# Phillip Island

Phillip Island (Boonwurrung: Corriong, Worne or Millowl) is an Australian island about 125 km (78 mi) south-southeast of Melbourne, Victoria. The island is named after Governor Arthur Phillip, the first Governor of New South Wales, by explorer and seaman George Bass, who sailed in a whaleboat, arriving from Sydney on 5 January 1798.
Phillip Island forms a natural breakwater for the shallow waters of the Western Port. It is 26 km (16 mi) long and 9 km (5.6 mi) wide, with an area of about 101 km$^2$ (40 sq mi). It has 97 km (60 mi) of coastline and is part of the Bass Coast Shire.
A 640 m (2,100 ft) concrete bridge (originally a wooden bridge) connects the mainland town San Remo with the island town Newhaven. In the 2021 census, the island's permanent population was 13,799, compared to 7,071 in 2001. During the summer, the population swells to 40,000. 60% of the island is farmland devoted to grazing of sheep and cattle.
Phillip Island is formally recognised by UNESCO as part of the Mornington Peninsula and Western Port Biosphere Reserve. The designation as a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve highlights areas of exceptional natural significance where communities collaborate to promote sustainable living practices and sits within a global network of 759 Biosphere Reserves spanning 136 countries.

## History

The earliest inhabitants of the area were the Yalloc Bulluk clan of the Bunurong people, of the Kulin nation. In the Bunwurrung language the island is known as corriong or millowl. Their coastal territory with its sheltered bays meant that the Yalloc Bulluk, along with other Bunurong clans, were among the first Aboriginal people in Victoria to have contact with European mariners.
Following reports of the 1798 exploration by George Bass and Matthew Flinders, the area was frequented by sealers from Van Diemen's Land, whose interaction with the Bunurong people was not without conflict. In 1801, navigator James Grant visited the adjoining Churchill Island (which he named) and planted a crop of corn and wheat. In 1826, the scientific voyage of Dumont d'Urville, in command of the corvette Astrolabe, led to British concerns of an attempt by the French to establish a colony in Western Port. This saw the dispatch from Sydney of HMS Fly, under the command of Captain Wetherall, and the brigs Dragon and Amity, by Governor Darling.
While the French colonisation did not eventuate, Wetherall reported on finding a sealer's camp and also two acres of wheat and corn. A fort was constructed near Rhyll, and named Dumaresq after the Governor's private secretary. The "abundance" of wood, quality soil and the discovery of coal at Cape Woolamai, were mentioned in newspaper accounts. Wetherall also erected a flag staff on "the flat-top'd rock off Point Grant" (commonly known today as The Nobbies) on the Island's Western extremity as a marker for the harbour entrance.
Of his encounters with the Bunurong people, Wetherall told Darling:
   "The Natives appear numerous, but we have not been able to obtain an interview, as they desert their camp, and run into the woods on our approach, watching our movements until we depart. As I am aware it is Your Excellency's wish to conciliate them as much as possible, I have not allowed them to be pursued, or molested in any way."
The only reservation Wetherall had was on the island's supply of water; he dug a "tide-well" near the fort but assessed the source as "not in sufficient quantities for the supply of shipping" and this problem would lead to the eventual move to Settlement Point on the mainland coast.
During the third voyage of HMS Beagle, in 1839, water was "found by digging in the centre of a clump of bushes on the outer part of the point at the N.E. extremity of the island, which at high water became an island, [and] occasionally made the water brackish" although it was noted "better might have been found a short distance in shore, as there were abundance of shrubs and other indications of water in the neighbourhood". The water question was again addressed, by Captain Moore, who accompanied Surveyor Robert Hoddle in 1840, that "water can be obtained on Phillip Island, near the best anchorage, off Sandy Point."
In 1835 Samuel Anderson established the third permanent settlement in what would be Victoria at the mainland site of Bass across the bay from Phillip Island. In 1841, brothers John David and William McHaffie, were granted Phillip Island as a squatting run and took possession in 1842. The McHaffies, and later settlers, assisted the Victorian Acclimatisation society (forerunner of the committee which established the Melbourne Zoo) by introducing animals such as pheasants, deer and wallabies to Phillip Island.
Plans for the first bridge to the island, from San Remo to Newhaven commenced in 1938, at a cost of £50,000, with the official opening by Premier Albert Dunstan taking place in November 1940. A full public holiday was declared on the island to celebrate.
In 2018, Phillip Island commemorated its 150th anniversary. To mark the moment, various events ran throughout the year including a community street parade, which took place on Saturday 3rd November. The Phillip Island & District Historical Society is a repository of the Island’s rich history. Visit the new museum display at Berninneit (Cowes Cultural Centre), or explore the Historical Society website for more information.

## Environment
### Wildlife

Phillip Island Nature Parks manages nature conservation and ecotourism on the island.
The southern and western coasts of the island lie within the Phillip Island Important Bird Area, so identified by BirdLife International because of its importance in supporting significant populations of little penguins, short-tailed shearwaters and Pacific gulls. As of 2023 the island's population of little penguins is estimated at around 40,000, with the birds living on the Summerland Estate on the Summerland Peninsula (which was bought by the Victorian Government in the 1980s for use as a wildlife reserve). After many penguins died in a 2019 heatwave, native plants such as bower spinach were planted around penguin boxes to insulate them. Grass fires, largely due to poor practices since settlement, and projected to occur more frequently as a result of climate change, threaten the penguins' habitat, and it has been observed that they do not move away from fire. A project is under way to replace more flammable introduced plants with less flammable endemic species, creating natural firebreaks. The island's penguins have also been threatened by an invasive fox population. After the foxes were mostly eradicated in 2017, the absence of predators led to a rise in the invasive rabbit population, which in turn exacerbated erosion and threatened native orchid species. Conservationists have used phosphine gas to fumigate the island's extensive rabbit warrens, which can destabilise houses.
In addition, there is a wildlife park where wallabies and kangaroos roam freely amongst the visitors and can be fed by hand. Seal Rocks, at the western end of the island, hosts the largest colony of fur seals in Australia (up to 16,000 around 2008).
In recent years, other than local population of critically endangered endemic Burrunan dolphins or migratory killer whales, southern right whales and humpback whales are starting to show recoveries in the area long after commercial and illegal hunts by the Soviet Union with the help of Japan in 1970s, and the numbers using the area as nursery were growing rapidly by October 2014, allowing a rise in hopes to establish commercial whale watching activities in the vicinity of the island.
The Eastern barred bandicoot, a marsupial similar in size to a rabbit, is native to mainland Victoria. The mainland population faces significant challenges and remains the focus of ongoing conservation efforts. In recent years, successful reintroductions have taken place on Phillip Island and in the Westernport Bay region.

### Climate

Phillip Island possesses an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb), with tepid, relatively dry summers and mild, wetter winters. Tempered by prevailing south-westerly winds from the Bass Strait, the island has a milder climate than Melbourne. Average maxima vary from 23.8 °C (74.8 °F) in February to 13.5 °C (56.3 °F) in July, while average minima fluctuate between 14.0 °C (57.2 °F) in February and 6.8 °C (44.2 °F) in July. Mean precipitation is moderately low (averaging 738.1 mm (29.06 in) per annum), but rainfall is frequent, as Phillip Island receives 151.4 precipitation days annually (with a maximum frequency of rain in winter). The island is not very sunny, experiencing 31.8 clear days and 98.7 cloudy days per year. Extreme temperatures have ranged from 41.5 °C (106.7 °F) on 29 January 2009 to −2.3 °C (27.9 °F) on 28 July 1994.
Phillip Island's Grand Prix motorcycle race is traditionally held in October, often seeing unreliable and fickle weather conditions, such as very cold surface temperatures and extreme wind.
On 10 August 2005, snow was observed on the island. This was a very unusual event.
Climate data for Phillip Island (38°31′S 145°09′E﻿ / ﻿38.51°S 145.15°E﻿ / -38.51; 145.15, 7 m AMSL) (1981-2018 normals & extremes) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 41.5 (106.7) | 39.2 (102.6) | 37.2 (99.0) | 33.0 (91.4) | 25.1 (77.2) | 21.8 (71.2) | 21.8 (71.2) | 23.8 (74.8) | 27.8 (82.0) | 30.9 (87.6) | 34.2 (93.6) | 39.2 (102.6) | 41.5 (106.7) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 23.7 (74.7) | 23.8 (74.8) | 22.3 (72.1) | 19.8 (67.6) | 16.8 (62.2) | 14.4 (57.9) | 13.5 (56.3) | 14.5 (58.1) | 16.1 (61.0) | 17.8 (64.0) | 19.8 (67.6) | 21.9 (71.4) | 18.7 (65.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 13.9 (57.0) | 14.0 (57.2) | 12.9 (55.2) | 10.6 (51.1) | 8.9 (48.0) | 7.5 (45.5) | 6.8 (44.2) | 7.3 (45.1) | 8.3 (46.9) | 9.1 (48.4) | 10.5 (50.9) | 12.1 (53.8) | 10.2 (50.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 4.0 (39.2) | 4.4 (39.9) | 1.6 (34.9) | 0.7 (33.3) | −0.2 (31.6) | −1.5 (29.3) | −2.3 (27.9) | −2.0 (28.4) | −1.0 (30.2) | 0.6 (33.1) | 0.5 (32.9) | 1.7 (35.1) | −2.3 (27.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 33.4 (1.31) | 34.0 (1.34) | 49.4 (1.94) | 63.1 (2.48) | 70.0 (2.76) | 78.2 (3.08) | 76.9 (3.03) | 79.7 (3.14) | 69.5 (2.74) | 66.9 (2.63) | 60.0 (2.36) | 48.9 (1.93) | 738.1 (29.06) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 7.8 | 6.8 | 9.5 | 12.5 | 13.9 | 15.3 | 17.6 | 17.7 | 15.9 | 13.8 | 11.4 | 9.2 | 151.4 |
| Average afternoon relative humidity (%) | 67 | 67 | 67 | 69 | 76 | 78 | 76 | 73 | 71 | 69 | 69 | 68 | 71 |
| Average dew point °C (°F) | 13.8 (56.8) | 14.8 (58.6) | 13.6 (56.5) | 11.8 (53.2) | 10.6 (51.1) | 9.4 (48.9) | 8.1 (46.6) | 8.2 (46.8) | 8.8 (47.8) | 9.9 (49.8) | 11.5 (52.7) | 12.6 (54.7) | 11.1 (52.0) |
| Source: Bureau of Meteorology (1981-2018 normals & extremes) ||||||||||||||

## Tourism

Phillip Island is a significant tourist destination visited by 3.5 million people annually. The island is home to approximately 40,000 penguins making it the largest penguin colony in the world. The Penguin Parade at Phillip Island Nature Park, in which little penguins come ashore in groups, attracts visitors from around Australia and all over the world. They come to see one of the few areas where this species of penguin can be seen, but visitors are reminded photography is not permitted for the birds' safety.
The Nobbies Centre is an ecotourism destination located at Point Grant, on the western tip of Phillip Island. Once known as the Seal Rocks Sea Life Centre, the centre is managed by the Phillip Island Nature Park. A network of boardwalks outside the centre allow visitors to view the seal colony, The Nobbies, and The Blowhole.
Phillip Island is also renowned for its consistently reliable and diverse surf conditions, making it one of the premier surfing destinations in the country. In 2013, Victoria’s first National Surfing Reserve was established on the island, encompassing four key locations along the coast: Woolamai, Smiths Beach, Summerlands, and Cat Bay. The National Surfing Reserve is guided by the philosophy of “care, share, and preserve.” Phillip Island has a strong history of hosting major surfing events, including the Rip Curl Pro and the Roxy Pro Women’s Surfing Festival. Currently, it is the venue for the World Surfing League – Phillip Island Pro event.
As whales embark on their annual migration north along the Victorian coastline, these magnificent creatures can be seen navigating the coastal waters around Phillip Island. Each year from May to September, the island becomes a seasonal haven for humpback whales, southern right whales, and occasionally, killer whales. Other events include the Churchill Island Working Horse and Pioneer Festival.
Established by volunteer veterans, the National Vietnam Veterans Museum features a distinctive collection of artefacts, vehicles and memorabilia from the Vietnam War era, dedicated to supporting veterans and preserving the stories of service and sacrifice.
In September 2023 authorities issued a safety reminder after a 22-year-old woman fell 50 metres down a cliff edge from the Pinnacles Lookout at Cape Woolamai while taking photos for social media.

### Motorsport

Phillip Island is steeped in the history of Australian motor racing. A temporary circuit utilizing the island's interior public roads was used for the inaugural Australian Grand Prix in 1928 and continued to be used for the race up until 1935. Racing on public road circuits continued through to 1940. In 1952 the Phillip Island Auto Racing Club was formed and commenced construction on the permanent Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit which opened in 1956. In 1960, the inaugural Armstrong 500 was held, although, with the bridge to the mainland unable to support heavy hotmix bitumen equipment, the track broke up during the third running of the race in 1962. The damage rendered the circuit unusable for racing and for 1963 the Armstrong 500 was relocated to the Mount Panorama Circuit and over time evolved into what is known today as the Bathurst 1000.
The circuit was refurbished and was reopened in October 1967. It was closed in 1978, but was redeveloped and re-opened in 1988 and the following year hosted the first international version of the Australian motorcycle Grand Prix. It continues to host the race today and is also a venue for rounds of the Superbike World Championship, the MotoGP Championship, the V8 Supercars Championship and the Australian Drivers' Championship.

## Phillip Island in the media

For over 150 years, Phillip Island has captured the imagination of storytellers, and is featured in a wide range of media from fiction and non-fiction books to poetry, documentaries, and Hollywood films. Known for its breathtaking coastal scenery and famous Penguin Parade, the island has served as a backdrop in Australian literature, television, and nature documentaries. It has also appeared in international productions, with its dramatic landscapes lending themselves to film and TV, solidifying its place in both Australian culture and global media. The most famous example is On the Beach, which brought Hollywood royalty Fred Astere, Gregory Peck, Ava Gardner and Anthony Perkins to Phillip Island, whilst filming scenes at the Grand Prix Circuit.
Films:
* On the Beach (1959)
* Summerfield (1977)
* The Hands of Cormac Joyce (1972)
Documentary:
* Martin Clunes: Islands of Australia (2016)
* Penguin Island (2010) by BBC
Short Films:
* Mermaid homesick (2016)
* Spotwind (2020)
* Severance Bay (2023)
Books:
* Phillip Island and Western Port (1989) by Jean Edgecombe
* The Facing Island (2003) by Jan Bassett
* Phillip Island: A history of motorsport since 1928 (2005) by Jim Scraysbrook
* Islands of Australia (2009) by Marc Fiddian
* 500 Million years on Phillip Island (2021) by Linda Cuttriss and Eric Bird
* Once upon an Island: The early days of Phillip Island (2023)
* The Littlest Penguin and the Phillip Island Penguin Parade (2023) by Jedda Robbard
* Phillip Island: The inside story of Australia's fastest racetrack, our home of motorsport (2024) by John Smailes

## Localities

Towns on the island include:
* Cape Woolamai
* Cowes
* Newhaven
* Rhyll
* Silverleaves
* Smiths Beach
* Summerlands
* Sunderland Bay
* Surf Beach
* Ventnor
* Wimbledon Heights

## Notable residents

* William Watt, politician
* Frank Sedgman, tennis player
* Alan Jackson, business executive
* Graeme Strachan, singer
* Manning Clark, historian
* Chris Hemsworth, actor
* Liam Hemsworth, actor
* Luke Hemsworth, actor
* Nikki van Dijk, professional surfer
* Sam Docherty, AFL footballer