# Nam Định

Nam Định [naːm˧˧:ɗḭ̈ʔŋ˨˩] is a capital-city of Nam Định province in the Red River Delta of the Northern Vietnam.

## History

From August 18–20 of each year, there is a festival held in Nam Định called the Cố Trạch. This celebration honors General Trần Hưng Đạo, a 13th-century national hero who led Annamese forces to victory over the invading Mongols.

### Middle Ages

Before the Trần dynasty, the land of modern Namdinh City of a northern area of an area was called as Hiển-khánh district, which corresponds to half of the modern area of Nam Định province. This was the intersection of three large rivers, so it was very convenient for trade.
The name of the city, under Trần dynasty, was Thiên Trường (天長) meant "where the Sky remains for Eternity". It is first mentioned to mark the birth of the city in 1262 by Emperor Trần Thái Tông. The name Thiên Trường was probably the name for a whole phủ, which at the time would be equivalent to a special prefecture or province nowadays. Under Trần dynasty, the city was considered to be the second capital, besides Thăng Long.
Under Lê dynasty, the city belonged to the Prefecture of Sơn Nam (山南), meant "Southern Mountains" or "to the South of the Mountains" in 1466 by Emperor Lê Thánh Tông, and Sơn Nam Hạ (山南下), meant "The South Prefecture of the Southern Mountains" in compared to Sơn Nam Thượng (山南上), meant "The North Prefecture of the Southern Mountains".

### XX century

The modern name of the city, Nam Định (南定), literally means "The pacified South", was first mentioned in 1831 under the reign of Emperor Minh Mệnh of the Nguyễn dynasty as the capital of Nam Định Province. In international context, the name of this urban area is often signed as Namdinh City (in English) or la ville de Namdinh (in French).

### XXI century

According to a Resolution announced by 2021 and officially applied by 2023, the entire Mỹ Lộc rural district area was merged into Nam Định City.

## Culture

Namdinh City's long-standing customs come from the intersection of three groups of people : Kinh, Hoa and French.

### Landscapes

Namdinh City's oldest space is often divided by tourism researchers into two parts : The North is the settlement surrounding Vị Xuyên Lake and Dragon Market, which is called Namdinh Old Town (Nam-định lão-nhai) ; the South is a textile industry planned by the French from the 1880s, which is now called Hòa-vượng New Urban Complex (khu đô-thị Hòa-vượng).
* Trần Temple, a historical temple worshipping Emperors, Generals of Trần dynasty. It traces the 13th history of Annam with three Mongol invasions.
* Phổ Minh Pagoda, a Buddhist pagoda built under Ly Dynasty in 11th century. This temple still well preserved its original architecture from 11th and 12th century AD.
* Grand Church of Nam Định, a Christian church built in 19th century under French Indochina colonial period.
* Church of Khoái Đồng, a Romanesque Christian Church built in 1941 by the Spanish Santo Domingo Order.
Besides : 3-2 Square, Canton Temple, Doraemon Lane (previously River Resettlement hamlet), Đò-Quan Bridge, Đầu-mom Hamlet, Gốc-Mít Lane, Hakka Temple, Hoàng-văn-Thụ Street (previously Hải-phòng Road), Lê-hồng-Phong High School, Mả-lạng Area, Mỹ-tho Market, Namdinh Cheo Theatre, Ngõ-Ngang Market, Phù-long Market, Teochew Temple, Statue of Hưng-đạo Prince, Truyền-thống Lake, Trường-chinh Avenue (previously Giải-phóng Road and Lò-trâu Slope), Poet Tú-Xương's House and Tomb, Vọng-cung Temple...

### Cuisine

Namdinh City is often considered as the birthplace of pho by the majority. However, this dish is considered the best what only exists in Nguyễn Du, Hàng Sắt and Hàng Thao Streets. All of them are close to the 3-2 Square. Pho has some esoteric formulas stored by the descendants of the Teochew families, who have become Kinh people since the 1970s. The noodles of Namdinh's pho are thought to always be as thin as clouds and they even can dissolve at the tip of the tongue, while the broth must smell the cow's bone and onion.
Namdinh is also known as the only place in Vietnam that can produce Polka Bread (bánh-mì Ba-lan) since 1969 until present. This is a type of boat-shaped bread but has a very thick intestine. It is maken by a special type of oven, which has been provided with an exclusive patent globally and is Poland's technology secret.
Fish sauce in Namdinh City is also different from many localities in Vietnam. It is usually mixed with boiled water from the cow's bone. This method will make the fish sauce lose the smell and become fragrant like peppermint. Besides, there are shrimp sauce (mắm tôm & mắm tép), which is used to wake the taste of boiled vegetables.
Some other specialties of Namdinh City : Bánh cuốn, bánh mì pa-tê, bánh gối, toast with honey, fish bún (fried rohu, snake-head or catfish is served with tomato broth and sliced lettuce & spinach), bún đũa, xôi (xôi vò, xôi khúc, xôi đỗ đen), bánh bèo (rice flour is wrapped by seaweed leaves, with water fat and roasted onion), Seochew sweet (kẹo Sìu-châu)...

### Sports

Nam Định has two sports facilities, Thiên Trường Stadium (formerly Cuối Stadium) and Trần Quốc Toản Indoor Stadium, which are host to football and volleyball matches. Both sports centers are located on Hùng Vương Street.
Hà Nam Ninh won the National Football Champions (V.League) in 1985 with star player Nguyễn Văn Dũng. In 2001, Nam Định took second place in the National Championships, losing to Bình Định F.C. In 2007, the Nam Định football team changed its name to Đạm Phú Mỹ Nam Định and won its first National Cup under its new name. In 2009 the Nam Định Football team changed its name to Megastar Nam Định F.C and failed in standing on V.League to 1st level tournament 2010.
In 2024, the Nam Dinh F C won the V.League 1 championship for the first time in 39 years.

### Notable people
#### Middle Ages

* Trần Quốc Tuấn (陳興道, 1228 - 1300), Trần dynasty royal prince, statesman and military commander.
* Trần Thái Tông (陳太宗, 1218 - 1277), first Emperor of Trần dynasty, the second Grand Emperor of Trần dynasty.
* Nguyễn Hiền (阮賢, 1234 - 1256), Vietnamese youngest trạng nguyên, achieved the highest score on highest level of the Imperial examination when he was only 13 years old, scholar, writer, politician.
* Lương Thế Vinh (梁世榮, 1441 - 1496), prominent Vietnamese mathematician, scholar, politician.
* Đào Sư Tích (陶師錫, 1350 - 1396), Vietnamese scholar, writer, politician.
* Khiếu Năng Tĩnh (叫能靜, 1835 - 1915), Vietnamese scholar, writer, educator.
* Trần Bích San (陳碧珊, 1840 - 1877), Vietnamese scholar, politician.
* Trần Tế Xương (1870 - 1907), or under pen name of Tú Xương, a Vietnamese famous writer, poet.
* Trần Quang Viên (1908 - 1987), Vietnamese doctor and athlete.

#### Modern era

* Trường Chinh (1907 - 1988), Vietnamese communist political leader, revolutionary and theoretician.
* Lê Đức Thọ (1911 - 1990), Vietnamese revolutionary general, diplomat, and politician. The first Asian to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, jointly with United States Secretary of State Henry Kissinger in 1973, but refused the award.
* Đặng Thế Phong (1918 - 1942), Vietnamese purple music composer.
* Nguyễn Cơ Thạch (1921 – 1998), Vietnamese revolutionary, diplomat, and politician, one of the peace-maker of Paris Peace Accords.
* Nguyễn Kim Tước (born 1938), American-Vietnamese songstress.
* Phạm Văn Thuần (born 1992), Vietnamese footballer.
* Nguyễn Văn Hùng (born 1961), Vietnamese footballer.
* Nguyễn Văn Dũng (born 1963), Vietnamese footballer and coach.
* Nguyễn Văn Sỹ (born 1971), Vietnamese footballer and coach.
* Trần Hạnh Phúc (born 1986), Vietnamese MC.
* Chu Ngọc Anh (born 1989), Vietnamese footballer.
* Rafaelson or Nguyễn Xuân Son (born 1997), Vietnamese-Brasilian footballer.
Besides : Giác Hải, Bùi Công Kỳ, Đặng Gia Mẫn, Đặng Phương Nam, Đặng Minh Phương, Bằng Cường, Đặng Thị Diệu Hương, Trần Thị Diễm Hương, Josephine Mai Thị Mậu, Giuse Hoàng Văn Tiệm, Giuse Maria Đinh Bỉnh, Giuse Trần Xuân Tiếu, Lương Kim Định, Hoàng Minh Chính, Hoàng Ngọc Hiến, Đinh Thế Huynh, Đinh La Thăng, Kiwi Ngô Mai Trang, Giuse Đinh Đức Đạo, Lôrensô Chu Văn Minh, Đa Minh Nguyễn Chu Trinh, Phêrô Nguyễn Văn Tự, Nguyễn Cao Kỳ Duyên...

### International relations

Sister towns and sister cities
* Hải Phòng
* Bắc Ninh
* Mỹ Tho
* Hà Nội
* Prato

## Geography
### Topography

Starting from 00:00 on January 1, 2025, the area of Nam Định city was automatically divided into 21 commune-level administrative units by the Resolution of the City People's Committee.
* 14 wards : Cửa Bắc, Cửa Nam, Hưng Lộc, Lộc Hạ, Lộc Hòa, Lộc Vượng, Mỹ Xá, Nam Phong, Nam Vân, Năng Tĩnh, Quang Trung, Trần Hưng Đạo, Trường Thi, Vị Xuyên.
* 7 communes : Mỹ Hà, Mỹ Lộc, Mỹ Phúc, Mỹ Tân, Mỹ Thắng, Mỹ Thuận, Mỹ Trung.
The whole terrain of Nam Định city is almost flat, many locations are still lower than the sea level, thus they face many disadvantages when the rainy season comes. However, Nam Định is also known as the conformity of the three rivers, which is extremely convenient for waterway traffic, such as : Đào, Đáy, Hồng. In particular, Đào river was originally an artificial canal from the Trần Dynasty, then gradually expanded with the width equivalent to the other two rivers. Its name means "digging" in Vietnamese language. However, before the XX century, it was still called Vị Hoàng river (洧黃川), which had been in a folk subconscious as the nickname of Nam Định city. Besides, it is also called customarily as "Accretion river" (sông Lấp).
Nam Định is 90 km Southeast of Vietnam's capital, Hanoi. It is also known as the center of the Southern of the Red River Delta. Not only by its importance of politics and economy, but for the traffic.
* Provincial Internal Bus Route.
* Provincial Route 490 (or National Route 55).
* National Route 10.
* National Route 21A.
* National Route 21B.
* National Route 37.
* National Route 38B and Hồ Chí Minh Highway.
* North–South Railway.
Besides, Tân Đệ Riverport (bến phà Tân Đệ) has long been an important transport center of the Red River Delta, which can lead to the Tonkin Gulf.

### Demography

According to the census in January 2023, the population of Nam Định city was about 364,181.
Due to the history of its formation very early, the area of Nam Định city has many ethnic groups settling together. Kinh people account for the majority, but besides that, there is Hoa communities settled in the Old Quarters for many generations. Although they have been registered as Hoa or Kinh since 1978, in the composition of many groups such as : Tanka, Hakka, Seochew, Teochew, Canton, Hokkien...
There is also a small community of Tày and Nùng who has been refugees due to the influence of the border conflict. Also since the 2000s, there were a number of other groups from the international community, who were naturalized after only a short time living here.
By preliminary statistics, at least 10% of Nam Định citizens are Catholic. Nam Định city was also one of the earliest Annamese location to receive the Gospel, which was about the beginning of the XIX century, by the Paris Missionary Association. The territory of old Nam Định city and former Mỹ Lộc rural district has previously belonged to two different dioceses, which were Hà Nội and Nam Định. However, since Christmas in 2024, expanded Nam Định city has become part of the Hanoi Diocese, belonging to the Hanoi Archdiocese. Their patron saint is Our Lady of Immacilization.

### Climate

In September 2024, Nam Định experienced heavy flooding from sever rainfall that forced many residents to evacuate their homes.
Climate data for Nam Định :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 32.3 (90.1) | 35.2 (95.4) | 36.7 (98.1) | 40.5 (104.9) | 39.7 (103.5) | 40.2 (104.4) | 40.0 (104.0) | 39.0 (102.2) | 36.5 (97.7) | 35.5 (95.9) | 34.0 (93.2) | 31.3 (88.3) | 40.5 (104.9) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 19.6 (67.3) | 20.2 (68.4) | 22.5 (72.5) | 27.0 (80.6) | 31.3 (88.3) | 33.0 (91.4) | 33.0 (91.4) | 32.0 (89.6) | 30.8 (87.4) | 28.7 (83.7) | 25.4 (77.7) | 21.8 (71.2) | 27.1 (80.8) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 16.5 (61.7) | 17.4 (63.3) | 19.9 (67.8) | 23.8 (74.8) | 27.4 (81.3) | 29.1 (84.4) | 29.4 (84.9) | 28.6 (83.5) | 27.4 (81.3) | 25.0 (77.0) | 21.7 (71.1) | 18.1 (64.6) | 23.7 (74.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 14.4 (57.9) | 15.6 (60.1) | 18.1 (64.6) | 21.7 (71.1) | 24.7 (76.5) | 26.4 (79.5) | 26.8 (80.2) | 26.1 (79.0) | 25.0 (77.0) | 22.5 (72.5) | 19.1 (66.4) | 15.6 (60.1) | 21.3 (70.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 4.6 (40.3) | 5.3 (41.5) | 6.4 (43.5) | 12.1 (53.8) | 17.2 (63.0) | 19.2 (66.6) | 21.3 (70.3) | 22.3 (72.1) | 16.7 (62.1) | 13.3 (55.9) | 6.7 (44.1) | 5.1 (41.2) | 4.6 (40.3) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 27.3 (1.07) | 27.4 (1.08) | 50.4 (1.98) | 85.7 (3.37) | 175.9 (6.93) | 192.1 (7.56) | 240.2 (9.46) | 298.5 (11.75) | 315.4 (12.42) | 202.3 (7.96) | 66.1 (2.60) | 27.0 (1.06) | 1,701.4 (66.98) |
| Average rainy days | 9.8 | 12.8 | 16.8 | 13.1 | 12.7 | 13.1 | 16.1 | 14.5 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 7.0 | 6.4 | 146.3 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 84.6 | 87.6 | 89.5 | 88.6 | 84.4 | 82.0 | 81.8 | 85.2 | 85.1 | 83.0 | 81.9 | 81.7 | 84.6 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 69.9 | 42.4 | 40.8 | 90.3 | 184.9 | 178.6 | 195.9 | 165.2 | 161.9 | 153.4 | 130.8 | 110.6 | 1,517.2 |
| Source 1: Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology ||||||||||||||
| Source 2: The Yearbook of Indochina ||||||||||||||