# United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas

The United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas (in case citations, S.D. Tex.) is the federal district court with jurisdiction over the southeastern part of Texas. The court's headquarters is in Houston, Texas, and has six additional locations in the district.
Appeals from cases brought in the Southern District of Texas are taken to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit (except for patent claims and claims against the U.S. government under the Tucker Act, which are appealed to the Federal Circuit).
As of March 12, 2025, the United States attorney is Nicholas J. Ganjei.
Along with the Western District of Texas, District of New Mexico, and District of Arizona, it is one of the busiest district courts in terms of criminal felony filings.

## History

Since its foundation, the Southern District of Texas has been served by forty-one District Judges and six Clerks of Court. The first federal judge in Texas was John C. Watrous, who was appointed on May 26, 1846, and had previously served as Attorney General of the Republic of Texas. He was assigned to hold court in Galveston, at the time, the largest city in the state. As seat of the Texas Judicial District, the Galveston court had jurisdiction over the whole state. On February 21, 1857, the state was divided into two districts, Eastern and Western, with Judge Watrous continuing in the Eastern district. Judge Watrous and Judge Thomas H. DuVal, of the Western District of Texas, left the state on the secession of Texas from the Union, the only two United States Judges not to resign their posts in states that seceded. When Texas was restored to the Union, Watrous and DuVal resumed their duties and served until 1870. Judge Amos Morrill served in the Eastern District of Texas from 1872 to 1884. He was succeeded by Chauncy B. Sabin (1884 to 1890) and David E. Bryant (1890 to 1902). In 1902, when the Southern District was created by Act of Congress, Judge Bryant continued to serve in the Eastern District of Texas.
In 1917, the General Services Administration added courtrooms and judicial offices to the second floor of the 1861 U.S. Customs House in Galveston, and it became the new federal courthouse for the Southern District of Texas. This location would later become the seat of the Galveston Division, after Congress added a second judgeship in the 1930s.
The Southern District of Texas started with one judge, Waller T. Burns, and a Clerk of Court, Christopher Dart, seated in Galveston. Since that time, the court has grown to nineteen district judgeships, six bankruptcy judgeships, fourteen magistrate judgeships, and over 200 deputy clerks.

### Galveston Division

In 2007, criminal charges were filed against Judge Samuel B. Kent, the only District judge in the Galveston Division, who sat at the Federal Courthouse in Galveston, the oldest federal judgeship in the state. Due to the litigation, Chief Judge Hayden Head transferred Kent and his staff to the Houston Division. Judge Kent subsequently pleaded guilty, in February 2009, to obstruction of justice and, after being impeached by the House of Representatives, resigned in June 2009. The next month, it was announced that Judge Kent's post would remain vacant for the time being, and a replacement judge would be assigned to McAllen, due to the increase in cases in the Texas border area concerning subjects such as drugs and immigration.

### Laredo Division

Laredo, Texas, is located on the northern bank of the Rio Grande River and is unique in its ability to operate international bridges between two Mexican states. The city presently maintains four border crossings and one rail bridge with the Mexican State of Tamaulipas at Nuevo Laredo and the Mexican State of Nuevo León at Colombia. Webb County also borders the State of Nuevo León and the State of Coahuila, Mexico, northwest of Laredo. Laredo is the largest inland port along the U.S.-Mexico border and the Pan American Highway leading into Mexico through Laredo stretches from Canada and continues into Central and South America. Because of its location and accessibility to Mexico, Laredo’s economy is primarily based on international trade with Mexico. According to the Laredo Development Foundation, more than 700 of the Fortune 1,000 companies do international business via Laredo and more than 9,000 trucks cross through town per day along with 1,800 loaded rail cars. Laredo is ranked first in growth in Texas and seventh in the country by the Milken Institute.
The division encompasses five counties with the federal courthouse located in Laredo, Texas. There are two Laredo district court judges⁠—Judges Diana Saldaña and Marina Garcia Marmolejo, who presided over more than 2,000 felony cases in 2013⁠—most of which involved charges of narcotics trafficking and alien smuggling. In addition, there are three federal magistrates who alternate duties every two weeks. Additionally, the federal grand jury convenes every other week where AUSAs rotate the responsibility of presenting felony cases.

## Jurisdiction

The jurisdiction of the Southern District of Texas is divided as follows:
* The Brownsville Division covers Cameron and Willacy Counties.
* The Corpus Christi Division covers Aransas, Bee, Brooks, Duval, Jim Wells, Kenedy, Kleberg, Live Oak, Nueces, and San Patricio Counties.
* The Galveston Division covers Brazoria, Chambers, Galveston, and Matagorda Counties.
* The Houston Division covers Austin, Brazos, Colorado, Fayette, Fort Bend, Grimes, Harris, Madison, Montgomery, San Jacinto, Walker, Waller, and Wharton Counties.
* The Laredo Division covers Jim Hogg, La Salle, McMullen, Webb, and Zapata Counties.
* The McAllen Division covers Hidalgo and Starr Counties.
* The Victoria Division covers Calhoun, DeWitt, Goliad, Jackson, Lavaca, Refugio, and Victoria Counties.

## Current judges

As of January 2, 2025:
| # | Title | Judge | Duty station | Born | Term of service | Term of service | Term of service | Appointed by |
| # | Title | Judge | Duty station | Born | Active | Chief | Senior | Appointed by |
| 40 | Chief Judge | Randy Crane | McAllen | 1965 | 2002–present | 2022–present | — | G.W. Bush |
| 25 | District Judge | Ricardo Hinojosa | McAllen | 1950 | 1983–present | 2009–2016 | — | Reagan |
| 39 | District Judge | Keith P. Ellison | Houston | 1950 | 1999–present | — | — | Clinton |
| 44 | District Judge | Diana Saldaña | Laredo | 1971 | 2011–present | — | — | Obama |
| 45 | District Judge | Nelva Gonzales Ramos | Corpus Christi | 1965 | 2011–present | — | — | Obama |
| 46 | District Judge | Marina Garcia Marmolejo | Laredo | 1971 | 2011–present | — | — | Obama |
| 48 | District Judge | Alfred H. Bennett | Houston | 1965 | 2015–present | — | — | Obama |
| 49 | District Judge | George C. Hanks Jr. | Houston | 1964 | 2015–present | — | — | Obama |
| 50 | District Judge | Rolando Olvera | Brownsville | 1963 | 2015–present | — | — | Obama |
| 51 | District Judge | Fernando Rodriguez Jr. | Brownsville | 1969 | 2018–present | — | — | Trump |
| 52 | District Judge | David S. Morales | Corpus Christi | 1968 | 2019–present | — | — | Trump |
| 53 | District Judge | Jeff Brown | Galveston | 1970 | 2019–present | — | — | Trump |
| 54 | District Judge | Charles R. Eskridge III | Houston | 1963 | 2019–present | — | — | Trump |
| 55 | District Judge | Drew B. Tipton | Corpus Christi | 1967 | 2020–present | — | — | Trump |
| 56 | District Judge | John A. Kazen | Laredo | 1964 | 2024–present | — | — | Biden |
| 57 | District Judge | vacant | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 58 | District Judge | vacant | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 59 | District Judge | vacant | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 60 | District Judge | vacant | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 24 | Senior Judge | Hayden Wilson Head Jr. | inactive | 1944 | 1981–2009 | 2003–2009 | 2009–present | Reagan |
| 26 | Senior Judge | Lynn Hughes | inactive | 1941 | 1985–2023 | — | 2023–present | Reagan |
| 27 | Senior Judge | David Hittner | Houston | 1939 | 1986–2004 | — | 2004–present | Reagan |
| 28 | Senior Judge | Kenneth M. Hoyt | Houston | 1948 | 1988–2013 | — | 2013–present | Reagan |
| 29 | Senior Judge | Sim Lake | Houston | 1944 | 1988–2019 | — | 2019–present | Reagan |
| 30 | Senior Judge | Melinda Harmon | inactive | 1946 | 1989–2018 | — | 2018–present | G.H.W. Bush |
| 31 | Senior Judge | John David Rainey | Victoria | 1945 | 1990–2010 | — | 2010–present | G.H.W. Bush |
| 33 | Senior Judge | Ewing Werlein Jr. | Houston | 1936 | 1992–2006 | — | 2006–present | G.H.W. Bush |
| 34 | Senior Judge | Lee H. Rosenthal | Houston | 1952 | 1992–2024 | 2016–2022 | 2024–present | G.H.W. Bush |
| 35 | Senior Judge | Janis Graham Jack | Corpus Christi | 1946 | 1994–2011 | — | 2011–present | Clinton |
| 38 | Senior Judge | Hilda G. Tagle | inactive | 1946 | 1998–2012 | — | 2012–present | Clinton |
| 41 | Senior Judge | Andrew Hanen | Houston | 1953 | 2002–2025 | — | 2025–present | G.W. Bush |
| 42 | Senior Judge | Micaela Alvarez | McAllen | 1958 | 2004–2023 | — | 2023–present | G.W. Bush |
| 43 | Senior Judge | Gray H. Miller | Houston | 1948 | 2006–2018 | — | 2018–present | G.W. Bush |

## Vacancies and pending nominations

| Seat | Prior judge's duty station | Seat last held by | Vacancy reason | Date of vacancy | Nominee | Date of nomination |
| 4 | Houston | Lynn Hughes | Senior status | February 12, 2023 | – | – |
| 9 | McAllen | Micaela Alvarez | Senior status | June 8, 2023 | – | – |
| 15 | Houston | Lee H. Rosenthal | Senior status | December 1, 2024 | – | – |
| 3 | Houston | Andrew Hanen | Senior status | January 2, 2025 | – | – |

## Former judges

| # | Judge | State | Born–died | Active service | Chief Judge | Senior status | Appointed by | Reason for termination |
| 1 | Waller Thomas Burns | TX | 1858–1917 | 1902–1917 | — | — | T. Roosevelt | death |
| 2 | Joseph Chappell Hutcheson Jr. | TX | 1879–1973 | 1918–1931 | — | — | Wilson | elevation to 5th Cir. |
| 3 | Thomas Martin Kennerly | TX | 1874–1962 | 1931–1954 | — | 1954–1962 | Hoover | death |
| 4 | James Burr V Allred | TX | 1899–1959 | 1939–1942 | — | — | F. Roosevelt | resignation |
| 4.1 | James Burr V Allred | TX | 1899–1959 | 1949–1959 | — | — | Truman | death |
| 5 | Allen Burroughs Hannay | TX | 1892–1983 | 1942–1975 | 1954–1962 | 1975–1983 | F. Roosevelt | death |
| 6 | Ben Clarkson Connally | TX | 1909–1975 | 1949–1974 | 1962–1974 | 1974–1975 | Truman | death |
| 7 | Joe McDonald Ingraham | TX | 1903–1990 | 1954–1969 | — | — | Eisenhower | elevation to 5th Cir. |
| 8 | Reynaldo Guerra Garza | TX | 1915–2004 | 1961–1979 | 1974–1979 | — | Kennedy | elevation to 5th Cir. |
| 9 | James Latane Noel Jr. | TX | 1909–1997 | 1961–1976 | — | 1976–1997 | Kennedy | death |
| 10 | John Virgil Singleton Jr. | TX | 1918–2015 | 1966–1988 | 1979–1988 | 1988–1992 | L. Johnson | retirement |
| 11 | Woodrow Bradley Seals | TX | 1917–1990 | 1966–1982 | — | 1982–1990 | L. Johnson | death |
| 12 | Carl Olaf Bue Jr. | TX | 1922–2020 | 1970–1987 | — | 1987–2020 | Nixon | death |
| 13 | Owen DeVol Cox | TX | 1910–1990 | 1970–1981 | — | 1981–1990 | Nixon | death |
| 14 | Robert J. O'Conor Jr. | TX | 1934–2023 | 1975–1984 | — | — | Ford | resignation |
| 15 | Ross N. Sterling | TX | 1931–1988 | 1976–1988 | — | — | Ford | death |
| 16 | Finis E. Cowan | TX | 1929–2023 | 1977–1979 | — | — | Carter | resignation |
| 17 | George Edward Cire | TX | 1922–1985 | 1979–1985 | — | — | Carter | death |
| 18 | James DeAnda | TX | 1925–2006 | 1979–1992 | 1988–1992 | — | Carter | retirement |
| 19 | Norman William Black | TX | 1931–1997 | 1979–1996 | 1992–1996 | 1996–1997 | Carter | death |
| 20 | George P. Kazen | TX | 1940–2021 | 1979–2009 | 1996–2003 | 2009–2018 | Carter | retirement |
| 21 | Gabrielle Kirk McDonald | TX | 1942–present | 1979–1988 | — | — | Carter | resignation |
| 22 | Hugh Gibson | TX | 1918–1998 | 1979–1989 | — | 1989–1998 | Carter | death |
| 23 | Filemon Bartolome Vela | TX | 1935–2004 | 1980–2000 | — | 2000–2004 | Carter | death |
| 32 | Samuel B. Kent | TX | 1949–present | 1990–2009 | — | — | G.H.W. Bush | impeachment and resignation |
| 36 | Vanessa Gilmore | TX | 1956–present | 1994–2022 | — | — | Clinton | retirement |
| 37 | Nancy Atlas | TX | 1949–present | 1995–2014 | — | 2014–2022 | Clinton | retirement |
| 47 | Gregg Costa | TX | 1972–present | 2012–2014 | — | — | Obama | elevation to 5th Cir. |
* ↑ Recess appointment; formally nominated on January 15, 1962, confirmed by the United States Senate on March 16, 1962, and received commission on March 17, 1962.

## Chief judges

Chief judges have administrative responsibilities with respect to their district court. Unlike the Supreme Court, where one justice is specifically nominated to be chief, the office of chief judge rotates among the district court judges. To be chief, a judge must have been in active service on the court for at least one year, be under the age of 65, and have not previously served as chief judge.
A vacancy is filled by the judge highest in seniority among the group of qualified judges. The chief judge serves for a term of seven years, or until age 70, whichever occurs first. The age restrictions are waived if no members of the court would otherwise be qualified for the position.
When the office was created in 1948, the chief judge was the longest-serving judge who had not elected to retire, on what has since 1958 been known as senior status, or declined to serve as chief judge. After August 6, 1959, judges could not become or remain chief after turning 70 years old. The current rules have been in operation since October 1, 1982.

## Succession of seats

Seat 1 :
| Seat established on March 11, 1902 by 32 Stat. 64 ||||
| Burns | 1902–1917 |
| Hutcheson Jr. | 1918–1931 |
| Kennerly | 1931–1954 |
| Ingraham | 1954–1969 |
| Bue Jr. | 1970–1987 |
| Hoyt | 1988–2013 |
| Bennett | 2015–present |
Seat 2 :
| Seat established on May 31, 1938 by 52 Stat. 584 ||||
| Allred | 1939–1942 |
| Hannay | 1942–1975 |
| Sterling | 1976–1988 |
| Lake III | 1988–2019 |
| Tipton | 2020–present |
Seat 3 :
| Seat established on August 3, 1949 by 63 Stat. 493 ||||
| Allred | 1949–1959 |
| Garza | 1961–1979 |
| Vela Sr. | 1980–2000 |
| Hanen | 2002–2025 |
| vacant | 2025–present |
Seat 4 :
| Seat established on August 3, 1949 by 63 Stat. 493 (temporary) ||||
| Seat made permanent on February 10, 1954 by 68 Stat. 8 ||||
| Connally | 1949–1974 |
| O'Conor Jr. | 1975–1984 |
| Hughes | 1985–2023 |
| vacant | 2023–present |
Seat 5 :
| Seat established on May 19, 1961 by 75 Stat. 80 ||||
| Noel Jr. | 1962–1976 |
| Cowan | 1977–1979 |
| Gibson | 1979–1989 |
| Kent | 1990–2009 |
| Marmolejo | 2011–present |
Seat 6 :
| Seat established on March 18, 1966 by 80 Stat. 75 ||||
| Singleton Jr. | 1966–1988 |
| Harmon | 1989–2018 |
| Brown | 2019–present |
Seat 7 :
| Seat established on March 18, 1966 by 80 Stat. 75 ||||
| Seals | 1966–1982 |
| Hinojosa | 1983–present |
Seat 8 :
| Seat established on June 2, 1970 by 84 Stat. 294 ||||
| Cox | 1970–1981 |
| Head Jr. | 1981–2009 |
| Ramos | 2011–present |
Seat 9 :
| Seat established on October 20, 1978 by 92 Stat. 1629 ||||
| Cire | 1979–1985 |
| Hittner | 1986–2004 |
| Alvarez | 2004–2023 |
| vacant | 2023–present |
Seat 10 :
| Seat established on October 20, 1978 by 92 Stat. 1629 ||||
| DeAnda | 1979–1992 |
| Atlas | 1995–2014 |
| Hanks Jr. | 2015–present |
Seat 11 :
| Seat established on October 20, 1978 by 92 Stat. 1629 ||||
| Black | 1979–1996 |
| Ellison | 1999–present |
Seat 12 :
| Seat established on October 20, 1978 by 92 Stat. 1629 ||||
| McDonald | 1979–1988 |
| Rainey | 1990–2010 |
| Costa | 2012–2014 |
| Rodriguez Jr. | 2018–present |
Seat 13 :
| Seat established on October 20, 1978 by 92 Stat. 1629 ||||
| G. Kazen | 1979–2009 |
| Saldaña | 2011–present |
Seat 14 :
| Seat established on December 1, 1990 by 104 Stat. 5089 ||||
| Werlein Jr. | 1992–2006 |
| Miller | 2006–2018 |
| Eskridge III | 2019–present |
Seat 15 :
| Seat established on December 1, 1990 by 104 Stat. 5089 ||||
| Rosenthal | 1992–2024 |
| vacant | 2024–present |
Seat 16 :
| Seat established on December 1, 1990 by 104 Stat. 5089 ||||
| Jack | 1994–2011 |
| Morales | 2019–present |
Seat 17 :
| Seat established on December 1, 1990 by 104 Stat. 5089 ||||
| Gilmore | 1994–2022 |
| J. Kazen | 2024–present |
Seat 18 :
| Seat established on December 1, 1990 by 104 Stat. 5089 ||||
| Tagle | 1998–2012 |
| Olvera | 2015–present |
Seat 19 :
| Seat established on December 21, 2000 by 114 Stat. 2762 ||||
| Crane | 2002–present |

## List of U.S. attorneys

* Marcus C. McLemore 1902 – 1906
* Lodowick McDaniel 1906 – 1914
* John Edward Green Jr. 1914 – 1919
* David Edward Simmons 1919 – 1922
* Henry Matthews Holden 1922 – 1934
* Douglas Wear McGregor 1934 – 1944
* Brian Sylvester Odem 1944 – 1954
* Malcolm Richard Wilkey 1954 – 1957
* William B. Butler 1957 – 1961
* Woodrow Bradley Seals 1961 – 1966
* Morton Lee Susman 1966 – 1969
* Anthony Perez Farris 1969 – 1974
* Edward B. McDonough Jr. 1974 – 1977
* Jose Antonio Canales 1977 – 1980
* Daniel Kuldell Hedges 1981 – 1985
* Henry K. Oncken 1985 – 1990
* Ronald G. Woods 1990 – 1993
* Gaynelle Griffin Jones 1993 – 1997
* Mervyn Milton Mosbacker 1999 – 2001
* Michael T. Shelby 2001 – 2005
* Donald J. DeGabrielle 2006 – 2008
* Kenneth Magidson 2011 – 2017
* Ryan Patrick 2018 – 2021
* Alamdar S. Hamdani 2022 –