# Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation

The director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation is the head of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), a United States federal law enforcement agency, and is responsible for its day-to-day operations. The FBI director is appointed for a single 10-year term by the president of the United States and confirmed by the Senate. The FBI is an agency within the Department of Justice (DOJ), and thus the director reports to the attorney general of the United States.
The director briefed the president on any issues that arose from within the FBI until the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 was enacted following the September 11 attacks. Since then, the director reports in an additional capacity to the director of national intelligence, as the FBI is also part of the United States Intelligence Community.
The current FBI director is Kash Patel, who was sworn in on February 21, 2025.

## Term of office

The FBI director is appointed by the president and, since 1972, subject to confirmation by the Senate. J. Edgar Hoover, appointed by President Calvin Coolidge to the predecessor office of Director of the Bureau of Investigation in 1924, was by far the longest-serving director, holding the position from its establishment under the current title in 1935 until his death in 1972. In 1976, in response to Hoover's lengthy tenure and during the Watergate era, by an amendment to the 1968 Omnibus Crime Control Act, Congress limited the term of future FBI directors to ten years, "an unusually long tenure that Congress established to insulate the director from political pressure." This rule was waived by the Senate for Robert Mueller on July 27, 2011, due to serious security concerns at that time. Since 1976, directors serve a ten-year term unless they resign, die, or are removed, but in practice, since Hoover, none have served a full ten years, except Mueller who served twelve years with the leave of Congress.
The director of the FBI can be removed from office by the president of the United States. After removal and until a replacement is confirmed by the U.S. Senate, the deputy director automatically acts in the role. The appointment of the deputy director is not a presidential appointment and does not require Senate confirmation. The president can appoint an interim director pending Senate confirmation or nominate a permanent director.

## Responsibilities

Along with the deputy director, the director ensures that cases and operations are handled correctly. The director also is in charge of staffing the leadership in any one of the FBI field offices with qualified agents.

## Nominations

The President of the United States appoints the director of the FBI, with the Senate's advice and consent. The President's nominees are referred to the Senate Judiciary Committee. The Committee arranges hearings, and thereafter votes on whether to advance the nomination to the consideration of the entire Senate.
| Name | Announced | Nominated by | Hearing date(s) | Committee vote result | Committee vote date | Cloture vote result | Cloture vote date | Floor vote result | Floor vote date | Further Details |
| William S. Sessions | Jul 24, 1987 | Ronald Reagan | Sep 9, 1987 | Reported Favorably | Sep 15, 1987 | N/A | N/A | 90–0 | Sep 25, 1987 | Congress.gov Page |
| Louis Freeh | Jul 20, 1993 | Bill Clinton | Jul 29, 1993 | Reported Favorably | Aug 3, 1993 | N/A | N/A | Confirmed by voice vote | Aug 6, 1993 | Congress.gov Page |
| Robert Mueller | Jul 5, 2001 | George W. Bush | Jul 30, 2001 – Jul 31, 2001 | Reported Favorably | Aug 2, 2001 | N/A | N/A | 98–0 | Aug 2, 2001 | Congress.gov Page |
| James Comey | Jun 21, 2013 | Barack Obama | Jul 9, 2013 | Reported Favorably | Jul 18, 2013 | Withdrawn by unanimous consent | Jul 29, 2013 | 93–1 | Jul 29, 2013 | Congress.gov Page |
| Christopher A. Wray | Jun 7, 2017 | Donald Trump | Jul 12, 2017 | 20–0 | Jul 20, 2017 | N/A | N/A | 92–5 | Aug 1, 2017 | Congress.gov Page |
| Kash Patel | Nov 30, 2024 | Donald Trump | Jan 30, 2025 | 12–10 | Feb 13, 2025 | 51–47 | Feb 20, 2025 | 51–49 | Feb 20, 2025 | Congress.gov Page |

## Lists of officeholders
### Bureau of Investigation chiefs and directors (1908–1935)

When the Bureau of Investigation (BOI) was established in 1908, its head was called Chief of the Bureau of Investigation. It was changed to the director of the Bureau of Investigation in the term of William J. Flynn (1919–1921) and to its current name when the BOI was renamed FBI in 1935.
| No. | Name | Start | End | Duration | President(s) |
| 1 | Stanley Finch | July 26, 1908 | April 30, 1912 | 3 years, 279 days | Theodore Roosevelt (1901–1909) |
| 1 | Stanley Finch | July 26, 1908 | April 30, 1912 | 3 years, 279 days | William Howard Taft (1909–1913) |
| 2 | A. Bruce Bielaski | April 30, 1912 | February 10, 1919 | 6 years, 286 days | William Howard Taft (1909–1913) |
| 2 | A. Bruce Bielaski | April 30, 1912 | February 10, 1919 | 6 years, 286 days | Woodrow Wilson (1913–1921) |
| – | William E. Allen Acting | February 10, 1919 | June 30, 1919 | 140 days | Woodrow Wilson (1913–1921) |
| 3 | William J. Flynn | July 1, 1919 | August 21, 1921 | 2 years, 51 days | Woodrow Wilson (1913–1921) |
| 3 | William J. Flynn | July 1, 1919 | August 21, 1921 | 2 years, 51 days | Warren G. Harding (1921–1923) |
| 4 | William J. Burns | August 22, 1921 | May 10, 1924 | 2 years, 262 days | Warren G. Harding (1921–1923) |
| 4 | William J. Burns | August 22, 1921 | May 10, 1924 | 2 years, 262 days | Calvin Coolidge (1923–1929) |
| 5 | J. Edgar Hoover | May 10, 1924 | June 30, 1935 | 11 years, 51 days | Calvin Coolidge (1923–1929) |
| 5 | J. Edgar Hoover | May 10, 1924 | June 30, 1935 | 11 years, 51 days | Herbert Hoover (1929–1933) |
| 5 | J. Edgar Hoover | May 10, 1924 | June 30, 1935 | 11 years, 51 days | Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933–1945) |

### Federal Bureau of Investigation directors (1935–present)

The FBI became an independent service within the Department of Justice in 1935. In the same year, its name was officially changed to the present-day Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), with J. Edgar Hoover receiving the current title of Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Since 1972, the United States Senate has had to confirm the nomination of a permanent officeholder. Frank Johnson had been nominated by Jimmy Carter in 1977, but withdrew for health reasons.
| No. | Name | Start | End | Duration | President(s) |
| 1 | J. Edgar Hoover | July 1, 1935 | May 2, 1972 | 36 years, 306 days | Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933–1945) |
| 1 | J. Edgar Hoover | July 1, 1935 | May 2, 1972 | 36 years, 306 days | Harry S. Truman (1945–1953) |
| 1 | J. Edgar Hoover | July 1, 1935 | May 2, 1972 | 36 years, 306 days | Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953–1961) |
| 1 | J. Edgar Hoover | July 1, 1935 | May 2, 1972 | 36 years, 306 days | John F. Kennedy (1961–1963) |
| 1 | J. Edgar Hoover | July 1, 1935 | May 2, 1972 | 36 years, 306 days | Lyndon B. Johnson (1963–1969) |
| 1 | J. Edgar Hoover | July 1, 1935 | May 2, 1972 | 36 years, 306 days | Richard Nixon (1969–1974) |
| – | Clyde Tolson Acting | May 2, 1972 | May 3, 1972 | 1 day | Richard Nixon (1969–1974) |
| – | L. Patrick Gray Acting | May 3, 1972 | April 27, 1973 | 359 days | Richard Nixon (1969–1974) |
| – | Bill Ruckelshaus Acting | April 30, 1973 | July 9, 1973 | 70 days | Richard Nixon (1969–1974) |
| 2 | Clarence M. Kelley | July 9, 1973 | February 15, 1978 | 4 years, 221 days | Richard Nixon (1969–1974) |
| 2 | Clarence M. Kelley | July 9, 1973 | February 15, 1978 | 4 years, 221 days | Gerald Ford (1974–1977) |
| 2 | Clarence M. Kelley | July 9, 1973 | February 15, 1978 | 4 years, 221 days | Jimmy Carter (1977–1981) |
| – | James B. Adams Acting | February 15, 1978 | February 23, 1978 | 8 days | Jimmy Carter (1977–1981) |
| 3 | Bill Webster | February 23, 1978 | May 25, 1987 | 9 years, 91 days | Jimmy Carter (1977–1981) |
| 3 | Bill Webster | February 23, 1978 | May 25, 1987 | 9 years, 91 days | Ronald Reagan (1981–1989) |
| – | John E. Otto Acting | May 25, 1987 | November 2, 1987 | 160 days | Ronald Reagan (1981–1989) |
| 4 | William S. Sessions | November 2, 1987 | July 19, 1993 | 5 years, 259 days | Ronald Reagan (1981–1989) |
| 4 | William S. Sessions | November 2, 1987 | July 19, 1993 | 5 years, 259 days | George H. W. Bush (1989–1993) |
| 4 | William S. Sessions | November 2, 1987 | July 19, 1993 | 5 years, 259 days | Bill Clinton (1993–2001) |
| – | Floyd I. Clarke Acting | July 19, 1993 | September 1, 1993 | 44 days | Bill Clinton (1993–2001) |
| 5 | Louis Freeh | September 1, 1993 | June 25, 2001 | 7 years, 297 days | Bill Clinton (1993–2001) |
| 5 | Louis Freeh | September 1, 1993 | June 25, 2001 | 7 years, 297 days | George W. Bush (2001–2009) |
| – | Thomas J. Pickard Acting | June 25, 2001 | September 4, 2001 | 71 days | George W. Bush (2001–2009) |
| 6 | Robert Mueller | September 4, 2001 | September 4, 2013 | 12 years, 0 days | George W. Bush (2001–2009) |
| 6 | Robert Mueller | September 4, 2001 | September 4, 2013 | 12 years, 0 days | Barack Obama (2009–2017) |
| 7 | James Comey | September 4, 2013 | May 9, 2017 | 3 years, 247 days | Barack Obama (2009–2017) |
| 7 | James Comey | September 4, 2013 | May 9, 2017 | 3 years, 247 days | Donald Trump (2017–2021) |
| – | Andrew McCabe Acting | May 9, 2017 | August 2, 2017 | 85 days | Donald Trump (2017–2021) |
| 8 | Christopher A. Wray | August 2, 2017 | January 19, 2025 | 7 years, 171 days | Donald Trump (2017–2021) |
| 8 | Christopher A. Wray | August 2, 2017 | January 19, 2025 | 7 years, 171 days | Joe Biden (2021–2025) |
| – | Paul Abbate Acting | January 19, 2025 | January 20, 2025 | 1 day | Joe Biden (2021–2025) |
| – | Brian Driscoll Acting | January 20, 2025 | February 21, 2025 | 32 days | Donald Trump (2025–present) |
| 9 | Kash Patel | February 21, 2025 | present | 19 days | Donald Trump (2025–present) |

## Line of succession

The line of succession for the director of the FBI is as follows:
* Deputy Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation
* Associate Deputy Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation
* Executive Assistant Director of the National Security Branch
* Executive Assistant Director for Criminal, Cyber, Response and Services, Houston, TX
* Assistant Director of Counterterrorism Division
* Assistant Director of Counterintelligence Division
* Assistant Director, Washington Field Office
* Assistant Director, New York Field Office
* Assistant Director, Los Angeles Field Office

## Dismissals

Since the office's inception, only two directors have been dismissed: William S. Sessions by President Bill Clinton in 1993, and James Comey by President Donald Trump in 2017.

### William S. Sessions

Just before Bill Clinton was inaugurated as the 42nd president of the United States on January 20, 1993, allegations of ethical improprieties were made against Sessions. A report by outgoing Attorney General William P. Barr presented to the Justice Department that month by the Office of Professional Responsibility included criticisms that he had used an FBI plane to travel to visit his daughter on several occasions, and had a security system installed in his home at government expense. Janet Reno, the 78th Attorney General of the United States, announced that Sessions had exhibited "serious deficiencies in judgment."
Although Sessions denied that he had acted improperly, he was pressured to resign in early July, with some suggesting that President Clinton was giving Sessions the chance to step down in a dignified manner. Sessions refused, saying that he had done nothing wrong, and insisted on staying in office until his successor was confirmed. As a result, President Clinton dismissed Sessions on July 19, 1993, five and a half years into a ten-year term. Clinton's public explanation was that there had been a loss of confidence in Sessions' leadership, and then-Attorney General Reno recommended the dismissal.
Clinton nominated Louis Freeh to be FBI Director on July 20. Then-FBI deputy director Floyd I. Clarke, who Sessions suggested had led a coup to force his removal, served as acting director until September 1, 1993, when Freeh was sworn in.

### James Comey

On May 9, 2017, President Trump dismissed Comey after the recommendation of United States Attorney General Jeff Sessions and Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein. Rosenstein's memorandum to Sessions objected to Comey's conduct in the investigation into Hillary Clinton's emails. This was contradicted by multiple unnamed sources to news outlets, who said that Trump and high-level officials personally asked for Comey to be fired. Comey was fired after he asked for more money for the investigations into Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections. Many members of Congress, mostly Democrats, expressed concern over the firing and argued that it would put the integrity of the investigation into jeopardy.
Comey's termination was immediately controversial, even being characterized as corrupt by news commentators. It was compared, by the aforementioned news outlets, to the Saturday Night Massacre, President Richard Nixon's termination of special prosecutor Archibald Cox, who had been investigating the Watergate scandal, and to the firing of Acting Attorney General Sally Yates in January 2017.
In the dismissal letter Trump stated that Comey had asserted "on three separate occasions that I am not under investigation" which was later confirmed by Comey to the Senate while under oath. This is disputed by reporting from multiple news agencies with multiple sources. According to the reporting, Trump had been openly talking about firing Comey for at least a week before his dismissal. Trump and Democratic leaders had long questioned Comey's judgment. Moreover, Trump was angry that Comey would not support his claim that President Barack Obama had his campaign offices wiretapped, was frustrated when Comey revealed in Senate testimony the breadth of the counterintelligence investigation into Russia's effort to sway the 2016 U.S. presidential election and that Comey was giving too much attention to the Russia probe and not to internal leaks within the government. On May 8, 2017, he gave Attorney General Jeff Sessions and Deputy Attorney General Rosenstein a directive to explain in writing a case against Comey. That directive was forwarded to Trump as a recommendation to dismiss Comey the following day, which Trump did.
Comey first learned of his termination from television news reports that flashed on screen while he was delivering a speech to agents at the Los Angeles Field Office. Sources said he was surprised and caught off guard by the termination. Comey immediately departed for Washington, D.C., and was forced to cancel his scheduled speech that night at an FBI recruitment event at the Directors Guild of America in Hollywood.
In the absence of a Senate-confirmed FBI director, Deputy Director Andrew McCabe automatically became the acting director, serving until the confirmation of Christopher Wray.