# Hinduism in Canada

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Hinduism is the third-largest religion in Canada, with approximately 2.3% of the nation's total population identifying as Hindu in the 2021 census. As of 2021, there are over 828,000 Canadians of the Hindu faith.
Canadian Hindus generally come from one of three groups. The first group is primarily made up of Indian immigrants who began arriving in British Columbia about 110 years ago. Hindus from all over India continue to immigrate to Canada today. This first wave of Hindu immigrants to arrive in Canada came from nations that were historically under European colonial rule, such as Fiji, Mauritius, South Africa, Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago, Suriname, and parts of coastal Eastern Africa. The second major group of Hindus immigrated from Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, and Sri Lanka. In the case of Sri Lankan Hindus, their history in Canada goes back to the 1940s, when a few hundred Sri Lankan Tamils migrated to Canada. The 1983 communal riots and later civil war in Sri Lanka precipitated the mass exodus of Tamils with over 500,000 finding refuge in countries such as Canada, the UK, Australia, United States, France and Switzerland. From then on, Sri Lankan Tamils have been immigrating to Canada in particular around Toronto and Greater Toronto Area. A third group is made up of European Canadians who found the Hindu scriptures significant and started to live their lives in accordance to the principles of Hinduism. One of these sects is the Hare Krishna movement. The Toronto district of Scarborough has a particularly high concentration of Hindus, with Hinduism being the dominant religion in several neighbourhoods.
According to the 2021 Census, there are 828,195 Hindus in Canada, up from 297,200 in the 2001 census.

## History

Immigration from India to Canada began in 1903-4 . Although early records list Hindus and Sikhs together, the majority of early Indian immigrants were Sikhs. Immigrants faced intense hostility in British Columbia, leading to a sharp decline in numbers, though granted entry to women and children following World War I. In the 1960s, mounting pressure from India led to the liberalization of Canadian immigration policies. Many Hindus from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Indonesia, along with Hindu Indian diasporic communities in Mauritius, Fiji, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Suriname, Malaysia, Singapore, South Africa, and eastern African nations such as Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania arrived to Montreal, Toronto, Calgary and Vancouver.
Early Hindus maintained their religious traditions in mostly hostile environment which viewed the so-called colored immigrants as a threat to the British culture and way of life of the time. These male pioneers could not marry brides from India up until the 1930s, and did not have the right to vote in Federal elections until 1947. Religious life was centred around homes and Bhajans organized by community members.
In last 20 years many Hindus from Nepal have migrated to Canada. It is estimated that approximately 8000 to 10000 Nepalese Hindus are residing in Canada with their main concentration in Toronto, Calgary, Vancouver, Edmonton and Montreal. The government pledged to resettle 6500 Bhutanese refugees of Nepalese ethnicity by 2012.The majority of Bhutanese Nepali are Hindus. By 2014 Lethbridge was home to the largest Bhutanese community in Canada. Nearly 6,600 Bhutanese Nepali, also called Lhotshampa had settled in Canada by the end of 2015, with approximately 1,300 in Lethbridge by August 2016.

## Hindu population & demographics

| Year | Percent | Increase in pop. % | Increase in % |
| 1971 | 0.05% | - | |
| 1981 | 0.28% | +0.23% | 460% |
| 1991 | 0.56% | +0.28% | 100% |
| 2001 | 0.96% | +0.40% | 92% |
| 2011 | 1.45% | +0.49% | 51% |
| 2021 | 2.23% | +0.78% | 53% |

### By province

The Hindu Population in Canada according to the 2011 National Household Survey.
| Province | 2001 Census | 2001 Census | 2011 Census | 2011 Census | 2021 Census | 2021 Census |
| Province | Hindus pop | Hindus % | Hindus pop | Hindus % | Hindus pop | Hindus % |
| Ontario | 217,560 | 1.9% | 366,720 | 2.9% | 573,700 | 4.1% |
| British Columbia | 31,495 | 0.8% | 45,795 | 1.0% | 81,320 | 1.7% |
| Alberta | 15,965 | 0.5% | 36,845 | 1.0% | 78,520 | 1.9% |
| Quebec | 24,525 | 0.3% | 33,540 | 0.4% | 47,390 | 0.6% |
| Manitoba | 3,835 | 0.3% | 7,720 | 0.6% | 18,355 | 1.4% |
| Saskatchewan | 1,590 | 0.2% | 3,570 | 0.3% | 14,150 | 1.3% |
| Nova Scotia | 1,235 | 0.1% | 1,850 | 0.2% | 8,460 | 0.9% |
| New Brunswick | 470 | 0.1% | 820 | 0.1% | 3,340 | 0.4% |
| Newfoundland and Labrador | 400 | 0.1% | 635 | 0.1% | 1200 | 0.2% |
| Prince Edward Island | 30 | 0.0% | 205 | 0.1% | 1,245 | 0.8% |
| Yukon | 10 | 0.0% | 165 | 0.5% | 265 | 0.5% |
| Northwest Territories | 60 | 0.2% | 70 | 0.2% | 200 | 0.5% |
| Nunavut | 10 | 0.0% | 30 | 0.1% | 55 | 0.2% |
| Canada | 297,200 | 1.0% | 497,200 | 1.5% | 828,400 | 2.3% |

### By federal electoral district (2024)

The Hindu Population in Canada by federal electoral district according to the 2021 Census.

#### Ontario

1. Brampton East - 23.8% 2. Scarborough—Rouge Park - 18.6% 3. Markham—Thornhill - 16.8% 4. Scarborough-Guildwood - 16.2% 5. Scarborough North - 14.5% 6. Etobicoke North - 14.4% 7. Scarborough Centre - 13.2% 8. Mississauga—Malton - 12.8% 9. Brampton West - 11.8% 10. Brampton North - 10.9%

#### British Columbia

1. Surrey—Newton - 6.2% 2. Surrey Centre - 4.9% 3. Vancouver South - 3.4% 4. Fleetwood—Port Kells - 3.3% 5. Delta - 3.0% 6. Vancouver Kingsway - 2.5% 7. Burnaby South - 2.4%

#### Alberta

1. Edmonton Mill Woods - 4.8% 2. Calgary Skyview - 4.5% 3. Edmonton Riverbend - 3.0% 4. Calgary Forest Lawn - 2.2% 5. Calgary Nose Hill - 1.9%

#### Quebec

1. Papineau - 4.3% 2. Pierrefonds—Dollard - 4.0% 3. Saint-Laurent - 3.2%

#### Manitoba

1. Winnipeg South - 3.0%

### By ethnic origin (2021)

Source:
Total: 828,195
South Asian: 768,785
Visible minority (no further defined): 34,545 Multiracial: 8,715 White: 4,385 Southeast Asian: 4,150 Black: 3,780 Latin American: 2,815 West Asian: 720 Chinese: 175 Filipino: 60 Arab: 45 Korean: 10

## Temple societies

These communities have formed over 1000 temple societies across the country that essentially functions community organizations. Some of these associations also have established private schools in Tamil to compete with non-religious and Catholic school boards that most Hindu students go to.
One among the earliest Hindu temples in Canada was established in rural Nova Scotia, in Auld's Cove, near the border to Cape Breton Islands, in 1971. Hindu Sanstha of Nova Scotia was formed by some 25 families living in the area at the time. Lord Krishna is primary deity, and Indian community families from Sydney, Antigonish, New Glasgow, and even Halifax often assemble together to celebrate Hindu festivals. Temple welcomes everyone, people of different faith and culture, to participate in the festivals, in a growing multi-cultural population of the region. In 1972, British Columbia registered Hindu Temple Burnaby in the Province in Burnaby, and has been active since then and currently is one of the largest and most beautiful temple with more than 33 deities.
The largest Hindu temple in Canada is BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Toronto . It consists of two separate buildings, one of them being the mandir itself and the other being the Haveli, home to a large Sabha Hall, several religious bookstores, a small prayer room, the country's largest Indo-Canadian museum, a water fountain and a large gymnasium. It is the only Mandir built using Hindu traditions. The temple is built in the traditional Hindu style of Shikharbaddha mandir, which is made accordingly to the principles laid out in Shilpa Shastras, scared Hindu texts that describe the canons of traditionally architecture, and describes how the structure of a shikharbaddha mandir symbolically reflects the body of Purusha, or Cosmic Man. It took $40 million to build and opened in 2007, surpassing Hindu Sabha Temple in nearby Brampton, which held the old record. The entire mandir is 32,000 sq ft (3,000 m$^2$).

## Society
### Organizations

There are several organizations representing the Hindu community in Canada. Among them the Hindu Canadian Network is the most prominent umbrella organization.

### Contemporary society

According to a survey conducted by the Angus Reid Institute in 2013, 42% of the Canadians had a favorable opinion of Hinduism which increased to 49% in the 2016 survey. When asked—would it be acceptable or unacceptable to you if one of your children were to marry a Hindu—in February 2017, 54% Canadians said that it would be acceptable, as compared to 37% in September 2013.
According to another survey by the Angus Reid Institute, 32% of respondents say that the influence of Hinduism “in Canada and Canadian public life” is growing. However, the study also found that a majority of Canadians (67%) “don’t know anything/understand very little” about Hinduism, while 4% “understand very well”.

### Community and impact

Hindus in Canada are able to create communities that not only follow religious practices but also provide education, counselling, support and outreach services. These communities allow many Hindus from overseas to comfortably adapt when immigrating to Canada. When Hindu institutions and worldviews are not mirrored in the migrated country, it can hinder the process of adaptation through isolation and loss of identity. Racial-ethnic identity development involves identifying with and relating to a specific group and is found to be associated with particular health behaviors and mental health outcomes. Hindu communities enable Hindu immigrants and their descendants to preserve their culture and identity despite their displacement and maintain physical and symbolic links with their source country; especially immigrants who have been exiled and feel uprooted from their national and cultural identity.

### Politics

Deepak Obhrai was the first Hindu MP in Canada. Anita Anand, Chandra Arya, Arpan Khanna, and Shuvaloy Majumdar have since been elected as MPs. Vim Kochhar was the first Hindu appointed to the Senate, Raj Sherman was the first Hindu to lead a Canadian political party). Anita Anand is the first Hindu cabinet minister in Canada. She became a cabinet minister in 2019. Despite Hindus making up 2.3% of Canada’s population according to the 2021 Census, they are significantly underrepresented in federal politics, with only 1.2% of Members of Parliament (4 out of 338) elected in the 2021 federal election identifying as Hindu.

## Attacks on the Hindu community

According to Juris Pupcenoks, violent Sikh extremism spread to Canada in the aftermath of Operation Blue Star and Canadian Sikh radicals made public pledges to kill Hindus. Former CSIS agent, Bob Burgoyne, stated that Sikh extremists threatened to kill thousands of Hindus through various means, including by blowing up Air India flights.
* In 1984, Ajaib Singh Bagri, a man accused of playing a role in the Air India bombing, declared "Until we kill 50,000 Hindus, we will not rest" at the founding convention of the World Sikh Organization.
* In 2013, a Hindu temple in Surrey had three windows smashed. A baseball bat found there after the attack had Sikh markings.
* In 2022, the BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir of Toronto was defaced with anti-Hindu and anti-India graffiti. The Indian High Commission to Canada subsequently condemned the act. Chandra Arya, Nepean MP, also condemned the hate crime and expressed concern of rising incidents in recent times. Sonia Sidhu, Brampton South MP, condemned the incident and asserted it to be unacceptable in multicultural society. Patrick Brown, Mayor of Brampton expressed his disappointment. Ruby Sahota, Brampton North MP, termed the hate crime 'disgusting' and demanded punishment for the criminals.
* In July 2022, a Gandhi statue in a Hindu temple in Richmond Hill was defaced with pro Khalistan graffiti which included the words "rapist" and "Khalistan". The incident was described as a hate crime by York Regional Police.
* In January, 2023 the Gauri Shankar Temple of Brampton was defaced with anti-India and anti-Hindu graffiti. Consulate General of India in Toronto condemned the act and asked the Canadian authorities to investigate into the matter. Brampton Mayor Patrick Brown condemned the hate crime. Chandra Arya, Nepean MP, condemned the anti-Hindu attack and called authorities for taking the rising crimes against Hindus seriously. The founder and priest of temple Shri Dhirendra Tripathi said "Khalistanis have caused fear among us. They have become emboldened and the community is uncertain about their next actions. Canadian authorities should take stern steps to curb their activities".
* In February 2023, the Ram Mandir of Mississauga was defaced with anti-India graffiti. The spray paint also described Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale as a martyr. The Indian Consulate General in Toronto issued a statement condemning the attack. Mr. Patrick Brown, Brampton Mayor condemned the incident stressing the importance of religious freedom and assured an investigation by the Peel Police. Canadian Minister of National Defence Anita Anand and Minister of Foreign Affairs Melanie Joly expressed solidarity with the Hindu community facing repeated vandalism of their places of worship. The police have not investigated the motive behind the hate-crime.
* In April 2023, the BAPS Swaminarayan Temple of Windsor, Ontario was vandalized with anti-Hindu graffiti. The Windsor Police acknowledged the hate-motived factor in the act. The Ministry of External Affairs of India issued a statement condemning the hate crime.
* In April 2023, the leader of the Conservative Party, Pierre Poilievre, condemned the growing number of anti-Hindu incidents in the country. In an interview with Prime Asia, he stated: “We have to stop Hinduphobia and nasty comments that are made about Hindus and the vandalism and other violence targeting Hindu Canadians. This is totally unacceptable.” Referring to the incidents of Hindu temples being vandalized, he proposed giving places of worship government funds for security equipment and resources.
* In July 2023, a pro-Khalistan poster was spotted outside the Bharat Mata Temple in Brampton targeting Indian diplomats to Canada. The temple volunteers removed the poster.
* In July, 2023, the sign board of Shri Bhagavad Gita Park in Brampton was vandalized with anti-India graffiti which was condemned by the City Council terming the vandalism as 'an attack on a faith community'. Patrick Brown, Mayor of Brampton, claimed he was outraged with the incident. Members of local Hindu community expressed their disappointment. Later, the city workers restored the sign board by removing the graffiti.
* In August 2023, the Lakshmi Narayan Mandir in Surrey was vandalized with anti India and pro Khalistan posters placed on its front gate and rear wall.
* In September 2023, Sikhs for Justice warned Indo-Canadian Hindus in a video to "leave Canada" and "go to India" and further accused Hindus of being disloyal to Canada, in the wake of Prime Minister Justin Trudeau's statement that Indian government agents may have played a role in Hardeep Singh Nijjar's death. The video was condemned by numerous Canadian politicians, including ministers in the federal cabinet and federal party leaders.
* In September–October 2023, 6 Hindu temples were broken into in Ontario, with 3 temples broken into in a single night. Surveillance videos show a large amount of cash being taken from the donation boxes, with an attempt to break into a safe in one of the temples. The temples included the Chitpurni Temple, the Rameshwar Mandir in Caledon, the Hindu Heritage Center in Mississauga, the Hindu Mandir Durham in Pickering, the Devi Mandir in Pickering, and the Sankat Mochan Mandir in Ajax.
* In July 2024, a BAPS temple in Edmonton was vandalized with graffiti labelling Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Nepean MP Chandra Arya as "Hindu terrorist(s)". A video of the desecration was promoted on social media. Several groups, including the Consulate General of India in Vancouver, the Canadian Hindu Chamber of Commerce, and the US-based Hindu American Foundation, condemned the incident and called for Canadian authorities to investigate, citing a 'growing tide of Hinduphobia in Canada'. Several elected members of government, including Randy Boissonnault, Terry Duguid, Tim Uppal, and Edmonton mayor Amarjeet Sohi condemned the incident as an 'act of hate that goes against Canadian values'. Chandra Arya reiterated his concerns surrounding growing Khalistani extremism and called on law enforcement authorities to take action, stating "Like a broken record, I again call on Canadian law enforcement agencies to take this issue seriously before these rhetorics get translated into physical action against Hindu-Canadians.” In response, US-based Khalistan separatist leader Gurpatwant Singh Pannu called for Arya and other Hindu-Canadians to return to India.
* In August 2024, a pro Khalistan group gathered at a venue for an Indian Independence Day parade, and were heard shouting "Canadian Hindus go back to India". In the days preceding the event, the secessionist group, Sikhs for Justice, circulated flyers calling for a "face-off" between Khalistani Sikhs and Canadian Hindus. Pierre Poilievre condemned the incident and described the calls from the Khalistani group "absolutely unacceptable" and stated that "“Hindus have the right to worship, to raise their families, to live in peace, without intimidation or threats". He further accused Prime Minister Justin Trudeau of dividing communities.
* In November 2024, Khalistani demonstrators attacked people outside the Hindu Sabha Mandir in Brampton with flag poles. Justin Trudeau, Pierre Poilievre, and Jagmeet Singh, along with other Canadian politicians, condemned the incident. As a result of the violence, Brampton Mayor Patrick Brown announced he that he intended to introduce a motion at city council to prohibit protests outside places of worship in Brampton. An off duty Peel Police sergeant Harinder Sohi was suspended from duty for participating in the protest. Sohi was filmed holding a Khalistan flag outside the temple. In a social media post, a police officer was seen charging at a temple-goer and punching him, seemingly without provocation.