# Jazan Province

The Jazan Province is the second smallest province of Saudi Arabia after Al-Bahah. It stretches 300 km (190 mi) along the southern Red Sea coast, just north of Yemen. It covers an area of 13,457 km$^2$ and had a population of 1,404,997 at the 2022 census. The region has the highest population density in the Kingdom. The capital is the city of Jazan; Prince Muhammad bin Nasser has been the Governor since April 2001.
The region includes over 100 islands in the Red Sea. Jazan Economic City is a mega project that is planned to boost the economy of the region and make it part of the Saudi economic growth. The Farasan Islands, Saudi Arabia's first conservation protected area, is home to migratory birds from Europe in winter.

## History
### Ancient Times

Jazan City dates back to the Stone Age, as confirmed by archaeological studies and research carried out in the region, which showed that the first human settlement was during the Lower Paleolithic. Tools belonging to the age of the Acheulean civilization have been found, and surveys have shown that the Red Sea coast region is one of the best sources of information on the Acheulean stage. Due to the proliferation of hunting tools found by excavations, researchers inferred that the inhabitants of the Acheulean settlements relied for their survival on seafood, such as fish and shellfish, given their availability and nutritional value.
In light of its important strategic position situated on ancient trade routes between Yemen and Hejaz, on the one hand, and between the Levant and beyond, on the other, Jazan Province maintained cultural links with the ancient kingdoms that thrived in that period in the south of the Arabian Peninsula. Human settlement in Jazan was contemporaneous with those kingdoms, such as the Minaean Kingdom, Kingdom of Sheba, Kingdom of Qataban, Kingdom of Hadhramaut, and the Himyarite Kingdom. However, Jazan was not politically subordinate to any of them; in fact, archaeological evidence suggests that the inhabitants of the region were not in agreement with those neighboring kingdoms and governed according to their own interests.

### Islamic Age

Since the emergence of Islam and its spread in the Arabian Peninsula, Jazan Province has been an Islamic Arab territory since the early Islamic age. A delegation from the region journeyed to Mohammed in Medina in the tenth year of his migration, headed by the chieftain of al-Hakam tribe, Abduljad Bin Rabia al-Hakami, and declared embracing Islam. After the spread of Islam in the south of the Arabian Peninsula, Mohammed appointed provincial governors in these multiple territories, including the province of Tihamah, with which Jazan was affiliated.

### Saudi Era

After the founding King Abdulaziz reclaimed the rule of Riyadh and established the Kingdom, the King led unification campaigns throughout the Arabian Peninsula. At the time, the region of Jazan and Tihamat-Aseer southwest of the Arabian Peninsula was subject to a local chiefdom ruled by one of its dynasties, the Idrisids. The Treaty of Makkah (1926) was concluded between the founding king and the region’s ruler, al-Hassan al-Idrisi, on October 21, 1926. Under the treaty, the territory came under the mandate of King Abdulaziz and was so for four years, until the treaty was annulled by the Idrisid rulers. Consequently, the founding King sent his troops to recapture the territory, and al-Hassan al-Idrisi ceded his rule in 1930; thus, Jazan was the last region of the Arabian Peninsula to join Saudi rule.

## Geography

The region divides into three parts.
* The Al-Sarawat mountains inland, which rise to about 3,000 metres.
* The Alhazoun forest district consists of forest broken by some areas of rich pasture.
* The plains are noted for the production of coffee beans, cereal grain crops (barley, millet and wheat) and fruit (apples, bananas, grapes, mangoes, papayas, plums and citrus varieties).
Though the climate on the highlands is similar to the relatively wetter climate of Aseer, the coastal regions of Jizan province are part of Tihamah, probably the hottest place in the country, with mean maximum temperatures ranging from 40 °C (104 °F) in July to 31 °C (88 °F) in January. High humidity from coastal lagoons makes the climate even less bearable than it would be otherwise. Rainfall is extremely low at less than 75 millimetres (3 inches) per year. Sabya is located in the center between the mountain and the beach.

## Sub-divisions

The region is now sub-divided into 17 governorates (following the creation of the governorates of At-Tuwal from part of Samtah, Fayfa from part of Jizan, as follows:
Jizan's Governorates :
| Name | Native name | Census 15 Sept 2004 | Census 28 Apr 2010 | Census 10 May 2022 |
| Abu Arish | أبو عريش | 123,943 | 196,462 | 187,060 |
| Al Dayer | الدائر | 49,239 | 58,325 | 47,424 |
| Al Darb | الدرب | 52,062 | 70,740 | 68,965 |
| Ahad al Masarihah | أحد المسارحة | 70,038 | 109,866 | 130,545 |
| Al Aridhah | العارضة | 62,841 | 76,033 | 79,730 |
| Al Aydabi | العيدابي | 52,515 | 61,043 | 32,940 |
| Al-Harth | الحرث | 47,073 | 23,496 | 11,561 |
| Ar Rayth | الريث | 13,406 | 19,022 | 16,877 |
| Bish | بيش | 58,269 | 77,406 | 86,996 |
| Damad | ضمد | 62,366 | 71,256 | 64,136 |
| Farasan | فرسان | 13,962 | 18,015 | 13,529 |
| Fayfa | فيفاء | | | 19,346 |
| Jazan | جازان | 255,340 | 163,703 | 200,911 |
| Sabya | صبياء | 198,086 | 227,519 | 223,083 |
| Samtah | صامطة | 128,447 | 201,959 | 154,925 |
| Harub | هروب | 00,000 | 00,00 | 30,709 |
| Total Province | | 1,187,587 | 1,374,845 | 1,436,706 |

## Ethnography

The Arabic language is spoken by over 90% of the inhabitants. Parts of Jizan was claimed to be part of a "Greater Yemen" by many Yemenis despite never being ruled from Yemen since the fall of the Himyarite Kingdom at 525 CE. Since that period, the areas of Jazan province has been mostly independent and it has also been part of the First Saudi state during the 18th century. Jazan has been annexed by Saudi Arabia in 1932 and was defended from a Yemeni invasion that lead to the Saudi–Yemeni War (1934) and Imam Yahya suspended Yemen's claim to the region in the treaty of Taif. Though many Yemeni nationalists continued to claim Jizan until the issue was settled formally and finally in the Saudi-Yemeni border agreement of 2000.

## Climate

Jazan Province's climate is impacted by tropical winds, and the weather is generally very hot in summer and mild in winter, except for the mountain highlands, where temperatures are moderate and there is rainfall throughout the year.

### Humidity

The humidity level is 50% in the area west of the Jizan Valley Dam and decreases as we head east.

### Precipitation

The precipitation occurs during the late summer and early fall months and is characterized by irregular patterns. In some years, there are heavy rainfall events that support agricultural activities, and the dam captures a significant portion of these precipitation levels. Conversely, in other years, there are minimal rainfall events that are insufficient for agricultural production.

## Economy

Jazan’s attractiveness for business investment is helped by its location on the Red Sea close to the Horn of Africa and the Yemeni border, which generates various export and commerce opportunities for all industrial, agricultural, and fish producers in the region.
In April 2023, Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman announced the establishment of 4 new special economic zone (SEZ), one of which is located in Jazan. It covers a total are of 24.6 sqkm and aims to open up opportunities for international investors. The SEZ aims to attract $2.93 billion in foreign investments by 2040.

### Fishing

The coastline of Jazan is approximately 330km long. Jazan yields 6,394 tons of fish and shellfish each year. According to a report issued by the Jazan Chamber of Commerce, the annual yield includes 1,753 tons of narrow-barred Spanish mackerel, 1,261 tons of Lethrinidae, 87 tons of shellfish, 794 tons of bagrus, 740 tons of barracudas, 444 tons of sharks and rays, 469 tons of groupers, 442 tons of mixed fish, and 428 tons of tuna. This amounts for more than 20% of Saudi Arabia's fish production.

### Agriculture

Jazan is considered one of the most important and fertile agricultural regions of Saudi Arabia. The region produces more than 30 types of fruits, including mangoes, guavas, papayas, and more. Other agricultural varieties include coffee and wheat.
In May 2022, the Saudi Public Investment Fund (PIF) launched the Saudi Coffee Company, which aims to make Saudi coffee a global product. The PIF is expected to invest more than $319 million over the next 10 years in the national coffee industry, to help boost annual production from 300 tons to 2,500 tons.
According to the Ministry of Environment, Water, and Agriculture, Jazan’s livestock population exceeds 3.977 million, including more than 1.72 million sheep, 2.1 million goats, about 95,400 cattle and 57,400 camels.

### Metal Conversion Industries

The geographical location of the Jazan region is pivotal to the development of mining-related manufacturing industries. The Arabian-Nubian Shield and its proximity to the mineral-rich African continent constitute a competitive advantage and an important source of raw materials.

## Monuments and tourist attractions

* Al Dosariyah Castle
* Al Rifai House, Farasan Islands
* Wadi Lajab
* Wednesday Market (Souq al-Samil)
* Al-Asha roundabout
* Al-Zahir
* Al-Khazan Alshamly.
* Dar al-Nasr Castle.
* Al Qubbab Mosque, Abu Arish

### Local market

The Abu Arish popular market is a significant commercial hub within the city. It is also known as the Robua Market and the Samil Market. It is a traditional market that has been in operation for an extended period, attracting a considerable number of individuals from various villages within the Abu Arish Governorate on a weekly basis to engage in commercial activities. The market displays a variety of traditional household items, including crockery, tools crafted from palm fronds, textiles utilized for clothing, agricultural implements, and animals. The market, which still exists today every Wednesday, is an ancient gathering place for the people of Abu Arish and its surroundings.

## Infrastructure
### Education

The city of Abu Arish has been known for study circles since old times, as circles were held in the city's mosques to teach the Qur'an and Hadith. From its notable scholars include Abdullah ibn Ali al-Amoudi and his son, Saleh ibn Abdullah al-Amoudi, as well as Abdullah Adam, Muhammad Zakri, and Musa al-Manqari. Subsequently, Abdullah Al-Qaraawi's educational institutions were established, and over time, conventional schools proliferated, reaching a total of 65 schools for girls and approximately 66 schools for boys.

### Faculties and institutes

Source:
* The College of Shari'ah and Law is affiliated with Jazan University.
* The College of Arts and Humanities is affiliated with Jazan University.
* Community College for Girls is affiliated with Jazan University.
* Technical College for Girls in Jazan.
* Manahil Knowledge Institute for Women's Education and Training.
* Maharat Institute - Jazan Contractors Alliance for Training and Employment.

## Healthcare

Abu Arish City is home to a 150-bed public hospital that offers a range of medical specialties, in addition to two primary care centers. Among the most prominent hospitals located within the city:
* Abu Arish General Hospital.
* Chest Diseases Hospital.
* Jarash Medical Hospital.
* Safwa Dental Clinic.
* Al-Salama dispensary.
* Almariya Medical Center.
* Al-Hakami Medical Complex.
* Dr. Daifallah Daqdaki Center.
* Al-Hayat Specialty Center.
* Al-Hayat Medical Center.

## Sports

Jazan is home to 7 professional sports clubs:
* Al Tuhami Club based in Jazan City. The club was founded in 1948.
* Al Yarmouk Club based in Abu Arish. The club was founded in 1970.
* Al Amjad Club based in Sabya. The club was founded in 1974.
* Hatten Club based in Samtah. The club was founded in 1976.
* Al Sawari Club based in Farasan Islands. The club was founded in 1978.
* Al Watan Club based in Damad. The club was founded in 1980.
* Faifa Club based in Fayfa. The club was founded in 2015.