# United States Citizenship and Immigration Services

U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) is an agency of the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) that administers the country's naturalization and immigration system.

## History

The USCIS is a successor to the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS), which was dissolved by the Homeland Security Act of 2002 and replaced by three components within the DHS: USCIS, Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), and Customs and Border Protection (CBP).

## Mission statement

USCIS's mission statement was changed on February 9, 2022. USCIS Director Jaddou announced the new mission statement. In 2021, USCIS leadership empowered employees to submit words that they felt best illustrated the agency's work. The new mission statement reflects this feedback from the workforce, the Biden administration's priorities, and Jaddou's vision for an inclusive and accessible agency.
The mission statement now reads:
   USCIS upholds America's promise as a nation of welcome and possibility with fairness, integrity, and respect for all we serve.

## Functions

USCIS processes immigrant visa petitions, naturalization applications, asylum applications, applications for adjustment of status (green cards), and refugee applications.
It also makes adjudicative decisions performed at the service centers, and manages all other immigration benefits functions (i.e., not immigration enforcement) performed by the former INS.
The USCIS's other responsibilities include:
* Administration of immigration services and benefits
* Issuing employment authorization documents (EAD)
* Adjudicating petitions for non-immigrant temporary workers (H-1B, O-1, etc.)
While core immigration benefits functions remain the same as under the INS, a new goal is to process immigrants' applications more efficiently.
Improvement efforts have included attempts to reduce the applicant backlog and providing customer service through different channels, including the USCIS Contact Center with information in English and Spanish, Application Support Centers (ASCs), the Internet, and other channels.
USCIS focuses on two key points on the immigrant's path to civic integration: when they first become permanent residents and when they are ready to begin the formal naturalization process.
A lawful permanent resident is eligible to become a U.S. citizen after holding the Permanent Resident Card for at least five continuous years, with no trips out of the country of 180 days or more.
If the lawful permanent resident marries a U.S. citizen, eligibility for U.S. citizenship is shortened to three years so long as the resident has been living with their spouse continuously for at least three years and the spouse has been a resident for at least three years.

### Forms

USCIS handles all forms and processing materials related to immigration and naturalization. This is evident from USCIS's predecessor, the INS (Immigration and Naturalization Service), which is defunct as of March 1, 2003.
USCIS handles two kinds of forms: those related to immigration, and those related to naturalization. Forms are designated by a specific name, and an alphanumeric sequence consisting of a letter followed by two or three digits.
Forms related to immigration are designated with an I (for example, I-551, Permanent Resident Card) and forms related to naturalization are designated by an N (for example, N-400, Application for Naturalization).

## Directors

| No. | Director | Took office | Left office | Time in office | Party | President |
| 1 | Aguirre, EduardoEduardo Aguirre (born 1946) | August 15, 2003 | June 16, 2005 | 1 year, 305 days | Republican | Bush, GeorgeGeorge W. Bush (R) |
| – | Petrucelli, MichaelMichael Petrucelli Acting | June 17, 2005 | July 25, 2005 | 38 days | ? | Bush, GeorgeGeorge W. Bush (R) |
| 2 | Gonzalez, EmilioEmilio T. Gonzalez (born 1956) | December 21, 2005 | April 18, 2008 | 2 years, 119 days | Republican | Bush, GeorgeGeorge W. Bush (R) |
| – | Scharfen, JonathanJonathan "Jock" Scharfen Acting | April 21, 2008 | December 2, 2008 | 225 days | ? | Bush, GeorgeGeorge W. Bush (R) |
| 3 | Mayorkas, AlejandroAlejandro Mayorkas (born 1959) | August 12, 2009 | December 23, 2013 | 4 years, 133 days | Democratic | Obama, BarackBarack Obama (D) |
| – | Scialabba, LoriLori Scialabba Acting | December 23, 2013 | July 9, 2014 | 198 days | ? | Obama, BarackBarack Obama (D) |
| 4 | Winkowski, ThomasLeón Rodríguez (born 1962) | July 9, 2014 | January 20, 2017 | 2 years, 195 days | Democratic | Obama, BarackBarack Obama (D) |
| – | Scialabba, LoriLori Scialabba Acting | January 20, 2017 | March 31, 2017 | 70 days | ? | Trump, DonaldDonald Trump (R) |
| – | McCament, JamesJames W. McCament Acting | March 31, 2017 | October 8, 2017 | 191 days | ? | Trump, DonaldDonald Trump (R) |
| 5 | Cissna, LeeL. Francis Cissna (born 1966) | October 8, 2017 | June 1, 2019 | 1 year, 236 days | Independent | Trump, DonaldDonald Trump (R) |
| – | CuccinelliKen Cuccinelli (born 1968) Acting | June 10, 2019 | November 18, 2019 | 161 days | Republican | Trump, DonaldDonald Trump (R) |
| – | Koumas, MarkMark Koumans Acting | November 18, 2019 | February 20, 2020 | 94 days | Independent | Trump, DonaldDonald Trump (R) |
| – | Edlow, JosephJoseph Edlow Acting | February 20, 2020 | January 20, 2021 | 335 days | Independent | Trump, DonaldDonald Trump (R) |
| – | Renaud, TraceyTracy Renaud Acting | January 20, 2021 | August 3, 2021 | 195 days | Independent | Biden, JoeJoe Biden (D) |
| 6 | Mendoza, UrUr Mendoza Jaddou (born 1974) | August 3, 2021 | January 20, 2025 | 3 years, 170 days | Independent | Biden, JoeJoe Biden (D) |
| – | Higgins, Jennifer B.Jennifer B. Higgins Acting | January 20, 2025 | February 9, 2025 | 20 days | ? | Trump, DonaldDonald Trump (R) |
| – | Scott, KikaKika Scott Acting | February 9, 2025 | present | 32 days | ? | Trump, DonaldDonald Trump (R) |
$^1$ Ken Cuccinelli served from July 8 to December 31, 2019, as de facto Acting Director. His tenure as Acting Director was ruled unlawful. He remained Principal Deputy Director at USCIS for the remainder of his tenure.

## Immigration courts and judges

The United States immigration courts, immigration judges, and the Board of Immigration Appeals, which hears appeals from them, are part of the Executive Office for Immigration Review (EOIR) within the United States Department of Justice. (USCIS is part of the Department of Homeland Security.)

## Operations
### Internet presence

USCIS's official website was redesigned in 2009 and unveiled on September 22, 2009. The last major redesign before 2009 was in October 2006. The website now includes a virtual assistant, Emma, who answers questions in English and Spanish.

### Inquiry and issue resolution

USCIS's website contains self-service tools, including a case status checker and address change request form.
Applicants, petitioners, and their authorized representatives can also submit case inquiries and service requests on USCIS's website. The inquiries and requests are routed to the relevant USCIS center or office to process.
Case inquiries may involve asking about a case that is outside of normal expected USCIS processing times for the form.
Inquiries and service requests may also concern not receiving a notice, card, or document by mail, correcting typographical errors, and requesting disability accommodations.
If the self-service tools on USCIS's website cannot resolve an issue, the applicant, petitioner, or authorized representative can contact the USCIS Contact Center.
If the Contact Center cannot assist the inquirer directly, the issue will be forwarded to the relevant USCIS center or office for review. Some applicants and petitioners, primarily those who are outside of the United States, may also schedule appointments on USCIS's website

### Funding

Unlike most other federal agencies, USCIS is funded almost entirely by user fees, most of it via the Immigration Examinations Fee Account (IEFA).
USCIS is authorized to collect fees for its immigration case adjudication and naturalization services by the Immigration and Nationality Act.
In fiscal year 2020, USCIS had a budget of US$4.85 billion; 97.3% of it was funded by fees and 2.7% by congressional appropriations.

### Staffing

USCIS consists of approximately 19,000 federal employees and contractors working at 223 offices around the world.

### Offices

A field USCIS office provides interviews for all non-asylum cases; naturalization ceremonies; appointments for information; and applicant services.
USCIS Asylum offices schedule interviews only for asylum and suspension of deportation and special rule cancellation of removal under the Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act (NACARA).
Asylum offices do not provide information services. Applications are not filed at asylum offices.
International offices provide services to U.S. citizens, permanent U.S. residents, and certain other people who are visiting or residing outside the U.S. International offices are in the following cities
| City | Country |
| Ankara | Turkey |
| Beijing | China |
| Guangzhou | China |
| Havana | Cuba |
| San Salvador | El Salvador |
| Guatemala City | Guatemala |
| Tegucigalpa | Honduras |
| New Delhi | India |
| Nairobi | Kenya |
| Mexico City | Mexico |