OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Tariff of 1883

In United States tax law history, the Tariff of 1883 (signed into law on March 3, 1883), also known as the Mongrel Tariff Act by its critics, reduced high tariff rates only marginally, and left in place fairly strong protectionist barriers.
President Chester A. Arthur appointed a commission in May 1882 to recommend how much tariff rates should be reduced. The issue was controversial during the last three decades of the nineteenth century, making tariff revision a daunting task. Different constituents argued for opposite measures, often wanting to maintain tariffs on some items while reducing them on others. Support or opposition to tariffs often broke down along regional lines.
In December 1882, the commission argued for substantial reductions. Protectionists in Congress by this time recognized that some type of reduction would be politically popular, but wanted to avoid a drastic cut. Lame-duck Republicans wanted to ensure that a tariff reduction passed before incumbent Democrats assumed control of Congress in the next session and lowered rates by a greater margin.
The result was an enormously complicated and unpopular piece of legislation with no clear vision. Tariffs on some items were lowered. Others were inexplicably raised. Some goods had multiple tariffs rates placed on them to be applied in different locations with no clear reasoning. Tariff rates were reduced an average 1.47 percent, with most rates remaining around 35–40 percent.
President Arthur was not the most enthusiastic supporter of tariff reduction, but he did feel that some meaningful reduction was needed and he recognized that the changes made by the "Mongrel Tariff" were insufficient. Thus, he directed U.S. Secretary of State Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen to establish reciprocal trade agreements with other nations, especially those with raw material the U.S. needed. The reciprocal trade agreements allowed Arthur to amend the tariff without having to involve himself in a congressional battle over the issue.

## Nix v. Hedden

The law exempts fruit but not vegetables, causing tomato importers to file sue claiming that tomatoes are a fruit, resulting in the unanimous U.S. Supreme Court decision in Nix v. Hedden (May 10, 1893) that tomatoes are to be considered a vegetable for purposes of this tariff.
# RMS Albania (1900)

RMS Albania was a steamship that served various owners. She was launched on 3 February 1900 by Swan, Hunter & Wigham Richardson, Wallsend-on-Tyne as Consuelo for Thomas Wilson & Sons of Hull. She was sold in 1909 to Thomson Line and renamed Cairnrona. In 1912, the vessel was renamed Poleric and remained in service until 1929 and sold for scrap in 1930.

## Cunard Line ownership

She was sold by Thomson Line in 1911 to Cunard Line and renamed Albania, along with Ausonia and Ascania. These three ships were designed to sail on the Southampton–Halifax route and were also the first Cunard ocean liners to sail from Southampton.
On 2 May 1911, the Albania pioneered Cunard's new route and on 16 May, she was followed by Ausonia and Ascania on 23 May. Albania became the first Cunard Line vessel to sail the St. Lawrence River to Montreal, which became a familiar destination for the company. When the St. Lawrence River was closed due to sea ice during the winter months, the western terminus of the route was changed to Portland, Maine. Within six months of her purchase, the Albania was determined to be a losing proposition for the company and she was listed for sale.

## Bank Line ownership

On 12 June 1912 she was purchased by the Bank Line of Glasgow for £20,000 and she was renamed Poleric. She remained in service with the Bank Line until 1929 and she was scrapped in 1930.
# Jack Driessen

Jack Driessen (born 11 July 1980 in Roermond, Netherlands) is a Dutch keyboardist, songwriter and arranger. He is co-founder and former member of the Dutch symphonic death metal band MaYaN. Furthermore he is known as the first keyboardist of the symphonic metal band After Forever (1995–2000) and as songwriter on 3 albums of the symphonic metal band Epica.

## Discography
### After Forever

* Ephemeral (demo, 1999)
* Wings of Illusion (demo, 1999)
* Prison of Desire (2000)
* Follow in the Cry (2000)
* Mea Culpa (compilation, 2006)

### Epica

* Design Your Universe (2009)
* Requiem for the Indifferent (2012)
* The Quantum Enigma (2014)

### MaYaN

* Quarterpast (2011)
* Antagonise (2014)
* Undercurrent (EP, 2018)
* Dhyana (2018)
# Ehlers (surname)

Ehlers is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Adriana Ehlers (1894–1972), Mexican filmmaker
* Anke Ehlers (born 1957), German psychologist
* Arthur Ehlers, executive in minor and Major League Baseball
* Beth Ehlers (born 1968), American actress
* Brian Ehlers (born 1978), American professional basketball player
* Bulbs Ehlers (1923–2013), American professional basketball player
* Dolores Ehlers (1896–1983), also known as Dolores Elhers, Mexican filmmaker and businessperson
* Edvard Ehlers (1863–1937), Danish dermatologist
* Ekkehard Ehlers, an electronic musician
* Ernst Ehlers (1835–1925), a German zoologist
* Hanni Ehlers (born 1954), German translator
* Hans Ehlers (1914–1944), German fighter pilot
* Hermann Ehlers (1904–1954), a German politician
* Jürgen Ehlers (1929–2008), a German physicist
* Otto Ehrenfried Ehlers (1855–1895), a German traveller and writer
* Nikolaj Ehlers (born 1996), Danish ice hockey player
* Tom Ehlers (born 1952), American football player
* Vern Ehlers (1934–2017), American politician
* Walter D. Ehlers (1921–2014), American Medal of Honour recipient
* Uwe Ehlers (born 1975), German footballer
# WNTB

WNTB (93.7 FM) is an American radio station. Licensed to Topsail Beach, North Carolina, US, it serves the Wilmington, North Carolina area.
The 93.7 frequency was previously home to WBNE ("The Bone"), later at 103.7 FM.
From 2007 to 2020 WNTB simulcast WLTT, later WUDE. The Big Talker was a Fox News Radio affiliate. WNTB and WLTT 106.3 FM, Bolivia, simulcast to five counties in southeastern North Carolina as part of the Sea-Comm Media station group.
The station was owned by Sea-Comm, Inc.
# Todd Boeckman

Todd Boeckman (born June 8, 1984) is an American former college football]] player who was a quarterback for the Ohio State Buckeyes. He was signed by the Jacksonville Jaguars of the National Football League (NFL) as an undrafted free agent on June 17, 2009.

## College career

Boeckman was recruited in 2002, but redshirted and grayshirted, extending his stay with Ohio State for two more seasons. After Heisman Trophy winner Troy Smith graduated after the 2006 season, Boeckman beat out fellow quarterbacks Rob Schoenhoft and Antonio Henton for the starting job. In 2007, he passed for 2,375 yards and 25 touchdowns and was named first-team Big Ten. He also led the Buckeyes to the BCS National Championship Game on January 7, 2008. He threw for 208 yards, two touchdowns, and two interceptions as the Buckeyes fell to the LSU Tigers 38–24.
Boeckman entered the 2008 season as a 6th year Senior. He was named the starter for the 2008 season, however after losing 35–3 in the 2008 USC game, he lost the starting job to Terrelle Pryor. In the 2009 Fiesta Bowl against the University of Texas, Boeckman threw a touchdown pass to Terrelle Pryor.

### Statistics

| | Passing | Passing | Passing | Passing | Passing | Passing | Passing |
| Year | Cmp | Att | Pct | Yds | Avg | TD | Int |
| 2005 | 5 | 7 | 71.4 | 67 | 9.6 | 1 | 0 |
| 2006 | 2 | 3 | 66.7 | 19 | 6.3 | 0 | 0 |
| 2007 | 191 | 299 | 63.9 | 2379 | 8.0 | 25 | 14 |
| 2008 | 57 | 93 | 61.3 | 620 | 6.7 | 5 | 2 |
| Total | 255 | 402 | 63.4 | 3085 | 7.7 | 31 | 16 |
| Source: ESPN ||||||||

## Professional career

Boeckman was invited to try out for the Cincinnati Bengals during their rookie mini camp, which concluded on May 3, 2009. Boeckman was among the tryout players not offered a free agent contract. Although Boeckman had a good workout with the Bengals, head coach Marvin Lewis stated that there were already four other quarterbacks on the roster, making it more difficult for Boeckman to land a contract. He also tried out for the Atlanta Falcons.
Boeckman was signed by the Jacksonville Jaguars on June 17, 2009. He was waived by the Jaguars on July 31 to make room on the roster for rookie third-round pick Terrance Knighton. He was re-signed on August 30 after the team waived Paul Smith. He was then cut on September 5, during final cuts.
# Montmorency Township, Illinois

Montmorency Township is located in Whiteside County, Illinois. As of the 2010 census, its population was 2,612 and it contained 1,027 housing units. It is located south of the city of Rock Falls.

## Geography

According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of 35.83 square miles (92.8 km$^2$), of which 35.78 square miles (92.7 km$^2$) (or 99.86%) is land and 0.05 square miles (0.13 km$^2$) (or 0.14%) is water.
# Florentine Lahme

Florentine Lahme (born 21 July 1974) is a German actress.

## Biography

Lahme was born in West Berlin, West Germany.
After she passed her Abitur (final exam to graduate from high school), Lahme studied Japanology and English for four semesters. After that, she decided to become an actress.
One of Lahme's first notable roles was as "Karen Stember", a student nurse in the German TV show Geliebte Schwestern (Beloved Sisters), which she played for 250 episodes. She has also had numerous appearances in other German shows and feature films. She also appeared as Nadia Schilling in the TV series Defying Gravity.
# Midway, LaSalle Parish, Louisiana

Midway is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in LaSalle Parish, Louisiana, United States. The population was 1,291 at the 2010 census, down from 1,505 at the 2000 census.

## Geography

Midway is located in central LaSalle Parish at 31°40′56″N 92°8′49″W﻿ / ﻿31.68222°N 92.14694°W﻿ / 31.68222; -92.14694 (31.682294, -92.146866). It is bordered to the north and east by Jena, the parish seat, and to the west by Good Pine. U.S. Route 84 passes through the northern part of Midway, leading east into Jena and northwest 14 miles (23 km) to Tullos. Louisiana Highway 8 passes through the southern part of Midway, also leading east into Jena but running southwest 21 miles (34 km) to Pollock.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the Midway CDP has a total area of 3.1 square miles (7.9 km$^2$), of which 0.03 square miles (0.08 km$^2$), or 1.04%, are water.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,505 people, 512 households, and 366 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 429.6 inhabitants per square mile (165.9/km$^2$). There were 577 housing units at an average density of 164.7 per square mile (63.6/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the CDP was 53.02% White, 45.58% African American, 0.66% Native American, 0.13% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, and 0.53% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.73% of the population.
There were 512 households, out of which 36.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.8% were married couples living together, 24.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.5% were non-families. 25.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.72 and the average family size was 3.25.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 29.2% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 24.1% from 25 to 44, 22.1% from 45 to 64, and 16.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 79.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 74.5 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $19,479, and the median income for a family was $27,500. Males had a median income of $27,100 versus $15,000 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $12,819. About 28.4% of families and 30.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 36.9% of those under age 18 and 12.8% of those age 65 or over.
# They Dare to Speak Out

They Dare to Speak Out: People and Institutions Confront Israel's Lobby is a bestselling book (nine weeks a Washington Post bestseller) that was written in 1985 (Westport, Connecticut: Lawrence Hill, ISBN 0-88208-179-9), had a second edition published in 1989 (Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books, 1556520735) and a third in 2003 (Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books, ISBN 155652482X) by former US Representative Paul Findley.

## Contents

The book examines Israel and the Israel lobby and the degree of control they have over the United States government, based on his experience representing the State of Illinois in the United States House of Representatives.
Findley focuses on individuals who have stood up to the pro-Israel forces and brings out their statements and observations on the Middle East and US foreign policy toward Israel.

## Reviews

The Washington Post said in a review that the book's "message is straightforward and valid: Israeli influence in the United States, including in the inner sanctums of government, is very strong." The New York Times, in a review by Adam Clymer, noted that Findley had been defeated by "a combination of an able opponent, the recession, redistricting and a heavy infusion of money from pro-Israel political action committees" and described the book as "an angry, one-sided book that seems often to be little more than a stringing together of stray incidents".
The Christian Science Monitor's review stated that "Findley examines the history of America's lopsided official attitude toward the Middle East, a score of the most egregious examples of AIPAC's behavior, and the effect of all of this on public debate and policy. Because of his access to highly placed government officials, Findley's book contains a wealth of original statements and observations from William Fulbright, Spiro Agnew, Philip Klutznick, George Ball, Zbigniew Brzezinski, and the Rev. Jesse Jackson and many other prominent figures, speaking on the record and off."
# Vojislav Nanović

Vojislav Nanović (1922–1983) was a Serbian and Yugoslav screenwriter and film director. Nanović directed the first feature film from modern-day North Macedonia.

## Selected filmography

* The Magic Sword (1950)
* Frosina (1952)
* The Gypsy Girl (1953)
# Cracker (food)

A cracker is a flat, dry baked biscuit typically made with flour. Flavorings or seasonings, such as salt, herbs, seeds, or cheese, may be added to the dough or sprinkled on top before or after baking. Crackers are often branded as a nutritious and convenient way to consume a staple food or cereal grain.
Crackers can be eaten on their own, but can also accompany other food items such as cheese or meat slices, fruits, dips, or soft spreads such as jam, butter, peanut butter, or mousse. Bland or mild crackers are sometimes used as a palate cleanser in food product testing or flavor testing, between samples. Crackers may also be crumbled and added to soup. The modern cracker is somewhat similar to nautical ship's biscuits, military hardtack, chacknels, and sacramental bread. Other early versions of the cracker can be found in ancient flatbreads, such as lavash, pita, matzo, flatbrød, and crispbread. Asian analogues include papadum, senbei and num kreab.
The characteristic holes found in many crackers are called "docking" holes. The holes are poked in the dough to stop overly large air pockets from forming in the cracker while baking.

## Names

In American English, the name "cracker" usually refers to savory or salty flat biscuits, whereas the term "cookie" is used for sweet items. Crackers are also generally made differently: crackers are made by layering dough, while cookies, besides the addition of sugar, usually use a chemical leavening agent, may contain eggs, and in other ways are made more like a cake. In British English, crackers are sometimes called water biscuits.

## Types

Crackers come in many shapes and sizes, such as round, rectangular, triangular, or irregular. Crackers sometimes have cheese or spices as ingredients, or even chicken stock.
Saltines and oyster crackers are often used in or served with soup. Similar crackers include cream crackers and water biscuits.
Cheese crackers are prepared using cheese as a main ingredient. Commercial examples include Cheez-It, Cheese Nips and Goldfish.
Graham crackers and digestive biscuits are also treated more like cookies than crackers, although they were both invented for their supposed health benefits, and modern graham crackers are sweet. Similarly, animal crackers are crackers in name only. Animal crackers and Graham crackers may have docking holes.

## Brands

Cracker brands include Bremner Wafers, Captain's Wafers, Cheese Nips, Club Crackers, Goldfish crackers, In a Biskit, Jacob's, Ritz Crackers, Town House crackers, Triscuit, TUC, and Wheat Thins.

## Gallery

* Arare, small Japanese rice crackers
* Bagel chips
* Cheez-It crackers made by Kellogg
* Cheddar cheese flavored Goldfish crackers
* Graham crackers which are lightly sweet rather than savory
* A bowl of oyster crackers
* Ritz Crackers
* Saltine crackers
* Japanese Senbei rice cracker
* Triscuit shredded wheat crackers
* Trio of Water biscuits: Left: Supermarket own brand, Right: Excelsior from Jamaica, Top: Carr's Table Cracker
* Beaten biscuits are a relative of crackers
# Graham Mackay (businessman)

Ernest Arthur Graham Mackay (26 July 1949 – 18 December 2013) was a South African businessman, former chief executive and chairman of SABMiller plc, a South African multinational brewing and beverage company registered on the London Stock Exchange, and the world's second-largest brewing company measured by revenues. He was succeeded as chief executive of SABMiller by Alan Clark in April 2013.

## Early life

Born in Johannesburg in 1949, the son of Gavin and Mary Mackay, he was educated at St Andrew's College, Grahamstown, South Africa, and University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, with BSc (Engineering) and BCom degrees.

## Career

By raising its long-standing chief executive Mackay to chairman, SAB Miller was widely considered to have breached City convention and traditional corporate governance practices, which do not allow a chief executive to become chairman without a good explanation. Corporate governance codes also discourage the chairman being a full-time executive, as Mackay will be for a year.
Mackay joined South African Breweries in 1978. He was appointed group managing director in 1997 and chief executive of South African Breweries plc upon its 1999 London Stock Exchange listing. Mackay was the senior independent non-executive director of Reckitt Benckiser Group plc and a director of Philip Morris International Inc.

## Personal life and death

Mackay had six sons, three by each of his two wives.
He died on 18 December 2013 at his home in Hampshire, after an illness. He had previously undergone surgery for a brain tumour in April of that same year.
# Partha Chatterjee (politician)

Partha Chatterjee (born 6 October 1952) is an Indian politician. He earlier served as the Minister of Commerce and Industries and formerly served as the Education Minister of Government of West Bengal. He represented the Trinamool Congress. He also held the political office of Secretary General of the TMC. In 2022, he was suspended indefinitely from the party following his arrest by the Enforcement Directorate.

## Early life

Chatterjee was born in Calcutta. He attended Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya, Narendrapur though some former students of the Mission claimed that he was only there for a year, after which he was given a transfer certificate.
He studied economics from Asutosh College and completed his MBA from IISWBM.

## Political career

Chatterjee worked as an HR professional with Andrew Yule.
He was elected as an MLA from Behala Paschim in 2001, and subsequently re-elected from the same constituency in 2006. In 2011 he won by a margin of 59,021 votes. He was Leader of the Opposition in the West Bengal Legislative Assembly from 2006 to 2011.
In the 2016 and 2021 West Bengal assembly elections he was re-elected from the same constituency.
He was sworn in as a Cabinet Minister under Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee on 20 May 2011 and allotted the portfolios of Commerce and Industry, Public Enterprises, Information Technology and Electronics and Parliamentary affairs.
He was nominated as deputy leader of the house in 2011. After the Assembly election 2016, he became the Minister-in-Charge of Higher Education and School Education Department, West Bengal Government and the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Public Enterprises, Information Technology and Electronics replaced by Amit Mitra.

## Controversy

On 23 July 2022, Chatterjee was arrested from his residence by the Enforcement Directorate in connection with the alleged State School Service Commission (SSC) recruitment scam cases along with his aide actress Arpita Mukherjee. He was admitted to SSKM Hospital after complaining of chest pains. Later, he was shifted to AIIMS Bhubaneswar where doctors said that he suffers from chronic diseases but does not need immediate hospitalization. He is currently in the custody of the Enforcement Directorate. As of 28 July 2022, the Enforcement Directorate has recovered ₹498 million(US$5.96 million) cash, gold worth ₹70 crore(US$8.3 million), ₹5.6 crore(US$ 670K) worth foreign currency and coded diaries from properties related to him and Arpita Mukherjee.
On 28 July 2022, he was removed as the Minister of Commerce and Industry, Information Technology and Electronics and Parliamentary Affairs and suspended from the Trinamool Congress. On 5 August 2022, he and his aide Arpita Mukherjee were sent to jail custody. He is still under trial, but the people of his state proclaim him as a thief as they use the slogans "পার্থ চোর " (Partha is a thief).
# Madhya Pradesh Police

The Madhya Pradesh Police is the law enforcement agency for the state of Madhya Pradesh in India.

## Organizational structure

Madhya Pradesh Police is headed by the Director General of Police (DGP). The Director General of Police functions from the police headquarters in Bhopal. The DGP is assisted by a team of senior officers from the ranks of ADGP and IG of police to Assistant Inspector General of Police (AIG - a post equivalent in rank and status to the superintendent of police).

### Hierarchy

The Madhya Pradesh Police uses the following ranks:
Officers
* Director General of Police (IPS)
* Additional Director General of Police (ADGP)
* Inspector General of Police (IGP)
* Deputy Inspector General of Police (DIG)
* Senior Superintendent of Police (SSP)/Assistant Inspector General of Police (AIG)
* Superintendent of Police (SP)
* Additional Superintendent of Police (Addl.SP)
* Deputy SP or CSP (DSP)
Sub-ordinates
* Inspector of Police/Thana Incharge(TI)
* Subedar
* Sub-Inspector of Police (SI)
* Assistant Sub-Inspector of Police (ASI)
* Head Constable
* Constable

## Organizational structure

Madhya Pradesh Police is headed by Director General of Police. He is assisted by Additional Directors General of Police, who head various branches in Police Headquarters.

## Initiatives

* Black Ribbon Initiative- on 26 November 2013 ADGP Mr. Varun Kapoor of PRTS Indore launched an awareness and public outreach program] to make all sections of society computer security aware and alert. This is designed to protect the citizens from becoming victims of cyber offences and at the same time to prevent them from become offenders under the various sections of the Information Technology Act, 2000, by mistake or due to lack of knowledge. In last five years they have conducted more than 300 workshops across India. This initiative was spearheaded by IPS Mr.Varun Kapoor.

## Statistical data

Madhya Pradesh Police department publish its statistical data every year.(See reference link below for PDF) (