OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ferdinand Redtenbacher

Ferdinand Jakob Redtenbacher (July 25, 1809 in Steyr, Upper Austria – April 16, 1863 in Karlsruhe) is regarded as the founder of science-based mechanical engineering.

## Life

Redtenbacher, son of an ironmonger from Steyr, first went through an apprenticeship in commerce and accounting. After a short interlude as a technical illustrator in the "Baudirektion" (building authority) in Linz, he attended the Polytechnikum in Vienna from 1825 until 1829. He stayed there until 1834 as an assistant to Johann Arzberger. In 1835, he accepted an invitation to become a professor at the Höhere Industrieschule in Zürich, where he taught mathematics and geometry. In 1841 he finally became a professor in mechanics and mechanical engineering at the Polytechnikum Karlsruhe.
In 1857 Redtenbacher became director of the entire Polytechnic School and was re-elected annually thereafter. At the same time he held the only professorship at the mechanical-technical school. He was the director of Polytechnikum Karlsruhe between 1857 and 1862, transforming it into a school of international standing.
In 1859, this school was renamed the mechanical engineering school and a new building initiated and designed by Redtenbacher was opened on the former riding arena of the dragoon barracks. After 1860 the number of students fell again, which can be explained by Redtenbacher's stomach illness and his irritation and differences with his professor colleagues. According to a contemporary report, his art of presentation had not been the same since 1859.

## Influence

Redtenbacher is regarded as the founder of scientific mechanical engineering. Working at the Polytechnikum Karlsruhe, he added a mathematical foundation to the previously empirical teaching. His students include such outstanding engineers as Karl Benz, Franz Reuleaux and Emil Škoda.

## Works (original titles in German)

* Theorie und Bau der Turbinen und Ventilatoren, Mannheim 1844
* Resultate für den Maschinenbau, Mannheim 1844
* Theorie und Bau der Wasser-Räder, Mannheim 1846
* Principien der Mechanik, Mannheim 1852
* Die Luftexpansions-Maschine, Mannheim 1853
* Die calorische Maschine, Mannheim
* Die Gesetze des Lokomotiv-Baues, Mannheim 1855
* Das Dynamiden-System, Mannheim 1857
* Der Maschinbau, Mannheim 1862
# 1711 in Norway

"none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive
Events in the year 1711 in Norway.

## Incumbents

* Monarch: Frederick IV.

## Births

* 27 July – Christian Ancher, merchant, timber trader and ship owner (died 1765).
# Michael R. Ayers

Michael Richard Ayers FBA (/ɛərz/; born 27 June 1935) is a British philosopher and professor emeritus of philosophy at the University of Oxford. He studied at St John's College, Cambridge, and was a fellow of Wadham College, Oxford, from 1965 until 2002. Among his students are Colin McGinn and William Child.

## Career

Ayers's research focuses are in the history of philosophy and in epistemology, metaphysics, and language. He is co-editor of the Cambridge History of Seventeenth-Century Philosophy and subject editor of the Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, has edited the work of George Berkeley and published on Descartes. His most influential contributions, however, concern the work of John Locke. He is the author of Locke: Epistemology and Ontology as well as of several seminal articles on Locke's philosophy.
In 1987 Bryan Magee invited Michael Ayers to talk about Locke and Berkeley in the BBC's series The Great Philosophers.
Michael Ayers has been publishing on metaphysics, where he defends an ordinary objects view and natural kinds realism, and epistemology, where his realist empiricism is based on direct realism in perception, anti-conceptualism, and anti-scepticism. His book Knowing and Seeing (OUP 2019), in which he gives a detailed account of his epistemology, was discussed in a book symposium in Grazer Philosophische Studien (2021).
He is a member of Academia Europaea.

## Publications

* Philosophy and its past, Jonathan Rée, Michael Ayers, Adam Westoby: Harvester Press, 1978.
* Philosophical works: including the works on vision George Berkeley 1685–1753. Michael Ayers (ed.) New ed., revised and enlarged. London: Dent, 1985.
* Locke London: Routledge 1991
* 'The foundations of knowledge and the logic of substance: the structure of Locke's general philosophy' in Locke Vere Chappell (ed.), Oxford University Press 1998
* The Cambridge history of seventeenth-century philosophy Daniel Garber, Michael Ayers: Cambridge University Press 1998
* 'What is Realism?' in Supplement to the Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Volume 75, Number 1, July 2001
* 'The Second Meditation and Objections to Cartesian Dualism' in Christia Mercer and Eileen O'Neill (eds.), Early Modern Philosophy: Mind, Matter, and Metaphysics, Oxford University Press, 2005
* 'Ordinary Objects, Ordinary Language and Identity' in The Monist, Vol. 88, No. 4, October 2005
* Ayers, Michael R. "Substance, Reality, and the Great Dead Philosophers." American Philosophical Quarterly 7 (1970): 38–49. The paper is a reply to: Bennett, Jonathan (1965). "Substance, Reality, and Primary Qualities". American Philosophical Quarterly. 2: 1–17.
* Ayers, Michael (2005). "Was Berkeley an empiricist or a rationalist?". The Cambridge Companion to Berkeley. pp. 34–62.
* Knowing and Seeing: Groundwork for a New Empiricism, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2019.
* "Response to Comments and Criticisms." Grazer Philosophische Studien 98, no. 4 (2021): 600-627.
# Samfundet SHT

Samfundet SHT (English translation: "SHT Society") is a parodical Swedish fraternal order founded in 1844 in Uppsala. It is dedicated to the Roman god Bacchus, the fine arts, and mutual enjoyment, vulgarly known as Tratten (the funnel).

## History

Originally a student fraternity, it gradually transformed during the second half of the 19th century, encompassing mainly older academics and university-educated professionals. Around the beginning of the 20th century, members of SHT held a majority of the seats in the Swedish Academy and the board of directors of Uppsala University.
This dominant position within Sweden's arts and sciences was to a large extent lost during the 20th century, due to social changes and university reforms which came to dilute the influence previously held by the academical elite of Uppsala and Lund. This did however not slow the growth of the society.
Its headquarter are at Värendsgatan 24 in Växjö, Kronoberg Sweden.

## Symbols

The order's patron divinity is Bacchus. Its leader is called Stormästare (grand masters).

## Chapters

Today, SHT has lodges or other suborganisations in 27 Swedish cities and a small chapter in Copenhagen, Denmark.

## Notable members

* Carl Axel Brolén, Latinist and schoolmaster
* Bengt Fredman, Swedish Army officer, mostly known for his actions during the Congo Crisis in 1963
* Bengt Ljungquist, fencer, equestrian, and military officer
* Lars Peterson, orthopedist, known as "the father of autologous cell implantation"
* Johannes Swedborg, orthopedist, known as "the father of autologous cell implantation"
* Jonas Wærn, Swedish Army officer best known commanding peacekeeping troops during the Congo Crisis
* Carl David af Wirsén, poet and literary critic
# Zabełcze, Lublin Voivodeship

Zabełcze is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Annopol, within Kraśnik County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 5 km (3 mi) south of Annopol, 27 km (17 mi) west of Kraśnik, and 68 km (42 mi) south-west of the regional capital Lublin.
# Matteo Merini

Matteo Merini (born 21 January 1988) is an Italian former professional footballer who played as a striker.

## Club career

Lazio loaned Merini to Polish club Kmita Zabierzów in early 2008. He was supposed to become one of the very few Italians players in the Polish club competitions, but he broke his jaw in two places in a friendly game and returned to Italy without making a league appearance for Kmita.
In July 2008, Merini went on trial with Scottish side Livingston but was not offered a permanent contract.
# Steve Harris (writer)

Steve Harris (born 29 September 1954 in Basingstoke, died 4 October 2016) was an English novelist who was known for his work in the horror genre.

## Works
### Novels

* Adventureland aka "The Eyes of the Beast" (1990)
* Wulf (1991)
* The Hoodoo Man (1992)
* Angels (1993)
* Black Rock (1996)
* The Devil On May St (1997)
* Strakers Island (1998)

### Novella

* Challenging The Wulf (1997)

### Short stories

* Harry's Black and Decker (1989)
* Maximum Visibility (1997)
* Escape from Doughnut City (1998)
# Daebul Industrial Complex

Daebul Industrial Complex (Korean: 대불국가산업단지) is an industrial complex which covers a large portion of Samho, Yeongam of South Jeolla province in South Korea. The complex was initially designed to set up fundamental base for development in the Mokpo area. Finalized in December 1996, the residence of enterprises start from 1997. The complex was initially aimed at the south east Asia and China market.
Disposals of the site plots had been quite difficult since its launch to start lease for foreigners since 2000 to rearrange supplies of LNG and infrastructure. Until 2001, portion of parcel stayed at 30% to confront serious complains by regional municipalities.
The establishment of Hyundai Samho Heavy Industries following purchase from Halla group greatly promoted the economical encouragement in local area, attracting businesses in similar or related industries. The connection from Seohaean expressway also increased the easier approach from Seoul via cars and also railroad via Mugunghwa-ho. The province also started advertisement to gain public gains through investment.
The region went through disadvantage via industrialization of South Korea, while shipbuilding industries has technically promoted further investment to boast local regional economy including Mokpo and south western coastal area. To settle down functional difficulties for foreign investors, the provincial office tackled down inquired matters from social infrastructure including expressway, gases, fundamental traffic map to license permissions.
In 2002, Ministry of Industries designated the Daebul area as a free trade region to attain additional support in national level to raise up the inter-related industries like shipbuilding and renewable energy provision. In Honam area, Daebul is supposed to co-operate that resided in Gunsan, Iksan and Gwangju.
Mokpo Customs also resides in this complex to inspect imported merchandise.
# Perfect fluid

In physics, a perfect fluid or ideal fluid is a fluid that can be completely characterized by its rest frame mass density $\rho _{m}$ and isotropic pressure ⁠$p$⁠. Real fluids are viscous ("sticky") and contain (and conduct) heat. Perfect fluids are idealized models in which these possibilities are ignored. Specifically, perfect fluids have no shear stresses, viscosity, or heat conduction. A quark–gluon plasma and graphene are examples of nearly perfect fluids that could be studied in a laboratory.

## Examples

Perfect fluids are used in general relativity to model idealized distributions of matter, such as the interior of a star or an isotropic universe. In the latter case, the symmetry of the cosmological principle and the equation of state of the perfect fluid lead to Friedmann equation for the expansion of the universe.
A flock of birds in the medium of air is an example of a perfect fluid without relativistic symmetry; an electron gas in a solid with possible electron-phonon coupling is also modeled as a perfect fluid.

## D'Alembert paradox

In classical mechanics, ideal fluids are described by Euler equations. Ideal fluids produce no drag according to d'Alembert's paradox. If a fluid produced drag, then work would be needed to move an object through the fluid and that work would produce heat or fluid motion. However, a perfect fluid can not dissipate energy and it can't transmit energy infinitely far from the object.$^{:34}$

## Relativistic formulation

In space-positive metric signature tensor notation, the stress–energy tensor of a perfect fluid can be written in the form
    $T^{\mu \nu }=\left(\rho _{m}+{\frac {p}{c^{2}}}\right)\,U^{\mu }U^{\nu }+p\,\eta ^{\mu \nu },$
where U is the 4-velocity vector field of the fluid and where $\eta _{\mu \nu }=\operatorname {diag} (-1,1,1,1)$ is the metric tensor of Minkowski spacetime.
In time-positive metric signature tensor notation, the stress–energy tensor of a perfect fluid can be written in the form
    $T^{\mu \nu }=\left(\rho _{\text{m}}+{\frac {p}{c^{2}}}\right)\,U^{\mu }U^{\nu }-p\,\eta ^{\mu \nu },$
where $U$ is the 4-velocity of the fluid and where $\eta _{\mu \nu }=\operatorname {diag} (1,-1,-1,-1)$ is the metric tensor of Minkowski spacetime.
This takes on a particularly simple form in the rest frame
    $\left[{\begin{matrix}\rho _{e}&0&0&0\\0&p&0&0\\0&0&p&0\\0&0&0&p\end{matrix}}\right]$
where $\rho _{\text{e}}=\rho _{\text{m}}c^{2}$ is the energy density and $p$ is the pressure of the fluid.
Perfect fluids admit a Lagrangian formulation, which allows the techniques used in field theory, in particular, quantization, to be applied to fluids.
# Nobody's Angel

Nobody's Angel was an American girl group of the late 1990s and early 2000s. The group consisted of four members Alitzah Navarro, Stacey Harper, Amy Sue Hardy, and Sarah Smith, and later, Jennie Kwan and Tai-Amber Hoo as replacements when Harper and Hardy left the group. The band was put together after they became friends and discovered they had something in common: a shared taste for music, dancing, and acting.

## Biography

In 1998, the quartet recorded "Let's Get Together" for the movie The Parent Trap. A year later, the girls all guest-starred as fictionalized versions of themselves on the episode "Road Trip" from the ABC sitcom Boy Meets World, and soon after, in 2000, they released their self-titled album, on the Hollywood Records label. Nobody's Angel featured the hit song, "If You Wanna Dance". Later, they released the song "Pokémon World" with the boy band Youngstown for the movie Pokémon The Movie 2000.
They were featured in the ABC TV movie, Model Behavior, starring Justin Timberlake. Stacey and Amy Sue both left the group in 2001 to pursue careers of their own. They were soon replaced by actress-singer Jennie Kwan (formerly of the NBC show California Dreams) and Tai-Amber Hoo. Tai-Amber was a former member of another girl group called Gyrl before she joined Nobody's Angel. However, the group disbanded after the debut single was released.
After recording a few songs for the soundtracks to the Disney live-action films 102 Dalmatians (2000) and The Princess Diaries (2001), the group split up. An album was due to be released in 2002 but was shelved. The album did feature the singles "Whatcha Gonna Do (With Your Second Chance)?", "Always Tomorrow", and a remake of the Salt-N-Pepa song "Ain't Nuthin' But a She Thing" featuring Lil' J. Besides the songs from the soundtracks, No new music from their second album has been leaked.
In 2020, Sarah Christine Smith appeared as a guest on the Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip marathon fundraiser episode of The George Lucas Talk Show.

## Discography
### Studio albums

* Nobody's Angel (February 1, 2000)

### Singles

* "If You Wanna Dance" (November 23, 1999)
* "I Can't Help Myself" (2000) (Promo)

### Soundtracks

* The Parent Trap Soundtrack – "Let's Get Together" (July 21, 1998)
* Pokémon The Movie 2000 Soundtrack – "Pokémon World" featuring Youngstown (July 18, 2000)
* 102 Dalmatians Soundtrack – "Whatcha Gonna Do (With Your Second Chance)?" (October 30, 2000)
* The Princess Diaries Soundtrack – "Ain't Nuthin' But a She Thing" featuring Lil J and "Always Tomorrow" (July 24, 2001)
* United States Of Avex Artists - "Movin' On" (2001)

### Unreleased second album

* Boyfriend In A Box (3:39)
* Come With Me (Remix) (3:45)
* Tell That To My Heart (3:55)
* Out Of My Life (3:27)
* Taboo (3:07)
* Connected (3:31)
* Found Somebody (4:28)
* Live My Life (3:32)
* I'd Like To Be (4:07)
* I'd Never Do That (3:10)
* Shy Girl (3:44)
* Get It Right This Time (2:53)
* Fight For Your Right To Party (2:59)
# Donald Lan

Donald Paul Lan Sr. (December 19, 1930 – April 29, 2019) was an American Democratic Party politician who served as Secretary of State of New Jersey from 1977 to 1982. He was appointed to the post by Governor Brendan Byrne. Lan has been the Union County Democratic Chairman.

## Background

Lan was born in Newark, New Jersey, and was raised in Maplewood, New Jersey. He graduated from Columbia High School and went to Seton Hall University. Lan served in the New Jersey Air National Guard and the United States Army. Lan worked at his family's food processing company: Dell Products in Hillside, New Jersey. Lan died on April 29, 2019, at the age of 88.

## Political career

A resident of Springfield Township (Union), Lan sought the Democratic nomination for governor in 1981 to succeed a term-limited Brendan Byrne, dropping out of the race in April 1981.
# Léon Frédéric

Léon-Henri-Marie Frédéric (26 August 1856 – 27 January 1940) was a Belgian Symbolist painter. His earliest paintings joined Christian mysticism with pantheistic themes, while his later works increasingly reflected social concerns. Much of his work also shows the influence of fifteenth and sixteenth century Flemish art and Renaissance painting styles.

## Biography

His father was a prosperous jeweler. In 1871, he was apprenticed to the architect and decorative painter, Charle-Albert [fr] and began taking night courses at the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts in Brussels. In 1874, he found a position in the workshop of Jean-François Portaels. The following year, he and several other young art students engaged a private studio where they could paint from live, nude models. From 1876 to 1878, he entered the Prix de Rome, but was not successful. Finally, his father financed a trip for studies in Italy from 1878 to 1879. There, he travelled to Naples, Rome, Florence and Venice. His favorite painters were Sandro Botticelli and Domenico Ghirlandaio.
On his return from Italy, he made his debut at the Brussels Salon, where he came under the influence of Jules Bastien-Lepage, and became a member of the artist group L'Essor. In 1883, he moved to Vresse-sur-Semois, in the Belgian Ardennes, and traveled extensively to England, Germany and the Netherlands. He was awarded a gold medal at the Exposition Universelle (1889). The young Alexandre Benois was a great admirer of his works and, in 1898, arranged for several to be purchased by Princess Maria Tenisheva, for an exhibition in St. Petersburg.
After his marriage, he moved to his final home in Schaerbeek in 1899, and continued to travel and exhibit his work in international fairs, winning awards in the United States and Germany and another gold medal at the Exposition Universelle (1900).
In 1904, he was appointed a member of the Académie Royale and, in 1929, was created a Baron and a Knight of the Order of Leopold by King Albert I.
His works may be seen at the Museum of Ixelles, Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium, Museum of Fine Arts, Ghent and the Musée d'Orsay. The Four Seasons is currently on display at the Philadelphia Museum of Art. The Chalks Sellers and The Stream are currently displayed at the Royal Museums of Fine Arts, Brussels. A street in Schaerbeek has been named after him.

## Selected paintings

* The Golden Age (Morning)
* The Source of Life
* The Plowman's Afternoon Tea
* All Things Die, But All Will Be Resurrected through God's Love (center panel)
* Burial of a Farmer
* The chalk sellers - Triptysh - 1882/1883
* The Stream (Le Ruisseau) - Triptysh - 1890-1899
* The Triptych of The Legende Of Saint François - 1882
* The Ages Of Workers - Triptysh - 1895-1897
# Linda Hunt (reporter)

Linda Hunt is an author and journalist in the United States. She is a former CNN reporter and wrote the book Secret Agenda: The United States Government, Nazi Scientists, and Project Paperclip, 1945–1990 that first revealed Operation Paperclip and the extent to which the Federal government of the United States and United States Armed Forces aided this mission to bring German scientists, engineers, and technicians to the United States after World War II. Hunt broke the story in 1985. She is from St. Petersburg, Florida.
Hunt won the Investigative Reporters and Editors Award in 1985. Hunt uncovered her information through what were then recently declassified government documents obtained under the Freedom of Information Act.
# Galkatas

Galkatas is a common name for the widespread illegal homemade hand gun type in Sri Lanka. There is not any unique or identical shape for this but it is known to fire 9mm or .38 ammunition and even 7.62×39mm Soviet M1943 rounds.
The galkatas is famous among the local underground groups. It is the weapon responsible for most of the homicides committed in Sri Lanka. The weapon is made by local blacksmiths, and due to this, it has many mechanical defects.
# Ōgonkan

Ōgonkan (黄金柑, "golden citrus") or Ki-mikan (黄蜜柑, "yellow mikan") are the common names for a small sized variety of Japanese citrus, whose rind is of a characteristic "golden" bright yellow color.
The variety has been published as the species Citrus flaviculpus by Chōzaburō Tanaka in his 160-species scheme, but this is considered an effort of a "splitter", as opposed to Swingle's classification system which is generally preferred in the West.
Alternate spellings (romanizations) include "Ougonkan" or "Ogon-kan". It has also been called "Golden orange" in Kanagawa Prefecture.

## History

The variety has long been known in Kagoshima Prefecture as Ki-mikan (黄蜜柑, "yellow mikan") but, precise origins are unknown.
According to one assertion, it has been known in Higashi-ichiki-chō (ja) and its neighborhood (now Hioki, Kagoshima) since the Meiji Period. Anecdotally in this Hioki area, the variety is said to have been either introduced by the Jesuit Francisco de Xavier, or brought back from the Korean Peninsula during Hideyoshi's invasions of Korea in the late 16th century. It has been suggested that the name "Ōgonkan" was dubbed by Harutarō Muramatsu (村松春太郎) who introduced the variety to Ehime Prefecture, but this too is poorly documented.

## Fruit

The small fruit has a diameter of 4 to 5 cm (1.6 to 2.0 in), weighing 60 to 80 g (2.1 to 2.8 oz). The rind, which is bright yellow, can be peeled by hand but with difficulty. It has a distinct fragrance, and a considerably sweet flavour, with some balancing acidity. The fruit is harvested from February to April. Seedless (self-incompatibility) traits have been observed.
Its fragrance is similar to the Hyuganatsu, a larger citrus that is also bright yellow, but somewhat sweeter by comparison. Like the Hyuganatsu, the white pith (albedo) may be eaten.
The rind's cold-pressed oil has been studied for fragrance factors, and was found to contain limonene (roughly 80%), followed by the monoterpene Gamma-terpinene (10%), trans beta-farnesene, and myrcene, showing similarity to Hyuganatsu's peel profile, though with quantitative differences in concentrations.

## Regional production

According to government (MAFF) statistics for FY2010, crop yield of the Ōgonkan totaled 137.3 t (metric tons) in all of Japan, with 108.2 t shipped to market, none of it classed as processed goods (i.e., juices, etc.) in the statistics. Kanagawa Prefecture produced 93.4 t, representing 68% of the national total, followed by Shizuoka Prefecture with 25.0 t (18%), Ehime Prefecture with 13.9 t, and Kōchi Prefecture with 5.0 t. Major cultivating areas listed are Odawara and Yugawara-cho (Kanagawa pref.), Numazu, Shizuoka, Uwajima, Seiyo, Imabari (Ehime pref.), and Kōnan, Kōchi.

## Hybrid crossing

The Ōgonkan was the pollinating parent for the hybrid cultivar Hime-Koharu (媛小春) developed by Ehime Prefecture, and was the seed parent of Shonan Gold developed by Kanagawa Prefecture.