# List of important publications in data science

This is a list of important publications in data science, generally organized by order of use in a data analysis workflow.
See the list of important publications in statistics for more research-based and fundamental publications; while this list is more applied, business oriented, and cross-disciplinary.
General article inclusion criteria are:
* Papers from notable practitioners or notable professors, either with a Wikipedia page or reference to their notability
* Common knowledge all data professionals should know, with references validating this claim
* Highly cited applied statistics and machine learning publications
* Discussion-facilitating papers on the field of data science as a whole (for example, the Attention Is All You Need paper is arguably a landmark paper that can be added here, but it is specific to generative artificial intelligence, not for all practitioners of data)
Some reasons why a particular publication might be regarded as important:
* Topic creator – A publication that created a new topic
* Breakthrough – A publication that changed scientific knowledge significantly
* Influence – A publication which has significantly influenced the world or has had a massive impact on the teaching of data science.
When possible, a reference is used to validate the inclusion of the publication in this list.

## History

Statistical Modeling: The Two Cultures (with comments and a rejoinder by the author)
    Author: Leo Breiman
    Publication data:
    Online version: https://projecteuclid.org/journals/statistical-science/volume-16/issue-3/Statistical-Modeling--The-Two-Cultures-with-comments-and-a/10.1214/ss/1009213726.pdf
    Description: Describes two cultures of statistics, one using a parsimonious and generative stochastic model, while the other is an algorithmic model with no known mechanism for how the data is generated. Breiman argues that while statistics has traditionally favored using the stochastic model, there is value in expanding the methods that statisticians can use to study phenomenon.
    Importance: Influence on the philosophies of statisticians right before the increased use of machine learning and deep learning methods. In a 20-year retrospective on this article, "Breiman's words are perhaps more relevant than ever". Notable statisticians at the time wrote opinion pieces about the publication. Although overall critical of the publication, David Cox writes that the publication "contains enough truth and exposes enough weaknesses to be thought-provoking." Bradley Efron commented that this publication is a "stimulating paper". Emanuel Parzen also comments about this publication that "Breiman alerts us to systematic blunders (leading to wrong conclusions) that have been committed applying current statistical practice of data modeling".
50 Years of Data Science
    Author: David Donoho
    Publication data:
    Online version: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10618600.2017.1384734
    Description: Retrospective discussion paper on the history and origins of data science, with a number of commentary from notable statisticians.
    Importance: This has been described as "the first in the field to present such a comprehensive and in-depth survey and overview", and helps to define the field that has many definitions.
The Composable Data Management System Manifesto
    Author: Pedro Pedreira, Orri Erling, Konstantinos Karanasos, Scott Schneider, Wes McKinney, Satya R Valluri, Mohamed Zait, Jacques Nadeau
    Publication data:
    Online version: https://www.vldb.org/pvldb/vol16/p2679-pedreira.pdf
    Description: The vision paper advocating for a paradigm shift in how data management systems are designed using standard, composable, interoperable tools rather than siloed software tools.
    Importance: A paradigm shifting view on how future data science software tools should be designed for more efficient workflows, the principles of which "will be especially crucial for addressing fragmentation, improving interoperability, and promoting user-centricity as data ecosystems grow increasingly complex".

## Data collection and organization

Tidy Data
    Author: Hadley Wickham
    Publication data:
    Online version: https://www.jstatsoft.org/article/view/v059i10/ https://vita.had.co.nz/papers/tidy-data.pdf
    Description: Describes a framework for data cleaning that is summarized in the quote, "each variable is a column, each observation is a row, and each type of observational unit is a table". This allows a standard data structure for which data analysis tools can be consistently built around.
    Importance: Cited over 1,500 times, this effort for tidy data has been described by David Donoho as having "more impact on today’s practice of data analysis than many highly regarded theoretical statistics articles". In the context of data visualization, this publication is said to support "efficient exploration and prototyping because variables can be assigned different roles in the plot without modifying anything about the original dataset".
Data Organization in Spreadsheets
    Author: Karl W. Broman and Kara H. Woo
    Publication data:
    Online version: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00031305.2017.1375989
    Description: This article offers practical recommendations for organizing data in spreadsheets, like Microsoft Excel and Google Sheets, to reduce errors and lower the barrier for later analyses due to limitations in spreadsheets or quirks in the software.
    Importance: Influences teaching both data and non-data practitioners to create more analysis-friendly spreadsheets, and has been described to outline "spreadsheet best practices".

## Data visualizations

Quantitative Graphics in Statistics: A Brief History
    Author: James R. Beniger and Dorothy L. Robyn
    Publication data:
    Online version: https://www.jstor.org/stable/2683467
    Description: Outlines history and evolution of quantitative graphics in statistics, going through spatial organization (17th and 18th centuries), discrete comparison (18th and 19th centuries), continuous distribution (19th century), and multivariate distribution and correlation (late 19th and 20th centuries).
    Importance: Helps put into perspective for learning data practitioners the recency of graphics that are used. A later publication "Graphical Methods in Statistics" by Stephen Fienberg in 1979 writes that his publication "owes much to the work of Beniger and Robyn".

## Tooling

Hidden Technical Debt in Machine Learning Systems
    Author: D. Sculley, Gary Holy, Daniel Golovin, Eugene Davydov, Todd Phillips, Dietmar Ebner, Vinay Chaudhary, Michael Young, Jean-François Crespo, Dan Dennison
    Publication data:
    Online version: https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper_files/paper/2015/file/86df7dcfd896fcaf2674f757a2463eba-Paper.pdf
    Description: This paper argues that it is "dangerous to think of [complex machine learning] quick wins as coming for free" and overviews risk factors to account for when implementing a machine learning system.
    Importance: All authors worked for Google, article is cited over 1,000 times, and helped practitioners thinking about quickly implementing a machine learning tool without understanding the long-term maintenance of the tool.
A few useful things to know about machine learning
    Author: Pedro Domingos
    Publication data:
    Online version: https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2347736.2347755 https://homes.cs.washington.edu/~pedrod/papers/cacm12.pdf
    Description: The purpose of this paper is to distill inaccessible "folk knowledge" to effectively implement machine learning projects because "machine learning projects take much longer than necessary or wind up producing less-than-ideal results".
    Importance: Cited over 4,000 times to influence the common set of knowledge for data practitioners using machine learning.

## Teaching data science

The Introductory Statistics Course: A Ptolemaic Curriculum
    Author: George W. Cobb
    Publication data:
    Online version: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6hb3k0nz
    Description: This paper argues for a rethinking of how teachers of statistics should structure their introductory statistics courses away from the technical machinery based on the normal distribution and towards simpler alternative methods based on permutations done on computers.
    Importance: Cited over 300 times, this paper influenced teachers of statistics in the 21st century to reconsider teaching the mere mechanics of statistics, while the use of computers can be leveraged for doing more with less.