OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# William David Kenny

William David Kenny VC (1 February 1899 – 2 January 1920) was a British Indian Army officer and an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

## Early life

Kenny was born in Saintfield, County Down on 1 February 1899.

## Military career

Kenny was commissioned in to the Indian Army as a second lieutenant on 31 August 1918. He was promoted to lieutenant a year later.
He was 20 years old, and a lieutenant in the 4/39th Garhwal Rifles during the Waziristan Campaign when the deed took place for which he was awarded the VC. The citation was published in a supplement to The London Gazette of 7 September 1920 (dated 9 September 1920):
   War Office, 9th September, 1920.
   His Majesty the KING has been graciously pleased to approve of the award of the Victoria Cross to the undermentioned Officers:—
   For most conspicuous bravery and devotion to duty near Kot Kai (Waziristan), on the 2 January 1920, when in command of a company holding an advanced covering position, which was repeatedly attacked by the Mahsuds in greatly superior numbers.
   For over four hours this officer maintained his position, repulsing three determined attacks, being foremost in the hand-to-hand fighting which took place, and repeatedly engaging the enemy with bomb and bayonet. His gallant leadership undoubtedly saved the situation and kept intact the right flank, on which depended the success of the operation and the safety of the troops in rear.
   In the subsequent withdrawal, recognising that a diversion was necessary to enable the withdrawal of the company, which was impeded by their wounded, with a handful of his men he turned back and counter-attacked the pursuing enemy, and, with the rest of his party, was killed fighting to the last.
   This very gallant act of self-sacrifice not only enabled the wounded to be withdrawn, but also averted a situation which must have resulted in considerable loss of life.

## The medal

His Victoria Cross is displayed at the National Army Museum in Chelsea.
Memorials: India Gate, Delhi, India, Donaghadee, County Down, Northern Ireland, Dundalk Grammar School, Dundalk, County Louth, Republic of Ireland.
# PGLO

The pGLO plasmid is an engineered plasmid used in biotechnology as a vector for creating genetically modified organisms. The plasmid contains several reporter genes, most notably the green fluorescent protein (GFP) and the ampicillin resistance gene. GFP was isolated from the jelly fish Aequorea victoria. Because it shares a bidirectional promoter with a gene for metabolizing arabinose, the GFP gene is expressed in the presence of arabinose, which makes the transgenic organism express its fluorescence under UV light. GFP can be induced in bacteria containing the pGLO plasmid by growing them on +arabinose plates. pGLO is made by Bio-Rad Laboratories.

## Structure

pGLO is made up of three genes that are joined together using recombinant DNA technology. They are as follows:
* Bla, which codes for the enzyme beta-lactamase giving the transformed bacteria resistance to the beta-lactam family of antibiotics (such as of the penicillin family)
* araC, a promoter region that regulates the expression of GFP (specifically, the GFP gene will be expressed only in the presence of arabinose)
* GFP, the green fluorescent protein, which gives a green glow if cells produce this type of protein
Like most other circular plasmids, the pGLO plasmid contains an origin of replication (ori), which is a region of the plasmid where replication will originate. The pGLO plasmid was made famous by researchers in France who used it to produce a green fluorescent rabbit named Alba.
Other features on pGLO, like most other plasmids, include a selectable marker and an MCS (multiple cloning site) located at the end of the GFP gene. The plasmid is 5371 base pairs long. In supercoiled form, it runs on an agarose gel in the 4200–4500 range.

## Discovery of GFP

The GFP gene was first observed by Osamu Shimomura and his team in 1962 while studying the jellyfish Aequorea victoria that have a ring of blue light under their umbrella. Shimomura and his team isolated the protein aequorin from thousands of jellyfish until they gathered enough for a full analysis of the protein. It was through the study of aequorin that Shimomura discovered small amounts of GFP which glows green when aequorin emits blue light. After successfully discovering how GFP works with aequorin in the jellyfish, he set it aside to study bioluminescence in other organisms.
In 1994 Marty Chalfie and his team were able to successfully create bacteria and round worms that expressed the GFP protein. Soon after, Roger Tsien and his team were able to create mutant GFP that can emit a range of colors, not just green.
The three scientists hold the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2008 for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP.
# Gervase de Peyer

Gervase Alan de Peyer (11 April 1926 – 4 February 2017) was an English clarinettist and conductor.

## Professional career

Gervase Alan de Peyer was born in London, the eldest of three children of Everard Esmé Vivian de Peyer, and his wife, Edith Mary (née Bartlett). He attended Bedales School, and was awarded a scholarship to the Royal College of Music, where he studied clarinet with Frederick Thurston and piano with Arthur Alexander. Towards the end of World War II, when he was aged 18, he joined the Royal Marines Band Service. He returned to the Royal College of Music after the war and subsequently studied in Paris with Louis Cahuzac.
In 1950 he was a founding member of the Melos Ensemble for which he continued to play until 1974. Their recordings of chamber music for both woodwinds and strings were reissued in 2011, including the works for larger ensembles which were the reason to found the ensemble, such as Beethoven's Septet and Octet, Schubert's Octet and Ravel's Introduction and Allegro, played with Osian Ellis (harp), Richard Adeney (flute), Emanuel Hurwitz and Ivor McMahon (violin), Cecil Aronowitz (viola) and Terence Weil (cello).
From 1956–73 he was principal clarinet of the London Symphony Orchestra. He was a founding member of The Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center in New York in 1969 and played with them for 20 years.
He conducted the English Chamber Orchestra, the London Symphony Orchestra and the Melos Sinfonia; he directed the London Symphony Orchestra Wind Ensemble and was the associate conductor of the Haydn Orchestra. In 1959 he began teaching at the Royal Academy of Music.
De Peyer played first performances of concertos by Arnold Cooke, Sebastian Forbes, Alun Hoddinott, Joseph Horovitz, Thea Musgrave, Elizabeth Maconchy, William Mathias and Edwin Roxburgh. He premiered the Fantasy on an American Hymn Tune Op.70 for clarinet, cello and piano by Kenneth Leighton, commissioned by de Peyer, William Pleeth and Raphael Wallfisch and played by them at the Cheltenham Music Festival in 1975, and Miklós Rózsa's Sonata for Clarinet Solo op. 41 in New York in 1987.

## Selective discography

* Judith Blegen & Frederica von Stade: Songs, Arias & Duets, with the Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center, Columbia, 1975
* Olivier Messiaën: Quatuor pour la fin du temps/Quartet for the End of Time. Abîme des oiseaux/Abyss of birds for solo clarinet. 1969
# Yevgeniy Vladimirov

Yevgeniy Vladimirov (Russian: Евгений Владимиров; born 20 January 1957) is a chess player and trainer from Kazakhstan. He was awarded the title of Grandmaster by FIDE in 1989.

## Career

In 2004, during the 14th Abu Dhabi Chess Festival, Vladimirov played a match against the computer program Hydra, losing three games and drawing one.
He acted as one of Garry Kasparov's seconds in his 1986 World Championship match against Anatoly Karpov, when he was accused by Kasparov of giving information about the former's preparation to Karpov. However, no proof of Vladimirov's treason have ever been produced. In 2004 he was awarded the title of FIDE Senior Trainer. In 2014, at the 1st Annual Asian Chess Excellence Awards in Al Ain, Vladimirov was voted the best coach of the year.
# Melbourne University Soccer Club

Melbourne University Soccer Club, often known as Uniblues, is an Australian association football club based at the University of Melbourne.
The club fields 19 teams for men and women across varying levels of performance, from high-level competitive leagues through to social levels.
The top women's team competes in the NPL Victoria league. The top men's team competes in the Northern division of Victorian State League 4, both governed by Football Federation Victoria.

## History

A volunteer club, MUSC was founded Wednesday, 9 July 1947 by students of the University of Melbourne. It has now grown to be one of Victoria's largest senior soccer clubs. Originally founded by University of Melbourne students, the club has a long history rooted in university culture and student participation.

## Facilities

MUSC is based at Princes Park, Carlton, offering state-of-the-art facilities for training and matches. This location serves as the home ground for the club's most competitive teams as well as recreational squads.

## Women's team & Community Involvement

A women's team was formed 1982, one of the first women's soccer teams in Australia. As a result, MUSC grew in popularity with women players.
   "I later learned that the club was having to consider turning away players, such was the desire for women at university to play soccer."
MUSC's initiatives extend to various community services and charity events, promoting inclusivity and diversity within the sport. One example is the All Gender Games (AGG).

## Competitive Results

The club facilitates intervarsity teams, for both the Southern University Games and Australian University Games.
MUSC has received several competitive trophies, including gold medals at the Australian University Games in 2009 and 2015.
The club has also participated in several international invitational competitions, such as the World Elite University Football Tournament since 2016.
# Nebelhorn

The Nebelhorn is a 2,224-metre-high (7,297 ft) mountain in the Allgäu Alps in Germany, near the village of Oberstdorf. It lends its name to the Nebelhorn Trophy figure skating competition and the Nebelhorn Classics a freeride race event. Also the Nine Knights freeski contest takes place just above the "Höfatsblick" station of the Nebelhornbahn.
Its summit is a well-known viewing point, from where there is a view far into the Alpine massif.
The summit area of the Nebelhorn may be climbed via the Hindelang Klettersteig; it should only be attempted with special equipment (a 'Klettersteig set').

## Gallery

* Summit
* View from Edmund-Probst-Haus to the Nebelhorn
* Nebelhorn from Schattenberg
* Paragliders
* Station Hofätsblick
* Stations Hofätsblick and Gipfelstation
* Nebelhorn and Rubihorn seen from Riedberger Horn
* Trail on the Nebelhorn
# Bound & Gagged (magazine)

Bound & Gagged (ISSN 1058-6849) magazine was published by the Outbound Press from 1987 to 2005. The magazine was dedicated to the interests of gay bondage and discipline practitioners and provided articles about actual encounters, fictional encounters, techniques, fantasies and images of bound and gagged men. It was headquartered in New York City.
According to Bob Wingate, owner of the Outbound Press, publisher and editor of Bound & Gagged,
   "When Bound & Gagged first appeared on the scene, there was virtually nothing else out there. Drummer published bondage stories and photos from time to time, but there was nothing devoted to bondage in all its varied manifestations, from average guys simply cuffing and rope tying each other for fun, to whole ritualistic life-styles in leather and latex, making use of the most elegant and expensive restrictive devices—not to mention everything in between."
A complete set of Bound & Gagged is preserved at the Leather Archives and Museum, as are the 25-box collection of papers of Robert W. Davolt, the editor of Bound & Gagged. In 2017 Davolt was honored along with other notables, named on bronze bootprints, as part of San Francisco South of Market Leather History Alley.

## Suspension of operations

Bound & Gagged was first published in November 1987. The founder was Bob Wingate. The magazine suspended publication immediately after issue #106 in June 2005 following the death of Robert W. Davolt, the magazine's editor.
# Janice Pereira

Dame Janice Mesadis Pereira DBE PC (née George; formerly: George-Creque, Creque), was the Chief Justice of the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court. She became the first female Chief Justice and the first person from the British Virgin Islands to become Chief Justice in 2012.

## Career

She was originally called to the Bar of the British Virgin Islands in 1981, and became a High Court judge in 2003. She was promoted to the Court of Appeal on 9 January 2009 before being appointed to the Chief Justice in 2012.
As Chief Justice of the Court, she was the supreme judicial officer of the courts of Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, the British Virgin Islands, Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. She was created a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in 2013.
On 28 August 2024, it was announced she would be appointed a Privy Councillor on 2 October, and sit on its Judicial Committee.

### Supervisor of elections

Prior to joining the judiciary, as a practising lawyer Janice Pereira twice acted as supervisor for elections in the British Virgin Islands in the 1983 general election (under her maiden name) and in the 1986 general election (under her first married name, Janice George-Creque).
# Dalton Wilkins

Dalton Wilkins (born 15 April 1999) is a New Zealand professional footballer who plays as a left-back for Danish Superliga club Sønderjyske.

## Club career

Wilkins began his career in New Zealand with Auckland City and Eastern Suburbs. In 2019, he moved to Denmark with Helsingør, and then a short loan with Kolding IF in 2019. He transferred permanently to Kolding on 25 January 2022.
On 11 January 2024, Sønderjyske announced the signing of Wilkins on a contract until June 2027.

## International career

Wilkins debuted with the New Zealand national team in a 3–1 friendly loss to Jordan on 28 January 2022.
# Sipadan

Sipadan (Malay: Pulau Sipadan) is the only oceanic island in Malaysia, rising 600 metres (2,000 ft) from the seabed. It is located in the Celebes Sea off the east coast of Sabah, Malaysia. It was formed by living corals growing on top of an extinct volcanic cone that took thousands of years to develop. Sipadan is located at the heart of the Indo-Pacific basin, the centre of one of the richest marine habitats in the world. More than 400 species of fish and hundreds of coral species have been classified in this ecosystem.
Frequently seen in the waters around Sipadan: green and hawksbill turtles (which mate and nest there), enormous schools of barracuda in tornado-like formations as well as large schools of big-eye trevally, and bumphead parrotfish. Pelagic species such as manta rays, eagle rays, scalloped hammerhead sharks and whale sharks also visit Sipadan. A turtle tomb lies underneath the column of the island, formed by an underwater limestone cave with a labyrinth of tunnels and chambers that contain many skeletal remains of turtles that become lost and drown before finding the surface. Visiting Sipadan Island requires a permit issued by Sabah Parks, a Sabah Government agency. Since 2019, there are 178 permits available each day.

## History

In the past, the island was at the centre of a territorial dispute between Malaysia and Indonesia. The matter was brought for adjudication before the International Court of Justice and, at the end of 2002, the Court awarded the island along with the island of Ligitan to Malaysia, on the basis of the "effective occupation" displayed by the latter's predecessor (Malaysia's former colonial power, the United Kingdom) and the absence of any other superior title. The Philippines had applied to intervene in the proceedings on the basis of their claim to Northern Borneo, but their request was turned down by the Court early in 2001.
The island was declared a bird sanctuary in 1933 by the colonial government of North Borneo and re-gazetted in 1963 by the Malaysian government. In the film Borneo: The Ghost of the Sea Turtle (1989) Jacques Cousteau said: "I have seen other places like Sipadan, 45 years ago, but now no more. Now we have found an untouched piece of art".

### Filipino militant attacks

On 23 April 2000, 21 people were kidnapped by the Filipino Moro pirate group Abu Sayyaf. The armed terrorists arrived by boat, forcing 10 tourists and 11 resort workers to board the vessels at gunpoint, after which they brought the victims to Jolo. All of the victims were eventually released. As a result of the attacks, the island management together with Ligitan was put under the Malaysian National Security Council (NSC).
On 8 July 2019, Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad has agreed in principle to return the management of both islands from the NSC back to the Sabah government under Sabah Tourism, Culture and Environment Ministry with the takeover will be done once the federal Cabinet approving the request.

## Gallery

* The island.
* Green sea turtle.
* Beneath the island
# Anuanua Moana

Anuanua Moana ("Rainbow of the Sea") is a research vessel registered in the Cook Islands. It is operated by Moana Minerals and used for conducting surveys for Deep sea mining.
The ship was previously known as the VOS Satisfaction and previously operated as a subsea support vessel to support underwater diving- and ROV-operations as well as some salvage projects. In 2022 it was modified to provide space for scientists as well as lifting and sonar gear.
The ship arrived in the Cook Islands in February 2023. It was named in March 2023 after a public competition. It began its first survey expedition in March 2023. Cook Islands Prime Minister Mark Brown accompanied the ship for the first stage of its voyage, mapping the seabed from Rarotonga to the Nga-Pu-Toru before docking in Aitutaki.
In November 2023 it began an expedition to explore the seabed between Rarotonga and Aitutaki.
# Bürenkhaan, Khentii

Bürenkhaan (Mongolian: Бүрэнхаан) is a town in the Norovlin sum (district) of Khentii Province in eastern Mongolia.
48°53′49″N 111°42′26″E﻿ / ﻿48.89694°N 111.70722°E﻿ / 48.89694; 111.70722
* This Mongolia location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Olaf Karthaus

Olaf Karthaus (born 1963 in Koblenz) is a German polymer chemist and Professor at the Chitose Institute of Science and Technology in Chitose, Hokkaidō, Japan, researching polymer chemistry, thin films, photonics, and nanotechnology.
Karthaus received a PhD from Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz in Mainz, Germany, in 1992 under the supervision of Helmut Ringsdorf. From 1992 to 1993 he worked as a post-doctoral fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation at Tohoku University. He then served as a research assistant from 1994 to 2000 at the Research Institute for Electronic Science at Hokkaido University in Sapporo.
Karthaus was a co-plaintiff with Debito Arudou and Kenneth Sutherland in an anti-discrimination lawsuit against a hot spring (onsen) in Otaru, Japan, that refused entry to individuals with foreign appearance even if they were Japanese citizens.
Karthaus's wife, Yuki Karthaus (カートハウス由希, Kātohausu Yuki), received a personal reply to a letter written to Katsumaro Yamada (山田 勝麿, Yamada Katsumaro), the mayor of Otaru, in 1999.

## Selected publications

He has authored or coauthored 54 peer-reviewed articles in scientific journals: according to Science Citation Index, the ones that have been the most cited are:
* Karthaus, Olaf; Norihiko Maruyama; Xavier Cieren; Masatsugu Shimomura; Hirokazu Hasegawa; Takeji Hashimoto (2000). "Water-Assisted Formation Of Micrometer-Size Honeycomb Patterns Of Polymers". Langmuir. 16 (15): 6071–6076. doi:10.1021/la0001732. (cited 116 times)
* Karthaus, Olaf; Lars Gråsjö; Norihiko Maruyama; Masatsugu Shimomura (1999). "Formation Of Ordered Mesoscopic Polymer Arrays By Dewetting". Chaos. 9 (2): 308–314. Bibcode:1999Chaos...9..308K. doi:10.1063/1.166407. PMID 12779828. (cited 72 times)
* Maruyama, Norihiko; T. Koito; J. Nishida; T. Sawadishu; Xavier Cieren; K. Ijiro; Olaf Karthaus; Masatsugu Shimomura (1998). "Mesoscopic Patterns Of Molecular Aggregates On Solid Substrates". Thin Solid Films. 329: 854–856. Bibcode:1998TSF...327..854M. doi:10.1016/S0040-6090(98)00777-9. (cited 67 times)
* Karthaus, Olaf; H. Ringsdorf; V.V. Tsukruk; J.H. Wendorff (1992). "Columnar Ordering Of Liquid-Crystalline Discotics In Langmuir-Blodgett-Films". Langmuir. 8 (9): 2279–2283. doi:10.1021/la00045a034. (cited 65 times)
* Bengs, H.; O. Karthaus; J. Ringsdorf; C. Baehr; M. Ebert; J.H. Wendorff (1991). "Induction Of A Nematic Columnar Phase In A Discotic Hexagonal Ordered Phase Forming System". Liquid Crystals. 10 (2): 161–168. Bibcode:1991LoCr...10..161B. doi:10.1080/02678299108036422. (cited 44 times)
# Brice Matthews

Brice Andre Matthews (born March 16, 2002) is an American professional baseball infielder in the Houston Astros organization.

## Amateur career

Matthews attended Atascocita High School in Humble, Texas. As a junior in 2019, he hit .426 with four home runs. He went unselected in the 2020 Major League Baseball draft, and enrolled at the University of Nebraska.
As a freshman at Nebraska in 2021, he started 36 games and hit .273 with five home runs and 34 RBIs. As a sophomore in 2022, he hit .261 with seven home runs and 29 RBIs over 45 games. During the summers of 2021 and 2022, he played in the Northwoods League for the St. Cloud Rox. As a junior in 2023, Matthews hit .359 with twenty home runs and 67 RBIs.

## Professional career

Matthews was selected by the Houston Astros with the 28th overall pick in the 2023 Major League Baseball draft. On July 15, 2023, Matthews signed with the Astros. He made his professional debut with the Florida Complex League Astros and, after two games, was then assigned to the Fayetteville Woodpeckers. Over 35 games between the two teams, Matthew hit .208 with four home runs and 11 RBIs. Matthews was assigned to the Asheville Tourists begin 2024 and was promoted to the Corpus Christi Hooks and Sugar Land Space Cowboys during the season. He missed time during the season due to back spasms. Matthews played in 79 games during the 2024 season, batting .265 with 15 home runs, 44 RBIs, and 32 stolen bases.
# Gamal Awad

Gamal Awad (Arabic: جَمَال عَوَض; 9 August 1955 – 6 November 2004) was an Egyptian squash player. He was the younger brother of Mohammed Awad another notable Egyptian squash player. Awad became the Egyptian national champion in 1976, and won the British Amateur championship in 1977 and 1978. He finished runner-up to the great Jahangir Khan at both the 1982 World Masters and the 1983 British Open.
The match for which Awad is best remembered came at the Chichester Open in 1983 against Jahangir, which set a new world record for the longest squash match on record. The first game itself was a record for the longest single game in a squash match, as Awad recovered from 1–8 down to take the game 10–9 in 1 hour and 11 minutes. In the end, Jahangir won the match 9–10, 9–5, 9–7, 9–2 in 2 hours and 46 minutes.
Awad's acrobatic performances on the squash court earned him the nicknames "rubber man" and "grasshopper".
He achieved the highest ranking of his career, World No. 3, in January 1984. Awad retired from the professional squash circuit in 1987, following problems with knee injuries.
Gamal Awad died of a heart attack on 6 November 2004 in Alexandria at the age of 49.
# Agustin Ramírez (baseball)

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#REDIRECT New York Yankees minor league players#Agustín Ramírez