# Al Jourgensen

Alain David Jourgensen (born Alejandro Ramírez Casas; October 9, 1958) is a Cuban-American singer, musician and music producer. Closely related with the independent record label Wax Trax! Records, his musical career spans four decades. He is the frontman and lyricist of the industrial metal band Ministry, which he founded in 1981 and of which he remains the only constant member. He was the primary musician of several Ministry-related projects, such as Revolting Cocks, Lard, and Buck Satan and the 666 Shooters. Jourgensen is a prominent figure in industrial music, influencing numerous other groups and musicians, both in alternative and industrial-associated acts.
Born in Havana shortly before the Cuban Revolution of 1959, at the age of three Jourgensen moved to the United States with his family, and was raised mainly in Chicago and Breckenridge, Colorado. He developed an interest in music at a young age, and was involved in several short-lived bands, as well as briefly performing in the backing band of drag performer Divine.
Jourgensen formed Ministry in 1981 in Chicago and received significant attention from music press regarding the band's 1983 debut studio album, With Sympathy. His subsequent releases in the 1980s, most prominently Ministry's The Land of Rape and Honey (1988) and The Mind Is a Terrible Thing to Taste (1989), showcased his stylistic transition; in the early 1990s, he achieved mainstream success with Ministry's fifth studio album, Psalm 69: The Way to Succeed and the Way to Suck Eggs (1992). The next few years were marked by publicity surrounding Jourgensen's substance abuse which negatively affected his creative output and resulted in a period of severe depression; during this time, Jourgensen and Ministry appeared in the 2001 Steven Spielberg film A.I. Artificial Intelligence.
In 2005, Jourgensen established his own record label, 13th Planet Records, through which several Ministry records, among others, were released until the early 2010s. Currently Jourgensen and Ministry are signed to Nuclear Blast Records.

## Early life

Alejandro Ramírez Casas was born in Havana, Cuba, on October 9, 1958, the son of Margarita "Maggie" Brouwer (born c. 1942) and the grandson of Julio Brouwer, a biologist. Jourgensen, who is of Dutch and Spanish heritage, says he does not remember anything about his real father. In 1961, following the fall of Fulgencio Batista's regime and rise of Fidel Castro to power, his family relocated to the US. In 1964, Brouwer married Ed Jourgensen, a stock car driver and mechanic for Formula One driver Dan Gurney. She adopted his surname, which is Norwegian, for herself and her son.
Jourgensen was raised in Chicago, Illinois, and Breckenridge, Colorado, attending Greeley High School and Summit County High School in Frisco, Colorado, in 1976. He was a fan of a wide range of artists including the Beatles, Pink Floyd, Hawkwind, Led Zeppelin, Hank Williams and George Jones. After seeing the Ramones on stage in Denver, Jourgensen decided to be a punk musician.$^{:2}$
Jourgensen eventually attended the University of Illinois Chicago, after briefly enrolling at both the University of Northern Colorado and the University of Colorado.

## Professional life
### Ministry

Jourgensen formed Ministry in 1981 after leaving Special Affect, a post-punk band that included Frankie Nardiello, founding member (as Groovie Mann) of My Life With The Thrill Kill Kult and drummer Harry Rushakoff of Concrete Blonde). Early singles by Ministry and Jourgensen's other projects were released on Wax Trax! Records. He also produced Skinny Puppy's Rabies album. During that time, Jourgensen befriended Nivek Ogre, who later toured with Ministry.
The band broke into the mainstream with 1992's Psalm 69: The Way to Succeed and the Way to Suck Eggs album. Its opening track, "N.W.O.", was nominated for a 1993 Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance, losing to Nine Inch Nails' "Wish". However, its next album, Filth Pig (1996), divided their fan base, leading to a commercial decline that became evident when Warner Bros. Records dropped them from the label in 2001.
Ministry's next albums, Rio Grande Blood (2006) and The Last Sucker (2007), as well as the 2006 Revolting Cocks album Cocked and Loaded, were released on Jourgensen's new record label, 13th Planet Records, which he formed after falling out with the mainstream agendas of major industry labels.
At the specific request of director Stanley Kubrick, Jourgensen appeared with Ministry in the film A.I.: Artificial Intelligence. He related his conversation with Kubrick in an interview:
   Well, first of all, I hung up on him. I thought it was a crank call. His secretary was calling and I was like, 'Yeah, right.' Click. And then he called back personally and then talked to me, and I was just freaked out. I mean, who wouldn't be freaked out? Here's this eccentric American God living in the countryside of England, and he's calling me up in Austin, Texas, and saying he wants me to do the music for his film and he wants me to be in his film and he's famous and all that. I didn't even believe it.
Ministry continued its involvement with the film project after Kubrick's death, and Jourgensen revealed that after initial tension with Steven Spielberg, partly due to Jourgensen's prank when he claimed being told that "A.I." stood for "Anal Intruder" and threatening to walk off production because it was not a porn film, he and Spielberg enjoyed a friendly relationship, with two compositions appearing on the soundtrack: "What About Us" and "Dead Practice".
A number of his songs also appear in other films, such as Wicked Lake (2008)—produced by Fever Dreams and ZP Studios—for which he composed the entire soundtrack that was released on his own 13th Planet record label—he also makes a small appearance in the film as an art school teacher.
In a November 2008 issue of Hustler Magazine, Jourgensen announced that Ministry was officially finished, as the band "[took] up so much time" and releasing new albums was difficult. He also explained that he was responsible for six other bands and could complete seven albums within a year when he was not working on new Ministry material. However, despite Jourgensen's insistence that Ministry would never return, a reunion was announced on August 7, 2011. A new album, entitled Relapse, was released on March 26, 2012.
At his 57th birthday listening party in Chicago he announced a new project called, SMM or Surgical Meth Machine. In an interview with In The Loop Magazine, Jourgensen stated, "I can't wait to get this record out. If you're a fan of Ministry, you're gonna freak out on this. It's got the whole range of my career as a musician in it even sound of earlier stuff from the beginning."
In 2016 March, Jourgensen noted he had a project with Arabian Prince; this collaboration was later confirmed for a new Ministry album.
In February 2024, Jourgensen announced that he would like to make one last Ministry album. That pending swan song will also find the outfit reuniting with Paul Barker, who served as their producer/bassist/keyboardist/programmer, etc. throughout Ministry‘s commercial peak from 1986 through to 2003.

### Revolting Cocks

Revolting Cocks, also known as RevCo, is an American industrial rock band that began as a musical side project for Richard 23 of Front 242, Luc van Acker, and Jourgensen. The band took their name after being involved in a fight in a Chicago bar in 1983: Jourgensen, Richard 23 and Van Acker, celebrating the formation of their new band with a few drinks, ended the evening in a brawl, with bar stools thrown through the windows. As he ejected the trio, the owner—a man who Jourgensen recalls was named Dess—shouted, "I'm calling the police! You guys are a bunch of revolting cocks!" The trio decided to use the name for their band.
The band have changed lineups several times. RevCo currently features Jourgensen (guitars, keyboards, programming, background vocals, producer), Josh Bradford (vocals, background vocals), Sin Quirin (guitars, bass, keyboards) and Clayton Worbeck (keyboards, programming, mixing, bass). Their seventh album, Sex-O Olympic-O, which was produced by Jourgensen at his studio, was released on his 13th Planet label in March 2008. The follow-up album, Got Cock?, was released in March 2010 on the same label. A remix album of Got Cock?, titled Got Mixxx?, was released in 2011.

### Other bands and projects

During the late 1980s, Jourgensen started a short-lived side project named 1000 Homo DJs, under the pseudonym Buck Satan. 1000 Homo DJs released two singles, including a cover of Black Sabbath's "Supernaut." Also in 1989, Jourgensen was involved in Acid Horse, a collaboration between the members of Ministry and Cabaret Voltaire. In 2015, Jourgensen announced that he started "a speed metal project" named Surgical Meth Machine with engineer and longtime collaborator Sam D'Ambruoso. The project's self-titled album was released on April 15, 2016.

#### More side projects

* Special Affect
* W.E.L.T.
* Pailhead
* Lard
* Surgical Meth Machine

### Production work

Jourgensen and his Ministry bandmate Paul Barker worked as a music production team under the names Hypo Luxa and Hermes Pan, producing their own work as well as other Wax Trax! Records acts. Jourgensen also produced music for Reverend Horton Heat, Skinny Puppy, Dessau, Skrew, Rigor Mortis, The Blackouts, and DethRok. Jourgensen's recording complex for the 13th Planet label was located at his former home in El Paso, Texas.

## Musicianship

Jourgensen has played a multitude of instruments throughout his career, including guitars, bass, violin, banjo, keyboards, piano, pedal steel guitar, trumpets and drums to name a few. However, he claims he is "not really good at any of them." He said, "I'm jack of all trades and master of none. But I can collage bits and pieces together musically."
Jourgensen's singing style has varied throughout the years. On Ministry's early releases such as With Sympathy and Twitch, he sang with a fake British accent, which he regrets. Inspired by The 13th Floor Elevators, Jourgensen started utilizing vocal effects beginning with The Land of Rape and Honey to distort his voice using Eventide. In 2006, starting with Rio Grande Blood, Jourgensen switched to a more thrash metal approach.

## Personal life
### Relationships and family

Jourgensen was married to Patty Marsh from 1984 to 1995 and the relationship produced one daughter.$^{:15}$ In 2002, he married Angelina Lukacin. In July 2014, he announced that they were divorced.
Jourgensen's autobiography, Ministry: The Lost Gospels According to Al Jourgensen, was released in July 2013.

### Legal and health issues

In 1995, police raided Ministry's Texas headquarters and Jourgensen was arrested for possession of heroin. He received a five-year probation sentence. Jourgensen was dependent upon heroin for twenty years. Jourgensen kicked his heavy drug (heroin, methadone, crack, pills) habit, and as of 2019, he has limited his intake to beer, marijuana, and psilocybin mushrooms.
Jourgensen almost lost his arm and foot in two separate incidents, the first due to a spider bite, the second the result of a hypodermic needle wound.

### Body art

Throughout the years, Jourgensen has amassed a large number of tattoos. In 2012, he underwent facial piercings after a bet with his daughter; she called him a "pussy" for not having any piercings, while Jourgensen called her the same thing for not having any tattoos. They then decided to have their tattoos and piercings done respectively to create a "pact". He had 16 facial piercings done in one sitting.

## Discography
### with Ministry

| Date of release | Title | Label |
| 1983 | With Sympathy | Arista Records |
| 1986 | Twitch | Sire/Warner Bros. |
| 1988 | The Land of Rape and Honey | Sire/Warner Bros. |
| 1989 | The Mind Is a Terrible Thing to Taste | Sire/Warner Bros. |
| 1992 | Psalm 69: The Way to Succeed and the Way to Suck Eggs | Sire/Warner Bros. |
| 1996 | Filth Pig | Warner Bros. |
| 1999 | Dark Side of the Spoon | Warner Bros. |
| 2003 | Animositisomina | Sanctuary |
| 2004 | Houses of the Molé | Sanctuary |
| 2006 | Rio Grande Blood | 13th Planet/Megaforce |
| 2007 | The Last Sucker | 13th Planet/Megaforce |
| 2012 | Relapse | 13th Planet |
| 2013 | From Beer to Eternity | 13th Planet |
| 2018 | AmeriKKKant | Nuclear Blast |
| 2021 | Moral Hygiene | Nuclear Blast |
| 2024 | Hopiumforthemasses | Nuclear Blast |

### with Revolting Cocks

| Date of release | Title | Label |
| 1985 | No Devotion (12") | Wax Trax! |
| 1986 | Big Sexy Land | Wax Trax! |
| 1986 | "You Often Forget" (12") | Wax Trax! |
| 1988 | Live! You Goddamned Son of a Bitch | Wax Trax! |
| 1986 | Stainless Steel Providers (12") | Wax Trax! |
| 1990 | Beers, Steers, and Queers | Wax Trax! |
| 1993 | Linger Ficken' Good | Sire/Reprise/Warner Bros. Records |
| 2006 | Cocked and Loaded | 13th Planet Records/Megaforce Records |
| 2007 | Cocktail Mixxx | 13th Planet Records/Megaforce Records |
| 2009 | Sex-O Olympic-O | 13th Planet Records/Megaforce Records |
| 2009 | Sex-O MiXXX-O | 13th Planet Records/Megaforce Records |
| 2010 | Got Cock? | 13th Planet Records/Megaforce Records |
| 2011 | Got Mixx? | 13th Planet Records/Megaforce Records |

### with Lard

| Date of release | Title | Label |
| 1989 | The Power of Lard | Alternative Tentacles |
| 1990 | The Last Temptation of Reid | Alternative Tentacles |
| 1997 | Pure Chewing Satisfaction | Alternative Tentacles |
| 2000 | 70's Rock Must Die | Alternative Tentacles |

### Other releases

| Date of release | Band | Title | Label |
| 1987 | Pailhead | "I Will Refuse" b/w "No Bunny" | Wax Trax! |
| 1988 | Pailhead | Trait (EP) | Wax Trax! |
| 1989 | Acid Horse | No Name, No Slogan (12") | Wax Trax! |
| 2011 | Buck Satan and the 666 Shooters | Bikers Welcome Ladies Drink Free | 13th Planet Records/AFM Soulfood Records |
| 2016 | Surgical Meth Machine | Surgical Meth Machine | Nuclear Blast Records |

### Featured releases

| Date of release | Band | Title | Label | Notes |
| 1981 | Special Affect | Too Much Soft Living | None (Special Affect Music) | Full member (1979-1980). |
| 1983 | Alan Vega | Saturn Strip | Elektra | Keyboards on Saturn Drive (track 1). |
| 1989 | Skinny Puppy | Rabies | Nettwerk | Production, engineering, mixing, guitar and additional vocals. |
| 1992 | Skrew | Burning in Water, Drowning in Flame | Metal Blade | Engineering and guitar. |
| 1994 | The Reverend Horton Heat | Liquor in the Front | Sub Pop / Interscope | Production, pedal steel guitar, piano and vocals. |
| 2008 | False Icons | God Complex | 13th Planet Records | Mixing and production. |
| 2010 | Front Line Assembly | Improvised Electronic Device | Metropolis | Production, vocals, lyrics, string arrangements, additional programming and mixing on Stupidity (track 9). |
| 2015 | Coal Chamber | Rivals | Napalm | Additional vocals on Suffer in Silence (track 4). |
| 2018 | Beauty In Chaos | Finding Beauty In Chaos | None (Bandcamp) | Vocals on 20th Century Boy, originally composed by T. rex (track 4) |
| 2020 | Static-X | Project Regeneration | Otsego Entertainment Group | Additional vocals on Dead Souls (track 12). |

### Solo releases

| Date of release | Title | Label |
| 2009 / 2010 | Alien Christmas/It's Always Christmas Time (with Mark Thwaite) | 13th Planet Records |