# Cape Elizabeth, Maine

Cape Elizabeth is a town in Cumberland County, Maine, United States. The town is part of the Portland–South Portland–Biddeford, Maine, metropolitan statistical area. As of the 2020 census, Cape Elizabeth had a population of 9,535.
One of the wealthiest towns in the state, Cape Elizabeth is the location of Portland Head Light, which is the oldest lighthouse in Maine. Since 1998, it has hosted the Beach to Beacon 10K road race which starts at Crescent Beach State Park and ends at Portland Head Light.
Cape Elizabeth has a single community school department. The Cape Elizabeth High School's team name is the "Capers".

## History

First explorations by the Kingdom of Spain set a map with the location of Cape Elizabeth, naming it "Cabo de Arrecife" in 1525. English explorer Bartholomew Gosnold arrived at Cape Elizabeth in May 1602, during his explorations of what would later be called New England. At the southern tip of the promontory, Richmond Island was visited around 1605 by French explorer Samuel de Champlain and was the site of a trading post in 1628. John Smith explored and mapped New England in 1615, and gave names to places mainly based on the names used by Native Americans. When Smith presented his map to King Charles I, he suggested that the king should feel free to change any of the Indian names to English ones. The king made many such changes, but only four survive today, one of which is Cape Elizabeth, which Charles named in honor of his sister, Elizabeth of Bohemia.
The first habitation by Europeans was on Richmond Island. Without title, Walter Bagnall (called "Great Walt") in 1628 established a trading post, dealing in rum and beaver skins. "His principal purpose appears to have been to drive a profitable trade with the Indians," writes historian George J. Varney, "without scruple about his methods." His cheating caught up with him in October 1631, when he was killed by the Indians, who also burned down his trading post.
Two months later, the Plymouth Company granted Richmond Island to Robert Trelawney and Moses Goodyear, merchants of Plymouth, England, who made it a center for fisheries and trade. By 1638, Trelawney employed 60 men in the fisheries. The first settlers on the mainland were George Cleeve and Richard Tucker, who settled in 1630 on the shore opposite the island, near the Spurwink River. They worked at planting, fishing and trading. Two years later they were driven off by John Winter, Trelawny's agent. In 1636, Sir Ferdinando Gorges, lord proprietor of Maine, gave Cleeve and Tucker a grant of 1,500 acres (6.1 km$^2$) including the neck of land called Machegonne—now Portland. In 1643 English Parliamentarian Alexander Rigby bought the large existing Plough of Lygonia patent, which included Cape Elizabeth.
The Cape Elizabeth settlement on the Fore River was known as Purpoodock. It was attacked during King Philip's War in 1675. During King William's War, in Major Benjamin Church's second expedition a year later on September 11, 1690, he arrived with 300 men at Casco Bay. He went up the Androscoggin River to Fort Pejepscot (present-day Brunswick, Maine). From there he went 40 miles (64 km) upriver and attacked a native village. Three or four native men were shot while retreating; Church discovered five captive New Englanders in the wigwams; six or seven prisoners were summarily killed as an example; and nine prisoners were taken. A few days later, in retaliation, the natives attacked Church at Cape Elizabeth on Purpooduc Point, killing seven of his men and wounding 24 others. On September 26, Church returned to Portsmouth, New Hampshire.
In 1703, during Queen Anne's War, the town was destroyed. It was resettled about 1719 or 1720.
Cape Elizabeth became Maine's 23rd town on November 1, 1765, when it separated from Falmouth, as Portland was then known. Its first town meeting was held on December 2, 1765. South Portland separated in 1895 from Cape Elizabeth, which contains a number of houses designed by John Calvin Stevens.
In 1872, construction of a US Army coast artillery fort began around Portland Head Light, which in 1899 was named Fort Williams, after Major General Seth Williams of the Civil War. The fort was to guard the southern entrance to Portland Harbor. Active between 1899 and 1962, the fort was then purchased by the town for about $200,000. Today, Fort Williams Park includes Portland Head Light and museum, some remains of the military fort, the ruins of Goddard Mansion, tennis courts, a baseball diamond and grandstand, and other recreation facilities. The park is maintained by the town and has a pay display parking system to assist with park repairs.
* Cape Cottage Casino in 1908
* Cape Cottage Theatre in 1908
* Entrance to Fort Williams in 1907
* Making lobster traps c. 1904

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 45.93 square miles (118.96 km$^2$), of which 14.70 square miles (38.07 km$^2$) is land and 31.23 square miles (80.89 km$^2$) is water. The nearest city is South Portland. Cape Elizabeth shares a border with South Portland to the north and Scarborough to the west.
The town includes two islands. Ram Island is a small and unoccupied island southwest of Richmond Island. This should not be confused with Ram Island Ledge which contains Ram Island Ledge Light and is within Portland, Maine. The 226-acre (91 ha) Richmond Island, originally inhabited by Native Americans, then English settlers, is now uninhabited except by a small herd of sheep.
Cape Elizabeth is the home of three coastal parks: Fort Williams Park, Two Lights State Park, and Crescent Beach State Park. Additionally, the Cape Elizabeth Land Trust, a private nonprofit corporation, protects 560 acres (230 ha) of land on 22 different parcels for public use, maintaining a large system of connecting non-motorized trails on most.
The town itself has 923 acres of land owned or under easement protection for conservation purposes.

## Demographics
### 2010 census

As of the census of 2010, there were 9,015 people, 3,616 households, and 2,620 families living in the town. The population density was 613.3 inhabitants per square mile (236.8/km$^2$). There were 3,963 housing units at an average density of 269.6 per square mile (104.1/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the town was 96.6% White, 0.5% African American, 0.2% Native American, 1.4% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.3% from other races, and 1.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.4% of the population.
There were 3,616 households, of which 33.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.5% were married couples living together, 7.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 27.5% were non-families. 22.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 2.95.
The median age in the town was 46.8 years. 25% of residents were under the age of 18; 4.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 17.3% were from 25 to 44; 37.3% were from 45 to 64; and 16.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 48.2% male and 51.8% female.

### 2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 9,068 people, 3,488 households, and 2,605 families living in the town. The population density was 615.5 inhabitants per square mile (237.6/km$^2$). There were 3,724 housing units at an average density of 252.8 per square mile (97.6/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the town was 98% White, 0.3% African American, 0.06% Native American, 0.99% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 0.12% from other races, and 0.49% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.50% of the population.
There were 3,488 households, out of which 36.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.7% were married couples living together, 6.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.3% were non-families. 21.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 3.01.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 26.5% under the age of 18, 3.7% from 18 to 24, 23.5% from 25 to 44, 30.3% from 45 to 64, and 16.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.4 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $144,250 (2022). In 2000, Males had a median income of $61,128 versus $32,500 for females. The per capita income for the town was $47,983. About 1.3% of families and 3.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.5% of those under age 18 and 8.1% of those age 65 or over.

## Schools

The Cape Elizabeth School Department consists of Elementary School, Cape Elizabeth Middle School, and Cape Elizabeth High School, all situated in one campus in the town center. The Cape Elizabeth School Department offices are across the street in the Cape Elizabeth Town Hall. Cape Elizabeth is also home to many preschools and day care centers. The high school had its first graduating class in 1877.
Cape Elizabeth is home to one of the oldest continually operating preschools in the greater Portland area, Ledgemere Country Day School. The school opened in 1935 and has been operating in the same location ever since, under a number of different owners.
Cape Elizabeth school proposed a bill to update the schools. In November 2022 the vote was rejected.

## Government and politics

Cape Elizabeth has a town council-town manager form of government. The seven-member town council is elected at large on a nonpartisan basis to staggered three-year terms. The school board is also a seven-member body elected at large on a nonpartisan basis to staggered three-year terms.
Town council incumbents (term expires):
* James M. "Jamie" Garvin (12/2021) Chair
* Nicole Boucher (12/2023)
* Valerie J. Deveraux (12/2021)
* Jeremy A. Gabrielson (12/2021)
* Gretchen Noonan (12/2023)
* Caitlin R. Jordan (12/2022)
* Penelope A. Jordan (12/2022)
The school board incumbents (term expires):
* Heather Altenburg (12/2021) Chair
* Kimberly Carr (12/2022) Vice Chair
* Laura DeNino (12/2021)
* Cynthia McVeigh (12/2023
* Philip Saucier (12/2022)
* Elizabeth Scifres (12/2021)
* Cynthia R. Voltz (12/2023)
The Town Manager since January 30, 2017, is Matthew E. Sturgis. The Superintendent of Schools is Donna Wolfrom.

### Election Results

Cape Elizabeth voted for all Republican presidential candidates from 1968–1988 by double digit margins, then voted Republican narrowly in the three way election of 1992, and has voted for each of the seven Democratic presidential candidates since 1996; five of them by double digits.
Cape Elizabeth town vote by party in presidential elections :
| Year | Democratic | Republican | Third Parties |
| 2020 | 77.09% 5,349 | 21.07% 1,462 | 1.84% 128 |
| 2016 | 70.23% 4,480 | 24.97% 1,593 | 4.80% 306 |
| 2012 | 63.08% 4,018 | 35.49% 2,261 | 1.43% 91 |
| 2008 | 65.69% 4,164 | 33.41% 2,118 | 0.90% 57 |
| 2004 | 58.39% 3,679 | 40.44% 2,548 | 1.17% 74 |
| 2000 | 49.25% 2,962 | 45.04% 2,709 | 5.70% 343 |
| 1996 | 48.17% 2,734 | 42.12% 2,391 | 9.70% 551 |
| 1992 | 40.24% 1,574 | 41.09% 2,186 | 18.68% 1,163 |
| 1988 | 39.00% 2,099 | 59.96% 3,227 | 1.04% 56 |
| 1984 | 35.81% 1,901 | 64.11% 3,403 | 0.08% 4 |
| 1980 | 31.24% 1,545 | 54.79% 2,710 | 13.97% 691 |
| 1976 | 31.51% 1,639 | 66.28% 3,448 | 2.21% 115 |
| 1972 | 28.99% 1,238 | 71.01% 3,033 | 0.00% 0 |
| 1968 | 39.83% 1,540 | 59.39% 2,296 | 0.78% 30 |

## Media

Cape Elizabeth is served by a community newspaper, the Cape Courier. The nonprofit, biweekly paper is largely supported by volunteers, and was started by Ellen Van Fleet and Jan Soland in 1988. The Current, a weekly that began publishing in 2001, also serves the town, as well as the neighboring communities of Scarborough and South Portland. The earliest newspaper in town was the Casket, published in 1868 by George Libby, a realtor. The Coast Watch was a weekly newspaper started in 1895, lasting 20 years.
In 1881, the Cape Elizabeth Sentinel was published in Ferry Village, now a part of South Portland. This weekly lasted nearly 30 years.

## Sites of interest

* Beach to Beacon 10K
* Cape Elizabeth Lights
* Crescent Beach State Park
* Fort Williams Park
* Portland Head Light
* Ram Island Ledge Light
* Spurwink Congregational Church
* Spurwink River
* Two Lights State Park

## Notable people

* Joan Benoit, gold medalist in 1984 Olympic Marathon
* Ben Brewster, soccer player and coach
* Alexander Chee, fiction writer
* George Cleeve, early settler
* Eliot Cutler, lawyer, entrepreneur, politician and candidate for Governor in 2010
* Bette Davis, actress
* Cynthia Dill, lawyer and 2012 Democratic candidate for United States Senate
* Clara L. Brown Dyer (1849–1931), artist
* Clare Egan, Winter biathlete
* Eleanor Espling, politician
* Nathaniel Fick, diplomat, entrepreneur, author
* John Ford, film director
* Doug Friedman, professional ice hockey player
* Guy Gannett, newspaper publisher
* Richard D. Hewes, lawyer, Speaker of the House of the Maine Legislature, state senator, Cumberland County Commissioner
* William J. Kayatta, Jr., federal Court of Appeals judge
* Thomas D. Kinley, US Army major general, resided in Cape Elizabeth
* Dorothy Bush Koch, sister of former president George W. Bush
* Henry Kramer, classical pianist
* Samuel Longfellow, clergyman and hymn writer
* Jean Ginn Marvin, state legislator
* Nancy Masterton, state representative
* Vincent L. McKusick, former Chief Justice of the Maine Supreme Court
* Gary Merrill, actor
* Dodge Morgan, sailor, businessman, and publisher
* Michael Murphy, actor of film, television, and the stage
* James C. Oliver, US congressman
* Elizabeth Oakes Smith, poet, writer, and women's rights activist
* Matt Rand, distance runner
* Role Model, recording artist
* Sidney Toler, actor best known for portraying Charlie Chan
* Joy Williams, fiction writer and essayist