# Yu-Gi-Oh!

Yu-Gi-Oh! (Japanese: 遊☆戯☆王, Hepburn: Yū Gi Ō, lit. 'Game King') is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Kazuki Takahashi. It was serialized in Shueisha's shōnen manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump between September 1996 and March 2004, with its chapters collected in 38 tankōbon volumes. The series follows Yugi Mutou, a teenager who solves the ancient Millennium Puzzle. Yugi becomes host to a gambling alter-ego or spirit who solves his conflicts with various games. As the manga progresses, the focus largely shifts to the card game Duel Monsters (originally known as Magic & Wizards), where opposing players "duel" one another in mock battles of fantasy monsters.
The manga series has spawned a media franchise that includes multiple spin-off manga, anime series, video games, and a real-world card game, the Yu-Gi-Oh! Trading Card Game, based on the fictional Duel Monsters game. The first anime series adaptation, simply titled Yu-Gi-Oh! and produced by Toei Animation, aired from April to October 1998, while the second one, Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters, produced by NAS and animated by Gallop, aired from April 2000 to September 2004.
Yu-Gi-Oh! has become one of the highest-grossing media franchises of all time.

## Plot

Yu-Gi-Oh! follows Yugi Mutou, a timid young boy who is frequently bullied. Yugi loves to play games and, at the beginning of the series, is solving the Millennium Puzzle (千年パズル, Sennen Pazuru), an Ancient Egyptian artifact, hoping that it will grant him his wish of making friends. Yugi eventually completes the Puzzle, causing his body to play host to a mysterious spirit with the personality of a gambler. From that moment onwards, whenever Yugi or any of his friends is threatened, the spirit, briefly possessing Yugi, challenges the antagonist to Shadow Games (闇のゲーム, Yami no Gēmu, lit. "Game of Darkness") that reveal that person's true nature, with the loser often being subjected to an adverse Penalty Game (罰ゲーム, Batsu Gēmu). Yugi and his friends gradually become aware of the spirit's existence, referring to him as the "other Yugi".
As the series progresses, Yugi and his friends learn that the spirit is actually that of a nameless Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt, who had lost his memories after being sealed inside the Puzzle. As Yugi and his companions attempt to help the Pharaoh regain his memories, they find themselves going through many trials as they wager their lives facing off against those who wield the other Millennium Items (千年アイテム, Sennen Aitemu) and the dark power of the Shadow Games.

## Development

In the initial planning stages of the manga, Takahashi had wanted to draw a horror manga. Although the end result was a manga about games, some horror elements influenced certain aspects of the story. Takahashi decided to use "battle" as his primary theme. Since there had been so much "fighting" manga, he found it difficult to come up with something original. He decided to create a fighting manga where the main character does not hit anybody, but also struggled with that limitation. When the word "game" came to mind, he found it much easier to work with.
When an interviewer asked Takahashi if he tried to introduce younger readers to real life gaming culture referenced in the series, Takahashi explained that he simply included "stuff he played and enjoyed", and that it may have introduced readers to role-playing games and other games. He added that he created some of the games seen in the series, stressing the importance of "communication between people" that is often present in tabletop role-playing games but absent in solitary video games and especially over the Internet, where quality communication is near impossible.
Takahashi had always been interested in games, claiming to have been obsessed as a child and remained interested in them as an adult. In a game, he considered the player to become a hero. He decided to base the Yu-Gi-Oh! series around such games and used this idea as the premise; Yugi was a weak childish boy, who became a hero when he played games. With friendship being one of the major themes of Yu-Gi-Oh!, he based the names of the two major characters "Yūgi" and "Jōnouchi" on the Japanese word yūjō, which means "friendship". Henshin, the ability to turn into something or someone else, is something Takahashi believed all children dreamed of. He considered Yugi's "henshin" Dark Yugi, a savvy, invincible games player, to be a big appeal to children.
Takahashi said that the card game held the strongest influence in the manga, because it "happened to evoke the most response" from readers. Prior to that point, Takahashi did not plan to make the story about cards.
Takahashi said that the "positive message" for readers of the series is that each person has a "strong hidden part" (like "human potential") within himself or herself, and when one finds hardship, the "hidden part" can emerge if one believes in him/herself and in his/her friends. Takahashi added that this is "a pretty consistent theme."
The editor of the English version, Jason Thompson, said that the licensing of the Yu-Gi-Oh! manga had not been entirely coordinated, so Viz decided to use many of the original character names and to "keep it more or less violent and gory". Thompson said that the manga "was almost unchanged from the Japanese original". Because the core fanbase of the series was, according to Thompson, "8-year-old boys (and a few incredible fangirls)", and because the series had little interest from "hardcore, Japanese-speaking fans, the kind who run scanlation sites and post on messageboards" as the series was perceived to be "too mainstream", the Viz editors allowed Thompson "a surprising amount of leeway with the translation". In a 2004 interview, the editors of the United States Shonen Jump mentioned that Americans were surprised when reading the stories in the first seven volumes, as they had not appeared on television as a part of the Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters anime. Takahashi added "The story is quite violent, isn't it? [laughs]"
The English language release by 4Kids has been subject to censorship to make it more appropriate for children; for example, mentions of death or violence were replaced by references to "being sent to the Shadow Realm".
The Japanese title, Yūgiō (遊戯王), stylized as "Yu-Gi-Oh!" (遊☆戯☆王), translates into English as "Game King". Yūgi (遊戯) is also the name of the protagonist, while Yūgiō is also the title the second personality inhabiting his body holds as an invincible game master. Additionally, the character names "Yūgi" and "Jōnouchi" are based on the word yūjō (友情, "friendship"). Yūjō is pointed out by Jōnouchi to Yūgi at the end of the first manga chapter, as "something visible yet invisible" (what's visible is the two of them, what's invisible is their friendship), as a way to tell Yūgi that he wants to be his friend. The pun was represented with a Yu-Gi-Oh! Trading Card Game card titled "Yūjō Yu-jyo" (友情 YU-JYO, "Yu-Jo Friendship").

## Media
### Manga

Written and illustrated by Kazuki Takahashi, Yu-Gi-Oh! was serialized in Shueisha's shōnen manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump from September 17, 1996, to March 8, 2004. Shueisha collected its chapters in thirty-eight tankōbon volumes, released from March 4, 1997, to June 4, 2004. Shueisha republished its chapters in twenty-two bunkoban volumes from April 18, 2007, to March 18, 2008.
In North America, the manga was licensed by Viz Media. The company started publishing it in its Shonen Jump magazine from November 2002 to November 2007. The company also released the manga in volumes, divided in three series; the first series, Yu-Gi-Oh!, includes the first seven volumes, and were released from May 7, 2003; to December 7, 2004. the second series, Yu-Gi-Oh!: Duelist includes the original volumes 8–31, and Yu-Gi-Oh!: Millennium World, includes the original volumes 32–38. Both series started publication in 2005; The first volume of Duelist was released on February 1, and the first volume of Millennium World on August 2. The 24th and last volume of Duelist was released on December 4, 2007, and the seventh and final volume of Millennium World was released on February 5, 2008. Viz Media republished the series in thirteen three-in-one volume edition from February 3, 2015, to February 6, 2018.
A two-part short story by Takahashi, titled Yu-Gi-Oh! Transcend Game, was published in Weekly Shōnen Jump on April 11 and 18, 2016. Takahashi created the story to link the end of the original manga with the story of the Yu-Gi-Oh! The Dark Side of Dimensions anime film. Viz Media published the manga in its digital Weekly Shonen Jump magazine.

#### Yu-Gi-Oh! R

A spin-off manga titled Yu-Gi-Oh! R was illustrated by Akira Ito under Takahashi's supervision. It was serialized in V Jump between 2004 and 2007, and its chapters were collected in five volumes. Viz Media released the series in North America between 2009 and 2010.

### Anime
#### Anime franchise overview

| No. | No. | Title | Episodes | Originally aired / Release date | Director | Studio | Network |
| | 1 | Yu-Gi-Oh! | 27 | April 4, 1998 – October 10, 1998 | Hiroyuki Kakudō | Toei Animation | TV Asahi |
| Film | Film | Yu-Gi-Oh! | Yu-Gi-Oh! | March 6, 1999 | Junji Shimizu | Toei Animation | |
| | 2 | Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters | 224 | April 18, 2000 – September 29, 2004 | Kunihisa Sugishima | Gallop | TXN (TV Tokyo) |
| Film | Film | Yu-Gi-Oh! The Movie: Pyramid of Light | Yu-Gi-Oh! The Movie: Pyramid of Light | November 3, 2004 | Hatsuki Tsuji | 4Kids Entertainment Gallop | |
| | 3 | Yu-Gi-Oh! GX | 180 | October 6, 2004 – March 26, 2008 | Hatsuki Tsuji | Gallop | TXN (TV Tokyo) |
| Miniseries | Miniseries | Yu-Gi-Oh! Capsule Monsters | 12 | September 9, 2006 – November 25, 2006 | Eric Stuart | 4Kids Entertainment Gallop | 4Kids TV |
| | 4 | Yu-Gi-Oh! 5D's | 154 + 1 | April 2, 2008 – March 30, 2011 | Katsumi Ono | Gallop | TXN (TV Tokyo) |
| Film | Film | Yu-Gi-Oh!: Bonds Beyond Time | Yu-Gi-Oh!: Bonds Beyond Time | January 23, 2010 | Kenichi Takeshita | Gallop | |
| | 5 | Yu-Gi-Oh! Zexal | 73 + 1 | April 11, 2011 – September 24, 2012 | Satoshi Kuwahara | Gallop | TXN (TV Tokyo) |
| | 6 | Yu-Gi-Oh! Zexal II | 73 + 1 | October 7, 2012 – March 23, 2014 | Satoshi Kuwahara | Gallop | TXN (TV Tokyo) |
| | 7 | Yu-Gi-Oh! Arc-V | 148 | April 6, 2014 – March 26, 2017 | Katsumi Ono | Gallop | TXN (TV Tokyo) |
| Film | Film | Yu-Gi-Oh!: The Dark Side of Dimensions | Yu-Gi-Oh!: The Dark Side of Dimensions | April 23, 2016 | Satoshi Kuwabara | Gallop | |
| | 8 | Yu-Gi-Oh! VRAINS | 120 | May 10, 2017 – September 25, 2019 | Masahiro Hosoda (#1–13) Katsuya Asano (#14–120) | Gallop | TXN (TV Tokyo) |
| | 9 | Yu-Gi-Oh! Sevens | 92 | April 4, 2020 – March 27, 2022 | Nobuhiro Kondo | Bridge | TXN (TV Tokyo) |
| | 10 | Yu-Gi-Oh! Go Rush!! | 148 | April 3, 2022 – present | Nobuhiro Kondo | Bridge | TXN (TV Tokyo) |
| | 11 | Yu-Gi-Oh! Card Game The Chronicles | TBA | April 2025 – TBA | TBA | Konami Animation | YouTube |
| Total | Total | Total | 13 1231 + 7 | April 4, 1998 – present | - | - | - |

#### Television series
##### Yu-Gi-Oh! (1998 TV series)

The first Yu-Gi-Oh! anime adaptation was produced by Toei Animation and aired for 27 episodes on TV Asahi between April 1998 and October 1998.

##### Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters (2000 TV series)

A second anime television series adaptation, produced by NAS and animated by Gallop, was broadcast for 224 episodes on TV Tokyo from April 2000 to September 2004.

###### Capsule Monsters

Yu-Gi-Oh! Capsule Monsters is a 12-episode spin-off miniseries to the Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters series, commissioned, produced and edited by 4Kids Entertainment, which aired in North America between September and November 2006.

#### Films

Four animated films based on the franchise have been released.

##### Yu-Gi-Oh! (1999)

Based on the Toei animated series, the thirty-minute Yu-Gi-Oh! film premiered in March 1999.

##### Yu-Gi-Oh! The Movie: Pyramid of Light

Yu-Gi-Oh! The Movie: Pyramid of Light, often referred to as simply Yu-Gi-Oh! The Movie, was first released in North America in August 2004. The film was developed specifically for Western audiences by 4Kids based on the success of the Yu-Gi-Oh! franchise in the United States.

##### Yu-Gi-Oh! Bonds Beyond Time

Yu-Gi-Oh!: Bonds Beyond Time is a 3-D film that premiered in Japan in January 2010 and in North America in February 2011.

##### Yu-Gi-Oh! The Dark Side of Dimensions

Yu-Gi-Oh! The Dark Side of Dimensions, which was produced to commemorate the twentieth anniversary of the franchise, premiered in Japan in April 2016 and in January 2017 in North America.

#### Spin-offs

Seven anime spin-offs have been produced. The first, Yu-Gi-Oh! GX, was broadcast from October 2004 to March 2008. It was succeeded by Yu-Gi-Oh! 5D's, which aired from April 2008 to March 2011. Yu-Gi-Oh! Zexal aired from April 2011 to March 2014. Yu-Gi-Oh! Arc-V, premiered the following month and aired until March 2017. Yu-Gi-Oh! VRAINS, was aired from May 2017 to September 2019. Yu-Gi-Oh! Sevens aired April 2020 to March 2022. Yu-Gi-Oh! Go Rush!!, an interquel to Sevens, premiered in April 2022. An original net animation (ONA) series consisting of promotional shorts, titled Yu-Gi-Oh! Card Game The Chronicles, is set to premiere on YouTube in April 2025 with new episodes debuting every month.

### Novel

A novel adaptation of some of the beginning parts of the manga and the Death-T arc, written by Katsuhiko Chiba [ja]. It was published in Japan by Shueisha on September 3, 1999, and has four sections. The fourth section is an original story, occurring only in the novel. Two weeks after Yugi's battle with Kaiba in Death-T, Yugi gets a call from Kaiba, who tells him to meet for a game at the top floor of Kaiba Corporation. Yugi accepts, and when the game begins, they use a special variation of Magic & Wizards called the "Bingo Rule," which prevents the used of a specific card in each player's deck. Mokuba stumbles in on them, and tells Yugi that Kaiba has not yet awoken from his catatonic state. It turns out that the Kaiba that Yugi is playing against is a "Cyber Kaiba", controlled by the KaibaCorp computer, using all of Kaiba's memories.

### Other books

Yu-Gi-Oh! Character Guidebook: The Gospel of Truth (遊☆戯☆王キャラクターズガイドブック―真理の福音―, Yūgiō Kyarakutāzu Gaido Bukku Shinri no Fukuin) is a guidebook written by Kazuki Takahashi related to characters from the original Yu-Gi-Oh! manga universe. It was published in Japan on November 1, 2002, by Shueisha under their Jump Comics imprint. The book contains profiles for characters, including information which has never been released elsewhere, including birth dates, height, weight, blood type, favorite and least favorite food. It also contains a plethora of compiled information from the story, including a list of names for the various games and Shadow Games that appear in Yu-Gi-Oh! and the various Penalty Games used by the Millennium Item wielders.
An art book titled, Duel Art (デュエルアート, Dyueruāto) was illustrated by Kazuki Takahashi under the Studio Dice label. The art book was released on December 16, 2011, and contains a number of illustrations done for the bunkoban releases of the manga, compilations of color illustrations found in the manga, and brand new art drawn for the book. It also contains pictures by Takahashi used for cards with the anniversary layout, pictures he has posted on his website and a number of other original illustrations. Udon Press published an English version, translated by Caleb D. Cook.
The Theatrical & TV Anime Yu-Gi-Oh! Super Complete Book (劇場&TVアニメ『遊☆戯☆王』スーパー・コンプリートブック, Gekijō & TV Anime Yūgiō Sūpā Konpurītobukku) was released in May 1999 following the release of Toei's Yu-Gi-Oh! film earlier that year. The book includes episode information and pictures regarding the anime and film, some pictures with the original manga with a section covering the making of certain monsters, and interviews regarding the film. It also features an ani-manga version of the film and is the only supplemental work released for the Toei anime.
The Yu-Gi-Oh! 10th Anniversary Animation Book (遊☆戯☆王 テンス アニバーサリー アニメーション ブック, Yūgiō! Tensu Anivāsarī Animēshon Bukku) is a book released to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the NAS adaption of the anime (as opposed to the manga), released on January 21, 2010. The book features scenes from Yu-Gi-Oh! 3D Bonds Beyond Time, a quick review of the three Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters series, character profiles, duels and interviews with the staff of the film. A fold-out double-sided poster is included with the book.
* Yu-Gi-Oh! Official Card Game Duel Monsters Official Rule Guide — The Thousand Rule Bible - ISBN 4-08-782134-X, This is a rule book and strategy guide for the Junior and Shin Expert rules. This also has a Q & A related to certain cards, and the book comes with the "multiply" card.
* Yu-Gi-Oh! Official Card Game Duel Monsters Official Card Catalog The Valuable Book - This is a collection of card catalogues.
** Volume 1 ISBN 4-08-782764-X
** Volume 2 ISBN 4-08-782041-6
** Volume 3 ISBN 4-08-782135-8
** Volume 4 ISBN 4-08-782047-5
** Volume 5 ISBN 4-08-782053-X
* Yu-Gi-Oh!: Monster Duel Official Handbook by Michael Anthony Steele - ISBN 0-439-65101-8, Published by Scholastic Press - A guide book to Yu-Gi-Oh! cards and characters
* Yu-Gi-Oh! Enter the Shadow Realm: Mighty Champions by Jeff O'Hare - ISBN 0-439-67191-4, Published by Scholastic Press - A book with puzzles and games related to Yu-Gi-Oh!

### Trading card game

The Yu-Gi-Oh! Trading Card Game is a Japanese collectible card battle game developed and published by Konami. Based on the Duel Monsters concept from the original manga series, the game sees players using a combination of monsters, spells, and traps to defeat their opponent. First launched in Japan in 1999, the game has received various changes over the years, such as the inclusion of new monster types to coincide with the release of new anime series. In 2011, Guinness World Records called it the top-selling trading card game in history, with 25.2 billion cards sold worldwide. As of January 2021, the game is estimated to have sold about 35 billion cards worldwide.

### Video games

There are several video games based on the Yu-Gi-Oh! franchise which are published by Konami, the majority of which are based on the trading card game, and some based on other games that appeared in the manga. Aside from various games released for consoles and handheld systems, arcade machines known as Duel Terminals have been released which are compatible with certain cards in the trading card game. Outside of Konami's titles, Yugi appears as a playable character in the crossover fighting games Jump Super Stars, Jump Ultimate Stars, and Jump Force.

## Reception

The manga has sold 40 million copies. In December 2002, Shonen Jump received the ICv2 Award for "Comic Product of the Year" due to its unprecedented sales numbers and its successfully connecting comics to both the television medium and the Yu-Gi-Oh! collectible card game; one of the top CCG games of the year. In August 2008, TV Tokyo reported that over 18 billion Yu-Gi-Oh! cards had been sold worldwide. By 2011, it had sold 25.2 billion cards worldwide.
John Jakala of Anime News Network reviewed the Yu-Gi-Oh! manga in 2003 as part of reviewing the U.S. Shonen Jump. Jakala said that while the commercials for the second series anime made the anime appear "completely uninteresting," the comic "is unexpectedly dark and moody." Jakala added that at one moment the series "reminded me of Neil Gaiman's work: Yugi finds himself drawn into a magical world of ancient forces where there are definite rules that must be obeyed." Jakala concluded that the fact the series uses games as plot devices "opens up a lot of story possibilities" and that he feared that the series had the potential to "simply devolve into a tie-in for the popular card game."
Jason Thompson, the editor of the English version of the manga, ranked Yu-Gi-Oh! as number three of his five personal favorite series to edit, stating that he thinks "the story is actually pretty solid for a shonen manga" and that "you can tell it was written by an older man because of the obsession with death, and what might come after death, which dominates the final story arc," enjoying all the RPG and card gaming terminology found within the series.
Lisa Takeuchi Cullen argued that the manga series started to garner more popularity among Japanese children with the second series because of its somewhat "dark story lines, leggy girls and terrifying monsters". Cullen speculated that the series was not popular among Japanese parents, due to it being more intended for teenagers rather than the young kids that make up the audience for franchises such as Pokémon.
Yu-Gi-Oh! was used by Bandai as part of their Candy Toy toyline.

## Cultural impact

A fandub parody video of Yu-Gi-Oh! was uploaded on YouTube on July 15, 2006, by Martin Billany (also known as LittleKuriboh) titled Yu-Gi-Oh: The Abridged Series – Episode One Redux. After becoming popular, it started a trend among anime communities to produce abridged series for different works.
In 2024 US Olympic track and field trials, Noah Lyles showed off Yu-Gi-Oh! cards Blue Eyes White Dragon and Exodia to the camera before running.