# Pont-Saint-Esprit

Pont-Saint-Esprit (French pronunciation:, literally "Holy Spirit Bridge"; Occitan: Lo Pònt Sant Esperit) is a commune in the Gard département in southern France. It is situated on the river Rhône and is the site of a historical crossing, hence its name. The Ardèche flows into the Rhône, just to the north of the bridge. The residents are called Spiripontains.

## History

The bridge was observed by the Irish pilgrim Symon Semeonis in 1323 on his way to the Holy Land: "Pont-Saint-Esprit where there is a famous stone bridge over the Rhône, half a mile in length, the height of which and the breadth of its arches are greatly admired by all those who cross over it." Italian canon Antonio de Beatis described the bridge in his 1517-1518 travel journal: "This has twenty tall, wide arches, is finely built in a pleasing stone and is still better paved."
In the seventeenth century the Jewish immigrants from Spain were cast out of central Bayonne and settled in Saint Esprit. This quarter became known in popular parlance as Saint Esprit les Israélites because Jews constituted the majority of its population -which was extremely rare in France. It was a Jew of Spanish origin, Gaspar Dacosta, who introduced the art of chocolate-making to Saint Esprit, and indeed in France.

## Geography
### Climate

Pont-Saint-Esprit has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa). The average annual temperature in Pont-Saint-Esprit is 14.2 °C (57.6 °F). The average annual rainfall is 829.8 mm (32.67 in) with November as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around 23.9 °C (75.0 °F), and lowest in January, at around 5.5 °C (41.9 °F). The highest temperature ever recorded in Pont-Saint-Esprit was 42.2 °C (108.0 °F) on 6 August 2003; the coldest temperature ever recorded was −12.7 °C (9.1 °F) on 7 January 1985.
Climate data for Pont-Saint-Esprit (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1972−present) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 19.9 (67.8) | 23.2 (73.8) | 27.0 (80.6) | 30.0 (86.0) | 34.4 (93.9) | 39.3 (102.7) | 40.1 (104.2) | 42.2 (108.0) | 36.0 (96.8) | 29.5 (85.1) | 23.5 (74.3) | 20.0 (68.0) | 42.2 (108.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 9.1 (48.4) | 11.0 (51.8) | 15.7 (60.3) | 18.9 (66.0) | 23.4 (74.1) | 27.4 (81.3) | 30.6 (87.1) | 30.4 (86.7) | 24.8 (76.6) | 19.3 (66.7) | 13.1 (55.6) | 9.6 (49.3) | 19.4 (66.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 5.5 (41.9) | 6.5 (43.7) | 10.3 (50.5) | 13.1 (55.6) | 17.3 (63.1) | 21.1 (70.0) | 23.9 (75.0) | 23.7 (74.7) | 19.1 (66.4) | 14.8 (58.6) | 9.4 (48.9) | 6.1 (43.0) | 14.2 (57.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 1.8 (35.2) | 2.1 (35.8) | 5.0 (41.0) | 7.4 (45.3) | 11.2 (52.2) | 14.7 (58.5) | 17.1 (62.8) | 17.1 (62.8) | 13.4 (56.1) | 10.2 (50.4) | 5.6 (42.1) | 2.6 (36.7) | 9.0 (48.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −12.7 (9.1) | −10.2 (13.6) | −7.7 (18.1) | −1.4 (29.5) | 1.6 (34.9) | 5.0 (41.0) | 8.0 (46.4) | 7.1 (44.8) | 4.0 (39.2) | −0.2 (31.6) | −5.0 (23.0) | −7.2 (19.0) | −12.7 (9.1) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 67.8 (2.67) | 43.9 (1.73) | 47.0 (1.85) | 67.3 (2.65) | 64.3 (2.53) | 48.6 (1.91) | 39.9 (1.57) | 47.2 (1.86) | 109.1 (4.30) | 117.6 (4.63) | 118.2 (4.65) | 58.9 (2.32) | 829.8 (32.67) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 6.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 6.8 | 6.7 | 5.1 | 3.7 | 4.2 | 5.7 | 7.3 | 8.1 | 6.4 | 70.3 |
| Source: Météo-France ||||||||||||||

## Bouvier family origins

Pont-Saint-Esprit is famous as the town of origin of Michel Bouvier, a cabinetmaker, who was the ancestor of John Vernou Bouvier III, father of Jacqueline Kennedy.

## 1951 mass poisoning incident

On 15 August 1951, an outbreak of poisoning, marked by acute psychotic episodes and various physical symptoms, occurred in Pont-Saint-Esprit. More than 250 people were involved, including 50 persons interned in asylums and four deaths. Most academic sources accept naturally occurring ergot poisoning in rye flour as the cause of the epidemic, while a few theorize other causes such as poisoning by mercury, mycotoxins, or nitrogen trichloride.

## Population

| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1793 | 5,766 | — |
| 1800 | 4,055 | −4.90% |
| 1806 | 4,331 | +1.10% |
| 1821 | 4,545 | +0.32% |
| 1831 | 4,853 | +0.66% |
| 1836 | 4,937 | +0.34% |
| 1841 | 5,239 | +1.19% |
| 1846 | 5,375 | +0.51% |
| 1851 | 5,538 | +0.60% |
| 1856 | 5,887 | +1.23% |
| 1861 | 5,123 | −2.74% |
| 1866 | 4,694 | −1.73% |
| 1872 | 4,350 | −1.26% |
| 1876 | 4,826 | +2.63% |
| 1881 | 4,726 | −0.42% |
| 1886 | 4,962 | +0.98% |
| 1891 | 5,262 | +1.18% |
| 1896 | 4,289 | −4.01% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1901 | 4,798 | +2.27% |
| 1906 | 4,906 | +0.45% |
| 1911 | 4,685 | −0.92% |
| 1921 | 5,801 | +2.16% |
| 1926 | 4,409 | −5.34% |
| 1931 | 4,652 | +1.08% |
| 1936 | 4,411 | −1.06% |
| 1946 | 4,149 | −0.61% |
| 1954 | 4,925 | +2.17% |
| 1962 | 5,778 | +2.02% |
| 1968 | 6,951 | +3.13% |
| 1975 | 6,709 | −0.50% |
| 1982 | 8,067 | +2.67% |
| 1990 | 9,277 | +1.76% |
| 1999 | 9,265 | −0.01% |
| 2007 | 9,846 | +0.76% |
| 2012 | 10,651 | +1.58% |
| 2017 | 10,336 | −0.60% |
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. :
Source: EHESS and INSEE (1968-2017) :

## International relations

Pont-Saint-Esprit is twinned with:
* Egelsbach, Germany
* Haverhill, United Kingdom
* Penacova, Portugal

## Notable people

* Michel Bouvier (1792–1874), carpenter and French American immigrant to Philadelphia
* Joseph Di Mambro (1924–1994), French cult leader