OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Villanueva de Sigena

Villanueva de Sigena or Villanueva de Sijena is a town in the county of Los Monegros, in the northern province of Huesca, in Aragon (Spain). Located near the Alcanadre river, the local economy is primarily agricultural-based.
The Royal Monastery of Santa María de Sigena is located on the outskirts of town. Mount Sigena is a hill of the Sierra de Alcubierre located 5 km to the south.
Villanueva de Sigena is the birthplace of the physician and heterodox theologian, Michael Servetus (1511?–1553). Servetus was the discoverer of pulmonary circulation. A museum and interpretation center, maintained by the Michael Servetus Institute, is now located in the original house were Servetus was born.
Nearby there is the original settlement, based round the partially ruined, and once wealthy and aristocratic Romanesque convent of Santa María la Real de Sijena, founded in 1183 by Sancha of Castile, Queen of Aragon. This was largely destroyed by fire in 1936 by anti-clerical Republicans in the Spanish Civil War. It is now in the process of restoration, and has been reoccupied by nuns since 1985. Several royal burials were made in the convent church, including Sancha, who died there, her son Pedro II of Aragon and two of his sisters.
The chapter house housed extremely important Romanesque frescos of about 1200 by largely English artists, probably including some of those who produced the Winchester Bible; this was only realized after their destruction. The artists also appear to have visited Palermo before Sigena, as some influence from mosaics there can be seen. The frescos had been fully photographed in black and white shortly before their destruction, and the remaining damaged sections, mostly having lost their colour, are in the Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya in Barcelona.
# Zaki Fatin Abdel Wahab

Zaki Fatin Abdel Wahab (Arabic: زكي فطين عبد الوهاب; 18 February 1961 – 20 March 2022) was an Egyptian actor and film director.

## Biography

The son of the singer and actress Leila Mourad and film director Fatin Abdel Wahab was born on 18 February 1961. He graduated from the Directing Department of the Cairo Higher Institute of Cinema in 1983.
He worked as a second assistant director in the movie People on the Top (1981) and as an assistant director in many Youssef Chahine's films, including The Sixth Day (1986), in which he made his debut as an actor. In 1996, Zaki directed his feature film "Romantica", which was a biography of his life.

## Personal life

Zaki married actress Soad Hosny, after she separated from the film director Ali Badrakhan. However, they separated after only a few months of marriage, and Zaki stated in more than one interview that the reason was his mother's opposition. He died on 20 March 2022, after a battle with lung cancer.

## Selected filmography
### Films

* The Sixth Day (1986) as Anwar Wagdy
* Alexandria Again and Forever (1989) as Guindi
* Mercedes (1993)
* I Love Cinema (2004)
* The Spider (2022)

### Television

* Ruby (TV series) (2012)
# Arsaalkyne

In chemistry, a arsaalkyne (IUPAC name: alkylidynearsane) is an organoarsenic compound containing a triple bond between arsenic and carbon with the general chemical formula R−C≡As. Arsaalkynes are rare, especially in comparison with the phosphaalkynes. The parent H−C≡As has been characterized spectroscopically, otherwise the only arsaalkynes have bulky organic substituents.

## Synthesis and isolation

Arsaalkynes are produced by dehydrohalogenation or related base-induced elimination reactions. The case of HCAs is illustrative:
    Cl−CH$_2$−AsH$_2$ + 2 Na$_2$CO$_3$ → H−C≡As + 2 NaHCO$_3$ + 2 NaCl
Owing to the principles of the double bond rule, arsaalkynes tend to oligomerize more readily than the phosphorus analogues. Thus attempts to prepare Me$_3$C−C≡As produce the tetramer, which has a cubane structure. The very bulky substituent −C$_6$H$_2$-2,4,6-(t-Bu)$_3$ does however allow the crystallization of the monomeric arsaalkyne. Its As-C bond length is 1.657(7) Å.
# Gallium phosphide

Gallium phosphide (GaP), a phosphide of gallium, is a compound semiconductor material with an indirect band gap of 2.24 eV at room temperature. Impure polycrystalline material has the appearance of pale orange or grayish pieces. Undoped single crystals are orange, but strongly doped wafers appear darker due to free-carrier absorption. It is odorless and insoluble in water.
GaP has a microhardness of 9450 N/mm$^2$, a Debye temperature of 446 K (173 °C), and a thermal expansion coefficient of 5.3 ×10$^{−6}$ K$^{−1}$ at room temperature. Sulfur, silicon or tellurium are used as dopants to produce n-type semiconductors. Zinc is used as a dopant for the p-type semiconductor.
Gallium phosphide has applications in optical systems. Its static dielectric constant is 11.1 at room temperature. Its refractive index varies between ~3.2 and 5.0 across the visible range, which is higher than in most other semiconducting materials. In its transparent range, its index is higher than almost any other transparent material, including gemstones such as diamond, or non-oxide lenses such as zinc sulfide.

## Light-emitting diodes

Gallium phosphide has been used in the manufacture of low-cost red, orange, and green light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with low to medium brightness since the 1960s. It is used standalone or together with gallium arsenide phosphide.
Pure GaP LEDs emit green light at a wavelength of 555 nm. Nitrogen-doped GaP emits yellow-green (565 nm) light, zinc oxide doped GaP emits red (700 nm).
Gallium phosphide is transparent for yellow and red light, therefore GaAsP-on-GaP LEDs are more efficient than GaAsP-on-GaAs.

## Crystal growth

At temperatures above ~900 °C, gallium phosphide dissociates and the phosphorus escapes as a gas. In crystal growth from a 1500 °C melt (for LED wafers), this must be prevented by holding the phosphorus in with a blanket of molten boric oxide in inert gas pressure of 10–100 atmospheres. The process is called liquid encapsulated Czochralski (LEC) growth, an elaboration of the Czochralski process used for silicon wafers.
# Paralympics New Zealand

Paralympics New Zealand (PNZ) is the National Paralympic Committee in New Zealand for the Paralympic Games movement. It oversees the means by which New Zealand participates at the Summer Paralympics and the Winter Paralympics.
PNZ is affiliated to the International Paralympic Committee as the National Paralympic Committee for New Zealand. It is one of 170 NPC's worldwide, responsible for supporting and growing Paralympic Sports in their countries.
PNZ is a charity overseeing up to 22 Paralympic Sports disciplines and delivery of the High Performance Sports Programme within a number of disciplines. PNZ prepares, selects and leads New Zealand teams to international competitions and the Paralympic Games.
PNZ works with athletes, members, partners and government agencies to inspire those living with a disability in New Zealand society and increase awareness, understanding and acceptance of disability amongst the wider public.
# Frederick Yaw Ahenkwah

Frederick Yaw Ahenkwah is a Ghanaian politician and member of parliament for the 8th parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana representing the Jaman North constituency in the Bono region of Ghana.

## Early life and education

Frederick was born on 24 June 1982 and hails from Sampa in the Bono region of Ghana. He had his SSSCE in 2000. He also had his Teacher certificate in Science and Technical in 2004. He further had his Degree in Agriculture Education in 2010.

## Career

Frederick was a form master in the Ghana Education Service.

### Political career

Frederick is a member of NDC and currently the MP for Jaman North Constituency. He won the parliamentary seat with 22,375 votes whilst the NPP parliamentary aspirant Siaka Stevens had 18,206 votes.

### Committees

Frederick is a member of the Privileges Committee and also a member of the Land and Forestry Committee.

## Personal life

Frederick is a Christian.
# G.co

g.co is the top-level domain URL shortcut for Google, as announced on July 18, 2011. According to Gary Briggs, Google's Vice President of consumer marketing, the .co purchase was to help users of the shortened domain, "always end up at a page for a Google product or service."
# Broken Doll & Odds & Ends

Broken Doll & Odds & Ends is the second studio album by singer-songwriter Anna Nalick, released on June 5, 2011. The original version of "Shine" was released three years earlier on her EP Shine, although it has been re-worked for this album. It was intended to be the lead for her initially planned second album, but the plans fell through after a dispute with her label. After Nalick separated from her label, she got married and took a two year break from the music industry. In 2010, Nalick announced her return to the music business on her Facebook page. She formed her own independent label, Nyctograph, and released Broken Doll & Odds & Ends. The title track of the album, "Broken Doll", was developed after she found her old Barbie dolls discarded and broken. The song develops this as a theme of once feeling special, but then being left behind. The song was written early in the process, when Nalick was still under contract with Sony Music. One of the themes the album explores is the discomfort Nalick felt at being asked to be somebody different than herself. Initially, the album was intended to be an acoustic album, but Nalick's friends who performed on the album had talent with many instruments, so that she gave them the opportunity to explore a variety of sounds to put on the album, so that various instruments like the sitar, the mandocello, and the glockenspiel ended up on the album.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Anna Nalick except where noted

## Personnel

Musicians
* Anna Nalick – vocals
* Luis Maldonado – electric guitar, acoustic guitar, sitar
* William Gramling – keyboard, piano, Wurlitzer, glockenspiel, toy piano, string arrangement for "Shine"
* Ben Peeler – lap steel, oud, bouzouki, mandolin, mandocello, electric guitar
* Jonathan Byram – string arrangement for "Sort of Delilah"
* Ian Walker – electric bass, upright bass
* Alexander Granger – violin
* Ana Lenchantin – cello, cello arrangement for "Kiss Them for Me"
* Luke Fisher – percussion
* Aaron Redfield – drums
* Andrew Perusi – bass
* Phillip Glenn – violin
* Larry Briner – cello
* Tyler Chester – bass
* Alex Wen – viola
Production
* Diane Birch – producer
* Chris Rondinella – producer, engineer (at Heritage Recording Co.), mixing for "Broken Doll"
* Darrell Thorp – mixing
* Gavin Lurssen – mastering
# Miculla petroglyphs

The San Francisco de Miculla petroglyphs, commonly known as the Miculla petroglyphs, are petroglyphs located 22 kilometres (14 mi) from Tacna, Peru. They are carved in low relief in the rocks, and depict people fighting, dancing and hunting animals. They are believed by many to be around 1500 years old, although various people date them from as wide a time period as 500 AD to 1445 AD.
# PS-22 Sukkur-I

PS-22 Sukkur-I (پی ایس-22، سکھر-1) is a constituency of the Provincial Assembly of Sindh.

## General elections 2024

Provincial election 2024: PS-22 Sukkur-I :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | PPP | Ikramullah Khan Dharejo | 41,828 | 49.06 |
| | JUI (F) | Muhammad Mubeen | 40,035 | 46.96 |
| | Others | Others (twelve candidates) | 3,394 | 3.98 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 90,674 | 48.78 |
| Total valid votes | Total valid votes | Total valid votes | 85,257 | 94.03 |
| Rejected ballots | Rejected ballots | Rejected ballots | 5,417 | 5.97 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 1,793 | 2.10 |
| Registered electors | Registered electors | Registered electors | 185,871 | |

## General elections 2018

| Contesting Candidates | Party Affiliation | Votes Polled |

## General elections 2013

| Contesting candidates | Party affiliation | Votes polled |

## General elections 2008

| Contesting candidates | Party affiliation | Votes polled |
# Adaran Rural District

Adaran Rural District (Persian: دهستان آدران) is in Asara District of Karaj County, Alborz province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Adaran.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the rural district's population (as a part of Tehran province) was 8,995 in 2,681 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the rural district as 7,679 people in 2,743 households, by which time the county had been separated from the province in the establishment of Alborz province. The most populous of its 31 villages was Kondor, with 1,922 people.
Other villages in the rural district include Arangeh, Charan, Kalvan, Khuzankola, Sarv Dar, and Sijan.
# Horst Siegl

Horst Siegl (born 15 February 1969) is a Czech former professional footballer who played as a forward. He is among the most successful goalscorers in the history of the Czech First League. He played for Czechoslovakia and later Czech Republic national football teams.

## Biography

Born in Abertamy, Siegl belongs to the ethnic German minority, with his family was one of the few people who were not expelled after World War II.
Siegl is a four-time Czech First League top scorer. He played for Czechoslovakia and later the Czech Republic, playing total 23 matches and scoring seven goals. Siegl played two matches for the Czech Republic in the 1997 FIFA Confederations Cup.
In total, Siegl scored 176 league goals in 448 games (265/128 Sparta, 39/7 Cheb, 13/0 1.FC Kaiserslautern, 84/25 Příbram, 13/5 Plzeň, 34/11 Most). With 133 Czech First League goals, Siegl was the competition's record scorer until being passed by David Lafata in March 2014.

## Honours

Sparta Prague
* Czechoslovak First League: 1987–88, 1988–89, 1990–91, 1992–93
* Czech First League (7): 1993–94, 1994–95, 1996–97, 1997–98, 1998–99, 1999–00, 2000–01
1. FC Kaiserslautern
* DFB-Pokal: 1995–96
Czech Republic
* FIFA Confederations Cup third place: 1997
Individual
* Czech First League top scorer: 1993–94, 1996–97, 1997–98, 1998–99.
* Czech First League second all-time top scorer
# Halocline

In oceanography, a halocline (from Greek hals, halos 'salt' and klinein 'to slope') is a cline, a subtype of chemocline caused by a strong, vertical salinity gradient within a body of water. Because salinity (in concert with temperature) affects the density of seawater, it can play a role in its vertical stratification. Increasing salinity by one kg/m$^3$ results in an increase of seawater density of around 0.7 kg/m$^3$.

## Description

In the midlatitudes, an excess of evaporation over precipitation leads to surface waters being saltier than deep waters. In such regions, the vertical stratification is due to surface waters being warmer than deep waters and the halocline is destabilizing. Such regions may be prone to salt fingering, a process which results in the preferential mixing of salinity.
In certain high latitude regions (such as the Arctic Ocean, Bering Sea, and the Southern Ocean) the surface waters are actually colder than the deep waters and the halocline is responsible for maintaining water column stability, isolating the surface waters from the deep waters.
In these regions, the halocline is important in allowing for the formation of sea ice, and limiting the escape of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.
Haloclines are also found in fjords, and poorly mixed estuaries where fresh water is deposited at the ocean surface.
A halocline can be easily created and observed in a drinking glass or other clear vessel. If fresh water is slowly poured over a quantity of salt water, using a spoon held horizontally at water-level to prevent mixing, a hazy interface layer, the halocline, will soon be visible due to the varying index of refraction across the boundary.
A halocline is most commonly confused with a thermocline – a thermocline is an area within a body of water that marks a drastic change in temperature. A halocline can coincide with a thermocline and form a pycnocline.
Haloclines are common in water-filled limestone caves near the ocean. Less dense fresh water from the land forms a layer over salt water from the ocean. For underwater cave explorers, this can cause the optical illusion of air space in caverns. Passing through the halocline tends to stir up the layers.

### Graph

In the graphical representation, three layers can be discerned:
* About 50 m (160 ft) of low salinity water "swimming" on top of the ocean. The temperature is −1.8 °C (28.8 °F), which is very near to the freezing point. This layer blocks heat transfer from the warmer, deeper levels into the sea ice, which has considerable effect on its thickness.
* About 150 m (490 ft) of steeply rising salinity and increasing temperature. This is the actual halocline.
* The deep layer with nearly constant salinity and slowly decreasing temperature.

## Other types of clines

* Thermocline – A cline based on difference in water temperature,
* Chemocline – A cline based on difference in water chemistry,
* Pycnocline – A cline based on difference in water density.
# Vladimir Gavreau

Vladimir Gavreau, born Vladimir Gavronsky (1904–1967), was a French scientist making experiments on the biological effects of infrasound.
Gavreau was born in Moscow. His interest in infrasonic waves first came about in his lab during the 1960s, when he and his lab assistants experienced pain in the ear drums and shaking lab equipment, but no audible sound was picked up on his microphones. He concluded that it was infrasound and got to work preparing tests in the labs.
One of Gavreau's experiments involved an infrasonic whistle that, some say, has led to a line of research that has military applications. William S. Burroughs described the possibly fictional device as follows:
    "In developing a military weapon, scientists intend to revert to a policeman's whistle form, perhaps as big as eighteen feet across, mount it on a truck and blow it with a fan turned by a small airplane engine. This weapon, they say, will give forth an all-destroying 10,000 acoustic watts. It could kill a man five miles away. There is one snag: at present, the machine is as dangerous to its operators as to the enemy. The team is working on a way to focus it. Various systems of baffles have been tried, but the most promising method appears to be propagation of a different and complementary sound a wave length backward from the machine. This changes the frequency of airwave length moving in that direction, thus protecting anyone to the rear. There is, of course, a much simpler means of protection: turn the machine on from a safe distance. This summary of Professor Vladimir Gavreau's experiments with infrasound is based on the Sunday Times article. A much more comprehensive article has appeared in an American periodical, The National Enquirer, Vol.42, No. 27, March 10, 1968. Professor Gavreau's discovery has been patented, and anybody can obtain the plans and full description from the French patent office upon payment of two francs."

## Publications

* "Infrasound." Science Journal, vol. 4, no. 1 (Jan. 1968).
# Broodje Bakpao

"Broodje Bakpao" is a song recorded by Dutch rapper Big2, from the hip hop duo The Opposites, featuring rappers Gers and Sef. The song is based on the popular Dutch sketch show New Kids. The single was released on 4 December 2009 through TopNotch. It was produced by Big2, and co-written by Twan van Steenhoven, Yousef Gnaoui, Gerwin Pardoel and Steffen Haars. The single became a success in the Netherlands and Belgium.

## Background

The single is based on the Dutch comedy sketch show New Kids, a popular television series in the Netherlands, with the programme's popularity being the main reason behind the success of "Broodje Bakpao". The song lyrics refer to the consumption of Bakpau, a Chinese Indonesian dish often popular in the Netherlands, where it is known as a "broodje Bapao".

## Chart performance

"Broodje Bakpao" became a success in the Netherlands and Flanders. In the Netherlands, the song reached number 1 in the Mega Single Top 100, where it stayed at the top for two weeks. It reached number 2 in the Dutch Top 40 and remained there for three weeks. In Flanders, the song reached the third position in the Ultratop 50.

## Music video

In the music video, the characters of New Kids are eating Bakpau. As of December 2015, the video on YouTube was watched over 3.4 million times. The cover art of the single is a screenshot of the music video.

## Track listing

* CD single
* "Broodje Bakpao" – 3:15

## Personnel

* Songwriting – Twan van Steenhoven, Yousef Gnaoui, Gerwin Pardoel, Steffen Haars
* Production – Big2

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format |
| Netherlands | 14 December 2009 | Promo CD single |
| Netherlands | 8 January 2010 | CD single |
# Danya Al-Sharif

Danya Alaeddin Al-Sharif (Arabic: دانية علاءالدين الشريف; born 19 October 2000) is a Saudi footballer who plays as a midfielder for Saudi Women's Premier League side Al-Qadsiah.

## Club career

Al-Sharif played with Al-Qadsiah in the 2023–24 season of the Saudi Women's Premier League.
Al-Sharif contributed to her team getting third place and a bronze medal in the 2023–24 SAFF Women's Cup.
At the end of the season, Al-Sharif was selected among the 11 best players (Team of the Season) in the 2023–24 Saudi Women's Premier League.

## Honours
### Club

Al Qadsiah
* SAFF Women's Cup:
    Third place: 2023–24
Individual
* Saudi Women's Premier League Team of the Season: 2023–24
# Indium phosphide

Indium phosphide (InP) is a binary semiconductor composed of indium and phosphorus. It has a face-centered cubic ("zincblende") crystal structure, identical to that of GaAs and most of the III-V semiconductors.

## Manufacturing

Indium phosphide can be prepared from the reaction of white phosphorus and indium iodide at 400 °C., also by direct combination of the purified elements at high temperature and pressure, or by thermal decomposition of a mixture of a trialkyl indium compound and phosphine.

## Applications

The application fields of InP splits up into three main areas. It is used as the basis for optoelectronic components, high-speed electronics, and photovoltaics

### High-speed optoelectronics

InP is used as a substrate for epitaxial optoelectronic devices based other semiconductors, such as indium gallium arsenide. The devices include pseudomorphic heterojunction bipolar transistors that could operate at 604 GHz.
InP itself has a direct bandgap, making it useful for optoelectronics devices like laser diodes and photonic integrated circuits for the optical telecommunications industry, to enable wavelength-division multiplexing applications. It is used in high-power and high-frequency electronics because of its superior electron velocity with respect to the more common semiconductors silicon and gallium arsenide.

### Optical Communications

InP is used in lasers, sensitive photodetectors and modulators in the wavelength window typically used for telecommunications, i.e., 1550 nm wavelengths, as it is a direct bandgap III-V compound semiconductor material. The wavelength between about 1510 nm and 1600 nm has the lowest attenuation available on optical fibre (about 0.2 dB/km). Further, O-band and C-band wavelengths supported by InP facilitate single-mode operation, reducing effects of intermodal dispersion.

### Photovoltaics and optical sensing

InP can be used in photonic integrated circuits that can generate, amplify, control and detect laser light.
Optical sensing applications of InP include
* Air pollution control by real-time detection of gases (CO, CO$_2$, NO$_X$ [or NO + NO$_2$], etc.).
* Quick verification of traces of toxic substances in gases and liquids, including tap water, or surface contaminations.
* Spectroscopy for non-destructive control of product, such as food. Researchers of Eindhoven University of Technology and MantiSpectra have already demonstrated the application of an integrated near-infrared spectral sensor for milk. In addition, it has been proven that this technology can also be applied to plastics and illicit drugs.