# Aptera Motors

Aptera Motors Corp. (formerly Aptera Motors Inc. and before that Accelerated Composites) is an American crowd funded, pre-production startup company based in Carlsbad, California. It was founded in 2005 before liquidating in 2011. The company was relaunched by the original founders in 2019.

## History
### 2006–2011 founding and liquidation

Aptera was founded as Accelerated Composites in 2006 by Steve Fambro, who formerly worked at Illumina. Fambro hired Chris Anthony to be the COO shortly after founding the company. The company name was later changed to Aptera Motors, making reference to the Greek word meaning "wingless flight." In 2006, the company announced it had a three-wheeled car design, classified as a motorcycle, that would get an estimated 330 miles per US gallon (0.71 L/100 km) at 65 mph (105 km/h).
In 2008, Aptera Motors hired several industry veterans to oversee engineering and production as well as marketing, and raised $24 million from Google and Idealab. It also announced it would start to sell its car by the end of that year and received $500 deposits from approximately 4,000 people for the vehicles. Near the end of 2008, it hired Paul Wilbur as CEO and announced that the launch of the vehicle would be delayed until 2009. By that time, it was calling the "typ-1" the "2e".
In March 2009, the U.S. government denied loans to Aptera Motors under the Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing Loan Program because it was limited to four-wheeled-vehicle research and production. After successfully lobbying to change the regulations, the company reapplied for a $184 million loan in October 2009. Founders Fambro and Anthony were ousted from the company in Autumn 2009, remaining on the board of directors but no longer being employees.
The automotive X-prize competition was held in 2010 and Aptera's car entered but didn't finish the 50-lap trial when it overheated after 30 laps.
On August 12, 2011, Aptera Motors started to return deposits from customers. In December 2011, it announced that it was going out of business because it was running out of money; it said that the Department of Energy had offered it a $150 million low interest loan conditioned on the company raising the same amount from the private sector, but the company was not able to raise the matching funds. A New York Times reporter contacted the DoE, which said that it had not committed to loaning the company any money. By that time, the company had abandoned the three-wheeled model and was working on a mid-sized four-wheeled four-door sedan. At the time, 60,000 people had expressed interest to the company in buying a 2e, and 2,000 of them had paid a $500 deposit.
The company was sold and liquidated in December 2011, after starting to return customer deposits in August. By December the majority of the deposits have been returned according to Aptera, though some depositors reported difficulties getting in touch with Aptera or its liquidators.

### 2012-2014 relaunch as Aptera USA

In April 2012, the Chinese automaker Zhejiang Jonway Group purchased the intellectual property of Aptera Motors from creditors, and in May, it announced that it would start manufacturing the 2e at its factory in Shanghai and intended to ship chassis to a small assembly plant, initially employing 15-20 people, that it would set up in Santa Rosa, with sales commencing in early 2013. Jonway was a major investor in Zap Jonway, which had been working on electric cars in Santa Rosa since the mid-1990s. The company planned to name the US company "Zaptera USA" and it displayed a prototype 2e next to a Zap Jonway car at the Beijing Motor Show. However, the close association with Zap was met with protest by electric-car enthusiasts and by May, the company said it would call the company Aptera USA and keep it independent of Zap Jonway. The company stated it would manufacture 5000 vehicles by the end of 2012.
In June 2013, Zaptera USA said it would split into two companies: the existing Jonway-owned Zaptera USA, and an independent Aptera USA; Zaptera would make the all-electric 2e and Aptera would make a gasoline-powered version called the 2g. However, by mid-May the following year, those new Aptera companies had gone silent.

### 2019 relaunch as Aptera Motors Corp.

In 2019, the company, Aptera Motors, was re-formed by the original founders, Chris Anthony and Steve Fambro, as Aptera Motors Corp. It used a crowdfunding campaign to restart development of what aims to be the most efficient road vehicle in production.
As of 2019, the Aptera had been redesigned to be a pure battery-powered electric vehicle (BEV) using under 100Wh per mile on the EPA test cycle. The company claimed the vehicle would get a predicted EPA test-cycle range of up to 1,000 mi (1,600 km), with solar panels that could add up to 40 miles of range per day. This would make the Aptera the most efficient and the longest-range motor vehicle ever designed for mass production.
In December of 2020 the company presented a driveable prototype and started accepting reservations. Within eight days, they received deposits for over 3,000 Aptera vehicles, valued at over $100,000,000.
In 2021 the company built three more engineering prototypes, revised the Aptera design to give it more interior room and an improved suspension, and raised over $39 million in funding. They acquired three buildings in Carlsbad, California, with a combined space of over 100,000 sq ft (9,300 m$^2$).
A month later in January 2022, the San Diego Business Journal reported that reservations had grown to over 16,000, their employees had doubled to 60, and they were looking to hire 470 more by the end of the year. In May 2022, Aptera Motors released their 2021 annual report. It stated they had 103 full- and part-time employees and over 18,000 reservations for their solar electric vehicle.
In May 2023, Aptera Motors' released their 2022 Annual Report. It stated that the company then had 55 full-time employees. As of the end of 2022 they reported $39.9 million in total assets and an operating loss of $61.5 million. The company demonstrated its production-intent PI2 model in October 2024.
In January 2025, electric truck startup TELO Trucks partnered with Aptera to offer solar panels as an option for its compact MT1 pickup.

## Aptera solar vehicle

The first planned production Aptera vehicle in 2019 was a two-seat, three-wheeled passenger battery electric vehicle (BEV). Multiple solar panel, motor, and battery configurations were planned, with estimated ranges from 250 to 1,000 mi (400 to 1,610 km), and initial estimated prices from $25,900 to over $47,000. The company later announced its first released model, the Launch Edition, will have a range of 400 miles.
The 2019 design included two or three 50 KW wheel hub motors. The 2024 production intent version was redesigned to have a single motor for its front-wheel drive Launch Edition model.
Embedded solar panels were designed to contribute up to an estimated additional 40 mi (64 km) per day from sunlight under optimal conditions. Most American drivers drive less than 30 miles (48 km) per day.

### Prototypes and production

The company planned delivering production units of the Aptera vehicle in 2021. Four stages of prototypes were planned, with the third stage of prototypes nearing the final production design, and the fourth representing a prototype that's identical to production vehicles.
Aptera announced in June 2022 a detailed plan to scale in-wheel motor production in Slovenia by Elaphe. Due to issues with getting the Aptera in-wheel motor design to production it was replaced in 2024 with a standard front-wheel drive axle design for the production model.
Aptera announced in November 2022 a design change to bodies made of molded carbon fiber. Then in January 2023 it announced a fund drive to raise $50 million. They said they needed at least that amount to start production. The company announced in February that the funds would allow for the "initial phases of production", and the following month said it requires additional funds to produce and deliver vehicles to customers.
Another prototype of the Aptera vehicle was shown at the January 2025 Consumer Electronics Show (CES 2025). Company representatives said initial customer deliveries are anticipated by the end of 2025. However, the company recently said it still needs to raise about $60 million before it can produce and deliver any vehicles to customers. The prototype shown at CES 2025 was "nearly" ready for production.

## Early designs

Aptera Motors' vehicle design has undergone several design revisions. The first two vehicles were intended as concept cars for attracting investor funds, rather than as production vehicles. The third vehicle, the Aptera 2e, was intended for production, but the required funding was not achieved.

### Initial design & rendering

Aptera's introductory press release stated its design would achieve 330 mpg, and included computer renderings of the vehicle. The body shape was estimated to have a drag coefficient of Cd=0.055 to 0.06, and would have sported a 12 horsepower (9 kW) diesel engine and a 24 horsepower (18 kW) permanent magnet DC motor. The design also called for a CVT and ultracapacitors, and would sell for under US$20,000 as of 2006.

### Aptera Typ-1 / Aptera Mk-1

In September 2007, the Aptera Motors website was updated with the new Aptera design (dubbed the Aptera Typ-1), and the Mk-1 pre-production prototype was unveiled. The Mk-0 prototype was redesigned by Jason Hill, who worked on the Smart Fortwo and Porsche Carrera GT and engineered by Nathan Armstrong, with a finished interior and new body styling. Aptera Motors then began accepting reservations from California residents for its pilot models – then called the Typ-1e and Typ-1h.

### Aptera 2 Series

The next Aptera Motors' design was a three-wheeled two-seat vehicle named the Aptera 2 Series. Its advertised fuel efficiency of 300 mpg$_{‑US}$ (0.78 L/100 km), when plugged in every 120 mi (190 km), would have made it one of the most fuel-efficient passenger vehicles in the world.
The first prototype attained a drag coefficient of Cd=0.11 by making use of an "Eyes-Forward" rear-view camera system instead of side-view mirrors, which create a large amount of drag. A September 2008 Aptera newsletter showed a rendering of the car featuring a conventional driver-side mirror and no driver-side rear-view camera. Aptera CTO Steve Fambro stated that the system was simplified to make use of a single camera mounted near the top of the vehicle.
An early Aptera 2h design used a "small, water-cooled EFI gasoline engine with closed loop oxygen feedback and catalytic converter," coupled with a 12 kW generator/starter. With a tank capacity of "up to five gallons," the Aptera 2h would have a claimed range of 600 to 700 mi (970 to 1,130 km), compared to the 120 miles (190 km) range of the Aptera 2e. The 2h would have been a series hybrid: The engine would not be connected to the drivetrain, instead being used to recharge the batteries.
The company opened pre-ordering for residents of California, but stopped taking deposits in July 2011. The following month, Aptera announced it would return all deposits from customers who had signed up to buy a car.

### Aptera 4-door

By the time of the original company's liquidation in 2011, it had abandoned development of the Aptera 2e and had begun design of a 5-passenger, 4-wheeled EV sedan with a lightweight composite body and a projected 130-mile range. No body and only a few test mules for the car were built.