# Northern Mindanao

Northern Mindanao (Cebuano: Amihanang Mindanao; Maranao: Pangotaraan Mindanao; Tagalog: Hilagang Mindanao) is an administrative region in the Philippines, designated as Region X. It comprises five provinces: Bukidnon, Camiguin, Misamis Occidental, Misamis Oriental, and Lanao del Norte, and two cities classified as highly urbanized, all occupying the north-central part of Mindanao island, and the island-province of Camiguin. The regional center and largest city is Cagayan de Oro. Lanao del Norte was transferred to Northern Mindanao from Region XII (then called Central Mindanao) by virtue of Executive Order No. 36 in September 2001.

## Etymology

The current name of the region was derived from its position on Mindanao island. The term was officially coined by the Americans after the establishment of American colonial rule in the Philippines due to the defeat of Filipino revolutionaries. There have been proposals to rename the current Northern Mindanao region, which is dominated by the Cebuano ethnic group, into the Amihanan region. Amihanan literally translates to 'northern area' from the Cebuano language, which is the lingua franca of the region.

## Geography

Northern Mindanao has a total land area of 2,049,602 hectares (5,064,680 acres). More than 60% of Northern Mindanao's total land area are classified as forest land. Its seas abound with fish and other marine products. The abundant vegetation, natural springs and high elevation contribute to the region's cool, mild and invigorating climate.

### Administrative divisions

The region is composed of five provinces: Bukidnon, the island province of Camiguin, Lanao del Norte, Misamis Occidental and Misamis Oriental. It has two highly urbanized cities, Cagayan de Oro and Iligan, that are administered independently from any province. The provinces are further subdivided into seven component cities and 84 municipalities, with a total of 2,022 barangays. The regional center is Cagayan de Oro.

#### Provinces

* † Regional center
| Province or HUC | Province or HUC | Provincial Capital | Population (2020) | Population (2020) | Area | Area | Density | Density | Cities | Muni. | Barangay |
| | | | | | km$^2$ | sq mi | /km$^2$ | /sq mi | | | |
| Bukidnon | Bukidnon | Malaybalay | 30.7% | 1,541,308 | 10,498.59 | 4,053.53 | 150 | 390 | 2 | 20 | 464 |
| Camiguin | Camiguin | Mambajao | 1.8% | 92,808 | 241.44 | 93.22 | 380 | 980 | 0 | 5 | 58 |
| Lanao del Norte | Lanao del Norte | Tubod | 14.4% | 722,902 | 3,354.16 | 1,295.05 | 220 | 570 | 0 | 22 | 462 |
| Misamis Occidental | Misamis Occidental | Oroquieta City | 12.3% | 617,333 | 2,055.22 | 793.52 | 300 | 780 | 3 | 14 | 490 |
| Misamis Oriental | Misamis Oriental | † Cagayan de Oro | 19.1% | 956,900 | 3,131.52 | 1,209.09 | 310 | 800 | 2 | 23 | 424 |
| Cagayan de Oro | † | — | 14.5% | 728,402 | 412.80 | 159.38 | 1,800 | 4,700 | — | — | 80 |
| Iligan | † | — | 7.2% | 363,115 | 813.37 | 314.04 | 450 | 1,200 | — | — | 44 |
| Total | Total | Total | Total | 5,022,768 | 20,458.51 | 7,899.07 | 250 | 600 | 9 | 84 | 2,022 |
| † Cagayan de Oro and Iligan are highly urbanized cities; figures are excluded from Misamis Oriental and Lanao del Norte respectively. ||||||||||||

##### Governors and vice governors

| Province | Governor | Political Party | Vice Governor |
| Bukidnon | Rogelio Neil Roque | PRP | Rogelio Quiño |
| Camiguin | Xavier Jesus Romualdo | PDP–Laban | Rodin Romualdo |
| Lanao del Norte | Imelda Dimaporo | PDP–Laban/1STP | Allan Lim |
| Misamis Occidental | Henry Oaminal | Nacionalista | Rowena Gutierrez |
| Misamis Oriental | Peter Unabia | Lakas | Jeremy Pelaez |

#### Cities

* † Regional center
| City | Population (2015) | Area | Area | Density | Density | City class | Province |
| | | km$^2$ | sq mi | /km$^2$ | /sq mi | | |
| † Cagayan de Oro | 728,402 | 412.80 | 159.38 | 1,800 | 4,700 | Highly urbanized city | Misamis Oriental |
| El Salvador | 58,771 | 106.15 | 40.98 | 550 | 1,400 | Component | Misamis Oriental |
| Gingoog | 136,698 | 568.44 | 219.48 | 240 | 620 | Component | Misamis Oriental |
| Iligan | 363,115 | 813.37 | 314.04 | 450 | 1,200 | Highly urbanized city | Lanao del Norte |
| Malaybalay | 190,712 | 969.19 | 374.21 | 200 | 520 | Component | Bukidnon |
| Oroquieta | 72,301 | 237.88 | 91.85 | 300 | 780 | Component | Misamis Occidental |
| Ozamiz | 140,334 | 169.95 | 65.62 | 830 | 2,100 | Component | Misamis Occidental |
| Tangub | 68,389 | 162.78 | 62.85 | 420 | 1,100 | Component | Misamis Occidental |
| Valencia | 216,546 | 587.29 | 226.75 | 370 | 960 | Component | Bukidnon |

## Demographics

Northern Mindanao is the 8th most populous region in the Philippines and 2nd in Mindanao (after Davao Region) according to the 2015 Philippine Statistics Authority Census. The major urban area of Region X is Metro Cagayan de Oro which includes Cagayan de Oro and some municipalities and cities of Misamis Oriental and Bukidnon.
The vast majority of the region's inhabitants descended from migrants from Cebu, Bohol, Siquijor and Negros Oriental. Some other inhabitants are of Bicolano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Ivatan, Kapampangan, Pangasinan, Tagalog, Waray, Zamboangueño, Maguindanaon, Maranao and Tausug descent, while the autochthonous Bukidnons and Manobos populate the inner highlands.
The largest religion is Christianity, with Roman Catholicism forming 72% of the population and Protestants forming a significant minority of 14%. The second largest religion is Islam, forming 8% of the population.
The main language spoken in the region is Cebuano which is spoken with Northern Mindanao variant that is slightly different from standard Cebuano. The region is also home to sizeable speakers of Bohol dialect of Cebuano. Higaonon, Manobo and Binukid are among the languages native in the region, as are Maguindanaon and Maranao. Also spoken varyingly in the region are Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Ivatan, Kapampangan and Waray. Tagalog (Filipino) and English are widely understood and often used for administrative functions by the local government, business and in education.

## Economy

Poverty incidence of Northern Mindanao
* 10
* 20
* 30
* 40
* 50
* 2000 48.64
* 2003 44.00
* 2006 39.01
* 2009 40.11
* 2012 39.47
* 2015 38.72
* 2018 23.08
* 2021 19.20
* Source: Philippine Statistics Authority
The economy of Northern Mindanao is the second largest regional economy in the island of Mindanao. While still a mainly agricultural region, there is also a booming growth of industries particularly in Cagayan de Oro and in Iligan. Del Monte Philippines is located in the province of Bukidnon and its processing plant is located in Cagayan de Oro, where it ships its products to the rest of the Philippines and Asia-Pacific region. The Agus-IV to VII Hydroelectric Plants in Iligan and Balo-i, Lanao del Norte supply most of its electrical power in Mindanao.