OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# William Cowherd

William Cowherd (1763 – 24 March 1816) was an English Christian minister and vegetarianism activist. He served a congregation in Salford known as the Bible Christian Church. Cowherd advocated and encouraged members of his then small group of followers, known as Bible Christians or "Cowherdites", to abstain from the eating of meat as a form of temperance. The Church was one of the philosophical forerunners of the Vegetarian Society founded in 1847.

## Early life

After teaching philology at Beverley Cowherd came to Manchester and became curate to the Rev. John Clowes at St John's Church. Having studied the writings of Emanuel Swedenborg, he like Clowes, adopted Swedenborgian doctrine and preached at the Swedenborgian church in Peter Street. He is said to have been the only man to read the Latin writings of Swedenborg in their entirety.

## Bible Christian Church

In 1800 Cowherd established a new congregation in Salford, building the chapel at his own expense. His chapel, Christ Church, was located on King Street, Salford, just across the River Irwell from Manchester. Believing that ministers should maintain themselves he conducted a school and practised as a physician from time to time. In 1809 he promulgated the doctrine that people should "eat no more meat till the world endeth" and abstain from alcoholic drinks.
The denomination he founded was known as the Bible Christian Church (not to be confused with the Methodist sect of the same name based in the South-west of England). His early ideas and insight into the abstinence from eating meat, provided the basis for early ideas about vegetarianism. The message was preached in the U.S. when 41 members of the Bible Christian Church crossed the Atlantic in 1817.
Cowherd is credited with being an important early advocate for vegetarianism. It is noted that he asked his congregation in a sermon preached on 18 January 1809, to refrain from eating meat which culminated in the founding of the Vegetarian Society in 1847.

## Death

Cowherd died on 24 March 1816 and was buried in the Christ Church yard with the inscription at his request after Alexander Pope's verse about "He who would save a sinking land": "All feared, none loved, and few understood".

## Library

Facts Authentic in Science and Religion towards a new Translation of the Bible which he had compiled was printed after his death. He left his personal library to the chapel and it was transferred to the new Bible Christian Chapel in Cross Lane. According to William Axon "It was at one time a circulating library, accessible to the public upon easy terms, but the books are not such as can be read by those who run." It was a scholar's library, strong in theology (including the London polyglott edition of the Bible, 1657), with some mystical works and books on health from the 17th century and later.

## Publications

* Select Hymns for the Use of Bible Christians
* Facts Authentic in Science and Religion: Designed to Illustrate a New Translation of the Bible (Part 1, 1818; Part 2, 1820)
# Avondale House

Avondale House, in Avondale, County Wicklow, Ireland, is the birthplace and home of Charles Stewart Parnell. It is set in the Avondale Forest Park, spanning over 2 km$^2$ (500 acres) of land, approximately 1.5 km from the nearby town of Rathdrum. The river Avonmore flows through the park on its way towards the Irish Sea. The House is now a museum.

## History

Avondale House was built in 1777 for Samuel Hayes, a barrister who wrote a book on Irish Forestry and was a pioneer of the re-afforestation of Ireland, planting many thousands of trees on the estate. He died childless in 1795 leaving the estate to his cousin Sir John Parnell, 2nd Baronet, with the condition that it pass to a younger son. On Sir John's death in 1801, his third son, William, inherited and changed his surname to Parnell-Hayes. Charles Stewart Parnell, his grandson, was born there in 1846 and inherited in 1859. After Parnell's death in 1891 the estate was sold to a Dublin butcher from Phibsboro who felled most of the trees to recoup his investment.
The house is Georgian, probably designed by James Wyatt and built in 1777. It is notable for its fine plasterwork and still contains many original pieces of furniture. The American Room is dedicated to Admiral Charles Stewart (1778-1869), Parnell's American grandfather who commanded the USS Constitution (now moored in Boston Harbor) during the War of 1812. The outside of the house is featured in a painting in the R. Barry O'Brien 1898 biography of Parnell.
The woodlands were renewed in 1904 when the estate was sold to the government. The house was used as a forestry school and the grounds planted with a great variety of trees, the most successful being conifers from the Pacific coast of North America. The grounds now boast specimens of giant redwoods from California and Sitka spruce from British Columbia. The ruins of Parnell's old sawmill and Parnell's well are located on the site.

## Access and conservation

Avondale House is open for guided tours.
In 2019, Fáilte Ireland announced a major restoration project for Avondale House and Forest Park. In July 2022, President Michael D. Higgins officially opened "Beyond the Trees Avondale", described as a new world-class visitor destination at Avondale Forest Park. Facilities in Beyond the Trees Avondale include a tree canopy walk as well as gift shop, picnic areas, walled garden, and children's playground.
In Avondale Forest Park there are forest trails and walks ranging in duration from 30 minutes to five hours. One of the site's attractions is a trackless Forest Train that runs through the park.
# ISO 3166-2:GA

ISO 3166-2:GA is the entry for Gabon in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1.
Currently for Gabon, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for nine provinces.
Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen. The first part is GA, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Gabon. The second part is a digit (1–9).

## Current codes

Subdivision names are listed as in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA).
Click on the button in the header to sort each column.
| Code | Subdivision name (fr) | Subdivision name (en) |
| GA-1 | Estuaire | Estuary |
| GA-2 | Haut-Ogooué | Upper Ogooué |
| GA-3 | Moyen-Ogooué | Middle Ogooué |
| GA-4 | Ngounié | Ngounié |
| GA-5 | Nyanga | Nyanga |
| GA-6 | Ogooué-Ivindo | Ogooué-Ivindo |
| GA-7 | Ogooué-Lolo | Ogooué-Lolo |
| GA-8 | Ogooué-Maritime | Maritime Ogooué |
| GA-9 | Woleu-Ntem | Woleu-Ntem |
# Battle of Kalpi

The Battle of Kalpi, also referred to as the Sack of Kalpi, was an important conflict during the late 17th century involving Chhatrasal Bundela, the leader of the Bundela rebellion against the Mughal Empire. The battle unfolded when Chhatrasal attacked and plundered the strategic town of Kalpi, an important Mughal stronghold, killing its governor, Pir Ali Khan. Following this, Pir Ali Khan's son, Diler Khan, led a counterattack, forcing Chhatrasal to retreat initially.
However, after securing reinforcements and rallying an army of 30,000 troops, Chhatrasal launched a renewed offensive against Diler Khan. Despite being heavily outnumbered, Diler Khan offered fierce resistance but was ultimately defeated and killed along with 500 of his men.

## Battle

In 1720, the Bundelas raided Kalpi, killing Pir Ali Khan, the Amil of the region, along with his son. In response, Diler Khan, a subordinate of Bangash, launched a military campaign against the Bundelas, forcing them to retreat from the parganas of Kalpi and Jalalpur. But then the Bundelas set themselves again under the command of Chhatrasal and assembled a force of believers more than 30,000 in number and equipped with heavy artillery. Diler Khan, realizing the Indian situation was unfavorable, turned his back on the Bundelas. Chhatrasal started from Sohrapur, where he was camped, and proceeded toward Alona. On May 8, 1721, he, with his army, reached Sohrapur. But he was delayed from progressing because of continuing rains. Undeterred, Chhatrasal kept up the pursuit along the course of the Ken River, finally getting to the neighborhood of Alona. Meanwhile, Diler Khan broke away by reaching Maudha. Chhatrasal was determined to take Diler Khan on, and on 15 May he continued to Maudha. Realizing that a confrontation with the Bundela forces was inevitable, Diler Khan decided to take the initiative and launch an attack.
On May 15, 1721, Diler Khan mounted a force of 4,000 soldiers and himself led a surprise attack on the Bundela vanguard with 500 of his select warriors. Jagat Raj, Chhatrasal's son, commanded the Bundela vanguard and was caught off guard. However, since the main body of the Bundelas was hot on their heels, the attack was unable to bring about any decisive advantage due to an immediate reinforcement of the vanguard. The Pathans were fighting bravely but were also outnumbered and outmaneuvered by the Bundelas. On the battlefield, Diler Khan was killed, along with most of his army.

## Aftermath

Chhatrasal wrote to Sawai Jai Singh, lamenting Saadat Khan Burhan-ul-Mulk's intrusion into his territories and the hostile acts of Muhammad Khan Bangash and Nizam-ul-Mulk. He mentioned an imperial grant of the disputed territories obtained on the basis of Jai Singh's intervention and asked for his support to prevent imperial interference. Although Chhatrasal was averse to war, panic in court, particularly from Jai Singh, about the growing power of Bangash resulted in a steep escalation of tension, ultimately taking the shape of the Bangash-Bundela war.
# Pyrotechnic fastener

A pyrotechnic fastener (also called an explosive bolt, or pyro, within context) is a fastener, usually a nut or bolt, that incorporates a pyrotechnic charge that can be initiated remotely. One or more explosive charges embedded within the bolt are typically activated by an electric current, and the charge breaks the bolt into two or more pieces. The bolt is typically scored around its circumference at the point(s) where the severance should occur. Such bolts are often used in space applications to ensure separation between rocket stages, because they are lighter and much more reliable than mechanical latches.
In applications that require safety, precision and reliability, such as the aerospace industry, pyrotechnic fasteners are triggered using exploding bridgewire detonators, which were themselves later succeeded by slapper detonators. Classical blasting caps are generally avoided for such usage.
More recent developments have used pulsed laser diodes to detonate initiators through fiber-optic cables, which subsequently fire the main charge.
Gas generators are similar to pyrotechnic fasteners. They are used to generate large amounts of gas, as for turbopumps, to inflate balloons, especially airbags, to eject parachutes and similar applications.

## Compositions used

Various pyrotechnic compositions can be used, depending on the desired burn rate and required amount of energy and volume of gas produced. Some materials, such as RDX, sublime in vacuum, which limits their usefulness in aerospace applications. Composition with the character of bipropellants and flash powders are often used.

### Standard pyrotechnic mixtures used by NASA

* Manganese / barium chromate / lead chromate: Time-delay mix, used for sequencing. Gasless burning.
* RDX / nitrocellulose: Gas generator, unsuitable for deep space missions, burn rate dependent on pressure.
* Boron / potassium nitrate: Gas generator and rocket-motor igniter, thermally stable, stable in vacuum, burn rate independent of pressure.
* Zirconium / potassium perchlorate: Used in the NASA Standard Initiator (NSI). Rapid pressure rise, little gas but emits hot particles, thermally stable, vacuum stable, long shelf life. Sensitive to static electricity. Known to cause circuit damage during ground testing.
* Lead azide: Used as a primary explosive.$^{:38}$ Sensitive to impact, friction, and static electricity. Thermally and vacuum stable, if dextrin is not used for desensitizing. Long shelf life.
* Hexanitrostilbene: Used in detonators, linear shaped charges, and bulk explosives. Insensitive to stimuli other than explosion. Thermally stable. Vacuum stable. Used in deep space applications where RDX can not be utilized, such as aboard the Apollo Lunar Module$^{:23}$ Detonates at 22,000 feet per second (6,700 m/s).
# Garden Plain Township, Whiteside County, Illinois

Garden Plain Township is located in Whiteside County, Illinois. As of the 2021 census, its population was 983 and it contained 492 housing units.

## Geography

According to the 2021 census, the township has a total area of 31 square miles (80 km$^2$), of which 30.7 square miles (80 km$^2$) (or 97.15%) is land and 0.9 square miles (2.3 km$^2$) (or 2.85%) is water.
# Cahiers Agricultures

Cahiers Agricultures is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal covering research on farming systems worldwide, the way they are changing, and their role in society. The journal publishes articles, short communications, reviews, comments, and replies, mainly in French language. It is published by EDP Sciences and the editor-in-chief is Jean-Yves Jamin (Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement). The journal was established in 1992 and it has been published by EDP Sciences since 2016.

## Abstracting and indexing

The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
* AGRICOLA
* AGRIS
* CAB Abstracts
* Scopus
* Science Citation Index Expanded
According to the 2021 Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 1.053.
# Eugene Symphony

The Eugene Symphony is an American orchestra based in Eugene, Oregon. The Eugene Symphony is a resident company of the Hult Center for the Performing Arts and performs in the center's Silva Hall in downtown Eugene and Cuthbert Amphitheater located near Alton Baker Park. Approximately 27,000 people attend Eugene Symphony's classical and pops concert performances each year. In 2025 the Eugene Symphony will begin its 60th performance season.
The current music director designate is Alex Prior.

## Former music directors

Former music directors include:
* Marin Alsop (1989–1996)
* Miguel Harth Bedoya (1996–2002)
* Giancarlo Guerrero (2002–2009)
* Danial Rachev (2009–2017)
* Francesco Lecce-Chong (2017–2024)
# Brandi Ahzionae

Brandi Ahzionae is an activist and advocate for transgender rights in Washington, DC. She started the blog DMV Trans Circulator, which aims to build a community of positive transgender people. Professionally, Ahzionae also works as a hair stylist.
# Puwaq Hanka mountain range

The Puwaq Hanka mountain range Quechua puwaq, eight, hanka snowcapped peak or ridge, "eight peaks (or ridges)", Hispanicized spelling Puagjanca, also Puagjancha) is in the Andes of Peru. It is located in the Junín Region, Yauli Province, Carhuacayan District, and in the Lima Region, Huaral Province, in the districts of and Andamarca and Atavillos Alto.

## Mountains

Some of the highest mountains of the range are Puwaq Hanka at about 5,100 metres (16,732 ft) and Yunkan at about 5,100 metres (16,732 ft).
# Dorothy Adlow

Dorothy Adlow (1901-1964) was a nationally known art critic and lecturer from Boston.

## Early life and education

She was born in Boston on June 7, 1901, to Jewish immigrant parents. Her father, Nathan Adlow, emigrated as a youth from Kazarez, Poland, and opened a furniture store in the Roxbury neighborhood of Boston. Her mother, Bessie (Bravman) Adlow, was born in Dauge, Lithuania. Her brother, Elijah Adlow, eventually became chief justice of the Boston Municipal Court.
Dorothy grew up in Roxbury and attended Girls' Latin School. At her mother's urging, and despite her father's warnings that "if she gets too educated, she'll never marry," she went on to earn a bachelor's and a master's degree from Radcliffe College, graduating in 1923.

## Career

After college, Adlow worked briefly for the Boston Evening Transcript before beginning a 41-year career as an art critic for The Christian Science Monitor. By her mid-twenties, she had achieved a remarkable level of independence and professional success for a young woman of her time.
To supplement her income, Adlow traveled widely, lecturing at colleges and museums and serving as an art juror. In 1930 she lectured at the Carnegie International exhibit series in Pittsburgh, the first woman to do so. She also appeared frequently on television programs produced by the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, and taught at the Katharine Gibbs School.
Adlow was Boston's leading art critic during the 1940s, when the city's art scene changed dramatically. She regularly attended exhibitions at the Museum School and discussed the students' work with Karl Zerbe. Jean Gibran, wife of the artist Kahlil Gibran, names Adlow in her memoir as one of those who contributed to the "flowering" of Boston Expressionism.

## Personal life

In 1931, at the age of 30, Adlow married composer-conductor Nicolas Slonimsky. She kept her maiden name and continued working, providing a small, but steady income for the household while her husband's fortunes fluctuated. Her daughter, Electra, was born in 1933.
Adlow corresponded frequently with her husband, who traveled a great deal. She carefully saved his letters, but her letters to him have been lost. Her daughter published a posthumous collection of Slonimsky's letters titled Dear Dorothy: Letters from Nicolas Slonimsky to Dorothy Adlow (University of Rochester Press, 2012).
She died of a heart attack on January 11, 1964, at her home on Beacon Street in Boston, aged 62.

## Awards and honors

* 1947: Honorary Phi Beta Kappa membership, Radcliffe College
* 1953: Art Critic Award, American Federation of Arts
* 1957: Art Citation of Merit, Boston University
A room is named in her honor at Hilles Library, Radcliffe College.
# Leo DaSilva

Leo Babarinde Akinola Dasilva (born 10 July 1992), is a Nigerian reality television star, businessman and pundit.

## Background and education

DaSilva comes from a family of two boys and three girls. He was born in Ojuelegba, Surulere, Lagos; and he is from Lagos Island. His both parents are late.
He had his primary education in Pampers private school, Surulere and his secondary education in Christ the King International School and Rainbow college.

## Career

He was a participant in the Big Brother Naija Season 3 in 2018, spending six to seven weeks on the show. In an interview with The Punch, he revealed that he was encouraged to audition for the show by his mother.
He has lent his voice to some of the contemporary issues going on in Nigeria ranging from domestic violence and abusive relationships, to the rising cases of missing persons in Nigeria. Other issues he has spoken about includes being open about one's sexuality with their partners before marriage and the rising number out-of-school children cum beggars on the streets of Lagos. He has also shared his thoughts about several other issues, ranging from the high spate of divorces in the Nigerian entertainment industry, to the indecent way ladies expose their bodies at events, also advising youths to write down their wills when they are as young as 25 years old.
Pivoting into public speaking and pastoring, he was one of the guest speakers at the 2022 NEC Live and at the 2022 Bola Tinubu birthday summit.

## Controversy

He drew criticism for participating in the Tinubu birthday summit event from the Nigerian youth. He also suffered criticism from nollywood actress Etinosa Idemudia for focusing his punditry too much on relationship matters.
# Battle of Capua (1348)

The Battle of Capua was fought between 11–15 January 1348 between the troops of Louis I of Hungary and those of the Kingdom of Naples, in the course of the former's invasion of Naples.
The Neapolitan troops, led by Queen Joan's second husband Louis of Taranto, were in the fortified town of Capua. Most of King Louis 's troops were Italian and German mercenaries and English longbowmen, considered unreliable; his more loyal Hungarian knights were unsuitable for the siege of fortresses. Therefore, King Louis avoided Capua and headed for Benevento with his troops. To cover this manoeuvre he ordered Niccolò Gaetano, Count of Fondi, to attack the bridgehead of river Volturno with the Hungarian and German cavalry and Lombard infantry.
Count Gaetano did not make a frontal attack against the bridgehead: he sent part of his force along the river Volturno, towards Orticella, where they crossed the river and launched a surprise attack on the right wing and rear of the Neapolitan army. The attacking troops consisted mainly of cavalry and some infantry.
Around 3 PM the Hungarian light cavalry got tired of the initial skirmishes which had ensued, and released a devastating flight of arrows on the Neapolitan cavalry; most of the latter lost their horses and had to fight on foot. Louis of Taranto ordered a countermarch but these turned suddenly in rout.
A smaller part of the Neapolitan army fled toward Teano, followed by Gaetano's cavalry. Most of them were killed or captured. The larger part of the Neapolitan army retreated in poor conditions to Naples under Louis of Taranto.
After the collapse the Neapolitan mercenaries started to escape from Capua, forcing the commander of Capua to capitulate. Some days later Queen Joan sailed to Provence, followed by her husband; subsequently the Kingdom of Naples fell to King Louis.

## Louis' Italian army

Louis' Italian army contained German mercenary infantry, Hungarian heavy knights and light cavalry from Hungary, and remarkable English longbowmen.

## Footnotes

* 1 2 3 4 5 Bánlaky 1929.

## Works cited
### Books

* Bánlaky, József (1929). "2. Az első nápolyi hadjárat 1347–1348-ban" [2. The First Naples Campaign in 1947-1948]. A magyar nemzet hadtörténelme [Military history of the Hungarian nation] (in Hungarian). Budapest, Hungary: Grill Károly Könyvkiadó vállalata. ISBN 963-86118-7-1. Retrieved 27 June 2011.
# Roper Mountain Science Center

Roper Mountain Science Center is located in Greenville, South Carolina. It encompasses a campus containing facilities for studying life and natural sciences, space and physical sciences. Among its facilities are the Living History Farm, the Darrell W. Harrison Hall of Natural Sciences, the Simms Hall of Science, the T.C. Hooper Planetarium, and the Daniel Observatory. The center is a part of the Greenville County School District.

## History

Roper Mountain Science Center was started as a unique partnership between public and private resources. Initial planning for the center began in 1982 and the center opened in 1985.

## Charles E. Daniel Observatory

The principal telescope at the observatory is a 58.4 cm (23.0 in) refracting telescope. the objective lens was made by Alvan Clark and Sons. The telescope, which was finished in 1882, was installed at the Halsted Observatory of Princeton University. The telescope was rebuilt in 1933 by J. W. Fecker Company. The telescope was transferred to the US Naval Observatory in 1964. In 1968, it was offered to the Greenville County School District. The telescope was renovated and an observatory was built through a donation from the Charles E. Daniel Family Foundation. It is the eighth largest refractor telescope in the United States.