# Demographics of Tuvalu

Demographic features of the population of Tuvalu include the age structure, ethnicity, education level, life expectancy, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.

## Summary

The population of Tuvalu is predominately of Polynesian ethnicity with approximately 5.6% of the population being Micronesian. Tuvaluans are ethnically related to the people of Samoa and Tonga. There is evidence for a dual genetic origin of Pacific Islanders in Asia and Melanesia, which results from an analysis of Y chromosome (NRY) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers. There is also evidence of Fiji playing a pivotal role in west-to-east expansion within Polynesia. The pattern of settlement believed to have occurred is that the Polynesians spread out from the Samoan Islands into the Tuvaluan atolls, with Tuvalu providing a stepping stone to migration into the Polynesian Outlier communities in Melanesia and Micronesia.
The vast majority of Tuvaluans belong to the Church of Tuvalu, a Protestant denomination. Their ancestors were converted by Christian missionaries in the 19th century.
Infant mortality in Tuvalu was 25 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2012, with an under-five mortality rate of 30 deaths per 1,000 live births. There has been a consistent decline in the under-five mortality rate since 1990.
School attendance at school is 10 years for males and 11 years for females (2001). Adult literacy rate is 99.0% (2002).
* Primary school enrollment (2006): 100%
* Secondary school enrollment (2001): 79.5%
Life expectancy for women in Tuvalu is 68.41 years and 64.01 years for men (2015 est.).
The population of Tuvalu is recorded by the Central Statistics Department (CSD) of Tuvalu in the census information:
The net migration rate is estimated at -6.81 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.). The threat of global warming in Tuvalu is not a dominant motivation for migration as Tuvaluans appear to prefer to continue living on the islands for reasons of lifestyle, culture and identity.
The Census Monograph on Migration, Urbanization and Youth provides an analysis of the 2012 census and reported:
* A total of 1,200 people were listed as being out of country on census night with more males (57%) than females (43%) absent. The high proportion in range of ages 15 to 29 years (37% of the total) is described as indicating the significance of overseas tertiary education and training.

## Population

| 1979 Census | 1985 Census | 1991 Census | 2002 Census | 2012 Census | 2017 Census |
| 7,349 | 8,229 | 9,043 | 9,359 | 10,640 | 10,507 |

### Structure of the population

| Age Group | Male | Female | Total | % |
| Total | 5 488 | 5 157 | 10 645 | 100 |
| 0–4 | 625 | 535 | 1 160 | 10.90 |
| 5–9 | 628 | 577 | 1 205 | 11.32 |
| 10–14 | 541 | 471 | 1 012 | 9.51 |
| 15–19 | 499 | 454 | 953 | 8.95 |
| 20–24 | 482 | 458 | 940 | 8.83 |
| 25–29 | 502 | 421 | 923 | 8.67 |
| 30–34 | 407 | 362 | 769 | 7.22 |
| 35–39 | 299 | 280 | 579 | 5.44 |
| 40–44 | 242 | 212 | 454 | 4.26 |
| 45–49 | 251 | 227 | 478 | 4.49 |
| 50–54 | 314 | 272 | 586 | 5.50 |
| 55–59 | 257 | 322 | 579 | 5.44 |
| 60–64 | 198 | 223 | 421 | 3.95 |
| 65-69 | 117 | 155 | 272 | 2.56 |
| 70-74 | 64 | 72 | 136 | 1.28 |
| 75-79 | 41 | 58 | 99 | 0.93 |
| 80-84 | 16 | 43 | 59 | 0.55 |
| 85+ | 5 | 15 | 20 | 0.19 |
| Age group | Male | Female | Total | Percent |
| 0–14 | 1 794 | 1 583 | 3 377 | 31.72 |
| 15–64 | 3 451 | 3 231 | 6 682 | 62.77 |
| 65+ | 243 | 343 | 586 | 5.50 |

## Vital statistics
### Registered births and deaths

| Year | Population | Live births | Deaths | Natural increase | Crude birth rate | Crude death rate | Rate of natural increase | TFR |
| 2018 | 10,574 | 257 | 86 | 171 | 24.3 | 8.1 | 16.2 | 3.449 |
| 2019 | 10,273 | 251 | 140 | 111 | 24.4 | 13.6 | 10.8 | 3.420 |
| 2020 | 10,204 | 309 | 136 | 173 | 30.3 | 13.3 | 17.0 | 4.204 |
| 2021 | 10,280 | 276 | 112 | 164 | 26.8 | 10.9 | 16.0 | 3.867 |
| 2022 | 10,597 | 267 | 80 | 187 | 25.2 | 7.5 | 17.6 | |
| 2023 | 10,099 | 232 | 127 | 105 | 23.0 | 12.6 | 10.4 | 3.302 |

## Ethnic groups

* Polynesian 96%
* Micronesian 4%

## Languages

* Tuvaluan (official)
* English (official)
* Samoan
* Ikiribati language (on the island of Nui)

## Religion

* Church of Tuvalu 97%
* Seventh-day Adventist Church 1.4%
* Baháʼí 1%
* all other faiths or denominations ≈ 1%

## Migration
### Emigration
#### New Zeland

The 2013 Census of New Zealand reported 3,537 Tuvaluans, an increase of 80% from the 1,965 reported in the 2001 census. In the 2013 census, only about 40% (1,419) had been born in Tuvalu. The high proportion of Tuvaluans who are New Zealand born illustrates the significance of New Zealand as a long term destination for Tuvaluan migrants.

#### Australia

The Tuvaluan community in Australia is recorded in the 2011 Australian Census as 228 people who put Tuvaluan as their first response to a question on ‘ancestry’; of these 120 were born in Tuvalu. The islands of Nanumea, Nanumaga, Nukufetau and Niutao had relatively high net migration losses, with most being internal migrants to Funafuti. Vaitupu had the largest net migration gain, although this is attributed to the location of Motufoua Secondary School on Vaitupu and the movement of students from the other islands.