# Lexington (horse)

Lexington (March 17, 1850 – July 1, 1875) was a United States Thoroughbred race horse who won six of his seven race starts. Perhaps his greatest fame, however, came as the most successful sire of the second half of the nineteenth century; he was the leading sire in North America 16 times, and broodmare sire of many notable racehorses.

## Background

Lexington was a bay horse with irregular white markings on his face and four white socks on his legs. 15.3 hands (63 inches, 160 cm) and was described as having good conformation though he had a distinctive convex profile, described as a "moose head." At stud, he developed a willful and somewhat vicious temperament. He was bred by Elisha Warfield at Warfield's stud farm, The Meadows, near Lexington, Kentucky. Lexington was sired by the Hall of Fame stallion, Boston.$^{:549}$

## Racing record

Under the name of "Darley" Lexington easily won his first two races for Warfield and his partner, "Burbridge's Harry", a.k.a. Harry Lewis, a former slave turned well-known horse trainer. Lewis, being black, was not allowed to enter "Darley" in races in his own name, so the horse ran in Warfield's name and colors. Darley caught the eye of Richard Ten Broeck who asked Warfield to name his price. "Darley", the son of Boston, and Jarret, Lewis's son who was still enslaved, were sold in 1853 to Ten Broeck acting on behalf of a syndicate who would rename him Lexington. Affixed to Lexington's pedigree Warfield wrote: "The colt was bred by me, as was also his dam, which I now and will ever, own...E. Warfield."
A syndicate made up of Richard Ten Broeck, General Abe Buford, Captain Willa Viley, and Junius R. Ward, bought Lexington for $2,500 between heats (or during the running of his race), so tried claiming the purse money when he won. Failing that, he tried to deduct the purse money from the sale price. But Warfield held out. His new owners immediately sent Lexington to Natchez, Mississippi, to train under J. B. Pryor.
Lexington raced at age three and four and although he only competed seven times, many of his races were grueling four-mile events. Lexington won six of his seven races and finished second once. One of his wins was the Phoenix Hotel Handicap in 1853. On April 2, 1855, at the Metairie race course in New Orleans, he set a record running 4 miles (6.4 km) in 7 minutes, 19 3⁄4 seconds, running against time. Even with his complex and hard-fought rivalry with the horse Lecomte (also a son of Boston, both born just after Boston died), he was known as the best race horse of his day. His second match with Lecomte on April 14, 1855, was considered one of the greatest matches of the century. But Lexington had to be retired at the end of 1855 as a result of poor eyesight. His sire, Boston, had also gone blind. Conservation work in 2010 revealed that Lexington had had a massive facial infection that resulted in his going blind.

## Stud record

Lexington stood for a time at the Nantura Stock Farm of Uncle John Harper in Midway, Kentucky, along with the famous racer and sire, Glencoe. Sold to Robert A. Alexander for $15,000 in 1858, reportedly the then highest price ever paid for an American horse, Lexington was sent to Alexander's Woodburn Stud at Spring Station, Kentucky.
He stood for a price of $100 until 1861, when he first led the sire list, and it was increased to $200. He stood for a limited public fee of $500, the highest in the country and comparable to the leading English stallions, in 1865 and 1866 before being restricted to private stud duties only.
Called "The Blind Hero of Woodburn", Lexington became the leading sire in North America sixteen times, from 1861 through 1874, and then again in 1876 and 1878. Lexington was the sire of the undefeated Asteroid and Norfolk. Nine of the first fifteen Travers Stakes were won by one of his sons or daughters. Among his noted progeny are:
| Foaled | Name | Sex | Major Wins/Achievements |
| 1857 | Idlewild | Mare | Notable racer |
| 1860 | Cincinnati | Stallion | General Ulysses S. Grant's favorite horse. He was depicted in numerous statues of Grant that remain to this day. |
| 1861 | Asteroid | Stallion | Undefeated |
| 1861 | Kentucky | Stallion | Travers Stakes (1864), US Racing Hall of Fame inductee |
| 1861 | Norfolk | Stallion | Undefeated, Jersey Derby (1864) |
| 1864 | Hira | Mare | Dam of Himyar |
| 1865 | General Duke | Stallion | Belmont Stakes (1868), American Champion Two-Year-Old Colt |
| 1867 | Kingfisher | Stallion | Belmont Stakes (1870) |
| 1867 | Preakness | Stallion | Namesake of the Preakness Stakes, Manhattan Stakes (1873), US Racing Hall of Fame inductee |
| 1868 | Harry Bassett | Stallion | Belmont Stakes (1871), US Racing Hall of Fame inductee |
| 1868 | Monarchist | Stallion | Grand National Handicap (1871), |
| 1870 | Tom Bowling | Stallion | Travers Stakes (1873), US Racing Hall of Fame inductee |
| 1872 | Tom Ochiltree | Stallion | Preakness Stakes (1875), US Racing Hall of Fame inductee |
| 1873 | Neecy Hale | Mare | Kentucky Oaks (1876) |
| 1873 | Shirley | Gelding | Preakness Stakes (1876) |
| 1873 | Sultana | Mare | Travers Stakes (1876), Retrospective Champion Three-Year-Old Filly (1876) |
| 1875 | Belle of Nelson | Mare | Kentucky Oaks (1878) |
| 1875 | Duke of Magenta | Stallion | Preakness Stakes (1878), Belmont Stakes (1878), Travers Stakes (1878), US Racing Hall of Fame inductee |
Lexington's three Preakness Stakes winners equaled the record of another great sire, Broomstick.
In all Lexington sired 236 winners who won 1,176 races, ran second 348 times and third 42 times for $1,159,321 in prize money.
During the American Civil War, horses were forcibly conscripted from the Kentucky farms to serve as mounts in the bloody fray. Lexington, 15 years old and blind, had to be hidden away to save him from such a fate. He was sent to Illinois for this purpose.
Lexington died at Woodburn on July 1, 1875, and was buried in a casket in front of the stables. A few years later, in 1878, his owner, through the auspices of J.M. Toner, donated the horse's bones to the U.S. National Museum (the Smithsonian Institution). The pioneering taxidermist Henry Augustus Ward of Ward's Natural Science in Rochester, New York, was called in to supervise the disinterment and preparation of the skeleton. For many years the specimen was exhibited in the Osteology Hall of the National Museum of Natural History. In 1999, Lexington was part of the exhibition "On Time", at the National Museum of American History, where he helped illustrate the history of the first mass-produced stopwatch that split time into fractions of seconds—which was supposedly developed to document Lexington's feats on the race course. In 2010, Smithsonian conservators prepared the skeleton for loan to the International Museum of the Horse in Lexington, Kentucky, in time for the World Equestrian Games in Kentucky, the first time these games had been held outside of Europe.
Lexington's dominance in the pedigrees of American-bred Thoroughbreds, and the fact that the British Thoroughbred breeders considered him not a purebred, was a large factor in the so-called Jersey Act of 1913, in which the British Jockey Club limited the registration of horses not traced completely to horses in the General Stud Book.
Summary of Stud Career :
| Year | Rank in Sire List | Starters | Races Won | Money Won |
| 1859 | 7th | 7 | 10 | $6,700 |
| 1860 | 2nd | 12 | 37 | $22,295 |
| 1861 | 1st | 13 | 27 | $22,245 |
| 1862 | 1st | 5 | 14 | $9,700 |
| 1863 | 1st | 10 | 25 | $14,235 |
| 1864 | 1st | 13 | 38 | $28,440 |
| 1865 | 1st | 31 | 87 | $58,750 |
| 1866 | 1st | 34 | 112 | $92,795 |
| 1867 | 1st | 33 | 86 | $54,030 |
| 1868 | 1st | 36 | 92 | $68,340 |
| 1869 | 1st | 36 | 81 | $56,375 |
| 1870 | 1st | 35 | 82 | $120,360 |
| 1871 | 1st | 40 | 102 | $109,095 |
| 1872 | 1st | 28 | 82 | $71,515 |
| 1873 | 1st | 23 | 71 | $71,565 |
| 1874 | 1st | 23 | 70 | $51,899 |
| 1875 | 3rd | 30 | 33 | $32,245 |
| 1876 | 1st | 21 | 34 | $90,570 |
| 1877 | 2nd | 20 | 29 | $32,815 |
| 1878 | 1st | 16 | 36 | $60,195 |
| 1879 | 7th | 15 | 19 | $17,439.50 |
| 1880 | 17th | 9 | 12 | $9,297.50 |
| 1881 | 17th | 6 | 7 | $1,055 |
| 1882 | 17th | 3 | 1 | $255 |
| Totals | Totals | 499 | 1,187 | $1,102,211 |
Lexington did additionally have one foal start in 1858 as a two-year-old, finishing second in a single start.

## Honors

Lexington was part of the first group of horses inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 1955. The Belmont Lexington Stakes runs every year at Belmont Park in honor of Lexington, as does the Lexington Stakes at Keeneland Race Course.
On Tuesday, August 31, 2010 the Smithsonian loaned Lexington's skeleton to the International Museum of the Horse at the Kentucky Horse Park, to be exhibited there through August 2013.
Lexington served as the model for the top of the Woodlawn Vase, given to the winner of the Preakness Stakes at Pimlico.
Lexington was exhibited at the 1859 Great St. Louis Fair.

## Legacy

Lexington was the leading sire in North America a record 16 times. His sire line originally flourished, especially through Norfolk (who in turn produced champions Emperor of Norfolk and El Rio Rey), but then faced increasing competition from European imports. His last known direct male descendant was Conquering Elk (foaled 1987). However, his influence on the pedigrees of the modern Thoroughbred can still be felt through his daughters, who produced winners Spendthrift, Himyar, Hanover, and Bramble. Himyar in turn established a sire line that has survived into the 21st century through Holy Bull, who sired both 2005 Kentucky Derby winner Giacomo and 2000 Breeders' Cup Juvenile winner Mucho Uno. In turn, Mucho Uno sired 2013 Breeders' Cup Classic winner Mucho Macho Man, the sire of 2020 Pegasus World Cup winner Mucho Gusto. Likewise, the Spendthrift line has survived into the 21st century through Tiznow, who won the Breeders Cup Classic in consecutive years (2000, 2001); he in turn produced 2008 Belmont Stakes winner Da' Tara, and 2008 Santa Anita Derby and Travers Stakes winner Colonel John.
Lexington is the subject of the best selling novel Horse by Geraldine Brooks, published in 2022.

## Pedigree

Some of the horses in Lexington's pedigree cannot be traced back to England's General Stud Book, a fact that can probably be attributed to the disruptions and sometimes hazardous record keeping in the period between the American Revolution and Civil War. The pedigree shown on The Jockey Club's Equineline database is thus incomplete, not showing the dams of Timoleon, Florizel and the Alderman Mare. The pedigree shown below fills in those gaps based on American records.
Lexington is usually said to descend from family 12-b in the female line through his third dam Lady Grey. However, the mitochondrial DNA of descendants of Lady Grey is inconsistent with that of other members of family 12-b, indicating a likely mismatch.
Pedigree of Lexington, bay stallion, 1850 :
| Sire Boston Chestnut 1833 | Timoleon Chestnut 1814 | Sir Archy* Bay 1805 | Diomed* |
| Sire Boston Chestnut 1833 | Timoleon Chestnut 1814 | Sir Archy* Bay 1805 | Castianira |
| Sire Boston Chestnut 1833 | Timoleon Chestnut 1814 | Saltram mare Ch. 1801 | Saltram |
| Sire Boston Chestnut 1833 | Timoleon Chestnut 1814 | Saltram mare Ch. 1801 | Symme's Wildair Mare |
| Sire Boston Chestnut 1833 | Ball's Florizel Mare Chestnut 1814 | Ball's Florizel | Diomed* |
| Sire Boston Chestnut 1833 | Ball's Florizel Mare Chestnut 1814 | Ball's Florizel | Shark Mare |
| Sire Boston Chestnut 1833 | Ball's Florizel Mare Chestnut 1814 | Alderman Mare 1799 | Alderman |
| Sire Boston Chestnut 1833 | Ball's Florizel Mare Chestnut 1814 | Alderman Mare 1799 | Clockfast Mare |
| Dam Alice Carneal Bay 1836 | Sarpedon Bay 1828 | Emilius | Orville |
| Dam Alice Carneal Bay 1836 | Sarpedon Bay 1828 | Emilius | Emily |
| Dam Alice Carneal Bay 1836 | Sarpedon Bay 1828 | Icaria | The Flyer |
| Dam Alice Carneal Bay 1836 | Sarpedon Bay 1828 | Icaria | Parma |
| Dam Alice Carneal Bay 1836 | Rowena Chestnut 1826 | Sumpter | Sir Archy*^ |
| Dam Alice Carneal Bay 1836 | Rowena Chestnut 1826 | Sumpter | Robin Redbreast Mare |
| Dam Alice Carneal Bay 1836 | Rowena Chestnut 1826 | Lady Grey | Robin Grey |
| Dam Alice Carneal Bay 1836 | Rowena Chestnut 1826 | Lady Grey | Maria (family: 12-b) |
* Lexington is inbred 3S x 4D to the stallion Sir Archy, meaning that he appears in the third generation on the sire side of his pedigree and fourth generation on the dam side of his pedigree.
*^ Lexington is inbred 4S x 4S x 5D to the stallion Diomed, meaning that he appears in the fourth generation twice on the sire side of his pedigree and fifth generation once (through Sir Archy)^ on the dam side of his pedigree.