OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Lauren Y. Atlas

Lauren Y. Atlas is an American psychologist researching how expectations and learning influence pain and emotion, and how these factors influence clinical outcomes. She is a clinical investigator at the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health and serves as the chief of the section on affective neuroscience and pain.

## Education

Atlas received her B.A. in psychology from the University of Chicago in 2003, and her Ph.D. in psychology in 2011 from Columbia University, where she studied under the mentorship of Tor D. Wager. Her doctoral work combined functional magnetic resonance imaging, experimental psychology, and psychopharmacology to examine the mechanisms by which beliefs and expectations influence pain and its modulation. Her dissertation, “Brain mechanisms of expectancy effects on pain experience,” was awarded with distinction. Atlas' postdoctoral research was conducted in Elizabeth A. Phelps' laboratory at New York University, where she extended computational models of decision-making to isolate components of expectancy, and to understand how these components influence physiological and neural markers of aversive learning.

## Career

In July 2014, Atlas joined the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH) as an investigator and chief of the section on affective neuroscience and pain. She also holds joint appointments with the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) and the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). Her laboratory uses a multi-modal approach to investigate how expectations and learning influence pain and emotion, and how these factors influence clinical outcomes. Atlas' projects focus on dissociating components of expectancy (e.g., instructions vs. conditioning; stimulus vs. treatment expectancies), relating pain with other types of hedonic affective responses, and understanding social influences on pain (e.g. patient-provider interactions; health disparities). Long–term goals include revealing how specific features of the clinical context and interpersonal aspects influence patient outcomes, as well as determining whether expectancy–based processing is altered in specific patient populations.
# Theme from The Greatest American Hero (Believe It or Not)

"Theme from The Greatest American Hero (Believe It or Not)" is a song composed by Mike Post with lyrics by Stephen Geyer, and sung by American singer Joey Scarbury. It serves as the theme song for the 1980s television series The Greatest American Hero. The track was later included on Scarbury's 1981 debut album America's Greatest Hero.
In a 2005 interview, composer Mike Post said that Joey Scarbury “was an artist that I was producing, and had produced on three different record companies before that – unsuccessfully in terms of hits, but successfully in terms of how great a singer he was.” Post recalled that producer Stephen J. Cannell told him, “This guy’s flying around in a suit and he lost the instructions, and he’s got this right-wing CIA agent for a control guy.” Post responded, “Cannell, this is nuts.” Post had written a theme song with lyrics by Stephen Geyer for the short-lived Cannell series Richie Brockelman, Private Eye, and Cannell suggested doing that again for this show. Post responded, “Yeah, that’s a good idea. We’ll call up Stephen Geyer and see if he can write a lyric where maybe he can make an analogy between love and flying in a suit.”
The theme song became a popular hit during the run of The Greatest American Hero. "Believe It or Not" entered the top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100 on June 13, 1981, eventually peaking at No. 2 during the weeks ending August 15–22, 1981, kept off the top spot by "Endless Love" by Diana Ross and Lionel Richie, and spending a total of 18 weeks in the top 40. On the Adult Contemporary chart, "Believe It or Not" went to number 3. It also peaked at the number one position on the Record World chart.

## In popular culture

In the season 8 episode of Seinfeld titled "The Susie", an answering machine message consists of a parody of "Believe It or Not". As a tribute to the Seinfeld episode, the song appeared in a 2021 TV commercial for Tide that aired during CBS' telecast of Super Bowl LV on February 7, 2021, starring Jason Alexander, whose character George Costanza recorded the parody lyrics as his answering machine message.
In the Homestar Runner Halloween special "The House That Gave Sucky Treats", Homestar Runner dresses as The Greatest American Hero. When greeted, Homestar sings a parody of the America's Greatest Hero theme song.
In the My Name Is Earl episode "Didn't Pay Taxes", Earl and Randy sing "Believe It or Not" while trapped in a water tower.
In the Gilmore Girls episode "Tippecanoe and Taylor, Too", the show's fictional band Hep Alien perform a grunge version of the song at Jackson Belleville's rally for Stars Hollow Town Selectman.
The opening lines (Believe it or not, I'm walking on air) were spoofed in the title of the Family Guy episode Believe It or Not, Joe's Walking on Air.
The song was also used as the opening theme for the Brad Jones comedy-review show, The Cinema Snob.

## Certifications and sales

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| Australia (ARIA) | Gold | 50,000$^^$ |
| $^^$ Shipments figures based on certification alone. |||
# Brigada Siete

Brigada Siete (transl. brigade seven) is a Philippine television investigative documentary show broadcast by GMA Network. It premiered on December 5, 1993. The show concluded on September 29, 2001. The show was revived in 2011 as Brigada.
After Louie Beltran's death by 1994, Tito Sotto took over on November 6 and continued his role until 2000. By that time, it was reformatted as a magazine show.

## Hosts

* Louie Beltran (1993–94)
* Jessica Soho (1993–2001)
* Arnold Clavio (1994–2001)
* Tito Sotto (1994–2000)

## Accolades

Accolades received by Brigada Siete :
| Year | Award | Category | Recipient | Result |
| 1995 | 9th PMPC Star Awards for Television | Best Magazine Show | Brigada Siete | Won |
| 1996 | New York Film & TV Festivals | Best Investigative Report | "Bala O Batas" | Finalist |
| 1996 | 10th PMPC Star Awards for Television | Best Magazine Show | Brigada Siete | Won |
| 1997 | Adboard Golden Pearl Awards | Adboard Golden Pearl Awards | Brigada Siete | Won |
| 1999 | Peabody Award | Peabody Award | Child Labor Episode | Won |
# List of amphibians of Great Britain

Part of a series on the :
Wildlife of Great Britain :
Fauna
England
Cornwall
Isles of Scilly
Scotland
Highlands
Outer Hebrides
Wales
Endemic
Extinct :
Invertebrates
Insects
Ants
Aquatic heteropteran bugs
Bees
Beetles
Butterflies
Conopid flies
Damselflies and dragonflies
Hoverflies
Mayflies
Moths
Orthoptera and allied insects
Shield bugs
Soldierflies and allies
Wasps
Molluscs
Non-marine molluscs
Crustaceans
Crabs
Woodlice :
Vertebrates
Amphibians
Fish
Mammals
Reptiles
Birds
British avifauna
Wales
Non-natives
North American landbirds
Feral parakeets
Bee-eaters
Cranes :
Flora
Ferns and allies
Conifers
Dicotyledons (Superrosids
Asteraceae
Rosaceae)
Monocotyledons
British National Vegetation Classification :
vte :
This is a list of amphibians of Great Britain. There are seven amphibian species native to Great Britain, in addition, there are a number of naturalized species. The natives comprise three newts, two toads and two frogs.

## Native species
### Pleurodelinae

* Name
* Great crested newt (Triturus cristatus)
* Smooth newt (Lissotriton vulgaris)
* Palmate newt (Lissotriton helveticus)

### Bufonidae

* Name
* Common toad (Bufo bufo)
* Spiny toad (Bufo spinosus)
* Natterjack toad (Epidalea calamita)

### Ranidae

| Adult | Name | Tadpole / froglet |
| | Common frog (Rana temporaria) | |
| | Pool frog (Pelophylax lessonae) |

## Naturalised and escaped species

* Salamanders and newts
** Fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra) — has bred at least once
** Alpine newt (Ichthyosaura alpestris) (naturalised)
** Italian crested newt (Triturus carnifex)
* Toads
** Midwife toad (Alytes obstetricans) (naturalised)
** Yellow-bellied toad (Bombina variegata) — was naturalised but current status unknown.
* Frogs
** Painted frog (Discoglossus pictus) — has bred at least once
** European tree frog (Hyla arborea)
** Australian green tree frog (Litoria caerulea) — has bred at least once
** Marsh frog (Pelophylax ridibundus) (naturalised)
** Edible frog (Pelophylax kl. esculentus) (naturalised)
** Iberian water frog (Pelophylax perezi) – has bred
** American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeiana) — successfully bred
** African clawed toad (Xenopus laevis) — two populations survived in the UK for 50 years, now extinct apart from in Calderstones Park.
# Charanga

Charanga may refer to:
* Charanga (Cuba), ballroom music ensemble
* Charanga (Spain), wind and percussion band playing in festivities
# Zofia Filipowiczowa

Zofia Filipowiczowa (died after 1639) was a Polish woman who was accused of witchcraft.
She was prosecuted for witchcraft in Gajona alongside three other women, accused by the nobleman Paweł Podlodowski of having caused the death of his father Jan Podlodowski and conspired to cause himself harm as well. She and her accused accomplices was sentenced guilty to whipping and exile.
The case against her has often been depicted in literature and theater, and played a significant role in the local folklore. It was described in Józefowi Ziębie's novel Zofijej Filipowiczowej czary czyniącej i za czary skazanej.
# Winteringham

Winteringham is a village in North Lincolnshire, England, on the south bank of the Humber Estuary.

## History
### Roman Britain

The Romans founded a settlement probably called Ad Abum in this area. It was where Ermine Street, the major Roman road between Londinium (London) and Lincoln, terminated on the south bank of the Humber. Travellers then crossed the river by way of a ferry or low-tide ford to Petuaria (Brough) on the north bank where Cade's Road continued on to Eboracum (York) and Hadrian's Wall. A pre-Roman ridgeway, called Yarlesgate or Earlsgate, may have also resumed here on its route south and south-west towards the Midlands and South West England.

### Post-Roman

The village, and its neighbour Winterton to the south, were possibly named after Wintra – the first King of Lindsey.

### Norman

The Domesday Book of 1086 describes the locale as a prosperous place with three mills, a fishery and a ferry. It became the seat of a branch of the Marmion family.

### Modern

In the 19th century there were two maltkilns, a mill, boatyard, brewery, brickyards and by 1907, the North Lindsey Light Railway.
The Michelin Star Winteringham Fields restaurant is situated near the centre of the village. There is one public house, the Bay Horse at West End. In High Burgage is a corner shop and a post office. In Low Burgage is the local Methodist Chapel, on a road which leads to Winteringham Haven. On Market Hill, off High Burgage, is the local primary school (Winteringham Primary School), on School Road.
Winteringham is also approximately 5 miles (8.0 km) from a wildfowl refuge on the River Humber while also being approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) from the Winteringham Haven Wildlife Reserve.
Henry Kirke White, the Nottingham poet to whom are attributed the words of the hymn "Oft in danger Oft in woe", was educated at the rectory in 1804–05.

## Demographics

Its population in the 2001 census was 989. This total had increased to 1,000 at the 2011 census.
# Alternative liability

Alternative liability is a legal doctrine that allows a plaintiff to shift the burden of proving causation of their injury to multiple defendants, even though only one of them could have been responsible. The leading case showing the principle of alternative liability in action is Summers v. Tice, where the two defendants negligently shot in the direction of the plaintiff and two pellets caused the plaintiff's injury, one in the right eye and one in the upper lip. In the interests of justice, the innocent plaintiff's case is not defeated because they cannot prove which party was the actual cause (but-for cause) of their injury.

## Requirements

The doctrine requires that the plaintiff bring all possible defendants into court and that the plaintiff show the defendants all breached a duty of reasonable care. The burden then shifts to the defendants to provide evidence of who caused the injury.

## Rationale

The underpinning of this doctrine is that a plaintiff should not be barred from seeking recovery simply because they does not know who caused their injury. The defendants are usually the parties in the best position to have the relevant information.
Distinguish alternative liability from the smoke-out function of res ipsa loquitur seen in the leading case of Ybarra v. Spangard. In Ybarra, the plaintiff brought all defendants who could have possibly been negligent (breached a duty of reasonable care) so that they could show which party actually was negligent. Thus, in the smoke-out function of res ipsa, the burden is shifted on the defendants to show negligence, whereas in alternative liability all defendants are all shown to have breached a duty of reasonable care and the plaintiff shifts the burden to show causation.
# Randolph Keys

Randolph Keys (born April 19, 1966) is an American former professional basketball player who played five National Basketball Association (NBA) seasons in his career for the Cleveland Cavaliers, Charlotte Hornets, Los Angeles Lakers and Milwaukee Bucks.

## Career

Keys was selected by the Cavaliers in the first round (22nd pick overall) of the 1988 NBA draft. His best year as a pro came during the 1989–90 season when he split time between the Cavaliers and Hornets, appearing in 80 games and averaging 8.8 points per game. Keys played collegiately at the University of Southern Mississippi. He was the last Laker to wear number #8 before Kobe Bryant.
Keys played for the Quad City Thunder of the Continental Basketball Association (CBA) from 1993 to 1995. He won a CBA championship with the Thunder in 1994. He was selected to the All-CBA Second Team and All-Defensive Team in 1995.

## Personal

His daughter Jasmine Keys played the 2020 Summer Olympics for Italy women's national basketball team.

## NBA career statistics
### Regular season

| Year | Team | GP | GS | MPG | FG% | 3P% | FT% | RPG | APG | SPG | BPG | PPG |
| 1988–89 | Cleveland | 42 | 0 | 7.9 | .430 | .100 | .690 | 1.3 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 4.0 |
| 1989–90 | Cleveland | 48 | 13 | 18.6 | .421 | .200 | .744 | 2.9 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 7.6 |
| 1989–90 | Charlotte | 32 | 5 | 22.6 | .445 | .364 | .690 | 3.6 | 1.5 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 10.5 |
| 1990–91 | Charlotte | 44 | 0 | 10.8 | .407 | .214 | .576 | 2.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 3.2 |
| 1994–95 | Los Angeles | 6 | 0 | 13.8 | .346 | .000 | 1.000 | 2.8 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 3.3 |
| 1995–96 | Milwaukee | 69 | 1 | 11.8 | .418 | .310 | .837 | 1.8 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 3.4 |
| Career | Career | 241 | 19 | 13.8 | .425 | .272 | .721 | 2.3 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 5.2 |

### Playoffs

| Year | Team | GP | GS | MPG | FG% | 3P% | FT% | RPG | APG | SPG | BPG | PPG |
| 1988–89 | Cleveland | 1 | 0 | 12.0 | .000 | .000 | .000 | 3.0 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
# Region Västmanland

Region Västmanland, known before 1 January 2017 as Västmanland County Council (Swedish: Västmanlands läns landsting), is the regional council of Västmanland County. The region is primarily responsible for healthcare, public transport, regional development, and cultural activities.

## History

Healthcare in Västmanland County dates back to 1765 when the Swedish government decided to organise hospitals on a county-wide basis. The first hospital in Västerås was established in 1766 and remained the only one in the county for a long time. County councils were formally established in 1862, with the first council meeting in Västmanland held on 14 September 1862, earlier than the official date to avoid clashing with the Västerås Market.

## Responsibilities
### Healthcare

Region Västmanland operates hospitals and healthcare centres across the county.

#### Hospitals

The region manages four hospitals:
* Västmanlands Hospital Fagersta
* Västmanlands Hospital Köping
* Västmanlands Hospital Sala
* Västmanlands Hospital Västerås

#### Healthcare Divisions

Region Västmanland is divided into several administrative units:
* Primary Care, Psychiatry, and Disability Services (PPHV)
* Västmanlands Hospital
* Regional Administrative Services
* Folktandvården Västmanland AB (Public Dental Care)

#### Public and Private Health Centres

Region Västmanland operates both publicly owned and privately run healthcare centres, where residents register for primary care services.

### Public Transportation

On 1 January 2012, a new public transport law took effect, making Region Västmanland solely responsible for public transportation in the county. The VL brand represents public transportation managed by the region's public transport authority.

### Education

Region Västmanland operates one folk high school, Tärna folk high school, and collaborates with universities, including Uppsala University, for clinical research and healthcare education.

### Culture

Region Västmanland is responsible for cultural initiatives, including museums, theatres, and music institutions:
* Västmanland county museum
* Västmanlandsmusiken (regional music institution)
* Västerås Sinfonietta
* Västmanlands Teater
* Västerås Concert Hall
* Bibliotek i Västmanland (Regional Library Network)

## Politics

Region Västmanland is governed by an elected regional council (regionfullmäktige) consisting of 77 members. The regional executive committee (regionstyrelsen) is responsible for executing decisions and preparing matters for the council.

### Electoral Districts

Västmanland County is divided into two electoral districts for regional elections:
* One covering Västerås Municipality and Sala Municipality
* One covering Norberg Municipality, Fagersta Municipality, Skinnskatteberg Municipality, Surahammar Municipality, Hallstahammar Municipality, Köping Municipality, Kungsör Municipality, and Arboga Municipality
# William McColl (clarinetist)

William Duncan McColl (May 18, 1933 – January 7, 2024) was an American clarinetist and professor of music.

## Biography

McColl was born on May 18, 1933, in Port Huron, Michigan, to Duncan and Margaret McColl. He began playing clarinet at the age of twelve. He later attended National Music Camp at the Interlochen Center for the Arts.
McColl then attended the Oberlin Conservatory of Music (1951–1953) and graduated with honors from the Akademie für Musik und darstellende Kunst in Vienna under Leopold Wlach. His primary teachers in the United States included Keith Stein, George Waln and Herbert Blayman. In 1956 he was drafted under the Military Selective Service Act and became a member of the Seventh Army Symphony Orchestra from 1957 to 1958; he was also part of the Seventh Army Wind quintet. After leaving the army he joined Philharmonia Hungarica in Vienna, before moving to New York in 1959 where he worked as a freelance clarinetist and appeared on the Modern Jazz Quartet album Third Stream Music.
In 1960 he moved to Puerto Rico, where he taught clarinet at the Conservatory of Music of Puerto Rico. The Soni Ventorum Wind Quintet was also founded there. He was a featured performer at the Casals Festival in Puerto Rico. He met his wife, Sue, who was then a bassoonist, in Puerto Rico, where his son was born. In 1968 he moved to Seattle with the other members of the Soni Ventorum Wind Quintet, which had become the Wind Quintet in Residence of the University of Washington, where he was a professor from 1968 to 2006.
As a specialist in early clarinets and basset horns, he did international tours, recordings and concert appearances with the Amadeus Winds, the Philharmonia Baroque Orchestra, and the Boston Handel and Haydn Society, among others.
McColl was also a founding member of the New World Basset Horn Trio. He recorded solo and chamber works on Musical Heritage, and Crystal labels (with the Soni Ventorum), as well as on the Atlantic, Decca and Harmonia Mundi labels.
McColl was heralded as a "superb clarinetist", "graceful" and "virtuosic and full of life".
McColl died due to respiratory failure in Seattle, on January 7, 2024, at the age of 90.
# Kazi Mahmud Hasan

Kazi Mahmud Hasan (Bengali: কাজী মাহমুদ হাসান; 28 January 1946 – 4 February 2014) was a Bangladeshi football player and politician. Hasan is one of the few footballers from East Pakistan to have represented the Pakistan national football team. He also served in the Pakistan Army, and later in the Bangladesh Army retiring as brigadier general.

## Early life and education

Hasan was born on 28 January 1946 in Gazipur. He got involved in sports when he was a student, and represented school and college football teams from 1959 to 1964. He later also represented Dhaka University from 1965 to 1966, captaining the football team of the institution in 1965.

## Club career

In 1965, Hasan was selected by Dhaka First Division League club Central Printing Press. In 1966, he participated in the Aga Khan Gold Cup with East Pakistan Government Press. In the same year, he participated in the National Championship after finishing East Zone runners-up with Dhaka University team.
In 1966, he was selected to play in the Dhaka League for Victoria Sporting Club, for which he also played in the Aga Khan Gold Cup.
After joining the Pakistan Army in 1966, he subsequently represented the Pakistan Army football team, where he also captained on several occasions. In 1968, he successfully completed a football training course in Karachi, and in 1969, under his leadership, Pakistan Army won the Inter-Army Football Championship.
After the independence of Bangladesh, Hasan joined the Bangladesh Army Football Team in 1973, from where he retired as player the next year due to an injury during a game against Dhaka University, where he scored the winning goal through a free kick, but ultimately had to leave the pitch after receiving a foul by Pearu of the opposite team.

## International career

In 1969, Hasan represented the Pakistan national team at the 1969 RCD Cup held in Ankara, Turkey. He also toured Iran with the national team.

## Coaching career

In 1974, Hasan took eight months of training course in East Germany, and later coached the Bangladesh Army Football Team, guiding the side to win the National Championship jointly with Dhaka University in 1980 and 1981. Hasan was also the founding member of Dhaka based Sonali Otit Club.

## Political career

An army staff officer during the regime of president Hussain Muhammad Ershad, Hasan joined the Kazi Zafar Ahmed faction of Jatiya Party during the 10th parliamentary elections. He retired from the Bangladesh Army as brigadier general. Hasan was the first General Secretary of Army Sports Control Board of Bangladesh, and received National Sports Award in 1981.

## Death

Hasan died on the Tuesday nighty of 4 February 2014 at the United Hospital in Dhaka, due to a cardiac arrest at the age of 68. Hasan was taken to the hospital after he had fallen sick in his residence around 9:00pm and the doctors there declared him dead around two hours later. His body has been kept at the mortuary of Combined Military Hospital in Dhaka Cantonment.