# Elias Zerhouni

Elias Zerhouni (in Arabic إلياس زرهوني) (born April 12, 1951) is an Algerian-born American scientist, radiologist, biomedical engineer, entrepreneur, and pharmaceutical industry executive, known for having been the 15th Director of the National Institutes of Health.
He spent much of his career on the faculty of the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, serving as an executive vice dean from 1996 to 2002. He was the 15th director of the National Institutes of Health, in post from May 2, 2002, to October 31, 2008, under the George W. Bush administration. In 2009, under the Obama administration, he served as one of the country's first presidential science envoys to foster scientific and technologic collaboration with other nations. He was a senior fellow for the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation from 2009 to 2010. From January 2011 until his retirement on June 30th, 2018, he was the President for Global Research and Development at the pharmaceutical company Sanofi.
In October 2020, Zerhouni co-founded ModeX Therapeutics, a privately held biotechnology company focused on developing multi-specific immune therapies for cancer and infectious diseases. In 2022, ModeX was acquired by OPKO Health, and Zerhouni was appointed President and Vice Chairman of the latter.

## Education and career

A resident of Florida, Zerhouni was born in Nedroma, Algeria. He grew up during the Algerian War of Independence. Having earned his M.D. degree at the University of Algiers, School of Medicine, in 1975, Zerhouni emigrated to the United States to study radiology at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. His initial, informal residency (sponsored by the Algerian government) turned into a formal residency. He went on to positions of increasing responsibility in the Hopkins radiology department, including chief resident and assistant professor.
He then became vice chair of the Department of Radiology at Eastern Virginia Medical School and its affiliated DePaul Hospital from 1981 to 1985. In 1985, Zerhouni returned to Johns Hopkins as co-director of body CT and MRI and was promoted to associate professor. He was appointed sole director of the MRI division in 1988 and in 1992 was promoted to full professor. In 1995, he was also made a professor of biomedical engineering at Hopkins. In 1996, he was named chair of the radiology department at Johns Hopkins. Zerhouni was appointed executive vice dean of the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in 1996, serving as vice dean for Clinical Affairs and president of the Clinical Practice Association (1996-1999) and vice dean for Research (1999–2002).
In the early 1980s, Zerhouni set up Computerized Imaging Reference Systems (a manufacturer of tissue-equivalent phantoms for densitometry, calibration, quality control, research, and training in medical imaging and radiation therapy, now part of Mirion Technologies). Zerhouni also set up Advanced Medical Imaging Institute, an integrated outpatient medical imaging center, with different modalities combined into one location. His other ventures included Biopsys Medical (Zerhouni envisioned and co-invented an image-guided, less-invasive breast biopsy method to diagnose breast cancer), which was acquired by Johnson & Johnson in 1997, and American Radiology Services, an expansion of Johns Hopkins outpatient radiology.
Zerhouni was on the National Cancer Institute's Board of Scientific Advisors (1998-2002), was a consultant to the White House under President Ronald Reagan (1985), and was a consultant to the World Health Organization (1988).

## National Institutes of Health (2002–2008)

Zerhouni was appointed Director of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) by President George W. Bush. Confirmed by the Senate in April 2002, he was in post until October 2008. He was the first immigrant to hold the title of NIH Director. Whilst he was in post, the agency carried out work including:
* Set up the NIH Roadmap for Medical Research, aimed to accelerate medical discovery. The roadmap was focused on efforts that no single or small group of institutes or centers at NIH could or should conduct on its own.
* Congress passing (with bipartisan support) and President Bush signing into law the NIH Reform Act of 2006, the agency’s third reauthorization in its history.
* Supporting the NIH Neuroscience Blueprint.
* Establishing an NIH-wide research initiative to address the obesity epidemic.
* Making health disparities (preventable differences in the burden of disease, injury, violence, or in opportunities to achieve optimal health, experienced by socially disadvantaged racial, ethnic, and other population groups) a research priority.
* Helping create the Working Group on Women in Biomedical Careers, made to address barriers that women in the biomedical workforce face, which affect their advancement and retention in the field.
* Supporting research related to women's health and the completion of a vaccine to help protect against human papillomavirus (HPV).
* Ensuring public access to NIH-funded research results.
* The creation of the NIH Director’s Pioneer Award Program for high-risk, high-reward, breakthrough science, and the NIH Director's New Innovator Award, established in 2007.
* Reforming peer review to help increase support for younger, early-stage investigators.
Zerhouni is on the board of the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health.

## Legion of Honour, Presidential Envoy, Senior Fellow

In 2008, at the Élysée Palace, French President Nicolas Sarkozy awarded Zerhouni the Legion of Honour, France’s highest order of merit. The award was given to Zerhouni for his role in helping mend the relationship between the NIH and Pasteur Institute in France.
In 2009, under the Obama administration, he served as one of the country's first presidential science and technology envoys to foster scientific and technologic collaboration with other nations. He also served as a Senior Fellow for the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation from 2009 through 2010.
During this period, the American Association for the Advancement of Science and Science magazine launched Science Translational Medicine, of which Zerhouni was a founding editor. He also served on the board of Actelion Pharmaceuticals, a Swiss biotechnology company.

## President, Global R&D of Sanofi

Sanofi, a global pharmaceutical company, appointed Zerhouni as the head of Research and Development in 2011. He retired from Sanofi in June 2018.

## Foundation Work and Corporate Boards

Following his retirement from Sanofi, Zerhouni joined a number of boards, including the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, Research!America, and the Lasker Foundation. He also became a founding board member of the Davos Alzheimer’s Collaborative (DAC), a global partnership of like-minded organizations mobilizing the world against Alzheimer’s disease.
Zerhouni agreed to join the management board of Waypoint Capital (now B-FLEXION, chaired by Ernesto Bertarelli), and he also continued to serve on the board of Danaher Corporation.

## ModeX and OPKO Health

In 2020, Zerhouni co-founded ModeX Therapeutics with R&D leaders Gary Nabel, Zhi-yong Yang, Ronnie Wei, Chih-Jen Wei, and Elizabeth Nabel. ModeX is a biotechnology company focused on developing multi-specific biologic drugs for cancer and infectious diseases. The ModeX product portfolio includes cancer immunotherapies that combine four specificities into one protein to improve targeting and immune killing, as well as masking or “stealth” technology to improve tumor-specific killing and reduce side effects. For viral diseases, the lead targets of a broad multi-specific antibody portfolio include HIV and SARS-CoV-2, and a vaccine for Epstein-Barr virus is also in development.
In 2022, ModeX was acquired by OPKO Health, and Zerhouni was appointed President and Vice Chairman of the latter. In 2023, ModeX signed a deal with Merck & Co to develop an Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) vaccine. This same year, ModeX was also awarded a contract from the U.S. Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) to advance a platform and specific candidates designed to address a range of public health threats in viral infectious diseases. In 2025, ModeX announced dosing of the first participant in the Phase I study of an EBV vaccine candidate being developed in collaboration with Merck & Co.

## Memberships

Zerhouni served on the board of trustees of the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology in Saudi Arabia.
Zerhouni is an elected member of the U.S. National Academy of Medicine and U.S. National Academy of Engineering, an emeritus public trustee on the board of trustees of the Mayo Clinic, a member emeritus (honored member for life) of the Radiological Society of North America, professor emeritus of radiology and biomedical engineering at Johns Hopkins University, a member of the board of fellows of Stanford Medicine, a member of the board of directors of Research!America, a member of the board of directors of the Foundation for the NIH, a member of the board of directors of the Lasker Foundation, a founding board member of the Davos Alzheimer’s Collaborative, and a member of the French Academy of Medicine.