# 1966 California gubernatorial election

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The 1966 California gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1966. Incumbent Democratic Governor Pat Brown was defeated in his bid for re-election by Republican nominee and future President Ronald Reagan. This remains the last time an incumbent governor of California lost re-election, though one subsequent governor was recalled from office in 2003.

## Background

Incumbent governor Pat Brown had been twice elected with significant accomplishments, such as the construction of the state highway system. After his re-election victory over former vice president Richard Nixon in 1962, Brown was strongly considered for Lyndon B. Johnson's running mate in 1964. However, Brown's popularity began to sag amidst the civil disorders of the Watts riots and the early student protests at the University of California, Berkeley including the Free Speech Movement.

## Democratic primary
### Candidates

* Dale Alexander
* Pat Brown, incumbent governor
* Wallace James Duffy
* Ingram W. Goad
* Carlton B. Goodlett, publisher and activist
* Samuel William Yorty, mayor of Los Angeles

### Results

Democratic primary results :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Democratic | Pat Brown (incumbent) | 1,355,262 | 51.91% |
| | Democratic | Samuel William Yorty | 981,088 | 37.58% |
| | Democratic | Carlton B. Goodlett | 95,476 | 3.66% |
| | Democratic | Wallace James Duffy | 77,029 | 2.95% |
| | Democratic | Dale Alexander | 43,453 | 1.66% |
| | Democratic | Ronald Reagan (write-in) | 27,422 | 1.05% |
| | Democratic | Ingram W. Goad | 18,088 | 0.69% |
| | Democratic | George Christopher (write-in) | 13,058 | 0.50% |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 2,610,876 | 100.00% |

## Republican primary
### Candidates

* George Christopher, former mayor of San Francisco
* Warren N. Dorn, Los Angeles County Supervisor
* Joseph R. Maxwell
* William Penn Patrick, businessman
* Ronald Reagan, actor and former president of the Screen Actors Guild

### Campaign

California's liberal Republicans including George Christopher leveled attacks on Ronald Reagan for his conservative positions. In response, Reagan popularized the eleventh commandment created by California Republican Party chairman Gaylord Parkinson. In his 1990 autobiography An American Life, Reagan attributed the rule to Parkinson, explained its origin, and claimed to have followed it, writing, "The personal attacks against me during the primary finally became so heavy that the state Republican chairman, Gaylord Parkinson, postulated what he called the Eleventh Commandment: Thou shalt not speak ill of any fellow Republican. It's a rule I followed during that campaign and have ever since." Parkinson used the phrase as common ground to prevent a split in the party.
Polls in February 1966 showed Christopher with a seven-point lead over Brown and Brown leading Reagan by four, so Brown sought to influence the Republican primary in Reagan's favor by having operatives pass negative claims against Christopher to columnist Drew Pearson.

### Results

Republican primary results :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Republican | Ronald Reagan | 1,417,623 | 64.68% |
| | Republican | George Christopher | 675,683 | 30.83% |
| | Republican | Warren N. Dorn | 44,812 | 2.04% |
| | Republican | William Penn Patrick | 40,887 | 1.87% |
| | Republican | Joseph R. Maxwell | 7,052 | 0.32% |
| | Republican | Samuel William Yorty (write-in) | 3,993 | 0.18% |
| | Republican | Edmund G. "Pat" Brown (write-in) | 1,700 | 0.08% |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 2,191,750 | 100.00% |

## General election
### Candidates

* Pat Brown, incumbent Governor since 1959 (Democratic)
* Ronald Reagan, actor and former president of the Screen Actors Guild (Republican)

### Campaign

With the nomination of Reagan, a well-known and charismatic political outsider-actor, the Republicans seized upon Brown's sudden unpopularity evidenced by a tough battle in the Democratic primary. Nixon worked tirelessly behind the scenes and Reagan trumpeted his law-and-order campaign message, going into the general election with a great deal of momentum. After pollsters discovered that the Berkeley student protests were a major priority of Republican voters, Reagan repeatedly promised to "clean up the mess at Berkeley".
At first, Brown tried to smear Reagan's conservative supporters with "lame Nazi metaphors". After Reagan deftly parried that tactic, Brown made a serious gaffe. He ran a television commercial in which he used a rhetorical question to remind a group of elementary school children that John Wilkes Booth, another actor, had killed Abraham Lincoln. Brown's crude comparison of Reagan to Booth based on their common background as actors—in the state that happens to be home to Hollywood—did not go over well with the California electorate. Within 48 hours, Reagan had overtaken Brown in the polls.
With a lead that grew throughout September and October, Reagan won by 993,739 votes, aided by traditionally Democratic working-class areas in Los Angeles and elsewhere. Brown won in only three counties, Alameda, Plumas, and San Francisco. He narrowly won Alameda by about 2,000 votes and Plumas by about 100 votes.

### Results

1966 California gubernatorial election :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Republican | Ronald Reagan | 3,742,913 | 57.55% | +10.74% |
| | Democratic | Pat Brown (incumbent) | 2,749,174 | 42.27% | −9.62% |
| | | Scattering | 11,358 | 0.17% | |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 993,739 | 15.28% | |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 6,503,445 | 100.00% | |
| | Republican gain from Democratic | Republican gain from Democratic | Swing | +20.35% | |

#### Results by county

| County | Ronald Reagan Republican | Ronald Reagan Republican | Edmund G. Brown Democratic | Edmund G. Brown Democratic | Scattering Write-in | Scattering Write-in | Margin | Margin | Total votes cast |
| County | # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | Total votes cast |
| Alameda | 189,055 | 49.54% | 190,968 | 50.04% | 1,607 | 0.42% | -1,913 | -0.50% | 381,630 |
| Alpine | 148 | 65.78% | 77 | 34.22% | 0 | 0.00% | 71 | 31.56% | 225 |
| Amador | 2,985 | 58.29% | 2,132 | 41.63% | 4 | 0.08% | 853 | 16.66% | 5,121 |
| Butte | 25,443 | 67.48% | 12,263 | 32.52% | 0 | 0.00% | 13,180 | 34.95% | 37,706 |
| Calaveras | 3,810 | 67.72% | 1,812 | 32.21% | 4 | 0.07% | 1,998 | 35.51% | 5,626 |
| Colusa | 2,806 | 62.07% | 1,713 | 37.89% | 2 | 0.04% | 1,093 | 24.18% | 4,521 |
| Contra Costa | 107,543 | 54.79% | 87,525 | 44.59% | 1,217 | 0.62% | 20,018 | 10.20% | 196,285 |
| Del Norte | 3,409 | 63.96% | 1,918 | 35.98% | 3 | 0.06% | 1,491 | 27.97% | 5,330 |
| El Dorado | 9,189 | 62.97% | 5,378 | 36.86% | 25 | 0.17% | 3,811 | 26.12% | 14,592 |
| Fresno | 70,182 | 53.90% | 59,869 | 45.98% | 167 | 0.13% | 10,313 | 7.92% | 130,218 |
| Glenn | 4,676 | 66.33% | 2,371 | 33.63% | 3 | 0.04% | 2,305 | 32.70% | 7,050 |
| Humboldt | 19,210 | 57.16% | 14,374 | 42.77% | 23 | 0.07% | 4,836 | 14.39% | 33,607 |
| Imperial | 12,372 | 62.84% | 7,307 | 37.12% | 8 | 0.04% | 5,065 | 25.73% | 19,687 |
| Inyo | 3,961 | 66.14% | 2,023 | 33.78% | 5 | 0.08% | 1,938 | 32.36% | 5,989 |
| Kern | 64,716 | 62.62% | 38,543 | 37.29% | 96 | 0.09% | 26,173 | 25.32% | 103,355 |
| Kings | 9,957 | 55.77% | 7,890 | 44.19% | 7 | 0.04% | 2,067 | 11.58% | 17,854 |
| Lake | 5,499 | 63.01% | 3,217 | 36.86% | 11 | 0.13% | 2,282 | 26.15% | 8,727 |
| Lassen | 3,190 | 53.95% | 2,723 | 46.05% | 0 | 0.00% | 467 | 7.90% | 5,913 |
| Los Angeles | 1,389,995 | 57.18% | 1,037,663 | 42.68% | 3,435 | 0.14% | 352,332 | 14.49% | 2,431,093 |
| Madera | 7,490 | 54.13% | 6,335 | 45.78% | 12 | 0.09% | 1,155 | 8.35% | 13,837 |
| Marin | 40,411 | 57.02% | 30,230 | 42.66% | 227 | 0.32% | 10,181 | 14.37% | 70,868 |
| Mariposa | 1,811 | 61.45% | 1,133 | 38.45% | 3 | 0.10% | 678 | 23.01% | 2,947 |
| Mendocino | 10,161 | 59.76% | 6,827 | 40.15% | 15 | 0.09% | 3,334 | 19.61% | 17,003 |
| Merced | 14,103 | 52.98% | 12,499 | 46.96% | 16 | 0.06% | 1,604 | 6.03% | 26,618 |
| Modoc | 1,946 | 62.67% | 1,156 | 37.23% | 3 | 0.10% | 790 | 25.44% | 3,105 |
| Mono | 1,205 | 77.84% | 343 | 22.16% | 0 | 0.00% | 862 | 55.68% | 1,548 |
| Monterey | 35,944 | 60.96% | 22,923 | 38.88% | 96 | 0.16% | 13,021 | 22.08% | 58,963 |
| Napa | 17,740 | 59.45% | 12,060 | 40.42% | 40 | 0.13% | 5,680 | 19.03% | 29,840 |
| Nevada | 7,373 | 65.80% | 3,823 | 34.12% | 9 | 0.08% | 3,550 | 31.68% | 11,205 |
| Orange | 293,413 | 72.06% | 113,275 | 27.82% | 466 | 0.11% | 180,138 | 44.24% | 407,154 |
| Placer | 14,664 | 54.55% | 12,187 | 45.33% | 32 | 0.12% | 2,477 | 9.21% | 26,883 |
| Plumas | 2,658 | 49.15% | 2,747 | 50.80% | 3 | 0.06% | -89 | -1.65% | 5,408 |
| Riverside | 84,501 | 62.35% | 50,112 | 36.98% | 907 | 0.67% | 34,389 | 25.38% | 135,520 |
| Sacramento | 109,801 | 50.85% | 105,861 | 49.03% | 262 | 0.12% | 3,940 | 1.82% | 215,924 |
| San Benito | 3,565 | 60.96% | 2,283 | 39.04% | 0 | 0.00% | 1,282 | 21.92% | 5,848 |
| San Bernardino | 121,916 | 62.13% | 74,120 | 37.77% | 187 | 0.10% | 47,796 | 24.36% | 196,223 |
| San Diego | 252,070 | 63.76% | 142,890 | 36.14% | 398 | 0.10% | 109,180 | 27.62% | 395,358 |
| San Francisco | 114,796 | 41.06% | 164,435 | 58.82% | 341 | 0.12% | -49,639 | -17.76% | 279,572 |
| San Joaquin | 54,647 | 60.73% | 35,281 | 39.21% | 51 | 0.06% | 19,366 | 21.52% | 89,979 |
| San Luis Obispo | 21,528 | 62.52% | 12,891 | 37.44% | 13 | 0.04% | 8,637 | 25.08% | 34,432 |
| San Mateo | 107,498 | 53.63% | 92,654 | 46.23% | 276 | 0.14% | 14,844 | 7.41% | 200,428 |
| Santa Barbara | 50,284 | 63.21% | 28,853 | 36.27% | 414 | 0.52% | 21,431 | 26.94% | 79,551 |
| Santa Clara | 164,970 | 55.33% | 132,793 | 44.54% | 410 | 0.14% | 32,177 | 10.79% | 298,173 |
| Santa Cruz | 26,988 | 61.42% | 16,913 | 38.49% | 42 | 0.10% | 10,075 | 22.93% | 43,943 |
| Shasta | 15,155 | 54.76% | 12,486 | 45.12% | 32 | 0.12% | 2,669 | 9.64% | 27,673 |
| Sierra | 650 | 55.27% | 526 | 44.73% | 0 | 0.00% | 124 | 10.54% | 1,176 |
| Siskiyou | 7,057 | 54.17% | 5,962 | 45.76% | 9 | 0.07% | 1,095 | 8.40% | 13,028 |
| Solano | 23,187 | 50.11% | 23,047 | 49.81% | 39 | 0.08% | 140 | 0.30% | 46,273 |
| Sonoma | 41,516 | 60.57% | 26,898 | 39.24% | 126 | 0.18% | 14,618 | 21.33% | 68,540 |
| Stanislaus | 31,473 | 54.36% | 26,418 | 45.63% | 10 | 0.02% | 5,055 | 8.73% | 57,901 |
| Sutter | 9,828 | 70.43% | 4,126 | 29.57% | 0 | 0.00% | 5,702 | 40.86% | 13,954 |
| Tehama | 6,629 | 62.94% | 3,891 | 36.94% | 12 | 0.11% | 2,738 | 26.00% | 10,532 |
| Trinity | 2,050 | 62.23% | 1,242 | 37.70% | 2 | 0.06% | 808 | 24.53% | 3,294 |
| Tulare | 33,095 | 59.91% | 22,109 | 40.02% | 41 | 0.07% | 10,986 | 19.89% | 55,245 |
| Tuolumne | 4,845 | 58.16% | 3,479 | 41.76% | 6 | 0.07% | 1,366 | 16.40% | 8,330 |
| Ventura | 58,068 | 60.82% | 37,224 | 38.99% | 181 | 0.19% | 20,844 | 21.83% | 95,473 |
| Yolo | 13,073 | 49.97% | 13,032 | 49.81% | 57 | 0.22% | 41 | 0.16% | 26,162 |
| Yuba | 6,658 | 60.50% | 4,344 | 39.47% | 3 | 0.03% | 2,314 | 21.03% | 11,005 |
| Total | 3,742,913 | 57.55% | 2,749,174 | 42.27% | 11,358 | 0.17% | 993,739 | 15.28% | 6,503,445 |

#### Counties that flipped from Democratic to Republican

* Amador
* Colusa
* Contra Costa
* Del Norte
* El Dorado
* Fresno
* Humboldt
* Kern
* Kings
* Lassen
* Los Angeles
* Madera
* Mendocino
* Merced
* Modoc
* Napa
* Nevada
* Placer
* Sacramento
* San Bernardino
* San Joaquin
* San Luis Obispo
* San Mateo
* Santa Clara
* Shasta
* Sierra
* Siskiyou
* Solano
* Stanislaus
* Tehama
* Trinity
* Tuolumne
* Ventura
* Yolo
* Yuba