# Kate Forbes

Kate Elizabeth Forbes (born 6 April 1990) is a Scottish politician who has served as deputy first minister of Scotland and Cabinet Secretary for Economy and Gaelic since May 2024. A member of the Scottish National Party (SNP), she previously served as Cabinet Secretary for Finance and the Economy from 2020 to 2023. Forbes has been Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for Skye, Lochaber and Badenoch since 2016.
Born in Dingwall, Scotland, in 1990, Forbes was raised in India and Scotland and was educated at a Scottish Gaelic-medium school, where she became fluent in the language. She earned a BA degree in history at Selwyn College, Cambridge, and then an MSc in diaspora and migration history from the University of Edinburgh. After completing her degree, Forbes worked for a short time in the Scottish Parliament as a researcher for SNP MSP Dave Thompson. Forbes was elected as an MSP in the 2016 Scottish Parliament election and quickly rose within the SNP. Nicola Sturgeon appointed Forbes as the Minister for Public Finance and Digital Economy, serving as the deputy to the Scottish Finance Secretary, Derek Mackay. After Mackay resigned, Forbes was appointed Finance Secretary by Sturgeon. Her tenure was dominated by the COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland, and its economic impact, and the cost of living crisis in the UK.
On announcement of Sturgeon's intention to resign as party leader and first minister, Forbes announced her candidacy for leader in the 2023 leadership election. This leadership bid drew significant attention due to her membership of the Free Church of Scotland, an evangelical Calvinist denomination with socially conservative positions, and her religious views on sexual ethics, including disavowal of sexual intercourse before marriage, rejection of same-sex marriage, and opposition to most forms of abortion. She lost the election to Humza Yousaf, taking 47.9% of the vote to his 52.1% in the final ballot. She subsequently left government to sit as a backbencher.
Following Yousaf's resignation in April 2024, Forbes was touted as a potential candidate to succeed him in the 2024 SNP leadership election but she ultimately chose not to stand and endorsed John Swinney. After Swinney became First Minister in May 2024, he appointed Forbes as Deputy First Minister of Scotland and Cabinet Secretary for Economy and Gaelic in his government.

## Early life and career
### Early life

Kate Elizabeth Forbes was born in Dingwall in Ross and Cromarty, Scotland on 6 April 1990. She is the eldest of four siblings: her mother is a teacher and her father is an accountant. Her parents were missionaries for the evangelical Free Church of Scotland. She spent her early years in the village of Marybank, where her parents ran a small business. At an early age, Forbes moved to India for three years, where her father worked for various religious charities to provide healthcare to people who could not afford it. Forbes' father later studied for a PhD in the Indian Stock Exchange and managed hospitals, relying on charitable donations because he made no income.

### Education

She returned to Scotland and was taught in a Scottish Gaelic school, where she became fluent in the language. She returned to India when she was ten and studied at Woodstock School in the foothills of the Himalayas. Forbes returned to Scotland, this time in Glasgow, at the age of 15 where she attended a secondary school in the city before moving back to the Highlands to finish her schooling at Dingwall Academy.
Forbes attended Selwyn College, Cambridge, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts in History in 2011. She then studied at the University of Edinburgh, where she gained a Master of Science in Diaspora and Migration History in 2013.

### Early career

Forbes joined the Scottish National Party (SNP) in 2011, having previously been active in the party's youth wing the Young Scots for Independence.
After graduating, Forbes worked in the Scottish Parliament in 2011 as a researcher for Dave Thompson, the SNP MSP for Skye, Lochaber and Badenoch. In February 2023, openDemocracy revealed her first, year-long job as a researcher was funded by Christian Action, Research and Education, which is known for its opposition to abortion and LGBT rights.
Forbes later studied to qualify (qualifying after she was elected in 2016) as a chartered accountant and worked at Barclays for two years as a trainee graduate accountant.

## Member of the Scottish Parliament (2016–present)
### Election (2015–2016)

In August 2015, Forbes was selected from an all-women shortlist by local SNP members as their candidate for the Skye, Lochaber and Badenoch constituency held by Dave Thompson who would not be standing at the next election. She was part of an SNP campaign to address the gender pay gap around employment in the Highlands. She was elected in the 2016 Scottish Parliament election, doubling the majority from her predecessor from 4995 to 9045.

### Backbencher (2016–2018)

As a backbencher, Forbes was Convener of the Scottish Parliament's Cross-Party Group on Gaelic. She served on the Scottish Parliament’s Environment, Climate Change and Land Reform Committee, the Standards, Procedures and Public Appointments Committee, the Health and Sport Committee and the Rural Economy and Connectivity Committee. She also served as Parliamentary Liaison Officer for Finance and the Constitution.
In 2017, Forbes launched The Final Straw, a national campaign to ban the use of plastic straws in Scotland. The campaign was supported by the Marine Conservation Society. Forbes wrote to all of Scotland's 32 councils to support the campaign, with Comhairle nan Eilean Siar being the first Scottish council to pledge to go plastic straw-free. Her campaign was successful after a ban of single-use plastic was introduced in August 2022.
In March 2018, she delivered an entire speech to the parliament in Gaelic during a plenary debate on the language. She has spoken in favour of UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage status as a possible way to protect the language. She campaigned for local issues, such as increasing the number of foster carers in the Highlands, and raised concerns of a lack of teachers in specialist subjects in the Highlands.
In May 2018, Forbes called on the government to let children practise religious belief in school without mockery, saying "I wanted to note that pupils should be allowed to explore, develop and understand the diversity of religious faith in Scotland, because if they can understand it in school you will hope that as they go through the rest of their life they will be tolerant of people who believe that things are different to them."
Forbes was awarded "One to Watch" at the 2018 Scottish Politician of the Year awards, having been nominated the previous year.

## Sturgeon government (2018–2023)
### Deputy Finance Secretary (2018–2020)

On 27 June 2018, she was appointed to the Scottish Government as Minister for Public Finance and Digital Economy, as part of a wider reshuffle announced by First Minister, Nicola Sturgeon. She supported the Cabinet Secretary for Finance, Economy and Fair Work.
In September 2018, The David Hume Institute reported that the government had made "no progress" on improving productivity in workplaces; Forbes commented that "over the last decade, productivity in Scotland has grown at more than three times the rate it has across the UK as a whole". In 2018, Forbes reiterated the SNP's commitment to 100 per cent broadband coverage throughout Scotland; the original 2021 completion target was later put back. Forbes opposed the proposal to devolve business rates to Scottish councils.

### 2020 Scottish Budget

On 6 February 2020, the day of the 2020 Scottish Budget, Derek Mackay resigned as the finance secretary, after the Scottish Sun reported he had inappropriately messaged a 16-year-old boy on social media. Forbes was left to deliver the budget within hours of preparation. Prior to this, no woman had delivered a Budget in either the Scottish Parliament or Westminster. Due to the late delivery of the UK Budget, Forbes raised concerns of the impact this would have on the passing of the Scottish Budget and told the Scottish Parliament there would be a very brief period for MSPs to scrutinise it.
In the budget, she announced there would be no changes to income tax rates and that the threshold for upper rates will be frozen, calling it the "fairest and most progressive income tax system in the UK".

### Cabinet Secretary for Finance (2020–2023)

On 17 February 2020, Forbes was appointed Cabinet Secretary for Finance—the first woman to hold the post. In the 2021 Scottish Parliament election, she was re-elected with a majority of 15,681 votes, 7,000 more than in the previous election. Sturgeon formed her third administration and re-appointed Forbes as Finance Secretary, with economy added to her portfolio, as Cabinet Secretary for Finance and the Economy.
In July 2022, John Swinney took on responsibility for the Finance and Economy portfolio as Forbes went on maternity leave. She is the first Cabinet Secretary in the Scottish Government to take maternity leave.
Forbes left the Scottish Government in March 2023 after Sturgeon resigned, and new First Minister Humza Yousaf offered her the role of Cabinet Secretary for Rural Affairs and Islands in his Government. This was deemed as a demotion and Forbes rejected Yousaf’s offer, therefore she left government on 28 March 2023.

### COVID-19 pandemic

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Bank of England ordered a round of quantitative easing to keep UK borrowing affordable and interest rates low. SNP policy is that during the early years of independence Scotland would use sterling without a formal currency union and so would not have a central bank that could perform quantitative easing. In December 2021 Forbes responded to a query on this issue and posed the question, "Would it be such a great loss not to be able to conduct quantitative easing?" When the issue was raised at a session of First Minister's Questions, Forbes' query was labelled "economically illiterate" by Labour MP Ian Murray.
Ahead of Christmas 2021 Forbes delivered her budget in which she spoke of "very difficult choices" because of the "acute" problems posed by Covid. All 32 of Scotland's Council leaders wrote to the Scottish Government to complain about Forbes' £371 million cut in real terms to local authority funding. Cosla President Alison Evison said, "Many in the meeting described this settlement for local government as the worst they had seen. Council leaders were clear last night that we could not sit back and simply accept this and there was a real strength of feeling that enough is enough."

### 2022 Scottish budget

In December 2021, Forbes introduced the 2022 Scottish budget, detailing the government's spending proposals amid the COVID-19 pandemic. It also outlined the recent election win pledges made by the SNP and the policies of the SNP-Green agreement.
Forbes laid firm her commitment to keep income tax rates the same, however, the budget increased the thresholds at which it is paid for low income earners. For Scottish Landfill Tax, standard rates and lower rates are set to be increased, while land and buildings transaction tax rates will remain at the same level. Forbes announced the council tax freeze, which was imposed last year, would come to an end. This gives councils in Scotland the ability to set their own rates for the first time since the SNP came into power in 2007. The budget set out £1.95bn to begin the delivery of the Adult Disability Payment, with a total £4bn funding into social security. This includes £197M to double the Scottish Child Payment, from £10 to £20.

## 2023 SNP leadership candidacy

On 15 February 2023, Sturgeon announced her intention to resign the leadership of the Scottish National Party and First Minister of Scotland, which triggered a leadership election within the SNP to elect her successor. Considered a "rising star" by many within her party, Forbes was made an early front runner by bookmakers. She is a member of the Free Church of Scotland, an evangelical Calvinist denomination with socially conservative positions, such as opposition to abortion and same-sex marriage. Forbes has previously stated she "[makes her] own decisions" on issues "according to [her] faith, not according to the diktat of any church".
Forbes officially launched her candidacy for leader on 20 February, stating she could not "sit back and watch our nation [be] thwarted on the road to self-determination.". Forbes told STV News on 20 February that she would not have supported the Gender Recognition Reform bill in its current form and she does not support challenging the Westminster's government's Section 35 order stopping it, instead seeking negotiation with Westminster to agree changes to the bill. In an interview with the BBC, she declared that she would have resigned as finance minister over the GRR bill were she not on maternity leave at the time of its passage.
Following Forbes' comment that she does not support same-sex marriage, SNP MSPs who had previously supported her candidacy, including Richard Lochhead, Clare Haughey, Tom Arthur, Gillian Martin and Drew Hendry, withdrew their support. In a Twitter statement released on 23 February, Forbes expressed regret at the "hurt" her comments caused to her "friends, colleagues and fellow citizens". She pledged that she would "protect the rights of everybody in Scotland".
A poll released on 25 February 2023 suggested that 23% of Scottish voters preferred Forbes as first minister, compared to 15% who preferred Humza Yousaf and 7% who preferred Ash Regan. The same poll indicated that 20% of 2021 SNP voters preferred Forbes as first minister, compared to 18% for Yousaf and 9% for Regan.
Forbes came in second place with 23,890 votes, equating to 47.9% of the overall vote share.

## Return to backbenches (2023–2024)

Following Forbes' defeat in the leadership election, newly appointed First Minister Humza Yousaf invited Forbes to serve in his cabinet as rural affairs secretary. Opponents to the Yousaf campaign called this move a demotion, however, Forbes emphasised any role in government was privilege to her. She turned down the offer and instead left government. She remained as an SNP backbencher, where she continued to represent her Highland constituency of Skye, Lochaber and Badenoch.
Forbes was announced as a new columnist for The National in April 2023.
In her first interview since her leadership bid, Forbes told BBC Radio 4 the SNP needs to take decisive action amid the party's fraud inquiry by Police Scotland. She described the events that followed Sturgeon's resignation as turmoil for the party. Forbes quoted her leadership slogan of "continuity won't cut it" as she urged for integrity, trust and transparency for voters.
Following Yousaf's resignation in April 2024, Forbes was touted as a potential candidate to succeed him in the 2024 SNP leadership election. She announced the following day that she was "seriously considering" running. On 2 May 2024, Forbes announced she would not be a candidate for the SNP Leadership at this time, and backed John Swinney for the role. Swinney announced Forbes would receive a significant role in his government if elected.

## Deputy First Minister (2024–present)
### Nomination

Following Swinney's pledge to have Forbes in a significant role in cabinet, she was later appointed the position of Deputy First Minister in the Swinney government on 8 May 2024. During Swinney's first First Minister's Questions since becoming First Minister, Forbes was criticised by the Scottish Greens for her views on LGBT rights, gay marriage and abortion. Co-leader of the Scottish Greens, Patrick Harvie, used his parliamentary question time to address Swinney and his decision to appoint Forbes as Deputy First Minister.
In his statement to parliament, Harvie claimed that Swinney had given the "second most powerful job in government to someone who has opposed LGBT people’s legal equality, who has expressed judgemental attitudes against abortion, and who has even expressed the view that people who have families without being married are doing something wrong". He further added "is this the Scottish government’s vision for the future of Scotland - taking us back to the repressive values of the 1950s?". In response, Swinney told Harvey that he "wants to lead a modern, dynamic and diverse Scotland".
After leaving the chamber, Forbes was asked about the criticism her appointment had received from the Scottish Greens, where she stated that she was "here to support the first minister and together we serve all communities in Scotland as we further and progress the rights of every community in Scotland, and I look forward to doing my part in achieving the government's aims in that regard".
Following the results of the 2024 United Kingdom general election which saw the SNP win 9 out of 57 Scottish Westminster parliamentary seats, Forbes admitted that it was a "difficult night" for the SNP, and publicly endorsed John Swinney as SNP leader moving forward, stating that she supported Swinney to improve the SNP's reputation for "competence and integrity".

### Cabinet Secretary for Economy and Gaelic

Forbes was additionally appointed by Swinney as Cabinet Secretary for Economy and Gaelic, and was approved by Parliament on 9 May 2024. Her responsibilities for the economy brief include the public corporations of the Scottish Government including Scottish Enterprise, Highlands and Islands Enterprise, South of Scotland Enterprise, the Scottish National Investment Bank, Glasgow Prestwick Airport, Ferguson Marine, BiFab and Caledonian Macbrayne. As Cabinet Secretary for Economy and Gaelic, Forbes is supported by both the Minister for Business, Trade, Tourism and Enterprise and Minister for Employment and Investment.
As Cabinet Secretary for Gaelic, Forbes announced in October 2024 that the Scottish Government would invest £150,000 for several Scottish Gaelic projects and was highly supportive of the establishment of a new Scottish Gaelic language centre in Inverness. Forbes claimed that the new centre in Inverness provided the opportunity for Scottish Gaelic speakers to "communicate without the fear of using English" and announced a £370,000 investment from the Scottish Government for the centre.

### Progressive taxation

In June 2024, Forbes, as the Cabinet Secretary for Economy and Gaelic said that the policy for a progressive taxation system in Scotland was being kept "under review" following suggestions that the policy was discouraging taxpayers and new workers to location or retain business in Scotland. Speaking to Holyrood, Forbes dismissed such claims, using data from HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) which showed that "just over 4,000 more people have come to Scotland than have left". She advocated that "people choose to immigrate to Scotland for a whole host of reasons and it’s very reductionist to assume people purely make decisions on income tax".

### Foreign immigration policy

Following the landslide victory for the Labour Party at the 2024 United Kingdom general election, Forbes confirmed that she would be "pushing" the UK Government and new Prime Minister Keir Starmer on a separate foreign immigration policy for Scotland. She claimed in an interview that a separate foreign immigration policy for Scotland was "one of the big asks from the business community, and one of the big asks from the social care sector for a different immigration policy for Scotland", further adding that there was "far more positive rhetoric here in Scotland about immigration".
First Minister John Swinney and Prime Minister Keir Starmer met for the first time on 6 July 2024 at Bute House in Edinburgh. When asked whether the issue of a separate immigration policy for Scotland was discussed, Forbes did not confirm nor deny whether such an issue was discussed between the two governments.

### Infrastructure

In October 2024, Forbes announced that the Scottish Government would provide £10 million in investment to allow the creation for a new walking path between Moffat and Berwick-upon-Tweed. The investment from the Scottish Government would be a boost to the already invested £25 million of public investment. Forbes said that the creation of the project would boost tourism in the south of the country, particularly in the Scottish Borders, highlighting that the project was an "ambitious programme" which will "capitalise on assets which will allow opportunities to further grow, develop and showcase what the region has to offer". The project is scheduled for completion in 2028.

### Aerospace industry

Scotland appointed its first space envoy in October 2024, and in November 2024, Forbes highlighted the importance of the space industry in Scotland, stating that the sector is "strategically important to Scotland’s economy and we have all the key elements to be internationally competitive".

## Political positions

Forbes has widely been described as socially and economically conservative, in contrast with the generally socially liberal policies of the SNP.
During her leadership campaign, Forbes received scrutiny of her religious and socially conservative views on abortion and LGBT rights. In an interview with STV News, she criticised the "illiberal" debate about her religious views and questioned the meaning of liberalism, stating "have we become so illiberal that we cannot have these discussions? Because if some people are beyond the pale then those are dark and dangerous days for Scotland."

### Scottish independence

As a member of the SNP, she supports Scottish independence. During the 2021 Scottish Parliament election, Forbes told business leaders she wanted a second Scottish independence referendum to be held once the "immediate impact" of the pandemic was over. She has called for a restart of the SNP's independence strategy. She has considered Sturgeon's proposal of using a parliamentary election as a de facto referendum to be a way to apply pressure on the UK government to grant permission to hold a formal referendum "rather than it being necessarily a referendum in and of itself". She said she wanted to achieve independence by delivering economic growth. At the first hustings, Forbes said she would seek the "legal powers to hold a referendum" on independence within three months of the new UK general election.
In the 2023 SNP leadership election, Forbes was the only one of the three candidates to share the official party position that the British monarchy should remain head of state in an independent Scotland, though she said that she found the issue to be of little importance.

### Economic policy

In 2018, Forbes was a member of the Sustainable Growth Commission, a blueprint of the economic policy and currency for an independent Scotland. The commission proved unpopular among many left-wing SNP members for its embrace of liberal economics. The Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS) stated it would "further austerity under the SNP Sustainable Growth Commission's plans", while Common Weal, a left-wing pro-independence think tank, described it as shifting the Scottish economy to the right. Forbes supported the proposed currency arrangement of 'sterlingisation', which would mean an independent Scotland would not benefit from the central bank quantitative easing, a monetary policy of massive borrowing programmes during times of economic crisis.
As finance secretary, she stressed the need for more progressive taxation in order to tackle inequality and support economic growth. In March 2022, Forbes launched a report outlining Scotland's National Strategy for Economic Transformation, which is her plan to improve Scotland's economy over the following 10 years.
In her official manifesto, Forbes put eradicating poverty and promoting economic growth at the heart of her policy. OpenDemocracy claimed her economic agenda was "dangerous" and compared her economic policy to that of George Osborne and David Cameron, who oversaw a large-scale austerity programme in the early 2010s. Forbes stated the Scottish Government's proposed deposit return scheme would cause "economic carnage".

### Social issues

In 2018, Forbes made a pro-life statement at a prayer breakfast, saying that the treatment of the unborn is a "measure of true progress" one day after a Westminster debate on abortion. In 2023, she said she "couldn’t conceive of having an abortion" herself, however, she "wouldn’t change the law as it stands". Forbes supports buffer zones for abortion clinics as she has said that women should not “be subjected to fear and harassment”.
Forbes has stated that she is opposed to sex before marriage and to childbirth before marriage, considering it "wrong according to [her] faith"; however, she stated that "the birth of a child should still be celebrated". Forbes also stated that others have the choice to do so, as "In a free society you can do what you want".
On 20 February 2023, Forbes stated that if she had been an elected MSP in Holyrood when same-sex marriage was legalised in Scotland in 2014 she would have voted against the measure. However, in the same interview she clarified that she would not attempt to reverse existing same-sex marriage laws in Scotland.
Forbes has stated that she believes that a trans woman is a "biological male who identifies as a woman". She said a "rapist cannot be a woman" and that Isla Bryson, a transgender woman who was convicted of raping of two women prior to her gender transition, is a "man". However, in 2024 she said she supports the Gender Recognition Reform (Scotland) Bill, noting that "the first minister has been absolutely clear that the Scottish government intends to promote, to protect and to enhance the rights of every LGBT person in Scotland, and I wholeheartedly endorse that position."
In April 2019, Forbes was one of 15 SNP politicians who signed a public letter calling on the Scottish Government to delay its manifesto commitment to reform the Gender Recognition Act in Scotland. In January 2022, she told The Times that her position had not changed, that the Scottish Government should not rush to change the "definition of male and female" and said the Scottish Government "risked creating bad law". In the same month, Forbes signed off the proposed bill in a Scottish Cabinet meeting and when later asked why she did so despite her concerns she refused to answer. She did not participate in the final vote on the Gender Recognition Reform (Scotland) Bill in December 2022 due to being on maternity leave. She later stated that she would not have supported the bill.

## Electoral history
### 2016 Scottish parliamentary elections

2016 Scottish Parliament election: Skye, Lochaber and Badenoch :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | SNP | Kate Forbes | 17 362 | 47.6 | 1.4 |
| | Liberal Democrats | Angela MacLean | 8,319 | 22.8 | 7.7 |
| | Conservative | Robbie Munro | 5,887 | 16.1 | 7.2 |
| | Labour | Linda Stewart | 3,821 | 10.5 | 2.4 |
| | Independent | Ronnie Campbell | 1,116 | 3.1 | 1.6 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 9,043 | 24.8 | 9.1 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 36,644 | 61.5 | 5.3 |
| | SNP hold | SNP hold | Swing | 4.6 | |

### 2021 Scottish parliamentary elections

2021 Scottish Parliament election: Skye, Lochaber and Badenoch :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | SNP | Kate Forbes | 24,192 | 56.1 | 8.5 |
| | Conservative | Jamie Halcro Johnston | 8,331 | 19.3 | 3.2 |
| | Liberal Democrats | Denis Rixson | 6,778 | 15.7 | 7.1 |
| | Labour | John Erskine | 3,855 | 8.9 | 1.6 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 15,861 | 36.8 | 12.0 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 43,374 | 68.7 | 7.2 |
| | SNP hold | SNP hold | Swing | 5.9 | |

## Personal life

Forbes is a fluent Gaelic speaker. She has made speeches in Gaelic at the Scottish Parliament.
She has been married to Alasdair "Ali" MacLennan since 29 July 2021. They were married in Dingwall, at Dingwall & Strathpeffer Free Church of Scotland. Forbes has three step-daughters, MacLennan’s children with his first wife, who died in October 2014. The couple's first child together, a daughter, was born in August 2022.
Forbes is a Christian, and is a member of the Free Church of Scotland. In a BBC interview, Forbes stated that she has never tried to hide her faith, calling it "essential to my being", and argued that it does not affect her ability to serve all her constituents, saying "I have a duty to represent them" and that being honest about her faith is an important matter.
She joined the British American Project in 2023.