# Jerry Lawson (engineer)

Gerald Anderson Lawson (December 1, 1940 – April 9, 2011) was an American electronic engineer. Besides being one of the first African-American computer engineers in Silicon Valley, Lawson was also known for his work in designing the Fairchild Channel F video game console, leading the team that refined ROM cartridges for durable use as commercial video game cartridges. His innovations in this area led to him being considered the father of the game cartridge. He eventually left Fairchild and founded the game company Video-Soft.

## Early life

Lawson was born in Brooklyn, New York City, on December 1, 1940. His father, Blanton, was a longshoreman with an interest in science, while his mother, Mannings, worked for the city, and also served on the Parent-Teachers Association for the local school. His grandfather had studied to become a physicist but was unable to pursue a career in physics and worked instead as a postmaster. His parents ensured he received a good education and encouraged his interests in scientific hobbies, including ham radio and chemistry. In addition, Lawson said that his first-grade teacher encouraged him on his path to be someone influential, similar to George Washington Carver. He lived in Queens as a teenager. He earned money by repairing television sets. At the age of 13, he gained an amateur radio license and built his own station at home with parts he bought from local electronic stores. He attended both Queens College and City College of New York, but did not complete a degree at either.

## Career

In 1970, he joined Fairchild Semiconductor in San Francisco as an applications engineering consultant within their sales division. While there, he created a coin-operated video game called Destruction Derby in his garage, which was never released. Completed in early 1975 using Fairchild's new F8 microprocessors, Destruction Derby was among the earliest microprocessor-driven games.
In the mid-1970s, Lawson was made Chief Hardware Engineer and Director of Engineering and Marketing for Fairchild's video game division. There, he led the development of the Fairchild Channel F console, released in 1976 and specifically designed to use swappable game cartridges based on technology licensed from Alpex. At the time, most game systems had the game programming built into the hardware so it could not be removed or changed. Lawson and his team refined and improved technology developed at Alpex that allowed games to be stored as software on removable ROM cartridges. These could be inserted and removed repeatedly from a console unit without any danger of electric shocks. This would allow users to buy a library of games, and provided a new revenue stream for the console manufacturers through sales of these games. The Channel F console featured a variety of controls, including a new 8-way joystick designed by Lawson and a "pause" button, which was a first for a home video game console. The Channel F was not successful commercially but the cartridge approach was popularized with the Atari 2600 released in 1977.
While he was with Fairchild, Lawson was a member of the Homebrew Computer Club, a group of early computer hobbyists that included several who became well-known including Apple founders Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak. Lawson noted he had interviewed Wozniak for a position at Fairchild, but did not hire him.
In 1980, Lawson left Fairchild and founded Videosoft, a video game development company that made software for the Atari 2600 in the early 1980s, as the 2600 had displaced the Channel F as the top system in the market. Videosoft did not release any games, although their incomplete titles were saved and distributed to collectors in 2010. Videosoft closed about five years later, and Lawson started to take on consulting work. At one point, he worked with Stevie Wonder to produce a "Wonder Clock" that would wake a child with the sound of a parent's voice, though it never made it to production. Lawson later collaborated with the Stanford mentor program and was preparing to write a book on his career.

## Death

Around 2003, Lawson started having complications from diabetes, losing the use of one leg and sight from one eye. On April 9, 2011, about one month after being honored by the International Game Developers Association (IGDA), he died of complications from diabetes. At the time of his death, he resided in Santa Clara, California.

## Legacy

Though Alpex had created removable ROM cartridges, the contributions by Lawson's team to ensure their safe use and longevity for consumer game consoles led to him being named as the "father of the video game cartridge". In March 2011, Lawson was honored as an industry pioneer for his work on the game cartridge concept by the International Game Developers Association (IGDA). Lawson was honored with the ID@Xbox Gaming Heroes award at the 21st Independent Games Festival on March 20, 2019, for leading the development of the first cartridge-based game console.
There is a permanent display of Lawson's contribution to the gaming industry at the World Video Game Hall of Fame at The Strong National Museum of Play in Rochester, New York.
The Los Angeles Unified School District named Elementary School #11 Gerald A. Lawson Academy of the Arts, Mathematics and Science.
A short documentary on Lawson and his development of the Fairchild Channel F was produced by The Czar of Black Hollywood director Bayer Mack and released by Block Starz Music Television as part of its Profiles of African-American Success video series. He was also featured in the first episode of the Netflix limited-series documentary High Score, released August 19, 2020, with his story told by his children Karen and Anderson.
The first episode of Season 6 of Command Line Heroes, "Jerry Lawson: The Engineer Who Changed the Game", covers his work on the Channel F. Lawson is also prominently featured in the second episode of the second season of History's The Toys That Built America, "The Birth of Video Games" along with other pioneers of the early video game industry Nolan Bushnell and Ralph Baer.
University of Southern California's Games Program and Take-Two Interactive established the Gerald A. Lawson Fund in May 2021 to support black and indigenous students enrolled in the university's programming seeking careers in the video game industry. Microsoft also began contributing to the fund in August 2021.
The interactive Google Doodle game on December 1, 2022 was dedicated to Lawson to celebrate what would have been his 82nd birthday, allowing the user to make games, edit existing built-in games, and share games. On June 9, 2023, Norman Caruso's YouTube series The Gaming Historian profiled Lawson and the birth of the Fairchild Channel F video game system in its episode, "The Story of the First Video Game Cartridge."

## Citations

* 1 2 Hilliard, S. Lee (December 1982). "Cash in on the Videogame Craze: Career opportunities are wide open in this booming multi-billion dollar industry". Black Enterprise. Vol. 12, no. 5. Earl G. Graves, Ltd. pp. 41–6. ISSN 0006-4165.
* ↑ Vainshtein, Annie (November 15, 2020). "Jerry Lawson revolutionized video gaming from his Silicon Valley garage. Then the world forgot him". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on November 15, 2020. Retrieved December 1, 2022.
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Weber, Bruce (April 13, 2011). "Gerald A. Lawson, Video Game Pioneer, Dies at 70". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 12, 2019. Retrieved February 27, 2017.
* 1 2 3 McLennan, Dennis (April 23, 2011). "Gerald Lawson dies at 70; engineer brought cartridge-based video game consoles to life". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on February 28, 2017. Retrieved February 8, 2017.
* ↑ Dubois, Chantelle (June 11, 2018). "Engineers of History: Jerry Lawson, Video Game Pioneer". All About Circuits. Archived from the original on November 6, 2019. Retrieved November 6, 2019.
* ↑ Miller, Alex (January 25, 2022). "An Unsung Hero of Gaming History Deserves a Higher Profile". WIRED. Archived from the original on December 1, 2022. Retrieved December 1, 2022.
* ↑ Onanuga, Tola (May 5, 2021). "Gaming in colour: uncovering video games' black pioneers". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media Ltd. Retrieved May 5, 2021.
* ↑ Saucier, Jeremy (December 2, 2013). "Collection Documents the Career of Video Game Pioneer Jerry Lawson". The Strong: National Museum of Play. Archived from the original on November 2, 2019. Retrieved December 2, 2019.
* ↑ CG Expo 99 Panel announcement
* 1 2 3 4 "The Untold Story Of The Invention Of The Game Cartridge" Archived January 11, 2020, at the Wayback Machine. FastCompany.
* 1 2 3 4 Cassidy, Mike (March 3, 2011). "Gaming industry finally recognizes the work of a pioneer". San Jose Mercury News. Archived from the original on May 27, 2016. Retrieved February 8, 2017.
* ↑ Wolf, Mark (2007). The Video Game Explosion: A History from PONG to Playstation and Beyond. Westport, CT: Greenwood. p. 56. ISBN 978-0313338687.
* 1 2 3 "Interview: Jerry Lawson, Black Video Game Pioneer" Archived May 8, 2019, at the Wayback Machine. Vintage Computing and Gaming, February 24, 2009.
* ↑ "Jerry Lawson, a self-taught engineer, gave us video game cartridges". Engadget. February 20, 2015. Archived from the original on February 14, 2019. Retrieved June 28, 2015.
* ↑ Squires, David (August 1985). "The Mixed Signals in High Tech's Future". Black Enterprise. p. 109.
* ↑ Lytle. "ATARI VCS/2600 VideoSoft". Atari Compendium.
* ↑ Cifaldi, Frank. "Video Games Pioneer Jerry Lawson Dies". 1up. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011.
* ↑ "VC&G | VC&G Interview: Jerry Lawson, Black Video Game Pioneer". www.vintagecomputing.com. Archived from the original on May 8, 2019. Retrieved June 28, 2015.
* ↑ "Their Dad Transformed Video Games in the 1970s — and Passed on His Pioneering Spirit". NPR.
* ↑ Jr, Tom Huddleston (October 30, 2021). "Jerry Lawson is one of the most important Silicon Valley pioneers you've never heard of — here's why". CNBC. Retrieved October 30, 2024.
* ↑ "Return of the Obra Dinn takes Grand Prize at the 21st IGF Awards!". Gamasutra. March 20, 2019. Archived from the original on March 21, 2019. Retrieved March 20, 2019.
* ↑ Snider, Mike (February 27, 2020). "Before Nintendo and Atari: How a black engineer changed the video game industry forever". USA Today. Archived from the original on October 7, 2022. Retrieved September 21, 2020.
* ↑ "Gerald A. Lawson Academy of the Arts, Mathematics and Science - School Directory Details (CA Dept of Education)". www.cde.ca.gov. Archived from the original on March 28, 2017.
* ↑ "A Black Man Developed the First Cartridge Video Game Console". YouTube.com. February 10, 2020. Archived from the original on November 2, 2020. Retrieved February 11, 2020.
* ↑ Machkovech, Sam (August 12, 2020). "High Score review: Netflix's story of gaming's "golden age" is honestly solid". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on August 12, 2020. Retrieved August 12, 2020.
* ↑ "Jerry Lawson: The Engineer Who Changed the Game". RedHat. October 15, 2020. Archived from the original on October 15, 2020. Retrieved October 15, 2020.
* ↑ "The Toys That Built America - Season 2 - IMDB". IMDb. Archived from the original on November 6, 2022. Retrieved November 6, 2022.
* ↑ Takahashi, Dean (May 6, 2021). "USC Games establishes Gerald A. Lawson Fund to help Black and indigenous students". Venture Beat. Archived from the original on May 6, 2021. Retrieved May 6, 2021.
* ↑ Rousseau, Jeffrey (August 9, 2021). "Microsoft joins USC Games' Gerald A. Lawson Endowment Fund". GamesIndustry.biz. Archived from the original on August 9, 2021. Retrieved August 9, 2021.
* ↑ "Gerald "Jerry" Lawson's 82nd Birthday". Google. Archived from the original on November 8, 2023. Retrieved November 30, 2022.
* ↑ Good, Owen S. (December 1, 2022). "Google's moddable Doodle honors 'the father of the video game cartridge'". Polygon. Archived from the original on December 1, 2022. Retrieved December 1, 2022.
* ↑ Gaming Historian (June 9, 2023). The Story of the First Video Game Cartridge. Retrieved December 14, 2024 – via YouTube.

## General and cited references

* 2006 Vintage Computing Festival interview video
* Jerry Lawson Biography
* "Computer Gaming '99 Expo Panel Announcement". Archived from the original on September 25, 2020. Retrieved March 11, 2009.
* Edwards, Benj. "VC&G Interview: Jerry Lawson, Black Video Game Pioneer". Retrieved March 11, 2009.
* Video games
* Biography