# Train surfing

Train surfing (also known as train hopping or train hitching) is the act of riding on the outside of a moving train, tram, or other forms of rail transport. In a number of countries, the term 'train hopping' is used synonymously with freight hopping, which means riding on the outside of a freight train, while train surfing can be practiced on any type of train. This type of travelling can be extremely dangerous and even life-threatening, because there is a risk of death or serious injury due to falling off a moving train, electrocution by the power supply (overhead catenary wire, third rail, current collectors, resistors, etc.), colliding with railway infrastructure such as bridges, tunnels, station platforms, trackside buildings, railway signals or other trains, while riding outside of structure gauge on the side or on the roof of a train, or unsuccessful attempts to jump onto a moving train or off it. Today, the practice is illegal in much of the world, but it is still practiced, especially on those railways where the trains are overcrowded.

## History

The phenomenon of riding on the outside of trains came with the appearance of the first railway lines. On a series of first railways, riding on rooftops and footboards of trains was common, but over time, starting from the second half of the 19th century, with an increase in the sizes and speed of trains, passenger coaches began to be produced fully covered and insulated from streets with a placement of all passenger seats inside carriages in order to improve the safety of passengers and prevent people falling from a moving train. However, some individuals continued riding on the outside of trains to travel without having a ticket.
In the United States, this became a common means of transportation following the American Civil War as the railways began pushing westward, especially among migrant workers who became known as "hobos". It continued to be widely used by those unable to afford other transportation, especially during times of widespread economic dislocation such as the Great Depression.
As trams became more common in Europe and the United States in the early 20th century, overcrowding prompted passengers to begin riding on footboards, doors, couplers and sometimes on the roofs of trams. European conflicts such as the First World War, Russian Civil War and World War II frequently saw soldiers and refugees travelling on the roofs of carriages due to lack of seating.
In the mid-20th century, railways in many European and American countries took measures to reduce overcrowding in carriages and prevent riding outside of them, so the prevalence of train surfing in those countries decreased. However, in some countries of Southeast Asia and Africa with a high population density, the problem of overcrowding of different vehicles, including trains, grew rapidly, so train surfing in those countries became a widespread phenomenon.
As an extreme hobby, train surfing firstly appeared in South Africa during the 1980s among teenagers from poor families, and then began to appear in other countries around the world. Teenagers as young as 13 were reported as train surfing in Rio de Janeiro in 1988. During the 1990s, train surfing on a commuter electric multiple unit train became popular in Europe among young people who live near railway lines.
In Germany, the practice of S-Bahn surfing was made popular during the 1990s. The phenomenon was forgotten until 2005, when it was rediscovered by a group of train surfers from Frankfurt. The leader of the crew who calls himself "the Trainrider" surfed the InterCityExpress, the fastest train in Germany. An Internet video claimed that he died a year later from an incurable form of leukemia, but later the Trainrider revealed in an interview that this video was made by a fan and the story of his death was a hoax.
Tram surfing appeared among Soviet youths in the 1980s. The practice of surfing on electric trains appeared during the 1990s in Russia and some other post-Soviet countries due to the economic crisis and growing interest among teens and youths who lived near the railways. In around the year 2000 they also began to surf subway trains in tunnels in the Moscow Metro and organized train-surfing crews and web-communities.
Beginning in the mid-2000s there were frequent cancellations of commuter trains and crowding inside rail carriages in the Moscow region. In the summer of 2010 dozens of commuter trains were cancelled due to track repairs on the Moscow railway and the crowding of trains and the number of train surfers in the Moscow region rose dramatically. This was when train surfing for the first time became a wide phenomenon on Russian railways and it caused a big scandal. Train surfing was mostly a teenager hobby before this. After the completion of track repairs, overcrowding on trains began to reduce and the number of ordinary passengers who were roof riding disappeared. Roof riding among teenagers became more popular and they began to create a community of train surfers and post videos on YouTube. Train surfers began to organize meetings and big-way surfing events on the outside of commuter, subway and local freight trains via the Internet. Russian train-surfing fans began to call themselves "Zatseper" and also name their hobby "Zatseping" (from the Russian word "Зацепиться-Zatsepitsya" translated as "to catch on"). Train surfing became something like an extreme sport discipline for them. From the beginning of 2011, Russian train surfers made several rides on the outside of the high-speed Siemens Velaro train "Sapsan", the fastest train in Russia.
In Indonesia, especially Greater Jakarta, large numbers of people train surf, especially since the late 1990s, as gridlock grips this metropolis of 30 million without a single metro system, and the city comes up with alternative transport such as car jockeys. Jakarta traffic is the most gridlocked in Southeast Asia, perhaps among the worst worldwide. It has built a bus rapid transit system, but with little success, as there is no separation from the heavy traffic. The tropical heat and urban heat island effect also makes the top the only place on the train with plenty of air circulation. Since 2013 the practice has been eliminated after the state railway company Kereta Api Indonesia modernized the ticketing system, allowing tickets to be sold up to 90 days in advance, and including check in requirements along with increasing number of rolling stocks. On KRL commuter services, stations are modernized by installing turnstiles, implementing contactless payment and locking down the station. All non-commuter train now have passenger limit of 100 to 110% while previously a service could run at 200% or more capacity.

## Current state

Train surfing is a common way to ride trains in countries such as Bangladesh and South Africa, where this type of riding by trains is compelled due to the high population density and severe overcrowding of trains. This practice is a serious issue in these countries where people have been killed or injured in numerous accidents. However, train surfing can occur in any area with trains and trams. Individuals may train-surf to avoid the cost of a ticket or as a recreational activity.
With the creation of the internet, the practice of filming the act and posting online videos of it is on the increase worldwide. Train surfers can use social networks to find and communicate with each other and organize trips by trains in small groups. Larger communities of train surfers sometimes organize major events in which dozens of people ride outside trains.
Some railway workers, such as shunters or conductors, are often allowed to ride on exterior parts of trains during shunting operations, but with many limitations.

## Motivation

Train surfers consider it an extreme hobby, or desire to get a free ride by train, which has a number of advantages in comparison with riding inside a carriage:
* enjoyment of riding and feeling of speed;
* extended view of surrounding area in comparison with the view from a window inside a carriage;
* avoiding the cost of a ticket;
* to ride a train which is full, crowded or extremely hot inside carriage;
* to catch a slow moving train which has started to depart;
* to ride on a train which does not transport passengers (e.g. a freight train, service train, or single locomotive);
* to produce content to be shared on the internet.

## Hazards

Hazards that occur whilst train surfing include falling off a moving train, falling underneath the train, colliding with buildings, structures and objects that are close to the train's path as it moves along the track and electrocution from power supply.
A person can receive an electric shock from an overhead power line or conductor rail when his body comes into contact with it.
A person can receive an electric shock from an electric arc without his body actually touching an overhead power line. An electric arc can go from an overhead power line and pass through the air and then make contact with a person's body, causing an electric shock.

### Injuries and deaths

In the decade before August 2000, in Brazil, there were 100 people who died in more than 200 accidents.
In South Africa in 2006, 19 people died whilst train surfing with a further 100 train-surfing accidents occurring.
In Indonesia, in two years before 2008, 53 people died whilst train surfing.
In the Russian Central Federal District in 2015 there were 24 people injured whilst train surfing and in 2016 in the Central Federal District there were 9 people who died whilst train surfing.
In New York, from 1989 to 2011, there were 13 people who died and 56 people injured train surfing.
In New York City, on October 23rd, 2024, a 13-year-old boy became the 5th person to die in 2024 from subway surfing.
In Ukraine, in 2017, there were 12 people who died whilst train surfing.

## Prevention and punishments

Train surfing is illegal in most of the world. Many railways take a zero tolerance policy to practice of riding on exterior parts of trains, and employ railway police and guards in an attempt to prevent the practice. Police officers and guards usually patrol the territory of large passenger stations and freight yards, and can arrest train surfers if they are spotted. In some countries, railway police can patrol the territory of railways in utility trucks, SUVs ("bullmobiles"), or even standard police cars. In countries where the practice of trains surfing occurs regularly, the police frequently organize raids in order to detect surfers so that they can be removed and arrested. The most common form of penalty for train surfers is a fine. However, in some countries, such as the United States or Canada, train surfers can be both fined and imprisoned.
In the United Kingdom, train surfing is prohibited under railway byelaw No. 10, which prohibits travelling in or on any train except in areas of the train intended for use by that person.
At least 87 people were arrested in the last four months of 2010 on Melbourne's railways for offences relating to train surfing. In Russia, over 1000 train surfers were arrested at the Moscow Railway during ten months of 2011. In India, 153 people were prosecuted in a single day in June 2012 for train surfing on the Central Railway.

### Deterrents

To reduce the practice of riding on the outside of trains, railway companies often place signs that warn about the dangers of train surfing. While there are no official numbers, the London Underground ran a public awareness campaign against "tube surfing".
The Indonesian railway company, PT Kereta Api, has tried several methods to deter train surfers. Early methods included spraying those caught with red paint and placing barbed wire on train roofs. In 2012, the company began suspending heavy concrete balls above the railway, a short distance from the stations. This method was criticised as being potentially lethal.