# Karl Fischer von Treuenfeld

Karl Fischer von Treuenfeld (31 March 1885 – 7 June 1946) was a German military officer who served in the German Imperial Army, the Reichswehr and the Waffen-SS. During the Nazi era he held a number of important staff and field command positions. During the Second World War, he commanded the 2 SS Infantry Brigade and the 1 SS Infantry Brigade, which engaged in the killing of Jews, communists and partisans in the Soviet Union. As the commander of the Waffen-SS in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, he led the assault that resulted in the deaths of the assassins of SS-Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich. He later commanded the SS Division Frundsberg in combat on the eastern front. After the end of the war, he was taken prisoner and killed himself while in American custody.

## Early life

Karl Theodor Friedrich Freiherr von Fischer-Treuenfeld was born into the noble Prussian family of Fischer-Treuenfeld [de] and was the son of a naval officer. In 1898, he entered the Prussian cadet corps and graduated in 1903 from the Preußische Hauptkadettenanstalt in Lichterfelde as a Fahnenjunker. He was commissioned as a Leutnant on 18 August 1904 and served with the 4th Guards Artillery Regiment. He transferred to a Hussar regiment, studied at the War Academy until 1914 and then served during the First World War. He served in staff positions and in field commands on both the western front and the eastern front throughout the war, was promoted to Hauptmann and was twice seriously wounded, earning the Iron Cross, 1st and 2nd class and the Wound Badge in silver. He was transferred to the General staff in December 1915 and later served on the staff of the field army of General Erich Ludendorff. At the end of the war, he remained in a staff posting with the peacetime Reichswehr until leaving the military in March 1920 with the rank of Major.
Fischer-Treuenfeld settled in Hamburg where he became a businessman, and also worked briefly in Great Britain and the United States. He also headed the local Volkische militia. In 1922, he was introduced to Adolf Hitler by Ludendorff, with whom he remained close friends until the general's death in 1937. He made plans to use his militia force to march on Berlin in support of Hitler's Beer Hall Putsch in November 1923. However, this did not come about due to the collapse of Hitler's revolt in Munich. In 1929, Fischer-Treuenfeld's business failed, which he blamed on the Jews, writing in his autobiography: "As a result, the hate of the Jews and Freemasons that caused the economic disaster … caused my business to collapse". In September 1933, he formally changed his name to Karl Fischer von Treuenfeld. From 1933 to 1939, he was employed by an industrial company in Berlin.

## Career in the SS

Treuenfeld rejoined the army reserves in December 1938 but, on 1 May 1939, he left and joined the Schutzstaffel (SS) with the rank of SS-Oberführer (SS number 323,792). Despite his service in the elite paramilitary organisation of the Nazi Party, Treuenfeld never officially joined the Party. From June 1939 to mid-May 1940, Treuenfeld served as the Inspector for SS-Junker Schools in the SS Personnel Main Office at SS headquarters. After 6 months of operational training, he returned as the head of officer training in the newly-formed SS Führungshauptamt (SS Leadership Main Office) where he remained until April 1941, being promoted to SS-Brigadeführer and Generalmajor of the Waffen-SS on 9 November 1940.
In April 1941, Treuenfeld was appointed the Befehlshaber (commander) of the Waffen-SS "Northwest" until the command was dissolved at the end of the month. He became the first commander of the 2 SS Infantry Brigade (motorized), which started forming in May 1941 for Operation Barbarossa, and he remained at its head until 5 July 1941 during its early drive into the northern Soviet Union. While in Russia, his units conducted rear-area security operations and the killing of Jews and other groups, including partisans. On 1 September 1941, Treuenfeld was appointed Befehlshaber of the Waffen-SS for the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, serving under the Deputy Protector, Reinhard Heydrich. After the assassination of Heydrich in Operation Anthropoid on 27 May 1942, the men responsible, Jan Kubiš, Jozef Gabčík and others, were betrayed and trapped in the crypt of Saints Cyril and Methodius Cathedral in Prague. Treuenfeld was in command of the Waffen-SS troops that stormed the church on 18 June 1942, only to find that – after holding out for hours – the defenders had committed suicide. A difference in opinion over tactics between Treuenfeld and the Gestapo led to his replacement.
Treuenfeld returned to the eastern front where he took command of the 1 SS Infantry Brigade (motorized) until the end of the year. He was then appointed as Befehlshaber of the Waffen-SS in Southern Russia and Ukraine in February 1943. On 15 November 1943, he took command of the 10th SS Panzer Division Frundsberg. Promoted to SS-Gruppenführer and Generalleutnant of the Waffen-SS on 30 January 1944, he was relieved of command after receiving another severe wound in the battle of Tarnopol on 22 April 1944.
After recovering, Treuenfeld was appointed Befehlshaber of the Waffen-SS in northern Italy under SS-Obergruppenführer Karl Wolff in June 1944. He then briefly served as the acting commander of VI SS Army Corps (Latvian) in July. From 1 August 1944 to 10 January 1945, he returned to the SS Führungshauptamt as the Inspector of Waffen-SS Panzer troops. Briefly placed into the Führerreserve, by February he was assigned as a formation officer for Replacement Army recruits where he remained until Germany's surrender on 8 May 1945. Treuenfeld was taken prisoner by American forces at the end of the war, and killed himself on 7 June 1946 while still in custody at the Steinlager Allendorf prisoner of war camp.

## SS ranks

SS ranks :
| Date | Rank |
| 1 May 1939 | SS-Oberführer |
| 9 November 1940 | SS-Brigadeführer und Generalmajor der Waffen-SS |
| 30 January 1944 | SS-Gruppenführer und Generalleutnant der Waffen-SS |