OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Surrogate Colonialism

Surrogate Colonialism is a term used most notably by anthropologist Scott Atran in his essay "The Surrogate Colonization of Palestine 1917–1939" to describe a type of colonization project whereby a foreign power encourages and provides support for a settlement project of a non-native group over land occupied by an indigenous people. For Atran, the mission of Ashkenazi Zionism in Palestine is a form of "surrogate colonialism" because it was forged based on a strategic consensus with the ruling British Empire. The surrogate colonialism, Atran further notes, is one of the major contributing factors to the Balfour Declaration, which encouraged and legitimized Zionist settlement in Mandatory Palestine. Sociologist Ran Greenstein claims both Zionist settlement in Palestine and White settlement in South Africa are examples of surrogate colonization since in both, most of settlers did not come from the ranks of the principal colonizing power of the time: the British Empire in the case of Palestine and the Dutch Empire, later the British Empire, in the case of South Africa.
In other academic and non-academic settings, the term has been more loosely adopted and used figuratively to describe different forms of indirect domination, especially in post-colonial context. For example, it has been used to refer to the compliance of native rulers with the dominance of foreign power. For example, Geoff Kiangi uses it to describe African wars fought by African leaders but instigated from former colonial masters. In his analysis of Arab regimes in the Middle East, Dr. Mohammad Manzoor Alam claims that even so-called "rejectionist" rulers, who openly declared hostility to Western dominance, were in fact exemplifying "surrogate" or "internal" colonialism since they were silently compliant with Western rule. Similarly, Editor of the Indian Defence Review, Bharat Verma, blamed the Chinese government for treating Pakistan “as an extension of its war machine and a surrogate colony”.
"Surrogate Colonism" has also been used to describe neocolonialism. In a 1983 speech at the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development in Belgrade, Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi stated:
    "I am a soul in agony. As one who feels passionately about freedom, I cannot but be alarmed at the continuing pushing domination, the new methods and forms of colonialism. This is all the more pernicious because less obvious and recognizable. Except for a few places, the visible presence of foreign rule has gone. We are free to run our affairs and yet, are we not bound by a new type, a surrogate colonialism? How else shall we describe the power of and the pressure exerted through the monopoly control of capital; the withholding of superior technology; the political use of grain; the manipulation of information, so subtle and subliminal in influencing minds and attitudes? Is it not time for us to pause from our daily concerns to ponder over the new dependency? Instead of reacting, should we the developing not think of acting on our own?"
# Taxpayers for Common Sense

Taxpayers for Common Sense (TCS) is a nonpartisan federal budget watchdog organization based in Washington, D.C., in the United States. TCS is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization; its 501(c)(4) affiliate is Taxpayers for Common Sense Action (TCS Action). The current president of TCS is Stephen Ellis. Founded in 1995 by Jill Lancelot and Rafael DeGennaro, TCS states that its mission is to ensure that the federal government spends taxpayer money efficiently and responsibly.
In 2000, former United States Senator William Proxmire asked Taxpayers for Common Sense to revive the Golden Fleece Award, which was awarded to federal programs that most Americans would agree were wasteful. The first revived Golden Fleece was awarded to the Federal Aviation Administration for allowing the local governmental authority operating Tampa International Airport to lease non-aviation airport property to commercial interests at below then-market rates.
TCS creates databases of the earmarks that appear in congressional spending bills. TCS is credited with labeling the Gravina Island Bridge proposal in Ketchikan, Alaska, as the "Bridge to Nowhere". The project received a $223 million earmark in 2005 and was later cancelled on September 21, 2007.
During the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, the group received $178,500 in federally backed small business loan from Citibank as part of the Paycheck Protection Program. TCS said it was the first time they had accepted government money.
# Alexandre Bonnet

Alexandre Bonnet (born 17 October 1986) is a French professional footballer who plays as a midfielder.

## Club career

Bonnet made his professional debut with Toulouse.
In 2009, Bonnet joined Ligue 2 club Le Havre. In June 2022, he announced his departure from the club after thirteen seasons. He made 470 appearances and scored 52 goals for Le Havre, becoming the club's captain. Bonnet subsequently signed for Quevilly-Rouen, also in Ligue 2.

## International career

Between 2006 and 2008, Bonnet made four appearances and scored one goal for the France U21 national team.

## Career statistics

    As of 1 June 2022
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition :
| Club | Season | League | League | League | Coupe de France | Coupe de France | Coupe de la Ligue | Coupe de la Ligue | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Toulouse | 2005–06 | Ligue 1 | 15 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | – | – | 18 | 1 |
| Toulouse | 2006–07 | Ligue 1 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | – | – | 15 | 1 |
| Toulouse | 2008–09 | Ligue 1 | 16 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 0 | – | – | 22 | 0 |
| Toulouse | Total | Total | 44 | 1 | 6 | 0 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 55 | 2 |
| Sedan (loan) | 2007–08 | Ligue 2 | 36 | 6 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 0 | – | – | 41 | 7 |
| Le Havre | 2009–10 | Ligue 2 | 35 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | – | 35 | 2 |
| Le Havre | 2010–11 | Ligue 2 | 34 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | – | – | 36 | 2 |
| Le Havre | 2011–12 | Ligue 2 | 37 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | – | – | 41 | 2 |
| Le Havre | 2012–13 | Ligue 2 | 37 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | – | – | 40 | 6 |
| Le Havre | 2013–14 | Ligue 2 | 34 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | – | – | 36 | 2 |
| Le Havre | 2014–15 | Ligue 2 | 33 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | – | – | 35 | 7 |
| Le Havre | 2015–16 | Ligue 2 | 37 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | – | – | 38 | 5 |
| Le Havre | 2016–17 | Ligue 2 | 37 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | – | – | 40 | 2 |
| Le Havre | 2017–18 | Ligue 2 | 36 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 39 | 4 |
| Le Havre | 2018–19 | Ligue 2 | 28 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 2 | – | – | 33 | 4 |
| Le Havre | 2019–20 | Ligue 2 | 22 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | – | 22 | 1 |
| Le Havre | 2020–21 | Ligue 2 | 29 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | – | 29 | 7 |
| Le Havre | 2021–22 | Ligue 2 | 35 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | – | 37 | 1 |
| Le Havre | Total | Total | 434 | 41 | 9 | 1 | 16 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 461 | 45 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 514 | 48 | 19 | 2 | 22 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 557 | 54 |
# Darren James

Darren James (born Darren Keith Edwards; February 25, 1964) is an American former pornographic actor and director. He gained notoriety after he contracted HIV and infected three pornographic actresses in 2004.

## Discovery of infection and aftermath

In an attempt to prevent a possible outbreak, an urgent search was initiated for potentially infected performers. The search and subsequent testing were conducted by the Adult Industry Medical Health Care Foundation, where James had received his diagnosis. It was concluded that James had possibly been infected while engaging in unprotected anal sex with Brazilian actress Bianca Biaggi during a scene for the video Split That Booty 2 in Rio de Janeiro.
It was discovered that three actresses who had worked with James shortly after his return to the United States had also become infected: Canadian newcomer Lara Roxx, American Mariesa Arroyo, and Czech-born Jessica Dee. Roxx had entered the adult industry only two months before contracting the virus. Upon learning about the HIV outbreak, she has said, "It totally made me realize how I trusted this system that wasn't to be trusted at all, because it obviously doesn't work," and "I thought porn people were the cleanest people in the world."
Judy Star appeared in several movies Roxx also appeared in and was known to have performed a sex scene with a female actress who had performed a scene with James. Star, however, tested negative for HIV. The ensuing fears of HIV infection (as well as the public scandal and criticism of the industry that followed the outbreak) caused a temporary shutdown of production of adult movies in Southern California.
According to James, his diagnosis and the public disclosure thereof — which was how his family learned of his pornographic career — left him so distraught that he attempted suicide. After his recovery, he sued the Adult Industry Medical Health Care Foundation for publicly disclosing his condition. The lawsuit was settled out of court, with terms remaining confidential. James went on to find employment as a security guard. In 2005, the porn industry shutdown was the subject of the first episode of The Dark Side of Porn, a British documentary series produced for Channel 4.
James has remained very vocal about the incident and about adult filmmakers' continuing their habits "as usual". He is a staunch advocate of the mandatory use of condoms on porn sets to protect performers from HIV. Canadian documentary filmmaker Mia Donovan made a documentary film Inside Lara Roxx (2011), after following Roxx's life for five years, with candid interviews and documentation, in addition to footage from Darren James.

## Career

James appeared in 398 videos in his pornographic career. He also directed 8 pornographic films.
# Gerry Fitzmaurice

Gerry Fitzmaurice is an Irish former Gaelic footballer who played for the Roscommon county team. His playing position was a defensive one.
Fitzmaurice was a selector as part of John Maughan's backroom team when Maughan managed Roscommon. He left in 2008, when Maughan resigned.
# Larcomar

Larcomar (a portmanteau of "Larco" and "mar") is a shopping centre located at the intersection of José Larco Avenue and the Malecón de la Reserva in Miraflores District, Lima, Peru. Owned by Chilean company Parque Arauco, it is frequently visited by both international tourists and locals. It is directly across the street from the JW Marriott Hotel Lima.

## History

The mall was originally part of the Hacienda Armendáriz, specifically the section later known as Alfredo Salazar Park, inaugurated in 1953 in honour of the Peruvian aviator of the same name who sacrificed himself after his aircraft malfunctioned in 1935.
Its construction had been criticised by locals, including writer Mario Vargas Llosa, since it involved the destruction of a lush park and its acoustic shell and "Rincón Gaucho" restaurant. The mall was ultimately inaugurated on November 27, 1998, by its architect, Eduardo Figari Gold.
In 2010, it was acquired by Chilean company Parque Arauco S.A..

### 2016 fire

On Wednesday, 16 November 2016, a fire broke out at a showing of Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them at theatre 11 of UVK Multicines, the mall's movie theatre. Its cause was initially unknown to local authorities, with the National Police of Peru eventually concluding that its origin was provoked due to a security camera showing a man, later identified as Luis Raúl Salazar Belito, walking out of the movie theatre in a suspicious manner. Although he initially surrendered to the police, he later denied his involvement in the fire. Later on, however, the Police's DIESE (División de Investigaciones Especiales de Seguridad del Estado) unit concluded that the fire was caused by a short circuit. In total, more than 200 people were evacuated from the mall, and 12 different fire fighting units arrived during the fire. Four employees were unable to escape the fire and died due to smoke inhalation: Ana Betsabé Torres Cochachín (46), Joel Mario Condori Rejas (27), Zoledad Moreima Oliveros (42) and Sonia Graciela Repetto Chamochumbi (71).
# Eight Principles of Yong

The Eight Principles of Yong are used by calligraphers to practice how to write the eight most common strokes in regular script, using the fact that they are all present in the character 永; yǒng; 'forever', 'permanence'. It was believed that the frequent practice of these principles as such when beginning one's study could ensure beauty in the Chinese calligrapher's writing.
The Eight Principles are influenced by the Eastern Jin-era Seven Powers (七勢) by Lady Wei Shuo. Publications on the principles include:
* The Tang-era Praise to the Eight Principles of "Yong" (永字八法頌) by Liu Zongyuan
* The Tang-era Praise to the Eight Principles of "Yong" (永字八法頌) by Yan Zhenqing
* The Yuan-era Eight Ways to Explain "Yong" (永字八法解) by Li Puguang, which provides two-character metaphorical names

## Table

‹See RfD› Yongzi principles (stroke components) by stroke order :
| Principle | Principle | Principle | Pinyin abbr. | Name | Name | Name | Name | Additional description |
| Principle | Principle | Principle | Pinyin abbr. | Tang-era | Li | Modern Chinese | Vietnamese | Additional description |
| 1 | | ㇔ | D | 側; 侧; cè; 'side' | 怪石; guàishí; 'dot' | 點; 点; diǎn; 'dot' | chấm | Tiny dash, speck |
| 2 | | ㇐ | H | 勒; lè; 'bridle' | 玉案; yù'àn; 'jade table' | 橫; 横; héng; 'horizontal' | sổ ngang | Rightward |
| 3 | | ㇑ | S | 弩; nǔ; 'crossbow'努; nǔ; 'strive' | 鐵柱; 铁柱; tiězhù; 'iron pillar' | 豎、竪; 竖; shù; 'erect'鐵杵; 铁杵; tiěchǔ; 'iron staff' | sổ dọc | Downward |
| 4 | | ㇚ | G | 趯; tì; 'jump' | 蟹爪; xièzhuǎ; 'crab's pincer' | 鉤、鈎; 钩; gōu; 'hook' | móc | Appended to others, suddenly going down, or left only |
| 5 | | ㇀ | T | 策; cè; 'horsewhip' | 虎牙; hǔyá; 'tiger's tooth' | 提; tí; 'raise'挑; tiāo; 'lift-off' | hất | Flick up and rightwards |
| 6 | | ㇁ | W | 掠; lüè; 'skim' | 犀角; xījiǎo; 'rhinoceros's horn' | 彎; 弯; wān; 'curve' | cong | Tapering thinning curve, usually concave left (convex outward right) with fast speed as if skimming |
| 7 | | ㇒ | P | 啄; zhuó; 'to peck' | 鳥啄; 鸟啄; niǎozhuó; 'bird's pecking' | 撇; piě; 'throw away'短撇; duǎnpiě; 'short slant' | phẩy | Falling leftwards with light curve |
| 8 | | ㇏ | N | 磔; zhé; 'dismember' | 金刀; jīndāo; 'golden knife' | 捺; nà; 'press firmly'波; bō; 'wave' | mác | Falling rightwards, fattening at bottom, where endpoint is "sharp as a knife" |

### CJK strokes

In addition to these eight common strokes in 永, there are at least two dozen strokes of combinations which enter in the composition of CJK strokes and by inclusion the CJK characters themselves. Most strokes are encoded in Unicode as symbols, to be used in ideographic description sequences (IDS). The standard characters names assigned in the UCS for these CJK strokes are based on initials of the modern Chinese names (romanized with Pinyin) of component principles with which they are recognized and drawn.

## Gallery

* The principles, as shown in the Vietnamese book Nhật dụng thường đàm 日用常談 (1851), with their individual strokes
* A section in Ngũ vân lâu tăng đính tứ thể thư pháp 五雲摟增訂四體書法 (1848), explaining the concept of the Eight Principles of Yong
* The Eight Principles of Yong depicted the calligraphy book, Tứ thể bút thức 四體筆式 (1869)
# Kamara's Tree

Kamara's Tree is a 2013 Nigerian comedy drama film, directed by Desmond Elliot, starring Desmond Elliot, Lydia Forson, Ivie Okujaye, Tessy Abubakar, Bobby Obodo, Ginnefine Kanu, Morris K Sesay and Dabota Lawson. Set and filmed in Freetown, Sierra Leone, the movie tells the story of a family gathering for the wedding of one of their members, whom the rest of the family has not seen for many years; each of the members must navigate the diverse behaviours of the others as a result.

## Cast

* Desmond Elliot as Tejan Kamara
* Tessy Abubakar Eradiri as Tenneth Kamara
* Bobby Obodo as Nouhou Kamara
* Ginnefine Kanu as Selina Kamara
* Morris K Sesay as Abdul Kamara
* Lydia Forson as Lucy
* Ivie Okujaye as Vero Kamara
* Aisha Kamara as Claudette
* Joyce Mhango Chavula
* Dabota Lawson
* Julius Spencer

## Release

A trailer for Kamara's Tree was released on December 17, 2012. The film premiered on VOD and television in February 2014, through IROKOtv and Africa Magic respectively.
# Nokia N93

The Nokia N93 is a mobile phone from Nokia, part of the multimedia Nseries. It was introduced on 25 April 2006 and released in July 2006. It runs on Symbian OS v9.1 and the S60 3rd Edition interface. It was the most advanced camera phone from Nokia at the time of its release, and was particularly marketed for its swivel design like its predecessor Nokia N90, which mimics the appearance of a conventional camcorder.
The N93 improved upon camera capabilities over the N90. The phone has a 3.2-megapixel camera, Carl Zeiss optics and 3x optical zoom (the first Nokia phone to have it) as well as a 30 fps 640×480 (VGA) MPEG-4 video recording capability.
It was succeeded by the Nokia N93i.

## Features

* DVD-like video capture at 30 fps in the MPEG-4 format at VGA resolution
* 3.2-megapixel camera with Carl Zeiss Vario Tessar optics and flash
* 320×240 pixels; 262,144 colors 2.4" display
* 3x optical zoom / 20x digital zoom
* direct TV out connectivity
* easy video creation and burning to DVD with Adobe Premiere Elements 2.0
* digital image stabilization
* close up mode
* Visual Radio
* 50 MB memory, 64 MB RAM, up to 2 GB mini SD card storage (90 minutes of "DVD-like" video)
* Dual ARM 11 332 MHz CPU
* Infrared and Bluetooth
* Wi-Fi (802.11b and g), 3G (WCDMA 2100 MHz), EDGE and GSM (900/1800/1900 MHz) networks
* Java MIDP 2.0
* Adobe Flash Lite 1.1 preinstalled (supports Flash Lite 2.1 and Flash Lite 3.0 developer editions)
* Symbian application support
* UPnP (Universal Plug and Play) support
* Comes standard with a full
* Fully hardware accelerated PowerVR 3D graphics from Imagination Technologies (including OpenGL ES 1.1 and M3G, see JBenchmark Archived 10 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine)
* Push to Talk over Cellular (PoC)

## Versions

As well as coming in 2 colors, pearl black and silver, there was also a Nokia N93 Golf Edition which had been preloaded with Pro Session Golf software to help improve golf skills. There was also a Mission: Impossible III edition which included a memory card preloaded with the movie and a Mission: Impossible III theme.

## N-Gage

Although Nokia planned to release an N-Gage application for N93 (alongside N73 and N93i), it never made it due to memory issues.

## In popular culture

The Nokia N93's likeness is used in the video game Tony Hawk's Project 8 as the way for players to view their in-game messages and videos.

## Reviews

* All About Symbian N93 Review (part 1) – Covers multimedia aspects of the phone
* All About Symbian N93 Review (part 2) – Covers smartphone aspects, and summary
* All About Symbian N90 vs N93
* Mobile-review N93 review
* N93 reviews and specifications round up Archived 4 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine
# 2013 Micronesian parliamentary election

Parliamentary elections were held in the Federated States of Micronesia on 5 March 2013 for the 10 seats in the Congress elected for a two-year term. A total of 21 candidates ran for election. Three MPs were elected unopposed.

## Results

| State | Constituency | Candidate | Votes | % | Notes |
| Chuuk | Election District 1 | Florencio Singkoro Harper | 2,463 | 100 | Incumbent |
| Chuuk | Election District 1 | Total | 2,463 | 100 | |
| Chuuk | Election District 2 | Victor Gouland | 2,525 | 50.4 | Elected |
| Chuuk | Election District 2 | Roger Mori | 2,464 | 49.6 | Incumbent |
| Chuuk | Election District 2 | Total | 4,989 | 100 | |
| Chuuk | Election District 3 | Bonsiano Fasy Nethon | 3,181 | 50.6 | Incumbent, re-elected |
| Chuuk | Election District 3 | Augustina Takashy | 1,539 | 24.5 | |
| Chuuk | Election District 3 | Michael Kanas | 1,561 | 24.9 | |
| Chuuk | Election District 3 | Total | 6,281 | 100 | |
| Chuuk | Election District 4 | Tiwiter Aritos | 3,442 | 53.0 | Incumbent, re-elected |
| Chuuk | Election District 4 | Setiro Paul | 3,050 | 47.0 | |
| Chuuk | Election District 4 | Total | 6,492 | 100 | |
| Chuuk | Election District 5 | Tony Otto | 813 | 29.0 | Incumbent, re-elected |
| Chuuk | Election District 5 | Ruphin Micky | 554 | 19.8 | |
| Chuuk | Election District 5 | Williander Jack | 539 | 19.3 | |
| Chuuk | Election District 5 | Robson Romolow | 511 | 18.3 | |
| Chuuk | Election District 5 | Moses Nelson | 382 | 13.6 | |
| Chuuk | Election District 5 | Total | 2,799 | 100 | |
| Kosrae | Election District | Paliknoa Welly | 2,106 | 69.60 | Incumbent, re-elected |
| Kosrae | Election District | Johnson Asher | 920 | 30.40 | |
| Kosrae | Election District | Total | 3,026 | 100 | |
| Pohnpei | Election District 1 | Dohsis Halbert | 2,489 | 52.17 | Incumbent, re-elected |
| Pohnpei | Election District 1 | Ferny Perman | 2,271 | 47.60 | |
| Pohnpei | Election District 1 | Write-in votes | 11 | 0.23 | |
| Pohnpei | Election District 1 | Total | 4,771 | 100 | |
| Pohnpei | Election District 2 | Berney Martin | 2,981 | 54.83 | Incumbent, re-elected |
| Pohnpei | Election District 2 | Dion Neth | 2,456 | 45.17 | |
| Pohnpei | Election District 2 | Total | 5,437 | 100 | |
| Pohnpei | Election District 3 | David Panuelo | 2,124 | 98.65 | Incumbent, re-elected |
| Pohnpei | Election District 3 | Write-in votes | 29 | 1.35 | |
| Pohnpei | Election District 3 | Total | 2,153 | 100 | |
| Yap | Election District | Isaac Figir | 2,692 | 100 | Incumbent, re-elected |
| Yap | Election District | Total | 2,692 | 100 | |
| Source: Kaselehlie Press, Adam Carr ||||||