OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Medium

Medium may refer to:

## Aircraft

* Medium bomber, a class of warplane
* Tecma Medium, a French hang glider design

## Arts, entertainment, and media
### Films

* The Medium (1921 film), a German silent film
* The Medium (1951 film), a film version of the opera directed by Menotti
* The Medium (1960 film), an Australian television play
* The Medium (1992 film), an English film from Singapore
* The Medium (2021 film), a Thai film
* Medium, a series of Indian comedy-drama films
** Hindi Medium, 2017 film by Saket Chaudhary
** Angrezi Medium (English Medium), 2020 film by Homi Adajania

### Publications

* Medium (website), an online social journal

#### Student Periodicals

* The Medium (Rutgers), an entertainment weekly at Rutgers University
* The Medium (University of Toronto Mississauga), a student newspaper at the University of Toronto Mississauga

### Other arts, entertainment, and media

* List of art media (plural: media), materials and techniques used by an artist to produce a work
* Medium (band), an American rock band
* Medium (TV series), an American television series starring Patricia Arquette about a medium (psychic intermediary) working as a consultant for a district attorney's office
* Medium Productions, a record label
* The Medium, a 1946 opera by Gian-Carlo Menotti
* The Medium (video game), a 2021 psychological horror video game developed by Bloober Team.

## People

* Tau (rapper) (born 1986), Polish rapper formerly known as "Medium"

## Science and technology
### Astronomy

* Interplanetary medium, material that fills the solar system
* Interstellar medium, the matter and energy between a galaxy's stars

### Communication

* Media (communication), tools used to store and deliver information or data
* Medium of instruction, a language or other tool used to educate, train, or instruct

### Wave physics

* Transmission medium, in physics and telecommunications, any material substance which can propagate waves or energy
** Active laser medium (also called gain medium or lasing medium), a quantum system that allows amplification of power (gain) of waves passing through (usually by stimulated emission)
** Optical medium, in physics, a material through which electromagnetic waves propagate
* Excitable medium, a non-linear dynamic system which has the capacity to propagate a wave

### Other uses in science and technology

* Data storage medium, a storage container in computing
* Growth medium (or culture medium), in biotechnology, an object in which microorganisms or cells experience growth
* Porous medium, in engineering and earth sciences, a material that allows fluid to pass through it, such as sand
* Processing medium, in industrial engineering, a material that plays a role in manufacturing processes

## Other uses

* Medium, a doneness (gradation of cooked meat)
* Medium, a practitioner of mediumship, the practice of purportedly mediating communication between spirits of the dead and living human beings
* Medium pace bowling, another name for fast bowling in the sport of cricket
# Soviet locomotive class IS

The Soviet locomotive class IS (Russian: ИС; Ukrainian: Паровоз ІС, romanized: Parovoz IS) was a Soviet passenger steam locomotive type named after Joseph Stalin (Russian: Иосиф Сталин; Ukrainian: Йосип Сталін, romanized: Yosyp Stalin). The contract design was prepared in 1929 at V.V. Kuybyshev Locomotive Factory in Kolomna, Russian SFSR. The IS series locomotives were manufactured between 1932 and 1942. The last one was built in 1942 during the Great Patriotic War against Nazi Germany.

## Overview

The locomotive used the same cylinders and boilers as the FD series locomotives. However the IS steam locomotive had a 2-8-4 wheel arrangement.

## Construction

The first steam locomotive was released from the Kolomna factory on October 4, 1932. In April–December a steam locomotive was tested on the October, Southern, and Ekaterinenskaya railways.
In 1936, production began at October Revolution Locomotive Factory in Voroshilovgrad, Ukrainian SSR (Luhansk, Ukraine). In total, 649 IS steam locomotives were constructed. Later the series was renamed FD$^P$ (steam locomotive FD, passenger modification).

## Use

These locomotives were used until 1972.

## Gallery

* IS20-1 in 1932
* IS20-1 in 1932
* IS20-08 in 1936
* Russian locomotive class IS exhibited in Paris in 1937
* The only preserved IS plinthed IS20-578 in Kyiv
# Protected areas of Indonesia

Protected areas of Indonesia comprise both terrestrial and marine environments in any of the six IUCN Protected Area categories. There are over 500 protected areas in Indonesia, of which 54 National Parks cover 16.4 million ha, and another 527 nature and game reserves cover a further 28.3 million ha. The total protected land area represents over 15% of Indonesia's landmass. Marine Protected Areas comprise over 15.7 million ha representing ca. 5% of territorial waters.

## History

In 1916 the colonial government of the Dutch East Indies introduced the Natural Monuments Ordinance, which led to the gazetting of 43 nature reserves in the following decade. The first two large reserves were Ujung Kulon (1921) protecting the Javan rhinoceros and Lorentz (1923) protecting indigenous tribes. In 1932 a new legal framework for protected areas was established by the Ordinance on Nature Reserves and Wildlife Sanctuaries. By 1940 a network of 101 natural monuments and 35 wildlife sanctuaries was created.
After Indonesia's independence, legislation to establish game reserves was introduced in 1967, and national parks were first defined in 1982. During the Suharto era the extent of protected areas was increased to cover 10% of the country's land area. In a major expansion in 2004, nine new national parks were created covering over 1,3 million ha.

## National parks

There are 54 national parks in Indonesia, of which 9 are predominantly marine. Of these 6 are World Heritage Sites, such as the Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra that includes three parks. Seven national parks are part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves and 5 are wetlands of international importance under the Ramsar convention.

## Nature reserves

Protected forest areas or nature reserves have the main function of protecting life support systems to regulate water management, prevent flooding, control erosion, prevent sea water intrusion, and maintain soil fertility; and to protect plant and animal diversity and their ecosystems.
List of protected forests or nature reserves in Indonesia
* Hutan Pinus/Janthoi Nature Reserve, Sumatra
* Isau-Isau Wildlife Reserve, Sumatra
* Singkil Barat Nature Reserve, Sumatra
* Tangkoko Batuangus Nature Reserve, Sulawesi
* Ubud Monkey Forest, Bali

## Marine parks

As of 2012 Indonesia had over 100 marine protected areas covering an area of 15.7 million ha, of which 32 where managed by the Ministry of Forestry while the rest where managed by local governments. In 2009 the president Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono declared a target of reaching 20 million hectares by 2020. In 2010 Indonesia also set out a longer term target to further increase the coverage of its marine protected areas to 10% of its territorial waters, or 31 million hectares.

## Other protected areas

* Gita Persada Butterfly Park, Sumatra
# Pennsbury Inn

The Pennsbury Inn, now known as Wild Wisteria, and formerly known as the Lancaster Inn or Hal-Dell Farm, is an historic, American inn and tavern that is located in Pennsbury Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania.
It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 and converted to a Bed and Breakfast in 1999.

## History and architectural features

A stone and brick structure that dates to the early eighteenth century, this building initially served as an inn and then a tavern until the late nineteenth century, after which it was remodeled into a two-family dwelling.
It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 and converted to a Bed and Breakfast in 1999.
# Disappearance of Owen Harding

Owen Harding (born 13 May 2003; disappeared 26 March 2020) is British teenager who disappeared at the age of 16 from Saltdean, England, where he lived. Nothing has been heard from him since his disappearance on 26 March 2020.

## Background

Harding was described at the time as being roughly 6 ft in height and had dark brown hair, which was short. He was usually seen wearing tracksuit bottoms, hoodies of a dark colour and white trainers.
According to his mother, Stella, Harding was a valued member of the local community. From his school teachers and college friends, to the people he played football with, Harding was respected by those who knew him.

## Disappearance

Harding and his mother had an argument shortly before he went missing, which was around 6pm on 26 March 2020. Harding was struggling with the prospect of not being able to see his girlfriend, who lived 280 mi (450 km) away in Pocklington, Yorkshire, due to the country being put on lockdown for the COVID-19 pandemic.
After the argument, Harding left the family home that evening, heading to Telscombe where he intended to watch the sunset, according to his mother, Stella. However he never returned home and nobody who knew him has received any form of contact from him since. It's thought that Harding may have attempted to walk from his hometown of Saltdean to his girlfriend's house in Pocklington, which would have been 280 miles on foot.

## Investigation

Two witnesses came forward, reporting to Sussex Police that they saw a boy who matched Harding's description at roughly 6.15pm and 6.30pm, walking beside the A259 road. A picture taken from closed-circuit television cameras placed Harding in Bannings Vale at roughly 6:50. Searches were carried out at the cliffs in Saltdean and Telscombe. CCTV footage released from Sussex Police revealed two people whom officers urged to come forward as they believed it was possible that they may have witnessed something that day which could help them with their inquiries.
CCTV footage revealed that Harding was walking directly towards a path along the side of the cliffs. His girlfriend disclosed she spoke to Harding on her phone at the time he was heading towards the cliffs. Harding was unable to be reached on his phone from around 6.23pm. Harding's mother has not ruled out the possibility of a tragic accident. Simon Boxall, an oceanographer, has estimated that due to the weather conditions on that day, and the fact that the tide was low, it was likely a body would have been carried out to sea.
Alasdair Henry, the detective chief inspector who was investigating Harding's disappearance, released information concerning Harding's phone and the possibility of it being in Bromley or the West Wickham part of London.
Harding's mother, Stella, appeared on the Channel 4 documentary The Year Britain Stopped. She believes that if it were not for the first lockdown back in 2020, her son would probably still be here today.
# Gaeta, Queensland

Gaeta is a rural locality in the Bundaberg Region, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, Gaeta had a population of 134 people.

## Geography

The locality is bounded to the north by the Kolan River.
The locality has the following mountains:
* Mount Gaeta in the central east of the locality, near the boundary with Takilberan (24°50′52″S 151°35′56″E﻿ / ﻿24.8479°S 151.5989°E﻿ / -24.8479; 151.5989﻿ (Mount Gaeta)) rising to 542 metres (1,778 ft) above sea level
* Mount Bania in the south of the locality (24°53′10″S 151°34′34″E﻿ / ﻿24.8861°S 151.5762°E﻿ / -24.8861; 151.5762﻿ (Mount Bania)) rising to 555 metres (1,821 ft) above sea level
The headwaters of Gaeta Creek are on the east side of Mount Gaeta. This creek flows east to join Walily Creek.
Kalpowar Road traverses the locality east-west and Gaeta Road traverses the locality north-south.

## History

In 1881, the name of the Wallilah Post Office was changed to Gaeta Post Office. In October 1882, this post office was abolished, but following a petition from the residents (mostly miners) the post office was re-established in December 1882.
Near the end of the 1890s there was a cyanide works in the area.
Gaeta Provisional School opened on 9 July 1906 and then closed in 1907. On 22 January 1912, it re-opened as Gaeta State School and closed in 1930. On 13 May 1957, it re-opened as Gaeta Provisional School. It closed permanently on 2 May 1975. It was at 270 Gaeta Road (24°48′34″S 151°35′43″E﻿ / ﻿24.80932°S 151.59517°E﻿ / -24.80932; 151.59517﻿ (Gaeta State School (former))). The school building is still extant and is used as a community meeting place.
Gold and other mineral mining projects continued sporadically in the area until at least 1997.

## Demographics

In the 2016 census, Gaeta had a population of 125 people.
In the 2021 census, Gaeta had a population of 134 people.

## Education

There are no schools in Gaeta. The nearest government primary schools are Mount Perry State School in Mount Perry to the south, Gin Gin State School in Gin Gin to the south-east, and Builyan State School in Boyne Valley to the north. The nearest government secondary school is Gin Gin State High School, also in Gin Gin, but the western part of Gaeta may be too far for a daily commute, so the alternatives are distance education and boarding school.
# Jyoti Singh (field hockey)

Jyoti Singh (born 6 October 2004) is an Indian hockey player from Haryana. She plays for the India women's national field hockey team as a defender. She played for JSW Soorma Hockey Club in the Women's Hockey India League 2025.

## Early life and career

Jyoti is from Sonepat, Haryana. Her late father, Narender Singh, died in an accident. She was trained by former India captain and coach Pritam Rani Siwach, who accepted to bear the school fees of Rs.250 per month, if her mother agreed to send her to the hockey academy.

## Career

In December 2023, Jyoti represented India in the Women's FIH Junior World Cup 2023 held at Santiago, Chile, where India finished ninth. Earlier in August 2023, she took part in the under-21, 4 Nations Junior Women's Invitational Tournament at Düsseldorf.
In February 2025, she made her senior India debut against Spain in the FIH Pro Hockey League. In May 2024, she was named as the captain of the Indian Junior Women's team by Hockey India, in the 22-member squad announced for the tour of Europe from 21 to 20 May 2024.
She was declared as the best player of the tournament in the inaugural Women's Hockey India League.
# Neasden Gaels

Neasden Gaels GFC are a Gaelic Football team are based in Kingsbury, North London. Neasden Gaels were founded into the junior ranks of London GAA in February 1989 following a meeting between officials at McDonagh's Bar in Kingsbury, North West London. The founder members were Michael Cleary (Manchester), Roger O'Connor (Sligo), Jim Devine (Longford), Bobby Moynihan (Kerry), Claire Moynihan (London) and, of course, Danny O'Sullivan who hails from Killorglin in Kerry and Michael McDonagh, proprietor of McDonagh's Bar, Kingsbury and a native of Galway who was also appointed as Neasden's first team manager.
Neasden Gaels had grown into a senior side by winning the London Intermediate Football Championship in 1996 and then winning the London Senior Football Championship in 1999 an unprecedented 10 years after the club's foundation. Neasden Gaels are now one of the highest ranked Gaelic Football teams in Britain and contested the 2008 London Senior Football final and London Senior Football final and are current London Senior Football champions in 2010. Neasden Gaels GFC came close to being the first ever London club team to progress to an All Ireland Club Senior semi final in 2011 with a All Ireland Quarter final defeat against title and eventual All Ireland champions Crossmaglen Rangers.

## Notable players

* Scott Doran
# Costume book

A costume book is a collection of images or figures of dress worn by different people of different ranks and places. It emerged as a pictorial genre in the sixteenth century in Europe. Earlier costume books include figures from around the world. They are sometimes accompanied by text describing the costume and customs. An example of a costume book by Cesare Vecellio is Degli habit antichi et modern di diverse parti del mondo, published in Venice by Damaro Zen in 1590 and subsequently revised and published by the Sessa brothers in 1598 under the title Habiti antichi et moderni di tutto il mondo.
Costume books are difficult to define as they may include hand painted and printed illustrations resembling travel accounts or encyclopedic collections. Early costume books are seen as ethnographic studies for understanding foreign cultures, especially before photography was invented.
A significant example of an early 19th century costume book is French painter Louis Dupré's Voyage à Athènes et à Constantinople (Paris: Dondey-Dupré, 1825). The book primarily depicts the inhabitants of Ottoman Greece. It emphasizes modernity and cultural diversity with a heavily philhellenic bias. However, it moves away from the stereotypes common in other costume studies in order to delineate the antiquity of the contemporary Greek scene.
Two major art historians working on costume books are Ann Rosalind Jones and Ulrike Ilg. Ilg discusses the manner in which costume books transposed the issue of morality upon clothing, noting how various albums dealt with concepts of modesty and luxury, particularly within the context of existing sumptuary laws and other regulations placed on dress.
# St. Joseph's Secondary School, Rush

St. Joseph's School, Rush is a secondary school in Rush, County Dublin, Ireland.

## Alumni

* Richard Chambers - journalist and author
* Linda Djougang - rugby player
* Robert O’Donoghue - politician
* Isibeal Atkinson - footballer
# Sun Wei (gymnast)

Sun Wei (Chinese: 孙炜; born 12 August 1995) is a Chinese artistic gymnast. He is a 2018 world champion in the team competition and a member of the 2020 Olympic team.

## Personal life

Sun was born 12 August 1995 in Nantong, China. He started gymnastics at age three; he was a weak child, and his parents wanted his strength to improve.
He studied at the Nanjing Sport Institute.

## Career
### 2017

In May 2017, Sun competed at the Asian Championships in Bangkok, Thailand, where his team won gold.

### 2018

In August, Sun competed at the Asian Games in Indonesia, where his team won first. Sun placed second on high bar and third on pommel horse.
In October, he was part of the Chinese team at the 2018 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships in Doha, Qatar, and helped his country to gold medal in the team event. He also qualified for the all-around final where he placed fourth.

### 2019

Sun competed at the World Championships in Stuttgart, Germany, where his team placed second.

### 2021

At the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan, Sun competed for the People's Republic of China, a team including Sun Wei, Zou Jingyuan, Xiao Ruoteng, and Lin Chaopan. The team won Olympic bronze with a combined score of 262.397, 0.606 points beneath the winning team. Sun also qualified for the men's individual all-around, where he placed 4th.

## Detailed Results

| Year | Tournament | Event | Date | All Around | | | | | | |
| 2021 | Chinese National Championships | Qualification | 4 May | 82.796 | 14.066 | 14.266 | 14.266 | 13.066 | 13.066 | 14.066 |
| 2021 | Chinese National Championships | AA Final | 6 May | 87.697 | 14.433 | 14.733 | 14.166 | 14.833 | 15.166 | 14.366 |
| 2021 | Chinese National Championships | Event Finals | 8 May | | | 13.766 | | | | 14.300 |
| 2021 | Chinese Olympic Trials | | 1 July | 88.430 | 14.666 | 14.733 | 14.366 | 14.966 | 15.133 | 14.566 |
| 2021 | Olympic Games | Qualification | 24 July | 87.298 | 14.333 | 14.833 | 14.233 | 14.766 | 15.133 | 14.000 |
| 2021 | Olympic Games | Team Final | 26 July | 87.465 | 14.366 | 15.000 | 14.233 | 14.866 | 14.800 | 14.200 |
| 2021 | Olympic Games | AA Final | 28 July | 87.798 | 14.500 | 14.966 | 14.066 | 14.900 | 14.966 | 14.400 |
| 2021 | Olympic Games | Event Finals | 3 August | | | 13.066 | | | | |
| 2021 | National Games of China | Qualification | 19 September | 86.032 | 12.733 | 15.000 | 14.200 | 14.900 | 14.733 | 14.466 |
| 2021 | National Games of China | Team Final | 21 September | 85.499 | 14.233 | 14.400 | 14.400 | 14.200 | 14.833 | 13.433 |
| 2021 | National Games of China | AA Final | 23 September | 86.365 | 14.133 | 15.066 | 13.700 | 13.800 | 15.200 | 14.466 |
| 2021 | National Games of China | Event Finals | 25 - 26 September | | | 14.960 | | | | 14.400 |
# The Forgotten Kingdom

The Forgotten Kingdom is a 2013 American-South African-Lesotho drama film written and directed by Andrew Mudge and featuring Jerry Mofokeng. It received nine nominations, and won three awards at the 10th Africa Movie Academy Awards.

## Cast

* Zenzo Ngqobe as Atang Mokoenya
* Nozipho Nkelemba as Dineo
* Jerry Mofokeng as Katleho
* Lebohang Ntsane as Orphan Boy
* Moshoeshoe Chabeli as Priest
* Lillian Dube as Clinic Doctor
* Jerry Phele as Atang's Father
* Reitumetse Qobo as Nkoti

## Reception

The film has an 86% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Leslie Felperin of The Guardian awarded the film three stars out of five. David Clack of Time Out also awarded it three stars out of five. Trevor Johnston of Radio Times gave the film four stars out of five.
# Balram Chainrai

Balram Chainrai (Nepali: बलराम चैनराई; born October 1958) is a British businessman of Nepali origin. He is the son of P. G. Chainrai, a former soldier in the British Gorkha Army. Chainrai was born in Okhaldhunga District, Nepal, and later moved to Hong Kong, where he established a career in business. He is fluent in Cantonese, English, and Sindhi.

## Early Life and Education

Balram Chainrai was born in October 1958 in Okhaldhunga District, Nepal. His family relocated to Hong Kong at an early stage in his life, where he received his education. Growing up in a multicultural environment, Chainrai developed proficiency in multiple languages, which later facilitated his international business ventures.

## Business Career

Chainrai began his business career in Hong Kong, where he established Hornington Enterprises Limited in 1984. The company initially focused on the manufacture and trade of electronic goods, home appliances, and toys, later expanding into the distribution of computers and related accessories. The company also engaged in trade finance activities.
Over time, Hornington Enterprises expanded its operations into various markets, including Asia, the Middle East, and Europe. Chainrai later diversified his business interests into sectors such as real estate development, hospitality, entertainment, and renewable energy, with a particular focus on solar power projects.

## Philanthropy and Social Contributions

Chainrai has been involved in philanthropic efforts, supporting various charitable initiatives. He has been a member of Rotary International and has participated in business and trade organizations. From 2001 to 2006, he served as the Vice Chairman of the Indian Chamber of Commerce in Hong Kong, later becoming its President in 2007. In this role, he contributed to trade delegations and business collaborations involving Hong Kong government officials and business leaders.
He is also associated with "The One," a charitable organization that recognizes individuals for their contributions to social causes. His philanthropic focus includes education, healthcare, and community development.

## Involvement in Football

Balram Chainrai became widely known for his involvement with Portsmouth F.C., an English football club that was facing financial difficulties. He acquired a controlling interest in the club in 2009 through his company, Portpin. His tenure as owner was marked by efforts to stabilize the club’s financial situation, but he later relinquished ownership.
His son, Karan Chainrai, was also involved with the club and was seen on the pitch during the 2010 FA Cup Final, in which Portsmouth faced Chelsea.

## Personal Life

Balram Chainrai is married and has a son, Karan Chainrai, who has been involved in the family's business ventures. The Chainrai family maintains ties with both Hong Kong and Nepal.