OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Carolina Costa

Carolina Costa (born 25 August 1994) is an Italian female judoka and paralympic athlete. She won one of the bronze medals in the women's +70 kg event at the 2020 Summer Paralympics held in Tokyo, Japan.

## Biography

Daughter of the Sicilian master Judo and president of the Italian Kendo Federation Franco Costa, who died in 2006, Carolina Costa began her under-23 judoka career in a very promising way with some brilliant results even at an absolute level, like a second place in the Italian championships.
In 2016, at the age of 22 she was diagnosed with keratoconus, a degenerative disease that if taken at a young age can lead to progressive blindness, therefore Carolina's performance is diminishing, it becomes necessary to switch to paralympic sport and here, however that, as a paralympic athlete, she achieves international results, like a bronze medal at the world championships and a gold medal at the European championships. These results give her the almost certainty of being able to represent Italy at the 2020 Summer Paralympics in Tokyo. She is the daughter of the Olympic former freestyle wrestler Katarzyna Juszczak.

## Achievements

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event |
| 2018 | IBSA World Championships | Lisbon | 3rd | +70 kg |
| 2019 | IBSA European Championships | Genoa | 1st | +70 kg |
| 2019 | IBSA Judo Grand Prix | Baku | 1st | +70 kg |
| 2019 | IBSA Judo International Qualifier | Fort Wayne | 3rd | +70 kg |
| 2019 | IBSA Judo Grand Prix | Tashkent | 1st | +70 kg |
| 2021 | IBSA Judo Grand Prix | Baku | 2nd | +70 kg |
| 2021 | IBSA Judo Grand Prix | Warwick | 1st | +70 kg |
| 2021 | Summer Paralympics | Tokyo | 3rd | +70 kg |
# 1956 Peruvian Primera División

The 1956 season of the Peruvian Primera División, the top category of Peruvian football, was played by 10 teams. The national champions were Sporting Cristal.

## Teams
### Team changes

| Promoted from 1955 Segunda División | Relegated from 1955 Primera División |
| Carlos Concha (1st) | Unión Callao (10th) |

### Stadia locations

| Team | City |
| Alianza Lima | La Victoria, Lima |
| Atlético Chalaco | Callao |
| Carlos Concha | Callao |
| Centro Iqueño | Cercado de Lima |
| Ciclista Lima | Cercado de Lima |
| Deportivo Municipal | Cercado de Lima |
| Mariscal Sucre | La Victoria, Lima |
| Sport Boys | Callao |
| Sporting Cristal | Rímac, Lima |
| Universitario | Breña, Lima |

## League table
### Standings

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| 1 | Sporting Cristal | 18 | 13 | 3 | 2 | 43 | 19 | +24 | 29 | Champions |
| 2 | Alianza Lima | 18 | 11 | 5 | 2 | 42 | 24 | +18 | 27 | |
| 3 | Deportivo Municipal | 18 | 8 | 4 | 6 | 32 | 30 | +2 | 20 | |
| 4 | Universitario | 18 | 7 | 4 | 7 | 34 | 34 | 0 | 18 | |
| 5 | Sport Boys | 18 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 32 | 26 | +6 | 16 | |
| 6 | Centro Iqueño | 18 | 6 | 3 | 9 | 23 | 28 | −5 | 15 | |
| 7 | Mariscal Sucre | 18 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 22 | 26 | −4 | 14 | |
| 8 | Ciclista Lima | 18 | 6 | 2 | 10 | 24 | 34 | −10 | 14 | |
| 9 | Atlético Chalaco | 18 | 5 | 4 | 9 | 24 | 40 | −16 | 14 | |
| 10 | Carlos Concha | 18 | 5 | 3 | 10 | 23 | 38 | −15 | 13 | 1957 Segunda División |

### Results

Teams play each other once, either home or away. All matches were played in Lima and Callao.
| Home \ Away | ALI | CHA | CAR | IQU | CIC | MUN | MSU | SBA | CRI | UNI |
| Alianza Lima | | — | 1–1 | — | 5–0 | 4–2 | 1–1 | 0–4 | 2–1 | 3–3 |
| Atlético Chalaco | 2–3 | | — | — | — | — | — | 0–0 | 1–2 | 2–2 |
| Carlos Concha | 0–4 | — | | — | — | — | — | 1–1 | 0–2 | 3–0 |
| Centro Iqueño | — | — | — | | — | — | — | 2–5 | 2–3 | 2–0 |
| Ciclista Lima | 0–2 | — | — | — | | — | — | 1–2 | 1–4 | 2–1 |
| Deportivo Municipal | 2–3 | — | — | — | — | | — | 2–0 | 1–1 | 3–1 |
| Mariscal Sucre | 1–1 | — | — | — | — | — | | 2–0 | 1–3 | 2–2 |
| Sport Boys | 1–2 | 2–3 | 4–0 | 1–1 | 3–0 | 1–1 | 0–0 | | 2–2 | 3–4 |
| Sporting Cristal | 2–0 | 3–1 | 4–0 | 4–2 | 3–0 | 2–1 | 3–0 | 2–1 | | 2–2 |
| Universitario | 2–3 | 3–0 | 2–1 | 1–2 | 2–1 | 2–3 | 2–0 | 3–2 | 2–0 | |
# Mexx Meerdink

Mexx Meerdink (born 24 July 2003) is a Dutch footballer who plays as a forward for Eredivisie club AZ Alkmaar.

## Early life

From Winterswijk, Meerdink was in the youth academy at de Graafschap from 2012 until 2021 when he signed up to Jong AZ.

## Career
### 2021: Jong AZ debut

Meerdink made his league debut in the Eerste Divisie on 10 December 2021, appearing as a substitute in a 3–2 away defeat to ADO Den Haag. Meerdink made his first start on 21 January 2022 against VVV Venlo in a youthful team that won 2–0 and in doing so earning the club their first win in four months. As well as Meerdink making a first start, Misha Engel and Lewis Schouten did as well. The oldest starting player for Jong AZ was 22-year-old Czech Richard Sedláček.

### 2023: AZ debut

On 7 March 2023 Meerdink made his debut for AZ in the 2022–23 UEFA Europa Conference League against Lazio triggering a payment between €40,000 And €50,000 to his former club de Graafschap. On 19 March 2023, he made his Eredivisie debut against FC Twente. Meerdink came off the bench to score the winning penalty in a UEFA Europa Conference League quarter-final penalty shoot-out against RSC Anderlecht on 20 April 2023.
On 24 April 2023, Meerdink scored twice in the 2022–23 UEFA Youth League final against Hajduk Split as AZ ran out 5–0 winners.

### 2024: Vitesse

On 31 January 2024, Meerdink moved on loan to Vitesse until the end of the season.

### 2024–25: Return to AZ

Meerdink returned to his parent club AZ ahead of the 2024–25 campaign. On 30 August 2024, Meerdink scored his first Eredivisie goal in a 3–0 win away at RKC Waalwijk.

## Personal life

He is the son of former AZ professional footballer Martijn Meerdink.

## Career statistics

    As of match played 13 March 2025
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition :
| Club | Season | League | League | League | Cup | Cup | Europe | Europe | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Jong AZ | 2021–22 | Eerste Divisie | 16 | 2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 16 | 2 |
| Jong AZ | 2022–23 | Eerste Divisie | 19 | 8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 19 | 8 |
| Jong AZ | 2023–24 | Eerste Divisie | 17 | 4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 17 | 4 |
| Jong AZ | 2024–25 | Eerste Divisie | 1 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1 | 0 |
| Jong AZ | Total | Total | 53 | 14 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 53 | 14 |
| AZ | 2022–23 | Eredivisie | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | — | — | 9 | 0 |
| AZ | 2023–24 | Eredivisie | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | 2 | 0 |
| AZ | 2024–25 | Eredivisie | 17 | 6 | 2 | 1 | 8 | 0 | — | — | 27 | 7 |
| AZ | Total | Total | 25 | 6 | 2 | 1 | 11 | 0 | — | — | 39 | 7 |
| Vitesse (loan) | 2023–24 | Eredivisie | 7 | 0 | 1 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 8 | 0 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 85 | 20 | 3 | 1 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 21 |
* ↑ Appearances in UEFA Conference League
* ↑ Appearances in UEFA Europa League
# Agyneta kopetdaghensis

Agyneta kopetdaghensis is a species of sheet weaver found in Iran and Turkmenistan. It was described by Tanasevitch in 1989.
# Lesley Sanderson

Lesley Sanderson (born 1962) is a Malaysian British artist. Her work typically focuses on explorations of her duel-heritage identity and its relationship with art. Sanderson's work has been displayed in exhibitions internationally.

## Life and career

Lesley Sanderson was born in Malaysia in 1962, to a Malaysian mother and British father. She graduated from Sheffield Polytechnic with a BA in Fine Art in 1984. She now teaches at the University.
Sanderson's early works explored her own identity and mixed heritage using self portraits. They often offered a commentary on the depiction and fetishization of 'exotic' women in art. On this topic, Sanderson said: '“I think it’s particularly important that non-white women are represented in a way that provides an alternative to National Geographic-type media representations of ‘ethnic’ women being exotic, submissive and readily available for the gaze.”' In her work she attempts to break away from such traditions and re-establish her identity on her own terms. For her portraits Sanderson typically used oil pastel on paper or acrylic and oil on canvas.
In 1988, she participated in an exhibition titled Along the Lines of Resistance: an exhibition of contemporary feminist art, at the Cooper Gallery, Barnsley. In this exhibition Sanderson states that she uses the self-portrait to address racist and gender stereotypes. Her work also appeared in the 1988 exhibition Black Art: Plotting the Course.
Sanderson's work for the exhibition Four x 4 reframed George Fredrick Watts' bust Clytie displayed at the Harris Museum in Preston. Sanderson's interpreted Clytie as an 'emphatic symbol' in her objectification. In response she created a series of self-portraits to be displayed alongside the bust.
Sanderson's work was exhibited at The British Art Show 1990 as well as New North at Tate Liverpool.
In the 1990s, Sanderson's focus shifted from works on canvas to mixed media forms while maintaining her signature themes of identity and her duel heritage. Since 1998, she has been collaborating with Neil Conroy as Conroy Sanderson. Their work aims to re-interpret understandings of cultural identity.
Sanderson's work was featured in the book Shades of Black: Assembling Black Arts in 1980s Britain.

## Exhibitions
### Selected group exhibitions

* Black Art: Plotting the Course, The Bluecoat Gallery, Liverpool, Wolverhampton Art Gallery, Oldham Art Gallery (1988)
* Along the Lines of Resistance: an exhibition of contemporary feminist art, Cooper Gallery, Barnsley (1988)
* The British Art Show 1990, Leeds Art Gallery, McLellen Galleries, Glasgow, Hayward Gallery, London (1990)
* New North, Tate Liverpool (1990)
* Four X 4, Wolverhampton Art Gallery, Arnolfini City Gallery Leicester, Harris Museum and Art Gallery, Castle Museum, Nottingham (1991)
* History and Identity Lincolnshire College of Art and Design (1991)
* Transforming the Crown, Studio Museum in Harlem, The Bronx Museum of The Arts, Caribbean Cultural Centre (1997–98)
# Part XVI of the Constitution of India

Part XVI of the Constitution of India establishes that certain castes and tribes shall be represented in the Lok Sabha (the lower house in India's bicameral legislature) in proportion to their population—that is, if the specified caste makes up 20% of the population in a given province, at least 20% of that province's members of the Lok Sabha must be of that caste. The Constitution specifies that this is to be accomplished "as nearly as may be", accepting that due to limited delegation size proportions not always match exactly.

## Provisions
### 334. Reservation of seats and special representation to cease after certain period.

This provision limits the reservation for Scheduled castes and Tribes by ending it 10 years from commencement of the constitution i.e., 1960 initially. The expiry date was later extended by 10 years by multiple amendments. The latest amendment extending it to 25 January 2030.

#### Text

Notwithstanding anything in the foregoing provisions of this Part, the provisions of this Constitution relating to—
(a) the reservation of seats for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes in the House of the People and in the Legislative Assemblies of the States; and
(b) the representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the House of the People and in the Legislative Assemblies of the States by nomination,
shall cease to have effect on the expiration of a period of [eighty years in respect of clause (a)and seventy years in respect of clause (b)]from the commencement of this Constitution: Provided that nothing in this article shall affect any representation in the House of the People or in the Legislative Assembly of a State until the dissolution of the then existing House or Assembly, as the case may be.

#### Amendments

8th Amendment - Reservation extended up to 25th January, 1970.
23rd Amendment - Reservation extended up to 25th January, 1980.
45th Amendment - Reservation extended up to 25th January, 1990.
62nd Amendment - Reservation extended up to 25th January, 2000.
79th Amendment - Reservation extended up to 25th January, 2010.
95th Amendment - Reservation extended up to 25th January, 2020.
104th Amendment - Reservation extended up to 25th January, 2030.

### 338. National Commission for Scheduled Castes.

338A.National Commission for scheduled Tribes
# Cowardice

Cowardice is a characteristic wherein excessive fear prevents an individual from taking a risk or facing danger. It is the opposite of courage. As a label, "cowardice" indicates a failure of character in the face of a challenge. One who succumbs to cowardice is known as a coward.
As the opposite of bravery, which many historical and current human societies reward, cowardice is seen as a character flaw that is detrimental to society and thus the failure to face one's fear is often stigmatized or punished.

## Etymology

According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word coward came into English from the Old French word coart (modern French couard), which is a combination of the word for "tail" (Modern French queue, Latin cauda) and an agent noun suffix. It would therefore have meant "one with a tail", which may conjure an image of an animal displaying its tail in flight of fear ("turning tail"), or a dog's habit of putting its tail between its legs when it is afraid. Like many other English words of French origin, this word was introduced in the English language by the French-speaking Normans, after the Norman conquest of England in 1066.
The English surname Coward (as in Noël Coward), however, has the same origin and meaning as the word "cowherd".

## Military law

Acts of cowardice have long been punishable by military law, which defines a wide range of cowardly offenses, including desertion in face of the enemy and surrendering to the enemy against orders. The punishment for such acts is typically severe, ranging from corporal punishment to the death sentence.
The United States military codes of justice define cowardice in combat as a crime punishable by death.
Generally, cowardice was punishable by execution during World War I, and those who were caught were often court-martialed and, in many cases, executed by firing squad. British soldiers executed for cowardice were often not commemorated on war memorials, and their families often did not receive benefits and had to endure social stigma. However, many decades later, those soldiers all received posthumous pardons in the UK Armed Forces Act 2006 and have been commemorated with the Shot at Dawn Memorial. Unlike British, Canadian, French, German, and Russian forces, the U.S. military tried soldiers for cowardice, but never followed through with execution while German commanders were less inclined to use execution as a form of punishment.
Considerable controversy was generated by military historian S.L.A. Marshall, who claimed that 75% of U.S. combat troops in World War II never fired at the enemy for the purpose of killing, even while under direct threat. Author Dave Grossman attempted to explain these findings in his book On Killing: The Psychological Cost of Learning to Kill in War and Society. Marshall's findings were later challenged as mistaken or even fabricated, and were not replicated in a more rigorous study of Canadian troops in World War II.
# Rabarama

Rabarama, pseudonym of Paola Epifani, (born August 22, 1969) is an Italian contemporary artist.

## Artistic practice

Rabarama creates sculptures and paintings of men, women and hybrid creatures, often in eccentric poses. The skins of her subjects are always decorated with patterns, symbols, letters, glyphs and other kind of figures, in a great variety of forms.

## Public art and internet art

Rabarama monumental sculptures have been exhibited in many public spaces
* Paris, Place de la Sorbonne, Rue Soufflot, Place du Pantheon
* Reggio Calabria, seaside
* Shanghai, People's Plaza
* Miami, Mizner Park
* Florence, Piazza Pitti- Giardino di Boboli-Giardino delle Scuderie Reali- Complesso Le Pagliere
* Cannes, La croisette

## Hi-tech and new media

In 2011 the world's first 360° video mapping on a sculpture was realized on a Rabarama's work called "Bozzolo" and exhibited live in Florence, Italy.

## Gallery

* Abbandono
* Crisalide
* Do-si
* Hsien
* In-cinta
* In-croci
* Lacerazione
# Odder Håndbold

Odder Håndbold is a Danish handball team from Odder. The men's team played in the Herrehåndboldligaen in the 2014-15 season, which is their best result to date. They were relegated after a season getting only 4 points and 1 win.
In 2020 they were administratively relegated to the 2nd Division, the third tier, for economic reasons. They were promoted to the 1st Division again a season later.
# Anthony Anderson (murderer)

Anthony Anderson is a convicted British murderer who is most notable for successfully challenging the home secretary's powers to set minimum terms for life sentence prisoners.

## Biography
### Legal appeals and landmark ruling

On 25 November 2002, the Law Lords ruled in favour of Anderson's claim that it was incompatible with human rights for politicians to set minimum terms for life sentence prisoners, and the next day the European Court of Human Rights agreed with this decision, meaning that politicians in European countries can no longer decide the minimum length of imprisonment for anyone serving a life sentence.
British politicians had already been stripped of their powers five years earlier to set minimum terms for prisoners aged under 18 after the High Court ruled that Michael Howard had acted unlawfully by deciding that the juvenile killers of toddler James Bulger should spend at least 15 years in custody.
Anderson's successful challenge was a test case which affected approximately 225 convicted British murderers who had been given recommended minimum terms at their trial, only for the term to be increased by the Home Secretary at a later date.
He had been sentenced to life imprisonment in 1988 on two charges of murder. His first victim Thomas Walker, aged 60, suffered a heart attack and died after being punched and kicked by Anderson during a burglary in September 1986. Anderson's next victim was 35-year-old Michael Tierney, who died in May 1987, having also been killed by Anderson in a burglary. The trial judge sentenced Anderson to life imprisonment and recommended that he should serve a minimum of 15 years before being considered for parole, which would keep him in prison until at least 2003.
Six years after Anderson's trial, Home Secretary Michael Howard increased Anderson's minimum term to 20 years, meaning that he would now have to wait until at least 2008 before release could be even considered.
Anderson had tried to challenge the Home Secretary's tariff-setting powers earlier, but his first case in February 2001 failed.
# Arabella Chapman

Arabella Chapman (1859–1927) was an African American woman who is best remembered for being the first student to graduate from upstate New York's Albany School for Educating People of Color, later known as Albany High School.

## Biography

Chapman was born free in Jersey City, New Jersey. Her father was John Chapman, a boatman, and her mother was Harriet Alfarata. Her sister was Harriet Alfarata Thompson. By 1870, her family had moved to Albany, New York, which had a thriving African American community. She first attended Wilberforce School, before going on to Albany Free Academy (now Albany High School). In 1877, she became the first African American to graduate from the Free Academy, and by 1880, she was teaching music. Her marriage to Clarence Miller led Chapman to leave Albany, traveling with Miller to North Adams, Massachusetts, where he would be employed as a waiter and she would raise their children.
Chapman created two photographic albums in the 1870s and 1880s. These albums survive in the collection of the University of Michigan's William L. Clements Library. They are rare items that document Chapman's personal and political vision. The photographic portraits included those of notable figures such as Abraham Lincoln, Frederick Douglass, and John Brown, as well as Chapman herself, along with her family and friends.
Chapman's photo albums were exhibited in the 2013–14 exhibition, Proclaiming Emancipation, at the University of Michigan as examples of how the memory of the Civil War, Emancipation, and citizenship was constructed by ordinary people.
Arabella Chapman's photo albums have been curated as part of an on-line exhibit, The Arabella Chapman Project.
# Bruce Maslin

Bruce Roger Maslin AM (born 3 May 1946) is an Australian botanist, known for his work on Acacia taxonomy.
Born in Bridgetown, Western Australia, he obtained an honours degree in botany from the University of Western Australia in 1967, then took up an appointment as a botanist with the Western Australian Herbarium. The following year he was conscripted to serve in the Vietnam War; he gave three years in National Service, serving in Vietnam in 1969. In 1970 he returned to his position at the Western Australian Herbarium, serving in that institution until 1987. During this time he was Australian Botanical Liaison Officer in 1977 and 1978; editor of Nuytsia from 1981 to 1983; and acting curator in 1986 and 1987. In 1987, Maslin was appointed a senior research scientist, still within the Department of Environment and Conservation.
A specialist in the genus Acacia, he has published around 250 Acacia taxa.
He retired from his position at the Western Australian Herbarium in 2017, after 48 years of service and more than 180 scientific papers and articles. He has continued his Acacia work as an Honorary Research Associate at the Herbarium and has conducted research in south, south-east and east Asia, dealing with the region's Acacia sens. lat taxonomy and nomenclature.
Bruce was awarded Member of the Order of Australia (AM) in 2017.