OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Sabah Randhawa

Sabah U. Randhawa is a Pakistani American engineer who serves as an academic administrator, and who since 2016 has served as the 14th president of Western Washington University (Western). He is a fellow of the Institute of Industrial Engineers, and a recipient of the 2023 District VIII Leadership Award from the Council for Advancement and Support of Education.

## Early life and education

Randhawa was born in Lahore in 1954; neither of his parents attended college. Randhawa and his sister attended a co-educational school in Pakistan that was operated by the Church of England. Their tuition was paid by Sabah's father, a pharmaceutical salesman. He now holds a B.S. in Chemical Engineering, which he received from the University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore in 1976. After graduating from university in Pakistan, Randhawa worked as an engineer at a chemical plant in the countryside. He saved up money for two years until he had enough to travel overseas for study. Randhawa also holds an M.S. in Industrial Engineering from Oregon State University, which he received in 1980, and a Ph.D. in Industrial Engineering from Arizona State University in 1983.

## Career

Some time after studying as a graduate student at Oregon State University (OSU), Randhawa worked in multiple roles within OSU's engineering college; he eventually became the Provost & Executive Vice President, the institution's second-ranked administrator.
During his time at OSU, Randhawa was one of four candidates vying to become the chancellor of University of Nebraska–Lincoln. He was also a candidate for the chancellor position at Southern Illinois University Carbondale before withdrawing in 2015. He withdrew his candidacy for the Nebraska chancellorship in March 2016 after he was declared the sole finalist for the presidential search at Western.
In March 2016, the Western Board of Trustees voted unanimously to nominate Randhawa as university president. One of the terms in his presidential contract at Western was that he would become a tenured professor on top of his role as president.
In 2020, a whistleblower reported that the university's education department fraudulently used "ghost courses," non-existent courses for which students were earning credit, to assist the students in receiving federal financial aid. The whistleblower successfully sued the state of Washington for retaliation, alleging in part that Randhawa had fired the whistleblower for refusing to remove the word fraud from the original ghost courses report.
# Redan, Georgia

Redan is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in DeKalb County, Georgia, United States. As of the 2020 census, the CDP had a total population of 31,749. It is a predominantly African American community in eastern DeKalb County, and is a suburb of Atlanta.
According to tradition, the name "Redan" is an amalgamation of the names of two early settlers: N. M. Reid and Annie Alford. Redan High School is located in Redan CDP, and Lithonia High School was formerly in the Redan CDP.

## Geography

Redan is located at 33°44′21″N 84°9′57″W﻿ / ﻿33.73917°N 84.16583°W﻿ / 33.73917; -84.16583 (33.739256, -84.165781). According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 9.6 square miles (25 km$^2$), of which 0.1 square miles (0.26 km$^2$), or 0.52%, is water.

## Demographics

Redan was first listed as a census designated place in the 1990 U.S. census.
Redan, Georgia – Racial and ethnic composition Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race. :
| Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) | Pop 2000 | Pop 2010 | Pop 2020 | % 2000 | % 2010 | % 2020 |
| White alone (NH) | 1,791 | 852 | 804 | 5.29% | 2.58% | 2.53% |
| Black or African American alone (NH) | 30,668 | 30,600 | 28,252 | 90.62% | 92.69% | 88.99% |
| Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) | 40 | 70 | 59 | 0.12% | 0.21% | 0.19% |
| Asian alone (NH) | 237 | 166 | 236 | 0.70% | 0.50% | 0.74% |
| Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander alone (NH) | 9 | 8 | 7 | 0.03% | 0.02% | 0.02% |
| Other race alone (NH) | 75 | 65 | 174 | 0.22% | 0.20% | 0.55% |
| Mixed race or Multiracial (NH) | 418 | 455 | 1,036 | 1.24% | 1.38% | 3.26% |
| Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 603 | 799 | 1,181 | 1.78% | 2.42% | 3.72% |
| Total | 33,841 | 33,015 | 31,749 | 100.00% | 100.00% | 100.00% |
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 31,749 people, 11,471 households, and 7,143 families residing in the CDP.

## Education

DeKalb County School District serves the CDP.
Elementary schools serving parts of Redan CDP:
* Redan Elementary School (Redan CDP)
* Panola Way Elementary School (Stonecrest, formerly Redan CDP as of 2010)
* Woodridge Elementary School
* E. L. Miller Elementary School
* Shadow Rock Elementary School
Some areas formerly in the CDP are zoned to Stoneview Elementary School, in Stonecrest.
Middle schools serving parts of Redan CDP:
* Redan Middle School (Redan CDP)
* Lithonia Middle School (Lithonia)
* Miller Grove Middle School
Redan High School is in Redan CDP. Lithonia High School, formerly in the CDP, is now in Stonecrest. They, along with Miller Grove High School in Stonecrest, serve portions of the CDP.
There are the following DeKalb County Public Library branches:
* Redan-Trotti
* Hairston Crossing
# Paul Walter

Paul Ian Walter (born 28 May 1994) is an English cricketer who plays for Essex County Cricket Club. He is a left-handed all-rounder who bowls left-arm medium-fast. He made his Twenty20 debut for Essex, on 24 June 2016, against Hampshire. He made his List A debut for Essex in the 2017 Royal London One-Day Cup on 10 May 2017.
Originally taking his place in the Essex team mostly as bowler, and batting at number 10 on his first-class debut, Walter later was picked as a number three batsman and even as an opener in limited-overs cricket. In the 2021 season he found a regular place in the middle-order for Essex in the County Championship, being notable for his consistency. He maintains an average of around 40. On the other hand his bowling was rarely used.
He started the 2022 season in the second XI with new signing Matt Critchley taking his spot in the middle order. Returning to the first team after injury to Dan Lawrence, he made 93 against Northants to help save the match and secure his place in the side. In May 2022, in the 2022 County Championship, Walter scored his maiden century in first-class cricket, with 141 against Yorkshire.
Walter signed with the Brisbane Heat for BBL13, where he quickly became a cult hero, making key contributions with bat and ball in a number of games, notably winning the Player of the Match Award in wins against the Melbourne Renegades and Sydney Sixers.
Walter played in the final against the Sixers, as the Heat took out the title for the first time since BBL02, becoming only the third team to win the title on multiple occasions, after the Sixers and Perth Scorchers.
Walter took 17 wickets in his 11 matches, with only his teammates Xavier Bartlett (20) and Spencer Johnson (19) having taken more wickets in the tournament.
Walter's return to Brisbane for BBL14 was less successful, having been dropped after making five appearances, taking just two wickets and going at an economy rate of greater than 10 runs per over.
# Murray Valley encephalitis virus

Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV) is a zoonotic flavivirus endemic to northern Australia and Papua New Guinea. It is the causal agent of Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE; previously known as Australian encephalitis or Australian X disease). In humans, it can cause permanent neurological disease or death. MVEV is related to Kunjin virus, which has a similar ecology, but a lower morbidity rate. Although the arbovirus is endemic to Northern Australia, it has occasionally spread to the southern states during times of heavy rainfall during the summer monsoon season via seasonal flooding of the Murray-Darling River system. These outbreaks can be "...decades apart, with no or very few cases identified in between".

## Vector

MVEV is a mosquito-borne virus that is maintained in a bird-mosquito-bird cycle. Water birds from the order Ciconiiformes, including herons and cormorants, provide the natural reservoir for MVEV. The major mosquito vector is Culex annulirostris. Human infection occurs only through bites from infected mosquitoes; the virus cannot be transmitted from person to person.

## History

The first epidemics of MVE occurred in 1917 and 1918 in Southeastern Australia following years of high rainfall. The virus was isolated from human samples in 1951 during an epidemic in the Murray Valley, Australia.
Epidemics usually occur due to either infected birds or mosquitoes migrating from endemic areas to non-endemic areas. The New South Wales government has placed 'sentinel flocks' of chickens near known bird breeding sites as an early warning system. These flocks are tested for MVE during the mosquito breeding season.

## Presentation

The majority of MVEV infections are sub-clinical, i.e. do not produce disease symptoms, although some people may experience a mild form of the disease with symptoms such as fever, headaches, nausea and vomiting and only a very small number of these cases go on to develop MVE. In fact, serological surveys which measure the level of anti-MVEV antibodies within the population estimate that only one in 800–1000 of all infections result in clinical disease.
The incubation period following exposure to the virus is around 1 to 4 weeks. Following infection, a person has lifelong immunity to the virus. When a patient appears to show MVE symptoms and has been in an MVE-endemic area during the wet season, when outbreaks usually occur, MVE infection must be confirmed by laboratory diagnosis, usually by detection of a significant rise of MVE-specific antibodies in the patient's serum. Of those who contract MVE, one-quarter die from the disease.

## Clone

The scientific study of the genetics of MVEV has been facilitated by the construction and manipulation of an infectious cDNA clone of the virus. Mutations in the envelope gene have been linked to the attenuation of disease in mouse models of infection.
# Osaka Metropolitan University

Osaka Metropolitan University (大阪公立大学, Ōsaka kōritsu daigaku), abbreviated to OMU, is a Japanese public university that was established through the integration of Osaka City University (OCU) and Osaka Prefecture University (OPU) on 1 April 2022.
OMU was inaugurated with 1 undergraduate college, 11 undergraduate schools and 15 graduate schools. With the integration of the two universities, the number of students amounts to about 16,000, which is the largest scale in Japan as a public university. In addition, OMU's number of new first-year students per year is 2,853, placing it in third place among Japanese national/public universities, after Osaka University and the University of Tokyo.

## Campus

Osaka Metropolitan University has 7 campuses in Osaka.
† = from former OPU ‡ = from former OCU
* Morinomiya Main Campus, to be completed in 2025.
* Nakamozu Campus†
* Habikino Campus†
* Rinku Campus†
* Sugimoto Campus‡
* Abeno Campus‡
* Umeda Satellite‡

## Schools and divisions
### Undergraduate Schools

* College of Sustainable System Sciences (現代システム科学域)
* School of Literature and Human Sciences (文学部)
* School of Law (法学部)
* School of Economics (経済学部)
* School of Business (商学部)
* School of Science (理学部)
* School of Engineering (工学部)
* School of Agriculture (農学部)
* School of Veterinary Science (獣医学部)
* School of Medicine (医学部)
* School of Nursing (看護学部)
* School of Human Life and Ecology (生活科学部)

### Graduate Schools

* Graduate School of Sustainable System Sciences (現代システム科学研究科)
* Graduate School of Literature and Human Sciences (文学研究科)
* Graduate School of Law (法学研究科)
* Graduate School of Economics (経済学研究科)
* Graduate School of Business (経営学研究科)
* Graduate School of Science (理学研究科）
* Graduate School of Engineering （工学研究科)
* Graduate School of Agriculture (農学研究科)
* Graduate School of Veterinary Science (獣医学研究科)
* Graduate School of Medicine (医学研究科)
* Graduate School of Rehabilitation Science (リハビリテーション学研究科)
* Graduate School of Nursing (看護学研究科)
* Graduate School of Human Life and Ecology (生活科学研究科)
* Graduate School of Urban Management (都市経営研究科)
* Graduate School of Informatics (情報学研究科)

### Other Institutions

* Osaka Metropolitan University Hospital
* Botanical Gardens School of Science Osaka Metropolitan University

## Notable people

* Kazuhiko Nishijima (西島 和彦), physicist, professor at OCU, 1960-61 Nobel Prize in Physics nominee.
* Yoichiro Nambu (南部 陽一郎), physicist, professor at OCU, 2008 Nobel Prize in Physics winner.
* Shinya Yamanaka (山中 伸弥), stem cell researcher, receive a PhD from OCU, 2012 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine winner.
* Kōno Taeko (河野 多惠子), OPU alumni, one of the best Japanese female writer.
# Gadgets Gully virus

Gadgets Gully virus (GGYV) is an arbovirus, a member of the genus Flavivirus (family Flaviviridae) isolated first time from a hard tick Ixodes uriae, and named after Gadget's Gully on Macquarie Island in the southwest Pacific Ocean. Antibodies to the virus have been found in humans and in several species of penguin. Certain species of seabird are thought to be the natural reservoirs of the virus.

## Intraspecies genetic diversity

The delimitation analysis demonstrated that two isolates of GGYV available in GenBank and collected from Australia and Antarctica can be considered as two different virus species.
# Even in My Dreams

Even in My Dreams is a 2008 short film written and directed by Flavio Alves, starring Richard Reade as the main character, Michael. Considering its shoestring budget, Even in My Dreams was a huge success, getting screened at a variety of film festivals all over the world.
Even My Dreams was filmed in New York City, in the spring of 2008. It debuted at the Vermont International Film Festival and received from NYU the Technisphere Award for best student film. Even in My Dreams was also the winner of the Golden Palm Award at the 2009 Mexico International Film Festival, and the Golden Ace Award at the 2009 Las Vegas Film Festival. In June 2010, Even in My Dreams was acquired for worldwide distribution by Indie Media Entertainment.
# Propylene carbonate

Propylene carbonate (often abbreviated PC) is an organic compound with the formula C$_4$H$_6$O$_3$. It is a cyclic carbonate ester derived from propylene glycol. This colorless and odorless liquid is useful as a polar, aprotic solvent. Propylene carbonate is chiral, but is used as the racemic mixture in most contexts.

## Preparation

Although many organic carbonates are produced using phosgene, propylene and ethylene carbonates are exceptions. They are mainly prepared by the carbonation of the epoxides (epoxypropane, or propylene oxide here):
    CH$_3$CHCH$_2$O + CO$_2$ → CH$_3$C$_2$H$_3$O$_2$CO
The corresponding reaction of 1,2-propanediol with phosgene is complex, yielding not only propylene carbonate but also oligomeric products.
Propylene carbonate can also be synthesized from urea and propylene glycol over zinc acetate.

## Applications
### As a solvent

Propylene carbonate is used as a polar, aprotic solvent. It has a high molecular dipole moment (4.9 D), considerably higher than those of acetone (2.91 D) and ethyl acetate (1.78 D). It is possible, for example, to obtain potassium, sodium, and other alkali metals by electrolysis of their chlorides and other salts dissolved in propylene carbonate.

### Electrolyte

Due to its high relative permittivity (dielectric constant) of 64, it is frequently used as a high-permittivity component of electrolytes in lithium batteries, usually together with a low-viscosity solvent (e.g. dimethoxyethane). Its high polarity allows it to create an effective solvation shell around lithium ions, thereby creating a conductive electrolyte. However, it is not used in lithium-ion batteries due to its destructive effect on graphite.

### Other

Propylene carbonate can also be found in some adhesives, paint strippers, and in cosmetics. It is also used as plasticizer. Propylene carbonate is also used as a solvent for removal of CO$_2$ from natural gas and synthesis gas where H$_2$S is not also present. This use was developed by El Paso Natural Gas Company and Fluor Corporation in the 1950s for use at the Terrell County Gas Plant in West Texas, now owned by Occidental Petroleum.
Propylene carbonate product may be converted to other carbonate esters by transesterification as well (see Carbonate ester#Carbonate transesterification).
In electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, propylene carbonate is doped into low surface tension solutions to increase analyte charging.
In Grignard reaction propylene carbonate (or most other carbonate esters) might be used to create tertiary alcohols.

## Safety

Clinical studies indicate that propylene carbonate does not cause skin irritation or sensitization when used in cosmetic preparations, whereas moderate skin irritation is observed when used undiluted. No significant toxic effects were observed in rats fed propylene carbonate, exposed to the vapor, or exposed to the undiluted liquid. In the US, propylene carbonate is not regulated as a volatile organic compound (VOC) because it does not contribute significantly to the formation of smog and because its vapor is not known or suspected to cause cancer or other toxic effects.
# Candler-McAfee, Georgia

Candler-McAfee neighborhood on the east side of Atlanta, Georgia, United States a approximately 10 miles (16 km) east of Downtown Atlanta and to the south of Decatur, Georgia The population was 22,468 in 2020.

## Geography

Candler-McAfee is located to the eastside of Atlanta, Georgia and is bounded by:
* Glenwood Avenue
* 2nd Avenue
* East Lake
* East Atlanta
* South: I-20
* East: I-285
The Belvedere Park CDP is to the north and Panthersville CDP is to the south.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 7.0 square miles (18 km$^2$), of which 0.04 square miles (0.10 km$^2$), or 0.29%, is water.
East Lake Golf Club is on the northern boundary of Candler-McAfee.

## Education

It is in the DeKalb County Public Schools. Zoned schools:
* Elementary schools: Columbia, Kelley Lake, Ronald E. McNair, Snapfinger, and Toney (all in the CDP)
* Middle schools: Ronald E. McNair (in the CDP) and Columbia (outside the CDP)
* High schools: Columbia High School (in the CDP) and Ronald E. McNair High School (outside the CDP).
The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Atlanta operates area Catholic schools. The K-8 school St. Peter Claver Regional School is in Candler-McAfee.

## Demographics

Candler-McAfee was first listed as a CDP in the 1980 U.S. census.
Candler-McAfee, Georgia – Racial and ethnic composition Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race. :
| Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) | Pop 2000 | Pop 2010 | Pop 2020 | % 2000 | % 2010 | % 2020 |
| White alone (NH) | 888 | 1,399 | 2,839 | 3.14% | 6.08% | 12.64% |
| Black or African American alone (NH) | 26,802 | 20,926 | 17,999 | 94.73% | 90.88% | 80.11% |
| Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) | 55 | 59 | 32 | 0.19% | 0.26% | 0.14% |
| Asian alone (NH) | 41 | 47 | 116 | 0.14% | 0.20% | 0.52% |
| Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander alone (NH) | 2 | 6 | 7 | 0.01% | 0.03% | 0.03% |
| Other race alone (NH) | 49 | 26 | 140 | 0.17% | 0.11% | 0.62% |
| Mixed race or Multiracial (NH) | 193 | 259 | 643 | 0.68% | 1.12% | 2.86% |
| Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 264 | 303 | 692 | 0.93% | 1.32% | 3.08% |
| Total | 28,294 | 23,025 | 22,468 | 100.00% | 100.00% | 100.00% |
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 22,468 people, 8,685 households, and 5,191 families residing in the CDP.
# Edward Clark (governor)

Edward Clark (April 1, 1815 – May 4, 1880) was the eighth governor of Texas. His term coincided with the beginning of the American Civil War.

## Early life

Edward Clark was born on April 1, 1815, in New Orleans, Louisiana. His father was named Elijah Clark Jr. His paternal uncle, John Clark, served as the Governor of Georgia from 1819 to 1823. His paternal grandfather was Elijah Clarke.
Clark grew up in Georgia. After his father died in the 1830s, he moved to Montgomery, Alabama, with his mother and studied the law.

## Career

Clark moved to Texas in 1842 and set up a law practice. He served in the Texas Annexation Convention and two terms as a state representative in the Texas Legislature. During the Mexican–American War he served on the staff of Major General J. Pinckney Henderson and fought in the Battle of Monterrey. When the war ended, he served as secretary of state under Governor Elisha M. Pease and as lieutenant governor serving under Governor Sam Houston. When Sam Houston refused to take an oath of allegiance to the Confederacy, Clark became governor.
Among Clark's first actions was to order the surrender of all fire arms and ammunition from private merchants to the state. Furthermore, all privately owned firearms were to be canvassed. Few weapons were ever turned in and most Texans did not comply for fear of future confiscation. (Lone Star by T.R. Fehrenbach, pg 353)
After losing the governor's race by 124 votes to Francis Lubbock, Clark became a colonel in the Texas militia during the American Civil War. In 1863 he joined the Confederate States Army and was commissioned colonel of the 14th Texas Infantry Regiment. He commanded the unit, as part of the Greyhound Division, until being wounded in the Battle of Pleasant Hill. A promotion to brigadier general was not confirmed by the Confederate Congress and he left the service; however, in 1865 he was made a brigadier in the militia. He fled briefly to Mexico at the end of the American Civil War, and returned home to Marshall, Texas.

## Personal life

Clark married Lucy Long in 1840, but she died shortly after. He married Martha Melissa Evans in 1849. They had four children, including:
* William Evans Clark (Apr 1849 in Marshall, Harrison County, Texas – Jun 1852 in same);
* John Evans Clark (30 Jan 1852 in Marshall, Harrison County, Texas – 9 Oct 1923 in same), who married twice and had at least three children;
* William Evans Alfred Clark (12 Jul 1853 – 9 Apr 1879); and
* Nannie M Clark (c. 1855 – 8 Jan 1913 Harrison County, Texas), m. 23 Nov 1881 in Harrison County to Daniel C Wallis (alias Wallace).

## Death

Clark died on May 4, 1880, in Marshall, Texas. His grave in the Marshall City Cemetery is marked with a historical marker.