# Commemorative Air Force

The Commemorative Air Force (CAF), formerly known as the Confederate Air Force, is an American non-profit organization based in Dallas, Texas, that preserves and shows historical aircraft at airshows, primarily in the U.S. and Canada.
The CAF has about 13,000 members, more than 70 chapters, and more than 170 aircraft, including the world's largest collection of airworthy warbirds.

## History

The origin of the Commemorative Air Force is the organization called the "Confederate Air Corps" created by Oscar Harper in Montgomery, Alabama, in 1953. Led by the fictional character "Thaddeus P. Throckmorton" and his recruiting officer "Jethro Culpepper", the CAC established several features that later became key characteristics of the CAF: folksy, tongue-in-cheek southern humor; a membership structure based on each member having the equal rank of colonel; and a rallying cry of "Semper, Mint Julep" ("Always Mint Julep").
In 1957, Lloyd Nolen and four friends purchased a P-51 Mustang called "Red Nose", splitting the $1,500 cost. In 1958, the group made their second purchase: two Grumman F8F Bearcats for $805 each. Along with the P-51, this gave the pilots two of the most-advanced piston-engine fighters to see service with the U.S. Army Air Forces and the United States Navy.
In 1960, the CAF began to seriously search for other World War II aircraft. The CAF colonels were shocked to find that the aircraft which played such a major role in winning World War II were being rapidly and systematically scrapped as obsolete with no efforts, not even by the Air Force or Navy, to preserve any for display for future generations. The warbirds that remained airworthy were mostly in private hands modified for air racing or had been converted for commercial use as air freighters and aerial firefighters.
On September 6, 1961, the CAF was chartered as a nonprofit Texas corporation to restore and preserve World War II-era combat aircraft. By the end of the year, the CAF owned nine aircraft. By 1963, the group had achieved their initial goal of acquiring one of each fighter plane operated by U.S. forces during World War II. They held their first airshow on March 10, 1963.
In 1965, the first museum building was completed at old Rebel Field, Mercedes, Texas. The CAF created a new Rebel Field at Harlingen, Texas, and moved there in 1968, occupying three large buildings including 26,000 square feet (2,400 m$^2$) of museum space. By the end of the decade, the CAF fleet had added medium and heavy bombers such as the North American B-25 Mitchell, B-17, Consolidated B-24 Liberator. In 1971, they bought one of the two airworthy Boeing B-29 Superfortresses, FIFI.
In 1976, the CAF sponsored an air show where a B-29 bomber piloted by Paul Tibbets, the pilot who flew the B-29 which bombed Hiroshima during World War II, reenacted the atomic bombing of Hiroshima (including a mock mushroom cloud). This air show prompted the Japanese government to lodge a formal complaint with the United States Embassy, resulting in the U.S. government issuing an apology.
In 1983, the American Airpower Heritage Foundation was founded to financially support the CAF.
The group's accomplishments were recognized in 1989 with a National Aviation Hall of Fame Spirit of Flight Award. That year, Texas Governor William Clements signed a resolution designating the CAF the air force of Texas.
In 1990, the CAF added two corporations. The first was the American Airpower Heritage Flying Museum, tasked with obtaining and maintaining the CAF's aircraft titles. The second was the American Airpower Heritage Museum, which acquired and maintained the CAF's non-aircraft pieces and static displays. In September 1990, CAF joined a statewide anti-littering campaign (Don't Mess With Texas), filming a low-level, high-speed pass of the B-17 Sentimental Journey on a mock bombing run of a highway-littering pickup truck, as part of a 30-second television spot.
In 1991, the CAF moved operations to Midland, Texas, where the group opened the CAF Airpower Museum and the American Combat Airman Hall of Fame.
In April 2014, the CAF announced the move of their headquarters and all of the planes associated with the headquarters to Dallas Executive Airport in Dallas, Texas. The museum and its artifacts (including the nose art collection) were moved to the new headquarters, which it operates as the Henry B. Tippie National Aviation Education Center.
In 2015, the CAF acquired the C-47 That's All, Brother, the plane that led the parachute assault on Normandy during D-Day.

### Accidents and incidents

On September 28, 1995, a Martin B-26 Marauder operated by CAF crashed near Odessa, Texas, killing all five crew members. The NTSB found that the pilot failed to maintain minimum airspeed.
On April 14, 2001, the CAF pilot of a Fairchild PT-19A was killed in a crash shortly after takeoff at Midland International Airport; the plane's one passenger survived. The NTSB cited the pilot's "failure to maintain airspeed which resulted in an inadvertent stall".
On May 14, 2001, both CAF crew members aboard a Vultee BT-13A died in a crash southeast of Odessa, Texas. The NTSB found that the pilot failed to maintain minimum airspeed.
On June 16, 2005, a PT-26 Cornell operated by CAF crashed in Williamson, Georgia, killing both crew members. The NTSB found that the pilot "attempted a takeoff with flaps extended."
On November 12, 2022, during the Wings Over Dallas airshow, two planes owned and operated by CAF—a Bell P-63F and the Boeing B-17G Texas Raiders—suffered a mid-air collision that killed six people.

## Membership

As of 2020, the Commemorative Air Force had more than 13,000 members, in more than 70 regional groups, called wings or detachments, in 27 states and five countries. Several hundred members actively serve as pilots and flight and/or maintenance crew members committed to preserving American combat aviation heritage. The CAF is an all-volunteer organization, made up of members from all backgrounds. Membership is open to everyone age 18 or older, and cadet membership is available for those over 12 years of age. Although a 501(c)(3) nonprofit, tax-exempt group, the CAF has received financial incentives from state and local governments to move to Dallas and operate in Midland.

## Organization

The American Airpower Heritage Group is the parent organization and is made up of four corporations:
* The Commemorative Air Force, the membership association
* A foundation that controls the financial assets and endowment
* A museum that manages the non-flying artifacts
* A flying museum that operates the flying aircraft

## Name

The original name, Confederate Air Force, alluding to the Confederate States of America, started as a joke about the organization's ragtag beginnings. As the collection of warbirds at Central Valley Airport in Mercedes, Texas, started to grow, one member painted the name on the side of the original North American P-51 Mustang Red Nose. The name stuck, and it grew to the point where the airport was renamed Rebel Field, all members were called "colonels" (a tradition which still remains), and it led to the creation of a fictitious leader named Colonel Jethro E. Culpepper. A blood chit written on the backs of flight suits and flight jackets stated, "This is a CAF aviator. If found lost or unconscious, please hide him from Yankees, revive with mint julep and assist him in returning to friendly territory. CONFEDERATE AIR FORCE."
In November 2000, the group voted to rename, using the initials "CAF" until a permanent name was selected. Following a 2001 membership vote, the group changed its name to "Commemorative Air Force", effective January 1, 2002. Many felt the name Confederate Air Force was confusing, did not accurately reflect the purpose of the organization, and was detrimental to fundraising efforts. According to CAF chief of staff Ray Kinney, "In many people's minds, the word 'confederacy' brings up the image of slavery and discrimination. We, in no way, are associated with that kind of stuff. So, it gives us, in a way, a black eye."

## Aircraft

As of 2022, the CAF owned 179 aircraft, a collection known as the CAF Ghost Squadron. Its aircraft range from the small Stinson L-5 Sentinel and Ryan PT-22 to the giant Boeing B-29 Superfortress; the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress; and the Consolidated Liberator B Mk I/B-24A Liberator AM927. Many of the CAF aircraft are rare; the CAF operates one of only two flying examples of the Boeing B-29 Superfortress, and the only remaining flightworthy Curtiss SB2C Helldiver. Others, such as the B-24/LB-30 Liberator; the Japanese Mitsubishi A6M Zero; and the Douglas SBD Dauntless are one of only two or three of that type left flying today. The CAF also operates Axis and Warsaw Pact aircraft such as the MiG 17 Fresco C.
* Aeronca L-3E Defender LIL' Show Me
* Aeronca L-16A - Airbase Arizona
* Aichi D3A Val dive bomber replica (North American SNJ conversion)
* Beechcraft 18/C-45/SNB/JRB
** Beech AT-11 Kansan
** Beechcraft D-18S A-235 - Airbase Arizona
** Beechcraft UC-45J Navigator "SoNoran Beauty" 51242 - Central Texas Wing
** Beechcraft model 18 C-45 "Lil Raider"
** Beechcraft model 18 C-45 67124
** Beechcraft model 18 C-45 "Spirit of West Texas"
** Beechcraft model 18 C-45 "Yellow Belly"
** Beechcraft model 18 C-45 "Bucket of Bolts"
* Beech T-34A Mentor (A-45)
** T-34 N6849C
** T-34 N802HV
** T-34 N687HV
** T-34 N88RM
** T-34 N5374W
** T-34 N6849C
* Bell P-39Q Airacobra 42-19597 - Central Texas Wing
* Bell P-63
** Bell P-63A-6-BE Kingcobra 42-68941 - Airbase Georgia
* Boeing-Stearman PT-17 Kaydet (USN N2S)
** Stearman N2S-4 c/n 75-4894 - Airbase Arizona
** Stearman N2S c/n 75-8291 - Utah Wing
* Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress
** Boeing B-17G Flying Fortress Sentimental Journey 44-83514 - Airbase Arizona
* Boeing B-29 Superfortress ''Fifi' 44-62070
* Cessna UC-94/C-165 (Airmaster)
* Cessna UC-78 Bobcat (RCAF Crane) 1632 - Wright Stuff Squadron
* Cessna UC-78B Bobcat 43-32578 - Jayhawk Wing
* Consolidated B-24A/LB-30/Liberator I/C-87 40-2366 Diamond Lil (ex-RAF AM927)
* Consolidated PBY-6A Catalina BuNo 64092 - Lake Superior Squadron
* Consolidated PBY-6A Catalina BuNo 64097 - Lake Superior Squadron
* Curtiss C-46F-1-CU Commando China Doll 44-78663 - Southern California Wing
* Curtiss P-40 Warhawk (Kittyhawk and Tomahawk)
** Curtiss P-40N Warhawk c/n 29629 (ex-RCAF 867)
* Curtiss SB2C-5 Helldiver BuNo 83589 - Cactus Squadron/West Texas Wing
* De Havilland DH-94 Moth Minor c/n N94DH - Rio Grande Valley Wing
* de Havilland Canada DHC-1 Chipmunk
* Douglas A-26/B-26 Invader
** Douglas A-26B-35DL Invader Spirit of Waco 41-39427 - CAF Invader Squadron
** Douglas A-26C-40DT Invader Daisy Mae 44-35643 - Sierra Hotel A-26 Group
** Douglas A-26C Invader Lady Liberty 41-39230 - Lady Liberty Squadron
* Douglas B-23 Dragon on display at CAF Headquarters
* Douglas DC-3/C-47/C-53/R4D
** Douglas C-47 Skytrain That's All, Brother 42-92847 – Texas Wing
** Douglas C-53D-DO/DC-3A Skytrooper D-Day Doll 42-68830 - Inland Empire Wing
** Douglas R4D-6/C-47J Skytrain Ready 4 Duty BuNo 50783 - Dallas/Fort Worth Wing
** Douglas C-47 Skytrain "Old Number 30"
** Douglas C-47 Skytrain "Texas zephyr"
** AC-47 "Spooky"
* Douglas SBD-5 Dauntless BuNo 54532
* ERCO Ercoupe
* Fairchild PT-19, PT-23 and PT-26
** Fairchild PT-19A - Southern California Wing
** Fairchild PT-19A 42-83435 - Birmingham Escadrille
** Fairchild PT-23A-HO 42-49250 - Southern California Wing
** Fairchild PT-26 - Wisconsin Wing
** Fairchild Cornell 42-65935 - Highland Lakes Squadron
* Fairchild UC-61 Argus/Forwarder
* Fairchild F-12R46 Argus - Southern California Wing
* Fairchild F-12R Argus - High Sky Wing (painted as J2K)
* Fleet 16B Finch c/n 383 - Rio Grande Valley Wing
* Focke-Wulf Fw 44J Stieglitz RF+GJ - Rio Grande Valley Wing
* Goodyear FG-1D Corsair 530 BuNo 92468 - CAF Corsair Sponsor Group, Airbase Georgia
* Grumman AF-2S Guardian BuNo 126731 - Airbase Arizona
* Grumman Avenger
** Grumman/General Motors TBM-3E Avenger BuNo 53353 - Missouri Wing
** Grumman/General Motors TBM-3S Avenger BuNo 53503 - Rocky Mountain Wing
** Grumman/General Motors TBM-3S Avenger BuNo 91426 - National Capital Squadron
* Grumman/General Motors FM-2 Wildcat BuNo 86819 - Airbase Arizona
* Grumman F6F-5 Hellcat Minsi III - Southern California Wing
* Grumman F8F-2 Bearcat BuNo 122674 - Southern California Wing
* Grumman S-2B Tracker BuNo 136404 - Old Dominion Squadron (status unknown, crashed 2007)
* Hawker Sea Fury FB.10 c/n 41H-696792 (ex Royal Navy WJ288) - Memphis Squadron
* Interstate L-6 Grasshopper
* Lockheed C-60 Lodestar
** Lockheed Model 18-50 Lodestar c/n 18-2274 - Hampton Roads, Virginia, painted as 255884
** Lockheed C-60 Lodestar Goodtime Gal 42-56005 c/n 18-2478 - Houston Wing
* Lockheed PV-2 Harpoon
* Lockheed T-33 Shooting Star
* McDonnell Douglas F-4N Phantom II BuNo 153016 - Airbase Arizona
* Messerschmitt Bf 108 Taifun German liaison/trainer
* Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15UTI 012 - Airbase Arizona
* Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15bis 4415 - Airbase Arizona
* Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17 - Airbase Arizona
* Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21PF Fishbed-D 507 - Airbase Arizona
* Mitsubishi A6M3 Model 22 Zero Japanese carrier fighter - Southern California Wing
* Mitsubishi Zero fighter replica (North American Harvard conversion)
* Morane-Saulnier MS-502 painted as Fieseler Fi 156 Storch - s/n 361 Delaware Valley Wing
* Nakajima B5N Kate torpedo bomber replica (Vultee BT-13 Valiant conversion)
* Naval Aircraft Factory N3N-3 - West Houston Squadron
* Naval Aircraft Factory N3N-3 N4009A - High Sierra Squadron
* North American AT-6 Texan (USN SNJ, RAF Harvard, various models)
** North American Harvard II c/n 81-4099 - Inland Empire Wing
** North American SNJ-4 Texan c/n 88-13041 - Buffalo Heritage Squadron
** North American SNJ-4 Texan c/n 88-13517 - Highland Lakes Squadron
** North American SNJ-4 Texan c/n 88-10177 - Southern California Wing
** North American SNJ-5 Texan c/n 88-16676/42-84895/BuNo 84865 - Southern California Wing
** North American SNJ-5 Texan BuNo 90725 - Airbase Arizona
** North American SNJ-6 Texan BuNo 112180 - Minnesota Wing
* North American B-25 Mitchell
** North American B-25J-5NC Yellow Rose 43-27868 - Central Texas Wing
** North American B-25J-10NC Maid in the Shade 43-35972 - Airbase Arizona
** North American B-25J-20NC Miss Mitchell 44-29869 - Minnesota Wing
** North American PBJ-1J-30NC Semper Fi 44-30988 - Southern California Wing
** North American B-25J-30NC Show Me 44-31385 - Missouri Wing
** North American B-25J-32NC Devil Dog 44-86758 - Devil Dog Squadron
* North American NA-64 Yale (painted as BT-14)
* North American P-51 Mustang
** North American P-51C-10NT Mustang Tuskegee Airmen 42-103645 - Red Tail Squadron
** North American P-51D-25-NA Mustang Man-O-War 44-72739 - Southern California Wing
** North American P-51D-25-NA Mustang Red Nose 44-73843 - Airbase Georgia
* North American T-28 Trojan
* Piper L-4F
* Republic P-47N-5RE Thunderbolt 44-88548 - Airbase Georgia (under restoration)
* Ryan PT-22 Recruit
** Ryan PT-22 Recruit 41-1902 - Minnesota Wing
* Ryan L-17 Navion
** Ryan Navion A N444AC - Highland Lakes Squadron
* Sikorsky UH-19D-2-Sl Chickasaw 54-1416 helicopter
* Schweizer TG-3A training glider - Airbase Arizona
* Stinson AT-19 Reliant (Royal Navy) - Carolinas Wing
* Stinson 108 (World War II Civil Air Patrol)
* Stinson L-5 Sentinel (USN/Marines OY)
** Stinson L-5E-1VW/OY-2 Sentinel Carin' Belle 44-18143/BuNo 04013 - Ohio Valley Wing
** Stinson L-5 Sentinel c/n 76-0272 - Dallas/Fort Worth Wing
** Stinson L-5 Sentinel Frozen Assets 42-98667 - Minnesota Wing
* Stinson AT-19 Reliant
* Supermarine Spitfire FR Mk.XIVe NH749 - Southern California Wing
* Taylorcraft L-2
* Vultee BT-13/BT-15/SNV
** Vultee BT-13A 41-11538 - Minnesota Wing
* Vultee BT-13A Valiant
** Vultee BT-13A 41-21178 - Gulf Coast Wing
* Yakovlev Yak-3UA - Southern California Wing

## AIRSHO

AIRSHO is a yearly event at Midland International Airport showcasing the CAF's aircraft. Because its aircraft tend to be spread out over large geographic distances, and most Ghost Squadron aircraft rarely fly more than a few hours from their home base, AIRSHO is also an opportunity for CAF members to meet up. Ghost Squadron aircraft usually attend AIRSHO every other year. The CAF AIRSHO is the largest warbird air show in the world, with more than eighty warbirds flying per show.

## Wings and squadrons

The CAF has more than 80 wings and squadrons. Starting in 2013, a limited number of larger units may be designated as an "airbase." The first is Airbase Arizona, located at Falcon Field in Mesa, Arizona and redesignated in June 2013. Most CAF units are in the United States, but there are three outside the country.

### US wings and squadrons

* Alabama
** Birmingham – Birmingham Escadrille
** Tanner – Rocket City Wing
* Alaska
** Anchorage – Col Hunt Alaska Wing
* Arkansas
** Little Rock – Razorback Wing
* Arizona
** Mesa – Airbase Arizona at Falcon Field
* California
** Camarillo – Southern California Wing
** Modesto – Central California Valley Squadron
** Riverside – Inland Empire Wing
** Upland – FM-2 Wildcat Sponsor Group
* Colorado
** Broomfield – Mile High Wing
** Grand Junction – Rocky Mountain Wing
* Florida
** DeLand – Florida Wing
** Lakeland – Tampa Bay Wing
** Pensacola – Floribama Wing
* Georgia
** Peachtree City – Airbase Georgia
* Indiana
** Indianapolis – Indiana Wing
* Iowa
** Council Bluffs – Great Plains Wing
* Kansas
** Kansas City – Heart of America Wing
** Wichita – Jayhawk Wing
* Louisiana
** Hammond – Bayou State Escadrille
** New Orleans – Big Easy Wing
* Minnesota
** Red Wing – Red Tail Squadron
** South St. Paul – Minnesota Wing
* Mississippi
** Madison – Mississippi Wing
* Missouri
** St. Charles – Missouri Wing
* Montana
** Bozeman – Big Sky Wing
* Nevada
** Reno – High Sierra Squadron
* New Hampshire
** North Hampton – New England Wing
* New York
** Wappingers Falls – Hudson Valley Wing
* New Mexico
** Albuquerque – Lobo Wing
* Ohio
** Marysville – Buckeye Wing
* Oklahoma
** Enid – Lady Liberty Squadron
** Guymon – Cimmaron Strip Wing
** Oklahoma City – Sierra Hotel Sponsor Group
** Tulsa – Spirit of Tulsa Squadron
* Rhode Island
** Westerly – Sea Control Squadron
* South Dakota
** Sioux Falls – Joe Foss Squadron
* Tennessee
** Lebanon – Music City Wing
** Memphis – Delta Blues Squadron/Memphis Squadron
* Texas
** Aransas Pass – Maxine Flourney 3rd Coast Squadron
** Burnet – Highland Lakes Squadron
** Conroe – Gulf Coast Wing
** Corsicana – Coyote Squadron
** Dallas – P-40 Sponsor Group
** Dallas – Training Squadron One (TRARON)
** Dallas – WASP Squadron
** Dallas – B-29/B-24 Squadron
** Fort Worth – Bucket of Bolts Sponsor Group
** Fort Worth – Invader Squadron
** Gainesville – Ground Forces Detachment
** Georgetown – Devil Dog Squadron
** Granbury – Comanche Peak Sponsor Group
** Houston – Houston Wing
** Lancaster – Dallas/Fort Worth Wing
** Marshall – Lone Star Wing
** Midland – Blastards Detachment
** Midland – High Sky Wing
** Midland – West Texas Wing
** Odessa – Desert Squadron
** Pearland – Tora Sponsor Group
** San Antonio – Tex Hill Wing
** San Marcos – Centex Wing
* Utah
** Heber – Utah Wing
* Virginia
** Culpeper – Capital Wing
* Washington
** Everett – Rainier Squadron
** Richland – Day's Pay
* Wisconsin
** Superior – Lake Superior Squadron
** Waukesha – Wisconsin Wing
* National units
** EOD Detachment
** Marshalling Detachment
** Security Detachment

### International wings and squadrons

* France
** Saint-Ange-le-Viel — French Wing
* New Zealand
** Auckland — New Zealand Wing
* Switzerland
** Olten — Swiss Wing