# Tombulu language

Tombulu, also known as Minahasan language, is an Austronesian language of northern Sulawesi in Indonesia. It is a Minahasan language, a sub-group of the Philippine languages.
It is a local language of the Minahasa people spoken in the city of Tomohon and in the villages under the Kota Tomohon administration such as Rurukan, Pinaras, Kumelembuai, Woloan, and Tara-Tara. It is also spoken in the villages under the administration of the Minahasa Regency in the Tombulu district, Tombariri district, Mandolang district, Pineleng district, and two villages in the Sonder district, namely Rambunan and Sawangan.

## Distribution

Below are the list of villages that historically speaks bahasa Tombulu:
Kota Tomohon
* Wailan
* Kayawu
* Woloan
* Tara-Tara
* Rurukan
* Pinaras
* Kumelembuai
* Pangolombian
* Lahendong
Minahasa Regency
(Pineleng District)
* Sea
* Pineleng
* Warembungan
* Lotta
* Kali
(Tombulu District)
* Koka
* Sawangan
* Kamangta
* Tombuluan
* Kembes
* Rumengkor
* Suluan
(Mandolang District)
* Agotey
* Koha
* Tateli
(Tombariri District)
* Mokupa
* Poopoh
* Senduk
* Kumu
* Pinasungkulan
(Sonder District)
* Sawangan
* Rambunan

## Phonology
### Consonants

| | | Labial | Alveolar | Post-alv./ Palatal | Velar | Glottal |
| Plosive/ Affricate | voiceless | p | t | tʃ | k | ʔ |
| Plosive/ Affricate | voiced | b | d | dʒ | ɡ | |
| Nasal | Nasal | m | n | | ŋ | |
| Fricative | voiceless | | s | | | h |
| Fricative | voiced | | z | | | |
| Lateral | Lateral | | l | | | |
| Trill | Trill | | r | r̠ | | |
| Approximant | Approximant | w | | j | | |

### Vowels

| | Front | Central | Back |
| Close | i | | u |
| Mid | e | ə | o |
| Open | | a | |

## Vocabulary

The Tombulu language is unique among the Minahasan languages in its pronunciation of the letter ⟨l⟩. In the other four Minahasan languages the letter ⟨l⟩ is pronounced as is, but in Tombulu it is pronounced like the ⟨th⟩ of the English language.
For example: kulo, meaning 'white', would be pronounced as kutho.
| English | Tombulu |
| Yes | Ene |
| No | Zei'kan |
| North | Amian |
| South | Timu |
| West | Talikuran |
| East | Sendangan |
| Hand | Lengan |
| Head | Ulu |
| Ear | Lunteng |
| Eye | Weweren |
| Stomach | Po'ot |
| Feet | A'e |
| Grandma | Nene |
| Grandfather | Tete |
| Mom | Ina |
| Dad | Ama |
| Me | Niaku |
| You | Niko |
| We | Kai |
| They | Sera |
| Him, her | Sia |
| Friend | Karia |
| Beautiful | Fasung |
| Female | Wewene |
| Male | Tuama |
| Kids | K'oki |
| Female teacher | Enci |
| Male teacher | Engku |
| Bad | Lewo |
| Good | Le'os |
| Water | Zano |
| Shower | Lemele |
| Drink | Melep |
| School | Sekolah |
| Going to school | Sumikolah |
| Give | Wehape |
| Hungry | Maharem |
| Full (Stomach Full) | Wesu |
| Eat | Kuman |
| Breakfast | Sumokol |
| Fish | Seza |
| Good morning | Syambae |
| Good day | Tabea |
| When | Sawisa |
| Where | Wisa |
| Who | Sei |
| Go | Mange |
| Stop | Mento |
| Sit down | Rumemez |
| Stand | Rumendai |
| Walk | Lampang |
| Walking | Lumampang |
| Let's go | Meimo |
| Until then | Teintu mo |
| Because | Pah'paan |
| But | Ta'an |
| Or | Ka'pa |
| Although | Ma'an |
| Very | totoz |
| Yesterday | Kawi'i |
| Today | N'endo |
| Tonight | Wengindo mokan |
| Tomorrow | Sando |
| Face (Menghadap) | Sumaru |
| Sleep | Tekel |
| Sleeping | Tumekel |
| Falling Asleep | Matatandu |
| Have slept | Matetekelo |
| Rise | Sumaup |
| Ascend | Sumosor |
| Descend | Meros |
| Left | Kawi-i |
| Right | Kakan |
| God | Opo |
| Holy Spirit | Aseng Lengas |

### Numerals

| 1 | Esa | 11 | Mapulu wo Esa | 20 | Zua nga pulu | 100 | Maatus | 1000 | Mariwu |
| 2 | Zua | 12 | Mapulu wo Zua | 21 | Zua nga pulu wo Esa | 200 | Zua nga'atus | 2000 | Zua nga'riwu |
| 3 | Tellu | | | | | | | | |
| 4 | Epat | | | | | | | | |
| 5 | Lima | | | | | | | | |
| 6 | Enem | | | | | | | | |
| 7 | Pitu | | | | | | | | |
| 8 | Wallu | | | | | | | | |
| 9 | Siou | | | | | | | | |
| 10 | Mapulu | | | | | | | | |

## Phrases & examples

| English | Tombulu |
| 3479 | Telu nga'riwu wo epat nga'atus wo pitu ngapulu wo siou |
| How are you? | Kura-mo? |
| What's your name? | Sei sia ngaranu? |
| Where are you going? | Mange wisako? |
| What are you doing? | Ma'kura'ko? |
| Where are you from? | Wisako ameye? |
| Who is he/she? | Sei sia? |
| See you tomorrow | Sando mokan |
| How much? | Pira? |
| Can I have some? | Wehane toyo? |
| The drinks are not here | Se elepan kampe wia |
| Thank you | Makase mo |
| I love you | Ko'rara ateku |
| God of The Highest | Opo Wananatas |
| God Almighty | Opo Wailan Wangko |

## Status

The Tombulu language is in critical need of revitalization. It is not being spoken as a first language in highly populated areas such as Tomohon, Pineleng, and Tanawangko. Traditionally Tombulu-speaking villages such as Woloan, Tara-Tara, Lolah, and Lemoh are not so today. The Board of Education of the Indonesian government has not offered any help either to the Tombulu language or any other local languages that are in decline. It is responsible for the removal of the Muatan Lokal from the daily curriculum of all grade schools across the nation in the past few years. Muatan Lokal, if available, is a daily class which most provinces in Indonesia use to teach the new generations the local languages.
Tombulu is still spoken in villages such as Kayawu, Rurukan, Kumelembuai, Pinaras, Suluan, Kembes, Tombuluan, Rumengkor, Kali, Tondangow, Sawangan, and Rambunan all the way to the children. One Sunday on every month, Tombulu language is used in sermon in its local churches.
At the beginning of 2013, an Indonesian-Tombulu dictionary was first released. A New Testament version of the Bible in Tombulu language was released in November 2018.