OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Syed Ali Zafar

Syed Ali Zafar (Urdu: علی ظفر ) is a Pakistani senator and barrister from Lahore. He served as President of the Supreme Court Bar Association of Pakistan from 2015 to 2016 and as acting Minister for Law and Justice from June 5 to August 25, 2018.
He is currently the President of the Pakistan chapter of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Law and a senior partner at Mandviwalla & Zafar, legal consultants. He also is the vice-president of the Human Rights Society of Pakistan. He obtained his Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.) from the London School of Economics in 1983 and was called to the Bar in England and Wales in 1984. He is also a political analyst and regularly writes in The Express Tribune on various political, social and legal issues of Pakistan. He joined the present ruling party, Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI), in 2019.

## Politics

Zafar is a senator for the Province of Punjab for the ruling PTI party for the 2021–26 term. He took the oath as senator on 12 March 2021 and cast his votes for the election of new chairman and deputy Chairman for the Senate.
He was appointed a caretaker Minister of Law and Justice for the 2018 general election in the cabinet of caretaker Prime Minister Nasirul Mulk.
He was a candidate of the Independent group of Asma Jahangir and was elected President of the Supreme Court Bar Association of Pakistan in 2015.
Following in the footsteps of his father, S.M. Zafar, Zafar entered national politics. He joined Imran Khan, president of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf, to render his services to the people of Pakistan.

## Area of practice

Zafar has over 31 years of experience as a practicing barrister at the Supreme Court and High Courts of Pakistan. He has worked with several different branches of the law, including administrative law, banking laws, property law, mergers and acquisitions, alternative dispute resolution as well as at the National Accountability Bureau (NAB). He is known for his legal services in civil and criminal law and is a senior partner of the Mandviwalla & Zafar law firm.

## Memberships

He is a member of the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC), the London Court of International Arbitration (LCIA), and played a role as an arbitrator in various international arbitrations. He is a Life Member of both the Supreme Court Bar Association of Pakistan and the Lahore High Court Bar Association.
Zafar has contributed significantly to legal education and professional development in Pakistan. He has served as a visiting professor, delivering lectures at various law colleges and universities, including the Pakistan College of Law (PCL). His lectures have encompassed a wide range of topics such as digital rights, cybersecurity, and interfaith harmony.
In addition to his academic engagements, Zafar has actively participated in moot court competitions as a judge. Notably, he served on the judging panel for the 4th Annual Pakistan College of Law National Moot Court Competition in 2017, where he evaluated participants' performances.
# Togdheer

Togdheer (Somali: Togdheer, Arabic: تُوْجْدَيْر, romanized: Tūjdayr) is an administrative region (gobol) in central Somaliland. Togdheer is bordered by Maroodi Jeex to the west, Saaxil to the north, Sanaag to the northeast, Sool to the east and Ethiopia to the south. Its capital is Burao.

## Overview

Togdheer is bordered by Maroodi Jeex from the west, Sahil to the north, Ethiopia to the south, and Sanaag & Sool to the east. With its capital at Burao (Burco), the region's name is derived from the Togdheer River, which means "Long River" in Somali. The region has an approximate population of 350,000 people.
Under British Somaliland, the Togdheer region was formerly the Burao district which was one of three districts that comprised the Burao region. The other two regions were Las Anod and Erigavo districts. Sanaag was carved out of Togdheer region and was established as a separate region on June 23, 1973, comprising the three districts of Erigavo, Las Qorey and Garadag.
As with much of Somaliland, most local residents in the Togdheer region are nomadic pastoralists.

## Districts

The Togdheer region consists of the following three districts:
| District | Grade | Capital | Comments |
| Burao | A | Burao | Regional capital |
| Oodweyne | B | Oodweyne | |
| Buhoodle | B | Buhoodle | |

## Demographics

It is primarily inhabited by the Habr Je'lo, Habr Yonis, Isamusa and Arap, all of which are subdivisions of the larger Isaaq clan-family.
The Dhulbahante of the Harti Darod clan is also present in the Buuhoodle district.

## Major towns

* Burao
* Oodweyne
* Buuhoodle
* Balidhiig
* Qoryale
* Yirowe

## Map

* Map of Togdheer Region
# Moving sofa problem

In mathematics, the moving sofa problem or sofa problem is a two-dimensional idealization of real-life furniture-moving problems and asks for the rigid two-dimensional shape of the largest area that can be maneuvered through an L-shaped planar region with legs of unit width. The area thus obtained is referred to as the sofa constant. The exact value of the sofa constant is an open problem. The leading solution, by Joseph L. Gerver, has a value of approximately 2.2195. In November 2024, Jineon Baek posted an arXiv preprint claiming that Gerver's value is optimal, which if true would solve the moving sofa problem.

## History

The first formal publication was by the Austrian-Canadian mathematician Leo Moser in 1966, although there had been many informal mentions before that date.

## Bounds

Work has been done to prove that the sofa constant (A) cannot be below or above specific values (lower bounds and upper bounds).

### Lower

A lower bound on the sofa constant can be proven by finding a specific shape of a high area and a path for moving it through the corner. $A\geq \pi /2\approx 1.57$ is an obvious lower bound. This comes from a sofa that is a half-disk of unit radius, which can slide up one passage into the corner, rotate within the corner around the center of the disk, and then slide out the other passage.
In 1968, John Hammersley stated a lower bound of $A\geq \pi /2+2/\pi \approx 2.2074$. This can be achieved using a shape resembling an old-fashioned telephone handset, consisting of two quarter-disks of radius 1 on either side of a 1 by $4/\pi$ rectangle from which a half-disk of radius $2/\pi$ has been removed.
In 1992, Joseph L. Gerver of Rutgers University described a sofa with 18 curve sections, each taking a smooth analytic form. This further increased the lower bound for the sofa constant to approximately 2.2195 (sequence A128463 in the OEIS).

### Upper

Hammersley stated an upper bound on the sofa constant of at most $2{\sqrt {2}}\approx 2.8284$. Yoav Kallus and Dan Romik published a new upper bound in 2018, capping the sofa constant at $2.37$. Their approach involves rotating the corridor (rather than the sofa) through a finite sequence of distinct angles (rather than continuously) and using a computer search to find translations for each rotated copy so that the intersection of all of the copies has a connected component with as large an area as possible. As they show, this provides a valid upper bound for the optimal sofa, which can be made more accurate using more rotation angles. Five carefully chosen rotation angles lead to the stated upper bound.

## Ambidextrous sofa

A variant of the sofa problem asks the shape of the largest area that can go around both left and right 90-degree corners in a corridor of unit width (where the left and right corners are spaced sufficiently far apart that one is fully negotiated before the other is encountered). A lower bound of area approximately 1.64495521 has been described by Dan Romik. 18 curve sections also describe his sofa.
# Anna Buhigas

Anna Rosa Buhigas (born December 16, 1994) is an American retired soccer player who played as a goalkeeper for Real Betis.

## Career

Buhigas attended Lipscomb University and played for university team, Lipscomb Bisons whilst playing Buhigas won the ASUN Conference as best athlete and best goalkeeper of the year.
Buhigas signed her first professional soccer contract with Serie A team Verona in 2017. After Buhigas's first season, she left to play for Pyrgos Limassol in Cyprus. After one season in Cyprus, Buhigas returned to Italy to play for Tavagnacco. In 2019, she moved to Real Betis. The following season, she moved to Sporting de Huelva, where she played for two seasons. In 2021/2022 season, she moved to the Serie A side Pomigliano and stayed there for the rest of her senior career. Since retiring from professional soccer, Buhigas has taken up coaching at the University of Tampa's soccer program.
# Buttons (Sia song)

"Buttons" is a song by Australian singer-songwriter Sia. "Buttons" was released as a promotion single in 2007 and as the fourth and final official single from her 2008 album, Some People Have Real Problems. The song is a bonus track on the Australian edition and a hidden track (following "Lullaby") on the international edition of the album.
Re-mixes were released in the US on 25 November 2008 and a 1-track digital single in New Zealand on 9 February 2009 through Spinnin Records.
The Chris Lake Vocal Mix is included on the album, "Ultra Music Festival 03" The CSS remix is included on the album, "Triple J Hottest 100, Vol. 17" after coming in at number 50 in the annual poll.

## Critical reception

In a review of the album We Are Born, Bradley Stern of MuuMuse said "Bubblier up-tempos, such as 'Buttons' ... demonstrated Sia's ability to go beyond the realm of the ballad."

## Track listing
### The Remixes (US)

* Buttons (Jimmy Vallance Edit) – 2:58
* Buttons (Jimmy Vallance Remix) – 7:02
* Buttons (Chris Lake Remix) – 6:42
* Buttons (Chris Lake Dub) – 6:40
* Buttons (Markus Schulz Coldharbour Remix) – 6:57
* Buttons (Markus Schulz Coldharbour Dub) – 6:15

### New Zealand Version

* Buttons (Bart Hendrix Deep Dope Remix) – 6:10

### The Remixes (International)

* Buttons (Jimmy Vallance Edit) – 2:58
* Buttons (Original Mix) – 7:02
* Buttons (Chris Lake Vocal Mix) – 6:42
* Buttons (Markus Schulz Vocal Mix) – 6:57
* Buttons (CSS Remix) – 3:26
* Buttons (Filterheadz Remix) – 7:45
* Buttons (Chris Lake Dub Mix) – 6:40
* Buttons (Markus Schulz Dub Mix) – 6:15

## Video

The video clip was directed by Kris Moyes and released in July 2007. In it, Sia physically distorts her face, adopts grotesque expressions, and attaches objects to her head. The clip was uploaded by Perez Hilton on his blog and was viewed more than 250,000 times in 3 hours. Due to the negative comments about her appearance, Sia blogged about the disappointment of reading this, specifically referencing reading about her snaggletooth (a tooth that is broken or not in alignment with the others). In this blog, she also discussed how the concept of the video developed, how the video was 'fun' "apart from the whole clothes pegs on my face moment" but how the video has made her famous as it was pretty much worth it. This blog also uploaded on Perez Hilton's site on 31 July.
The clip remains one of her most recognisable clips to date.

## Chart performance

The single "Buttons" and the album Some People Have Real Problems both debuted on their respective ARIA charts on the week commencing 6 April 2009. This was a result of a combination of Sia completing her first Australian tour, coupled with television and other appearances (including a gig in Sydney's iTunes store).

### Weekly charts

| Chart (2009) | Peak position |
| Australia (ARIA) | 61 |
| Australian Artist (ARIA) | 14 |
| (ARIA) Hit Seekers | 1 |
# CBS Watch

CBS Watch!, also called Watch! Magazine, was a bi-monthly magazine commissioned by Paramount Global and published by Manifest. The glossy print magazine, covered celebrity, fashion, beauty, travel, culture and wellness through articles mainly about actors and hosts involved with programming on the CBS broadcast network and predecessor brands like Showtime, Pop TV, The CW, and Smithsonian Channel. The magazine was published bimonthly in the United States with both newsstand and subscription distribution. Post COVID outbreak, the magazine's frequency was reduced to quarterly. The last issue was published in November/December 2022. CBS Watch had a circulation number of approximately 200,000 copies per edition. It was created by former CBS Vice President Jeremy Murphy, who left in 2016 to start his own company 360bespoke.

## History

The magazine launched in January 2006 as a quarterly and increased to six times a year in 2007.
In 2010, a pictorial shot by Patrick Demarchelier featuring The Big Bang Theory actress Kaley Cuoco-Sweeting received national media coverage in USA Today and on Entertainment Tonight.
Watch! has conducted photo shoots around the world, including in Italy, Ireland, London and Paris. A photo from the Paris shoot featuring Cote DePablo walking two French poodles on Avenue Montaigne was reprinted on the cover of Women's Wear Daily during 2012 New York Fashion Week.
On June 3, 2014, Watch was the subject of a national televised special on the TVGN network, whose producers followed editors during two photo shoots in London the previous December. The magazine photographed Under the Dome star Rachelle Lefevre at The Four Seasons Hotel Hampshire in the English countryside, then NCIS star Michael Weatherly at the Mandarin Oriental Hyde Park, London. The behind the scenes footage formed the basis for a 30-minute special called Watch TV.
Also in September 2014, Watch! began publishing monthly specially themed issues devoted to a single topic exclusively for newsstand audiences. Among the special issues are an NCIS edition as well as ones devoted to Star Trek, the anniversary of The Wizard of Oz on CBS, and The Academy of Country Music Awards.
The magazine commissioned British violinist Charlie Siem to create a musical score for marketing and promotional purposes in 2014. Siem recorded a five-minute song called "Canopy" in a church in London with the 22-member English Chamber Orchestra. The magazine commissioned a second five-minute behind-the-scenes video that featured Siem and the orchestra performing the piece in its entirety.
In 2024, Justin Murphy published a book about his experience editing the magazine.
# 46 Hestia

46 Hestia is a large, dark main-belt asteroid. It is also the primary body of the Hestia clump, a group of asteroids with similar orbits.
Hestia was discovered by N. R. Pogson on August 16, 1857, at the Radcliffe Observatory, Oxford. Pogson awarded the honour of naming it to William Henry Smyth, the previous owner of the telescope used for the discovery. Smyth chose to name it after Hestia, Greek goddess of the hearth. This created a problem in Greek, where 4 Vesta also goes by the name Hestia.
The computed Lyapunov time for this asteroid is 30,000 years, indicating that it occupies a chaotic orbit that will change randomly over time because of gravitational perturbations of the planets.
Hestia has been studied by radar. 13-cm radar observations of this asteroid from the Arecibo Observatory between 1980 and 1985 were used to produce a diameter estimate of 131 km. In 1988 a search for satellites or dust orbiting this asteroid was performed using the UH88 telescope at the Mauna Kea Observatories, but the effort came up empty.

## Properties

Photometric observations made in 2012 at the Organ Mesa Observatory in Las Cruces, New Mexico produced a light curve with a period of 21.040 ± 0.001 hours. There are two brightness minima, having luminosity variations of 0.05 and 0.12 in magnitude, respectively.
In 2000, Michalak estimated Hestia to have a mass of 3.5×10$^{18}$ kg.
Even though Hestia is only about 124 km in diameter, in 1997, Bange and Bec-Borsenberger estimated Hestia as having a mass of 2.1×10$^{19}$ kg, based on a perturbation by 19 Fortuna. This older 1997 estimate would give it a density of 14+ g/cm$^3$ and make Hestia more massive than several much larger asteroids.
# Farooq Naek

Farooq Hamid Naek (Urdu: فاروق حمید نائیک ; born 1 July 1947) also spelled Farooq H. Naik, is a Pakistani politician and lawyer, who served as the Chairman Senate, Minister of Law as well as headed the Ministry of Justice in the government led by Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani.
After successfully contesting the 2008 general elections, Naek won the bid for the law ministry, but ascended to Chairman of the Senate in 2009. Due to cabinet reshuffle by Gillani in 2012, he was again appointed law minister of the country. He is a high-ranking member of the central committee of the Pakistan Peoples Party, and has been a personal lawyer and legal counselor in the legal cases leveled up against Benazir Bhutto and her spouse Asif Ali Zardari since 1996.

## Legal career

Naek was brought up in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. After graduating from high school, he was accepted at the Sindh Muslim Law College, where he earned an LLB in law. Later, he went on to attend the post-graduate school of the University of Karachi where he earned an MA in Economics. His political career began in 1971, when he served as Assistant Director at the Directorate of Labour and Social Welfare of the provincial Government of Sindh. He then was a Civil Judge and First Class Magistrate from 1971 to 1975. He was elected General Secretary of Karachi Bar Association during mid-1985-90. He also served as Deputy Attorney General of Pakistan from 1994 to 1996 in the second Benazir Bhutto government.
Naek enrolled as Advocate of local court in 1970, advocate of high court in 1976, and of Supreme Court in 1990. He resigned from the judicial service after serving as civil judge for two years and became an active member of the PPP in the mid-1970s.
Naek was arrested in 1995, after leading a demonstration against the dictatorial rule of General Zia Ul Haq. He was held in Central Prison, Karachi, for about six months along with 10 other lawyers.
Although Naek was associated with the PPP for three decades, he only shot to prominence when he fought the corruption and criminal cases against Benazir Bhutto and Asif Ali Zardari during Pervez Musharraf's rule in and out of Pakistan. It was during these extremely difficult years of Zardari that Naek earned his trust. Before and after becoming the President of Pakistan, Zardari always consulted him on legal matters and other issues.
Naek contested the 2016 Supreme Court Bar Association elections for President, against Rasheed A. Razvi. Naek however lost the election by a large margin.

## Political appointments

Naek has been the senator from Sindh since 2003. He was appointed the Federal Minister for Law and Justice as a result of 2008 Pakistani general election. He was reappointed the Federal Minister for Law and Justice in April 2012 after his 3-year term as Chairman of Senate.
# Ravasjan

Ravasjan (Persian: رواسجان) is a village in Azghan Rural District of the Central District in Ahar County, East Azerbaijan province, Iran.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 866 in 203 households. The following census in 2011 counted 943 people in 256 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 984 people in 273 households.
# Fort Amiel Museum

Fort Amiel Museum is in Newcastle, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
Fort Amiel was constructed in 1876 by Major Charles Frederick Amiel and soldiers of the 80th Staffordshire Volunteers. It was built as a fort and "look-out post", for the British during the run up to the annexation of the former Transvaal and the Zulu War, although it really never served that purpose.
During the First Boer War it was used as a garrison for the King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster).
Fort Amiel served as a commissariat depot, transit camp and hospital. Many wounded soldiers were taken there, to recover from their wounds. The fort is positioned on a knoll overlooking the original wagon drift across the Ncandu River. It has views of the Drakensberg mountain range and the town of Newcastle.
Major Charles Frederick Amiel was born on 2 August 1822, in Hanover Square, London, England. He was christened on 2 August 1822 in St Peter, Chertsey, Surrey, England. Major Amiel died on 10 September 1885 at London, England. He was buried at St Peter, Westminster, London. Amiel never married.
The fort and surroundings, including a graveyard below the knoll fell into disuse for many years. In 1979 the site was declared a National Monument and restoration work began after the discovery of the original plans for the fort during this period in a London Museum. The restoration work was undertaken by the visionary Newcastle Town Council and in conjunction with the Natal Museum Services.
Today, Fort Amiel houses an historic/cultural museum, featuring military displays of the two Anglo-Boer Wars. There is a wonderful cookhouse re-construction, showing a typical British Army Base found in the 1880s.
An addition to the fort and museum is a Zulu umuzi (hut) with a detailed interior.
# Castle Lake (Idaho)

Castle Lake is an alpine lake in Custer County, Idaho, United States, located in the White Cloud Mountains in the Sawtooth National Recreation Area. The lake is accessed from Sawtooth National Forest trail 047.
Castle Lake is just north of Castle Peak and south of Merriam Peak. It is upstream of Baker Lake.
# Ursula Wolff Schneider

Ursula Flora Schneider (Wolff) (popularly known as Ursula Wolff Schneider) (August 14, 1906 – August 1977) was a German photographer and photojournalist. Her photographs of the pre-World War II period are a significant record of the society and culture of Weimar Germany, and they serve as an important example of early photojournalism.

## Biography

Ursula Wolff was born in Berlin, Germany, and is the daughter of renowned Sanskrit scholar Dr. Fritz Wolff and Minna Wolff. She was married to German architect Karl Schneider (de).
In the mid-to-late 1920s, Ursula Wolff spent two years in Berlin, Vienna, and Hamburg working as an apprentice in photographers' studios and honing her talents. In 1928 – at the age of 22 – she established her own studio, Foto Wolff Lichtbildwerkstatt, and began working as a free-lance photographer.
She left Germany and emigrated to the United States in 1937. She spent her life in Chicago and was killed August 4, 1977 in an automobile accident.

## Career

She lived in Chicago, where she worked as a medical photographer at the Michael Reese Hospital from 1937 to 1942. Ursula Schneider was the Photographer of the Oriental Institute from 1942 until her retirement in 1973.

## Collections containing her work

Collections With Images by Ursula Wolff Schneider:
* Deutsches Archeological Institut, Rome, Italy
* Kunsthistorisches Institut in Florenz, Florenz, Italy
* Kunsthistorisches Institut, Marburg, Germany
* Altes Museum, Berlin, Germany
* National Gallerie, Berlin, Germany
* Kronprinzenpalais, Berlin, Germany
* Warburg Haus, Hamburg, Germany
* Warburg Institute, London, UK
* British Museum, London, UK
* University of London, UK
* Metropolitan Museum, New York, NY
* Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA
* William Hayes Fogg Art Museum, Cambridge, MA
* Harvard Art Museums, Cambridge, MA
* Columbia University, New York, NY
* University of Illinois, Champaign, IL