# Local government in the Bahamas

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Local government in the Bahamas exists at two levels: 32 districts and 41 towns. The boundaries of districts are defined by the First Schedule of The Bahamas Local Government Act 1996 (as amended by law and declarations of the Minister responsible for Family Island Affairs), defined with reference to parliamentary constituency boundaries. The Second Schedule lists 13 districts which are divided into town areas. Towns are governed by directly elected town committees. Second Schedule districts are governed by nine-person district councils composed of the chairs of the town committees, and if numerically required, additional people elected by the town committees. The 19 Third Schedule districts are unitary authorities which cannot be divided into towns. They are governed by nine-person district councils which are directly elected by voters. The powers of Second Schedule and Third Schedule councils are slightly different, and the Third Schedule district known as the City of Freeport has a slightly different list of enumerated powers.
At the national level, local government policy is formulated and administered by the Department of Lands and Local Government through the Office of the Prime Minister. The day-to-day policy handling of the portfolio falls to the Minister of Local Government who also is empowered to modify the list and boundaries of districts. Administrative and financial management of local government is overseen by the ministry's permanent secretary.

## History

Local government previously existed in the Bahamas in the form of appointed "Board of Works". Here towns and villages held their influence over these Board of Works, but almost all final decisions were made by the central government through that islands' Commissioner. The modern system of local government that is in use today was created by the 8 March 1996. The Out Islands of the country could now enjoy a somewhat greater degree of autonomy, but New Providence Island, in which the capital city Nassau is located, was to be directly governed by the central government. The Act defines the form of government in each district by listing it on either its Second Schedule or its Third Schedule.

## Districts

The Districts of the Bahamas provide a system of local government everywhere in the Bahamas except New Providence (where Nassau the capital is located, whose affairs are handled directly by the central government). The current system dates from 1996 when 23 districts were created by The Bahamas Local Government Act of 1996; a further 9 have been added since 1999.
Since the creation of the system, the question of local government for New Providence has been debated. The Minister responsible for Family Island Affairs has the power to create one or more districts for all or part of New Providence by decree.
As of the 1999 updates, the Second Schedule districts are:
* Cat Island
* Central Abaco
* Central Andros
* Central Eleuthera
* East Grand Bahama
* Exuma
* Long Island
* North Abaco
* North Andros
* South Abaco
* South Andros
* South Eleuthera
* West Grand Bahama
As of the 1999 updates, the Third Schedule districts are:
* Acklins
* Berry Islands
* Bimini
* Black Point
* City of Freeport
* Crooked Island
* Grand Cay
* Harbour Island
* Hope Town
* Inagua
* Long Cay
* Mangrove Cay
* Mayaguana
* Moore's Island
* North Eleuthera
* Ragged Island
* Rum Cay
* San Salvador
* Spanish Wells

### New Providence

There are 24 Supervisory Districts.
| Supervisory district | Population (2022) | Male | Female |
| Bain and Grants Town | 10,361 | 4,996 | 5,365 |
| Bamboo Town | 13,965 | 6,734 | 7,231 |
| Carmichael | 11,931 | 5,753 | 6,178 |
| Centreville | 12,817 | 6,180 | 6,637 |
| Elizabeth | 13,468 | 6,494 | 6,974 |
| Englerston | 12,082 | 5,826 | 6,256 |
| Freetown | 12,943 | 6,241 | 6,702 |
| Fort Charlotte | 10,809 | 5,212 | 5,597 |
| Fox Hill | 13,855 | 6,681 | 7,174 |
| Garden Hills | 10,423 | 5,026 | 5,397 |
| Golden Gates | 9,924 | 4,785 | 5,139 |
| Golden Isles | 16,220 | 7,821 | 8,399 |
| Killarney | 17,679 | 8,525 | 9,154 |
| Marathon | 11,788 | 5,684 | 6,104 |
| Mount Moriah | 10,338 | 4,985 | 5,353 |
| Nassau Village | 11,717 | 5,650 | 6,067 |
| Pinewood | 10,666 | 5,143 | 5,523 |
| Sea Breeze | 12,682 | 6,115 | 6,567 |
| South Beach | 12,292 | 5,927 | 6,365 |
| Southern Shores | 12,831 | 6,187 | 6,644 |
| St Annes | 13,037 | 6,286 | 6,751 |
| St Barnabas | 10,570 | 5,097 | 5,473 |
| Tall Pines | 15,135 | 7,298 | 7,837 |
| Yamacraw | 8,988 | 4,334 | 4,654 |
| New Providence | 296,521 | 142,980 | 153,541 |
| The Bahamas | 398,916 | 192,546 | 206,370 |

### Demographics

| District(s) or Other Area | Island Group | Population (2022) | Male | Female | Largest City |
| Acklins | Acklins | 692 | 334 | 358 | Salina Point |
| Berry Islands | Berry Islands | 1,016 | 490 | 526 | Great Harbour Cay |
| Bimini | Bimini | 2,418 | 1,166 | 1,252 | Alice Town |
| Cat Island | Cat Island | 1,601 | 772 | 829 | New Bight |
| Central Grand Bahama (parliamentary constituency in Freeport) | Grand Bahama | 11,496 | 5,543 | 5,953 | Freeport |
| Crooked Island | Crooked Island | 305 | 147 | 158 | Landrial Point |
| East Grand Bahama | Grand Bahama | 11,011 | 5,502 | 5,509 | Pelican Point |
| Exuma + Black Point | Exuma + Black Point | 7,293 | 3,517 | 3,776 | George Town |
| Harbour Island | Eleuthera | 1,861 | 897 | 964 | Dunmore Town |
| Inagua | Inagua | 856 | 413 | 443 | Matthew Town |
| Long Island | Long Island | 2,887 | 1,392 | 1,495 | Burnt Ground |
| Marco City (parliamentary constituency in Freeport) | Grand Bahama | 10,527 | 5,076 | 5,451 | Freeport |
| Mayaguana | Mayaguana | 208 | 100 | 108 | Abraham's Bay |
| New Providence | New Providence | 296,521 | 142,980 | 153,541 | Nassau |
| North Abaco + Grand Cay + Green Turtle Cay + Hope Town | Abaco | 10,057 | 4,849 | 5,208 | Treasure Cay |
| North Andros | Andros | 4,069 | 1,962 | 2,107 | Nicholls Town |
| North Eleuthera | Eleuthera | 3,923 | 1,892 | 2,031 | The Bluff |
| Pineridge (parliamentary constituency in Freeport) | Grand Bahama | 8,082 | 3,897 | 4,185 | Freeport |
| Ragged Island | Ragged Island | 44 | 21 | 23 | Duncan Town |
| Rum Cay | Rum Cay | 90 | 43 | 47 | Port Nelson |
| San Salvador | San Salvador | 825 | 398 | 427 | Cockburn Town |
| South Abaco + Central Abaco + Moore's Island | Abaco | 6,530 | 3,149 | 3,381 | Marsh Harbour |
| South Andros + Central Andros + Mangrove Cay | Andros | 3,711 | 1,789 | 1,922 | Moxey Town |
| South Eleuthera + Central Eleuthera | Eleuthera | 5,324 | 2,567 | 2,757 | Rock Sound |
| Spanish Wells | Eleuthera | 1,609 | 776 | 833 | Spanish Wells |
| West Grand Bahama | Grand Bahama | 5,960 | 2,874 | 3,086 | West End |
| The Bahamas | The Bahamas | 398,916 | 192,546 | 206,370 | Nassau (Capital) |

## Towns

As of the 2022 local elections, the town areas of the Bahamas include:
* Cat Island District
** Arthur's Town
** The Bight
* Central Abaco District
** Marsh Harbour and Spring City
** Murphy Town
** Dundas Town
* Central Andros District
** Behring Point and Cargill Creek
** Fresh Creek
** Staniard Creek
* Central Eleuthera District
** Gregory Town
** Savannah Sound
** James Cistern Town
** Hatchet Bay
* East Grand Bahama District
** McCleans Town and Pelican Point
** Freetown
* Exuma District
** East Exuma
** West Exuma
* Long Island District
** North End
* North Abaco District
** Little Abaco
** Cooper's Town
** Treasure Cay
* North Andros District
** Lowe Sound
** Nicholls Town
** Mastic Point
* South Abaco District
** Crossing Rock
** Sandy Point
* South Andros District
** Deep Creek
** Kemp's Bay
** The Bluff
** Long Bay Cays
* South Eleuthera District
** Wemyss Bight
* West Grand Bahama District
** Eight Mile Rock West
** Pinder's Point

## Types of councils

Every district in the Bahamas, with the exception of New Providence, has a district council. A district council is a corporate body with perpetual succession; capable of entering into contracts, of suing and being sued, of acquiring, holding, leasing and disposing of property of any description, and of doing all such things and entering into such transactions that are within the scope of the Local Government Act. District Councillors are elected by the population of that district in accordance with Local Government Act. As stated in The Bahamas Local Government Act 1996, Districts councillors shall within two weeks of their election, elect from among themselves a Chief Councillor. The Chief Councillor is the representative of a Districts Council for all affairs and presides over all meetings and also themselves co-ordinate these meetings.
All districts councils are classed as first-schedule councils. The first-schedule is further sub-divided into two types of councils: two tier second-schedule district councils that have town committees within their jurisdiction, and unitary third-tier district councils. Second-schedule districts have the following statutory boards and committees:
* Road Traffic Licensing Authority
* Port and Harbour Authority
* Hotel Licensing Board
* Liquor and Shop Licensing
* Town Planning Committee
Town committees are sub-structures of the second-schedule district councils, but are also corporate bodies themselves. They share responsibility with second-schedule district councils for a number of the schedule local government functions. They also have statutory responsibility for local regulation and licensing within their jurisdiction. Third-schedule districts councils are unique within the Bahamas because they combine the responsibilities of the second-schedule districts and of the town committees. Both second- and third-schedule district councils carry out a building control function.
Distribution of councils and population (2022 Census) :
| Island Group | 2nd tier | 3rd tier | Town (+1,000) | Population |
| New Providence | 0 | 0 | 1 | 296,521 |
| Abaco islands | 2 | 0 | 4 | 16,587 |
| Acklins | 0 | 1 | 0 | 692 |
| Andros Island | 2 | 0 | 0 | 7,780 |
| Berry Islands | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1,016 |
| Bimini | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2,418 |
| Cat Island | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1,601 |
| Crooked Island | 0 | 1 | 0 | 305 |
| Grand Bahama | 2 | 3 | 2 | 47,076 |
| Eleuthera | 2 | 2 | 2 | 12,717 |
| Exuma and Cays | 1 | 0 | 1 | 7,293 |
| Inagua | 0 | 1 | 0 | 856 |
| Long Island | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2,887 |
| Mayaguana | 0 | 1 | 0 | 208 |
| Ragged Island | 0 | 1 | 0 | 44 |
| Rum Cay | 0 | 1 | 0 | 90 |
| San Salvador | 0 | 1 | 0 | 825 |
| TOTAL | 13 | 19 | | 351,461 |

## Elections

Local government elections take place once every three years in the Bahamas with the most recent elections taking place on 27 January 2022. The 2020 elections were postponed due to COVID-19 until Emergency Power Orders were lifted. The voting system used in local government elections is the first-past-the-post system. Both councillors of third-schedule district councils and members of town committees are directly elected, while members of second-schedule councils are indirectly elected from town committees. Third schedule district councils have between five and nine members, whereas the size of councils in both second-schedule councils and town committees varies according to population size. By elections are held whenever the need arises. A councillor is deemed to have resigned if they are absent for three consecutive meetings.
For both types of district councils the Chief Councillors and their deputies are indirectly elected from amongst the elected officials. They serve for the lifetime of the council and the Minister of Local Government determines their stipend. Second-schedule district councils' statutory boards also elect chairpersons and their deputies from amongst their members.

## Major islands

Islands of the Bahamas :
| Island's name | Capital (or largest settlement) | Population | Area (km$^2$) |
| Abaco | Marsh Harbour | 17,224 | 1,681 |
| Acklins | Spring Point | 565 | 497 |
| Andros | Andros Town | 7,490 | 5,957 |
| Berry Islands | Nicholls Town | 807 | 31 |
| Bimini | Alice Town | 1,988 | 23 |
| Cat Island | Arthur's Town | 1,522 | 389 |
| Crooked Island | Colonel Hill | 330 | 241 |
| Eleuthera | Governor's Harbour | 8,202 | 484 |
| Exuma and Cays | George Town | 6,928 | 250 |
| Grand Bahama | Freeport City | 51,368 | 1,373 |
| Harbour Island | Dunmore Town | 1,762 | 8 |
| Inagua | Matthew Town | 913 | 1,551 |
| Long Island | Clarence Town | 3,094 | 596 |
| Mayaguana | Abraham's Bay | 277 | 285 |
| New Providence | Nassau | 248,329 | 207 |
| Ragged | Duncan Town | 72 | 36 |
| Rum Cay | Port Nelson | 99 | 78 |
| San Salvador | Cockburn Town | 940 | 163 |
| Spanish Wells | Spanish Wells | 1,551 | 26 |
| The Bahamas | Nassau | 351,461 | 13,943 |