# Timeline of the Ottoman Empire

This article provides a timeline of the Ottoman Empire
This timeline is incomplete; some important events may be missing. Please help add to it.

## 14th century

| Year | Date | Event |
| AD. 1298 | | The reign of Osman I, founder of the Ottoman Empire, began. |
| 1302 | July 27 | Battle of Bapheus. The first war between the Ottomans and Byzantines. |
| 1326 | | Orhan Gazi's accession to the throne. |
| 1326 | | Siege of Bursa. The Ottomans conquered Bursa. After the conquest the city was the capital. |
| 1329 | June 10–11 | Battle of Pelekanon. The Ottomans completed their conquest of Bithynia and the north-western corner of Anatolia. |
| 1328-31 | March 2 | Siege of Nicaea. The Ottomans conquered Nicaea. |
| 1362 | March | Orhan Gazi's death. Murad I accession to the throne. |
| 1365 | | Battle of Sırp Sındığı. Bulgaria had to pay taxes, and the decline of the Bulgarian Empire. |
| 1369 | | Edirne was conquered. From 1413 to 1458 the city was the capital. |
| 1371 | September 27 | Battle of Maritsa. Serbia was forced to declare loyalty to the Ottoman Empire. |
| 1385-87 | | Battle of Pločnik |
| 1389 | June 15 | Battle of Kosovo. Most of Serbia is conquered. Murad I lost his life in this war. Bayezid I accession to the throne. |
| 1396 | September 25 | Battle of Nicopolis. Bulgaria was conquered. |
| 1399 | | The Bursa great mosque was built by the Bayezid I. The first to be built by the Ottoman Darü'ş-şifa (worship and education center) Bayezid 1. |

## 15th century

| Year | Date | Event |
| 1402 | July 20 | Battle of Ankara. Ottomans entered the short-term period of stagnation. The battle is also significant in Ottoman history as being the only time a Sultan has been captured in person. |
| 1402-13 | | Ottoman Interregnum or Ottoman Civil War. This process Bayezid I 1402 at the Battle of Ankara, Turco-Mongol warlord Tamerlane defeated as a result of falling prisoner appeared. Crumbling Ottoman unity, the year in 1413 was restored by Mehmed I. |
| 1413 | July 5 | Battle of Çamurlu. Mehmed I accession to the throne. |
| 1421 | May 26 | Murad II accession to throne. |
| 1422 | | Siege of Constantinople (1422). The first comprehensive siege of Constantinople by the Ottomans. |
| 1427-28 | | Germiyanids was conquered by the Ottomans. |
| 1432 | March 30 | Mehmet the Conqueror's birth. |
| 1443-44 | | Crusade of Varna |
| 1444 | November 10 | Battle of Varna. Morea and Bulgaria were connected to the Ottoman State. This began to increase the authority of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans. |
| 1448 | October 17–20 | Battle of Kosovo II. Balkans fully entered Ottoman rule. |
| 1453 | May 29 | Mehmed II (the Conqueror) captures Constantinople, and the final Byzantine emperor Constantine XI dies in the fighting. |
| 1459 | | Serbia was conquered. |
| 1460 | | Mehmed II conquers Morea. |
| 1461 | | Mehmed II conquers Trabzon thus ends Empire of Trebizond. |
| 1461 | | Isfendiyarids joined the Ottoman lands. |
| 1462 | | Mehmed II begins to build his Topkapi Palace. |
| 1463 | | Bosnia was conquered. |
| 1463-79 | | Ottoman–Venetian War |
| 1473 | | Battle of Otlukbeli; Mehmed II defeats Uzun Hasan of Akkoyunlu Turkmens. |
| 1475 | | Gedik Ahmet Pasha captures Caffa. Crimea becomes vassal of the Ottoman Empire. |
| 1478 | | Albania is conquered. |
| 1480 | | Gedik Ahmet Pasha captures Otranto, the southeast corner of Italy as a base for further attacks on Italy (only to evacuate after the death of Mehmet II). |
| 1481 | May 3 | Mehmed II dies. Bayezid II ascended to the throne. |
| 1481 | | Sultan Cem and Bayezid II has experienced a struggle for the throne between. This event is important for the Ottoman history. There has been standstill and internal conflicts. |
| 1482 | | Duchy of Saint Sava was conquered. |
| 1485-91 | | Ottoman–Mamluk War |
| 1487 | | Karamanids was conquered. |
| 1498 | | Zeta was conquered. |
| 1499-1503 | | Ottoman–Venetian War (1499–1503) |

## 16th century

| Year | Date | Event |
| 1512 | April 24 | Selim I, the Inflexible ascension to throne. |
| 1514 | | Battle of Chaldiran; Selim I defeats Ismail I of the Safavids; East Anatolia under Ottoman control for the first time. |
| 1516 | | Battle of Marj Dabiq; Selim I defeats Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri of Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt. Syria and Palestine under Ottoman rule. |
| 1517 | | Battle of Ridaniya; Selim I defeats Tuman bay II of Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt. Egypt under Ottoman rule. |
| 1517 | | Piri Reis; presented the first world map of the Selim I. |
| 1519 | | Hayreddin Barbarossa, ruler of much of Algeria, agrees to become a provincial governor under the Ottomans. |
| 1519 | | Jelali revolts. |
| 1520 | | The reign of Suleiman the Magnificent (Suleiman I) begins. |
| 1521 | | Suleiman I conquers Belgrade. |
| 1522 | | Suleiman I captures Rhodes. |
| 1526 | | Battle of Mohács. Suleiman I defeats Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia. |
| 1529 | | Suleiman I besieges Vienna. |
| 1532 | | Suleiman I besieges Közseg. |
| 1534-6 | | Suleiman I leads the Two Iraqs campaign against the Safavids, annexing Baghdad. |
| 1536 | | Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha was executed. |
| 1537 | | Suleiman I besieges Korfu. |
| 1538 | | The Holy League navy is defeated in the Battle of Preveza. |
| 1541 | | Conquest of Buda and establishment of Ottoman rule over Hungary. |
| 1543 | | Suleiman I besieges Esztergom. |
| 1548 | | Campaign to Iran. |
| 1551 | | Siege of Tripoli (1551). Tripoli is taken over. |
| 1552 | August | Capture of Muscat. Muscat in the management of the Portuguese Empire, Seized by the Ottomans. |
| 1553 | October 6 | Execution of Şehzade Mustafa, the crown prince during the 12th campaign of Suleyman. |
| 1555 | | Peace of Amasya signed with the Safavid Empire. Western Armenia (Eastern Anatolia), western Georgia (incl. western Samtskhe), and western Kurdistan fall in Ottoman hands. The latter also gained control over most of Mesopotamia (Iraq). Eastern Armenia, Eastern Georgia (incl. eastern Samtskhe), Dagestan, and Shirvan (present-day Azerbaijan Republic) remain under Safavid rule. |
| 1560 | | Battle of Djerba |
| 1565 | | Failed siege of Malta. |
| 1565 | December | The Ottoman-Macedonian wars begin with the commencement of the Mariovo and Prilep rebellion. The Macedonian revolutionaries storm through the town of Prilep causing a conflict, the Ottoman janissaries later suppress the revolt. |
| 1566 | September 6 | The reign of Suleiman the Magnificent (Suleiman I) ends. Siege of Szigetvár. Selim II accession to throne. |
| 1568 | | The great fire of Istanbul Burns. |
| 1570-73 | | Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–73). Conquest of Cyprus. |
| 1571 | | Battle of Lepanto. The Holy League defeated the Ottomans. |
| 1571 | | Fire of Moscow (1571). Crimean khan Devlet I Giray raided the city of Moscow. |
| 1574 | | Conquest of Tunis. Selim II death. Murad III accession to the throne. |
| 1575 | | Selimiye Mosque was built by architect Mimar Sinan between 1569 and 1575. |
| 1578 | | Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–90). When this war ended, the Ottomans reached the widest extent in the east. |
| 1590 | | Treaty of İstanbul between Ottoman Empire and the Safavids; Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia as well as western Iran under Ottoman rule. Reaching the widest border in the east of the Ottomans. |
| 1593 | June 22 | Battle of Sisak |
| 1593-1606 | | Long Turkish War. The series of wars that lasted 13 years, ended with the Peace of Zsitvatorok. |
| 1595 | January 16 | Mehmet III accession to throne. |
| 1596 | October 23–26 | Battle of Keresztes |

## 17th century

| Year | Date | Event |
| 1603-18 | | Ottoman–Safavid War. The Ottomans lost all the lands they won with the Ferhat Pasha Treaty. |
| 1609 | | Kuyucu Murad Pasha suppresses the Jelali revolts. |
| 1612 | | Treaty of Nasuh Pasha between Ottoman Empire and Safavid Persia. Ottoman Empire gives up all gains made by Treaty of Istanbul of 1590. |
| 1618 | | Treaty of Serav signed with the Safavid Empire after further losses in the Ottoman–Safavid War (1603–18). |
| 1622 | May 20 | Regicide of Osman II. |
| 1622 | | Revolt of Abaza Mehmed Pasha. |
| 1639 | | Treaty of Zuhab signed with the Safavid Empire. Roughly restored the borders as agreed per the Peace of Amasya (1555). Decisive partition of the Caucasus, recognition of Ottoman control of Mesopotamia (Iraq). Western Georgia (incl. all of Samtskhe this time) and Western Armenia decisively fall in Turkish hands. Eastern Georgia, Eastern Armenia, Dagestan, and Shirvan (present-day Azerbaijan Republic) remain under Iranian control. |
| 1648 | | Deposition of Sultan Ibrahim, enthronement of Mehmed IV. |
| 1649 | May 12 | Battle of Focchies |
| 1651 | September 2 | Assassination of Kösem Sultan. |
| 1656 | | Köprülü Mehmed Pasha is appointed Grand Vizier, inaugurating the Köprülü political dynasty, a family of viziers, warriors, and statesmen who dominated the administration of the empire during the last half of the 17th century, an era known as the Köprülü era (c. 1656–1703). |
| 1658 | | Köprülü Mehmed carries out extensive purges of the imperial cavalry. |
| 1658 | | Revolt of Abaza Hasan Pasha. |
| 1658 | | Ottoman conquest of Ineu (Yanova). |
| 1661 | | Death of Köprülü Mehmed Pasha. His son Fazıl Ahmed Pasha becomes Grand Vizier. |
| 1663-64 | | Austro-Turkish War. War ended with the Peace of Vasvár. |
| 1669 | | Ottoman conquest of Heraklion (Kandiye). |
| 1672-76 | | Polish–Ottoman War. Ottoman conquest of Kamianets-Podilskyi (Kamaniçe). The war end of the Ottoman Empire reached its maximum size in europe. |
| 1676 | | Death of Fazıl Ahmed Pasha. His brother-in-law Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha becomes Grand Vizier. |
| 1683 | September 12 | Battle of Vienna. Ottoman defeat. |
| 1683 | December 25 | Execution of Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha. |
| 1686 | | Buda lost to the Austrian Habsburgs. |
| 1687 | | Deposition of Mehmed IV. |
| 1689 | October 20 | An uprising occurs in Ottoman Macedonia, known as the Karposh's Rebellion. |
| 1697 | September 11 | Battle of Zenta. Ottoman defeat. Grand Vizier was killed. |
| 1699 | | Ottomans cede most of Hungary to Austria in the Treaty of Karlowitz. |

## 18th century

| Year | Date | Event |
| 1715 | | Morea recaptured. |
| 1718 | | Treaty of Passarowitz signed. |
| 1718 | | Beginning of Tulip era (up to 1730). |
| 1729 | | First printing press in Turkish by Ibrahim Muteferrika. |
| 1730 | | Revolt of Patrona Halil. End of Tulip era. Ahmet III is dethroned. |
| 1739 | | Treaty of Belgrade signed. |
| 1770 | July 5 - 7 | Battle of Çeşme, the first of a number of disastrous fleet battles for the Ottomans against Russia. |
| 1774 | | Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca signed. |
| 1791 | 4 August | Treaty of Sistova |
| 1792 | 9 January | Treaty of Jassy |

## 19th century

| Year | Date | Event |
| 1804 | February 14 | First Serbian Uprising: The Serbian Revolution begins. |
| 1807 | May | Kabakçı Mustafa rebellion: Reformist sultan Selim III dethroned. |
| 1808 | July 21 | Alemdar Mustafa Pasha suppresses the rebellion. But Selim III is dead and Mahmut II becomes the new sultan. |
| 1813 | April 23 | Second Serbian Uprising: The Serbs revolt. |
| 1821 | | Greek War of Independence: The Greek War of Independence begins. |
| 1826 | June 15 | Auspicious Incident: centuries old Janissary corps forcibly disbanded after a rebellion against Mahmud II. |
| 1830 | | Algeria is conquered by the French. |
| 1831 | November 11 | First official newspaper in Turkish published. (Takvim-i Vekayi). |
| 1832 | July 21 | Greek War of Independence: Greek sovereignty is formalized. |
| 1831–1833 | | Egyptian–Ottoman War |
| 1833 | July 8 | Treaty of Hunkar Iskelesi Russia helped Ottoman empire against Egyptian threat and confirmed its protection. |
| 1838 | | Anglo-Ottoman Treaty opens the empire to free trade of European powers. |
| 1839 | | Tanzimat period |
| 1853 | October 4 | Crimean War: The Crimean War with Russia begins, with Britain, France and Sardinia joining on the Ottoman side. |
| 1860 | October 21 | First private newspaper in Turkish published by Agah Efendi.(Tercümen'ı Ahval). |
| 1862 | February 5 | A united Romanian autonomous state is established. |
| 1875 | October 30 | Ottomans default on their public debt, having first entered into loan contracts with its European creditors shortly after the beginning of the Crimean War. |
| 1876 | December 23 | Opened the 1876–1877 Constantinople Conference, which ends the Tanzimat reforms after they bankrupt the Empire. |
| 1877 | April 24 | Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878): Another war with Russia, the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878, begins. |
| 1878 | March 3 | Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878): The Treaty of San Stefano recognizes Romanian and Serbian independence, as well as the establishment of an autonomous Bulgarian principality under nominal Ottoman protection. Austria-Hungary occupies Bosnia by default. |
| 1878 | June 4 | Cyprus is occupied by Britain. |
| 1881 | | Tunisia becomes a French colony. |
| 1882 | | Egypt goes under British protection. |
| 1885 | September 6 | The province of Eastern Rumelia is transferred to Bulgarian jurisdiction. |

## 20th century

| Year | Date | Event |
| 1908 | | Second Constitutional Era (Young Turk revolution). |
| 1908 | October 5 | Bulgaria obtains full independence. |
| 1908 | October 7 | Austria-Hungary annexes Bosnia by mere declaration. |
| 1911 | November 11 | Italo-Turkish War: The Ottomans are defeated by Italy in a short war, with the Italians gaining Libya and ending the 340-year Ottoman presence in North Africa. |
| 1912 | October 8 | First Balkan War: Albania declares independence. |
| 1913 | May 17 | First Balkan War: The Ottoman Empire is nearly wiped out from Europe, save for Istanbul and just enough land around to defend it. |
| 1914 | August 2 | The Empire enters into World War I on the side of the Central Powers. Cyprus is annexed outright by Britain. |
| 1915 | April 24 | The Ottoman Empire initiates forced deportation of Armenians. |
| 1915 | April 25 | The Gallipoli Campaign: Under the command of Mustafa Kemal, the Ottoman army successfully repels Britain invasion of the Dardanelles in Turkey. |
| 1915 | December 7 | Siege of Kut. Ottoman defense just outside of Baghdad, leading to a major defeat for the British. Largest mass surrender of a British army since Yorktown (American revolutionary war). |
| 1917 | February 23 | Russian Revolution occurs, ceasing hostilities in the Caucasus, allowing Enver Pasha to establish the Army of Islam and retake lands in eastern Anatolia from Russia, ultimately to pre-war borders. |
| 1918 | October 30 | Armistice of Mudros, ending hostilities in the Middle Eastern theater of World War I, including Clause VII, stating that "The Allies to have the right to occupy any strategic points in the event of any situation arising which threatens the security of the Allies." This clause was subsequently used by the Greeks, Italians, French, and British to occupy parts of Ottoman lands felt to be in their territorial interests. |
| 1919 | May 15 | Greek troops land in and occupy Izmir (classical Smyrna), with Allied approval. Greek atrocities begin on the local Turkish Muslim civilian population, leading to widespread Turkish disaffection. |
| 1919 | May 19 | Turkish War of Independence commences. |
| 1920 | August 10 | Treaty of Sèvres, marking the beginning of the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire. Rejected by Turkish nationalists and eventually leads to the abolition of the monarchy by the Government of the Grand National Assembly based in Ankara. |
| 1922 | November 1 | Abolition of the Ottoman dynasty by Republic of Turkey. |
| 1923 | July 24 | Treaty of Lausanne signed. |
| 1924 | March 3 | Abolition of the Caliphate by Grand National Assembly of Turkey. |