# Miko

A miko (巫女), or shrine maiden, is a young priestess who works at a Shinto shrine. Miko were once likely seen as shamans, but are understood in modern Japanese culture to be an institutionalized role in daily life, trained to perform tasks ranging from sacred cleansing to performing the sacred Kagura dance.

## Appearance

The traditional attire of a miko is a pair of red hakama (緋袴) (divided, pleated trousers), a white kosode (a predecessor of the kimono), and some white or red hair ribbons. In Shinto, the color white symbolizes purity. The garment put over the kosode during Kagura dances is called a chihaya (千早).
Traditional miko tools include the Azusa Yumi (梓弓, "catalpa bow"), the tamagushi (玉串) (offertory ‹See RfD› sakaki-tree branches), and the gehōbako (外法箱, a "supernatural box that contains dolls, animal and human skulls ... [and] Shinto prayer beads").
Miko also use bells, drums, candles, gohei, and bowls of rice in ceremonies.

## Definition

The Japanese words miko and fujo ("female shaman" and "shrine maiden" respectively) are usually written 巫女 as a compound of the kanji 巫 ("shaman"), and 女 ("woman"). ‹See RfD› Miko was archaically written 神子 ("kami" + "child") and 巫子 ("shaman child").
The term is not to be confused with miko meaning "prince", "princess" or "duke", and which is otherwise variously spelt 御子 ("august child"), 皇子 ("imperial child"), 皇女 ("imperial daughter", also pronounced himemiko), 親王 ("prince") or 王 ("king", "prince" or "duke"). These spellings of miko were commonly used in the titles of ancient Japanese nobles, such as Prince Kusakabe (草壁皇子, Kusakabe no Miko or Kusakabe no Ōji).
Miko once performed spirit possession and takusen (whereby the possessed person serves as a "medium" (yorimashi) to communicate the divine will or message of that kami or spirit; also included in the category of takusen is "dream revelation" (mukoku), in which a kami appears in a dream to communicate its will) as vocational functions in their service to shrines. As time passed, they left the shrines and began working independently in secular society. In addition to a medium or a miko (or a geki, a male shaman), the site of a takusen may occasionally also be attended by a sayaniwa who interprets the words of the possessed person to make them comprehensible to other people present. Kamigakari and takusen may be passive, when a person speaks after suddenly becoming involuntarily possessed or has a dream revelation; they can also be active, when spirit possession is induced in a specific person to ascertain the divine will or gain a divine revelation.
Miko are known by many names; Fairchild lists 26 terms for "shrine-attached Miko" and 43 for "non-shrine-attached Miko". Other names are ichiko (巫子, "shaman child"), or "market/town child" (巫子) (both likely ateji meaning "female medium; fortuneteller"), and reibai (霊媒, meaning "spirit go-between, medium").
In English, the word is often translated as "shrine maiden", though freer renderings often simply use the phrase "female shaman" (shamanka) or, as Lafcadio Hearn translated it, "Divineress". Some scholars prefer the transliteration miko, contrasting the Japanese Mikoism with other Asian terms for female shamans. As Fairchild explains:
   Women played an important role in a region stretching from Manchuria, China, Korea and Japan to the [Ryukyu Islands]. In Japan these women were priestesses, soothsayers, magicians, prophets and shamans in the folk religion, and they were the chief performers in organized Shinto. These women were called Miko, and the author calls the complex "Mikoism" for lack of a suitable English word.
The word can also mean "shrine virgin".

## Mikoism
### History

‹See RfD› Miko traditions date back to the prehistoric Jōmon period of Japan, when female shamans would go into "trances and convey the words of the gods" (the ‹See RfD› kami), an act comparable with "the pythia or sibyl in Ancient Greece."
The earliest record of anything resembling the term ‹See RfD› miko is of the Chinese reference to Himiko, Japan's earliest substantiated historical reference (not legendary); however, it is completely unknown whether Himiko was a ‹See RfD› miko, or even if ‹See RfD› miko existed in those days.
The early ‹See RfD› miko were important social figures who were "associated with the ruling class". "In addition to her ritual performances of ecstatic trance", writes Kuly, "[the ‹See RfD› miko] performed a variety of religious and political functions". One traditional school of ‹See RfD› miko, Kuly adds, "claimed to descend from the Goddess Uzume".
During the Nara period (710–794) and Heian period (794–1185), government officials tried to control ‹See RfD› miko practices. As Fairchild notes:
   In 780 A.D. and in 807 A.D. official bulls against the practice of ecstasy outside of the authority of the shrines were published. These bulls were not only aimed at ecstasy, but were aimed at magicians, priests, sorcerers, etc. It was an attempt to gain complete control, while at the same time it aimed at eradicating abuses which were occurring.
During the feudal Kamakura period (1185–1333) when Japan was controlled by warring ‹See RfD› shōgun states:
   [T]he ‹See RfD› miko was forced into a state of mendicancy as the shrines and temples that provided her with a livelihood fell into bankruptcy. Disassociated from a religious context, her performance moved further away from a religious milieu and more toward one of a non-ecclesiastical nature. The travelling ‹See RfD› miko, known as the ‹See RfD› aruki miko, became associated with prostitution. ... [T]he ‹See RfD› miko's stature as a woman close to the ‹See RfD› kami diminished as a patriarchal, militaristic society took over.
During the Edo period (1603–1868), writes Groemer, "the organizational structures and arts practiced by female shamans in eastern Japan underwent significant transformations". Though in the Meiji period (1868–1912), many shamanistic practices were outlawed:
   After 1867 the Meiji government's desire to create a form of state Shinto headed by the emperor—the shaman-in-chief of the nation—meant that Shinto needed to be segregated from both Buddhism and folk-religious beliefs. As a result, official discourse increasingly repeated negative views of Miko and their institutions.
There was an edict called Miko Kindanrei (巫女禁断令) enforced by security forces loyal to Imperial forces, forbidding all spiritual practices by ‹See RfD› miko, issued in 1873, by the Religious Affairs Department (教部).
The Shinto ‹See RfD› kagura dance ceremony, which originated with "ritual dancing to convey divine oracles", has been transformed in the 20th century into a popular ceremonial dance called Miko-mai (巫女舞) or Miko-kagura (巫女神楽).

### Traditional training

The position of a shaman passed from generation to generation, but sometimes someone not directly descended from a shaman went voluntarily into training or was appointed by the village chieftains. To achieve this, such a person had to have some potential.
To become a shaman, the girl (still at a young age, mostly after the start of the menstruation cycle) had to undergo very intensive training specific to the ‹See RfD› kuchiyose miko. An acknowledged elder shaman, who could be a family member (like an aunt) or a member of the tribe, would teach the girl in training the techniques required to be in control of her trance state. This would be done by rituals including washings with cold water, regular purifying, abstinence and the observation of the common taboos like death, illness and blood. She would also study how to communicate with ‹See RfD› kami and spirits of the deceased, as a medium, by being possessed by those spirits. This was achieved by chanting and dancing, thus therefore the girl was taught melodies and intonations that were used in songs, prayers and magical formulas, supported by drum and rattlers.
Other attributes used for rituals were mirrors (to attract the ‹See RfD› kami) and swords (katana). She also needed the knowledge of the several names of the ‹See RfD› kami that were important for her village, as well as their function. Finally she learned a secret language, only known by insiders (other shamans of the tribe) and so discovered the secrets of fortune-telling and magical formulas.
After the training, which could take three to seven years, the girl would get her initiation rite to become a real shaman. This mystic ceremony was witnessed by her mentor, other elders and fellow shamans. The girl wore a white shroud as a symbol for the end of her previous life. The elders began chanting and after a while the girl started to shiver. Next, her mentor would ask the girl which ‹See RfD› kami had possessed her and therefore be the one she would serve. As soon as she answered, the mentor would throw a rice cake into her face, causing the girl to faint. The elders would bring the girl to a warm bed and keep her warm until she woke up. When the whole ordeal was over and the girl had woken up, she was permitted to wear a coloured wedding dress and perform the corresponding tradition of the wedding toast.
The resemblance of a wedding ceremony as the initiation rite suggests that the trainee, still a virgin, had become the bride of the ‹See RfD› kami she served (called a Tamayori Hime (玉依姫)). During her trance, said ‹See RfD› kami had requested the girl to his shrine. In some areas of Japan she had to bring a pot filled with rice (‹See RfD› meshibitsu) and a pan. An old, long-abandoned practice saw ‹See RfD› miko engage in sexual intercourse with a ‹See RfD› kannushi, who would represent the ‹See RfD› kami. Any resulting child would be considered the child of the ‹See RfD› kami (御子神, mikogami).
In some cases, girls or women were visited at night by a travelling spirit (稀人, marebito). After this visit, the woman announced to the public her new position of being possessed by a ‹See RfD› kami by placing a white-feathered arrow on the roof of her house.

## Contemporary ‹See RfD› miko

Contemporary ‹See RfD› miko are often seen at Shinto shrines, where they assist with shrine functions, perform ceremonial dances, offer ‹See RfD› omikuji fortune telling, sell souvenirs, and assist a ‹See RfD› kannushi in Shinto rites. Kuly describes the contemporary ‹See RfD› miko as: "A far distant relative of her premodern shamanic sister, she is most probably a university student collecting a modest wage in this part-time position."
The ethnologist Kunio Yanagita (1875–1962), who first studied Japanese female shamans, differentiated them into jinja miko (神社巫女, "shrine shamans") who dance with bells and participate in yudate (湯立て, "boiling water") rituals, kuchiyose miko (ロ寄せ巫女, "spirit medium shamans") who speak on behalf of the deceased, and kami uba (神姥, "god women") who engage in cult worship and invocations (for instance, the Tenrikyo founder Nakayama Miki).
Researchers have further categorized contemporary ‹See RfD› miko in terms of their diverse traditions and practices. Such categorizations include blind ‹See RfD› itako (concentrated in north and east Japan), mostly-blind ‹See RfD› okamin (north and east Japan), blind ‹See RfD› waka or ‹See RfD› owaka (northeastern Japan), ‹See RfD› moriko (north and east of Tokyo), ‹See RfD› nono (central Japan), blind ‹See RfD› zatokaka (northwest Japan), ‹See RfD› sasa hataki who tap ‹See RfD› sasa ("bamboo grass") on their faces (northeast of Tokyo), plus family and village organizations. Others have divided miko or fujo by blindness between blind ogamiya (尾上屋, "invocation specialist") or ‹See RfD› ogamisama who perform ‹See RfD› kuchiyose and spirit mediumship and sighted ‹See RfD› miko or ‹See RfD› kamisama who perform divination and invocations.
In the eclectic Shugendō religion, priests who practiced ecstasy often married ‹See RfD› miko. Many scholars identify shamanic ‹See RfD› miko characteristics in ‹See RfD› Shinshūkyō ("New Religions") such as Sukyo Mahikari, Ōmoto, and Shinmeiaishinkai.