# List of Memorial Cup champions

The Memorial Cup is a junior ice hockey club championship trophy awarded annually to the Canadian Hockey League (CHL) champion. Each year the champions from three CHL member leagues—the Western Hockey League (WHL), Ontario Hockey League (OHL), and Quebec Maritimes Junior Hockey League (QMJHL), along with a host team—compete in the Memorial Cup tournament. Sixty teams across the CHL's three member leagues are eligible to compete for the Memorial Cup, representing nine provinces in Canada and four American states. The OHL's Saginaw Spirit are the defending champions.
Known originally as the OHA Memorial Cup, it was donated in 1919 by the Ontario Hockey Association in honour of the soldiers who died fighting for Canada in World War I. In 2010, the trophy was rededicated to honour all soldiers who died for Canada in any conflict. From its donation in 1919 until 1971, the Memorial Cup was awarded via a series of playoffs to the junior hockey champion of Canada. The Canadian Amateur Hockey Association moved to a three-team round-robin tournament format in 1972 when it divided Junior A hockey into two tiers, naming the Memorial Cup as the championship of the Major Junior rank. The tournament involved just the respective champions from the three CHL major junior leagues. The tournament expanded to the current four-team format including the host city in 1983.
The Western Hockey League has won the title 19 times since the adoption of the three league tournament format in 1972. The Ontario Hockey League has 18 titles, and the Quebec Maritimes Junior Hockey League has 14. Since the creation of the Memorial Cup, the Toronto Marlboros have won the most titles with seven. Among currently active teams, the Oshawa Generals lead with five titles, the latest one in 2015.

## Champions and challengers
### 1919 to 1971

The Memorial Cup was presented to the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association (CAHA) in 1919 by the Ontario Hockey Association (OHA) in remembrance of the soldiers who died fighting for Canada in World War I. It was to be awarded to the junior hockey champions of Canada in an east versus west format. Over its first 53 years of competition, the Eastern Canada champion, who from 1932 won the George Richardson Memorial Trophy, met the Western Canada champion, winners of the Abbott Cup. The first championship featured the University of Toronto Schools against the Regina Patricia (now the Pats) in a two-game, total-goals series. The University of Toronto Schools won the title easily, defeating Regina by scores of 14–3 and 15–5 to win the series with a total score of 29–8. Through this initial 53 years, the eastern representative won 33 Memorial Cups, while the western representative won 20 Memorial Cups.
The host of the Memorial Cup predominately fell on Toronto, Ontario, and Winnipeg, Manitoba in earlier years, with additional sites in Montreal, Quebec, and Ottawa, Ontario among them being used. Toronto was used due to the dominance of the teams in its vicinity, but Winnipeg had the only arena capable of creating artificial ice between Toronto and Vancouver, British Columbia, and became the western site chosen by the CAHA to hold the tournament in its early years. Beginning in the post-World War II era, cities and towns of the competing teams began hosting the Memorial Cup, such as Brandon and Flin Flon, Manitoba, Regina, Saskatchewan and Quebec City, Quebec.
The head-to-head competition for the Memorial Cup has changed formats several times. The CAHA moved to a best-of-three format in 1925 as the first team to win two games was declared the champion. In 1938, the series was increased to best-of-five, and to best-of-seven in 1943. There were two exceptions to these formats. The 1949 final between the Montreal Royals and the Brandon Wheat Kings required an eighth game after the third game ended in a tie.
The 1971 final between the Quebec Remparts and the Edmonton Oil Kings was nearly canceled outright in the wake of controversy surrounding the inclusion of the previously outlawed Western Canada Hockey League (WCHL) as the western league was allowed to use more over-age players and received a larger travel allowance from the CAHA. The differences were resolved, and an abbreviated best-of-three series was held in Quebec City.
While the Memorial Cup was not intended to be a challenge trophy, a team has twice challenged the defending champion for the cup. After the Toronto Canoe Club defeated the Selkirk Fishermen in 1920, they were met with a challenge by the Fort William Beavers for the trophy. Toronto agreed, and easily defeated Fort William 11–1 in a single game playoff. The second challenge occurred a half-century later, in 1970. The WCHL's Flin Flon Bombers challenged the Montreal Junior Canadiens. Considered an outlaw league by the CAHA, WCHL teams were not permitted to participate in the Memorial Cup playoffs. The Junior Canadiens declined the challenge.
TG = total goals, with the team scoring the most goals in two games winning the championship. From 1925 onward, the total represents the number of games won.
| Cup | Champion | Result | Runner-up | Host location(s) |
| 1919 | University of Toronto Schools (East) | 29–8 (TG) | Regina Patricia (West) | Toronto |
| 1920 | Toronto Canoe Club Paddlers (East) | 15–5 (TG) | Selkirk Fishermen (West) | Toronto |
| 1921 | Winnipeg Junior Falcons (West) | 11–9 (TG) | Stratford Midgets (East) | Toronto |
| 1922 | Fort William Great War Vets (East) | 8–7 (TG) | Regina Patricia (West) | Winnipeg |
| 1923 | University of Manitoba Bisons (West) | 14–6 (TG) | Kitchener Colts (East) | Toronto |
| 1924 | Owen Sound Greys (East) | 7–5 (TG) | Calgary Canadians (West) | Winnipeg |
| 1925 | Regina Pats (West) | 2–0 | Toronto Aura Lee (East) | Toronto |
| 1926 | Calgary Canadians (West) | 2–1 | Queen's University (East) | Winnipeg |
| 1927 | Owen Sound Greys (East) | 2–0 | Port Arthur West End Jrs. (West) | Toronto |
| 1928 | Regina Monarchs (West) | 2–1 | Ottawa Gunners (East) | Toronto |
| 1929 | Toronto Marlboros (East) | 2–0 | Elmwood Millionaires (West) | Toronto |
| 1930 | Regina Pats (West) | 2–0 | West Toronto Nationals (East) | Winnipeg |
| 1931 | Elmwood Millionaires (West) | 2–1 | Ottawa Primroses (East) | Toronto and Ottawa |
| 1932 | Sudbury Cub Wolves (East) | 2–1 | Winnipeg Monarchs (West) | Winnipeg |
| 1933 | Newmarket Redmen (East) | 2–0 | Regina Pats (West) | Toronto |
| 1934 | Toronto St. Michael's Majors (East) | 2–0 | Edmonton A.C. Athletics (West) | Winnipeg |
| 1935 | Winnipeg Monarchs (West) | 2–1 | Sudbury Cub Wolves (East) | Winnipeg |
| 1936 | West Toronto Nationals (East) | 2–0 | Saskatoon Wesleys (West) | Toronto |
| 1937 | Winnipeg Monarchs (West) | 2–1 | Copper Cliff Redmen (East) | Toronto |
| 1938 | St. Boniface Seals (West) | 3–2 | Oshawa Generals (East) | Toronto |
| 1939 | Oshawa Generals (East) | 3–1 | Edmonton A.C. Roamers (West) | Toronto |
| 1940 | Oshawa Generals (East) | 3–1 | Kenora Thistles (West) | Winnipeg |
| 1941 | Winnipeg Rangers (West) | 3–2 | Montreal Royals (East) | Toronto and Montreal |
| 1942 | Portage la Prairie Terriers (West) | 3–1 | Oshawa Generals (East) | Winnipeg |
| 1943 | Winnipeg Rangers (West) | 4–2 | Oshawa Generals (East) | Toronto |
| 1944 | Oshawa Generals (East) | 4–0 | Trail Smoke Eaters (West) | Toronto |
| 1945 | Toronto St. Michael's Majors (East) | 4–1 | Moose Jaw Canucks (West) | Toronto |
| 1946 | Winnipeg Monarchs (West) | 4–3 | Toronto St. Michael's Majors (East) | Toronto |
| 1947 | Toronto St. Michael's Majors (East) | 4–0 | Moose Jaw Canucks (West) | Winnipeg, Moose Jaw and Regina |
| 1948 | Port Arthur West End Bruins (West) | 4–0 | Barrie Flyers (East) | Toronto |
| 1949 | Montreal Royals (East) | 4–3–1 | Brandon Wheat Kings (West) | Winnipeg and Brandon |
| 1950 | Montreal Junior Canadiens (East) | 4–1 | Regina Pats (West) | Montreal and Toronto |
| 1951 | Barrie Flyers (East) | 4–0 | Winnipeg Monarchs (West) | Toronto, Barrie and Quebec City |
| 1952 | Guelph Biltmore Mad Hatters (East) | 4–0 | Regina Pats (West) | Toronto |
| 1953 | Barrie Flyers (East) | 4–1 | St. Boniface Canadiens (West) | Winnipeg and Brandon |
| 1954 | St. Catharines Teepees (East) | 4–0–1 | Edmonton Oil Kings (West) | Toronto |
| 1955 | Toronto Marlboros (East) | 4–1 | Regina Pats (West) | Regina |
| 1956 | Toronto Marlboros (East) | 4–0–1 | Regina Pats (West) | Toronto |
| 1957 | Flin Flon Bombers (West) | 4–3 | Ottawa-Hull Junior Canadiens (East) | Flin Flon and Regina |
| 1958 | Ottawa-Hull Junior Canadiens (East) | 4–2 | Regina Pats (West) | Ottawa and Hull |
| 1959 | Winnipeg Braves (West) | 4–1 | Peterborough TPT Petes (East) | Winnipeg and Brandon |
| 1960 | St. Catharines Teepees (East) | 4–2 | Edmonton Oil Kings (West) | St. Catharines and Toronto |
| 1961 | Toronto St. Michael's Majors (East) | 4–2 | Edmonton Oil Kings (West) | Edmonton |
| 1962 | Hamilton Red Wings (East) | 4–1 | Edmonton Oil Kings (West) | Hamilton, Guelph and Kitchener |
| 1963 | Edmonton Oil Kings (West) | 4–2 | Niagara Falls Flyers (East) | Edmonton |
| 1964 | Toronto Marlboros (East) | 4–0 | Edmonton Oil Kings (West) | Toronto |
| 1965 | Niagara Falls Flyers (East) | 4–1 | Edmonton Oil Kings (West) | Edmonton |
| 1966 | Edmonton Oil Kings (West) | 4–2 | Oshawa Generals (East) | Toronto |
| 1967 | Toronto Marlboros (East) | 4–1 | Port Arthur Marrs (West) | Port Arthur |
| 1968 | Niagara Falls Flyers (East) | 4–1 | Estevan Bruins (West) | Niagara Falls and Montreal |
| 1969 | Montreal Junior Canadiens (East) | 4–0 | Regina Pats (West) | Montreal and Regina |
| 1970 | Montreal Junior Canadiens (East) | 4–0 | Weyburn Red Wings (West) | Montreal |
| 1971 | Quebec Remparts (East) | 2–0 | Edmonton Oil Kings (West) | Quebec City |

### 1972 to 1982

In 1970, the CAHA divided the Junior A ranks into two levels, creating a Major–Junior tier that consisted of three leagues: the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL), the Ontario Hockey Association (OHA, now the OHL) and the Western Canada Hockey League (WCHL, now WHL). It was decided that the Memorial Cup would be the championship trophy of the Major Junior leagues, while the Manitoba Centennial Trophy was created as the Junior A championship. The CAHA decided that beginning in 1972, the Memorial Cup would be determined via a double round-robin tournament (four games each) between the champions of the three leagues, featuring a single game championship involving the top two finishers in the tournament. The creation of the WHL's Portland Winter Hawks in 1976 opened the competition up to non-Canadian teams for the first time, and in 1982, the Winter Hawks became the first American team in Memorial Cup history to compete for the trophy (and, in 1983, the first American Memorial Cup champion – see next section).
| Cup | Champion | Score | Runner-up | Additional participants | Host location(s) |
| 1972 | Cornwall Royals (QMJHL) | 2–1 | Peterborough Petes (OHA) | Edmonton Oil Kings (WCHL) | Ottawa |
| 1973 | Toronto Marlboros (OHA) | 9–1 | Quebec Remparts (QMJHL) | Medicine Hat Tigers (WCHL) | Montreal |
| 1974 | Regina Pats (WCHL) | 7–4 | Quebec Remparts (QMJHL) | St. Catharines Black Hawks (OHA) | Calgary |
| 1975 | Toronto Marlboros (OHA) | 7–3 | New Westminster Bruins (WCHL) | Sherbrooke Castors (QMJHL) | Kitchener |
| 1976 | Hamilton Fincups (OHA) | 5–2 | New Westminster Bruins (WCHL) | Quebec Remparts (QMJHL) | Montreal |
| 1977 | New Westminster Bruins (WCHL) | 6–5 | Ottawa 67's (OHA) | Sherbrooke Castors (QMJHL) | Vancouver |
| 1978 | New Westminster Bruins (WHL) | 7–4 | Peterborough Petes (OHA) | Trois-Rivières Draveurs (QMJHL) | Sudbury and Sault Ste. Marie |
| 1979 | Peterborough Petes (OHA) | 2–1 (OT) | Brandon Wheat Kings (WHL) | Trois-Rivières Draveurs (QMJHL) | Sherbrooke, Trois-Rivières and Verdun |
| 1980 | Cornwall Royals (QMJHL) | 3–2 (OT) | Peterborough Petes (OHA) | Regina Pats (WHL) | Brandon and Regina |
| 1981 | Cornwall Royals (QMJHL) | 5–2 | Kitchener Rangers (OHL) | Victoria Cougars (WHL) | Windsor |
| 1982 | Kitchener Rangers (OHL) | 7–4 | Sherbrooke Castors (QMJHL) | Portland Winter Hawks (WHL) | Hull |

### 1983 to present

The Memorial Cup tournament was expanded to four teams in 1983; a pre-determined host team was added in place of holding the tournament in a neutral host city. The first such host team was the Portland Winter Hawks, who set numerous firsts in the 1983 tournament. It represented the first time Memorial Cup games were held outside Canada, and by virtue of winning the tournament, the Winter Hawks became the first American team to win the Cup. The Winter Hawks also became the first team in Memorial Cup history to win the championship despite failing to win its own league title—they had been defeated by the Lethbridge Broncos in the WHL playoffs.
The four-team format remains in use, and the host team cycles evenly between all three leagues, with cities submitting bids to their respective leagues, which ultimately choose the host. In 1987, however, only three teams competed for the Memorial Cup. To determine the host team for that tournament, the OHL held a "super series" between its two regular season division winners before the start of the playoffs. The tournament was won by the Oshawa Generals, who went on to win the OHL championship. As a result, the OHL chose to send only Oshawa to the Memorial Cup. Since then, the league runner up is regularly chosen to replace teams either as hosts or if the champion of the league is also hosting. Situations where this arose include in 1988 when Chicoutimi, Quebec and their team, the Chicoutimi Saguenéens, were the hosts, but lost in the first round of the QMJHL playoffs and were replaced as the "host team" by the Drummondville Voltigeurs, which were league runner-ups. The Hamilton Dukes were hosting the tournament in Hamilton, Ontario in 1990, but were a poor team, and were replaced by OHL runner-ups Kitchener Rangers in the tournament. In 1991 the Quebec Remparts were a poor team and despite Quebec City hosting the tournament, they were replaced by QMJHL runner-ups Chicoutimi Saguenéens. In 1995, the Kamloops Blazers qualified as both hosts and WHL champions, and were replaced as the WHL representative by the runner-up Brandon Wheat Kings.
Since the current format was adopted, the Memorial Cup has been won by each league (as of 2024):
* Western Hockey League (WHL): 16 times
* Ontario Hockey League (OHL): 13 times
* Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL): 11 times
| Cup | Champion | Score | Runner-up | Additional participants |
| 1983 | Portland Winter Hawks (Host, WHL representative) | 8–3 | Oshawa Generals (OHL champion) | Lethbridge Broncos (WHL champion), Verdun Juniors (QMJHL champion) |
| 1984 | Ottawa 67's (OHL champion) | 7–2 | Kitchener Rangers (Host, OHL representative) | Laval Voisins (QMJHL champion), Kamloops Jr. Oilers (WHL champion) |
| 1985 | Prince Albert Raiders (WHL champion) | 6–1 | Shawinigan Cataractes (Host, QMJHL representative) | Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds (OHL champion), Verdun Junior Canadiens (QMJHL champion) |
| 1986 | Guelph Platers (OHL champion) | 6–2 | Hull Olympiques (QMJHL champion) | Kamloops Blazers (WHL champion), Portland Winter Hawks (Host, WHL representative) |
| 1987 | Medicine Hat Tigers (WHL champion) | 6–2 | Oshawa Generals (Host, OHL champion) | Longueuil Chevaliers (QMJHL champion) |
| 1988 | Medicine Hat Tigers (WHL champion) | 7–6 | Windsor Spitfires (OHL champion) | Drummondville Voltigeurs (QMJHL representative), Hull Olympiques (QMJHL champion) |
| 1989 | Swift Current Broncos (WHL champion) | 4–3 (OT) | Saskatoon Blades (Host, WHL representative) | Laval Titan (QMJHL champion), Peterborough Petes (OHL champion) |
| 1990 | Oshawa Generals (OHL champion) | 4–3 (OT) | Kitchener Rangers (OHL representative) | Laval Titan (QMJHL champion), Kamloops Blazers (WHL champion) |
| 1991 | Spokane Chiefs (WHL champion) | 5–1 | Drummondville Voltigeurs (QMJHL representative) | Chicoutimi Saguenéens (QMJHL champion), Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds (OHL champion) |
| 1992 | Kamloops Blazers (WHL champion) | 5–4 | Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds (OHL champion) | Seattle Thunderbirds (Host, WHL representative), Verdun Collège Français (QMJHL champion) |
| 1993 | Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds (Host, OHL representative) | 4–2 | Peterborough Petes (OHL champion) | Laval Titan (QMJHL champion), Swift Current Broncos (WHL champion) |
| 1994 | Kamloops Blazers (WHL champion) | 5–3 | Laval Titan (Host, QMJHL representative) | Chicoutimi Saguenéens (QMJHL champion), North Bay Centennials (OHL champion) |
| 1995 | Kamloops Blazers (Host, WHL champion) | 8–2 | Detroit Junior Red Wings (OHL champion) | Brandon Wheat Kings (WHL representative), Hull Olympiques (QMJHL champion) |
| 1996 | Granby Prédateurs (QMJHL champion) | 4–0 | Peterborough Petes (Host, OHL champion) | Brandon Wheat Kings (WHL champion), Guelph Storm (OHL representative) |
| 1997 | Hull Olympiques (Host, QMJHL champion) | 5–1 | Lethbridge Hurricanes (WHL champion) | Chicoutimi Saguenéens (QMJHL representative), Oshawa Generals (OHL champion) |
| 1998 | Portland Winter Hawks (WHL champion) | 4–3 (OT) | Guelph Storm (OHL champion) | Spokane Chiefs (Host, WHL representative), Val-d'Or Foreurs (QMJHL champion) |
| 1999 | Ottawa 67's (Host, OHL representative) | 7–6 (OT) | Calgary Hitmen (WHL champion) | Acadie–Bathurst Titan (QMJHL champion), Belleville Bulls (OHL champion) |
| 2000 | Rimouski Océanic (QMJHL champion) | 6–2 | Barrie Colts (OHL champion) | Halifax Mooseheads (Host, QMJHL representative), Kootenay Ice (WHL champion) |
| 2001 | Red Deer Rebels (WHL champion) | 6–5 (OT) | Val-d'Or Foreurs (QMJHL champion) | Ottawa 67's (OHL champion), Regina Pats (Host, WHL representative) |
| 2002 | Kootenay Ice (WHL champion) | 6–3 | Victoriaville Tigres (QMJHL champion) | Erie Otters (OHL champion), Guelph Storm (Host, OHL representative) |
| 2003 | Kitchener Rangers (OHL champion) | 6–3 | Hull Olympiques (QMJHL champion) | Kelowna Rockets (WHL champion), Quebec Remparts (Host, QMJHL representative) |
| 2004 | Kelowna Rockets (Host, WHL representative) | 2–1 | Gatineau Olympiques (QMJHL champion) | Guelph Storm (OHL champion), Medicine Hat Tigers (WHL champion) |
| 2005 | London Knights (Host, OHL champion) | 4–0 | Rimouski Océanic (QMJHL champion) | Kelowna Rockets (WHL champion), Ottawa 67's (Host, OHL representative) |
| 2006 | Quebec Remparts (QMJHL representative) | 6–2 | Moncton Wildcats (Host, QMJHL champion) | Peterborough Petes (OHL champion), Vancouver Giants (WHL champion) |
| 2007 | Vancouver Giants (Host, WHL representative) | 3–1 | Medicine Hat Tigers (WHL champion) | Plymouth Whalers (OHL champion), Lewiston Maineiacs (QMJHL champion) |
| 2008 | Spokane Chiefs (WHL champion) | 4–1 | Kitchener Rangers (Host, OHL champion) | Belleville Bulls (OHL representative), Gatineau Olympiques (QMJHL champion) |
| 2009 | Windsor Spitfires (OHL champion) | 4–1 | Kelowna Rockets (WHL champion) | Drummondville Voltigeurs (QMJHL champion), Rimouski Océanic (Host, QMJHL representative) |
| 2010 | Windsor Spitfires (OHL champion) | 9–1 | Brandon Wheat Kings (Host, WHL representative) | Moncton Wildcats (QMJHL champion), Calgary Hitmen (WHL champion) |
| 2011 | Saint John Sea Dogs (QMJHL champion) | 3–1 | Mississauga St. Michael's Majors (Host, OHL representative) | Owen Sound Attack (OHL champion), Kootenay Ice (WHL champion) |
| 2012 | Shawinigan Cataractes (Host, QMJHL representative) | 2–1 (OT) | London Knights (OHL champion) | Edmonton Oil Kings (WHL champion), Saint John Sea Dogs (QMJHL champion) |
| 2013 | Halifax Mooseheads (QMJHL champion) | 6–4 | Portland Winterhawks (WHL champion) | London Knights (OHL champion), Saskatoon Blades (Host, WHL representative) |
| 2014 | Edmonton Oil Kings (WHL champion) | 6–3 | Guelph Storm (OHL champion) | Val-d'Or Foreurs (QMJHL champion), London Knights (Host, OHL representative) |
| 2015 | Oshawa Generals (OHL champion) | 2–1 (OT) | Kelowna Rockets (WHL champion) | Quebec Remparts (Host, QMJHL representative), Rimouski Océanic (QMJHL champion) |
| 2016 | London Knights (OHL champion) | 3–2 (OT) | Rouyn-Noranda Huskies (QMJHL champion) | Red Deer Rebels (Host, WHL representative), Brandon Wheat Kings (WHL champion) |
| 2017 | Windsor Spitfires (Host, OHL representative) | 4–3 | Erie Otters (OHL champion) | Saint John Sea Dogs (QMJHL champion), Seattle Thunderbirds (WHL champion) |
| 2018 | Acadie-Bathurst Titan (QMJHL champion) | 3–0 | Regina Pats (Host, WHL representative) | Hamilton Bulldogs (OHL champion), Swift Current Broncos (WHL champion) |
| 2019 | Rouyn-Noranda Huskies (QMJHL champion) | 4–2 | Halifax Mooseheads (Host, QMJHL representative) | Guelph Storm (OHL champion), Prince Albert Raiders (WHL champion) |
| 2020 | Tournament cancelled due to the coronavirus pandemic – Memorial Cup not awarded | Tournament cancelled due to the coronavirus pandemic – Memorial Cup not awarded | Tournament cancelled due to the coronavirus pandemic – Memorial Cup not awarded | Tournament cancelled due to the coronavirus pandemic – Memorial Cup not awarded |
| 2021 | Tournament cancelled due to the coronavirus pandemic – Memorial Cup not awarded | Tournament cancelled due to the coronavirus pandemic – Memorial Cup not awarded | Tournament cancelled due to the coronavirus pandemic – Memorial Cup not awarded | Tournament cancelled due to the coronavirus pandemic – Memorial Cup not awarded |
| 2022 | Saint John Sea Dogs (Host, QMJHL representative) | 6–3 | Hamilton Bulldogs (OHL champion) | Edmonton Oil Kings (WHL champion), Shawinigan Cataractes (QMJHL champion) |
| 2023 | Quebec Remparts (QMJHL champion) | 5–0 | Seattle Thunderbirds (WHL champion) | Peterborough Petes (OHL) champion, Kamloops Blazers (Host, WHL representative) |
| 2024 | Saginaw Spirit (Host, OHL representative) | 4–3 | London Knights (OHL champion) | Moose Jaw Warriors (WHL champion), Drummondville Voltigeurs (QMJHL champion) |
| 2025 | | | | Rimouski Océanic (Host, QMJHL) |
| 2026 | | | | Kelowna Rockets (Host, WHL) |