# House of Alawiyya

The House of Alawiyya (الأسرة العلوية) is an Egyptian royal house (formally a dynasty) that was established in 1805 in Egypt. Through gradual expansions, the family grew in power, gaining absolute rule of the Egypt. During the years 1805 to 1867, they were handed the Egypt Eyalet and would exercise direct rule from then onward.

## History
### Suez Emergency

According to the BBC, 'In October 1951 a tense stand-off between the British and Egyptian governments broke down over the number of UK troops stationed in the country. In response, the British government mobilised 60,000 troops in 10 days, in what was described as the biggest airlift of troops since World War Two.'
As the British refused to leave their base around the Suez Canal, the Egyptian government cut off the water and refused to allow food into the Suez Canal base, announced a boycott of British goods, forbade Egyptian workers from entering the base and sponsored guerrilla attacks. The situation turned the area around the Suez Canal into a low level war zone. On 24 January 1952, Egyptian guerrillas staged an attack on the British forces around the Suez Canal, during which the Egyptian Auxiliary Police were observed helping the guerrillas. In response, on 25 January, General George Erskine sent British tanks and infantry to surround the auxiliary police station in Ismailia and gave the policemen an hour to surrender their arms in the grounds. The police were arming the guerrillas. The police commander called the Interior Minister, Fouad Serageddin, Nahas's right-hand man, who was smoking cigars in his bath at the time, to ask if he should surrender or fight. Serageddin ordered the police to fight "to the last man and the last bullet". The resulting battle saw the police station levelled and 43 Egyptian policemen killed together with 3 British soldiers. The Ismailia incident outraged Egypt. The next day, 26 January 1952, was "Black Saturday", as the anti-British riot was known. It saw much of downtown Cairo which the Khedive Ismail the Magnificent had rebuilt in the style of Paris, burned down. Farouk blamed the Wafd for the Black Saturday riot, and dismissed Nahas as prime minister the next day and replaced by Aly Maher Pasha.

### End of the monarchy

On 23 July 1952, the Free Officers Movement, led by Mohamed Naguib and Gamal Abdel Nasser, toppled King Farouk in a coup d'état that began the Egyptian Revolution of 1952. On 26 July, Farouk abdicated in favour of his seven-month-old son, Ahmed Fuad, who became King Fuad II. At 6pm the same day, the now former king departed Egypt on the royal yacht, along with other members of the royal family, including the new infant king. Following precedent for a sovereign under the age of majority, a Regency Council was formed, led by Prince Muhammad Abdel Moneim. The Regency Council, however, held only nominal authority, as real power lay with the Revolutionary Command Council, led by Naguib and Nasser.
Popular expectations for immediate reforms led to the workers' riots in Kafr Dawar on 12 August 1952, which resulted in two death sentences. Following a brief experiment with civilian rule, the Free Officers abolished the monarchy, and declared Egypt a republic on 18 June 1953, abrogating the constitution of 1923. In addition to serving as head of the Revolutionary Command Council, and Prime Minister, Naguib was proclaimed as Egypt's first President, while Nasser was appointed as Deputy Prime Minister.

### Controversies and internal disputes
## List of rulers
### Viceroy of Egypt

* Muhammad Ali Pasha (9 July 1805 – 1 September 1849)
* Ibrahim Pasha (reigned as Viceroy briefly during his father's incapacity) (1 September 1849 – 10 November 1849)
* Abbas Hilmi I (10 November 1849 – 13 July 1854)
* Sa‘id Pahsa (13 July 1854 – 18 January 1863)
* Isma'il Pasha (18 January 1863 – 8 June 1867)

### Khedives of Egypt

* Isma'il Pasha (8 June 1867 – 26 June 1879)
* Tewfik Pasha (26 June 1879 – 7 January 1892)
* Abbas Hilmi II (8 January 1892 – 19 December 1914)

### Sultans of Egypt

* Hussein Kamel (19 December 1914 – 9 October 1917)
* Fuad I (9 October 1917 – 16 March 1922)

### Kings of Egypt

* Fuad I (16 March 1922 – 28 April 1936)
* Farouk I (28 April 1936 – 26 July 1952)
** Prince Mohammed Ali Tewfik (Chairman Council of Regency during Farouk I's minority) (28 April 1936 – 29 July 1937)
* Fuad II (26 July 1952 – 18 June 1953)
** Prince Muhammad Abdel Moneim (Chairman Council of Regency during Fuad II's minority) (26 July 1952 – 18 June 1953)