OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Outline of scientific method

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the scientific method:
Scientific method – body of techniques for investigating phenomena and acquiring new knowledge, as well as for correcting and integrating previous knowledge. It is based on observable, empirical, reproducible, measurable evidence, and subject to the laws of reasoning.

## Nature of scientific method

Scientific method
* Science
* Philosophy of science
* Sociology of knowledge
* Process of science
* Knowledge

## Elements of scientific method

Research
* Basic research

### Observation

Observation
* Scientific method
* Causation
* Investigation
* Measurement (Outline of metrology and measurement)

### Hypothesis

Hypothesis
* pro:Karl Popper
** Falsifiability
* con:Paul Feyerabend
* Statistical hypothesis testing

### Experiment

Experiment
* Laboratory
* Laboratory techniques
* Design of experiments
* Scientific control
* Natural experiment
* Observational study
* Field experiment
* Self-experimentation
** Self-experimentation in medicine
* Placebo effect

### Theory

* Scientific theory

#### Prediction

* Prediction
** Bayesian inference – subjective use of statistical reasoning
** Deductive reasoning
** Retrodiction

### Evaluation by scientific community

* Peer review
* Medical peer review

## Scientific method concepts
### Empirical methods

Empirical methods
* Empiricism
* Robert Grosseteste
* Peter Parker
* Empirical validation
* Operationalization

### Use of statistics

* Uncomfortable science — Inference from a limited sample of data
* Exploratory data analysis
* Confirmatory data analysis

### Paradigm change

* Thomas Kuhn
** The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
** Paradigm
** Paradigm shift

### Problem of induction

The problem of induction questions the logical basis of scientific statements.
* Inductive reasoning appears to lie at the core of the scientific method, yet also appears to be invalid.
* David Hume was the person who first pointed out the problem of induction.
* Karl Popper offered one solution, Falsifiability

### Scientific creativity

* Tacit knowledge

### Deviations from the scientific method

* Junk science
* Pseudoscience
* Pathological science
* Fringe science

### Critique of scientific method

* Paul Feyerabend argued that the search for a definitive scientific method was misplaced and even counterproductive.
* Imre Lakatos attempted to bridge the gap between Popper and Kuhn.
* Sociology of scientific knowledge
* Scientism

### Relationship of scientific method to technology

* Science and technology studies
* Theories of technology

### Aesthetics in the scientific method

* Elegance
* Occam's razor

## History of scientific method
### Publications

* Ibn al-Haytham's Book of Optics
* Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine
* Roger Bacon's Opus Majus
* Francis Bacon's Novum Organum
* Isaac Newton's Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica

### Persons influential in the development of scientific method

* Alhazen
* Francis Bacon
* Galileo Galilei
* Isaac Newton
* René Descartes
* Charles Sanders Peirce
# Fillmore Township, Michigan

Fillmore Township is a civil township of Allegan County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 2,778 at the 2020 census. It was established in 1849 by a division of Manlius Township.
The city of Holland is at the northwest corner of the township.

## Communities

Graafschap is a small unincorporated community, with areas in both Fillmore Township and Laketown Township. The early settlers of Graafschap, who hailed from the Netherlands, named their new community after the Dutch word for county, graafschap. Notable points of interest in the community include Graafschap Christian Reformed Church, which was erected in 1862, and the Graafschap Fire Department, which hosts an annual pancake breakfast on the Fourth of July.
East Saugatuck, an unincorporated community located in the township, is home to East Saugatuck Christian Reformed Church and East Saugatuck Community Park.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 28.4 square miles (73.5 km$^2$), of which 28.3 square miles (73.4 km$^2$) is land and 0.039 square miles (0.1 km$^2$), or 0.08%, is water.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 2,756 people, 937 households, and 725 families residing in the township. The population density was 96.5 inhabitants per square mile (37.3/km$^2$). There were 977 housing units at an average density of 34.2 per square mile (13.2/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the township was 95.10% White, 0.62% African American, 0.22% Native American, 1.23% Asian, 1.78% from other races, and 1.05% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.54% of the population.
There were 937 households, out of which 40.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.7% were married couples living together, 5.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.6% were non-families. 18.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.91 and the average family size was 3.36.
In the township the population was spread out, with 30.9% under the age of 18, 8.9% from 18 to 24, 31.2% from 25 to 44, 20.9% from 45 to 64, and 8.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105.8 males.
The median income for a household in the township was $52,969, and the median income for a family was $61,333. Males had a median income of $40,268 versus $26,538 for females. The per capita income for the township was $20,166. About 2.9% of families and 5.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.1% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.
# Havens Realty Corp. v. Coleman

Havens Realty Corp. v. Coleman, 455 U.S. 363 (1982), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that an organization may sue in its own right if it has been directly injured, for example through a "drain on the organization's resources", and that so-called "testers", individuals who sought to determine if a company was in violation of the law, may have standing in their own right.
# Lagoa de São Francisco

Lagoa de São Francisco is a municipality in the state of Piauí in the Northeast region of Brazil.
The municipality contains part of the 1,592,550 hectares (3,935,300 acres) Serra da Ibiapaba Environmental Protection Area, created in 1996.
# Tanimetua Harry

Tanimetua Harry (born 1950) is a former international lawn bowler from the Cook Islands.

## Bowls career

Harry has represented the Cook Islands at two Commonwealth Games; in the fours at the 1990 Commonwealth Games and in the singles at the 1998 Commonwealth Games.
She won a triples bronze medal (with Porea Elisa and Tremoana Damm) at the 1995 Asia Pacific Bowls Championships.
# Kondhye

Kondhye is a bik village in Ratnagiri district, Maharashtra state in Western India. The 2011 Census of India recorded a total of 1,442 residents in the village. Kondhye's geographical area is approximately 772 hectares (1,910 acres).
# Symmimetis cristata

Symmimetis cristata is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in Sri Lanka and India.
The larvae feed on the young leaves of Aglaia species.
# Law with Two Phases

Law with Two Phases (traditional Chinese: 公僕; simplified Chinese: 公仆; pinyin: Gong pu; Cantonese Yale: Gung buk), also known as Law with Two Faces is a 1984 Hong Kong film written and directed by the film's lead star Danny Lee in his second directorial outing.

## Reception
### Impact on Hong Kong Cinema

Law with Two Phases launched Danny Lee's career as an actor. At the time, Lee was not well known to Chinese audiences, having appeared in low-budget productions such Heroic Cops, a film which marked early appearances by then-unknowns Chow Yun-fat and Ng Man Tat.
Hong Kong films centering on Hong Kong police at the time often relied on comedy rather than action. The American film Dirty Harry is said to have inspired filmmakers to bring a more true-to-life representation of life "behind the shield" to the screen (It is probably no small coincidence that Lee later named his production company "Magnum", after Harry Callahan's weapon of choice).
Lee's performance in the film earned him a Hong Kong Film Award, as well as a Golden Horse Award. The film also helped usher in a new version of the police drama with its own visual styles and trademarks, such as everything being painted in shades of grey, and tinged with social resonance and blows of violence. The gritty, almost documentary-like style and cinematography was a bold charge against the almost cartoonish look of many action films of the time, and audiences, critics, and fellow directors responded.
# Claas Mertens

Claas Mertens (born 2 January 1992) is a German lightweight rower. He won a gold medal at the 2015 World Rowing Championships in Aiguebelette with the lightweight men's eight. He also won ten German National Championship titles. In 2018 Mertens represented Oxford in the Oxford-Cambridge Boat Race. He was educated at Shrewsbury School then Harvard University, University of St. Gallen and Christ Church, Oxford. He is an academic researcher in the field of international political economy.
# Andamento lento

"Andamento lento" (transl. "Slow Pace") is a 1988 song composed by Tullio De Piscopo, Giosy Capuano and Mario Capuano and performed by Tullio De Piscopo. The song premiered at the 38th edition of the Sanremo Music Festival, where it ranked only 18th. It eventually turned to be De Piscopo's signature song and his main commercial success, as well as the best selling single of that edition of the Festival.

## Track listing

* 7" single
* "Andamento lento" (Tullio De Piscopo, Giosy Capuano, Mario Capuano)
* "Tamboo-tamboo da rè" (Tullio De Piscopo, Giosy Capuano, Mario Capuano)

## Charts

| Chart | Peak position |
| Italy (Hit Parade) | 2 |
# U-70 (synchrotron)

U-70 (Russian: У-70) is a proton synchrotron with a final energy of 70 GeV, built in 1967 at the Institute for High Energy Physics in Protvino (near Serpukhov, Russia). At the time of its construction, the accelerator held the world record for beam energy and is still the highest-energy accelerator in Russia.
In 1970, the U-70 scientists team was awarded the Lenin Prize for the development and commissioning of the synchrotron.

## Description of the accelerator complex

U-70 synchrotron main parameters :
| maximum proton energy, E$_{max}$ | 76 GeV |
| Injection energy, E$_{min}$ | 1.32 GeV |
| Perimeter, P | 1483.63 m |
| Pulse repetition frequency | 0.11 Hz |
| acceleration voltage (RF) frequency, f$_{rf}$ | 5.5-6.1 MHz |
| HF multiplicity (harmonic number) | 30 |
| Betatron tune, ν$_x$ = ν$_y$ | 9.75-9.85 |
| intensity of the beam of protons per pulse, N$_p$ | 1.7×10$^{13}$ |
The complex operates in a pulsed mode. Protons are accelerated to 30 MeV in the URAL-30 linear accelerator. Then they are injected into the fast-cyclic booster synchrotron U-1.5 having 100-m perimeter, where protons are accelerated to 1.32 GeV. Then the protons are injected to the U-70. After this, an acceleration cycle takes place for 9 seconds, when protons are accelerated to the maximum energy of 76 GeV, and then, they are extracted from the ring to the secondary beams in the experimental halls. U-70 has perimeter about 1.5 km. Focusing structure type is FODO (strong focusing). The total weight of the magnetic system of over 20 000 t.
The prior injection of U-70 was a 100 MeV linear accelerator I-100 (until 1985).
In the mid-1980s, a project was launched for the UNK proton accelerator storage complex, a proton-proton collider with an energy of 3 × 3 TeV. It was planned that U-70 would become an injector for the collider ring, but the project was cancelled due to the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

## Accident

In 1978, Soviet engineer Anatoli Bugorski stuck his head into a synchrotron to check malfunctioning equipment when the safety mechanism failed, exposing him to a 76 GeV proton beam. He reportedly saw "a flash brighter than a thousand suns" but felt no immediate pain. Though he survived, he suffered lifelong injuries, including radiation scarring, partial facial paralysis, hearing loss, and irregular epileptic seizures. Despite this, he completed his PhD and continued working. It has been suggested, though unconfirmed, that a proton current might taste sour.
# Marquette Area Public Schools

Marquette Area Public Schools is a public school district serving the area of Marquette, Michigan, in the state's Upper Peninsula. The current superintendent is Zack Sedgwick. The district is the largest in the Upper Peninsula in terms of student enrollment.

## Schools
### High school (9-12)

| School Name | Principal | Mascot | Address |
| Marquette Senior High School | Brandon Wheeler | Sentinels, formerly Redmen | 1203 West Fair Avenue, Marquette, Michigan 49855 |

### Middle school (6-8)

| School Name | Principal | Mascot | Address |
| Bothwell Middle School | Robert Reichel | Scots | 1200 Tierney Street, Marquette, Michigan 49855 |

### Elementary schools (PreK-5)

| School Name | Principal | Mascot | Address |
| Cherry Creek Elementary School | Holly Muscoe | Panthers | 1111 Ortman Road, Marquette, Michigan 49855 |
| Graveraet Elementary School | Kristen Peterson | Comets | 611 North Front Street, Marquette, Michigan 49855 |
| Sandy Knoll Elementary School | Stacy Brock | Explorers | 401 North Sixth Street, Marquette, Michigan 49855 |
| Superior Hills Elementary School | Stephanie Anderson | Paws | 1201 South McClellan Avenue, Marquette, Michigan 49855 |

#### Closed elementary schools

| School Name | Closed | Address |
| Parkview Elementary School | 2003 | 320 E Hewitt Ave, Marquette, Michigan 49855 |
| Silver Creek Elementary School | 2003 | 219 Silver Creek Road, Marquette, Michigan 49855 |
| Vandenboom Elementary School | 2010 | 1175 Erie Street, Marquette, Michigan 49855 |
| Whitman Elementary School | 2001 | 1400 Norway Avenue, Marquette, Michigan 49855 |
# Ralf Hütter

Ralf Hütter (born 20 August 1946) is a German musician and composer best known as the lead singer and keyboardist of Kraftwerk, which he founded with Florian Schneider in 1970, and became the only consistent member of the band (although he briefly departed from the band for several months in 1971), and the only one to have appeared on every one of the band's albums. On 12 May 2021, Kraftwerk was announced as one of the inductees of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

## Personal life

Hütter was born on 20 August 1946 in Krefeld, Germany. In 2009 he lived near Düsseldorf. He met Florian Schneider while studying improvisation at the Robert Schumann Hochschule. The pair started performing at happenings and art gallerys in the late 1960s, subsequently incorporating electronic sounds and building their own Kling Klang Studio. He is a vegetarian. Hütter is a secretive musician who avoids interviews.
Hütter is an enthusiastic cycling fan, a fact reflected in some of the band's work. It was widely claimed that, when he was on tour, the group's bus would drop off Hütter 100 miles away from the next venue and he would cycle the rest of the way, a story that Hütter later confirmed. The band members took up cycling when recording the album The Man-Machine in the late 1970s. Ralf Hütter had been looking for a new form of exercise. The single "Tour de France" includes sounds that follow this theme, including bicycle chains, gear mechanisms and the breathing of the cyclist. At the time of the single's release Ralf Hütter tried to persuade the rest of the band that they should record a whole album based around cycling. At the time this did not happen, but the project eventually was released as Tour de France Soundtracks in 2003.
Hütter was involved in a serious cycling accident in May or June 1982, during the initial period of recording for the 1986 album Electric Café. He was in a coma as a result. Karl Bartos claimed the first thing Hütter said when he awoke from his coma was "Where is my bicycle?", a story Hütter later disputed in a June 2009 interview in The Guardian.
# Pine Ridge, Oklahoma

Pine Ridge is an unincorporated community in Hale Township, Caddo County, Oklahoma, United States. It is located 6 miles (10 km) south of Fort Cobb at the junction of County Road 1380 and County Street 2550.

## History

According to locals, the community got its name from the community of Pine Ridge, Arkansas, that was the setting of the radio show Lum and Abner which aired from 1934 to 1952. Legend says that the owner of the grocery store named it "Pine Ridge" after the radio show and over time the name was adopted as the name of the whole community.
During the community's heyday in the 1940s there was a hub of activity at the main junction of the Ozark Trail and the Fort Cobb road, with a grocery store and two churches, Hopewell Missionary Baptist Church and Pine Ridge Church of Christ (founded on May 1, 1949 but later merged into the Fort Cobb Church of Christ. By the 1950 and 1960's the community went into a time of decline with the grocery store closing and eventually the closing of the churches, sometimes by way of merger with congregations in the neighboring communities of Fort Cobb, Apache and Carnegie. And in at least one case, an entire church building was moved from Pine Ridge to Saddle Mountain, a distance of approximately 25 miles.
By the 1980s, the only visible signs of the community were the Pine Ridge Electrical sub-station, the remains of a church building and the Pleasant Valley Cemetery, but this changed in the late 2010s when the 3 Megawatt Pine Ridge solar generation facility was constructed at the Pine Ridge corner.
In 2022, the Caddo Wind Farm (a 300 Megawatt system) was completed at Pine Ridge, with more than 90 GE-powered wind turbines operating in the Pine Ridge area. Much of the electricity generated by the facility is being purchased by McDonald's, Hormel and OshKosh. According to the power generating company, the site will "avoid more than 697,048 metric tons per year of carbon dioxide emissions that would have been produced if the electricity had been generated using fossil fuels - the equivalent of taking 149,261 cars off the road for a year." According to another source, the site creates enough electricity to power 110,000 households.

## Present

Pine Ridge is located at the junction of the blacktop road going directly south from Fort Cobb and the old Ozark Trail.
The Pine Ridge community mostly consists of land dedicated to wheat and hay farming and cattle ranching, as well as the Pine Ridge solar generation facility. There is also a winery east of Pine Ridge on the Ozark Trail (Woods and Waters Winery and Vineyard).
Public school students in Pine Ridge attended school at Broxton until the school district was consolidated with Fort Cobb in the 1990s. Telephone numbers for the Pine Ridge area are split between the Fort Cobb and Apache prefixes. Electric service is provided by CK Energy Electric Cooperative (merged from the former Caddo and Kiwash electric cooperatives in 2016).
Pine Ridge is in State House District 56 and in State Senate District 26.
# Zionist Organization Mizrachi

The Zionist Organization Mizrachi (Latvian: Cionistu organizācija "Mizrahi") was a political party in the interbellum Latvia during 1921-1934. It won some seats in Latvian parliamentary elections in 1922, 1925, 1928, and 1931.
The party was disbanded in 1934, after the Ulmanis authoritarian coup d'état, together with all other political parties. Its activists, like those of Agudas Israel, were critical and reluctant towards the Soviet occupiers after the Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940.
# Sital Kapat

Sital Kapat is an Indian politician from Bharatiya Janata Party. In May 2021, he was elected as a member of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly from Ghatal (constituency). He defeated Shankar Dolui of All India Trinamool Congress by 966 votes in 2021 West Bengal Assembly election.
# Sartodi

Sartodi is a small village in Maharashtra, located in Palghar district in Palghar taluka.
# Kazi Harun

Kazi Harun is a Bangladeshi make-up artist. He won National Film Award for Best Make-up Artist for working in Hridoy Theke Hridoy in 1994. He worked in over 100 films.

## Biography

Harun made his debut in Dhallywood with Milon in 1965. Later, he worked in films like Beder Meye Josna, Anya Jibon, Hridoy Theke Hridoy, Shangkhamala, Golapi Ekhom Dhakay, Jibon Sangsar and more. He was conferred National Film Award for Best Make-up Artist for working in Hridoy Theke Hridoy.
Harun suffered a stroke in 2009. He had to sell his gold medal that he received as his recognition as National Film Award for Best Make-up Artist in 2010 for his daughter's marriage expenses. He had to start begging in 2011. He was granted BDT 5,00,000 on 14 September 2019 from Bangladeshi Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina for his medical expenses.

## Selected filmography

* Beder Meye Josna
* Anya Jibon
* Hridoy Theke Hridoy
* Shangkhamala
* Golapi Ekhom Dhakay
* Jibon Sangsar

## Awards and nominations

| Year | Award | Category | Work | Result |
| 1994 | National Film Award | Best Make-up Artist | Hridoy Theke Hridoy | Won |
# Authorization to carry

An authorization to carry (ATC) is a permit issued by the Government of Canada under the Firearms Act. An ATC allows an individual to lawfully possess a restricted, or a specific class of, prohibited firearm that is loaded or possessed with readily accessible ammunition.
Under this permit, the approved firearm may be carried on the permit holder's person, in a holster. The issuing chief firearms officer may specify on the ATC that concealing the firearm is permitted, and may impose any other conditions deemed appropriate; for example, an ATC issued for armoured car work requires a uniform be worn while armed (see carry regulation SOR 98-207, Firearms Act).
This permit is less common than the authorization to transport permit which allows secured and trigger locked transport of restricted and prohibited-class firearms in an unloaded state.
# Spring Creek, Oklahoma

Spring Creek is an unincorporated community in Caddo County, Oklahoma, United States. It is about 6 miles (10 km) south-southwest of Cogar, and just east of the Spring Creek watercourse that feeds into Lake Chickasha. It has a cemetery, church, schoolhouse, and general store still standing. The cemetery and church are still used. The remaining general store (there were once two at the same time) is now a house. The schoolhouse is block and was built around the turn of the 20th century. The surrounding area is very sandy and features much red rock.