# World Chess Championship 1993

The World Chess Championship 1993 was one of the most controversial matches in chess history, with incumbent World Chess Champion Garry Kasparov and official challenger Nigel Short splitting from FIDE, the official world governing body of chess, and playing their title match under the auspices of the Professional Chess Association. In response, FIDE stripped Kasparov of his title, and instead held a title match between Anatoly Karpov and Jan Timman.
The matches were won by Kasparov and Karpov respectively. For the first time in history, there were two rival World Chess Champions, a situation which persisted until the World Chess Championship 2006.

## 1990 Interzonal Tournament

For the first time, the Interzonal was held as a Swiss system tournament in Manila in June and July 1990. 64 contestants played 13 rounds; the top 11 qualified for the Candidates Tournament.
    1990 Interzonal Tournament Rating12345678910111213Total 1 GM Boris Gelfand (Soviet Union)2680=26+42+3=14+29=5=2=11+8=12=6=9+169 2 GM Vasyl Ivanchuk (Soviet Union)2680−54+41+43+21+8+48=1=6=12=10=5+17=39 3 GM Viswanathan Anand (India)2610=32+44−1+49−13=54+47=18=14+29+37+12=28½ 4 GM Nigel Short (England)2610+20−21−13=46+33+24+7−8+30+18=11=6+128½ 5 GM Gyula Sax (Hungary)2600=22+64+51+8=48=1=12=9=13=11=2=10=78 6 GM Viktor Korchnoi (Switzerland)2630=31+33=7=15+28=30+29=2=11=13=1=4=108 7 GM Robert Hübner (West Germany)2585=38+62=6=16=17=18−4+19+48+21=10=11=58 8 GM Predrag Nikolić (Yugoslavia)2600+13+58+12−5−2=19+40+4−1=17=21=14+258 9 GM Leonid Yudasin (Soviet Union)2615=45+49−29+55+25=14+48=5−21+16=12=1=118 10 GM Sergey Dolmatov (Soviet Union)2615=24=23+27=11+39=29+30−12+15=2=7=5=68 11 GM Alexey Dreev (Soviet Union)2615=44=32+22=10=21+13+14=1=6=5=4=7=98 12 GM Mikhail Gurevich (Soviet Union)2640+43+36−8+37=14+34=5+10=2=1=9−3−47½ 13 GM Branko Damljanovic (Yugoslavia)2515−8+53+4=51+3−11+34+16=5=6−17=19=157½ 14 GM Kiril Georgiev (Bulgaria)2580+57=16+17=1=12=9−11=31=3=15+28=8=207½ 15 GM Ljubomir Ljubojević (Yugoslavia)2600+40=29=16=6=18=17=21+22−10=14+36=25=137½ 16 GM Jaan Ehlvest (Soviet Union)2655+56=14=15=7=30=23+19−13+31−9+22+21−17½ 17 GM Alexander Khalifman (Soviet Union)2615=33+31−14+24=7=15+23=21=29=8+13−2=197½ 18 GM Yasser Seirawan (United States)2635=42=26=30+56=15=7=31=3+40−4=27=24+227½ 19 GM Alexei Shirov (Soviet Union)2580=55=35=23=33+42=8−16−7+32+50+29=13=177½ 20 GM Jóhann Hjartarson (Iceland)2520−4+61−37−40+38−36+45=47+54=39+42+34=147½ 21 GM Nick de Firmian (United States)2560+61+4=48−2=11+37=15=17+9−7=8−16=287 22 GM Gad Rechlis (Israel)2505=5=28−11+27=47=25+46−15+41+48−16+37−187 23 IM Vasil Spasov (Bulgaria)2495=34=10=19+36=51=16−17=44−39+43=35=26+497 24 IM Igor Štohl (Czechoslovakia)2525=10−34+45−17+58−4+43+39=50−37+44=18=277 25 GM Michael Adams (England)2590+46=63+50−29−9=22=39=49+44=27+30=15−87 26 GM Roman Dzindzichashvili (United States)2560=1=18+38−30=31=46=63=34=36=42=39=23+417 27 GM Ľubomír Ftáčnik (Czechoslovakia)2550−51+59−10−22+64=32+57=37+34=25=18=36=247 28 GM Boris Gulko (United States)2600=64=22=32+58−6=47=41=36=33+31−14+45=217 29 GM Joël Lautier (France)2570+60=15+9+25−1=10−6+50=17−3−19=39=356½ 30 GM Smbat Lputian (Soviet Union)2575+59=51=18+26=16=6−10=48−4+33−25=41=366½ 31 GM Miguel Illescas (Spain)2535=6−17=64+38=26+51=18=14−16−28=32+44=376½ 32 GM Božidar Ivanović (Yugoslavia)2520=3=11=28−50=36=27=53=54−19+55=31=48+566½ 33 GM Eugenio Torre (Philippines)2530=17−6+62=19−4=49=42+46=28−30−45+51+486½ 34 GM Simen Agdestein (Norway)2600=23+24+63−48+50−12−13=26−27+52+40−20=396½ 35 IM Mihail Marin (Romania)2485=37=19=36−39=49=42−56+55+47=40=23=50=296½ 36 GM Mikhail Tal (Soviet Union)2580+52−12=35−23=32+20=37=28=26+56−15=27=306½ 37 GM Tony Miles (England)2595=35=55+20−12+43−21=36=27+49+24−3−22=316½ 38 GM Jaime Sunye Neto (Brazil)2465=7=39−26−31−20=60=59+58=53+47=48=42+506½ 39 GM Andrei Sokolov (Soviet Union)2570=62=38=54+35−10=41=25−24+23=20=26=29=346½ 40 GM Petar Popović (Yugoslavia)2520−15=60=42+20+63=50−8+56−18=35−34=49=456 41 IM Goran Čabrilo (Yugoslavia)2485−48−2=59+60+56=39=28=42−22+49=50=30−266 42 GM Kevin Spraggett (Canada)2540=18−1=40+64−19=35=33=41+51=26−20=38=466 43 GM Alonso Zapata (Colombia)2545−12+52−2+53−37=57−24−51+61−23+58=54+556 44 GM Ye Rongguang (China)2525=11−3−49+62−55+58+51=23−25+57−24−31+546 45 GM Eric Lobron (West Germany)2535=9−50−24=59+52−56−20=57+60+54+33−28=406 46 IM Stuart Rachels (United States)2475−25+47=58=4=54=26−22−33−57+62=56+52=426 47 GM Margeir Petursson (Iceland)2550−63−46+57+52=22=28−3=20−35−38+60=56+596 48 GM Lajos Portisch (Hungary)2590+41+54=21+34=5−2−9=30−7−22=38=32−335½ 49 GM Ian Rogers (Australia)2535=50−9+44−3=35=33+55=25−37−41+53=40−235½ 50 GM Rafael Vaganian (Soviet Union)2630=49+45−25+32−34=40+54−29=24−19=41=35−385½ 51 GM Gata Kamsky (United States)2650+27=30−5=13=23−31−44+43−42=53=52−33+605½ 52 IM Lin Ta (China)2435−36−43+61−47−45+64+62=53=56−34=51−46+585½ 53 GM Vasily Smyslov (Soviet Union)2570−58−13+60−43−57+59=32=58=38=51−49=62+615½ 54 GM Murray Chandler (New Zealand)2560+2−48=39=63=46=3−50=32−20−45+61=43−445 55 IM Rico Mascariñas (Philippines)2465=19=37=56−9+44−63−49−35+59−32+62=61−435 56 IM Walter Arencibia (Cuba)2555−16+57=55−18−41+45+35−40=52−36=46=47−325 57 IM Herman Claudius van Riemsdijk (Brazil)2440−14−56−47+61+53=43−27=45+46−44=59−60=625 58 IM Fouad El Taher (Egypt)2375+53−8=46−28−24−44=60−38=62=61−43+59−524 59 IM Carlos Armando Juárez Flores (Guatemala)2425−30−27=41=45=62−53=38=61−55+60=57−58−474 60 IM Leon David Piasetski (Canada)2410−29=40−53−41=61=38=58=62−45−59−47+57−513½ 61 IM Slaheddine Hmadi (Tunisia)2335−21−20−52−57=60=62+64=59−43=58−54=55−533½ 62 IM Assem Afifi (Egypt)2400=39−7−33−44=59=61−52=60=58−46−55=53=573½ 63 GM Valery Salov (Soviet Union)2655+47=25−34=54−40+55=26------3½ 64 IM Praveen Thipsay (India)2490=28−5=31−42−27−52−61------1
Salov and Thipsay withdrew after seven rounds.

## 1991–93 Candidates Tournament

The final four players from the 1988–90 Candidates tournament—Karpov, Timman, Yusupov and Speelman—were seeded directly into the Candidates. They were joined by the top 11 finishers from the Interzonal. These 15 players played a series of Candidates matches. If matches were tied after the allotted games, extra pairs of rapid chess games were played until one player had the lead.
The preliminary matches were played in Sarajevo (Timman-Hübner and Gelfand-Nikolić), Wijk aan Zee (Korchnoi-Sax and Yusupov-Dolmatov), Riga (Ivanchuk-Yudasin), London (Short-Speelman), and Madras (Anand-Dreev) in January and February 1991. All four quarterfinals were played in Brussels in August 1991, both semifinals in Linares in April 1992, and the final in San Lorenzo del Escorial in January 1993.
| Round of 16 (best of 8) | Round of 16 (best of 8) | Round of 16 (best of 8) | Quarterfinals (best of 8) | Quarterfinals (best of 8) | Quarterfinals (best of 8) | Semifinals (best of 10) | Semifinals (best of 10) | Semifinals (best of 10) | | Final (best of 14) | Final (best of 14) | Final (best of 14) |
| Jan Timman | Jan Timman | 4½ | | | | | | | | | | |
| Robert Hübner | Robert Hübner | 2½ | | | | | | | | | | |
| Robert Hübner | Robert Hübner | 2½ | Jan Timman | Jan Timman | 4½ | | | | | | | |
| | | | Victor Korchnoi | Victor Korchnoi | 2½ | | | | | | | |
| Victor Korchnoi | Victor Korchnoi | 5½ | Victor Korchnoi | Victor Korchnoi | 2½ | | | | | | | |
| Gyula Sax | Gyula Sax | 4½ | | | | | | | | | | |
| Gyula Sax | Gyula Sax | 4½ | | | | Jan Timman | Jan Timman | 6 | | | | |
| | | | | | | Artur Yusupov | Artur Yusupov | 4 | | | | |
| Artur Yusupov | Artur Yusupov | 6½ | | | | | | | Artur Yusupov | Artur Yusupov | 4 | | | | |
| Sergey Dolmatov | Sergey Dolmatov | 5½ | | | | | | | | | | |
| Sergey Dolmatov | Sergey Dolmatov | 5½ | Artur Yusupov | Artur Yusupov | 5½ | | | | | | | |
| | | | Vasyl Ivanchuk | Vasyl Ivanchuk | 4½ | | | | | | | |
| Vasyl Ivanchuk | Vasyl Ivanchuk | 4½ | Vasyl Ivanchuk | Vasyl Ivanchuk | 4½ | | | | | | | |
| Leonid Yudasin | Leonid Yudasin | ½ | | | | | | | | | | |
| Leonid Yudasin | Leonid Yudasin | ½ | | | | | | | | Jan Timman | Jan Timman | 5½ |
| | | | | | | | | | | Nigel Short | Nigel Short | 7½ |
| Nigel Short | Nigel Short | 5½ | | | | | | | | | | | Nigel Short | Nigel Short | 7½ |
| Jon Speelman | Jon Speelman | 4½ | | | | | | | | | | |
| Jon Speelman | Jon Speelman | 4½ | Nigel Short | Nigel Short | 5 | | | | | | | |
| | | | Boris Gelfand | Boris Gelfand | 3 | | | | | | | |
| Boris Gelfand | Boris Gelfand | 5½ | Boris Gelfand | Boris Gelfand | 3 | | | | | | | |
| Predrag Nikolić | Predrag Nikolić | 4½ | | | | | | | | | | |
| Predrag Nikolić | Predrag Nikolić | 4½ | | | | Nigel Short | Nigel Short | 6 | | | | |
| | | | | | | Anatoly Karpov | Anatoly Karpov | 4 | | | | |
| Viswanathan Anand | Viswanathan Anand | 4½ | | | | | | | Anatoly Karpov | Anatoly Karpov | 4 | | | | |
| Alexei Dreev | Alexei Dreev | 1½ | | | | | | | | | | |
| Alexei Dreev | Alexei Dreev | 1½ | Viswanathan Anand | Viswanathan Anand | 3½ | | | | | | | |
| | | | Anatoly Karpov | Anatoly Karpov | 4½ | | | | | | | |
| (no opponent) | (no opponent) | | Anatoly Karpov | Anatoly Karpov | 4½ | | | | | | | |
| Anatoly Karpov | Anatoly Karpov | | | | | | | | | | | |

## 1993 PCA match

Before the match could take place, both Kasparov and Short complained of corruption and a lack of professionalism within FIDE and split from FIDE to set up the Professional Chess Association (PCA), under whose auspices they held their match. The event was orchestrated largely by Raymond Keene. Keene brought the event to London (FIDE had planned it for Manchester), and England was whipped up into something of a chess fever: Channel 4 broadcast some 81 programmes on the match, the BBC also had coverage, and Short appeared in television beer commercials. The Kasparov–Short final was best of 24 games, played in London in September and October 1993.
    PCA World Chess Championship Match 1993 Rating1234567891011121314151617181920Total  Garry Kasparov (Russia)2815 1½11½½1½1½½½½½10½½½½12½  Nigel Short (Great Britain)2665 0½00½½0½0½ ½½½½01½½½½7½
After the actual match, the players filled out the last four days of the playing schedule by playing a series of seven exhibition games (with openings chosen by the arbiter) that Kasparov won 5–2 (+4−1=2). There was also a game in which Kasparov and Short teamed up to play against the commentary team (which lost). In the wake of the decisive victory by Kasparov, interest in chess in the UK soon died down.

## 1993 FIDE match

As a result of the unauthorized PCA match, FIDE stripped Kasparov of his title, removed him and Short from their rating lists, and arranged an "official" match between Timman and Karpov, whom Short had beaten in the Candidates final and semifinal respectively. The FIDE match was played in Zwolle, Arnhem, Amsterdam, and Jakarta in September to November 1993.
    FIDE World Chess Championship Match 1993 Rating123456789101112131415161718192021Total  Jan Timman (Netherlands)2620 01½½½0½½½0½½½000½½½1½8½  Anatoly Karpov (Russia)2760 10½½½1½½½1 ½½½111½½½0½12½
Karpov won the best-of-24 match and thus regained the FIDE championship title that he had previously held from 1975 to 1985 before losing it to Kasparov.