# List of common 3D test models

This is a list of models and meshes commonly used in 3D computer graphics for testing and demonstrating rendering algorithms and visual effects. Their use is important for comparing results, similar to the way standard test images are used in image processing.

## Modeled

Designed using CAD software; sorted by year of modeling.
| Name and viewer | Year of creation | Person/organisation that did the modeling | Description of source object | Model size | License | Comments |
| Utah teapot | 1975 | Martin Newell at University of Utah | Melitta teapot | 28 Bézier patches (32 with the bottom) | | Also called the "Newell teapot". One of the first models not to be measured. |
| Cornell box | 1984 | Cindy M. Goral, Kenneth E. Torrance, Donald P. Greenberg, Bennett Battaile at Cornell University | Originally meant to be compared to real-life setup to test physicality of simulated optics | 5 quads, 1 light source | | Scene includes multiple models and light source. Many versions exist, but only one of them is considered the standard Cornell box; the color of the left and right walls is important. |
| Suzanne | 2002 | Willem-Paul van Overbruggen for Blender | Chimpanzee head, based on an orangutan from the movie Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back | 500 faces | GNU GPL 2+ (inherited from Blender as a whole) | Mascot for Blender |
| Crytek Sponza | 2010 | Frank Meinl at Crytek | The colonnaded atrium of the Sponza Palace in Dubrovnik | 262,267 triangles 184,330 vertices | | Used for demonstrating global illumination techniques. The Crytek version is based on a model created by Marko Dabrović in early 2001 while he was at RNA studio, and donated to a radiosity competition held by CGTechniques.com in early 2002. |
| Spot | 2012 | Keenan Crane at Caltech | cartoon cow | 2,930 vertices 5,856 triangles | | Catmull-Clark control mesh, quadrangulation, triangulation, vector texture, and bitmap texture. All meshes are manifold, genus-0 embeddings. |
| 3DBenchy | 2015 | Creative Tools | cartoon boat | 112,569 verts (225,154 tris) | CC0 | Specifically designed for testing the accuracy and capabilities of 3D printers |

## Scanned

Includes photogrammetric methods; sorted by year of scanning.
| Name and viewer | Render | Year of creation | Person/organisation responsible for the scan | Description of source object | Model size | License | Comments |
| Stanford bunny | | 1993-94 | Greg Turk, Marc Levoy at Stanford University | Ceramic rabbit | 69,451 triangles | Figurine of unknown authorship and licensing status, scan itself released under a two-clause BSD license. | A test of range scanning physical objects. Originally .ply file. |
| Stanford dragon | | 1996 | Stanford University | Chinese dragon | 1,132,830 triangles | | |
| Stanford Armadillo | | 1996 | Venkat Krishnamurthy and Marc Levoy at Stanford University | Armadillo action figure | 345,944 triangles | Free for scholarly writings and research, attribution required, no commercial use without prior permission | |
| Wooden Elk Toy | | 2000 | Hans-Peter Seidel at Max-Planck-Institut für Informatik | | | | Often used as an example of a non-trivial object with high genus. |
| Phlegmatic Dragon | Phlegmatic Dragon | 2007 | Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Technical University in PragueEurographics 2007 conference | | 667,214 faces (original) 480,076 faces (smoothed) | Sticker on the bottom says "GRUNCH © PANTON '88 MADE IN ENGLAND" | Smoothed and nonsmoothed |
| David | | 2009 | Stanford University | Michelangelo's 5-meter statue David | ~1 billion polygons | Only available to established scholars and for non-commercial use only. | range data |
| Fertility | | 2009 | AIM@SHAPE Repository (scanned at Utrecht University) | Small stone statue with two joined figures. | 241,607 vertices 483,226 triangles | | Laser scan. |
| Nefertiti | | 2015 | Nora Al-Badri and Jan Nikolai Nelles | A stoneworked bust of the Egyptian queen Nefertiti was created in 1345 BC by Thutmose | ~2 million triangles | CC By SA 4.0 | Surreptitiously scanned by Nora Al-Badri and Jan Nikolai Nelles, and subsequently separately by Scan the World with permission of the Neues Museum. |

## Gallery

* The Utah teapot (1975) has a "hole" in it so it has a genus greater than zero.
* The Cornell box (1985) tests lighting and rendering.
* A 3D-printed reproduction of Stanford dragon (1996) physical model, made through rapid prototyping
* Suzanne (2002) with wireframe
* Spot (2012) shown homeomorphic to a sphere
* 3DBenchy (2015), designed to test 3D printing