OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1598 in India

Events from the year 1598 in India.

## Events

The first known English use of zero was in 1598.

## Births

* 12 January – Jijabai, mother of Shivaji, (died 1674)

## Deaths

* Mata Bhani, also known as Bibi Bhani, daughter of third Sikh guru Guru Amar Das, wife of fourth Sikh guru Guru Ram Das, and mother of fifth Sikh guru Guru Arjan Dev dies (born 1535)
# 11th SS Police Regiment

The 11th SS Police Regiment (SS-Polizei-Regiment 11) was initially named the Police Regiment for Special Employment (Polizei-Regiment zbV) when it was formed around the beginning of 1942 from existing Order Police (Ordnungspolizei) units for security duties on the Eastern Front. The unit was renumbered as the 11th Police Regiment in July 1942 and then was redesignated as an SS unit in early 1943.

## Formation and organization

The regiment was formed around the beginning of 1942 under the command of Lieutenant Colonel of Police (Oberstleutenant der Schutzpolizei) Hans Griep in the eastern Ukraine and subordinated to Gerret Korsemann, Higher SS and Police Leader For Special Employment. Police Battalion 304 (Polizei-Batallion 304), Police Battalion 315 and Police Battalion 320 were assigned to the regiment. When the regiment was renumbered in July, the battalions were redesignated as the first through third battalions, respectively, of the regiment. All of the police regiments were redesignated as SS police units on 24 February 1943 and retained their existing organization and strength. In late June, the 10th Police Panzer Company equipped with two platoons of ex-French Panhard 178 armored cars was attached to the regiment in Russia. On 23 August, the 11th Police Panzer Company was formed with two platoons of Panhards and a platoon of ex-French Hotchkiss H35 tanks. Instead of joining the regiment in Russia, it was ordered to Croatia on 20 November where it remained for the rest of the war. The 10th Company's missing tank platoon was finally equipped with captured Soviet T-26 tanks and was ordered to join its parent unit on 17 March 1944. The 10th Company was detached from the regiment in September and withdrawn to Vienna for reequipment.
# Lighthouses in Chile

Chile has a large and intricate coastline of 4000 km with myriads of islands, islets, straits, bays, and fjords.
Moreover, three waterways between the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean, namely the Strait of Magellan, the Beagle Channel and the Drake Passage, pass the Chilean coasts. In order to mark dangerous coastlines, hazardous shoals, reefs, and safe entries to harbors, the Chilean authorities maintain 650 lighthouses from the border with Peru to the Atlantic Ocean.

## History

On 18 September 1857, the first lighthouse in Chile, the "Faro Angeles", was inaugurated in Valparaíso.
In 1867, the Dane Enrique Siemsen was appointed chief of the "Servicio de Faros". He built the Faro Corona in Ancud, Punta Caldera in Atacama, Punta Tortugas in Coquimbo, Isla Quiriquina in Quiriquina, Punta Galera and Punta Niebla in Corral.
The first lighthouses in Chile used colza oil as fuel, but in 1878 it was replaced by Bunsen burners.
George Slight designed and built in the 1890s more than 70 of today's historic lighthouses of Chile. He was a Scottish engineer who moved to Chile and eventually became the head of the Chilean Maritime Signaling Service.

## Present

As of 2013, the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) lists 650 lighthouses in Chile and according to Faros de Chile 18 of them were inhabited in 2009.

### Lightvessels

There are no lightvessels in Chile, but 2 shipwrecks are used as a basis for lighthouses: the County of Peebles is used as breakwater in the harbour of Punta Arenas, and the Capitán Leonidas is located in the Messier Channel.

### Official information and administration

The Chilean official list of lighthouses is the Lista de Faros de la costa de Chile, Costa Oriental de Tierra del Fuego y Territorio Antártico published (as Nr. 3007) by the Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service of the Chilean Navy (SHOA)
Navigational aids in Chile are provided by the Servicio de Señalización Marítima [Maritime Signalling Service], a department of the Dirección de Seguridad y Operaciones Marítimas (Dirsomar) [Directorate of Maritime Security and Operations], of the Dirección General del Territorio Marítimo y de Marina Mercante (Directemar) [Directorate General of the Maritime Territory and the Merchant Marine] of the Chilean Navy.

### Maintenance ships

In 1900, the ship Meteoro was built in Chile for the maintenance of lighthouses.
Today, the Chilean Navy ship George Slight (BRS-63) is in service to serve the lighthouses.

## NGA List of lights

The United States' National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) lists 650 lighthouses (and 26 Argentine lighthouses in the Beagle Channel zone) in the Chilean list of lights. This NGA list does not include the lighthouses in the Lakes of Chile nor any Chilean lighthouses in Antarctica (see List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands).
# 1737 in science

The year 1737 in science and technology involved some significant events.

## Astronomy

* May 28 – The planet Venus passes in front of Mercury. The event is witnessed during the evening by amateur astronomer John Bevis at the Royal Greenwich Observatory in England.

## Botany

* February 27 – French scientists Henri-Louis Duhamel du Monceau and Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon publish the first study correlating past weather conditions with an examination of tree rings.
* Elizabeth Blackwell's A Curious Herbal, with her own colour illustrations, is published in London.
* Johannes Burman's Thesaurus zeylanicus, a flora of Ceylon, is published in Amsterdam.

## Geology

* Francesco Serao is the first person to use the word lava in connection with extruded magma in a short account of the eruption of Mount Vesuvius which took place between May 14 and June 4.
* October 11 – An earthquake in Calcutta, India is said to have caused 300,000 deaths; this is now in question: it was probably a cyclone, with deaths estimated at 3,000.
* October 16 – An earthquake with an estimated magnitude of 9.3 strikes offshore of the Kamchatka Peninsula.

## Mathematics

* Divergence of the sum of the reciprocals of the primes proved by Leonhard Euler.

## Technology

* John Harrison is given an award from the longitude prize to continue his work on development of a stable marine chronometer in England.

## Publications

* Venetian polymath Francesco Algarotti publishes Newtonianism for Ladies, or Dialogues on Light and Colours (Neutonianismo per le dame).

## Awards

* Copley Medal: John Belchier

## Births

* January 4 – Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau, French chemist and politician (died 1816)
* August 14 – Charles Hutton, English mathematician (died 1823)
* September 9 – Luigi Galvani, Italian physicist (died 1798)
# 16×9

16×9 (formerly branded as 16:9 and 16:9: The Bigger Picture') is a Canadian investigative newsmagazine television program created by Troy Reeb and Mary Garofalo that aired on Global for eight seasons. The series debuted on November 30, 2008, with Mary Garofalo as host and Senior Consulting Producer until October 2011. Carolyn Jarvis later took over hosting until its cancellation on June 28, 2016.
The title refers to the aspect ratio of 16:9 high definition television broadcasts which display a wider area, hence, a bigger picture, as opposed to 4:3 standard definition.
Originally airing as a half-hour series, 16x9 expanded to an hour-long program for the 2011–12 television season.
Allison Vuchnich won a 2009 Gemini Award for Best News Information Series. Mary Garofalo earned a Gemini in 2011 for Best Lifestyle/Practical Information Series. On March 8, 2016 the program won for Best News or Information Series at the 4th Canadian Screen Awards.
16x9 was canceled by Global on June 28, 2016 due to job cuts, network programming changes and low ratings.
# 12 Classics

12 Classics is the sixth studio album by Bryn Haworth released in 1981 and is a compilation of songs previously released on two of his earlier albums.

## Track listing

All music is composed by Bryn Haworth
# Semele (disambiguation)

Semele is the mother of Dionysus in Greek mythology.
Semele may also refer to:
* Semele (Eccles), an opera by John Eccles
* Semele (Handel), an opera by George Frideric Handel (given as an oratorio in its first run)
* Semele (Schiller), a singspiel libretto by Friedrich Schiller
* Sémélé, an opera by Marin Marais
* Sémélé (Dukas cantata), a cantata by Paul Dukas
* 86 Semele, an asteroid
* Semele (plant), a genus of flowering plants
* Semele (bivalve), a genus of bivalves
* Radford Semele, a village in Warwickshire, England
# .40-50 Sharps

The .40-50 Sharps, may reference two mutually incompatible black powder rifle cartridges, which were the smallest members in the Sharps family:
* .40-50 Sharps Straight or 40-17⁄8-inch Sharps, introduced in 1879
* .40-50 Sharps Necked (or Bottlenecked) or 40-111⁄16-inch Sharps, introduced in 1869
# .3ds

3DS is one of the file formats used by the Autodesk 3ds Max 3D modeling, animation and rendering software.
It was the native file format of the old Autodesk 3D Studio DOS (releases 1 to 4), which was popular until its successor (3D Studio MAX 1.0) replaced it in April 1996. Having been around since 1990 (when the first version of 3D Studio DOS was launched), it has grown to become a de facto industry standard for transferring models between 3D programs, or for storing models for 3D resource catalogs (along with OBJ, which is more frequently used as a model archiving file format).
While the 3DS format aims to provide an import/export format, retaining only essential geometry, texture and lighting data, the related MAX format (now superseded by the PRJ format) also contains extra information specific to Autodesk 3ds Max, to allow a scene to be completely saved/loaded.

## Structure

3ds is a binary file format.
The format is based in chunks, where each section of data is embedded in a block that contains a chunk identifier and the length of the data (to provide the location of the next main block), as well as the data itself. This allows parsers to skip chunks they don't recognize, and allows for extensions to the format.
The chunks form a hierarchical structure, similar to an xml DOM tree. The first two bytes of the chunk are its ID. From that value the parser can identify the chunk and decide whether it will parse it or skip it. The next four bytes contain a little-endian integer that is the length of the chunk, including its data, the length of its sub-blocks and the 6-byte header. The next bytes are the chunk's data, followed by the sub-chunks, in a structure that may extend to several levels deep.
Below is a list of the most common IDs for chunks, represented in a hierarchical fashion depicting their dependencies:

## Shortcomings

It has been pointed out that, despite its popularity, the format may not be the most suitable for 3D data exchange. Some of the disadvantages mentioned are:
* All meshes must be made of triangles.
* All texture filenames are limited to the 8.3 DOS format.
* The number of vertices and polygons per mesh is limited to 65536.
* Accurate vertex normals cannot be stored in the .3ds file. Instead "smoothing groups" are used so that the receiving program can recreate a (hopefully good) representation of the vertex normals. This is still a hold-over legacy for many animation programs today which started in the 1980s (3DS MAX, Lightwave and trueSpace still use smoothing groups, and Maya did up to v2.51).
* Object, light and camera names are limited to 10 characters. Material names are limited to 16 characters.
* Directional light sources are not supported.
# 1759 in science

The year 1759 in science and technology involved several significant events.

## Astronomy

* Halley's Comet returns; a team of three mathematicians, Alexis Clairaut, Jérome Lalande and Nicole Reine Lepaute, have – for the first time – predicted the date.

## Biology

* Caspar Friedrich Wolff's dissertation at the University of Halle Theoria Generationis supports the theory of epigenesis.

## Botany

* Kew Gardens established in England by Augusta of Saxe-Coburg, the mother of George III.

## Geology

* Giovanni Arduino proposes dividing the geological history of Earth into four periods: Primitive, Secondary, Tertiary and Volcanic, or Quaternary.

## Medicine

* June 15 – The first vascular surgery in history is performed by a Dr. Hallowell at Newcastle upon Tyne in England, who uses suture repair rather than a tying off with a ligature to repair an aneurysm on a patient's brachial artery. The new procedure of reconstructing a damaged artery replaces the practice of ligation that had risked the amputation of a limb or organ failure.
* Angélique du Coudray publishes Abrégé de l'art des accouchements ("The Art of Obstetrics").

## Physics

* Posthumous publication of Émilie du Châtelet's French translation and commentary on Newton's Principia, Principes mathématiques de la philosophie naturelle.

## Technology

* English clockmaker John Harrison produces his "No. 1 sea watch" ("H4"), the first successful marine chronometer.

## Transport

* James Brindley is engaged by the Duke of Bridgewater to construct a canal to transport coal to Manchester from the duke's mines at Worsley, in North West England.
* October 16 – Smeaton's Tower, John Smeaton's Eddystone Lighthouse off the coast of South West England, is first illuminated.

## Awards

* Copley Medal: John Smeaton

## Births

* January 29 – Louis Augustin Guillaume Bosc, French botanist (died 1828)
* July 19 – Jacques Anselme Dorthès, French physician, entomologist and naturalist (died 1794)
* August 12 – Thomas Andrew Knight, English horticulturalist (died 1838)
* September 19 – William Kirby, English entomologist (died 1850)
* December 2 – James Edward Smith, English botanist (died 1828)
* Date unknown – Maria Petraccini, Italian anatomist and physician (died 1791)

## Deaths

* February 16 – Bartholomew Mosse, Irish surgeon (born 1712)
* April 6 – Johann Gottfried Zinn, German anatomist and botanist (born 1727)
* July 27 – Pierre Louis Maupertuis, French mathematician (born 1698)
* September 10 – Ferdinand Konščak, Croatian explorer (born 1703)
* November 29 – Nicolaus I Bernoulli, Swiss mathematician (born 1687)
# Semiricinula tissoti

Semiricinula tissoti is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 18.5 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off Mumbai, India.
# Ligure (train)

The Ligure was an international express train operated by the Italian Railways linking Milan with the Côte d'Azur. The train was named after the Italian region Liguria which was served by the train.

## Trans Europ Express

The Ligure was planned to be one of the initial TEE services at the start of the network at 2 June 1957. However the rolling stock was late itself and the service couldn't start before 12 August 1957. Initially the service linked Milan with Marseille calling at several cities, as Genoa, Monaco and Nice and tourist resorts along the Mediterranean coast. The Aln 442-448 diesel multiple units attracted more and more passengers over the years and by 1966 the train was coupled with an Ale-840 on the Italian stretch to cope with the raising number of travellers.
In 1969 the route was prolonged further west to Avignon in order to provide a TEE link between Milan and Barcelona using the newly introduced TEE Catalan Talgo and the TEE Ligure. The timetable was changed in a way that passengers could change from the Catalan Talgo to the Ligure and vice versa in Avignon at around 3 p.m. The formation was changed as well to two Aln 442-448 coupled between Milan and Nice.
Timetable in 1971 (France and Monaco are in Central European time zone, Italy at that time in the Eastern European time zone, the real travel time between Monaco and Ventimiglia is 17 minutes)
| TEE 47/48 | country | station | km | TEE 45/46 |
| 15:30 | France | Avignon | 0 | 14:47 |
| 16:38 | France | Marseille St Charles | 121 | 13:34 |
| 17:16 | France | Toulon | 188 | 12:52 |
| 18:08 | France | St. Raphael | 282 | 12:02 |
| 18:30 | France | Cannes | 315 | 11:41 |
| 18:39 | France | Antibes | 326 | 11:32 |
| 18:55 | France | Nice Ville | 346 | 11:19 |
| 19:12 | Monaco | Monaco Monte Carlo | 362 | 11:05 |
| 20:30 | Italy | Ventimiglia | 381 | 11:45 |
| 20:48 | Italy | San Remo | 397 | 11:33 |
| 21:10 | Italy | Imperia | 420 | 11:12 |
| 22:05 | Italy | Savona | 489 | 10:09 |
| 22:42 | Italy | Genova Piazza Principe | 532 | 09:32 |
| 00:20 | Italy | Milano Centrale | 683 | 07:55 |
On 1 October 1972 the rolling stock was replaced by Gran Conforto coaches hauled by an electric locomotive class E 444.

## Intercity

On 22 May 1982 the route was shortened to Milan - Nice. At the same time 2nd-class coaches were introduced and the train was transformed into an Intercity service with 16 stops. It didn't met the EuroCity criteria and it lasted until 2005 before the EuroCity label was granted. In December 2009 the Ligure was withdrawn.
# Liguo, Hainan

Liguo (simplified Chinese: 利国镇; traditional Chinese: 利國鎮; pinyin: Lìguó Zhèn) is a rural town in Ledong Li Autonomous County, Hainan, People's Republic of China.

## Administrative divisions

It include 15 villages and 1 community:
* Liguo Community (利国社区)
* Qinbiao Village (秦标村)
* Fofeng Village (佛丰村)
* Guan Village (官村)
* Hekou Village (荷口村)
* Baosui Village (抱岁村)
* Xinlian Village (新联村)
* Xinmin Village (新民村)
* Baoxin Village (抱新村)
* Hongwu Village (红五村)
* Wenqie Village (文且村)
* Baogao Village (抱告村)
* Maopo Village (茅坡村)
* Qiugang Village (球港村)
* Yangshang Village (羊上村)
* Wanglou Village (望楼村)

## Gallery

* Government Building
* Police Department
* Health Center
* Chongpo Middle School
# Ligure

Ligure may refer to:
* The Ligurian language, spoken in Liguria in northern Italy
* Ligure (train), a Trans Europ Express (TEE) that ran between Milano C and Marseille / Avignon
* In the Biblical book of Exodus, a stone in the third row of the High Priest's Breastplate.
# Ligur

Ligur may refer to:
* Roman cognomen
* Ligur (shrimp), an arthropod genus in the family Lysmatidae
* Ligures (singular Ligus or Ligur; English: Ligurians, Greek: Λίγυες), an ancient people who gave their name to Liguria
# Senator Stokes (disambiguation)

Montfort Stokes (1762–1842) was a U.S. Senator from North Carolina from 1816 to 1823. Senator Stokes may also refer to:
* Connie Stokes (born 1953), Georgia State Senate
* Edward C. Stokes (1860–1942), New Jersey State Senate
* John Stokes (North Carolina judge) (1756–1790), North Carolina State Senate
* Walter W. Stokes (1880–1960), New York State Senate
* William Brickly Stokes (1814–1897), Tennessee State Senate
# Senator Story

Senator Story may refer to:
* Robert Story (politician) (born 1952), Montana State Senate
* Tammy Story (born 1959), Colorado State Senate
# Senator Stone

Senator Stone may refer to:

## Members of the United States Senate

* David Stone (politician) (1770–1818), U.S. Senator from North Carolina
* Richard Stone (politician) (1928–2019), U.S. Senator from Florida

## United States state senate members

* Ben Stone (politician) (born 1935), State Senator of Mississippi
* Bill Stone (politician) (born 1965), State Senator of Mississippi
* Charles Warren Stone (1843–1912), State Senator of Pennsylvania
* Claude Stone Jr. (1926–2014), State Senator of Illinois
* Eben F. Stone (1822–1895), State Senator of Massachusetts
* Jeff Stone (California politician) (born 1956), State Senator of California
* John Marshall Stone (1830–1900), State Senator of Mississippi
* Norman R. Stone Jr. (born 1935), State Senator of Maryland
* Thomas Stone (1743–1787), State Senator of Maryland
# 15,16-dihydrobiliverdin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase

15,16-dihydrobiliverdin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (EC 1.3.7.2) is an enzyme that catalyzes the following chemical reaction
    15,16-dihydrobiliverdin + oxidized ferredoxin $\rightleftharpoons$ biliverdin IXalpha + reduced ferredoxin
The two substrates of this enzyme are 15,16-dihydrobiliverdin and oxidized ferredoxin, whereas its two products are biliverdin IXalpha and reduced ferredoxin.

## Classification

15,16-dihydrobiliverdin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-CH group of donor with an iron-sulfur protein as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 15,16-dihydrobiliverdin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase. This enzyme is also called PebA. This enzyme participates in porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism.
# Limnaecia inconcinna

Limnaecia inconcinna is a moth in the family Cosmopterigidae. It is found on Fiji.
Hostplant: This species feeds on cotton: Gossypium arboreum (Malvaceae).
# Linospadix monostachyos

Linospadix monostachyos known as the walking stick palm is a small palm growing in rainforest understorey in Queensland and New South Wales.
# Linospora

Linospora is a genus of fungi in the family Gnomoniaceae. The genus contains four species.
# Line 1 (Shijiazhuang Metro)

Line 1 of the Shijiazhuang Metro (Chinese: 石家庄地铁一号线; pinyin: Shíjiāzhuāng Dìtiě Yī Hào Xiàn) is a rapid transit line in Shijiazhuang, Hebei province, China. Currently it is 34.3 km (21.3 mi) long with 26 stations. The line opened on 26 June 2017.

## History
### Phase 1

Phase 1 of the line began construction on 1 July 2013 and began service on 26 June 2017, completed at a cost of ¥18.892 billion.

### Phase 2 initial section

The Phase II of Line 1 is 13.495 km (8.4 mi) with 8 stations. Only 6 stations from Xiaohedadao to Fuze (10.4 km) opened on 26 June 2019.

### Phase 2 North section

Two more stations, Dongshangze and Dongyang will open later. The section is 3.1 km in length with 2 stations. The section will open in 2024.

### Phase 3 (Southwest extension)

The Phase 3 will add two more stations (Huai'anlu and Shangzhuang) in Southwest of the line. The extension is under planning.

### Opening timeline

| Segment | Commencement | Length | Station(s) | Name |
| Xiwang — Xiaohedadao | 26 June 2017 | 23.9 km (14.9 mi) | 20 | Phase 1 |
| Xiaohedadao — Fuze | 26 June 2019 | 10.4 km (6.5 mi) | 6 | Phase 2 (initial section) |

## Stations

| Phase | Station name | Station name | Connections | Distance km | Distance km | Location |
| Phase | English | Chinese | Connections | Distance km | Distance km | Location |
| Phase 3 | Huai'anlu | 槐安路 | | | | Luquan |
| Phase 3 | Shangzhuang | 上庄 | | | | Luquan |
| Phase 1 | Xiwang | 西王 | | | | Qiaoxi |
| Phase 1 | Shiguangjie | 时光街 | | | | Qiaoxi |
| Phase 1 | Changchengqiao | 长城桥 | | | | Qiaoxi |
| Phase 1 | Hepingyiyuan | 和平医院 | | | | Qiaoxi |
| Phase 1 | Lieshilingyuan | 烈士陵园 | | | | Qiaoxi |
| Phase 1 | Xinbaiguangchang | 新百广场 | 3 | | | Qiaoxi |
| Phase 1 | Jiefangguangchang | 解放广场 | | | | Qiaoxi/Xinhua |
| Phase 1 | Ping'andajie | 平安大街 | | | | Qiaoxi/Chang'an |
| Phase 1 | Beiguoshangcheng | 北国商城 | 2 | | | Qiaoxi/Chang'an |
| Phase 1 | Bowuyuan | 博物院 | | | | Chang'an |
| Phase 1 | Tiyuchang | 体育场 | | | | Chang'an |
| Phase 1 | Beisong | 北宋 | | | | Chang'an |
| Phase 1 | Tangu | 谈固 | | | | Chang'an |
| Phase 1 | Zhaohuiqiao | 朝晖桥 | | | | Chang'an |
| Phase 1 | Baifo | 白佛 | | | | Chang'an |
| Phase 1 | Liucun | 留村 | | | | Yuhua |
| Phase 1 | Huojuguangchang | 火炬广场 | | | | Yuhua |
| Phase 1 | Shijiazhuangdongzhan | 石家庄东站 | SXP | | | Yuhua |
| Phase 1 | Nancun | 南村 | | | | Chang'an |
| Phase 1 | Xiaohedadao | 洨河大道 | | | | Chang'an |
| Phase 2 | Xizhuang | 西庄 | | | | Chang'an |
| Phase 2 | Dongzhuang | 东庄 | | | | Chang'an |
| Phase 2 | Huizhanzhongxin | 会展中心 | | | | Zhengding |
| Phase 2 | Shangwuzhongxin | 商务中心 | | | | Zhengding |
| Phase 2 | Yuanboyuan | 园博园 | | | | Zhengding |
| Phase 2 | Fuze | 福泽 | | | | Zhengding |
| Phase 2 | Dongshangze | 东上泽 | | | | Zhengding |
| Phase 2 | Dongyang | 东洋 | | | | Zhengding |

## Rolling stock

Services are provided by CRRC Tangshan Type A rolling stock, which are operated in six-car sets that hold up to 2520 passengers each.