# Communist Party of India

Part of a series on :
Marxism :
Theoretical works
Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844
The Condition of the Working Class in England
The German Ideology
The Communist Manifesto
The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte
Grundrisse
Capital
Critique of the Gotha Programme
Dialectics of Nature
The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State
What Is to Be Done?
The Accumulation of Capital
Philosophical Notebooks
Terrorism and Communism
The State and Revolution
Essays on Marx's Theory of Value
History and Class Consciousness
Prison Notebooks
The Black Jacobins
On Practice
Dialectic of Enlightenment
A Critique of Soviet Economics
The Long Revolution
Guerrilla Warfare
The Wretched of the Earth
Reading Capital
The Society of the Spectacle
Pedagogy of the Oppressed
Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses
Ways of Seeing
How Europe Underdeveloped Africa
Social Justice and the City
Women, Race and Class
Marxism and the Oppression of Women
Imagined Communities
Hegemony and Socialist Strategy
The Sublime Object of Ideology
Time, Labor and Social Domination
The Age of Extremes
The Origin of Capitalism
Empire
Late Victorian Holocausts
Change the World Without Taking Power
Caliban and the Witch
An Introduction to the Three Volumes of Karl Marx's Capital
Capitalist Realism
Capital in the Anthropocene :
Philosophy
Alienation
Dialectical materialism
Ideology
Philosophy of nature
Philosophy in the Soviet Union
Reification
Marxist ethics :
Critique of political economy
Capital (accumulation)
Crisis theory
Commodity
Concrete and abstract labor
Factors of production
Falling profit-rate tendency
Means of production
Mode of production
Capitalist
Socialist
Productive forces
Scientific socialism
State monopoly capitalism
Surplus product
Socially necessary labour time
Value-form
Wage labour :
Sociology
Base and superstructure
Bourgeoisie
Class
Class consciousness
Classless society
Commodity fetishism
Communist society
Critical theory
Cultural hegemony
Democracy
Dictatorship of the proletariat
Soviet
Radical
Democratic centralism
Exploitation
False consciousness
Human nature
Immiseration
Imperialism
Lumpenproletariat
Metabolic rift
Proletariat
Private property
Relations of production
State theory
Working class :
History
Class struggle
Historical determinism
Primitive accumulation
Proletarian revolution
World revolution
Theory of historical trajectory :
Aspects
Aesthetics
Archaeology
Criminology
Cultural Marxism
Cultural Studies
Ethics
Film theory
Geography
Historiography
Literary criticism
Marxism and religion
Sociology
Philosophy :
Common variants
Structural
Autonomist
Marxism–Leninism
Guevarism
Maoism
Titoism
Trotskyism
Neo-Gramscianism
Regulation school
Third-worldist
Hegelian
Budapest School
Frankfurt School
Humanist
Neue Marx-Lektüre
Open
Praxis School
Both
Black
Classical
Communization
Feminist
Leninism
Neo
Post
Western :
Other variants
Analytical
Austromarxism
Centrist
Eurocommunism
Instrumental
Marxism–Leninism–Maoism
Nkrumaism
Political
Revisionist
Situationist
Socialism with Chinese characteristics
Wertkritik :
People
Marx
Engels
Morris
Lafargue
Rubin
Kautsky
Plekhanov
Du Bois
Connolly
Lenin
Luxemburg
Liebknecht
Kollontai
Stalin
Trotsky
Grossman
Zinoviev
Bloch
Lukács
Korsch
Bukharin
Ho
Serge
Gramsci
Pashukanis
Bordiga
Benjamin
Mao
Basu
Mariátegui
Horkheimer
Dutt
Brecht
Marcuse
Kalecki
Fromm
Cox
Lefebvre
James
Adorno
Padmore
Sartre
Deutscher
Beauvoir
Sombart
Nkrumah
Sweezy
Emmanuel
Hill
Bettelheim
Draper
Jones
Hobsbawm
Althusser
Hinton
Williams
Freire
Mandel
Sivanandan
Miliband
Cabral
Thompson
Bauman
Fanon
Berger
Castro
Guevara
Liebman
Heller
Guattari
Mészáros
O'Connor
Wallerstein
Mies
Tronti
Debord
Amin
Hall
Nairn
Parenti
Negri
Jameson
Dussel
Harvey
Laclau
Bahro
Poulantzas
Vattimo
Badiou
Harnecker
Altvater
Anderson
Löwy
Vogel
Sison
Easthope
Rancière
Berman
Przeworski
Cohen
Therborn
Losurdo
Postone
Rodney
Bannerji
Spivak
Newton
Wood
Federici
Wolff
Balibar
Eagleton
Kurz
Rowbotham
Mouffe
Geras
Brenner
Davis
Massey
Cleaver
Bishop
Haraway
Panitch
Clarke
Jessop
Davis
Wright
Fraser
Burawoy
Holloway
Rose
Screpanti
Tamás
Hampton
Cano
Žižek
Berardi
Sankara
Hennessy
McDonnell
Douzinas
Roediger
Foster
West
Ghandy
Marcos
Heinrich
Prashad
Kelley
Dean
Lordon
Linera
Fisher
Li
Coulthard
Malm
Seymour
Toscano
Bhattacharya
Moufawad-Paul
Srnicek
Horvat
Hamza
Saito :
Journals
Antipode
Capital & Class
Capitalism Nature Socialism
Constellations
Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory
Historical Materialism
Mediations
Monthly Review
New Left Review
Race & Class
Rethinking Marxism
Science & Society
Socialist Register :
Related topics
21st-century communist theorists
Anarchism
Creative destruction
Conflict theory
Criticism of Marxism
Communism
Communalism
Economic determinism
History of communism
Left-wing politics
Marxian economics
New Left
Old Left
Municipalism
Political ecology
Socialism
Authoritarian
Democratic
Market
Reformist
Revolutionary
Social
Utopian
Left-wing populism
Universal class
Vulgar Marxism
Economism
Worker cooperative
Workers' council :
Outline
Communism portal
Philosophy portal
Socialism portal :
vte :
The Communist Party of India (CPI) is the oldest communist party in India. The CPI was founded in modern-day Kanpur on 26 December 1925.
In 1964, a split in the CPI caused the formation of the Communist Party of India (Marxist), the largest communist party in India.
Currently, the CPI has two members in Lok Sabha and two members in Rajya Sabha. In addition, it has 22 MLAs across four states and one MLC in Bihar. It has the current ECI status of a state party in Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Manipur.
CPI was heavily involved in resistance to British colonisation, the fight against the caste system and for land reform. Between 1921 and 1933, many communist leaders were arrested and imprisoned. In 1934, the British colonial administration banned the Communist Party and its affiliated trade union and peasant organisations, making membership a criminal offence. The Communist Party continued its activities clandestinely, despite the repression. Between 1946 and 1951, it structured the peasant revolt in Telangana and organised guerrilla warfare against the feudal lords. The CPI was the main opposition party in India during the 1950s to 1960s.
CPI was part of the ruling United Front government from 1996 to 1998 and had two ministers under Devegowda and Gujral Ministry. The Left Front gave outside support to the V. P. Singh government (1989–90) and UPA government (2004–2009). The Left Front governed West Bengal for 34 years (1977–2011) and Tripura for 25 years (1993–2018).
As of December 2023, the CPI is a part of the state government in Kerala led by LDF. The CPI have four Cabinet Ministers and a Deputy Speaker in Kerala. In Tamil Nadu, it is in power with SPA coalition led by DMK. In Telangana, it is in alliance with the INC.
CPI, along with the Left Front, is part of the INDIA bloc formed to defeat the incumbent BJP-led right-wing NDA government in 2024 General elections.

## Name

CPI is officially known as भारतीय साम्यवादी पार्टी (भाकपा) [Bhāratīya Kamyunisṭ Pārṭī] (BaKaPa) in Hindi.

## Emblem

The emblem of the party shall be a crossed Hammer and Sickle in white against a red background with a circular inscription in white: “Communist Party of India”.

## Flag

The flag of the party shall be a Red Flag of which the length shall be one-and-a-half times its width. At the centre of the flag there shall be a crossed hammer and sickle in white.

## History
### Formation

The Communist Party of India (CPI) was formed on 26 December 1925 at the first Party Conference in Kanpur, which was then known as Cawnpore. S. V. Ghate was the first General Secretary of the CPI. There were many communist groups formed by Indians with the help of foreigners in different parts of the world, Tashkent group of Contacts were made with Anushilan and Jugantar the groups in Bengal, and small communist groups were formed in Bombay (led by S. A. Dange), Madras (led by Singaravelu), United Provinces (led by Shaukat Usmani), Punjab, Sindh (led by Ghulam Hussain), Orissa (led by Bhagabati Charan Panigrahi) and Bengal (led by Muzaffar Ahmed).
There is a dispute on the year of formation of CPI. The Communist Party of India (Marxist) which split from CPI in 1964, considers 17 October 1920 as the founding day of Communist Party of India. On this day, M. N. Roy, Evelyn Trent-Roy, Abani Mukherji, Rosa Fitingov, Mohd. Ali, Mohamad Shafiq, and M. P. T. Acharya met in Tashkent to form the communist movement in India. Though 1920 and 1925 both dates are insignificant, because on both of these occasions, the CPI did not adopt a "Party Constitution", which was a foremost prerequisite required to be considered for the membership of the Communist International. The CPI considers 1925 as their founding day, but CPI(M) thinks 1920 as the year, when communist movement in India was founded. There is a technical dispute between both parties on this issue.

### Involvement in independence struggle

During the 1920s and the early 1930s the party was poorly organised, and in practice there were several communist groups working with limited national co-ordination. The government banned all communist activity, which made the task of building a united party difficult. Between 1921 and 1924, there were three conspiracy trials against the communist movement: the Peshawar Conspiracy Cases, the Meerut Conspiracy Case, and the Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy Case. In the first three cases, Russian-trained muhajir communists were put on trial. However, the Cawnpore (now spelt Kanpur) trial had more political impact. On 17 March 1924, Shripad Amrit Dange, M. N. Roy, Muzaffar Ahmad, Nalini Gupta, Shaukat Usmani, Malayapuram Singaravelu, Ghulam Hussain, and R. C. Sharma were charged, in Cawnpore Bolshevik Conspiracy case. The specific pip charge was that they as communists were seeking "to deprive the King Emperor of his sovereignty of British India, by complete separation of India from Britain by a violent revolution." Pages of newspapers daily splashed sensational communist plans and people for the first time learned, on such a large scale, about communism and its doctrines and the aims of the Communist International in India.
Singaravelu Chettiar was released on account of illness. M. N. Roy was in Germany and R. C. Sharma in French Pondichéry, and therefore could not be arrested. Ghulam Hussain confessed that he had received money from the Russians in Kabul and was pardoned. Muzaffar Ahmed, Nalini Gupta, Shaukat Usmani and Dange were sentenced for various terms of imprisonment. This case was responsible for actively introducing communism to a larger Indian audience. Dange was released from prison in 1927. Rahul Dev Pal was a prominent communist leader.
On 26 December 1925, a communist conference was organised in Kanpur. Government authorities estimated that 500 persons took part in the conference. The conference was convened by a man called Satya Bhakta. At the conference Satyabhakta argued for a 'National communism' and against subordination under the Comintern. Being outvoted by the other delegates, Satyabhakta left the conference venue in protest. The conference adopted the name 'Communist Party of India'. Groups such as Labour Kisan Party of Hindustan (LKPH) dissolved into the CPI. The émigré CPI, which probably had little organic character anyway, was effectively substituted by the organisation now operating inside India.
Soon after the 1926 conference of the Workers and Peasants Party of Bengal, the underground CPI directed its members to join the provincial Workers and Peasants Parties. All open communist activities were carried out through Workers and Peasants Parties.
The sixth congress of the Communist International met in 1928. In 1927 the Kuomintang had turned on the Chinese communists, which led to a review of the policy on forming alliances with the national bourgeoisie in the colonial countries. The Colonial theses of the 6th Comintern congress called upon the Indian communists to combat the 'national-reformist leaders' and to 'unmask the national reformism of the Indian National Congress and oppose all phrases of the Swarajists, Gandhists, etc. about passive resistance'. The congress did however differentiate between the character of the Chinese Kuomintang and the Indian Swarajist Party, considering the latter as neither a reliable ally nor a direct enemy. The congress called on the Indian communists to use the contradictions between the national bourgeoisie and the British imperialists. The congress also denounced the WPP. The Tenth Plenum of the executive committee of the Communist International, 3 July 1929 – 19 July 1929, directed the Indian communists to break with WPP. When the communists deserted it, the WPP fell apart.
On 20 March 1929, arrests against WPP, CPI and other labour leaders were made in several parts of India, in what became known as the Meerut Conspiracy Case. The communist leadership was now put behind bars. The trial proceedings were to last for four years.
As of 1934, the main centres of activity of CPI were Bombay, Calcutta and Punjab. The party had also begun extending its activities to Madras. A group of Andhra and Tamil students, amongst them P. Sundarayya, were recruited to the CPI by Amir Hyder Khan.
The party was reorganised in 1933, after the communist leaders from the Meerut trials were released. A central committee of the party was set up. In 1934, the party was accepted as the Indian section of the Communist International.
When Indian left-wing elements formed the Congress Socialist Party in 1934, the CPI branded it as Social Fascist.
The League Against Gandhism, initially known as the Gandhi Boycott Committee, was a political organisation in Calcutta, founded by the underground Communist Party of India and others to launch militant anti-Imperialist activities. The group took the name 'League Against Gandhism' in 1934.
In connection with the change of policy of the Comintern toward popular front politics, the Indian communists changed their relation to the Indian National Congress. The communists joined the Congress Socialist Party, which worked as the left-wing of Congress. Through joining CSP, the CPI accepted the CSP demand for a Constituent Assembly, which it had denounced two years before. The CPI however analysed that the demand for a Constituent Assembly would not be a substitute for soviets.
In July 1937, a clandestine meeting was held at Calicut. Five persons were present at the meeting, P. Krishna Pillai, K. Damodaran, E. M. S. Namboodiripad, N. C. Sekhar and S.V. Ghate. The first four were members of the CSP in Kerala. The CPI in Kerala was formed on 31 December 1939 with the Pinarayi Conference. The latter, Ghate, was a CPI Central Committee member, who had arrived from Madras. Contacts between the CSP in Kerala and the CPI had begun in 1935, when P. Sundarayya (CC member of CPI, based in Madras at the time) met with E. M. S. Namboodiripad and Krishna Pillai. Sundarayya and Ghate visited Kerala at several times and met with the CSP leaders there. The contacts were facilitated through the national meetings of the Congress, CSP and All India Kisan Sabha.
In 1936–1937, the co-operation between socialists and communists reached its peak. At the 2nd congress of the CSP, held in Meerut in January 1936, a thesis was adopted which declared that there was a need to build 'a united Indian Socialist Party based on Marxism-Leninism'. At the 3rd CSP congress, held in Faizpur, several communists were included into the CSP National Executive Committee.
Two communists, E. M. S. Namboodiripad and Z. A. Ahmed, became All India joint secretaries of CSP. The CPI also had two other members inside the CSP executive.
On the occasion of the 1940 Ramgarh Congress Conference, CPI released a declaration called Proletarian Path, which sought to use the weakened state of the British Empire in the time of war and gave a call for general strike, no-tax, no-rent policies and mobilising for an armed revolutionary uprising. The National Executive of the CSP assembled at Ramgarh took a decision that all communists were expelled from CSP.
In July 1942, the CPI was legalised, as a result of Britain and the Soviet Union becoming allies against Nazi Germany. Communists strengthened their control over the All India Trade Union Congress. At the same time, communists were politically cornered for their opposition to the Quit India Movement.
CPI contested the Provincial Legislative Assembly elections of 1946 on its own. It had candidates in 108 out of 1585 seats, winning in eight seats. In total, the CPI vote counted 666 723, which should be seen with the backdrop that 86% of the adult population of India lacked voting rights. The party had contested three seats in Bengal, and won all of them. One CPI candidate, Somnath Lahiri, was elected to the Constituent Assembly.
The Communist Party of India opposed the partition of India and did not participate in the Independence Day celebrations of 15 August 1947 in protest at the division of the country.

### After independence

During the period around and directly following Independence in 1947, the internal situation in the party was chaotic. The party shifted rapidly between left-wing and right-wing positions. In February 1948, at the 2nd Party Congress in Calcutta, B. T. Ranadive (BTR) was elected General Secretary of the party. The conference adopted the 'Programme of Democratic Revolution'. This programme included the first mention of struggle against caste injustice in a CPI document.
In several areas the party led armed struggles against a series of local monarchs that were reluctant to give up their power. Such insurgencies took place in Tripura, Telangana and Kerala. The most important rebellion took place in Telangana, against the Nizam of Hyderabad. The communists built up a people's army and militia and controlled an area with a population of three million. The rebellion was brutally crushed and the party abandoned the policy of armed struggle. BTR was deposed and denounced as a 'left adventurist'.
In Manipur, the party became a force to reckon with through the agrarian struggles led by Jananeta Irawat Singh. Singh had joined CPI in 1946. At the 1951 congress of the party, 'People's Democracy' was substituted by 'National Democracy' as the main slogan of the party.
A Communist Party was founded in Bihar in 1939. Post independence, the Communist Party achieved success in Bihar (Bihar and Jharkhand). The Communist Party conducted movements for land reform, trade union movement was at its peak in Bihar in the sixties, seventies and eighties. Achievement of communists in Bihar placed the Communist Party in the forefront of left movement in India. Bihar produced some of the legendary leaders like Kishan leaders Sahajanand Saraswati and Karyanand Sharma, intellectual giants like Jagannath Sarkar, Yogendra Sharma, and Indradeep Sinha, mass leaders like Chandrasekhar Singh and Sunil Mukherjee, Trade Union leaders like Kedar Das and others. In the Mithila region of Bihar Bhogendra Jha led the fight against the Mahants and Zamindars. He later went on the win Parliamentary elections and was MP for seven terms.
In the early 1950s, young communist leadership was uniting textile workers, bank employees and unorganised sector workers to ensure mass support in north India. National leaders like S. A. Dange, Chandra Rajeswara Rao, and P. K. Vasudevan Nair were encouraging them and supporting the idea despite their differences on the execution. Firebrand Communist leaders like Homi F. Daji, Guru Radha Kishan, H. L. Parwana, Sarjoo Pandey, Darshan Singh Canadian and Avtaar Singh Malhotra were emerging between the masses and the working class in particular. This was the first leadership of communists that was very close to the masses and people consider them champions of the cause of the workers and the poor.
In 1952, CPI became the first leading opposition party in the 1st Lok Sabha, while the Indian National Congress was in power.
In the 1952 Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly election, the Communist Party was banned, so it couldn't take part in the election process. In the general elections in 1957, the CPI emerged as the largest opposition party. In 1957, the CPI won the state elections in Kerala. This was the first time that an opposition party won control over an Indian state. E. M. S. Namboodiripad became Chief Minister. At the 1957 international meeting of Communist parties in Moscow, the Chinese Communist Party directed criticism at the CPI for having formed a ministry in Kerala.
Liberation of Dadra-Nagar Haveli: The Communist Party of India, along with its units in Bombay, Maharashtra, and Gujarat, decided to start armed operations in the area in the July 1954. Both the areas were liberated by the beginning of August. Communist leaders like Narayan Palekar, Parulekar, Vaz, Rodriguez, Cunha, and others emerged as the famous Communist leaders of this movement. Thereafter, the struggle to liberate Daman and Diu was begun by the Communist Party in Gujarat and other forces.
Goa Satyagraha: The countrywide Goa satyagraha of 1955–1956 is among the unforgettable pages in the history of freedom struggle, in which the communists played a major and memorable role. The CPI decided to send batches of satyahrahis since the middle of 1955 to the borders of Goa and even inside. Many were killed, many more others arrested and sent to jails inside Goa and inhumanly treated. Many others were even sent to jails in Portugal and were brutally tortured. The satyagraha was led and conducted by a joint committee known as Goa Vimochan Sahayak Samiti. S. A. Dange, Senapati Bapat, S. G. Sardesai, Nana Patil and several others were among the prominent leaders of the Samiti. Satyagraha began on 10 May 1955, and soon became a countrywide movement.
Ideological differences led to the split in the party in 1964 when two different party conferences were held, one of CPI and one of the Communist Party of India (Marxist).
During the period between 1970 and 1977, the CPI was allied with the Congress party. In Kerala, they formed a government together with Congress as part of a coalition known as the United Front, with the CPI-leader C. Achutha Menon as Chief Minister. This government continued governing throughout the emergency period and was responsible for the many acts of repression throughout the period carried out against political opponents in the guise of fighting naxals, manifesting most infamously in the Rajan case. The United Front government also used this opportunity to pursue class struggle by punishing those from the managerial classes, money lenders, bosses with anti-labour stances, ration shopkeepers and truckers engaged in black marketing, under stringent provisions of MISA and DIR.
In the 1980s, the CPI opposed the Khalistan movement at Punjab.
In 1986, the CPI's leader in Punjab and MLA in the Punjabi legislature Darshan Singh Canadian was assassinated by Sikh extremists. Altogether about 200 communist leaders out of which most were Sikhs were killed by Sikh extremists in Punjab.

## Present situation

The CPI was recognised by the Election Commission of India as a 'National Party'. Until 2022, CPI happened to be the only national political party from India to have contested all the general elections using the same electoral symbol. Owing to a massive defeat in 2019 Indian general election where the party saw its tally reduced to two MPs, the Election Commission of India sent a letter to CPI asking for reasons why its national party status should not be revoked. Due to repeated poor performances in elections, the Election Commission of India withdrew its national party status on 10 April 2023.
On the national level, they supported the Indian National Congress-led United Progressive Alliance government along with other parliamentary Left parties, but without taking part in it. Upon attaining power in May 2004, the United Progressive Alliance formulated a programme of action known as the Common Minimum Programme. The Left bases its support to the UPA on strict adherence to it. Provisions of the CMP mentioned to discontinue disinvestment, massive social sector outlays and an independent foreign policy.
On 8 July 2008, the General Secretary of the CPI(M), Prakash Karat, announced that the Left was withdrawing its support over the decision by the government to go ahead with the United States-India Peaceful Atomic Energy Cooperation Act. The Left parties combination had been a staunch advocate of not proceeding with this deal citing national interests.
In West Bengal, the CPI participates in the Left Front. It also participated in the state government in Manipur. In Kerala, the party is part of Left Democratic Front. In Tripura the party is a partner of the Left Front, which governed the state until 2018. In Tamil Nadu it is part of the Secular Progressive Alliance and in Bihar it is the part of Mahagathbandhan. It is involved in the Left Democratic Front in Maharashtra. In February 2022, CPI and Congress formed an alliance in Manipur named Manipur Progressive Secular Alliance. The current general secretary of CPI is D. Raja.

## Presence in states

As of 2020, the CPI is a part of the state government in Kerala. Pinarayi Vijayan is Chief Minister of Kerala. CPI have four Cabinet Ministers in Kerala. In Tamil Nadu, it is in power with SPA coalition led by M. K. Stalin. The Left Front governed West Bengal for 34 years (1977–2011) and Tripura for 25 years (1993–2018)

### State Governments

| S.No | State/ | Govt Since | Chief Minister | Chief Minister | Chief Minister | Chief Minister | Chief Minister | Chief Minister | Alliance | Coalition Seats in Assembly | Last election |
| S.No | State/ | Govt Since | Portrait | Name | Party | Party | Seats | Since | Alliance | Coalition Seats in Assembly | Last election |
| 1 | Kerala | 26 May 2016 | | Pinarayi Vijayan | | CPI(M) | 62 | 26 May 2016 | Left Democratic Front | 97 / 140 | 6 April 2021 |
| 2 | Tamil Nadu | 7 May 2021 | | M. K. Stalin | | DMK | 133 | 7 May 2021 | Secular Progressive Alliance | 159 / 234 | 6 April 2021 |
| 3 | Telangana | 7 December 2023 | | Revanth Reddy | | INC | 65 | 7 December 2023 | INC+ | 76 / 119 | 30 November 2023 |
Seats won by CPI in state legislative assemblies :
| State legislative assembly | Last election | Contested seats | Seats won | Alliance | Result |
| Bihar Legislative Assembly | 2020 | 6 | 2 / 243 | Mahagathbandhan | Opposition |
| Kerala Legislative Assembly | 2021 | 23 | 17 / 140 | Left Democratic Front | in government |
| Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly | 2021 | 6 | 2 / 234 | Secular Progressive Alliance | in Government |
| Telangana Legislative Assembly | 2023 | 1 | 1 / 119 | INC+ | in Government |
Seats won by CPI in state legislative councils :
| State legislative assembly | Last election | Contested seats | Seats won | Alliance | Alliance | Result | Ref. |
| Bihar Legislative Council | 2020 | 1 | 1 / 75 | | Mahagathbandhan | in government | |

## List of members of parliament
### List of Rajya Sabha (Upper House) members

| No. | Name | State | Date of appointment | Date of retirement |
| 1 | P. P. Suneer | Kerala | 2 July 2024 | 1 July 2030 |
| 2 | P. Sandosh Kumar | Kerala | 4 April 2022 | 3 April 2028 |

### List of Lok Sabha (Lower House) members

| No. | Name | Constituency | State |
| 1 | K. Subbarayan | Tiruppur | Tamil Nadu |
| 2 | Selvaraj V | Nagapattinam | Tamil Nadu |

## Leadership

The 24th Party Congress of Communist Party of India was held from 14 to 18 October 2022 in Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh.

### General Secretary

* D. Raja

### National Secretariat

* D. Raja
* Amarjeet Kaur
* K. Narayana.
* Bhalchandra Kango
* Pallab Sen Gupta
* Binoy Viswam
* Syed Azeez Pasha
* Nagendra Nath Ojha
* Rama Krushna Panda
* Annie Raja
* Girish Chandra Sharma

## List of General secretaries and Chairmen of CPI

Article XXXII of the party constitution says:
   "The tenure of the General Secretary and Deputy General Secretary, if any, and State Secretaries is limited to two consecutive terms—a term being of not less than two years. In exceptional cases, the unit concerned may decide by three-fourth majority through secret ballot to allow two more terms. In case such a motion is adopted that comrade also can contest in the election along with other candidates. As regards the tenure of the office-bearers at district and lower levels, the state councils will frame rules where necessary."
General secretaries and Chairmen :
| Number | Name | Tenure |
| 1st | Sachchidanand Vishnu Ghate | 1925–1933 |
| 2nd | Gangadhar Adhikari | 1933–1935 |
| 3rd | Puran Chand Joshi | 1936–1948 |
| 4th | B. T. Ranadive | 1948–1950 |
| 5th | Chandra Rajeswara Rao | 1950–1951 |
| 6th | Ajoy Ghosh | 1951–1962 |
| Chairman | Shripad Amrit Dange | 1962–1981 |
| 7th | E. M. S. Namboodiripad | 1962–1964 |
| (-) | Chandra Rajeswara Rao | 1964–1990 |
| 8th | Indrajit Gupta | 1990–1996 |
| 9th | Ardhendu Bhushan Bardhan | 1996–2012 |
| 10th | Suravaram Sudhakar Reddy | 2012–2019 |
| 11th | D. Raja | 2019–Incumbent |

## Party Congress

Party Congress :
| Party Congress | Year | Place |
| Founding Conference | 1925 December 25 – 28 | Cawnpore |
| 1st | 1943 May 23–1 June | Bombay |
| 2nd | 1948 February 28–6 March | Calcutta |
| 3rd | 1953 December 27 – 1954 January 4 | Madurai |
| 4th | 1956 April 19 – 29 | Palghat |
| 5th | 1958 April 6 – 13 | Amritsar |
| 6th | 1961 April 7 – 16 | Vijayawada |
| 7th | 1964 December 13 – 23 | Bombay |
| 8th | 1968 February 7 – 15 | Patna |
| 9th | 1971 October 3 – 10 | Cochin |
| 10th | 1975 January 27–2 February | Vijayawada |
| 11th | 1978 March 31–7 April | Bathinda |
| 12th | 1982 March 22 – 28 | Varanasi |
| 13th | 1986 March 2 – 17 | Patna |
| 14th | 1989 March 6 – 12 | Calcutta |
| 15th | 1992 April 10 – 16 | Hyderabad |
| 16th | 1995 October 7 – 11 | Delhi |
| 17th | 1998 September 14 – 19 | Chennai |
| 18th | 2002 March 26 – 31 | Thiruvananthapuram |
| 19th | 2005 March 29–3 April | Chandigarh |
| 20th | 2008 March 23 – 27 | Hyderabad |
| 21st | 2012 March 27 – 31 | Patna |
| 22nd | 2015 March 25 – 29 | Puducherry |
| 23rd | 2018 April 25 – 29 | Kollam |
| 24th | 2022 October 14 – 18 | Vijayawada |

## Principal mass organisations

* All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC)
* All India Students' Federation (AISF)
* All India Youth Federation (AIYF)
* National Federation of Indian Women (NFIW)
* All India Kisan Sabha – AIKS (peasants organisation)
* Bharatiya Khet Mazdoor Union – BKMU (agricultural workers)
* Indian People's Theatre Association – IPTA (cultural wing)
* All India State Government Employees Confederation (State government employees)
* Indian Society for Cultural Co-operation and Friendship (ISCUF)
* All India Peace and Solidarity Organisation (AIPSO)
* Progressive Writers' Association (PWA)
* All India Adivasi Mahasabha (Tribal Wing)
* All India Dalit Rights Movement (AIDRM)
* Tamil Nadu Oppressed People's Movement
* People's Service Corps
* Ganamukti Parishad
In Tripura, the Ganamukti Parishad is a major mass organisation amongst the Tripuri peoples of the state.

## Former chief ministers

Former chief ministers :
| Name | Tenure | State |
| E. M. S. Namboodiripad | (1957 – 1959) | Kerala |
| C. Achutha Menon | (1969 – 1970; 1970 – 1977) | Kerala |
| P. K. Vasudevan Nair | (1978 – 1979) | Kerala |

## Notable leaders

* Abdul Sattar Ranjoor – Founding state secretary of the CPI in Jammu and Kashmir
* Ajoy Ghosh – Former general secretary of CPI, freedom fighter
* Amarjeet Kaur – General Secretary of AITUC and National Secretary of CPI
* Annabhau Sathe – Samyukta Maharashtra movement leader
* Annie Raja – General Secretary of NFIW and National Executive Member of CPI
* Ardhendu Bhushan Bardhan – Former general secretary
* Aruna Asaf Ali – Freedom fighter
* Binoy Viswam – Former Member of Rajya Sabha, Former minister in the Government of Kerala and current State Secretary of CPI Kerala State Committee
* Bhan Singh Bhaura - Parliamentarian from Punjab and Founder President Khet Mazdoor Sabha
* Bhargavi Thankappan – Parliamentarian
* Bhupesh Gupta – Parliamentarian
* C. Achutha Menon – Finance minister in first Kerala ministry Former chief minister of Kerala
* C. Divakaran – Senior leader, former minister and National Council Member from Kerala
* Chandra Rajeswara Rao – former general secretary, Telangana freedom fighter
* Chaturanan Mishra parliamentarian & former Central Minister of India
* Chittayam Gopakumar – Deputy Speaker of Kerala Legislative Assembly and State council member
* C. K. Chandrappan – Parliamentarian & former Kerala state secretary of the party
* C. N. Jayadevan – Senior leader, parliamentarian
* Dhanwantri – one of the founder of communist party in Jammu & Kashmir
* Darshan Singh Canadian – Trade Unionist, fight against Khalistan movement
* D. Pandian – Parliamentarian & former Tamil Nadu state secretary
* D. Raja – parliamentarian & General secretary of the party
* E. Chandrasekharan Nair – Senior leader and former Minister in the Government of Kerala
* Geeta Mukherjee – Parliamentarian & Former Vice President of National Federation of Indian Women
* Govind Pansare – Prominent activist and lawyer
* Gurudas Dasgupta – Parliamentarian & Former General Secretary of the All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) and Bharatiya Khet Mazdoor Union
* Hajrah Begum – former general secretary of NFIW
* Hasrat Mohani – founding member
* Hijam Irabot – Founder leader of CPI in Manipur
* Hirendranath Mukherjee-Parliamentarian & He was awarded Padma Bhushan in 1990 and Padma Vibhushan in 1991 by the President of India for his lifelong services
* Ila Mitra – Peasant Movement Leader from West Bengal
* Indrajit Gupta – Parliamentarian, former general secretary and a former central minister
* Jagannath Sarkar – former National Secretary, freedom fighter, builder of communist movement in Bihar and Jharkhand
* Junu Das – Prominent leader of CPI
* Kalpana Datta – freedom fighter
* Kalyan Roy – Parliamentarian
* Kanam Rajendran – Former Kerala state secretary of the party
* K.N. Joglekar – founding member of CPI
* Kunwar Mohammad Ashraf
* Meghraj Tawar – Former Rajasthan MLA and leader of the CPI
* M. Kalyanasundaram – Parliamentarian
* M. N. Govindan Nair – Kerala state secretary during the first communist ministry and a freedom fighter
* Mohit Banerji – Prominent Leader
* Nallakannu – former Tamil Nadu state secretary of the party
* N. E. Balaram – Founding leader of the communist movement in Kerala, India
* Pannyan Raveendran – Former Kerala state secretary of the party
* Parvathi Krishnan – Parliamentarian
* P. Krishna Pillai – Founder and First secretary of CPI in Kerala
* P. K. Vasudevan Nair – Former Chief minister of Kerala, Former AISF general secretary, Former AIYF general secretary
* Puran Chand Joshi – first general secretary of the Communist Party of India
* P. S. Sreenivasan – Former Minister of Kerala
* Rajaji Mathew Thomas – Journalist, former MLA and CPI National council Member, from Kerala
* Ramendra Kumar – Former Parliamentarian, national executive member, national president AITUC
* Rosamma Punnoose – Freedom Fighter
* R.Sugathan – Prominent trade unionist, mass leader and member of Kerala Legislative assembly
* Sachchidanand Vishnu Ghate – First general secretary of CPI, freedom fighter
* Satypal Dang- He was a legislator of Punjab State Legislative Assembly, representing the Communist Party of India for four terms and a Minister of Food and Civil Supplies in the United Front ministry led by Justice Gurnam Singh and Padma Bhushan Awardee.
* S. S. Mirajkar – Trade Unionist, Freedom fighter
* Suhasini Chattopadhyay – founding member of CPI
* Suravaram Sudhakar Reddy – former general secretary of the party & parliamentarian
* Shripad Amrit Dange – Freedom fighter & former chairman of the party
* Thoppil Bhasi – Writer, film director & parliamentarian
* T. V. Thomas – Minister in first Kerala ministry
* Veliyam Bharghavan – Parliamentarian & Former Kerala state secretary of the party
* Vidya Munshi – Journalist
* Vimla Dang – leader of CPI
* V. S. Sunil Kumar – Former Agriculture Minister in Kerala
* V. V. Raghavan -CPI Central Secretariat Member, two-time Loksabha Member from Thrissur Kerala, Rajya sabha Member, Former Agriculture minister of Kerala

## General election results

Performance of Communist Party of India in Lok Sabha elections :
| Lok Sabha | Year | Total Lok Sabha constituencies | Seats won / contested | Change in seats | Total votes | Percentage of votes | Change in vote % |
| First | 1951−52 | 489 | 16 / 49 | New | 3,487,401 | 3.29% | New |
| Second | 1957 | 494 | 27 / 109 | 11 | 10,754,075 | 8.92% | 5.63% |
| Third | 1962 | 494 | 29 / 137 | 2 | 11,450,037 | 9.94% | 1.02% |
| Fourth | 1967 | 520 | 23 / 109 | 6 | 7,458,396 | 5.11% | 4.83% |
| Fifth | 1971 | 518 | 23 / 87 | | 6,933,627 | 4.73% | 0.38% |
| Sixth | 1977 | 542 | 7 / 91 | 16 | 5,322,088 | 2.82% | 1.91% |
| Seventh | 1980 | 529 ( 542$^*$ ) | 10 / 47 | 3 | 4,927,342 | 2.49% | 0.33% |
| Eighth | 1984 | 541 | 6 / 66 | 4 | 6,733,117 | 2.70% | 0.21% |
| Ninth | 1989 | 529 | 12 / 50 | 6 | 7,734,697 | 2.57% | 0.13% |
| Tenth | 1991 | 534 | 14 / 43 | 2 | 6,898,340 | 2.48% | 0.09% |
| Eleventh | 1996 | 543 | 12 / 43 | 2 | 6,582,263 | 1.97% | 0.51% |
| Twelfth | 1998 | 543 | 09 / 58 | 3 | 6,429,569 | 1.75% | 0.22% |
| Thirteenth | 1999 | 543 | 04 / 54 | 5 | 5,395,119 | 1.48% | 0.27% |
| Fourteenth | 2004 | 543 | 10 / 34 | 6 | 5,484,111 | 1.41% | 0.07% |
| Fifteenth | 2009 | 543 | 04 / 56 | 6 | 5,951,888 | 1.43% | 0.02% |
| Sixteenth | 2014 | 543 | 1 / 67 | 3 | 4,327,298 | 0.78% | 0.65% |
| Seventeenth | 2019 | 543 | 2 / 49 | 1 | 3,576,184 | 0.58% | 0.20% |
| Eighteenth | 2024 | 543 | 2 / 30 | | 3,132,683 | 0.49% | 0.09% |
$^*$ : 12 seats in Assam and 1 in Meghalaya did not vote.
| State | No. of candidates 2019 | No. of elected 2019 | No. of candidates 2014 | No. of elected 2014 | No. of candidates 2009 | No. of elected 2009 | Total no. of seats in the state |
| Andhra Pradesh | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | (25)(2014)/42(2009) |
| Arunachal Pradesh | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| Assam | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 14 |
| Bihar | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 40 |
| Chhattisgarh | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 11 |
| Goa | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| Gujarat | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 26 |
| Haryana | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 10 |
| Himachal Pradesh | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
| Jammu and Kashmir | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 6 |
| Jharkhand | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 14 |
| Karnataka | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 28 |
| Kerala | 4 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 20 |
| Madhya Pradesh | 4 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 29 |
| Maharashtra | 2 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 48 |
| Manipur | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| Meghalaya | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| Mizoram | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Nagaland | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Odisha | 1 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 21 |
| Punjab | 2 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 13 |
| Rajasthan | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 25 |
| Sikkim | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Tamil Nadu | 2 | 2 | 8 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 39 |
| Tripura | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| Telangana | 2 | 0 | | | | | 17 |
| Uttar Pradesh | 12 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 80 |
| Uttarakhand | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 5 |
| West Bengal | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 42 |
| Union Territories: ||||||||
| Andaman and Nicobar Islands | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Chandigarh | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Dadra and Nagar Haveli | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Daman and Diu | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Delhi | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 7 |
| Lakshadweep | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Puducherry | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Total: | 50 | 2 | 67 | 1 | 56 | 4 | 543 |

## State Legislative assembly results

| Year | State | Total assembly seats | Seats won / Seats contested | Change in seats | Votes | Vote % | Change in vote % |
| 2023 | Telangana | 119 | 1 / 1 | 1 | 80,336 | 0.34 | 0.07 |
| 2023 | Chhattisgarh | 90 | 0 / 3 | | 6,594 | 0.04 | |
| 2022 | Uttar Pradesh | 403 | 0 / 35 | | 64,011 | 0.07% | 0.09% |
| 2022 | Uttarakhand | 70 | 0 / 4 | | 2,325 | 0.04% | |
| 2022 | Manipur | 60 | 0 / 2 | | 1,032 | 0.06% | 0.68% |
| 2022 | Himachal Pradesh | 68 | 0 / 1 | | 627 | 0.01% | 0.03% |
| 2022 | Punjab | 117 | 0 / 7 | | 7,440 | 0.05% | |
| 2022 | Gujarat | 182 | 0 / 3 | | 2,688 | 0.01% | 0.01% |
| 2021 | Assam | 126 | 0 / 1 | | 27,290 | 0.84% | 0.14% |
| 2021 | Kerala | 140 | 17 / 23 | 2 | 1,579,235 | 7.58% | 0.54% |
| 2021 | Puducherry | 30 | 0 / 1 | | 7,522 | 0.90% | 0.2% |
| 2021 | Tamil Nadu | 234 | 2 / 6 | 2 | 504,537 | 1.09% | 0.3% |
| 2021 | West Bengal | 294 | 0 / 10 | 1 | 118,655 | 0.20% | 1.25% |
| 2020 | Bihar | 243 | 2 / 6 | 2 | 349,489 | 0.83% | 0.57% |
| 2019 | Andhra Pradesh | 175 | 0 / 7 | | 34,746 | 0.11% | — |
| 2019 | Jharkhand | 81 | 0 / 18 | | 68,589 | 0.46% | 0.43% |
| 2019 | Maharashtra | 288 | 0 / 16 | | 35,188 | 0.06% | 0.07% |
| 2019 | Odisha | 147 | 0 / 3 | | 29,235 | 0.12% | 0.39% |
| 2018 | Chhattisgarh | 90 | 0 / 7 | | 48,255 | 0.34% | 0.32% |
| 2018 | Rajasthan | 200 | 0 / 16 | | 42,820 | 0.12% | 0.06% |
| 2018 | Tripura | 60 | 0 / 1 | 1 | 19,352 | 0.82% | 0.85% |
* N/A indicates Not Available
* indicates in government or in Coalition government
Results from the Election Commission of India website. Results do not deal with partitions of states, defections and by-elections during the mandate period.