# Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg

Henri (Luxembourgish pronunciation:; French: Henri Albert Gabriel Félix Marie Guillaume, German: Heinrich; born 16 April 1955) is Grand Duke of Luxembourg, reigning since 2000. He is the eldest son of Grand Duke Jean and Princess Joséphine-Charlotte of Belgium, as well as a first cousin of King Philippe of Belgium. In 2019, his net worth was estimated around US$4 billion.
Having delegated some of his powers to his eldest son and heir apparent, Guillaume, in 2024, he is set to abdicate in his favour on 3 October 2025.

## Early life and education

Prince Henri was born on 16 April 1955, at the Betzdorf Castle in Luxembourg as the second child and first son of Jean, Hereditary Grand Duke of Luxembourg, and his wife, Princess Joséphine-Charlotte of Belgium. His father was the eldest son of Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg, and Prince Félix of Bourbon-Parma. His mother was the only daughter of King Leopold III of Belgium by his first wife, Princess Astrid of Sweden. The prince's godparents were his maternal uncle the Prince of Liège (later Albert II of Belgium) and his paternal aunt Princess Marie Gabriele.
Henri has four siblings: Archduchess Marie Astrid of Austria (born 1954), Prince Jean of Luxembourg (born 1957), Princess Margaretha of Liechtenstein (born 1957) and Prince Guillaume of Luxembourg (born 1963).
On 12 November 1964, when Henri was nine, his grandmother abdicated and his father became Grand Duke. By two sovereign decisions of 14 April 1973 the Grand Duke decided that "Henri will be considered as having reached the age of majority as from 16 April 1973, the date on which he will have reached the age of eighteen years" and "that His Royal Highness Prince Henri will bear, in His capacity as Heir Apparent to the Crown of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg and of the Grand-Ducal Trust, the title of Hereditary Grand Duke of Luxembourg, Hereditary Prince of Nassau, Prince of Bourbon of Parma."
Henri was educated in Luxembourg and in France, where he obtained his Baccalauréat in 1974, after which he undertook military officer training at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, England on the Standard Military Course (SMC) 7. He then studied political science at University of Geneva and the Graduate Institute of International Studies, graduating in 1980.
Prince Henri became heir apparent to the Luxembourg throne on the abdication of his paternal grandmother, Grand Duchess Charlotte of Luxembourg, on 12 November 1964. From 1980 to 1998, he was a member of the Council of State.

## Reign
### Accession

On 4 March 1998, Prince Henri was appointed as lieutenant representative by his father, Grand Duke Jean, meaning that he assumed most of his father's constitutional powers. On 7 October 2000, immediately following the abdication of his father, Henri acceded as Grand Duke of Luxembourg and took the constitutional oath before the Chamber of Deputies later that day. He became Henri I even though Luxembourg had seven monarchs named Henri prior to 1815.

### Role and interests

As the head of a constitutional monarchy, Grand Duke Henri's duties are primarily representative. However, he retains the constitutional power to appoint the prime minister and government, to dissolve the Chamber of Deputies, to promulgate laws and to accredit ambassadors. With few exceptions, however, he is bound by convention to act on the advice of the government.
Grand Duke Henri is commander-in-chief of the Luxembourg Army, in which he holds the rank of general. In addition, he was made an honorary major in the British Army's Parachute Regiment, effective 19 July 1989.
One of the grand duke's main functions is to represent Luxembourg in the field of foreign affairs. In May 2001, Grand Duke Henri and Grand Duchess Maria Teresa undertook their first foreign state visit to Spain at the invitation of King Juan Carlos and Queen Sofía of Spain.
Grand Duke Henri is a member of the International Olympic Committee (IOC), a member of The Mentor Foundation (established by the World Health Organization) and a director of the Charles Darwin Trust for the Galápagos Islands.
The grand duke lives with his family at Berg Castle in Luxembourg. He also has a holiday home in Cabasson, a village in the commune of Bormes-les-Mimosas in Southern France.

### Media and publicity controversies

Since the accession of Henri to the Grand Ducal Throne in 2000, the court's approach to media and publicity has varied markedly. In 2002, Grand Duke Henri expressly identified himself with a press conference called by Maria Teresa with a view to discussing with journalists the shortcomings of her personal relations with her mother-in-law Grand Duchess Joséphine-Charlotte.
In contrast, when the grand ducal couple's first grandchild was born in 2006, the Court Circular pointedly omitted to mention the event, probably as the father Prince Louis was not married at the time. However, the pregnancy was announced in 2005, so the country was informed that the prince and his girlfriend were going to be parents. The press also had access to the child's baptism.
The grand ducal family's approach to media and publicity issues has given rise to media comment regarding the quality of communications advice which has been sought and followed. As well as the public airing of the difficulties between the grand duchess and her mother-in-law, several other events have resulted in adverse publicity, most notably: in 2004, the opening of parliament by the grand duke in person, the first time in over 100 years the monarch had done so; in 2005, the grand duke announced he intended to vote in favour of the European Constitution in the impending referendum, only to be reminded by senior politicians that he had no such right. The proposed sale of large tracts of the Gruenewald in the summer of 2006 was shortly followed by the proposed sale (cancelled shortly afterwards) at Sotheby's of recently deceased Grand Duchess Joséphine-Charlotte's effects.

### Euthanasia and constitutional reform controversies

On 2 December 2008, it was announced that Grand Duke Henri had stated he would refuse to give his assent to a new law on euthanasia that had been passed earlier in the year by the Chamber of Deputies. Under the constitution then, the grand duke "sanctions and promulgates the laws" meaning the need for the grand duke's sanction or approval was required in order for laws to take effect. In the absence of clarity on the long-term implications for the constitutional position of the grand duke posed by such a refusal, it was announced by Prime Minister Jean-Claude Juncker that a constitutional amendment would be brought forward.
The Luxembourg ruling house had tried to block a decision by Parliament only once before, when Grand Duchess Marie-Adélaïde refused to sign a bill in 1912 to reduce the role of Roman Catholic priests within the education system. The ultimate solution was that the grand duke would be declared unable to perform his duty temporarily. This was similar to the "escape route" provided to his uncle King Baudouin of Belgium when he refused to sign an abortion law in 1991; thus the law could take effect without the signature of the grand duke, but also without the need to enact far-reaching changes in the constitution.
Article 34 of the constitution was subsequently amended to remove the term "assent", leaving the relevant provision to read: "The Grand Duke promulgates the laws..." As a result, his signature is still needed but it is clear that his signature is automatic and that he has no freedom of decision. The head of state no longer has to "sanction" laws for them to take effect, as the officeholder merely promulgates them.

### Health issues

On 3 February 2011, Henri was admitted to the Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg on falling ill. Shortly after, the grand ducal court issued a statement saying that he was to undergo an angioplasty. The day after, the communications chief announced that the procedure had been a success. "The state of His Royal Highness' health is not disturbing," the statement read, before stating the grand duke may leave the hospital within the next few days. Although the reason has not formally been disclosed, it is reported that the grand duke felt ill after waking that day, and the court physician noticed circulation problems. It was then that he was rushed to hospital, to the cardiac unit, and was discharged the following day.

### Waringo report

On 31 January 2020, the Waringo report was released, a governmental report on the internal workings of the monarchy that had been compiled by Jeannot Waringo, former Financial Director of Luxembourg. The report identified significant problems in terms of staff management at the Palace resulting in a high turnover rate and an atmosphere of fear. It noted that internal communications were almost nonexistent. Waringo indicated that the most important staff decisions were made by the Grand Duchess. There was no division of staff for personal use and that for official functions. Waringo was also not able to determine if the grand ducal couple's private activities were financed by the State or not. The report calls for a reform of the monarchy. The Court responded that "(i)n the interests of greater transparency and modernization, the Court will contribute constructively to the implementation of the improvements proposed in this report."

### Abdication

On 23 June 2024, his official birthday, Henri announced his plans to appoint his son Guillaume as lieutenant representative (regent) in October. Traditionally, this signals the Grand Duke's intention to abdicate in the future. On 8 October, Guillaume was sworn in as lieutenant representative. On 24 December 2024, the Grand Duke announced in his Christmas message his intention to abdicate in favour of Hereditary Grand Duke Guillaume on 3 October 2025.

## Marriage and family

While studying in Geneva, Henri met the Cuban-born María Teresa Mestre y Batista, who was also a political science student. They married in Luxembourg in a civil ceremony on 4 February 1981 and a religious ceremony on 14 February 1981 with the previous consent of the grand duke, dated 7 November 1980. The couple have five children and eight grandchildren:
* Guillaume Jean Joseph Marie, Hereditary Grand Duke of Luxembourg (born on 11 November 1981 at the Grand Duchess Charlotte Maternity Hospital, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg). He married Countess Stéphanie Marie Claudine Christine de Lannoy (born on 18 February 1984, Ronse, East Flanders, Belgium) on 20 October 2012. They have two sons:
** Prince Charles Jean Philippe Joseph Marie Guillaume of Luxembourg (born on 10 May 2020 at the Grand Duchess Charlotte Maternity Hospital, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg).
** Prince François Henri Louis Marie Guillaume of Luxembourg (born on 27 March 2023 at the Grand Duchess Charlotte Maternity Hospital, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg).
* Prince Félix Léopold Marie Guillaume of Luxembourg (born on 03 June 1984 at the Grand Duchess Charlotte Maternity Hospital, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg). He married Claire Margareta Lademacher (born on 21 March 1985, Filderstadt, Baden-Württemberg, West Germany) on 21 September 2013. They have three children:
** Princess Amalia Gabriela Maria Teresa of Nassau (born on 15 June 2014 at the Grand Duchess Charlotte Maternity Hospital, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg).
** Prince Liam Henri Hartmut of Nassau (born on 28 November 2016 at the Clinique Générale-Beaulieu in Geneva, Switzerland).
** Prince Balthazar Félix Karl of Nassau (born on 7 January 2024 at the Grand Duchess Charlotte Maternity Hospital, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg).
* Prince Louis Xavier Marie Guillaume of Luxembourg, (born on 03 August 1986 at the Grand Duchess Charlotte Maternity Hospital, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg). He married Tessy Antony (born on 28 October 1985, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg) on 29 September 2006 and divorced on 04 April 2019. They have two sons:
** Prince Gabriel Michael Louis Ronny of Nassau (born on 12 March 2006 at the Clinic des Grangettes, in Geneva, Switzerland).
** Prince Noah Etienne Guillaume Gabriel Matthias Xavier of Nassau (born on 21 September 2007 at the Grand Duchess Charlotte Maternity Hospital, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg).
* Princess Alexandra Joséphine Teresa Charlotte Marie Wilhelmine of Luxembourg, (born on 16 February 1991 at the Grand Duchess Charlotte Maternity Hospital, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg). She married Nicolas Jacques Armel Bagory (born on 11 November 1988, Brittany, France) on 29 April 2023. They have a daughter:
** Victoire Bagory (born on 14 May 2024, in Paris, France).
* Prince Sébastien Henri Marie Guillaume of Luxembourg, (born on 16 April 1992 at the Grand Duchess Charlotte Maternity Hospital, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg).

## Titles, styles and honours
### Titles and styles

* 16 April 1955 – 12 November 1964: His Royal Highness Prince Henri of Luxembourg
* 12 November 1964 – 7 October 2000: His Royal Highness The Hereditary Grand Duke
* 7 October 2000 – present: His Royal Highness The Grand Duke

### Honours

| Country | Date | Appointment | Other |
| Luxembourg | | Co-Grand Master and Knight of the Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau | |
| Luxembourg | | Grand Master and Grand Cross of the Order of Civil and Military Merit of Adolph of Nassau | |
| Luxembourg | | Grand Master and Grand Cross of the Order of the Oak Crown | |
| Luxembourg | | Grand Master of the Order of Merit of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg | |
| Luxembourg | | Grand Collar of the European Foundation of Merit | |
| Spain | 8 July 1980 | Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III | Promoted to Knight of the Collar in 2001 |
| Sweden | 12 September 1983 | Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the Seraphim | |
| Belgium | 1994 | Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Leopold | |
| Norway | 18 April 1996 | Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of St. Olav | |
| Spain | 2001 | Knight of the Collar of the Order of Charles III | |
| Greece | 2001 | Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer | |
| Slovakia | 2002 | Grand Cross of the Order of the White Double Cross | |
| Estonia | 2003 | Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana | |
| Italy | 2003 | Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic | |
| Romania | 2004 | Grand Gross with Collar of the Order of the Star of Romania | |
| Portugal | 2005 | Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Prince Henry | |
| Mali | 2005 | Grand Cross of the National Order of Mali | |
| Netherlands | 2006 | Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Lion of the Netherlands | |
| Latvia | 2006 | Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the Three Stars | |
| Spain | 2007 | Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece | |
| Brazil | 2007 | Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the Southern Cross | |
| Finland | November 2008 | Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the White Rose of Finland | |
| Portugal | 7 September 2010 | Grand Cross with Collar of the Military Order of Saint James of the Sword | |
| Turkey | 19 November 2013 | Member of the Order of the State of Republic of Turkey | |
| Poland | 2014 | Grand Cross of the Order of the White Eagle | |
| Denmark | 12 March 2015 | Knight of the Order of the Elephant | |
| Portugal | 2017 | Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Liberty | |
| Japan | 2017 | Knight Grand Cordon with Collar of the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum | |
| Senegal | 2018 | Grand Cross of the National Order of the Lion | |
| United Kingdom | 22 September 2020 | Recipient of the Sandhurst Medal | |
| Portugal | 11 May 2022 | Grand Cross with Collar of the Military Order of Christ | |
| Latvia | 13 March 2023 | Grand Cross of the Cross of Recognition | |
| Austria | | Grand Cross, Special Class of the Order of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria | |
| Brazil | | Grand Cross of the Order of the Southern Cross | |
| Cape Verde | | Grand Cross of the Order of Amílcar Cabral [fr] | |
| France | | Grand Cross of the Order of the Legion of Honour | |
| Germany | | Grand Cross, Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of German | |
| Holy See | | Knight Grand Cross with the Collar of the Order of Pope Pius IX | |
| Netherlands | | Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown | |
| Sovereign Military Order of Malta | | Bailiff Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion of the Order of Saint John | |
| United Kingdom | | Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order | |
| Sweden | | Recipient of the Golden Jubilee Badge Medal of King Carl XVI Gustaf | |