# Kazakh language

Kazakh or Qazaq is a Turkic language of the Kipchak branch spoken in Central Asia by Kazakhs. It is closely related to Nogai, Kyrgyz and Karakalpak. It is the official language of Kazakhstan, and has official status in the Altai Republic of Russia. It is also a significant minority language in the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture in Xinjiang, China, and in the Bayan-Ölgii Province of western Mongolia. The language is also spoken by many ethnic Kazakhs throughout the former Soviet Union (some 472,000 in Russia according to the 2010 Russian census), Germany, and Turkey.
Like other Turkic languages, Kazakh is an agglutinative language and employs vowel harmony. Kazakh builds words by adding suffixes one after another to the word stem, with each suffix expressing only one unique meaning and following a fixed sequence. Ethnologue recognizes three mutually intelligible dialect groups: Northeastern Kazakh—the most widely spoken variety, which also serves as the basis for the official language—Southern Kazakh, and Western Kazakh. The language shares a degree of mutual intelligibility with closely related the Karakalpak language while its Western dialects maintain limited mutual intelligibility with Altai languages.
In October 2017, Kazakh president Nursultan Nazarbayev decreed that the writing system would change from using Cyrillic to Latin script by 2025. The proposed Latin alphabet has been revised several times and as of January 2021 is close to the inventory of the Turkish alphabet, though lacking the letters C and Ç and having four additional letters: Ä, Ñ, Q and Ū (though other letters such as Y have different values in the two languages). It is scheduled to be phased in from 2023 to 2031. Over one million Kazakh speakers in Xinjiang use a modified version of the Perso-Arabic script for writing.

## Geographic distribution

Speakers of Kazakh (mainly Kazakhs) are spread over a vast territory from the Tian Shan to the western shore of the Caspian Sea. Kazakh is the official state language of Kazakhstan, with nearly 10 million speakers (based on information from the CIA World Factbook on population and proportion of Kazakh speakers).
In China, nearly two million ethnic Kazakhs and Kazakh speakers reside in the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture of Xinjiang.

## History

The Kipchak branch of Turkic languages, which Kazakh is borne out of, was mainly solidified during the reign of the Golden Horde. The modern Kazakh language is said to have originated in approximately 1465 AD during the formation of the Kazakh Khanate. Modern Kazakh is likely a descendant of both Chagatay Turkic as spoken by the Timurids and Kipchak Turkic as spoken in the Golden Horde.
Kazakh uses a high volume of loanwords from Persian and Arabic due to the frequent historical interactions between Kazakhs and Iranian ethnic groups to the south. Additionally, Persian was a lingua franca in the Kazakh Khanate, which allowed Kazakhs to mix Persian words into their own spoken and written vernacular. Meanwhile, Arabic was used by Kazakhs in mosques and mausoleums, serving as a language exclusively for religious contexts, similar to how Latin served as a liturgical language in the Western European cultural sphere.
The Kazakhs used the Arabic script to write their language until approximately 1929. In the early 1900s, Kazakh activist Akhmet Baitursynuly reformed the Kazakh-Arabic alphabet, but his work was largely overshadowed by the Soviet presence in Central Asia. At that point, the new Soviet regime forced the Kazakhs to use a Latin script, and then a Cyrillic script in the 1940s. Today, Kazakhs use the Cyrillic and Latin scripts to write their language, although a presidential decree from 2017 ordered the transition from Cyrillic to Latin by 2031.

## Phonology and orthography

Kazakh exhibits tongue-root vowel harmony, with some words of recent foreign origin (usually of Russian or Arabic origin) as exceptions. There is also a system of rounding harmony which resembles that of Kyrgyz, but which does not apply as strongly and is not reflected in the orthography. This system only applies to the open vowels /e/, /ɪ/, /ʏ/ and not /ɑ/, and happens in the next syllables. Thus, (in Latin script) jūldyz 'star', bügın 'today', and ülken 'big' are actually pronounced as jūldūz, bügün, ülkön.

### Consonants

The following chart depicts the consonant inventory of standard Kazakh; many of the sounds, however, are allophones of other sounds or appear only in recent loanwords. The 18 consonant phonemes listed by Vajda are without parentheses—since these are phonemes, their listed place and manner of articulation are very general, and will vary from what is shown. (/t͡s/ rarely appears in normal speech.) Kazakh has 19 native consonant phonemes; these are the stops /p, b, t, d, k, ɡ, q/, fricatives /s, z, ɕ, ʑ, ʁ/, nasals /m, n, ŋ/, liquids /ɾ, l/, and two glides /w, j/. The sounds /f, v, χ, h, t͡s, t͡ɕ/ are found only in loanwords. /ʑ/ is heard as an alveolopalatal affricate [d͡ʑ] in the Kazakh dialects of Uzbekistan and Xinjiang, China. The sounds [q] and [ʁ] may be analyzed as allophones of /k/ and /ɡ/ in words with back vowels, but exceptions occur in loanwords.
Kazakh consonant phonemes :
| | | Labials | Alveolar | (Alveolo-) palatal | Velar | Uvular |
| Nasal | Nasal | m ⟨м/m⟩ | n ⟨н/n⟩ | | ŋ ⟨ң/ñ⟩ | ŋ ⟨ң/ñ⟩ |
| Stop | voiceless | p ⟨п/p⟩ | t ⟨т/t⟩ | | k ⟨к/k⟩ | q ⟨қ/q⟩ |
| Stop | voiced | b ⟨б/b⟩ | d ⟨д/d⟩ | | ɡ ⟨г/g⟩ | |
| Fricative | voiceless | | s ⟨с/s⟩ | ɕ ⟨ш/ş⟩ | | (χ) ⟨х/h⟩ |
| Fricative | voiced | | z ⟨з/z⟩ | ʑ ⟨ж/j⟩ | | (ʁ) ⟨ғ/ğ⟩ |
| Approximant | Approximant | | l ⟨л/l⟩ | j ⟨й/i⟩ | w ⟨у/u⟩ | |
| Tap | Tap | | ɾ ⟨р/r⟩ | | | |
* Voiced obstruents syllable-finally become devoiced.

### Vowels

Kazakh has a system of 12 phonemic vowels, 3 of which are diphthongs. The rounding contrast and /æ/ generally only occur as phonemes in the first syllable of a word, but do occur later allophonically; see the section on harmony below for more information. Moreover, the /æ/ sound has been included artificially due to the influence of Arabic, Persian and, later, Tatar languages during the Islamic period. It can be found in some native words, however.
According to Vajda, the front/back quality of vowels is actually one of neutral versus retracted tongue root.
Phonetic values are paired with the corresponding character in Kazakh's Cyrillic and current Latin alphabets.
Kazakh vowel phonemes :
| | Front (Advanced tongue root) | Central (Relaxed tongue root) | Back (Retracted tongue root) |
| Close | ɪ̞ ⟨і/ı⟩ | ʉ ⟨ү/ü⟩ | o̙ ⟨ұ/ū⟩ |
| Diphthong | je̘ ⟨е/e⟩ | əj ⟨и/i⟩ | ʊw ⟨у/u⟩ |
| Mid | e ⟨э/e⟩ | ə ⟨ы/y⟩ | o̞ ⟨о/o⟩ |
| Open | æ̝ ⟨ә/ä⟩ | ɵ ⟨ө/ö⟩ | ɑ̝ ⟨а/a⟩ |
Kazakh vowels by their pronunciation :
| | Front and central | Front and central | Back | Back |
| | unrounded | rounded | unrounded | rounded |
| Close | ɪ̞ ⟨і/ı⟩ | ʏ̞ ⟨ү/ü⟩ | ə ⟨ы/y⟩ | o̙ ⟨ұ/ū⟩ |
| Open | je̘ ⟨е/e⟩ / æ ⟨ә/ä⟩ | ɵ ⟨ө/ö⟩ | ɑ̝ ⟨а/a⟩ | o̞ ⟨о/o⟩ |
* There is significant debate over the Kazakh vowel phoneme chart, but all analysis agrees on an eight-vowel system with [æ] being artificially added due to influence from Arabic and Persian.
* The vowel /e̞/ is often pronounced /je̞/ at the beginning of the word, with exceptional root e-. Urban Kazakh tends to palatalize all /e̞/, caused by Russian influence.

### Vowel harmony

Kazakh exhibits tongue-root vowel harmony (also called soft-hard harmony), and arguably weakened rounding harmony which is implied in the first syllable of the word. All vowels after the first rounded syllable are the subject to this harmony with the exception of /ɑ/, and in the following syllables, e.g. өмір [ø̞mʏr], қосы [qɒso]. Notably, urban Kazakh tends to violate rounding harmony, as well as pronouncing Russian borrowings against the rules.

### Stress

Most words in Kazakh are stressed in the last syllable, except:
* When counting objects, numbers are stressed in the first syllable, but stressed in the last syllable in collective numbers suffixed by -eu (bıreu, altau from bır, alty):
    bır, ekı, üş, tört, bes, alty, jetı, ...
    'one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, ...'
* Definite and negative pronouns are stressed in the first syllable:
    bärıne eşkımge
    'to everyone, to no one'

### Orthography

Nowadays, Kazakh is mostly written in the Cyrillic script, with an Arabic-based alphabet being used by minorities in China. Since 26 October 2017, via Presidential Decree 569, Kazakhstan will adopt the Latin script by 2025.
Cyrillic script was created to better merge the Kazakh language with other languages of the USSR, hence it has some controversial letter readings.
The letter У after a consonant represents a combination of sounds і /ɘ/, ү /ʉ/, ы /ə/, ұ /ʊ/ with glide /w/, e.g. кіру [kɪ̞ˈrɪ̞w], су [so̙w], көру [kɵˈrʏ̞w], атысу [ɑ̝təˈsəw]. Ю undergoes the same process but with /j/ at the beginning.
The letter И represents a combination of sounds: i /ɘ/ (in front-vowel contexts) or ы /ə/ (in back vowel contexts) + glide /j/, e.g. тиіс [tɪ̞ˈjɪ̞s], оқиды [wo̞qəjˈdə]. In Russian loanwords, it is realized as /ʲi/ (when stressed) or /ʲɪ/ (when unstressed), e.g. изоморфизм [ɪzəmɐrˈfʲizm].
The letter Я represents either /jɑ/ or /jæ/ depending on vowel harmony.
The letter Щ represents /ʃː/, e.g. ащы [ɑ̝ʃ.ˈʃə].
Meanwhile, the letters В, Ё, Ф, Х, Һ, Ц, Ч, Ъ, Ь, Э are only used in loanwords—mostly those of Russian origin, but sometimes of Persian and Arabic origin. They are often substituted in spoken Kazakh.

## Grammar

Kazakh is generally verb-final, though various permutations on SOV (subject–object–verb) word order can be used, for example, due to topicalization. Inflectional and derivational morphology, both verbal and nominal, in Kazakh, exists almost exclusively in the form of agglutinative suffixes. Kazakh is a nominative-accusative, head-final, left-branching, dependent-marking language.

### Nouns

Kazakh has no noun class or gender system. Nouns are declined for number (singular or plural) and one of seven cases:
* Nominative
* Accusative
* Genitive
* Dative
* Locative
* Ablative
* Instrumental
The suffix for case is placed after the suffix for number.
Declension of nouns for case :
| Case | Morpheme | Possible forms | keme 'ship' | aua 'air' | şelek 'bucket' | säbız 'carrot' | bas 'head' | tūz 'salt' | qan 'blood' | kün 'day' |
| Nom | — | — | keme | aua | şelek | säbız | bas | tūz | qan | kün |
| Acc | -ny | -nı, -ny, -dı, -dy, -tı, -ty | kemenı | auany | şelektı | säbızdı | basty | tūzdy | qandy | kündı |
| Gen | -nyñ | -nıñ, -nyñ, -dıñ, -dyñ, -tıñ, -tyñ | kemenıñ | auanyñ | şelektıñ | säbızdıñ | bastyñ | tūzdyñ | qannyñ | künnıñ |
| Dat | -ga | -ge, -ğa, -ke, -qa | kemege | auağa | şelekke | säbızge | basqa | tūzğa | qanğa | künge |
| Loc | -da | -de, -da, -te, -ta | kemede | auada | şelekte | säbızde | basta | tūzda | qanda | künde |
| Abl | -dan | -den, -dan, -ten, -tan, -nen, -nan | kemeden | auadan | şelekten | säbızden | bastan | tūzdan | qannan | künnen |
| Inst | -men | -men(en), -ben(en), -pen(en) | kememen | auamen | şelekpen | säbızben | baspen | tūzben | qanmen | künmen |
Declension of nouns for number :
| | Morpheme | Possible Forms | bala 'child' | kirpi 'hedgehog' | qazaq 'Kazakh' | mektep 'school' | adam 'person' | gül 'flower' | söz 'word' |
| singular | – | – | bala | kirpi | qazaq | mektep | adam | gül | söz |
| plural | -lar | -lar, -ler, -ter, -tar, -der, -dar | balalar | kirpiler | qazaqtar | mektepter | adamdar | gülder | sözder |

### Pronouns

There are eight personal pronouns in Kazakh:
Personal pronouns :
| | | Singular | Plural |
| 1st person | 1st person | men | bız |
| 2nd person | informal | sen | sender |
| 2nd person | formal | sız | sızder |
| 3rd person | 3rd person | ol | olar |
The declension of the pronouns is outlined in the following chart. Singular pronouns exhibit irregularities, while plural pronouns do not. Irregular forms are highlighted in bold.
| Number | Singular | Singular | Singular | Singular | Plural | Plural | Plural | Plural |
| Person | 1st | 2nd | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 2nd | 3rd |
| Person | 1st | Familiar | Polite | 3rd | 1st | Familiar | Polite | 3rd |
| Nominative | men | sen | sız | ol | bız | sender | sızder | olar |
| Genitive | menıñ | senıñ | sızdıñ | onyñ | bızdıñ | senderdıñ | sızderdıñ | olardyñ |
| Dative | mağan | sağan | sızge | oğan | bızge | senderge | sızderge | olarğa |
| Accusative | menı | senı | sızdı | ony | bızdı | senderdı | sızderdı | olardy |
| Locative | mende | sende | sızde | onda | bızde | senderde | sızderde | olarda |
| Ablative | menen | senen | sızden | odan | bızden | senderden | sızderden | olardan |
| Instrumental | menımen | senımen | sızben | onymen | bızben | sendermen | sızdermen | olarmen |
In addition to the pronouns, there are several more sets of morphemes dealing with person.
Morphemes indicating person :
| | Pronouns | Copulas | Possessive endings | Past/Conditional |
| 1st sg | men | -mın/-myn | -(ı)m/-(y)m | -(ı)m/-(y)m |
| 2nd sg | sen | -sıñ/-syñ | -(ı)ñ/-(y)ñ | -(ı)ñ |
| 2nd sg formal | sız | -sız/-syz | -(ı)ñız/-(y)ñyz | -(ı)ñız/-(y)ñyz |
| 3rd sg | ol | – | -(s)ı/-(s)y | – |
| 1st pl | bız | -mız/-myz | -(ı)mız/-(y)myz | -(ı)k/-(y)q |
| 2nd pl | sender | -sıñder/-syñdar | -laryñ/-lerıñ | -(ı)ñder/-(y)ñdar |
| 2nd pl formal | sızder | -sızder/-syzdar | -(ı)ñız/-(y)ñyz | -(ı)ñızder/-(y)ñyzdar |
| 3rd pl | olar | – | -lary/-lerı | – |

### Adjectives

Adjectives in Kazakh are not declined for any grammatical category of the modified noun. Being a head-final language, adjectives are always placed before the noun that they modify. Kazakh has two varieties of adjectives:
* Qualitative – used to describe properties of the noun, such as color
* Relational – adjectives formed from words from other parts of speech

### Degrees of comparison
#### Comparative

The comparative form can be created by appending the suffix -(y)raq/-(ı)rek or -tau/-teu/-dau/-dau to an adjective.

#### Superlative

The superlative form can be created by placing the morpheme eñ before the adjective. The superlative form can also be expressed by reduplication.

### Verbs

Kazakh may express different combinations of tense, aspect and mood through the use of various verbal morphology or through a system of auxiliary verbs, many of which might better be considered light verbs. The present tense is a prime example of this; progressive tense in Kazakh is formed with one of four possible auxiliaries. These auxiliaries otyr 'sit', tūr 'stand', jür 'go' and jat 'lie', encode various shades of meaning of how the action is carried out and also interact with the lexical semantics of the root verb: telic and non-telic actions, semelfactives, durative and non-durative, punctual, etc. There are selectional restrictions on auxiliaries: motion verbs, such as бару 'go' and келу 'come' may not combine with otyr. Any verb, however, can combine with jat 'lie' to get a progressive tense meaning.
Progressive aspect in the present tense :
| Kazakh | Aspect | English translation |
| Men jüzemın | non-progressive | 'I (will) swim [every day].' |
| Men jüzıp jatyrmyn | progressive | 'I am swimming [right now].' |
| Men jüzıp otyrmyn | progressive/durative | 'I am [sitting and] swimming. / I have been swimming.' |
| Men jüzıp tūrmyn | progressive/punctual | 'I am [in the middle of] swimming [this very minute].' |
| Men jüzıp jürmın | habitual | 'I swim [frequently/regularly]' |
While it is possible to think that different categories of aspect govern the choice of auxiliary, it is not so straightforward in Kazakh. Auxiliaries are internally sensitive to the lexical semantics of predicates, for example, verbs describing motion:
Selectional restrictions on Kazakh auxiliaries :
| Sentence | Auxiliary Used |
| Sudawater-LOCbalyqfishjüzedıswim-PRES-3Suda balyq jüzedıwater-LOC fish swim-PRES-3'Fish swim in water' (general statement) | ∅ (present/future tense used) |
| Sudawater-LOCbalyqfishjüzıpswim-CVBjatyrAUX.3Suda balyq jüzıp jatyrwater-LOC fish swim-CVB AUX.3'The/A fish is swimming in the water' | jat－ 'to lie', general marker for progressive aspect. |
| Sudawater-LOCbalyqfishjüzıpswim-CVBjürAUX.3Suda balyq jüzıp jürwater-LOC fish swim-CVB AUX.3'The fish is swimming [as it always does] in the water' | jür – 'go', dynamic/habitual/iterative |
| Sudawater-LOCbalyqfishjüzıpswim-CVBtūrAUX.3Suda balyq jüzıp tūrwater-LOC fish swim-CVB AUX.3'The fish is swimming in the water' | tūr – 'stand', progressive marker to show the swimming is punctual |
| * Sudawater-LOCbalyqfishjüzıpswim-CVBotyrAUX.3* Suda balyq jüzıp otyr water-LOC fish swim-CVB AUX.3*The fish has been swimming Not a possible sentence in Kazakh | otyr – 'sit', ungrammatical in this sentence; otyr can only be used for verbs that are stative in nature |
In addition to the complexities of the progressive tense, there are many auxiliary-converb pairs that encode a range of aspectual, modal, volitional, evidential and action- modificational meanings. For example, the pattern verb + köru, with the auxiliary verb köru 'see', indicates that the subject of the verb attempted or tried to do something (compare the Japanese てみる temiru construction).

## Annotated text with gloss

From the first stanza and refrain of "Menıñ Qazaqstanym" ("My Kazakhstan"), the national anthem of Kazakhstan:
| Менің Қазақстаным | Men-ıñ Qazaqstan-ym |
| Алтын күнаспаны{Алтын күн} аспаны[ɑ̝ɫ̪ˈt̪ə̃ŋ‿kʰʏ̞̃n̪ ɑ̝s̪pɑ̝̃ˈn̪ə] | Altyngoldkünsunaspan-ysky-3.POSSAltyn kün aspan-ygold sun sky-3.POSS'Golden sun of the sky' |
| АлтындәндаласыАлтын дән даласы[ɑ̝ɫ̪ˈt̪ə̃n̪‿d̪æ̝̃n̪ d̪ɑ̝ɫ̪ɑ̝ˈs̪ə |] | Altyngolddängraindala-systeppe-3.POSSAltyn dän dala-sygold grain steppe-3.POSS'Golden grain of the steppe' |
| ЕрліктіңдастаныЕрліктің дастаны[je̘r̪l̪ɪ̞kˈt̪ɪ̞̃ŋ̟ d̪ɑ̝s̪t̪ɑ̝̃ˈn̪ə] | Erlık-tıñcourage legend-GENdastan-yepic-3.POSS-NOMErlık-tıñ dastan-y{courage legend-GEN} epic-3.POSS-NOM'The legend of courage' |
| Елімеқарашы!Еліме қарашы![je̘l̪ɪ̞̃ˈmʲe̘ qʰɑ̝r̪ɑ̝ˈʃə ‖] | El-ım-ecountry-1SG.DATqara-şylook-IMPEl-ım-e qara-şycountry-1SG.DAT look-IMP'Look at my country!' |
| ЕжелденердегенЕжелден ер деген[je̘ʒʲe̘l̪ʲˈd̪ʲẽ̘n̪ je̘r̪ d̪ʲe̘ˈɡʲẽ̘n̪] | Ejel-denantiquity-ABLerherode-gensay-PTCP.PSTEjel-den er de-genantiquity-ABL hero say-PTCP.PST'Called heroes since ancient times' |
| ДаңқымызшықтығойДаңқымыз шықты ғой[d̪ɑ̝̃ɴqə̃ˈməz̪ ʃəqˈt̪ə ʁo̞j |] | Dañq-ymyzglory-1PL.POSS.NOMşyq-tyemerge-PST.3ğoiEMPHDañq-ymyz şyq-ty ğoiglory-1PL.POSS.NOM emerge-PST.3 EMPH'Our glory emerged!' |
| НамысынбермегенНамысын бермеген[n̪ɑ̝̃məˈs̪ə̃m bʲe̘r̪mʲe̘ˈɡʲẽ̘n̪] | Namys-ynhonor-3.POSS-ACCber-me-gengive-NEG-PTCP.PSTNamys-yn ber-me-genhonor-3.POSS-ACC give-NEG-PTCP.PST'They did not give up their honor' |
| ҚазағыммықтығойҚазағым мықты ғой[qʰɑ̝z̪ɑ̝ˈʁə̃m məqˈt̪ə ʁo̞j ‖] | Qazağ-ymKazakh-1SG.POSSmyqtystrongğoiEMPHQazağ-ym myqty ğoiKazakh-1SG.POSS strong EMPH'My Kazakhs are mighty!' |
| Меніңелім,меніңелімМенің елім, менің елім[mʲẽ̘ˈn̪ɪ̞̃ŋ̟ je̘ˈl̪ɪ̞̃m | mʲẽ̘ˈn̪ɪ̞̃ŋ̟ je̘ˈl̪ɪ̞̃m |] | Men-ıñ1SG.GENel-ım,country-1SG.NOMmenıñ1SG.GENel-ımcountry-1SG.NOMMen-ıñ el-ım, menıñ el-ım1SG.GEN country-1SG.NOM 1SG.GEN country-1SG.NOM'My country, my country' |
| Гүліңболып,егілемінГүлің болып, егілемін[ɡʏ̞ˈl̪ʏ̞̃m bo̞ˈɫ̪ɤp | je̘ɣɪ̞l̪ʲẽ̘ˈmɪ̞̃n̪ |] | Gül-ıñflower-2SG.NOMbol-yp,be-CVB,eg-ıl-e-mınroot-PASS-PRES-1SGGül-ıñ bol-yp, eg-ıl-e-mınflower-2SG.NOM be-CVB, root-PASS-PRES-1SG'As your flower, I am rooted in you' |
| Жырыңболыптөгілемін,елімЖырың болып төгілемін, елім[ʒəˈr̪ə̃m bo̞ˈɫ̪ɤp | t̪ʰɵɣɪ̞l̪ʲẽ̘ˈmɪ̞̃n̪ je̘ˈl̪ɪ̞̃m |] | Jyr-yñsong-2SG.NOMbol-yp,be-CVB,tög-ıl-e-mın,sing-PASS-PRES-1SG,el-ımcountry-1SG.POSS.NOMJyr-yñ bol-yp, tög-ıl-e-mın, el-ımsong-2SG.NOM be-CVB, sing-PASS-PRES-1SG, country-1SG.POSS.NOM'As your song, I shall be sung abound' |
| Туғанжерімменің–ҚазақстанымТуған жерім менің – Қазақстаным[t̪ʰuˈʁɑ̝̃n̪ d͡ʒʲe̘ˈr̪ɪ̞̃m mʲẽ̘ˈn̪ɪ̞̃ŋ̟ | qʰɑ̝z̪ɑ̝q(χə)s̪t̪ɑ̝̃ˈn̪ə̃m ‖] | Tu-ğanbirth-PTCP-PSTjer-ımplace-1SG.POSS.NOMmenıñ1SG.GEN––Qazaqstan-ymKazakhstan-1SG.POSS.NOMTu-ğan jer-ım menıñ – Qazaqstan-ymbirth-PTCP-PST place-1SG.POSS.NOM 1SG.GEN – Kazakhstan-1SG.POSS.NOM'My native land – My Kazakhstan' |