymenoptera | Ichneumonidae | Periope | †Periope ivesi | Lewis, 1969 | Spokane | A metopiine ichneumonid wasp | |
| Hymenoptera | Ichneumonidae | Sphecophaga | Indeterminate | 1990 | Misc-Juliaetta | A metopiine ichneumonid wasp | |
| Hymenoptera | Ichneumonidae | Indeterminate | Indeterminate | 1990 | Misc-Juliaetta | Unidentified cryptine ichneumonid wasps | |
| Hymenoptera | Ichneumonidae | Indeterminate | Indeterminate | 1990 | Misc-Juliaetta | Unidentified pimpline ichneumonid wasps | |
| Hymenoptera | Megachilidae | Indeterminate | Indeterminate | 1990 | Misc-Juliaetta | Unidentified megachiline carpenter bees | |
| Hymenoptera | Tenthredinidae | Macrophya | †Macrophya adventitia | Lewis, 1969 | Misc-Juliaetta | A tenthredinidae sawfly | |
| Lepidoptera | Nepticulidae | Indeterminate | Indeterminate | 1969 | "Not stated" | A pigmy moth larva blotch-mine trace fossil Hosted on an oak leaf. | |
| Odonata | Corduliidae | †Miocordulia | †Miocordulia latipennis | Kennedy, 1931 | Spokane | A corduliid dragonfly | |
| Odonata | Macromiidae | Epophthalmia | †Epophthalmia biordinata | Lewis, 1969 | Spokane | A macromiid skimmer Possibly a species of Macromia | |
| Odonata | indeterminate | Indeterminate | Indeterminate | 1990 | Misc-Juliaetta | Unidentified dragonflies | |
| Orthoptera | Tettigoniidae | Undescribed | Undescribed | "Smiley et al. 1975" | Clarkia | Partial katydid specimens | |
| Plecoptera | Leuctridae | Megaleuctra | †Megaleuctra jewetti | Lewis, 1969 | Misc-Juliaetta | A rolled-wing stonefly | |
| Trichoptera | Limnephilidae | Limnephilus | Indeterminate | 1990 | Misc-Juliaetta | An unidentified northern caddisfly | |
| Trichoptera | Limnephilidae | †Miopsyche | †Miopsyche alexanderi | Carpenter, 1931 | Spokane | A northern caddisfly | |
| Trichoptera | Limnephilidae | †Miopsyche | †Miopsyche martynovi | Carpenter, 1931 | Spokane | A northern caddisfly | |
| Trichoptera | Limnephilidae | †Miopsyche | Indeterminate | 1990 | Clarkia Misc-Juliaetta | An unidentified northern caddisfly | |
| Trichoptera | Phryganeidae | †Folindusia | †Folindusia miocenica | Berry, 1928 | Spokane | A phryganeid giant caddisfly larval case indusispecies | Folindusia miocenica |
| Trichoptera | Phryganeidae | †Folindusia | †Folindusia sp. | 1970 | Misc-Juliaetta Spokane | A phryganeid giant caddisfly larval case indusispecies | |
| Trichoptera | Phryganeidae | Phryganea | †Phryganea spokanensis | Carpenter, 1931 | Spokane | A giant caddisfly | |
| Trichoptera | Phryganeidae | Phryganea | Indeterminate | 1990 | Misc-Juliaetta | An unidentified giant caddisfly | |

## Fish

| Family | Genus | Species | Author/year | Florule | Notes | Images |
| Centrarchidae | Archoplites | †Archoplites clarki | Smith & Miller, 1985 | Clarkia | A sun fish | |
| Leuciscidae | Gila | Unnamed | | Clarkia | Possibly 2 species of western chub | |
| Salmonidae | Cf. Hucho | Unnamed | | Clarkia | An unnamed salmonid First described as a taimen, later noted to be similar to but not in Hucho | |
| Unidentified | Unidentified | Unidentified | | Spokane? Misc-Weiser Misc-Juliaetta Misc-N of Lewiston | Isolated scales and vertebrae Suggested to be Leuciscus possibly the same as Leuciscus turneri | "fish scales" |

## Mammals

| Family | Genus | Species | Author/year | Florule | Notes | Images |
| Sciuridae | incertae sedis | incertae sedis | "2018" | Clarkia | The first tetrapod from Clarkia | Clarkia Sciuridae specimen Burke Museum #UWBM 113209 |

## Algae

An initial survey of Latah Formation diatoms was conduced by Albert Mann at the behest of Frank Hall Knowlton. Based on sample material recovered from a well 0.25 mi (0.40 km) west of Mica, Washington, itself southeast of Spokane, Mann identified a large number of diatomaceous species, including 10 new species. Mann noted the diatoms appear to have lived under stressed conditions caused by caustic water, with many of the specimens showing malformed shapes or blurred ornamentations. The typical cause of this in diatoms is a high concentration of dissolved mineral salts in the water body.
| Family | Genus | Species | Author/year | Florule | Notes | Synonyms | Images |
| Amphipleuraceae | Amphipleura | Amphipleura oregonica | Grunow | Spokane | An amphipleuraceous diatom | Amphipleura pellucida var. oregonica | |
| Amphipleuraceae | Frustulia | Frustulia rhomboides | (Ehrenberg) De Toni | Spokane | An amphipleuraceous diatom | | Frustulia rhomboides |
| Aulacoseiraceae | Aulacoseira | †Aulacoseira distans | (Ehrenberg) Simonsen | Spokane | A aulacoseiraceous diatom | Melosira distans | |
| Aulacoseiraceae | Aulacoseira | Aulacoseira granulata | (Ehrenberg) Simonsen | Spokane | A aulacoseiraceous diatom | Melosira granulata | |
| Cavinulaceae | Cavinula | Cavinula scutiformis | (Grunow ex A.Schmidt) D.G.Mann & A.J.Stickle | Spokane | A cavinulaceous diatom | Navicula scutiformis | |
| Coscinodiscaceae | Coscinodiscus | Coscinodiscus subaulacodiscoidalis | Rattray | Spokane | A coscinodiscaceous diatom | | Coscinodiscus subaulacodiscoidalis |
| Cymbellaceae | Cymbella | Cymbella americana | A.W.F.Schmidt | Spokane | A cymbellaceous diatom | | Cymbella americana |
| Cymbellaceae | Cymbella | Cymbella amphicephala | Näegeli | Spokane | A cymbellaceous diatom | | |
| Cymbellaceae | Cymbella | Cymbella flexella | Kützing | Spokane | A cymbellaceous diatom | Achnanthes (Achnanthidium) flexella | |
| Cymbellaceae | Cymbella | Cymbella lunula | (Ehrenberg) Rabenhorst | Spokane | A cymbellaceous diatom | | |
| Cymbellaceae | Cymbella | Cymbella partita | Mann | Spokane | A cymbellaceous diatom | | Cymbella partita |
| Cymbellaceae | Cymbella | Cymbella sagittarius | Mann | Spokane | A cymbellaceous diatom | | Cymbella sagittarius |
| Eunotiaceae | Actinella | Actinella brasiliensis | Grunow | Spokane | A eunotiaceous diatom | | |
| Eunotiaceae | Desmogonium | Desmogonium rabenhorstianum | Grunow | Spokane | A eunotiaceous diatom | | |
| Eunotiaceae | Eunotia | Eunotia incisa | Grunow | Spokane | A eunotiaceous diatom | | |
| Eunotiaceae | Eunotia | Eunotia parallela | Ehrenberg | Spokane | A eunotiaceous diatom | | |
| Eunotiaceae | Eunotia | Eunotia pectinalis | (Kuetzing) Rabenhorst | Spokane | A eunotiaceous diatom | | |
| Eunotiaceae | Eunotia | Eunotia robusta | Ralfs | Spokane | A eunotiaceous diatom Varieties E. r. var. diadema & E. r. var. papilio | | |
| Fragilariaceae | Fragilaria | Fragilaria constricta | (A.Cleve) Hustedt | Spokane | A fragilariaceous diatom Form Fragilaria constricta f. stricta | Fragilaria undata | |
| Fragilariaceae | Fragilaria | Fragilaria binalis | Ehrenberg | Spokane | A fragilariaceous diatom | Tabellaria binalis | |
| Gomphonemataceae | Gomphonema | Gomphonema acuminatum | Ehrenberg | Spokane | A gomphonemataceous diatom | | |
| Gomphonemataceae | Gomphonema | Gomphonema gracile | Ehrenberg | Spokane | A gomphonemataceous diatom | | |
| Gomphonemataceae | Gomphonema | Gomphonema parvulum | (Kützing) Kützing | Spokane | A gomphonemataceous diatom | | |
| Melosiraceae | Melosira | Melosira biseriata | (Ehrenberg) Schmidt | Spokane | A melosiraceous diatom | | |
| Melosiraceae | Melosira | Melosira lyrata | Ehrenberg | Spokane | A melosiraceous diatom | | |
| Melosiraceae | Melosira | Melosira teres | Brun | Spokane | A melosiraceous diatom | | |
| Melosiraceae | Melosira | Melosira undulata | (Ehrenberg) Kützing | Spokane | A melosiraceous diatom | | |
| Naviculaceae | Caloneis | Caloneis westii | (W.Smith) Hendey | Spokane | A naviculaceous diatom | Navicula formosa | |
| Naviculaceae | Navicula | Navicula americana | F.W. Mills | Spokane | A naviculaceous diatom | | |
| Naviculaceae | Navicula | Navicula angusta | Grunow | Spokane | A naviculaceous diatom | | |
| Naviculaceae | Navicula | Navicula bacillum | Ehrenberg | Spokane | A naviculaceous diatom | | |
| Naviculaceae | Navicula | Navicula commutata | Grunow ex A.Schmidt | Spokane | A naviculaceous diatom | | |
| Naviculaceae | Navicula | †Navicula contendens | Mann | Spokane | A naviculaceous diatom | | Navicula contendens |
| Naviculaceae | Navicula | Navicula elegans | Grunow | Spokane | A naviculaceous diatom | | |
| Naviculaceae | Navicula | Navicula instabilis | A.Schmidt | Spokane | A naviculaceous diatom | | |
| Naviculaceae | Navicula | †Navicula pauper | Mann | Spokane | A naviculaceous diatom | | Navicula pauper |
| Naviculaceae | Navicula | Navicula placentula | Pantocsek | Spokane | A naviculaceous diatom | | |
| Naviculaceae | Navicula | †Navicula pontifica | Mann | Spokane | A naviculaceous diatom | | Navicula pontifica |
| Naviculaceae | Navicula | †Navicula protrudens | Mann | Spokane | A naviculaceous diatom | | Navicula protrudens |
| Naviculaceae | Navicula | †Navicula pseudoaffinis | Mann | Spokane | A naviculaceous diatom | | Navicula pseudoaffinis |
| Naviculaceae | Navicula | Navicula pseudobacillum | Grunow | Spokane | A naviculaceous diatom | | |
| Naviculaceae | Navicula | Navicula pusilla | Donkin | Spokane | A naviculaceous diatom | | |
| Naviculaceae | Navicula | Navicula radiosa | Kützing | Spokane | A naviculaceous diatom | | |
| Naviculaceae | Navicula | †Navicula reversa | Mann | Spokane | A naviculaceous diatom | | Navicula reversa |
| Naviculaceae | Navicula | Navicula stauroptera | Schumann | Spokane | A naviculaceous diatom | | |
| Naviculaceae | Navicula | Navicula subacuta | (Ehrenberg) Ralfs | Spokane | A naviculaceous diatom | | |
| Naviculaceae | Navicula | †Navicula substauroneis | Mann | Spokane | A naviculaceous diatom | | Navicula substauroneis |
| Naviculaceae | Navicula | Navicula tabellaria | (Ehrenberg) Kützing | Spokane | A naviculaceous diatom | | |
| Naviculaceae | Navicula | Navicula transversa | A.Schmidt | Spokane | A naviculaceous diatom | | |
| Naviculaceae | Navicula | Navicula viridis | (Nitzsch) Kutzing | Spokane | A naviculaceous diatom | | |
| Neidiaceae | Neidium | Neidium dubium | (Ehrenberg) Cleve | Spokane | A neidiaceous diatom | | |
| Neidiaceae | Neidium | Neidium iridescens | (Mann) VanLandingham | Spokane | A naviculaceous diatom | Navicula iridescens | Neidium iridescens |
| Neidiaceae | Neidium | Neidium iridis | (Ehrenberg) Cleve | Spokane | A neidiaceous diatom | Navicula iridis | |
| Pinnulariaceae | Pinnularia | Pinnularia gibba | Ehrenberg | Spokane | A pinnulariaceous diatom | Navicula gibba | |
| Pinnulariaceae | Pinnularia | Pinnularia gracillima | W.Gregory | Spokane | A pinnulariaceous diatom | Navicula gracillima | Pinnularia gracillima |
| Pinnulariaceae | Pinnularia | Pinnularia major | (Kützing) Rabenhorst | Spokane | A pinnulariaceous diatom | Navicula major | |
| Pinnulariaceae | Pinnularia | Pinnularia mesotyla | Ehrenberg | Spokane | A pinnulariaceous diatom | Navicula mesotyla | |
| Pinnulariaceae | Pinnularia | Pinnularia nodosa | (Ehrenberg) W.Smith | Spokane | A pinnulariaceous diatom | Navicula nodosa | |
| Pinnulariaceae | Pinnularia | Pinnularia rupestris | Hantzsch | Spokane | A pinnulariaceous diatom | Navicula rupestris | |
| Pinnulariaceae | Pinnularia | Pinnularia subcapitata | W.Gregory | Spokane | A pinnulariaceous diatom | Navicula hilseana | |
| Stauroneidaceae | Stauroneis | †Stauroneis acutissima | Mann | Spokane | A stauroneidaceous diatom | | Stauroneis acutissima |
| Stauroneidaceae | Stauroneis | Stauroneis anceps | Ehrenberg | Spokane | A stauroneidaceous diatom | | Stauroneis anceps |
| Stauroneidaceae | Stauroneis | Stauroneis phoenicenteron | (Nitzsch) Ehrenberg | Spokane | A stauroneidaceous diatom | | Stauroneis phoenicenteron |
| Surirellaceae | Surirella | Surirella bifrons | Ehrenberg | Spokane | A surirellaceous diatom | | |
| Surirellaceae | Surirella | Surirella inducta | A.W.F.Schmidt | Spokane | A surirellaceous diatom | | |
| Surirellaceae | Surirella | Surirella striatula | Turpin | Spokane | A surirellaceous diatom | | |
| Tabellariaceae | Tabellaria | Tabellaria fenestrata | (Lyngbye) Kützing | Spokane | A tabellariaceous diatom | | |
| Tabellariaceae | Tabellaria | Tabellaria flocculosa | (Roth) Kützing | Spokane | A tabellariaceous diatom | | |
| Tabellariaceae | Tetracyclus | Tetracyclus ellipticus | (Ehrenberg) Grunow | Spokane | A tabellariaceous diatom | | |
| Tetracyclus lacustris | Tetracyclus | Ralfs | Spokane | A tabellariaceous diatom | | |
| incertae sedis | Diatoma | Diatoma grande | W. Smith | Spokane | A diatom of uncertain familial affiliation | | |
| incertae sedis | Diatoma | Diatoma tenue var. hybrida | Grunow | Spokane | A diatom of uncertain familial affiliation | | |
| incertae sedis | Diatoma | Diatoma vulgaris | Bory de Saint-Vincent | Spokane | A diatom of uncertain familial affiliation | Diatoma vulgare | |
| incertae sedis | Gomphogramma | Gomphogramma rupestre | (Kützing) Braun in Rabenhorst | Spokane | A bacillariophyceopus diatom of uncertain affiliation | Tetracyclus rupestris | |
| incertae sedis | Himantidium | Himantidium faba | Ehrenberg | Spokane | A diatom of uncertain familial affiliation | Eunotia faba | |
| incertae sedis | Himantidium | Himantidium gracile | Ehrenberg | Spokane | A diatom of uncertain familial affiliation | Eunotia gracilis | Himantidium gracile |
| incertae sedis | Himantidium | Himantidium minus | Kützing | Spokane | A diatom of uncertain familial affiliation | Eunotia minus | |

## Referecnes

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* ↑ Smith, M.; Manchester, S. (2019). "A new species of "gigantic" capsular fruits of Vaccinioideae from the Miocene of Idaho". Palaeontologia Electronica. 22 (3): Article number 22.3.65. doi:10.26879/982.
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* 1 2 3 LaMotte, R.S. (1952). Catalogue of the Cenozoic plants of North America through 1950. Geological Society of America Memoirs. Vol. 51. Geological Society of America. doi:10.1130/MEM51.
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* ↑ Smiley, C.J.; Huggins, L.M. (1981). "Pseudofagus idahoensis, n. gen. et sp. (Fagaceae) from the Miocene Clarkia flora of Idaho". American Journal of Botany. 68 (6): 741–761. doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1981.tb12407.x. ISSN 0002-9122.
* ↑ Berry, E.W. (1928). "A Miocene Paliurus from the state of Washington". American Journal of Science. 5 (91): 39–44. Bibcode:1928AmJS...16...39B. doi:10.2475/ajs.s5-16.91.39.
* ↑ Burge, D.O.; Manchester, S.R. (2008). "Fruit morphology, fossil history, and biogeography of Paliurus (Rhamnaceae)". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 169 (8): 1066–1085. doi:10.1086/590453.
* ↑ Li, X.; Wang, H.; Leng, Q.; Xiao, L.; Guo, J.; He, W. (2014). "Paliurus (Paliureae, Rhamnaceae) from the Miocene of East China and its Macrofossil-based Phylogenetic and Phytogeographical History". Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition). 88 (5): 1364–1377. Bibcode:2014AcGlS..88.1364L. doi:10.1111/1755-6724.12304. S2CID 129463506.
* ↑ Manchester, S.R. (1989). "Attached reproductive and vegetative remains of the extinct American-European genus Cedrelospermum (Ulmaceae) from the Early Tertiary of Utah and Colorado". American Journal of Botany. 76 (2): 256–276. doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1989.tb11309.x.
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 Tanai, T.; Wolfe, J.A. (1977). Revisions of Ulmus and Zelkova in the middle and late Tertiary of western North America (Report). Professional Paper. Vol. 1026. United States Geological Survey. pp. 1–14. doi:10.3133/pp1026.
* ↑ Graham, S.A. (2013). "Fossil records in the Lythraceae". The Botanical Review. 79 (1): 48–145. Bibcode:2013BotRv..79...48G. doi:10.1007/s12229-012-9116-1.
* 1 2 Zhu, H.; Manchester, S. R. (2020). "Red and Silver Maples in the Neogene of Western North America: Fossil Leaves and Samaras of Acer Section Rubra". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 181 (5): 542–556. doi:10.1086/707106. S2CID 219047777.
* ↑ Manchester, S. R.; Uemura, K. (2013). "Ozakia, a new genus of winged fruit shared between the Miocene of Japan and western North America". Journal of Plant Research. 127 (2): 187–92. doi:10.1007/s10265-013-0602-2. PMID 24306324. S2CID 22167161.
* ↑ Snyder, T. (1949). "A new Miocene Ulmeriella (fossil Isoptera, Hodotermitidae)". Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 51 (4): 164–165.
* ↑ Carpenter, F. M.; Cockerell, T. D. A.; Kennedy, C. H.; Snyder, T. E.; Wickham, H. F. (1931). "Insects from the Miocene (Latah) of Washington IV. Isoptera". Annales of the Entomological Society of America. 24 (2): 317. doi:10.1093/aesa/24.2.317.
* ↑ Emerson, A.E. (1971). "Tertiary fossil species of the Rhinotermitidae (Isoptera), phylogeny of genera, and reciprocal phylogeny of associated Flagellata (Protozoa) and the Staphylinidae (Coleoptera)". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 146 (3): 243–304. hdl:2246/1093.
* ↑ Cockerell, T.D.A. (1924). "Fossil insects in the United States National Museum". Proceedings of the United States National Museum. 64 (13): 14–15. doi:10.5479/si.00963801.64-2503.1.
* 1 2 Carpenter, F. M.; Cockerell, T. D. A.; Kennedy, C. H.; Snyder, T. E.; Wickham, H. F. (1931). "Insects from the Miocene (Latah) of Washington V. Coleoptera". Annales of the Entomological Society of America. 24 (2): 317–318. doi:10.1093/aesa/24.2.317a.
* ↑ Lewis, S.E. (1973). "A new species of fossil beetle (Coleoptera: Dascillidae) from the Latah Formation (Miocene) of eastern Washington". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 66 (3): 697. doi:10.1093/aesa/66.3.697.
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Lewis, S.E. (1969). "Fossil insects of the Latah Formation (Miocene) of eastern Washington and northern Idaho". Northwest Science. 43: 99–115.
* ↑ Greenwalt, D.E.; Wingerath, J.G.; Evenhuis, N.L. (2015). "Two new and disparate fossil bee flies (Bombyliidae: Anthracinae) from the Americas and reassessment of Anthrax dentoni Lewis, 1969". Palaeontologia Electronica. 18 (3): Article number 18.3.51A. doi:10.26879/582.
* ↑ Polhemus, J. (1985). Shore bugs (Heteroptera, Hemiptera; Saldidae): a world overview and taxonomy of Middle American forms. Englewood: Different Drummer. p. 252.
* 1 2 Carpenter, F. M.; Cockerell, T. D. A.; Kennedy, C. H.; Snyder, T. E.; Wickham, H. F. (1931). "Insects from the Miocene (Latah) of Washington II. Hymenoptera and Hemiptera". Annales of the Entomological Society of America. 24 (2): 309–312. doi:10.1093/aesa/24.2.309.
* ↑ Lewis, S.E. (1969). "Lepidopterous larval-mining of an oak (?) leaf from the Latah Formation (Miocene) of eastern Washington". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 62 (5): 1210–1211. doi:10.1093/aesa/62.5.1210.
* ↑ Carpenter, F. M.; Cockerell, T. D. A.; Kennedy, C. H.; Snyder, T. E.; Wickham, H. F. (1931). "Insects from the Miocene (Latah) of Washington III. Odonata". Annales of the Entomological Society of America. 24 (2): 313–316. doi:10.1093/aesa/24.2.313.
* ↑ Brockhaus, T.; Müller, O.; Nel, A.; Poschmann, M.; Wappler, T. (2020). "Fossil dragonflies (Odonata: Anisoptera) from the late Oligocene Fossil-Lagerstätte Enspel (Rhineland-Palatinate, SW Germany)". Palaeoentomology. 3 (3): 284–300. doi:10.11646/palaeoentomology.3.3.9. S2CID 225723434.
* 1 2 3 Carpenter, F. M.; Cockerell, T. D. A.; Kennedy, C. H.; Snyder, T. E.; Wickham, H. F. (1931). "Insects from the Miocene (Latah) of Washington VI. Trichoptera". Annales of the Entomological Society of America. 24 (2): 319–322. doi:10.1093/aesa/24.2.319.
* ↑ Berry, E.W. (1928). "A caddis case of leaf pieces from the Miocene of Washington". Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences. 18 (3): 60–61.
* ↑ Lewis, S.E. (1970). "Fossil caddisfly (Trichoptera) cases from the Latah Formation (Miocene) of eastern Washington and northern Idaho". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 63 (2): 621–622. doi:10.1093/aesa/63.2.621.
* ↑ Stearley, R.; Smith, G. (2016). "Salmonid Fishes from Mio-Pliocene Lake Sediments in the Western Snake River Plain, Oregon and Idaho, and Great Basin Salmonid Diversity". Miscellaneous Publications of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan. 204: 13–15.