OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Jean-Marie Chevalier

Jean-Marie Chevalier (4 June 1941 – 31 October 2021) was a French economist. He specialized in energy economics from the 1970s until the 2000s.

## Biography

Chevalier was born in Paris on 4 June 1941 into a family from Creuse. He graduated from Sciences Po in 1962 and earned a doctorate in economics from the Sorbonne.
Chevalier was a professor of economics at Algiers 1 University from 1966 to 1969 and subsequently worked as an economics engineer for Elf Aquitaine from 1970 to 1971. He then taught economic sciences at Mohammed V University from 1971 to 1973, at Pierre Mendès-France University from 1973 to 1975, and at the École nationale d'administration from 1975 to 1991. He was Director of the Centre de géopolitique de l'énergie et des matières premières [fr], located at Paris Dauphine University, until 2010. He also frequented the Paris office of the Cambridge Energy Research Associates.
In 2007, Chevalier co-authored a report advocating an end to France's energy independence in order to fulfill the country's commitments to the European Union. He was a member of the Conseil d'Analyse Économique from 2006 to 2010, a member of the Cercle des économistes, and the author of several books and articles on the field of energy.
Chevalier died on 31 October 2021 at the age of 80.

## Publications

* L’économie industrielle en question (1977)
* Économie de l’énergie (1986)
* Économie industrielle des stratégies d’entreprise (2001)
* Où va l’économie mondiale ? (2002)
* La raison du plus fort. Les paradoxes de l’économie américaine (2004)
* Les grandes batailles de l’énergie (2004)
* Les 100 mots de l’énergie (2008)
* "Le vrai défi énergétique de la nouvelle décennie" (2010)
* Les nouveaux défis de l’energie (climat-economie-geopolitique) (2011)
# Jeanne Young

Sarah Jane Young OBE (née Forster; known as Jeanne Forster Young; 1 July 1866 – 11 April 1955) was an Australian political reformer.
Born at Unley in Adelaide to smith John Forster and Sarah Jane, née Jarvis, she received a private education before becoming a governess and piano teacher; she also attempted freelance journalism, and lost the sight in one eye in an accident with a horse and trap. She married journalist Alfred Howard Young at her father's home in East Adelaide on 23 January 1889. She became secretary of the Effective Voting League in 1897 as Jeanne Forster Young and named Catherine Spence as an inspiration.
Young and Spence campaigned in Sydney in 1900 for the Hare-Spence method to be used for federal elections, staying with Rose Scott, and after Spence's death Young completed and published Spence's unfinished autobiography. Young joined the Australian Red Cross Society, the South Australian Soldiers' Fund and the Wattle Day League (WDL) during World War I and directed a three-day exhibition for the WDL's motor ambulance committee in 1916. She left her husband, who had disagreed with her fervent nationalism, in 1917, although he continued to lend her his support. A justice of the peace from 1917, she was secretary of the Women's Representation League in 1918 and was an active member of the board of the Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery from 1916, finally retiring (when almost blind) in 1928. In 1930 she founded the Proportional Representation Group.
After reuniting, Young and her husband travelled abroad in 1932, searching in Switzerland for a cure for Jeanne's blindness. She campaigned for Effective Voting in England and attended a Commonwealth League conference for the Women's Non-Party Association, a South Australian organisation of which she had been a founding member in 1909. Her husband died in 1936. Jeanne published a biography, Catherine Helen Spence, in 1937. As an independent proportional representation advocate, she unsuccessfully ran for the House of Assembly in 1918 and 1938 and for the Senate in 1937. Appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1938, Young published her last brochure in 1945. She was granted life membership of the Justices Association in 1947, in recognition of her 30 years' service in the community as a justice of the peace.
Young died at Rose Park in 1955.
# Per Kure (company)

A/S Per Kure, variously also known as A/S Per Kure Norsk Motor- og Dynamofabrikk and ASEA–Per Kure, was a manufacturer first of electric heaters and later of transformers. Founded by Per Kure in 1897, it was for most of its history based at Hasle in Oslo, Norway. The company was dissolved during the creation of Asea Brown Boveri in 1988.

## History

Per Kure, born in 1872, returned to Norway in 1897 after receiving an education in electronics in Mittweida, Germany. He established the company that bore his name on 28 September. The company started working with installation of electrical apparatuses, including lights and motors. Originally located in the street Kristian Augusts gate, the company moved to Universitetsgata 24 in 1905. The company was importer of Elektra, a Swiss brand of electrical heaters, and from 1911, the company received a license to produce the products for Norway and Sweden.
In 1912, the company started selling products from Nya Förenade Elektriska Aktiebolaget of Sweden in Norway. After it had merged to create Allmänna Svenska Elektriska Aktiebolaget (ASEA), Per Kure took over ASEA's Norwegian division, Norsk Motor- og Dynamofabrik, and the new company was renamed A/S Per Kure Norsk Motor- og Dynamofabrik. The merged company produced transformers, which were largely sold for production of hydroelectricity in Norway. In 1937, all of the company's manufacturing was localized at Hasle. Per Kure remained CEO until 1938, by which time the company had 500 employees. Per Kure built transformers two classes of Norwegian electric locomotives, El 5 and El 9.
In 1944, during the Second World War, the Norwegian resistance movement was active with sabotage against companies which were supplying the German armed forces. Workers at Per Kure had joined the communist resistance group Osvald. Because of the Allied bombing of Germany, Per Kure was thought to become part of a decentralized production facility for assembly of aircraft engines, and Osvald considered the plant a legitimate target. On 30 May 1944, the entire plant at Hasle was blown up and several transformers severely damaged. The action was not coordinated with central parts of the resistance, such as Milorg, which had a more passive strategy.
In 1945, Per Kure died, and ASEA bought the company and renamed ASEA–Per Kure. In 1967, the production of Elektra products was sold. The company remained until 1988, when ASEA merged to become ABB. In 1988, ASEA–Per Kure was dissolved and the following year, production of transformers at Hasle ceased.
# The Strange Story of Sylvia Gray

The Strange Story of Sylvia Gray is a 1914 American silent film written and directed by Charles L. Gaskill and stars Helen Gardner, Charles Kent and Mary Charleson.

## Plot

Henry and Sylvia Gray live in poverty with their baby daughter, Silvery, and the baby's nurse, Margy. Henry is a struggling playwright, who is pinning all their financial future on the sale of his latest play. When notice comes that the play has been rejected by a manager, they are devastated. Tired of poverty, Sylvia leaves, taking Silvery and Margy with her, and goes to live with a wealthy clubman. After she leaves, but before he realizes it, another play manager arrives and pays Henry $5000 for his play. He hides the money in the wall of their apartment, then goes to tell Sylvia. When he discovers that she has deserted him, he goes out of his mind, causing him to go blind and lose his memory. He then becomes a wanderer.
Sylvia and her lover, Lennox, have moved to a different city. When she discovers that he intends to leave her for a younger woman, Lucy Reynolds, she becomes irate and kills him in a fit of anger. She is arrested, and Margy flees with Silvery. She brings the young child back to her father's apartment, but finds him gone. She decides to raise the child as her own.
Twenty years pass, and Silvery has now grown up to a beautiful young woman, who works as an artist's model. She is also in love with her artist boss, Vanveldt. Things are progressing nicely between them, until she meets a hypnotist, Dr. Frankenstein, who she begins working for on the side, much to the chagrin of his jealous wife, Vivette. Frankenstein puts Silvery under his spell, forcing her to leave Vanveldt and be with him. Meanwhile, Henry returns home from his wanderings, and coincidently so does Sylvia, who has served her time in prison. She begins to care for Henry, who still has no memory of the missing $5000. When Silvery and Frankenstein visit her parents, he learns of the missing money, and concocts a plan to steal the funds if Henry can remember where he put it. As Sylvia continues her ministrations, Henry's memory returns.
Frankenstein hypnotizes Silvery to force her to stab her father to death, and take the money. However, just as she is about to perform the dead, Vivette arrives and kills Frankenstein in a jealous rage, breaking his hold over Silvery. Released from Frankenstein's spell, she returns to Vanveldt, and the two become engaged, while Sylvia and Henry are reconciled to one another.

## Cast list

* Helen Gardner as Sylvia Gray/Silvery Gray
* Charles Kent as Henry Gray
* Mary Charleson as Margy
* Charles Eldridge as Uncle Adam
* Gladden James as Mr. Lennox
* Charles Dietz as Dr. Frankenstein
* Arthur H. Ashley as Vanveldt
* Evelyn Dumo as Vivette
* Phyllis Grey as Lucy Reynolds
* Edward Elkas as Mr. Cohen

## Reception

Variety did not like the film, calling it a "travesty". They found the plot full of absurdities, and finished their review with, ""Strange" is a mild way to describe the story of Sylvia Gray".
# Influenza A virus subtype H2N2

Influenza A virus subtype H2N2 (A/H2N2) is a subtype of Influenza A virus. H2N2 has mutated into various strains including the "Asian flu" strain (now extinct in the wild), H3N2, and various strains found in birds. It is also suspected of causing a human pandemic in 1889. The geographic spreading of the 1889 Russian flu has been studied and published.

## Russian flu

Some believe that the 1889–1890 Russian flu was caused by the influenzavirus A virus subtype H2N2, but the evidence is not conclusive. It is the earliest flu pandemic for which detailed records are available. More recently, there are speculations that it might have been caused by one of the coronaviruses first discovered in the 1960s.

## Asian flu

The "Asian Flu" was a category 2 flu pandemic outbreak of influenzavirus A that first appeared in Guizhou, China in early 1957 and lasted until 1958. The first cases were reported in Singapore in February 1957. In February 1957, a new influenza A (H2N2) virus emerged in East Asia, triggering a pandemic (“Asian Flu”). This H2N2 virus was composed of three different genes from an H2N2 virus that originated from an avian influenza A virus, including the H2 hemagglutinin and the N2 neuraminidase genes. It was first reported in Singapore in February 1957, Hong Kong in April 1957, and in coastal cities in the United States in summer 1957. Some authors believe it originated from mutation in wild ducks combining with a pre-existing human strain. Other authors are less certain. It reached Hong Kong by April, and US by June. Estimates of US and worldwide deaths caused by this pandemic varies widely depending on source; ranging from approximately 69,800 to 116,000 in the United States, and worldwide from 1 million to 4 million, with the World Health Organization (WHO) settling on "about 2 million," with an overall mortality rate of 0.6%. Asian Flu was of the H2N2 subtype (a notation that refers to the configuration of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins in the virus) of type A influenza, and an influenza vaccine was developed in 1957 to contain its outbreak.
The Asian Flu strain later evolved via antigenic shift into H3N2 which caused a milder pandemic from 1968 to 1969.
Both the H2N2 and H3N2 pandemic strains contained avian influenza virus RNA segments.

## Test kits

From October 2004 to February 2005, approximately 3,700 test kits of the 1957 H2N2 virus were accidentally spread around the world from the College of American Pathologists (CAP). CAP assists laboratories in accuracy by providing unidentified samples of viruses; private contractor Meridian Bioscience in Cincinnati, U.S., chose the 1957 strain instead of one of the less deadly avian influenza virus subtypes. The 1957 H2N2 virus is considered deadly and the U.S. government called for the vials containing the strain to be destroyed.
# Influenza A virus subtype H3N1

H3N1 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus, mostly affecting pigs.
The known subtypes of Influenza A virus that create influenza in pigs and are endemic in pigs are H1N1, H1N2, H3N1 and H3N2.
# Rafael Isea

Rafael Eduardo Isea Romero (born 18 February 1968, Maracay) is a Venezuelan politician, and Governor of Aragua State from 2008 to 2012. A graduate of the Venezuelan Military Academy (1989), he participated in Hugo Chávez' February 1992 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt.
From 2001 to 2004 he was Venezuela's representative to the Inter-American Development Bank. In the 2005 parliamentary elections he was elected to the National Assembly of Venezuela. In 2007 he was named deputy Minister of Finance, and in 2008, Minister of Finance of Venezuela, before being elected Governor of Aragua in the 2008 regional elections, beating PODEMOS' Henry Rosales.
Rafael Isea lives in the United States with his wife and children. He works as an Amazon courier.
# Nyamakala

The Nyamakala, or Nyamakalaw, are the historic occupational castes among Islamic societies of West Africa, particularly among the Mandinka people. The Nyamakala are known as Nyaxamalo among the Soninke people, and Nyenyo among the Wolof people. They are found throughout the Sahel region, from Mali and Senegal to Chad and several other parts of the West African region historically known as the "Western Sudan".
The term Nyamakala originally implied any talented people, but as slavery, social differentiation and stratification increased with Islamic religious violence called jihads, and later the colonial rule, their status fell to a lowly level below the nobles and free people. Nyama in the traditional Mandinka society implies "vital force", while Kala connotes "handle". Thus, any type of occupation that handled vital force of nature, were a Nyamakala. In its historic contexts, state Charles Bird, Martha Kendall and Kalilou Tera, Nyama has implied different meanings. In one, it connotes notions of "evil or satanic force, dangerous, polluting, energizing, imperfect self control" and in others it is "morally neutral or energizing". In yet another context, Nyama implies "refuse, garbage". With the arrival of Muslims, the evil or polluting contexts became their focus, while the caste people themselves preferred the neutral or energizing connotations.
Among Mandinka, the Nyamakala occupational castes included Jeli or Jeliyu (musicians, griots), Numu (carpenters, smiths), Garanke (leather workers, weavers) and Fune or Finah (singers specializing in Islamic praise). The specific castes had different terms in other ethnic groups of West Africa. For example, among the Soninke people, the griots were called Gesere, the smiths Tage and the carpenter caste was called Sake.
The Nyamakala have been endogamous, occupation inheriting castes. Among the Mande people such as the Mandinke, Soninke and others, Nyamakala caste people have been despised and considered of lowly status, in some regions as Jon (slave) and Wolosa (descendant of slave).
Some scholars such as Vaughn state that while Nyamakala have been castes of West Africa, it necessarily does not mean imply a generic and uniform "caste system" because the social stratification in Africa was very complex with the inclusion of slaves, race and religious elements. Others consider Nyamakala as a part of a caste system, while acknowledging that there were regional variations.
# Dôme de Chasseforêt

Dôme de Chasseforêt is a mountain of Savoie, France. It lies in the Massif de la Vanoise range. It has an elevation of 3,586 metres above sea level.
* This Savoie geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Molle Glacier

Molle Glacier (67°31′S 47°10′E﻿ / ﻿67.517°S 47.167°E﻿ / -67.517; 47.167) is a glacier, 4 nautical miles (7 km) wide, flowing north-northeast into the northern part of the Hannan Ice Shelf, Enderby Land, Antarctica. It was charted from air photos taken by Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions in 1956, and was named by the Antarctic Names Committee of Australia for J.D. Molle, a radio officer at Davis Station in 1960.
# Nedungolam

Nedungolam or Nedumgolam is the Northern border town of Paravur municipality in the Kollam district of Kerala state, India. Nedungolam is very near to the world-famous-wetland in Kollam district, Polachira, which is a favorite destination for migratory birds. A census conducted on 2003 reveals that over 26,000 birds belonging to 37 species are visiting or living in the Polachira wetlands.

## Importance of Nedungolam

Nedungolam is a town with two major junctions - Hospital Junction and Post Office Junction. It is one of the important attractions of blessed estuary land, Paravur. Most of the resorts in Paravur are very near to Nedungolam. Beautiful beaches of Paravur are just 5 km away from Nedungolam. Proximity to the world-famous Kerala wetland, Polachira is another blessing of Nedungolam. In addition to that, one of the heritage sites of Kerala, Pozhikkara is just 5 km from Nedungolam. Rama Rao Memorial Govt. Taluk Hospital, Paravur - The one and only Taluk Hospital in Chathannoor constituency is in Nedungolam. Paravur Sub-Registrar Office, Padmanabha Rao public library, B.R Hospital - another famous hospital in Paravur etc. - are the other important institutions in Nedungolam. Many Hindu temples, Nedungolam Service Co-operative Bank, Nedungolam Post-office and Nedungolam Govt. Higher Secondary School are also situated in the locality of Nedungolam. Resorts in Nedungolam area include:
* Aquasserenne Resort, Paravur
* Fragrant Nature Hotels & Resorts Pvt Ltd., Paravur
* The Tranquil Palms Resort, Paravur

## How to reach

Nedungolam is located at the borders of Paravur Municipality and is in Paravur-Chathannoor road. Nedungolam is well connected with almost all the major towns. It is about 18 km from Kollam City and 3 km from Paravur town. Private and KSRTC bus services connect Nedungolam with various towns in Kerala. Paravur Municipal Bus Stand is 4 km away from Nedungolam.
Paravur Railway Station is the nearest important railway station to Nedungolam, which is 3 km from Nedungolam. 14 pairs of trains connect Paravur with various Indian cities like Kollam, Trivandrum, Kochi, Calicut, Palakkad, Thrissur, Bengaluru, Chennai, Mumbai, Madurai, Kanyakumari, Mangalore, Pune, Salem, Coimbatore, Trichy and Tirunelveli through Indian Railways.
There are no airports in Kollam district. The nearest airport is Trivandrum International Airport, about 57 kilometres (35 mi) away. Daily domestic flight services are available to major cities like Mumbai, Chennai, Delhi, Bangalore and Kochi. International flight services connecting to Sharjah, Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Bahrain, Kuwait, Muscat, Male, Doha, Singapore and Colombo are available from here.
# Pontefract Hospital

Pontefract Hospital is an acute District General Hospital in Pontefract, West Yorkshire operated by the Mid Yorkshire Teaching NHS Trust. The hospital primarily serves the towns of Pontefract and the five towns.

## History

The original hospital in Pontefract was the Pontefract Dispensary which was established in Sessions House Yard in 1812. The foundation stone for a new hospital in Southgate was laid by Hugh Childers, Secretary of State for War on 7 May 1880; it was opened by John Rhodes, the Mayor of Wakefield, on 8 December 1880. The facility became Pontefract General Infirmary on the formation of the National Health Service in 1948.
A new hospital, to be known as the Pontefract Hospital, was procured under a Private Finance Initiative contract to replace Pontefract General Infirmary in 2007. The new hospital, which was designed by the Building Design Partnership and built by Balfour Beatty at a cost of circa £150 million, was completed in January 2010. It was opened by the Duke of Gloucester in July 2010.
In March 2018 it was announced that the Accident and Emergency Department at Pontefract Hospital would be reclassified as a 24-hour Urgent Treatment Centre from the following months with people with life-threatening injuries being sent to the nearest A&E department which is at, Pinderfields Hospital instead. The local MP, Yvette Cooper, responded to the action:
   These proposals are a disgrace. They are ignoring the thousands of people who backed our campaign for the Trust to keep its promise of 24/7 consultant led A&E at Pontefract. Last year they closed Pontefract A&E overnight and we forced them to reopen it with public meetings and petitions. Now they are trying to downgrade Pontefract A&E during the daytime. This is clearly all about cuts. The Trust is being forced to make big cuts by Government reforms and the services we were promised are under threat as a result. Yet we already know Pinderfields is struggling to cope and sending more patients there is madness. It’s unfair to patients who are waiting too long to be seen and it’s unfair to staff who are already over-stretched. Hospital bosses know we won’t accept this plan and we won’t give up the fight for a proper A&E at Pontefract.
In October 2019, Mid Yorkshire Trust announced that the maternity-led birth centre would be shut until October 2020 "on the grounds of safety" due to a national shortage of midwives. It also announced that it would be closing 12 of the 42 beds at the hospital's stroke and rehabilitation unit. Local MP Yvette Cooper has led a campaign against the action, calling it "an absolute disgrace".
# Pope Leo

Pope Leo was the name of thirteen Roman Catholic Popes:
* Pope Leo I (the Great) (440–461)
* Pope Leo II (682–683)
* Pope Leo III (795–816)
* Pope Leo IV (847–855)
* Pope Leo V (903)
* Pope Leo VI (928)
* Pope Leo VII (936–939)
* Pope Leo VIII (964–965)
* Pope Leo IX (1049–1054)
* Pope Leo X (1513–1521)
* Pope Leo XI (1605)
* Pope Leo XII (1823–1829)
* Pope Leo XIII (1878–1903)
# Jonathan Bailey (disambiguation)

Jonathan Bailey (born 1988) is a British actor.
Jonathan Bailey may also refer to:
* Jonathan Bailey (bishop) (1940–2008), British bishop
* Jonathan W. Bailey, American rear admiral