# Defending of Erbil (2017)

The Defense of Erbil in 2017 (Kurdish: بەرگریی هەولێر ٢٠١٧) was a pivotal moment in the aftermath of the Kurdish Independence Referendum, marking one of the most significant confrontations between Kurdish and Iraqi forces. Erbil, the capital of the Kurdistan Region, had long been a stronghold of Kurdish self-rule and a symbol of Kurdish aspirations for independence. However, following the fall of Kirkuk to Iraqi forces in October 2017, Erbil became the next potential target in Baghdad’s effort to reassert control over disputed territories.

## Background

The Defense of Erbil in October 2017 was a defining moment in the Kurdish struggle for autonomy. Following the Kurdish independence referendum, tensions between Baghdad and Erbil escalated dramatically. The Iraqi Army and Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF) launched a large-scale offensive to reclaim disputed territories. After the sudden withdrawal of Peshmerga from Kirkuk, Erbil became the next potential battleground.
Iraqi forces pushed toward Makhmur, Gwer, and Altun Kupri, key defensive positions near Erbil. The Peshmerga, primarily forces loyal to the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP), fortified their positions. Altun Kupri became the last line of defense, witnessing some of the heaviest clashes of the conflict. Both sides engaged in fierce fighting, using artillery, armored vehicles, and aerial support.
The Peshmerga fought with determination, destroying Iraqi military vehicles and inflicting casualties. Despite their efforts, Iraqi forces advanced, forcing the Peshmerga to withdraw from Altun Kupri. With Iraqi troops now at the gateway to Erbil, fears of an imminent attack spread across the region. Thousands of civilians in Erbil took to the streets, demanding international intervention and protection.
The international community, particularly the United States, pressured Iraq to halt its advance. Baghdad, facing diplomatic concerns and internal challenges, chose not to press further into Erbil. Kurdish leadership, including Masoud Barzani and Sirwan Barzani, focused on securing a ceasefire. After days of tension, negotiations led to a fragile but decisive halt in hostilities.
Although Iraqi forces reclaimed Kirkuk and other oil-rich areas, Erbil remained under Kurdish control. The loss of Kirkuk was a major economic and strategic setback for the Kurdistan Region. Masoud Barzani stepped down as President of the Kurdistan Region, marking a shift in leadership. The Peshmerga remained stationed at the new frontlines, ensuring the security of Erbil.
The battle exposed deep political divisions within the Kurdish leadership. The rift between the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) and the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) widened. Many Kurds blamed internal disagreements for the swift Iraqi takeover of disputed areas. Despite the losses, the Kurdish spirit of resistance remained strong in Erbil.
The aftermath of the battle reshaped Kurdish-Iraqi relations for years to come. Baghdad solidified its control over disputed areas, reducing Kurdish territorial influence. The Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) was forced to reconsider its political and military strategies. Kurdish aspirations for full independence were postponed but never abandoned.
The battle demonstrated the critical role of international diplomacy in preventing further escalation. Despite the military setback, Erbil remained the heart of Kurdish governance and autonomy. The Peshmerga adapted and reinforced their defenses, preparing for any future confrontations. Relations between Erbil and Baghdad remained tense, with unresolved disputes over territory and resources.
The loss of Kirkuk’s oil fields forced the KRG to restructure its economy and reduce reliance on Baghdad. Kurdish nationalism remained strong, with many still advocating for eventual independence. The Defense of Erbil proved that while military strength is crucial, political strategy is equally vital. Although weakened, the Kurdistan Region endured, maintaining its semi-autonomous status.

## Conclusion

The events of 2017 were a turning point in Kurdish history, filled with lessons for the future. The Kurdish people displayed resilience in the face of overwhelming odds and political challenges. While Iraq reclaimed lost territories, it did not destroy Kurdish self-rule or national identity. The Defense of Erbil was not just a military standoff but a testament to the enduring Kurdish spirit.