# Francis Greenway

Francis Greenway (1777–1837) was an English-born architect whose remarkable journey from convict to colonial architect left an indelible mark on Australia's architectural heritage. Born in England, Greenway’s promising career as an architect came to an abrupt halt when he was convicted of forgery in 1809 and sentenced to transportation to New South Wales. Arriving in the colony in 1814, Greenway’s expertise caught the attention of Governor Lachlan Macquarie, who, recognizing his talent, appointed him as the colony’s official architect despite his convict status. Over the next two decades, Greenway designed some of the most significant and iconic buildings of early Sydney, including the General Hospital (commonly known as the Rum Hospital), St. James' Church, and the Macquarie Lighthouse. His work reflected a blend of neoclassical design principles and practical solutions for the needs of a growing colony. Despite personal hardships and professional challenges, including tensions with fellow officials and a somewhat tumultuous career, Greenway’s architectural legacy remains a cornerstone of Australia’s built history, symbolizing both the struggles and aspirations of the early colonial period.

## Life and career

Greenway was born in Mangotsfield, Gloucestershire (near the English city of Bristol), the son of Francis Greenway and Ann Webb. Greenway became an architect "of some eminence" in Bristol and Bath. His only remaining building in the United Kingdom is the Clifton Club in Bristol, originally the Clifton Hotel and Assembly Rooms. In 1809 he became bankrupt and in 1812 he pleaded guilty "under the advice of his friends", to forging a financial document, and was sentenced to death; this sentence was later commuted to 14 years' transportation. Why he pleaded guilty is unknown; he may have been told it was the only way to save his life. Whilst awaiting deportation to Sydney, Greenway spent time in Newgate Prison, Bristol, where he completed paintings depicting scenes within the prison.
Greenway arrived in Sydney, New South Wales on the transport General Hewitt in February 1814 to serve his sentence. On board the ship was the surgeon Dr John Harris who was to give Greenway his first private commission in the colony which involved extending his residence on his Ultimo estate. Greenway first met Lachlan Macquarie in July 1814 to whom he had come recommended by Admiral Arthur Phillip. During the initial meeting Macquarie sought to test Greenway by asking him to copy a design of a town hall and courthouse from a pattern book. Greenway was so offended by this that he responded with a letter declaring his skills and quoting Sir William Chambers that Macquarie should utilise the opportunity for a classical design, saying he would "immediately copy the drawing Your Excellency requested me to do, notwithstanding it is rather painful to my mind as a professional man to copy a building that has no claim to classical proportion and character."
Between 1816 and 1818, while still a convict, Greenway was responsible for the design and construction of the Macquarie Lighthouse on the South Head 2km from the entrance to Port Jackson. After the success of this project he was emancipated by the governor Lachlan Macquarie, before breakfast on 16 December 1817 at the Lighthouse. In the role of Acting Civil Architect and Assistant Engineer responsible to Captain J. M. Gill, Inspector of Public Works, went on to build many significant buildings in the new colony.
Greenway’s works include Hyde Park Barracks, extensions to First Government House, the stables for a projected new Government House (condemned for their ‘useless magnificence’ by a visiting British official, the building is now home to the Sydney Conservatorium of Music), and St James' Church, Sydney, which was chosen as one of Australia’s only two man-made ‘treasures’ by Dan Cruickshank in the BBC series Around the World in 80 Treasures. He submitted designs for the first Catholic church in Sydney, St Mary's but they did not match the ambitious scale envisaged by the priest Fr Therry, and were not proceeded with.
Greenway fell into disrepute when Macquarie accused him of charging high fees whilst on a government retainer, and he was dismissed by the next governor, Thomas Brisbane, in 1822. He continued to follow his profession with little success.
In 1835 he was destitute, advertising in the Sydney Gazette that "Francis Howard Greenway, arising from circumstances of a singular nature is induced again to solicit the patronage of his friends and the public".
Greenway died of typhoid near Newcastle, New South Wales in 1837, aged 59. The exact date of his death is not known. He is believed to have been buried in the Glebe burial ground at East Maitland on 25 September 1837, but his grave is unmarked.

## Posthumous tributes

Ironically, despite conviction for the forgery of a financial document, Greenway's face was shown on the first Australian decimal-currency $10 note (1966–93), making him probably the only convicted forger in the world to be honoured on a banknote.
Greenway is the eponym of a NSW Federal electorate, a suburb of Canberra, and a high school in Woodberry, a suburb of Maitland.
Francis Greenway Drive in the suburb of Cherrybrook is named in honour of Francis Greenway.
The Vaucluse home of the renowned Australian architect Leslie Wilkinson (1882–1973) was named ’Greenway’ in honour of Francis Greenway.
A Correctional Centre complex near Windsor, NSW is called the Francis Greenway Complex.

## Selected list of works

The following works were either designed by Greenway, or where he had significant influence:
| Structure name | Location | Period | Architectural style | Contribution | Heritage status | Notes |
| Cadmans Cottage | The Rocks | 1815–1816 | | Supervised construction | | $^{:p.16}$ |
| Cleveland House | Surry Hills | | | Contribution uncertain | | |
| Clifton Hotel and Assembly Rooms building | Bristol | 1806–1809 | | Supervised construction | Grade II* listed building on the National Heritage List for England | |
| First Government House, Sydney | Bridge Street, Sydney | 1810–1820 | Italianate | Extensions | National Heritage ListNew South Wales State Heritage Register(Former) Register of the National Estate | |
| Hobartville | Richmond | | | Contribution uncertain | | |
| Hyde Park Barracks | Macquarie Street, Sydney | 1818–1819 | | Architect | UNESCO World Heritage ListNational Heritage ListNew South Wales State Heritage Register(Former) Register of the National Estate | |
| Judge's House | Sydney | | | Also attributed to W. Harper | | $^{:p.67}$ |
| Liverpool Technical College (formerly Liverpool Hospital) | Liverpool | | | | | |
| Macquarie Lighthouse (1816–1878) | Watsons Bay | 1816–1818 | | Architect | | |
| Obelisk | Macquarie Place | 1818 | | Architect | | |
| Old Government House | Parramatta | | | Timber portico only | UNESCO World Heritage ListNational Heritage ListNew South Wales State Heritage Register(Former) Register of the National Estate | |
| St James' Church | Queen's Square Phillip Street, Sydney | 1820–1824 | | Architect | New South Wales State Heritage Register | |
| St Luke's Anglican Church | Liverpool | 1818–1820 | | Architect | New South Wales State Heritage Register | |
| St Matthew's Church | Windsor | 1817 | | Architect | | |
| Supreme Court of New South Wales | Cnr King and Elizabeth streets, Sydney | 1820–1828 | Old Colonial Georgian (Greenway designs)Victorian Italianate (Barnet additions) | Architect (dismissed before completion) | New South Wales State Heritage Register | |
| Sydney Conservatorium of Music | Macquarie Street, Sydney | | | Architect | New South Wales State Heritage Register | |
| Windsor Court House | Windsor | 1821 | | Architect | | |