# Timeline of the history of the United States (1860–1899)

This section of the timeline of United States history concerns events from 1860 to 1899.

## 1860s
### Presidency of James Buchanan

* April 3, 1860 – Pony Express begins.
* November 6 – 1860 United States presidential election: Abraham Lincoln elected president and Hannibal Hamlin vice president with only 39% of the vote in a four-man race.
* December 18 – Crittenden Compromise fails.
* December 20 – President Buchanan fires his cabinet.
* December 20 – South Carolina secedes from the Union
* January 9, 1861 – Secessionist forces in South Carolina fire at the USS Star of the West, forcing it to withdraw.
* January 9 – Mississippi secedes from the Union
* January 10 – Florida secedes from the Union
* January 11 – Alabama secedes from the Union
* January 19 – Georgia secedes from the Union
* January 26 – Louisiana secedes from the Union
* February 1 – Texas secedes from the Union
* February 4 – Secessionist states establish the Confederate States of America
* February 9 – Jefferson Davis elected provisional president of the Confederacy. Alexander H. Stephens elected provisional vice president of the Confederacy.
* February 11 – Stephens becomes provisional vice president of the Confederate States.
* February 18 – Davis becomes provisional president of the Confederate States.
* March 2 – The Corwin Amendment to enshrine slavery forever is passed by Congress. It is not ratified.

### Presidency of Abraham Lincoln

* March 4, 1861 – Lincoln becomes the 16th president and Hamlin becomes the 15th vice president
* 1861 – American Civil War begins at Fort Sumter
* 1861 – First Battle of Bull Run (First Battle of Manassas)
* 1861 – Davis unanimously elected to full term as Confederate president, Stephen unanimously elected to full term as Confederate vice president.
* February 22, 1862 – Davis becomes Confederate president, Stephens become Confederate vice president.
* 1862 – Battle of Hampton Roads (Battle of the Monitor and Merrimack; first ever naval battle between iron-sided ships)
* 1862 – Homestead Act
* 1862 – Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act
* 1862 – Gen. Robert E. Lee placed in command of the Army of Northern Virginia
* 1862 – Second Battle of Bull Run (Second Battle of Manassas)
* 1862 – Battle of Antietam (Battle of Sharpsburg)
* 1862 – Dakota War of 1862 begins
* 1862–1863 – Lincoln issues Emancipation Proclamation
* 1863 – Battle of Gettysburg
* 1863 – The Siege of Vicksburg ends
* 1863 – New York City draft riots
* 1863 – Pro-Union Virginia counties become separate state of West Virginia
* 1863 - Lincoln announces the 10% Plan
* 1864 – Gen. Ulysses S. Grant put in command of all Union forces
* 1864 – Wade–Davis Bill
* 1864 – Sand Creek massacre
* 1864 – Nevada becomes a state
* 1864 – U.S. presidential election, 1864; Abraham Lincoln is reelected president and Andrew Johnson elected vice president on the "fusion" Union Party ticket.
* 1864 – Sherman's March to the Sea
* 1865 – Robert E. Lee made commander-in-chief of all Confederate forces
* March 4, 1865 – President Lincoln begins second term; Johnson becomes the 16th vice president
* 1865 – Richmond, Virginia, the Confederate capital, captured by a corps of black Union troops
* 1865 – Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox Court House
* 1865 – Freedmen's Bureau
* 1865 - the 13th Amendment was adopted, setting slaves free forever.

### Presidency of Andrew Johnson

* April 15, 1865 – President Lincoln assassinated; Vice President Johnson becomes the 17th president
* April–June 1865 – American Civil War ends as the last elements of the Confederacy surrender
* 1865 – Ku Klux Klan founded
* 1865 – Slavery abolished by the Thirteenth Amendment.
* 1866 – Civil Rights Act of 1866
* 1866 - Tennessee becomes the first Confederate state readmitted to the union
* 1867 – Tenure of Office Act enacted
* 1867 – Territory of Alaska purchased from the Russian Empire
* 1867 - The US Annexes the Midway Islands in the Pacific
* 1867 – Nebraska becomes a state
* 1867 - Congress passes a series of Reconstruction acts and the period of Radical Reconstruction begins
* 1868 – Impeachment of Andrew Johnson, acquitted by the Senate by one vote.
* 1868 – Fourteenth Amendment is ratified; second of Reconstruction Amendments.
* 1868 – The Copperheads are dissolved.
* 1868 – Ulysses S. Grant is elected president and Schuyler Colfax is elected vice president.
* 1868 - Arkansas, Louisiana, Florida, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Alabama are admitted back into the union.
* 1868 - Boss Tweed gained control of Tammany Hall.

### Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant

* March 4, 1869 – Grant becomes the 18th president and Colfax becomes the 17th vice president.
* 1869 – The First transcontinental railroad is completed at Promontory Summit, Utah Territory.
* 1869 – Texas v. White upholds Radical Reconstruction and states that once Texas joins the Union, its union was indissoluble.

## 1870s

* 1870 – 15th Amendment
* 1870 – First graduate programs (at Yale and Harvard)
* 1870 – Black Codes
* 1870 - Virginia, Mississippi, Texas, and Georgia are readmitted to the union
* 1871 – Great Chicago Fire
* 1871 – Treaty of Washington with the British Empire regarding Canada
* 1871 - The New York Times published evidence of Tweed's rampant greed.
* 1871 - Civil Service Reform Act passes
* 1871 - Ku Klux Klan Act
* 1872 – Yellowstone National Park created
* 1872 – Crédit Mobilier scandal
* 1872 – Amnesty Act
* 1872 – Alabama Claims
* 1872 – U.S. presidential election, 1872: Ulysses S. Grant reelected president; Henry Wilson elected vice president
* 1872 - Victoria Claflin Woodhull, first woman presidential candidate, enters presidential race.
* 1873 – Panic of 1873
* March 4, 1873 – President Grant begins second term; Wilson becomes the 18th vice president
* 1873 – Virginius Affair
* 1873 - One of the first schools of nursing opens at Bellevue Hospital in New York
* 1874 – Red River Indian War
* 1874 - National Woman's Christian Temperance Union formed in Cleveland
* 1875 – Aristides (horse) wins first Kentucky Derby
* 1875 – Resumption Act
* 1875 – Civil Rights Act of 1875
* 1875 – The Art Students League of New York is founded
* November 22, 1875 – Vice President Wilson dies
* 1875 - Whiskey Ring Scandal
* 1876 – National League of baseball founded
* 1876 – Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia
* 1876 – Munn v. Illinois establishes public regulation of utilities
* 1876 – Colorado becomes a state
* 1876 – Battle of Little Bighorn
* 1876 - Central Park opens in New York City
* 1876 – Wild Bill Hickok is killed by a shot to the back of his head by Jack McCall while playing poker in Deadwood, South Dakota. He held aces and eights, now known as the Dead man's hand.
* 1876 – U.S. presidential election, 1876 seemingly elects Samuel J. Tilden president and Thomas A. Hendricks vice president, but results are disputed with 20 Electoral College votes allegedly in doubt.
* 1877 – The Electoral Commission awards Rutherford B. Hayes the presidency and William A. Wheeler the vice presidency in return for ending the military occupation of the South.
* 1877 – Great Railroad Strike of 1877

### Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes

* March 4, 1877 – After only two days as president-elect and vice president-elect, Hayes becomes the 19th president and Wheeler becomes the 19th vice president
* 1877 – Reconstruction ends
* 1877 – Nez Perce War
* 1878 – Bland–Allison Act
* 1878 – Morgan silver dollars first minted
* 1879 – Thomas Edison creates first commercially viable light bulb
* 1879 – Knights of Labor go public

## 1880s

* 1880 – University of Southern California founded
* 1880 – U.S. population exceeds 50 million
* 1880 – U.S. presidential election, 1880: James A. Garfield elected president and Chester A. Arthur vice president. Their popular margin is less than 2,000 votes.

### Presidency of James A. Garfield

* March 4, 1881 – Garfield becomes the 20th president; Arthur becomes the 20th vice president.
* July 2, 1881 – President Garfield is shot by a deranged gunman on a train platform.

### Presidency of Chester A. Arthur

* September 19, 1881 – President Garfield dies, Vice President Arthur becomes the 21st president
* 1881 – The Gunfight at the O.K. Corral in Tombstone, Arizona Territory
* 1881 – Clara Barton creates the American Red Cross
* 1881 – Tuskegee Institute founded
* 1881 – Billy the Kid is shot and killed by Sheriff Pat Garrett near Fort Sumner
* 1881 – A Century of Dishonor written by Helen Hunt Jackson
* 1882 – Chinese Exclusion Act
* 1882 – Jesse James was shot and killed by Robert and Charlie Ford
* 1883 - The Southern section of the second transcontinental railroad line is completed.
* 1883 – Buffalo Bill's Wild West show founded. participants include: Sitting Bull, Geronimo, Calamity Jane, and Annie Oakley.
* 1883 – Civil Rights Cases 109 US 3 1883 legalizes doctrine of segregation
* 1883 – Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act
* 1883 – Brooklyn Bridge opens
* 1883 - Joseph Pulitzer buys the New York World
* 1884 – U.S. presidential election, 1884: Grover Cleveland elected president and Thomas A. Hendricks elected vice president
* 1884 – Washington Monument completed

### First presidency of Grover Cleveland

* March 4, 1885 – Cleveland becomes the 22nd president; Hendricks becomes the 21st vice president
* November 25, 1885 – Vice President Hendricks dies
* 1886 – Haymarket Square Riot
* 1886 – American Federation of Labor founded in Columbus, Ohio
* 1886 – Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World) dedicated
* 1887 – The United States Congress creates Interstate Commerce Commission
* 1887 – Dawes Act
* 1887 – Hatch Act
* 1888 – Publication of Looking Backward by Edward Bellamy
* 1888 – National Geographic Society founded
* 1888 – U.S. presidential election, 1888: Benjamin Harrison elected president and Levi P. Morton vice president despite coming in second in the popular vote.

### Presidency of Benjamin Harrison

* March 4, 1889 – Harrison becomes the 23rd president and Morton becomes the 22nd vice president
* 1889 – Oklahoma Land Rush (April 22, 1889)
* 1889 – Centennial of the Constitution celebrated.
* 1889 – North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana and Washington become states
* 1889 – Johnstown Flood in Pennsylvania
* 1889 – Jane Addams founds Hull House
* December 6, 1889 – Former Confederate president Jefferson Davis dies.
* 1889 - During a speech given by Benjamin Harrison, he becomes the first U.S. president in history to have a voice recording.

## 1890s

* 1890 – Sherman Antitrust Act
* 1890 – Jacob Riis published "How the Other Half Lives"
* 1890 – Sherman Silver Purchase Act
* 1890 – McKinley Tariff
* 1890 – Yosemite National Park created
* 1890 – Idaho and Wyoming become states
* 1890 – Wounded Knee Massacre
* 1890 – National American Woman Suffrage Association founded
* 1890 - Reporter Nelly Bly circles globe by train and steamship in 72 days
* 1891 – Baltimore crisis
* 1891 – James Naismith invents basketball
* 1891 - Hamlin Garland publishes Main-Travelled Roads
* 1892 – Homestead Strike
* 1892 – General Electric Company founded
* 1892 – Sierra Club founded by John Muir
* 1892 - Populist national convention held in Omaha
* 1892 – U.S. presidential election, 1892: Grover Cleveland elected president and Adlai E. Stevenson, vice president

### Second presidency of Grover Cleveland

* March 4, 1893 – Cleveland becomes the 24th president; Stevenson becomes the 23rd vice president
* 1893 – Panic of 1893
* 1893 – Sherman Silver Purchase Act repealed
* 1893 - Columbian Exposition opens in Chicago
* 1894 – Coxey's Army
* 1894 – Pullman Strike
* 1894 – Wilson–Gorman Tariff Act, including income tax
* 1894 – Sunset Limited service opened on the second transcontinental route by Southern Pacific Railroad
* 1895 – Lee Shelton shoots Billy Lyons, spawning countless ballads.
* 1895 – Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co. strikes down part of Wilson-Gorman Tariff
* 1895 - William Randolph Hearst purchases the New York Morning Journal
* 1896 – Plessy v. Ferguson 163 US 537 1896 affirms the idea of "separate but equal"
* 1896 – William Jennings Bryan delivers his Cross of Gold speech
* 1896 – Gold discovered in the Yukon's Klondike
* 1896 – Utah becomes a state
* 1896 - Henry Ford builds his first automobile
* 1896 – U.S. presidential election, 1896: William McKinley elected president and Garret A. Hobart vice president

### Presidency of William McKinley

* March 4, 1897 – McKinley becomes the 25th president; and Hobart becomes the 24th vice president
* 1897 – Boston subway completed
* 1897 – Dingley tariff
* 1898 – The City of Greater New York is created through the annexation of Brooklyn, Western Queens County, and Staten Island into New York City
* 1898 – USS Maine explodes in Havana, Cuba harbor, precipitating the Spanish–American War
* 1898 – De Lôme Letter
* 1898 – Treaty of Paris (1898) ends Spanish–American War; Philippine–American War begins
* 1898 – Hawaii annexed
* 1898 – Newlands Resolution
* 1898 – American Anti-Imperialist League organized
* 1899 – Teller Amendment
* 1899 – Newsboys' strike of 1899
* 1899 – American Samoa occupied
* 1899 – Open Door Notes
* November 21, 1899 – Vice President Garret Hobart dies