OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Pari passu

Pari passu is a Latin phrase that literally means "with an equal step" or "on equal footing". It is sometimes translated as "ranking equally", "hand-in-hand", "with equal force", or "moving together", and by extension, "fairly", "without partiality".

## Etymology

* pari is the ablative singular masculine (since it must grammatically agree with passu) of the adjective par, "equal". If it were nominative, "an equal step" it would be par passus.
* passu is the ablative of the Latin noun passus, "step".
In legal terms, pari passu means "on equal footing." It refers to creditors, claimants, or shareholders receiving equal treatment without preference. Common in bankruptcy and finance, it ensures proportional distribution of assets, rights, or obligations among parties. This term is commonly used in law. Black's Law Dictionary (8th ed., 2004) defines pari passu as "proportionally; at an equal pace; without preference".

## Usage
### In inheritance

In inheritance, a pari passu (per capita) distribution can be distinguished from a per stirpes (by family branch) distribution.
For example, suppose a testator had two children A and B. A has two children, and B has three.
* If the testator leaves his or her entire estate to his or her grandchildren in equal shares pari passu, each grandchild would inherit one fifth of the estate.
* In contrast, if the estate was left to the grandchildren per stirpes (by family branch), the children of A would share one half of the estate equally between the two of them, and the children of B would share one half of the estate equally amongst the three of them.

### In lending, bankruptcy and default

This term is also often used in the lending area and in bankruptcy proceedings, where creditors are said to be paid pari passu, or each creditor is paid pro rata in accordance with the amount of his claim. Here its meaning is "equally and without preference". There have been cases where decisions were based on different interpretations of the term.
In the European Union, as the result of the Greek government-debt crisis, a retroactive collective action clause passed by the Greek government with the support of the ECB and IMF, enabled the debtor (who also controlled the courts) to impose a 70% loss on the creditors, more than 75% of whom had voted in favour of the cut. In this case, pari passu means that all private-sector investors are equally treated.
# Hannah E. Hashkes

Dr. Hannah E. Hashkes (Hebrew: חנה חשקס) is an Israeli philosopher of Jewish thought.
Hashkes studied at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and wrote her (2004) Ph.D. dissertation on American pragmatism. It is entitled “Philosophy and the Role of the Philosopher in American Pragmatism”. In this work, Hashkes provided a detailed examination of the thought of the main classical American pragmatists - Peirce, James, and Dewey - while analyzing the neo-pragmatism of Richard Rorty in comparison to them.
Hashkes has lectured in philosophy, Judaic Studies and Women’s studies in various colleges and universities in the United States and Israel.
Her book, Rabbinic Discourse as a System of Knowledge was published by Brill in March 2015.
# Chris Foster (folk singer)

Chris Foster (born 23 April 1948), is an English singer and guitarist known for his interpretations of traditional and contemporary songs.
He was born in Yeovil, Somerset, England., a place where he first heard and started singing traditional songs. He trained as an artist at the Norwich, and Chelsea Schools of Art. His professional "break" came in the early 1970s when a music agent spotted him singing at Dingles Folk Club in London. This led to eight years as a professional solo folk singer/guitarist.
He recorded two, highly regarded albums in the late 1970s: Layers (1977) and All Things in Common (1979). Both featured mainly traditional songs with often complex fingerstyle accompaniments (some in open tunings) on a Fylde acoustic guitar.
He stopped full-time touring in the 1980s, to work on various arts-based projects and settled in Salisbury, where he co-founded Mobile Arts, a mixed media community arts company. Since September 1999 he has been the Co-ordinator of the Baring-Gould Heritage Project. He is a founding member and director of the annual Vaka Folk Arts Festival in Iceland, where he currently resides. He has continued to produce solo albums, tour (both in the UK and abroad), and collaborate with other artists, including his current partner, the Icelandic folk singer and composer Bára Grímsdóttir, as Funi.

## Discography

* Layers (1977) Topic Records
* All Things in Common (1979) Topic Records
* Sting in the Tale (1994) Green Man Productions
* Traces (1999) Green Man Productions
* Jewels (2004) Tradition Bearers
* Outsiders (2008) Green Man Traditions
* Hadelin (2017) Green Man productions
Chris Foster also appeared on the following recordings:
* Fylde Acoustic (1977) Trailer LER 2105 ("Georgie")
* Nuclear Power No Thanks (1981) The Plane Label.
* Questions (1994) Fuse records.
* Intruders (1995) Fuse records.
* Rolling Down the Road (1998) Duke records.
* Dead Maid's Land (1998) Wild Goose.
* As We Walked Out (2001) Meersbrook Recordings.
* Plotters (2003) Meersbrook Recordings.
* Funi (2004) Green Man productions (with Bára Grímsdóttir).
* And They All Sang Rosselsongs (2005) Fuse Records.
* Flúr (2013) Green Man productions (with Bára Grímsdóttir as Funi).
# Chthamalus montagui

Chthamalus montagui, common name Montagu's stellate barnacle, is a species of acorn barnacle common on rocky shores in South West England, Ireland, and Southern Europe.
The vertical distribution of C. montagui overlaps with that of Chthamalus stellatus with the specific prevalence of one species over another in a given locale possibly related to differences in the distribution of the species' larval stages.
# Kedma

Kedma (Hebrew: קדמה) may refer to:
* Kedma (film), a film directed by Amos Gitai
* Kedma, Israel, a village in south-central Israel
* Kedma School, an alternative secondary school in Jerusalem
# Zapotecan languages

The Zapotecan languages are a group of related Oto-Manguean languages which descend from the common proto-Zapotecan language spoken by the Zapotec people during the era of the dominance of Monte Albán.
The Zapotecan language group contains the Zapotec languages and the Chatino languages.
# One (website)

ONE (also known as ONE.co.il) is one of the major Israeli sports journalism outlets, websites, and television companies. It covers sports news from around the world, although it primarily covers soccer in Israel. According to the IARB (Israel Audience Research Board), it is one of the two biggest sports websites in Israel, along with Sport5.co.il. It categorized news into "Israeli Football", "World Football", "Israeli Basketball", "World Basketball" and "Other Sports".
Haim Revivo, Eyal Berkovic, Alon Hazan, Alon Mizrahi, and Zvi Sherf are among ONE's columnists.
ONE was founded by Udi Milner and Gil Menkin in 1999. The website's headquarters are located in the BSR Towers in Ramat Gan. The website was founded in order to cover the TV show "The 91st minute", which was broadcast on Channel 2.
In the beginning of 2000, there was a race between Israeli sport websites, at the end, many of them came to an end. ONE survived through investments from the production company Telad. In 2007, Yedioth Ahronoth Group acquired 50% of the ownership of the website.
# Rocket Racing

Rocket Racing is a 2023 racing video game developed by Psyonix and published by Epic Games. It is a spin-off title to the 2015 game Rocket League and is a part of Fortnite as a whole. In the game, up to twelve players compete with each other on a race track, with the goal being to be the first person to complete the race. Players are able to increase their "boost meter", which allows them to gain a speed advantage against opponents, as well as jump over obstacles and drive on walls or ceilings. The game was released in December 2023, and can be accessed via the Fortnite launcher. Rocket Racing received positive reviews from critics, with praise directed towards its track design and gameplay, though some critics felt the game had a lack of content.

## Gameplay

Rocket Racing is a multiplayer racing game accessible via the Fortnite launcher. Up to twelve players compete with each other on a race track, with the goal being to complete the race before anyone else while avoiding obstacles. Players are able to jump over some obstacles, or drive on the walls or ceilings of tunnels. If the player drifts at turns, their "boost meter" will increase, which will allow them to activate a temporary speed boost against other players. Unlike some other racing games, Rocket Racing features no unique items or weapons that the player can use against others to gain an advantage. Each track in the game is graded based on its difficulty, with the difficulties being Novice, Advanced, and Expert.
Players are able to unlock unique designs for their car via completing certain objectives, or via the main Fortnite battle pass. Additionally, certain designs can be purchased via the item shop with V-Bucks, the Fortnite currency. Cars unlocked or purchased in Rocket Racing are compatible with Rocket League, and are usable in that game. The same applies to some cars unlocked in that game.
While the game originally launched with seasons that featured unique tracks, challenges, and reward items, Epic stated that in October 2024, they would no longer be producing themed content, and instead focus on creating challenges around the game's ranked mode, while supporting maps made by creators.

## Release and reception

Rocket Racing was developed by Psyonix, the developer of Rocket League. Rocket Racing released on December 8, 2023. The game received fairly positive reviews from critics upon release. GamesRadar+'s Dustin Bailey, Digital Trends' Giovanni Colantonio, and Polygon's Michael McWhertor all praised the game's track design and gameplay, with Bailey and Colantonio believing it to be one of the higher quality aspects of Fortnite, and the latter describing the game to be the "best proof of concept you could ask for." Gabriel Moss of IGN and Jake Green of TechRadar were more critical of the game, assigning it a 6/10 and a 3/5 respectively. Both believed the game to lack content and fail to make itself distinct from other racing video games such as Mario Kart, while Green furthermore criticized the prices of in-game cosmetics.
# Vladimir Dragomirov

Vladimir Mikhailovich Dragomirov (February 7, 1867 – January 29, 1928) was a general in the Imperial Russian Army.

## Life

Dragomirov was the son of Mikhail Ivanovich Dragomirov, a prominent Russian General. His brother Abram Dragomirov was also a general in the Imperial Russian Army.
Dragomirov joined the Imperial Army, and in 1909 was appointed District Quartermaster for the Kiev Military District, with the rank of major general. He served as a general in the Russian army for most of the First World War. During the mobilization on July 19, 1914, he was appointed Chief of Staff of the Third Army. Dragomirov commanded the 8th Army Corps between 16.12.1914 – 23.03.1915 and again between 18.08.1915 – 16.10.1916. In between those two periods, Dragomirov served as Chief of Staff of the South-Western Front.
On 12 May 1915, he was dismissed due to "nervous exhaustion." After a period of sick leave, he was transferred on the 16th of October 1916 to the post of commander of the 16th Army Corps. After the February Revolution, he was transferred to the reserve on April 2, 1917, and dismissed from service on August 22, 1917.
Following the Bolshevik October Revolution, Dragomirov aligned himself with the counter-revolution and took part in the Bredovsky expedition. After the defeat of the White forces in the Russian Civil War, he went into exile in Yugoslavia. He was a member of the regimental association of the Life Guards of the Semyonovsky Regiment, and served as chairman of the Russian Society of Officers of the General Staff. He died of heart disease in Zemun (Yugoslavia) on January 29, 1928, where he was buried.
# Brijlal Nehru

Brijalal Nehru (5 May 1884 – 22 May 1965) was a noted civil servant and member of the Nehru family.
He was the son of Pandit Nandlal Nehru (the elder brother of Motilal Nehru) and the cousin of Jawaharlal Nehru. Nandlal Nehru was Diwan of Khetri State for 11 years.
Brijlal was born on 5 May 1884 in Allahabad and he grew up in Anand Bhawan. Brijlal had been sent to Oxford in 1905 to compete for the Indian Civil Service by Motilal Nehru. He was a senior officer of the Audit and Accounts Service. After his retirement, he served Finance Minister of Princely State of Jammu & Kashmir during reign of Maharaja Hari Singh.
He was married to Rameshwari Raina, a noted social and women activist and a freedom fighter and recipient of Padma Bhushan in 1955, Later she also won the Lenin Peace Prize in 1961.
Their son was Braj Kumar Nehru (1909-2001), an administrator and Padma Vibhushan recipient.
Brijlal died on 22 May 1965, a year after his illustrious cousin died.
# Tariq Ali (disambiguation)

Tariq Ali (born 1943) is a British political activist, writer, and historian.
Tariq Ali (Arabic: طارق علي), and other variants such as Tarek El Ali (Arabic: طارق العلي), may also refer to:
* Tariq Ali, Pakistan Navy admiral
* Tariq Al-Ali (born 1966), Kuwaiti actor
* Tarek El Ali (born 1986), Lebanese footballer
* Tariq Khan (actor) (Tariq Ali Khan; born 1981), Indian actor
* Tarek Ali Hassan (born 1937), Egyptian academic and musician
* Tarek Ali Abdullah Ahmed Baada (born 1978), Yemeni detainee in Guantanamo Bay
* Mir Tariq Ali Khan Talpur, Pakistani politician
# Nepal cupwing

The Nepal cupwing (Pnoepyga immaculata), also known as the Nepal wren-babbler or immaculate cupwing, is a small species of passerine bird in the family Pnoepygidae. It is native to Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Tibet, and Nepal. It is found in dense montane forest in the Himalayas.

## Nomenclature and taxonomy

The Nepal cupwing is in the genus Pnyoepyga. Its closest relatives are the scaly-breasted cupwing, Taiwan cupwing, and pygmy cupwing. It was first described by Jochen Martens and Siegfried Eck in 1991, having been identified as a separate species based on differences in voice. Genetic phylogeny suggests that it forms a clade with the pygmy cupwing. No subspecies have been described. It was formerly classified, with the other cuplings, as an Old World babbler in the family Timaliidae until 2009, when the monotypic family Pneopygidae was created for the cupwings, reflecting recent developments in molecular phylogeny.
The name "Nepal cupwing" is used by the International Ornithologist's Union and by the Handbook of the Birds of the World, while "immaculate cupwing" is used in American English and in Indian English, including The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World. The name "Nepal wren-babbler' was formerly used by these taxonomic authorities but is no longer in official use.

## Description

The Nepal cupwing is small, measuring 8.5cm—10cm in length, and is brownish-olive in colouration. It has dark scaling on the upperparts and paler scaling on the underparts, a scaly breast with brown central feathers, pale edging on the flight feathers, and a very short tail. External morphology is very similar to the other species, to a degree where identification within the field relies upon vocalizations. The song is distinctive, being higher pitched than the other species in the genus and consisting of a steady series of thin, short, rapid, modulated whistles that descend in pitch.

## Distribution and habitat

This species is native to the foothills of the Himalayas. It is a regular resident in Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, and Nepal, and an uncommon resident around Zhangmu in Tibet. Preferred habitat is dense understorey in median and low mountain elevations. It is not migratory, but altitudinal movements do occur, as they winter down to 250 metres. It occurs regularly between 1800 and 2200 metres, and possibly breeds as high as 3100 metres. Generally, this species prefers dark forest and keeps to the forest floor. Its conservation status is Least Concern.
# PFL Champions Series 1

PFL Champions Series 1: Nurmagomedov vs. Hughes (also known as PFL Champions Series - Road to Dubai) was a mixed martial arts event produced by Professional Fighters League that took place on January 25, 2025, at Coca-Cola Arena in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.

## Background

The event marked the organization debut in United Arab Emirates.
The Champion Series 6 event was initially scheduled to take place under the Bellator MMA banner on November 16, 2024 at Adidas Arena in Paris, France with a Bantamweight title bout between Patchy Mix and Leandro Higo as the main event. However, this event was later cancelled due to unspecified reasons.
A Bellator Lightweight World Championship bout between current champion Usman Nurmagomedov and Paul Hughes headlined the event.
A heavyweight bout between former Bellator Light Heavyweight Champion Vadim Nemkov and 2022 PFL heavyweight winner Ante Delija was scheduled for the event. However, Delija withdrew due to not ever signing the contract due to him undergoing elbow surgery and was replaced by current light heavyweight champion (also The Ultimate Fighter 19 light heavyweight winner) Corey Anderson in a trilogy bout. The pairing first met at Bellator 277, which the bout ended by no-contest in round two due to accidental clash of heads rendered Nemkov unable to continue. Their second meeting took place at Bellator 288, which Nemkov defended the title and won the tournament by unanimous decision. In turn, on December 15, Anderson stated that the fight was off because he is "too tough of a fight" for Nemkov. Nemkov faced Timothy Johnson instead.
Khasan Magomedsharipov and Nathan Kelly were scheduled to meet in a featherweight bout. However, Magomedsharipov withdrew for unknown reasons and was replaced by Akhmed Magomedov.
On the fight week, Jarrah Al-Silawi and Yakub Sulimanov were scheduled to meet in a welterweight bout, but the bout was cancelled for unknown reasons.
At the weigh-ins, Kenny Mokhonoana and Ahmed Sami missed weight. Mokhonoana came in at 147 pounds, one pound over the featherweight fight limit and Sami came in at 199.6 pounds, 0.6 lb over the 199 pounds limit. Their bouts proceeded at catchweight with Mokhonoana and Sami both fined a percent of their purse which went to their opponents Ibragim Ibragimov and Tarek Suleiman respectively.

## Results

* ↑ For the Bellator Lightweight World Championship. Nurmagomedov was deducted 1 point in round 3 due to a groin kick.
* ↑ Mokhonoana missed weight (147 lb).
* ↑ Sami missed weight (199.6 lb).
# Mordella holomelaena

Mordella holomelaena is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1914.
# Elmira Colonels

The Elmira Colonels (also known as the Rosies) were an American basketball team based in Elmira, New York that was a member of the American Basketball League. It is, to date, the only major league sports team to have ever resided in the Southern Tier.

## Year-by-year

| Year | League | Reg. Season | Playoffs |
| 1951/52 | ABL | 2nd | Did not qualify |
| 1952/53 | ABL | 3rd | Playoffs |
# David Dragunsky

David Abramovich Dragunsky (Russian: Давид Абрамович Драгунский; 15 February [O.S. 2 February] 1910 – 12 October 1992) was a tank officer in World War II who was twice awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union.

## Early life

Dragunsky was born on 15 February [O.S. 2 February] 1910 to a large Jewish family in Svyatsk; his parents were tailors. After completing school in Novozybkov he became a construction worker. As a member of the Komsomol he was made head of a district council and later sent to rural areas to participate in collectivization. He became a member of the Communist Party in 1931 and was drafted into the military in 1933.

## Military career

In 1938, he commanded an infantry company during combat operations near Khasan Lake and was awarded an Order of the Red Banner. During World War II, he was in command of a Tank battalion and, in 1943, he became the commander of the 55th Guards Tank Brigade of the 3rd Guards Tank Army. Between 1960 and 1965, he commanded the 7th Guards Army.

## Politics

He became an ordinary member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1931, a member of the Regimental Party Committee in 1935, and Secretary of the Brigade Committee in 1942. He became a Candidate Member of the Central Committee of the CPSU in 1974 and a full member in 1979. In 1983, he was designated chairman of the newly-formed Anti-Zionist Committee of the Soviet Public by the Ideological Department of the CPSU Central Committee and the KGB.
# Anelasmocephalus hadzii

Anelasmocephalus hadzii is a species of trogulid, a group of opiliones, native to Europe.

## Characteristic features

All of the legs of A. hadzii, except for the calcaneus, are very hairy and warty. Soil particles, as with most trogulidae, are tightly glued to these warts. The glans of the penis is long, has a hook at the end and its distal end is long and thin.
# Maria Teresa Cárcomo Lobo

Maria Teresa de Almeida Rosa Cárcomo Lobo (Malanje, 18 February 1929 - Rio de Janeiro, 8 December 2018) was a Portuguese politician and jurist and was the first woman to hold office in Portugal.
She was Undersecretary of State of Social Affairs from 1970 till 1973, and deputy of the Assembleia Nacional under the Portuguese Estado Novo
In 1974, after the April Revolution, she emigrated to Rio de Janeiro, where she joined the judiciary in 1988, assuming the position of head judge of the 28th Federal Court of Rio de Janeiro, where she remained until her retirement in February 1999. She was awarded the Collar of Honor for Judicial Merit by the Court of Justice of the State of Rio de Janeiro. She also held the position of special advisor at the Regional Federal Judiciary School of the 2nd Region and served as director of the Judicial Section Forum of Rio de Janeiro during the 1993/1994 biennium. As a lawyer and legal consultant in international matters, she distinguished herself as a contributor to the Jornal do Commercio, writing the column Globalization and Integration.
Cárcomo Lobo was a member of the Permanent Council of the Association of Jurists of the Portuguese Language Countries and of the Brazilian Academy of Economic, Political and Social Sciences.