# Flying roller coaster

A flying roller coaster is a type of steel roller coaster meant to simulate the sensations of flight by harnessing riders in a prone position during the duration of the ride. The roller coaster cars are suspended below the track, with riders secured such that their backs are parallel to the track.

## History

The flying roller coaster is a relatively new concept. The world's first flying roller coaster was Skytrak, built in Manchester, United Kingdom at the Granada Studios Tour in 1997. The Skytrak used a single-passenger car. Riders would climb into the car in much the same fashion as climbing a ladder, then the car would be raised up to the track before being dispatched. The single-passenger design kept the ride's capacity low, at only 240 riders per hour. The park, and Skytrak itself, were short-lived; both closed in 1998.

## Design
### Vekoma

Dutch roller coaster manufacturer Vekoma constructed the first large-scale flying roller coaster, Stealth, for California's Great America in 2000. Nicknamed the 'Flying Dutchman' by Vekoma, Stealth featured a higher-capacity train with four-across seating. Riders load the trains in an upright sitting position, facing the rear of the train. After the train is fully loaded, a mechanism in the station lower the seats to the track, with the riders on their backs facing the ceiling. After cresting the lift hill, the track twists 180 degrees to flip the riders into the flying position for the rest of the ride. Just prior to reaching the roller coaster's final brake run, the track twists again, such that riders are lying on their backs facing upward. After reaching the station, the seats are raised back to loading position.
The harness system for the Vekoma flying roller coaster consists of two main elements: the lap bar and the chest harness. After being seated, the operator pulls down the lap bar, which is hinged on the floor of the train. The bar locks into slots in the sides of the seat and secures the waist. Halfway up the bar is a pair of leg restraints, which hold the legs in place during the ride. The rider then fastens the buckles to close the chest harness and secure the upper body. Hand grips are placed at the ends of the arm rests of each seat.
Vekoma would expand upon the 'Flying Dutchman' prototype with two other installations in 2001, Batwing for Six Flags America and X-Flight for Geauga Lake. Of the three Vekoma Flying Dutchmans, only Batwing remains operating. Stealth was relocated to Carowinds where it operated as BORG Assimilator from 2004 to 2007, and later as Nighthawk until its closure in 2024, while X-Flight operated at Kings Island as Firehawk until its closure on October 28, 2018.
In 2009, Vekoma debuted a new, more compact flying roller coaster model nicknamed the 'Stingray' which used the same seating configuration as the original Flying Dutchman, but with Vekoma's new track style as well as a vertical lift hill. Its first installation is at the Suzhou Giant Wheel Park in Suzhou, China, which opened on August 18, 2009. The ride was removed in 2018.
In 2014, Phantasialand in Brühl, Germany contracted Vekoma to design and build a new flying roller coaster to be the center piece of a new immersive themed area of the park which would also include the park's third hotel. Noting previous design limitations and issues with other flying coaster models, particularly in regard to capacity as loading procedures were slow and complex. Phantasialand pursued two objectives for the design of their new flying coaster; a simplified and streamlined loading process, and custom layout designed to fit in the limited space (100m by 75m) available as well as height restrictions imposed upon the park. Vekoma spent the next few years designing and testing a prototype system at its factory in Vlodrop, with construction on the new coaster beginning in 2016 and finishing in 2019. In 2019, Phantasialand began a teaser campaign for the new coaster, announcing the name F.L.Y. (Flying Launch Coaster). On September 17, 2020, F.L.Y. officially opened to the public.
F.L.Y. features a completely brand new loading procedure never before seen on any flying coaster model. Upon entering the station, the track and trains rotate from a prone position 90 degrees onto the side, while the seats, which are two abreast, rotate at the same time so that the passengers move from a prone "flying" position to an upright position. The passengers load into a standard seated position and pull down the over-the-shoulder vest harness. Once secure, the train is dispatched out of the station and proceeds in the upright position through a short dark ride section before the track, train, and seats rotate into the prone flying position.
In addition to the new loading procedure, F.L.Y. is also the first flying roller coaster to utilize a launch system rather than a lift system. F.L.Y. features two separate LSM launches that launches trains up to a top speed of 48.5 mph (78.1 km/h) over 4,055.1 feet (1,236.0 m) of track making it the world's longest flying coaster.
Since opening, F.L.Y. has been met with overwhelmingly positive reception for its innovative design, riding experience, operations, capacity, and theming that have won the coaster several industry awards.
Vekoma's flying roller coasters have a 54-inch minimum-height requirement.

### Bolliger & Mabillard

Swiss manufacturer B&M debuted their flying coaster model Air in 2002, jointly developed with ride designer John Wardley. Riders take a seating position like on a regular inverted coaster with a chest harness and leglocks. They are then tilted 90° so they assume a frontwards lying position

### Zamperla

Italy's Zamperla produces a flying roller coaster model dubbed 'Volare' (Italian for "to fly"). Riders lie down in the cars, which hang from an upper rail at a 45-degree angle. The car is then lifted up into a flying position while holding the riders inside. This model is very compact and affordable (estimated to be US$6 million) and comes with a unique spiral lift hill in which a tall spinning column with two vertical poles connected to it push the cars up the spiral track. The minimum rider height requirement is 50 inches (127 cm).
The first Volare debuted as a prototype in 2002 as Flying Coaster at Elitch Gardens, where it operated until 2007. It faced numerous technical issues that were corrected on subsequent models produced by Zamperla. After closing, Flying Coaster was returned to Zamperla, where it was refurbished and installed at Coney Island as Soarin' Eagle.

## Installations

| Name | Park | Manufacturer | Opened | Status |
| Skytrak | Granada Studios | Skytrak International | 1997 | Removed |
| Komet | Encounter Zone | Select Contracts | 1998 | Removed |
| Batwing | Six Flags America | Vekoma | 2001 | Operating |
| Galactica Formerly Air | Alton Towers | Bolliger & Mabillard | 2002 | Operating |
| Superman: Ultimate Flight | Six Flags Over Georgia | Bolliger & Mabillard | 2002 | Operating |
| Superman: Ultimate Flight | Six Flags Great Adventure | Bolliger & Mabillard | 2003 | Operating |
| Superman: Ultimate Flight | Six Flags Great America | Bolliger & Mabillard | 2003 | Operating |
| Hexenbesen | Erlebniswelt Seilbahnen Thale | Wiegand | 2003 | Operating |
| Nighthawk Formerly BORG Assimilator Formerly Stealth | Carowinds California's Great America | Vekoma | 2004 2000 | Removed Closed 2003 |
| Super Flight | Playland | Zamperla | 2004 | Removed |
| Time Warp | Canada's Wonderland | Zamperla | 2004 | Removed |
| Volare | Wiener Prater | Zamperla | 2004 | Operating |
| Trombi | Särkänniemi | Zamperla | 2005 | Operating |
| Tatsu | Six Flags Magic Mountain | Bolliger & Mabillard | 2006 | Operating |
| Crystal Wing | Happy Valley Beijing | Bolliger & Mabillard | 2006 | Operating |
| Firehawk Formerly X-Flight | Kings Island Geauga Lake | Vekoma | 2007 2001 | Removed Closed 2006 |
| Manta | Sea World Orlando | Bolliger & Mabillard | 2009 | Operating |
| Stingray | Suzhou Giant Wheel Park | Vekoma | 2009 | Removed |
| Inertia Airplane Car | Kaeson Youth Park | Zamperla | 2010 | Operating |
| Sky Scrapper | World Joyland | Bolliger & Mabillard | 2011 | Operating |
| Soarin' Eagle Formerly Flying Coaster | Luna Park, Coney Island Elitch Gardens | Zamperla | 2011 2002 | Operating Closed 2003 |
| Hero | Flamingo Land Resort | Zamperla | 2013 | Operating |
| Acrobat | Nagashima Spa Land | Bolliger & Mabillard | 2015 | Operating |
| Harpy | Xishuangbanna Theme Park | Bolliger & Mabillard | 2015 | SBNO |
| The Flying Dinosaur | Universal Studios Japan | Bolliger & Mabillard | 2016 | Operating |
| Super Glider Formerly Flying Coaster | Skytropolis Funland Genting Theme Park | Zamperla | 2019 2004 | Operating Closed 2013 |
| Volare Hiz Kizagi | Wonderland Eurasia | Zamperla | 2019 | SBNO |
| F.L.Y. | Phantasialand | Vekoma | 2020 | Operating |
| Aurora Flying Coaster | Silk Road Paradise | Jinma Rides | 2023 | Operating |