OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Thread carpal tunnel release

Thread carpal tunnel release (TCTR) is a minimally-invasive procedure of performing carpal tunnel release using a piece of surgical dissecting thread as a dividing element. This is instead of using a scalpel as in the situation of open carpal tunnel release (OCTR) or endoscopic carpal tunnel release (ECTR).

## Procedure

Under the real-time guidance of ultrasound, a spinal needle is inserted at the palm of the hand and advanced underneath the transverse carpal ligament (TCL) and exiting at the wrist. Through this needle, a fine smooth thread (0.2 mm in diameter) is fed. The needle is inserted again in the same fashion over the TCL and the thread is again looped through back out of the original needle entry. The thread surrounds the TCL and is manipulated in a back and forth motion to divide the TCL. Once complete, the thread is removed and two small bandages are placed on the needle puncture sites. The procedure takes 10 minutes in a clinic based office.

### Thread

The frictional effect of a sliding thread can cut tissue. This effect is more moderate than the abrasive effect found when using, for example, a wire saw. The frictional division of soft tissue concentrates the shear forces into the targeted tissue, resulting in significantly less collateral damage to adjacent anatomic structures than can be caused by the plowing and cutting of abrasive dividing.
Thread can be used to divide soft tissue in minimally invasive surgeries due to its unique properties: The flexibility of thread allows it to be routed along a designated path to form a loop around the targeted tissue that precisely controls the division. The nature of thread transection ensures that tissue is divided only inside the loop of thread around the targeted tissue without injuring adjacent non-targeted tissues. Thread can be easily placed using a spinal needle with only two punctures as entry and exit for the thread. Precise looping or routing is essential to the safe and effective use of a dividing thread. Precise routing is achieved percutaneously by use of real-time ultrasound guidance.

## Advantage

The routing control accuracy of TCTR is 0.15-0.20 mm, precise enough to preserve superficial palmar aponeurosis, common digital nerves and the communicating branch between the ulnar nerve and median nerve, while that is difficult or impossible for OCTR or ECTR. Through the technique of TCTR, the possible postoperative complications, such as pillar pain, scar tenderness, or functional weakness, may be minimized significantly by avoiding the unnecessary injuries and disturbers to the surrounding of TCL during the procedure of decompressing the median nerve.
# Nottingham & Union Rowing Club

Nottingham & Union Rowing Club is a rowing club on the River Trent, based at Trentside, West Bridgford, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire.

## History

The club was founded in 1946 as an amalgamation of two clubs called the Nottingham Union Rowing Club and the original Nottingham Rowing Club (not the modern club formed in 2006). The reason for the merger of the two clubs was because the boathouse belonging to the Nottingham Union club was destroyed by bombs in World War II leaving them no base to row from.
The club were the leading rowing club in Nottingham during the 1960s but by 1983 was struggling to recruit members. However, the club experienced a resurgence in the 1990s including recording significant success at the British Rowing Championships.
The club won the prestigious Wyfold Challenge Cup at the Henley Regatta in 1963 and 2010.

## Notable members

* Arnold Cooke
* Richard Nicholson (1966 World Rowing Championships)
* R C Waite (1966 World Rowing Championships)
* Peter Webb

## Honours
### Henley Royal Regatta

| Year | Races won |
| 1963 | Wyfold Challenge Cup |
| 2010 | Wyfold Challenge Cup |

### British champions

| Year | Winning crew/s |
| 1977 | Men L2x |
| 1981 | Men L1x |
| 1993 | Men L8+ |
| 1994 | Women 4x |
| 1996 | Women L2x |
| 1997 | Men U23 1x |
| 2003 | Men 4+, Men L4- |
| 2005 | Open L2- |
# Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia

Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research in systematics, paleontology, evolutionary biology, ecology, taxonomy, anatomy, behavior, functional morphology, molecular biology, ontogeny, faunistic studies, and biogeography. It is published by the Museum of Zoology of the University of São Paulo and hosted by SciELO.

## Abstracting and indexing

The journal is abstracted and indexed by Biological Abstracts, BIOSIS, DOAJ, Portal de Revistas da USP, SciELO, Scopus, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory and The Zoological Record.
# Newton Adams

Newton Adams (August 4, 1804 – September 16, 1851) was an American missionary and doctor who worked in southern Africa. Adams worked as a medical doctor in New York City for a short while prior to volunteering to serve as a physician with the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. Sent to a mission in Natal, southern Africa Adams became one of the first doctors in that region. He was later ordained and established a mission at Adams Mission, where he taught and preached in addition to providing medical care. After his death the Adams College was established and named for him.

## Early life

Adams was born in East Bloomfield, Ontario County in New York on 4 August 1804. He attended Hamilton College and subsequently practised medicine in New York City for around two years. A Congregationalist Christian, he volunteered for missionary work with the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM). He was appointed physician to a mission sent to work amongst the Zulu and Matabele tribes. He left the US from Boston on December 3, 1834, accompanied by his wife who came from Ohio. His ABCFM colleagues on board the same vessel were missionary Daniel Lindley, medical doctor Alexander Erwin Wilson, George Champion, Aldin Grout, Henry Venable and their wives. Adams and Wilson became the first two medical doctors to settle in Natal.

## Missionary work

Arriving in Natal in 1835 George Champion established a mission station at Umlazi with Adams as his physician. Adams also ran a school and printing press at Umlazi and received permission from Zulu King Dingane to practise medicine and print pamphlets in the Zulu language. Adams was assisted by Mbalasi who was the widow of a Zulu chief. Mbalasi and her daughter Nembula lived with the Adams family. The Zulus plundered the station in 1838. Ordained as a priest in 1844 Adams frequently preached to congregations of up to 1,000 people. His school provided an education to 100 pupils at a time and his medical skills were sought out by British colonists, Boers and indigenous peoples alike. He became known to the Zulus as "the teacher with three coats" for his practice of changing his clothes to suit his differing areas of work (including a white medical coat).
Adams moved his mission to a location near Amanzimtoti in 1847 and the settlement that grew around it would later become known as Adams Mission. He was appointed in 1847 as a mediator on the Natal Land Commission set up to establish native reserves in the country. Adams died at Adams Mission on September 16, 1851; his funeral was attended by many of Durban's most prominent residents and military officers. The Amanzimtoti Institute was established by the ABCFM in 1853 and was later named Adams College in his honour.
# Amasa Farrier Boardinghouse

The Amasa Farrier Boardinghouse is a historic house at 280 Main Street in Stoneham, Massachusetts. The large wood-frame house was built c. 1865 by Amasa Farrier, the town surveyor. The building served as a boarding house for workers in Stoneham's shoe factories, and is the only boarding house of the period to survive in the town. It is a 2+1⁄2-story wood-frame structure with modest Italianate styling, including bracketed eaves and gable, and broad corner boards. A period porch with bracketed turned posts has been replaced by an enclosed porch.
The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.
# Orange County Astronomers

The Orange County Astronomers (OCA) is a 501(c)(3) non-profit, civilian-led astronomy organization in Orange County, southern California. It was formed in 1967 and currently operates with around 800 concurrent members; they offer beginner courses in astronomy, and have meetings on the second Friday of every month at Chapman University. Currently, the OCA offers a dark-sky site to viewers, which includes a 22-inch Schmidt-Cassegrain telescope and public-use observation areas. In addition, the OCA has been registered as an affiliate of the Astronomers Without Borders program since March of 2012.

## OCA Observatory

In September of 1984, a 22-inch Schmidt-Cassegrain telescope along with an observatory were opened in the namesake of William Kuhn. This telescope is operated at the OCA Observatory, located at a dark-sky site that is a two hour drive from Orange County. Today there are several different areas on the site for observing pads, as well as several small observatory sites for individual members. The club holds a star party there every month, during which a certified telescope operator guides the 22-inch Cassegrain telescope around the night sky. "Star members" are the only personnel who are allowed to operate the telescope, at the cost of $150 to become a certified member. The site includes a mobile home outfitted with a kitchen and bathroom, and is used as a location to warm up in the winter, or cool off in the summer.

## Activities

OCA has a myriad of activities for those interested in delving deeper into astronomy. In addition to beginner's classes, public outreaches and monthly general meetings, there are special interest groups that meet on a regular basis, including AstroImagers and AstroPhysics.

## Library

Members can check out a wealth of books and videos available at the club's library. The library is located at the Irvine Lecture Hall of the Chapman University and is operational during the general meetings.

## Asteroid

Asteroid 6525 Ocastron, discovered by Jack B. Child and Greg Fisch in 1992, was named in recognition and appreciation of the Orange County Astronomers. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 June 1996 (M.P.C. 27331).
# James Pickering

Sir James Pickering (died c. 1398) was Speaker of the House of Commons of England in 1378 (which met in Gloucester) and again from 1382 to 1383. The protestation which, as Speaker, he made for freedom of speech, and declaring the loyalty of the Commons, was the first recorded in the rolls.
He was descended from the knightly Pickering family of Killington, then in Westmorland, son of Thomas Pickering (1310-1375) and Elizabeth Greystoke (1300-1370), and was married to Alice Ellerton. He owned land at Killington in Westmorland and Selby in Yorkshire and was knighted by 1361.
He was a knight of the shire for Westmorland in 1362, 1365, 1377–1379 and 1382 and Cumberland in 1368. On 20 December 1368 he was commissioner of array in Westmorland, to choose twenty archers to serve under Sir William Windsor in Ireland, in his position of Chief justice of Ireland, in order, it has been said, to implement 'some highly dubious financial practices.' He served as MP for Yorkshire in 1383, 1384, 1388 and 1390, Sheriff of Yorkshire for 1389, 1393 and 1397 and MP for Yorkshire for the last time in September 1397.
# Russell Brain, 1st Baron Brain

Walter Russell Brain, 1st Baron Brain (23 October 1895 – 29 December 1966) was a British neurologist. He was principal author of the standard work on neurology, Brain's Diseases of the Nervous System, and longtime editor of the neurological medical journal titled Brain. He is also eponymised with "Brain's reflex", a reflex exhibited by humans when assuming the quadrupedal position.

## Career

Brain was educated at Mill Hill School and New College, Oxford, where he started to study history, but disliked it. The First World War having begun in 1914, the following year he joined the Friends' Ambulance Unit as an alternative to volunteering for combat, and was sent to York, moving later to the King George Hospital in London, attached to the X-ray department. On the introduction of conscription in 1916, his work enabled him to be exempted as a conscientious objector.
After the war he returned to New College, and studied medicine, obtaining his BM BCh in 1922 and a DM in 1925; he specialised in neurology. Apart from his clinical practice, he was a member of a large number of government committees pertaining to physical and mental health, and was involved in the care of Winston Churchill on the latter's deathbed in 1965.
He was elected a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians in 1931 and was president of that college from 1950 to 1956.
He was knighted in 1952, made a baronet on 29 June 1954, and on 26 January 1962, was created Baron Brain, of Eynsham in the County of Oxford. In March 1964, he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society.
In 1964, he gave the presidential address (Science and Behaviour) to the British Association meeting in Southampton. In this address he discussed how humanity was approaching the anthropocene and he reiterated Alfred North Whitehead's warning that "A muddled state of mind is prevalent. The increased plasticity of the environment for mankind, resulting from the advances in scientific technology, is being construed in terms of habits of thought which find their justification in the theory of a fixed environment."

## Family

He married Stella Langdon-Down and had two sons, Christopher (1926–2014) and Michael Cottrell Brain (b. 1928) and one daughter, Janet Stella Brain (b. 1931). Janet went on to marry Dr. Leonard Arthur. Christopher Langdon Brain succeeded his father as the 2nd Baron Brain. Upon the 2nd Baron's death in 2014, his brother, Michael, succeeded as 3rd Baron Brain.

## Religious beliefs

He became a Quaker in 1931 and gave the Swarthmore Lecture in 1944, 'Man, society and religion', in which he stressed the importance of a social conscience.

## Arms

Coat of arms of Russell Brain, 1st Baron Brain :
* CrestA falcon Sable armed and belled Or supporting with the dexter claw a representation of the Silver Staff of Office of the President of the Royal College of Physicians of London Proper.
* EscutcheonPer pale Or and Argent three cats' heads erased Gules.
* MottoMens Stella Cerebri
# Constitution of Tonga

The Constitution of Tonga is supreme law under which the Government of Tonga operates. It was enacted by King George Tupou I on 4 November 1875. It stipulates the makeup of the Tongan Government and the balance between its executive, legislature, and judiciary. The anniversary of its passage is celebrated annually as Tonga's Constitution Day.
The constitution is separated into three parts. Part one is a declaration of rights of the Tongan people. Part two addresses the form of government. Part three provides laws for land ownership, succession, and sale.
The Declaration of Rights provides for the basic human rights of the people of Tonga. It firstly established Tonga as a free nation. It prohibits slavery except as a form of punishment for a great crime and establishes Tonga as a haven for those who have escaped slavery in a foreign nation. It establishes equal law for all citizens of Tonga despite their class or ethnicity. The constitution provides the freedoms of worship, press, speech, petition, and assembly as well. It establishes a Sabbath day on Sunday during which no trade or professional or commercial undertakings are to be pursued. It applies the writ of Habeas Corpus to its people and provides for the basic rights of the accused, such as protection from double jeopardy. It establishes a national tax in return for protection of life, liberty, and property. It holds soldiers equally accountable to civil law. It establishes the qualifications to be selected as a juror and establishes an age of maturity for the inheritance of title or land. Finally, it states that any foreigner who has lived in Tonga for at least 5 years may take an oath of allegiance and become a naturalized citizen, granted all the same rights and privileges of natural-born Tongans except for the right of hereditary tax allotments.
Tonga is a semi-constitutional monarchy in which the King exercises executive power through his Cabinet. Legislative power is vested in the Legislative Assembly. The King can legislate through the Privy Council when the Assembly is not in session, but such ordinances must be subsequently confirmed by the Assembly to become law.
The constitution can be amended by the Legislative Assembly, provided this does not affect the "law of liberty", the monarchical succession, or the titles or estates of the nobles. Amendments must pass the Legislative Assembly three times, and be unanimously supported by the Privy Council.
# Ministry of State Domains and Land Affairs (Tunisia)

The Ministry of State Domains and Land Affairs (Arabic: وزارة أملاك الدولة والشؤون العقارية ) is a department of the Government of Tunisia.

## Ministers

* Leïla Jaffel (Mechichi Cabinet)
* Mohamed Rekik [fr] (Bouden Cabinet)
# Ajay Kumar Singh

Ajay Kumar Singh may refer to:
* A. K. Singh (full name Ajay Kumar Singh), Lieutenant Governor of Andaman and Nicobar Islands
* Ajay Kumar Singh (police officer) (died 2000), Superintendent of Police of Lohardaga district
* Ajay Kumar Singh (Bihar politician, Bharatiya Janata Party), former member of the Bihar Legislative Assembly
* Ajay Kumar Singh (Bihar politician, Indian National Congress), Bihar Legislative Assembly representative from Jamalpur
* Ajay Kumar Singh (Bihar politician, Rashtriya Janata Dal), member of the Bihar Legislative Council
* Ajay Kumar Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician), member of the Legislative Assembly of India
# 1976 Nigerian coup attempt

The 1976 Nigerian coup d'état attempt was a military coup attempt which took place in Nigeria on 13 February 1976 when a faction of Armed Forces officers, led by Lieutenant Colonel Bukar Suka Dimka, attempted to overthrow the government of General Murtala Mohammed (who himself took power in the 1975 coup d'état).
Mohammed was assassinated in Lagos, along with his aide-de-camp Lieutenant Akintunde Akinsehinwa, when his car was ambushed in Ikoyi en route to the Dodan Barracks, by a group of soldiers led by Dimka. In a planned broadcast to the nation, Dimka had cited corruption, indecision, arrest and detention without trial, weakness on the part of Mohammed and maladministration in general as the reasons for overthrowing the government. The coup attempt was crushed several hours later by government troops.
After a three-week manhunt, Dimka was arrested near Abakaliki in southeastern Nigeria on 6 March 1976. Following a court martial, Dimka and another 6 co-conspirators were executed by firing squad on 15 May 1976.
General Mohammed was succeeded by Lieutenant General Olusegun Obasanjo as head of state.
# Mike Thiessen

Mike Thiessen is an American football coach and former player. He currently serves as the assistant head coach, offensive coordinator, and quarterbacks coach at the United States Air Force Academy. He has spent his entire coaching career with Air Force Falcons football.

## Playing career
### Football

Thiessen played quarterback for the Air Force Falcons from 1997 to 2000. He was a two-year starter, and a team captain as a senior. Also as a senior, Thiessen led the team in rushing with 713 yards (10 touchdowns), while throwing for 1687 yards (13 touchdowns). He was named the Mountain West Conference offensive player of the year in the fall of 2000.

### Baseball

Thiessen played centerfield for Air Force as well. Along with his senior season in football, he was an All-American baseball player. He has held, or holds, ten Air Force Academy records.
After graduation in 2001, Thiessen was a 42nd round draft pick of the Arizona Diamondbacks in 2001. He played in 27 games with the Yakima Bears “A” team and led the squad with a .308 batting average. His first military assignment was at Luke Air Force Base, Ariz., working in the 62nd Fighter Squadron. He entered the World Class Athlete Program and played with the Lancaster JetHawks, an advanced A affiliate of the Diamondbacks in 2003. He hit .278 with five homers and 42 runs scored in 85 games. Following that season, he returned to Luke and worked in personnel.

## Coaching career

Following the completion of his military commitments and baseball career, Thiessen returned to Air Force Academy to coach and teach at the United States Air Force Academy Preparatory School. While at the prep school, Thiessen taught algebra, chemistry, and calculus and served as the offensive coordinator for the football team. His stay lasted from 2004-2006.
Thiessen joined the Air Force Falcons football staff in 2007, starting out as the wide receivers coach. He was promoted to co-offensive coordinator prior to the 2010 season. Four years later (2014), He took over as the sole offensive coordinator. The following year, Thiessen moved from coaching the wide receivers to coaching the quarterbacks.

## Personal life

Thiessen and his wife, Kristen (McClellan), have two children, Andrew and Brooke.
Thiessen is a member of the United States Air Force Academy Athletic Hall of Fame.
# Nevryo

Nevryo (or Neureo) is an Indian sweet dumpling made predominantly in Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts of Karnataka and Goa, just before Christmas. It is also prepared during the Hindu festivals of Diwali and Ganesh Chaturthi.

## Ingredients and preparation

Fillings made from grated coconut, sugar, poppy seeds, green cardamom, almonds or cashew nuts are wrapped in dough and fried in oil. It is often compared to a gujia stuffed with jaggery and coconut.
# Rock It (music festival)

Rock It is an Australian music festival held at the Arena Joondalup in the northern suburbs of Perth, Western Australia. The festival was first held in 1999, and mainly features modern rock music. Along with the nationally-touring Big Day Out, Rock It was one of the major rock concerts held regularly in Perth.
At the March 2009 event Western Australian Police trialled the use of drug amnesty bins for the first time at a rock concert. The police restrictions resulted in long queues on entry and due to their public visibility little use by concert goers.

## Artist lineups by year
### 1999

5 December 1999
* Silverchair
* Powderfinger
* Beaverloop
* John Butler Trio
* Killing Heidi
* Jebediah
* Test Eagles
* Auto Pilot
* DJ Kingsize
* Kenny Bartley
* DJ Betamax
* DJ Dr Love
* Fourstroke

### 2000

22 October 2000
* Green Day
* Powderfinger
* Grinspoon
* 28 Days
* Shihad
* John Butler Trio
* Weta

### 2002

13 October 2002
* Grinspoon
* John Butler Trio
* Pacifier
* Machine Gun Fellatio
* Motorace
* Bodyjar
* Superheist
* The Fergusons
* Spencer Tracy

### 2003

23 November 2003
* Jack Johnson
* Powderfinger
* The Living End
* John Butler Trio
* Magic Dirt
* Gyroscope
* Downsyde

### 2006

19 March 2006
* Silverchair
* Grinspoon
* Shihad
* Cog
* Butterfingers
* Faker
* After the Fall
* The Hot Lies
* Snowman
* Katalyst
* Koolism
* Fdel
* Ru.C.L.
* Nathan J

### 2009

8 March 2009
* Kings of Leon
* The Fratellis
* The Music
* Birds of Tokyo
* Faker
* The Stills
* Sparkadia
* Sugar Army
* Bob Log III
* The Devil
* Abbe May

### 2012

28 October 2012
* The Black Keys
* John Butler Trio
* Birds of Tokyo
* The Panics
* Lanie Lane
* Last Dinosaurs
* San Cisco
* The Kill Devil Hills
* Abbe May
* Royal Headache
* Graveyard Train
* Brothers Grim
* The Toot Toot Toots
* Emperors

## Spin-off events
### Blackjack 2007

The 2007 event renamed Blackjack 2007 as Arena Joondalup was unable to host the event, so the festival was held at the Claremont Showground on 5 April 2007.
* The Pixies
* The Living End
* Eskimo Joe
* Gnarls Barkley
* The Vines
* Birds of Tokyo
* Children Collide

### On the Bright Side festival

On the Bright Side is an annual Australian music festival held in Perth. Inaugurated in 2010, the event is the result of collaboration between the promoters of Splendour in the Grass, held in Woodford, Queensland, and Rock It. In 2012, the festival was cancelled due to "conflicting artist schedules".