OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Contumazá

Contumazá is a town in Northern Peru, capital of the province Contumazá in the region Cajamarca.

## Climate

Contumazá has a subtropical highland climate (Köppen: Cwb) characterized by mild temperatures and a distinct wet and dry seasons.
The total annual precipitation is 727.1 millimeters (28.63 inches). Contumazá receives the majority of its precipitation during the wet season, which typically spans from January to April. March is the wettest month, receiving an average of 230 millimetres (9.1 in) of precipitation. The months from May to November typically receive significantly reduced rainfall, with July and August receiving almost no rainfall.
Contumazá experiences relatively stable temperatures throughout the year, with minor variations between months. The dry season experiences larger diurnal air temperature variation, with warmer days and cooler nights, compared to the wet season. The yearly average high temperature is 20.3°C (68.5°F), while the yearly average low temperature is 9.3°C (48.7°F).
Climate data for Contumazá (1991–2020) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 19.2 (66.6) | 18.9 (66.0) | 19.0 (66.2) | 19.6 (67.3) | 20.7 (69.3) | 21.4 (70.5) | 21.5 (70.7) | 21.6 (70.9) | 21.2 (70.2) | 20.4 (68.7) | 20.1 (68.2) | 19.7 (67.5) | 20.3 (68.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 9.9 (49.8) | 10.4 (50.7) | 10.6 (51.1) | 10.0 (50.0) | 9.0 (48.2) | 7.8 (46.0) | 7.5 (45.5) | 8.0 (46.4) | 9.0 (48.2) | 9.6 (49.3) | 9.3 (48.7) | 10.0 (50.0) | 9.3 (48.7) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 78.5 (3.09) | 165.0 (6.50) | 231.6 (9.12) | 104.5 (4.11) | 24.7 (0.97) | 4.9 (0.19) | 1.4 (0.06) | 1.2 (0.05) | 9.2 (0.36) | 24.4 (0.96) | 28.7 (1.13) | 53.0 (2.09) | 727.1 (28.63) |
| Source: NOAA ||||||||||||||
# Knobsnout parrotfish

The knobsnout parrotfish (Scarus ovifrons) or blue humphead parrotfish is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a parrotfish, in the family Scaridae which is famous for its characteristic blue color. It lives in reefs and coral reefs. It grows to a maximum length of about 90 cm. Its body is a strong blue color, and may have reddish-brown, white, or black spots on it. Adult fish have whitish spots on their cheeks and a lump on their foreheads. Young fish have no spots on their cheeks or lumps on their foreheads. It is found in the northwestern Pacific Ocean off Japan and Taiwan.

## Diet

It primarily feeds on epilithic red algae and detritus growing on rocky surfaces. Coralline algae is less commonly fed on. Large fish that are over 40 cm in length have also been recorded feeding on live Acropora solitaryensis coral. By limiting algae growth, parrotfishes encourage the growth of coral on reefs.

## Sex change

Like most other parrotfish, the species undergoes sex change from female to male as it grows, although little information about this is known. The sexes cannot be distinguished on the basis of the hump at the front of the head, as both sexes display this trait as adults, nor can the sexes be distinguished on the basis of size, as it is unknown at what size sex change occurs.

## Toxicity

The flesh of the knobsnout parrotfish is toxic, and causes severe food poisoning if ingested. From 1953 to 2013, there have been 27 reported cases in Japan of people being poisoned upon eating the fish. Poisoning causes severe muscle pain associated with rhabdomyolysis. It is not well understood what the toxin is. It is possible that the toxin is accumulated from its diet, but it is unknown what food item would be the source of the toxin.

## Gallery

* 19th century water colour painting
# Ciecierzyn, Lubusz Voivodeship

Ciecierzyn is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Strzelce Krajeńskie, within Strzelce-Drezdenko County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland.
# Diya Menon

Diya Menon (born 27 December 1992) is an Indian television host and a video jockey who works in Tamil language television. She is known for hosting television shows such as Savaale Samali, Super Challenge and Vanakkam Tamizha. She has also hosted various different private events around India.

## Early life

Diya was born in Coonoor, Kerala, India on 27 December 1992 to her father, Muralidharan Menon, and mother, Sindhu Muralidharan Menon. She also has an elder sister called Dheepthi Kapil who is a television actress. She completed her primary education at Mrs. Bullmore School, Coonoor. Then her family relocated to Coimbatore, family. She then completed her schooling at Sri Nehru Vidyalaya, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu in 2010.

## Career

Diya Menon started her career in 2015 appearing as a television host in the challenge-competition show Super Challenge hosting the show alongside other anchors Deepak Dinkar, Rishi, Aadhavan and Kavitha. She also hosted shows on Sun Music such as Krazy Kanmani, Suda Suda Chennai and Call Mela Kasu. During an interview in 2017, she was asked if she would ever consider debuting as an actress and appearing in films. She replied to the question by stating "I have no interest and won't appear in any films".

## Personal life

Diya Menon married Karthik Subramanian, a cricketer on a Singapore state-level team. Diya and Karthik were in a three-year relationship before they were married. After marriage Diya and her husband migrated to Singapore for good where she currently resides. She is now a citizen of Singapore. On 20 August 2022, Diya gave birth to a baby girl.

## Television

| Show | Role |
| Krazy Kanmani | Host |
| Super Challenge | Host |
| Vanakkam Tamizha | Host |
| Savaale Samali | Host |
| Pudhu Padam Eppadi Irukku | Host |
| Suda Suda Chennai | Host |
# Czarnowo, Lubusz Voivodeship

Czarnowo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Krosno Odrzańskie, within Krosno Odrzańskie County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland. It lies approximately 10 km (6 mi) west of Krosno Odrzańskie and 39 km (24 mi) west of Zielona Góra.
# William Edmeston

General William Edmeston (died 1804) was a British Army officer who owned an estate in New York State.
As a captain in the 48th Regiment of Foot, he was posted to North America in 1755 with his brother, Lieutenant Robert Edmeston, to fight in the French and Indian War.
In 1763, by royal proclamation, the brothers were each awarded 5,000 acres (20 km$^2$) of land in the colonies for their military service. They attempted to establish their claims in what was then a disputed part of the New Hampshire Grants, now Vermont. However, in 1770 they decided to locate on the east bank of the Unadilla River in New York State just west of George Croghan's Otsego patent, in what is now the Town of Edmeston in Otsego County. They established their homes on the land, which became known as the Mount Edmeston Tracts. The transactions were facilitated by Percifer Carr, who had been a sergeant in the 48th with Edmeston and when the Edmeston brothers later returned to England, Carr would be employed as caretaker of their land.
When the American War of Independence broke out in 1775 Edmonston was arrested by the Americans and sent to Boston to be exchanged, after which he became Lieutenant-Colonel of the 48th Foot. He was captured by a French privateer in 1779, but he made his way to England the following year and spent the remainder of the war serving in Europe as a lieutenant-colonel, first with the 48th Foot but from 1782 to 1783 with the 50th Foot.
Between 1793 and 1796 he was the Colonel of the short-lived 95th Regiment of Foot and in 1802 he was appointed Colonel of the 1st Royal Veteran Battalion. He was promoted full general in 1803.
He died the following year and was buried at Hanwell, Middlesex on 3 July 1804.
# Russian State Hydrometeorological University

Russian State Hydrometeorological University (RSHU) (Russian: Российский государственный гидрометеорологический университет) is a coeducational and public research university located in St. Petersburg, Russia. It was founded on July 23, 1930. For all the time RSHU have trained more than 20,000 professionals, with more than 3,000 for foreign countries. Current rector is acting Valeriy Mikheev due to the death of the previous rector Lev Karlin.

## History

Russian State Hydrometeorological University was established on July 23, 1930, on the basis of Geophysical Department of the Faculty of Physics of the MSU as Moscow Hydrometeorological Institute.
After World War II the university was transferred to Leningrad and renamed as Leningrad Hydrometeorological Institute (LHI). The institute became the world's first institution of higher education with hydrometeorological profile.
In 1992, it was renamed the Russian State Hydrometeorological Institute (RSHI). In 1998, it was renamed as Russian State Hydrometeorological University (current name).

## Faculties

RSHU consists of 8 faculties:
* Meteorological Faculty
* Hydrological Faculty
* Oceanological Faculty
* Ecological Faculty
* Information Systems and Geotechnologies
* Economics, Social Sciences and Humanities
* Philological
* National and Traditional Arts

## University rating

Center for Promotion of graduates conducted monitoring of university centers of youth employment in 2011. According to the results of this monitoring RSHU took 12th place among the universities of the Russian Federation, and the 3rd place among the universities of St. Petersburg. According to the rating of public universities in Russia in 2010 RSHU ranked 141 out of 1,527 Russian universities in the overall rankings, 23 out of 94 universities of St. Petersburg.

## International collaboration

The university is a member of the University of the Arctic. UArctic is an international cooperative network based in the Circumpolar Arctic region, consisting of more than 200 universities, colleges, and other organizations with an interest in promoting education and research in the Arctic region. The collaboration has been paused after the beginning of the Russo-Ukrainian War in 2022.
# Doris Holmes Blake

Doris Holmes Blake, née Doris Mildred Holmes (January 11, 1892 – December 3, 1978), was an American entomologist and scientific illustrator.
She was an expert on chrysomelidae (leaf beetles).

## Life

Doris Holmes was raised in a middle-class family in Stoughton, Massachusetts. She earned a B.A. from Boston University in 1913 and an M.A. in Zoology and Psychology from Radcliffe College in 1917. While at Boston University she became a member of Alpha Delta Pi. Marrying the botanist and plant taxonomist Sidney Fay Blake in 1918, she worked for the Bureau of Entomology of the United States Department of Agriculture from 1919 to 1928. From 1928 she worked at the Department of Entomology of the United States National Museum. Forced to resign in 1933 by her husband's employment at the Department (the law prohibited more than one member of a family holding a government position), she continued studying beetles as an unpaid Associate of the Smithsonian Institution at Washington, D.C. until her death.
Some of Blake's entomological and botanical sketches, as well as her non-academic writing, are also included. The papers also include a number of photographs of Blake and her family and of entomologists, both at the Smithsonian and at USDA. Her papers are held by the Smithsonian Institution.

## Works

* Resources in your library
* Resources in other libraries
* Online books
* Resources in your library
* Resources in other libraries
* A review of the beetles of the genus Disonycha occurring in America north of Mexico, 1934. Smithsonian Institution.
* A study of LeConte's species of the chrysomelid genus Graphops with descriptions of some new species, 1955
* A review of the beetles of the genus Neobrotica and some closely related genera, 1966. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, v. 118, no. 3529.
* A review of the beetles of the genus Metachroma Chevrolat (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), 1970. Smithsonian contributions to zoology, no. 57.
* The costate species of Colaspis in the United States (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), 1974. Smithsonian contributions to zoology, no. 181.
* The brown semicostate and costate species of Colaspis in Mexico and Central America (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), 1976. Technical bulletin (United States. Dept. of Agriculture), no. 1534.
# Cariniana penduliflora

Cariniana penduliflora is a species of woody plant in the family Lecythidaceae. It is known from only a single specimen collected in Rondônia, Brazil.

## Taxonomy and history

Cariniana penduliflora was described by British botanist Ghillean Prance in 1976 based on a single specimen collected from an area of disturbed forest in Rondônia in November of 1968. The species is known only from this original specimen.
# Nicefor Czernichowski

Nikifor Romanovich Chernigovsky (died in 1675; Polish: Nicefor Czernichowski, also known as Jaxa-Czernichowski and Czernihowski, Russian: Никифор Романович Черниговский) was a Polish noble who was exiled to Siberia over the course of the Polish-Russian war. In 1665, he murdered the voivode of Ilimsk for raping his daughter, and fled to the Amur where he reoccupied the ruins of Albazin and gathered a band of supporters, forming the state of Jaxa.

## Life

Nicefor Czernichowski became a Russian prisoner in 1633 during the battle near Novhorod-Siverskyi (most likely together with his father, Roman); his name was mentioned in the Russian chronicle Razriad. In August 1633 he was exiled to Vologda. Due to a peace treaty ending the Polish-Russian war in 1634 he was entitled to be liberated. As he married a woman from Moscow, he initially intended to stay in Muscovy; he swore loyalty to the Tsar and in 1635 he converted to Orthodoxy.
He later changed his mind and in the company of seven companions, he headed towards the Polish border. He may or may not been aware that he was no longer entitled to return to his homeland, at least in the eyes of the Tsar. On 3 July 1636, he was captured and exiled to Yeniseysk, arriving in 1637 and accompanied by his wife. In 1649, he was sent further east to Ilimsk, then to Ust-Kut and Kirensk. He went on to have three sons and two daughters during this time. In 1656 he became a Cossack leader. His address to Tsar to restore his noble status was left unanswered in 1657.
In 1664, the voivode of Ilimsk, Lawrentij Obuhov, raped his daughter, Pelagia, who was the wife of Foma Kirylow. In an act of revenge, Nicefor murdered Obuhov in 1665. Nicefor subsequently was outlawed; he organized a group of 84 cossacks, including the Orthodox monk Hermogenes, and traveled towards the Amur river bordering China, where he settled at the ruins of Albazin.

## State of Jaxa

Nicefor founded a petty kingdom among the local Daur people. His new domain stretched down the river to the mouth of the Zeya River, 500 km from Albazin. The state was called Jaxa – derived from Nicefor's coat of arms. Monk Hermogenes wrote down the Code of Law.
From the beginning, Nicefor's international position was peculiar – his state was not recognized by Russia nor China. The state consisted of only 500 people. After initial struggles with Russia, he unilaterally recognized the overlordship of the Tsar in 1669. In 1670 he defended his state against a Chinese expedition. In 1672 the Tsar issued a death sentence against Nicefor that was followed by an act of mercy two days later. In 1674, Nicefor Czernichowski was nominated for the position of voivod in charge of Albazin. In 1675, he was called by the Daur people that had been resettled in Manchuria by the Chinese and wanted to return to join the state of Jaxa again. Most likely, he died during the expedition to Manchuria.
This Jaxa state was internationally recognized and was visited by diplomats of France and the Netherlands, like Nicolaes Witsen.
# San Marcos, Cajamarca

San Marcos is a town in Northern Peru, capital of San Marcos province in the region of Cajamarca. San Marcos has volleyball facilities located at Doña Fide's.

## Climate

San Marcos has a subtropical highland climate (Köppen: Cwb) with warm days and cool nights. San Marcos has a dry season from June to August.
Climate data for San Marcos, Cajamarca (1991–2020) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 25.7 (78.3) | 25.3 (77.5) | 24.9 (76.8) | 25.5 (77.9) | 25.7 (78.3) | 25.2 (77.4) | 24.9 (76.8) | 25.3 (77.5) | 25.8 (78.4) | 26.0 (78.8) | 26.4 (79.5) | 25.8 (78.4) | 25.5 (77.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 12.0 (53.6) | 12.5 (54.5) | 12.5 (54.5) | 11.7 (53.1) | 10.1 (50.2) | 8.3 (46.9) | 7.4 (45.3) | 8.0 (46.4) | 9.8 (49.6) | 11.3 (52.3) | 11.1 (52.0) | 11.9 (53.4) | 10.6 (51.1) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 98.1 (3.86) | 118.8 (4.68) | 148.4 (5.84) | 76.2 (3.00) | 30.6 (1.20) | 7.2 (0.28) | 3.9 (0.15) | 3.1 (0.12) | 27.0 (1.06) | 79.0 (3.11) | 80.6 (3.17) | 111.3 (4.38) | 784.2 (30.87) |
| Source: NOAA ||||||||||||||
# Help the Aged

Help the Aged was a United Kingdom based international charity founded in 1961 by Cecil Jackson-Cole and Hugh Faulkner to help disadvantaged older people who were affected by poverty, isolation and neglect. It merged with Age Concern in 2009 to form Age UK.

## Organisation

Help the Aged had national offices in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. As of 2005 the Charity employed over 1,800 people and had an income of £75 million per year.
The Charity was an active campaigner on a number of issues affecting older people including:
* Elder Abuse
* Poverty among older
* Health and Social Care
* Neighbourhoods
* Pensions and Benefits
* Isolation and loneliness
On 26 June 2008, and after years of campaigning by Help the Aged, the British Government announced new legislation aimed at making age discrimination illegal. Equalities Minister Harriet Harman unveiled the first draft of the Equalities Bill in Parliament to outlaw discrimination through the provision of goods and services on the basis of age.
Help the Aged also conducted a high-profile campaign on fuel poverty, which affects an estimated 3 million pensioners in the UK. A household is deemed to be in fuel poverty when more than 10% of its income is spent on heating the house to an adequate standard of warmth. Fuel poverty, caused by low income and non energy-efficient housing, is thought to be a main cause of excess winter deaths.

## Research into Ageing

Research into Ageing is a medical research trust that was the research arm of Help the Aged. It operates The Disconnected Mind, a research project that seeks to improve the lives of older people by unlocking the causes of age-related mental decline.

## Intune group

In 2007, Help the Aged launched intune group, a new financial services brand. The service exists as a wholly owned subsidiary of the Charity and offers tailored financial services products including home, car and travel insurance. The charity launched the initiative to remove age discrimination as a barrier to older people wishing to access certain financial products. Any profits generated by the company go towards the charity's work.

## Merger

In May 2008, Help the Aged and Age Concern England announced plans for the two charities to merge. Following consultation, this was confirmed in September, when Dianne Jeffrey was confirmed as the new chair of trustees.
Tom Wright CBE, then chief executive of VisitBritain, was appointed Chief Executive of the new charity in November 2008. He is also a Trustee of the Imperial War Museum.
The merged charity – known initially as Age Concern and Help the Aged, but now branded Age UK – was formed on 1 April 2009.
# J. C. McConnell

James Culbertson McConnell, usually abbreviated as J. C. McConnell (born 1844 – died July 25, 1904, Liberty, New York) was one of the world's most acclaimed scientific illustrators.
McConnell was an anatomist with the Army Medical Museum in Washington, D.C. For thirty-five years, he drew "many thousand exquisite drawings" of fossils, shells and bones for scientific publications. In an obituary, it was stated that, "as a draughtsman, in black and white line for scientific purposes, he had no equal in this country, if in the world."
He is most well known for his "incomparable pictures of shells" and illustrated a number of publications by the famous malacologist William Healey Dall. McConnell also illustrated fossils described by Charles Doolittle Walcott.
McConnell's illustrations continued to be used long after his death. For example, most of the black and white illustrations in R. Tucker Abbott's American Seashells (1954) were by McConnell.
McConnell has been described as "one of those shadowy-figured artisans about whom little is known." Although he held a medical degree and used the title "doctor", "officially he was a clerk."

## Gallery

* Miocene gastropods from Maryland, 1904
* Miocene barnacle, Balanus concavus from Maryland, 1904
# Wang Zeshan

Wang Zeshan (Chinese: 王泽山; born 10 October 1935) is a Chinese scientist, who specializes in development of new explosives. He is a full professor at Nanjing University of Science and Technology. Often called the “King of Explosives” and “Chinese Alfred Nobel”, his research had significant impact on both civilian and military application of explosives, and he is credited with helping to increase the launch range of Chinese's artillery by more than 20 percent.
One of the main topics of his research was reuse of waste energetic materials. He is also described as the founder the theory of propellant charges. Wang has published more than 15 books and more than 100 scientific articles during his lifetime. He is said to spend 12 hours a day in his laboratory, despite his age.

## Awards

He is a member of Chinese Academy of Engineering since 1999. He is the recipient of 2017 Highest Science and Technology Award, which is China's highest scientific award. In 2019, he became a laureate of the Asian Scientist 100 by the Asian Scientist.
# Synthite

Synthite Industries Private Ltd. is an Indian oleoresin extraction firm, world’s largest producer of spice extracts, spice powders, and essential oils. Synthite has footprints in India, China, Brazil, USA, Vietnam and Sri Lanka. The company employs 2000 people and supports a farmer community of around 14,000. In 2008, Synthite targets ₹4,000 cr turnover in three years. Its major clients include Nestle, Unilever, ITC, Bacardi and Pepsico. The company is run by the founder's son, Dr. Viju Jacob. and is headquartered in Kochi, India.

## History

The company was established in 1972 with 20 employees. It was founded by C. V. Jacob, after working in civil construction for two decades. It produced industrial chemicals before it shifted to oleoresins. The oleoresin business was initially based on research by the Central Food Technological Research Institute in Mysore. However, the technology developed was not mature, and Synthite invested years of research and development to make the technology viable. After another four years they convinced food producers that they could produce quality products on time.
In 2018, Synthite inaugurated its blending facility in Sao Paulo, Brazil and produced up to 190 tonnes per annum of oleoresin and essential oil blends.
The Synthite Industries Employees’ Union (affiliated to CITU) called a strike in the first week of April, 2018 after seven employees were transferred to other states. The 37-day-long strike was called off after talks held in the presence of the labour commissioner turned violent.
The following year, the company started its third manufacturing facility located at Wucheng county in Dezhou in China's Shandong province. Observers quoted by Outlook, an Indian magazine, felt that the company has over-invested in capacity, increasing their costs.
# The Doshan Tappeh Street

The Doshan Tappeh Street is a painting by the Iranian realism painter Kamal-ol-molk with oil on cotton duck. It was painted in 1899 and features ex-street Doshan Tappeh in Tehran. A lady in Qajar-fashion is walking in the middle of work, along the street.

## Sources

* Biography and works of Kamal-ol-molk (in Persian language)
* commons.wikimedia.org commons.wikimedia
* This article about a painting from the 1890s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
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