OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1862 in architecture

The year 1862 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.

## Buildings and structures
### Buildings opened

* May 8 – Church of St Philip and St James, Oxford, designed by George Edmund Street.
* May 12 – Ulster Hall, Belfast, designed by William J. Barre.
* May 17 – Teatro Comunale Florence, Italy.
* November 19 – Brekke Church, Norway, designed by Christian Henrik Grosch.

### Buildings completed

* Flushing Town Hall, Flushing, Queens, New York, USA.
* Iron Clad Building, Cooperstown, New York, USA, designed by James Bogardus.
* Laxmangarh Fort, Rajasthan, India.
* Peace College Main Building, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.
* Propylaea (Munich), designed by Leo von Klenze.
* Rila Monastery, Bulgaria, by Alexi Rilets (reconstruction).
* Government House, Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, designed by Charles Tiffin.
* Treasury Building, Melbourne, Australia, designed by J. J. Clark in 1857 (when he was 19).
* Great Malvern railway station, England, designed by E. W. Elmslie.
* Bow Bridge (Central Park), New York, designed by Calvert Vaux.

## Awards

* RIBA Royal Gold Medal – Robert Willis.
* Grand Prix de Rome, architecture: Wilbrod Chabrol [fr].

## Births

* February 7 – Bernard Maybeck, American Arts and Crafts architect (died 1957)
* February 19 – Lev Kekushev, Russian Art Nouveau architect (died 1916–1919?)
* May 28 – Theodor Fischer, German architect (died 1938)
* June 9 – Herbert Baker, English architect working in South Africa (died 1946)
* October 21 – Folke Zettervall, Swedish architect (died 1955)
* October 31 – Gerald Horsley, British architect (died 1917)
* December 7 – Hans-Georg Tersling, Danish architect working in France (died 1920)

## Deaths

* June 27 – John Henderson, Scottish ecclesiastical architect (born 1804)
* December – Thomas Oliver, English classical architect (born 1791)
* Thomas Ellis Owen, English architect working chiefly around Southsea (born 1805)
# Ernst Peterson Hay

Ernst Peterson Hay (7 July 1886 – 31 December 1955) was a New Zealand lawyer and judge who was the Mayor of Lower Hutt from 1947 to 1949.

## Biography

He was born in Lawrence in 1886 to William Hay. He was educated at Lawrence District High School and later became an assistant solicitor at the Public Trust Office in 1910. He was later a lawyer at the Wellington firm of Mazengarb, Hay and Macalister (founded 1918) with Ossie Mazengarb and Robert Macalister. He was also the President of the Wellington Rotary Club in 1939. During World War II Hay acted as chairman of the Armed Forces Appeal Board at Wellington. He was married to Agnes Mitchell with whom he had two sons and three daughters. His brother was Christchurch businessman and city councillor Sir James Hay.
He was a member of the Lower Hutt Borough Council from 1938 to 1947. In June 1947 the mayor, Jack Andrews, resigned and the councillors elected Hay as mayor for the remainder of the term until the scheduled election in November. He was re-elected mayor at the November 1947 election. In 1948 he was appointed as a Judge of the Supreme Court of New Zealand. After joining the judiciary he resigned as mayor on 20 January 1949.
He retired in February 1955, owing to illness, and later died on 31 December that year. He was cremated, and had his ashes interred at the Karori Cemetery crematorium. His wife Agnes, who was a benefactor and volunteer for the Red Cross and Women's Guild, died in 1959.
# 1937 Davidson Wildcats football team

The 1937 Davidson Wildcats football team was an American football team that represented Davidson College during the 1937 college football season as a member of the Southern Conference. In their second year under head coach Gene McEver, the team compiled an overall record of 2–8, with a mark of 1–6 in conference play, and finished in 15th place in the SoCon.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance |
| September 18 | vs. NC State | World War Memorial StadiumGreensboro, NC | L 2–6 | 14,000 |
| September 25 | Erskine* | Richardson FieldDavidson, NC | W 21–6 | 6,000 |
| October 2 | Duke | Richardson FieldDavidson, NC | L 6–34 | 8,500 |
| October 9 | at VMI | Alumni FieldLexington, VA | L 0–7 | 2,500 |
| October 16 | at South Carolina | Carolina Municipal StadiumColumbia, SC | L 7–25 | 8,000 |
| October 23 | at Centre* | Cheek FieldDanville, KY | L 0–8 | |
| October 30 | Furman | Richardson FieldDavidson, NC | W 13–9 | 4,500 |
| November 6 | North Carolina | Richardson FieldDavidson, NC | L 0–26 | 8,000 |
| November 13 | at Harvard* | Harvard StadiumBoston, MA | L 0–15 | 3,000 |
| November 25 | vs. Wake Forest | American Legion Memorial StadiumCharlotte, NC | L 7–19 | 10,000 |
| *Non-conference gameHomecoming ||||||
# Madurai Perumarudhanar

Madhurai Perumaruthanār (Tamil: மதுரைப் பெருமருதனார்) was a poet of the Sangam period, to whom a single verse of the Sangam literature has been attributed, besides verse 37 of the Tiruvalluva Maalai.

## Biography

Madurai Perumarudhanar hailed from the city of Madurai. He is the father of the Sangam poet Madurai Perumarudhu Ilanaganar.

## Contribution to the Sangam literature

Madurai Perumarudhanar has written a sole Sangam verse—verse 241 of the Natrinai. Apart from this, he has also composed verse 37 in the Tiruvalluva Maalai.
# OPV-70

OPV-70 is an Offshore Patrol Vessel of the Royal Moroccan Navy, designed by Raidco Marine and built at STX France SA.
The first vessel received, was named after the Battle of Bir Anzaran, between the Polisario Front and Royal Armed Forces in 1979.

## Definition of the Equipment and requirements

The main mission is the surveillance of Moroccan EEZ and control of fisheries in the Atlantic Ocean, with secondary roles including detecting illegal immigration, smuggling and drug trafficking and supporting counter terrorism and search and rescue patrols along Moroccan coasts.
Bir Anzaran is the first in a series, which will include three more units: P342, P343 and P344 with an option for two more. The Moroccan EM (Etat Major) now discuss the purchase of a more sophisticated and advanced version for the three last ships to be built.
Its hull is made of steel and aluminum structures, for a displacement of 800 tonnes with a maximum speed of 22 knots.
It received its weapons at the port of Casablanca:
* x1 Otobreda 76 mm
* x1 Bofors 40mm
* 2 x 14,5 mm MG
* 2 x 12,7 mm MG

## Ships

| Pennant no. | Name | Launched | Commissioned | Status |
| P-341 | Bir Anzaran | 25 Aug 2010 | 23 June 2011 | In service |
| P-342 | | | | Under construction. |
| P-343 | | | | Under construction. |
| P-344 | | | | Under construction. |
# LIF

LIF, LiF or Lif may refer to:

## Music

* "Lif" (song), a 2022 song by SCH
* Mr. Lif (Jeffrey Haynes), a rapper
* "Lif", the last track on Horse the Band's album A Natural Death
* "Líf", a song by Hildur Vala Einarsdóttir

## Science

* Leukemia inhibitory factor, a cytokine that affects cell growth and development
* Laser-induced fluorescence, a spectroscopic method
* Low insertion force sockets
* Lithium fluoride, a chemical compound used for windows, prisms, and lenses from vacuum UV to near IR range
* Left Iliac fossa, a part of human and primate anatomy
* Local inertial frame, a concept in general relativity

## Other uses

* Liquid Impact Forming, metalworking process
* Liberal Forum, a former Austrian political party
* Leirvík ÍF (LÍF Leirvík) a Faroese football club
* Lif Island, an island of Papua New Guinea
* Líf and Lífþrasir, characters from Norse mythology
* Lughat al-Ishārā al-Filisṭīniyya (LIF), the Modern Standard Arabic name for Palestinian Levantine Sign
# 1979–80 Luxembourg National Division

The 1979–80 Luxembourg National Division was the 66th season of top level association football in Luxembourg.

## Overview

It was performed in 12 teams, and Jeunesse Esch won the championship.

## League standings

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| 1 | Jeunesse Esch | 22 | 16 | 1 | 5 | 43 | 25 | +18 | 33 |
| 2 | FA Red Boys Differdange | 22 | 14 | 4 | 4 | 52 | 21 | +31 | 32 |
| 3 | FC Progrès Niedercorn | 22 | 11 | 8 | 3 | 58 | 28 | +30 | 30 |
| 4 | Union Luxembourg | 22 | 12 | 5 | 5 | 48 | 29 | +19 | 29 |
| 5 | CS Grevenmacher | 22 | 6 | 10 | 6 | 27 | 32 | −5 | 22 |
| 6 | Stade Dudelange | 22 | 7 | 5 | 10 | 29 | 33 | −4 | 19 |
| 7 | CA Spora Luxembourg | 22 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 29 | 33 | −4 | 19 |
| 8 | FC Avenir Beggen | 22 | 7 | 4 | 11 | 33 | 33 | 0 | 18 |
| 9 | FC Aris Bonnevoie | 22 | 6 | 6 | 10 | 26 | 36 | −10 | 18 |
| 10 | FC Etzella Ettelbruck | 22 | 7 | 3 | 12 | 30 | 44 | −14 | 17 |
| 11 | Chiers Rodange | 22 | 6 | 4 | 12 | 18 | 44 | −26 | 16 |
| 12 | US Rumelange | 22 | 4 | 3 | 15 | 21 | 56 | −35 | 11 |

## Results

| Home \ Away | ARI | AVE | CHI | ETZ | GRE | JEU | PRO | RBD | RUM | SPO | STD | UNI |
| Aris Bonnevoie | | 3–0 | 2–2 | 1–0 | 2–3 | 1–2 | 2–2 | 1–6 | 3–2 | 2–2 | 2–0 | 0–1 |
| Avenir Beggen | 1–1 | | 3–0 | 1–1 | 8–0 | 2–3 | 1–2 | 0–3 | 2–1 | 0–1 | 2–0 | 0–5 |
| Chiers Rodange | 1–0 | 0–3 | | 2–1 | 0–0 | 0–2 | 3–2 | 0–2 | 0–1 | 2–1 | 0–3 | 2–0 |
| Etzella Ettelbruck | 2–1 | 2–1 | 0–0 | | 1–3 | 1–5 | 0–4 | 1–2 | 5–0 | 0–4 | 1–0 | 2–4 |
| Grevenmacher | 3–0 | 0–2 | 4–1 | 0–1 | | 1–2 | 3–2 | 2–2 | 1–1 | 0–0 | 3–1 | 1–1 |
| Jeunesse Esch | 1–0 | 1–0 | 1–1 | 2–0 | 2–0 | | 2–3 | 3–1 | 2–0 | 2–1 | 2–1 | 2–1 |
| Progrès Niederkorn | 1–1 | 2–2 | 8–0 | 2–2 | 0–0 | 3–1 | | 1–4 | 9–0 | 3–0 | 1–1 | 2–2 |
| Red Boys Differdange | 3–0 | 3–0 | 3–0 | 4–2 | 0–0 | 2–0 | 1–2 | | 6–1 | 2–1 | 0–0 | 1–0 |
| Rumelange | 0–1 | 1–0 | 1–3 | 1–2 | 0–0 | 3–2 | 0–2 | 1–4 | | 1–1 | 2–0 | 2–3 |
| Spora Luxembourg | 0–2 | 2–2 | 1–0 | 1–0 | 1–1 | 0–2 | 1–4 | 1–1 | 4–1 | | 3–2 | 1–2 |
| Stade Dudelange | 3–0 | 2–1 | 2–1 | 3–2 | 2–2 | 1–3 | 0–1 | 3–1 | 2–1 | 1–1 | | 1–1 |
| Union Luxembourg | 1–1 | 0–2 | 4–0 | 3–4 | 3–0 | 3–1 | 2–2 | 2–1 | 4–1 | 3–2 | 3–1 | |
# Luggage Free

Luggage Free is a shipping company specializing in worldwide baggage shipping.

## History

Founded in 2001 and launched in 2003, Luggage Free was created in response to new federal regulations requiring all bags to be thoroughly inspected at airports and mounting customer dissatisfaction with commercial airline baggage handling system.
The number of bags the company ships doubled each year from 2004 to 2007, with shipments reaching around 40,000 in 2007.

## Decline

As the global economy sputtered in 2008, with fewer people traveling and relying more heavily on carry-on luggage, Luggage Free's growth slowed.
With the economy, traveler numbers and baggage mishandling rates on the rise in 2011, luggage shipment growth is again approaching pre-2008 levels.

## Operation

Luggage Free uses a network of agents to retrieve luggage from a client's location at a specific time and then wraps the luggage in plastic protective packaging. Luggage Free prices are determined by the weight of the shipment.
# Total immunity

Total immunity is a form of legal immunity that is all encompassing and may refer to:
* Absolute immunity, immunity for government officials that confers total immunity from criminal prosecution and lawsuits
* Witness immunity, immunity conferred upon a witness, can be transactional (total) or use and derivative use immunity (partial)
# 1857 in architecture

The year 1857 in architecture involved some significant events.

## Events

* September 17 – Official opening of the Municipal Theatre of Santiago, Chile.
* American Institute of Architects (AIA) founded.

## Buildings and structures
### Buildings completed

* Absecon Lighthouse in Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States, designed by George Meade.
* Ahırkapı Feneri (lighthouse), Istanbul, Turkey, designed by French engineers.
* Britannia Music Hall, Glasgow, Scotland, designed by Thomas Gildard and H. M. McFarlane.
* Old Town Hall, Silkeborg, Denmark, designed by H. C. Zeltner.
* Schwerin Palace, Mecklenburg, largely designed by Georg Adolf Demmler [de].
* Borujerdis House, Kashan, Persia, designed by Ustad Ali Maryam.
* Pont Saint-Michel, Paris, France, designed by Paul-Martin Gallocher de Lagalisserie and Paul Vaudrey.
* Basilica of Sainte-Clotilde, Paris, France, completed by Théodore Ballu to the design of Franz Christian Gau.
* All Saints' Church, Maidenhead, England, designed and with murals painted by George Edmund Street, with associated school.
* Museum, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland, designed by Thomas Deane and Benjamin Woodward.
* United States Custom House, designed by Ammi B. Young, opens in Providence, Rhode Island
* Zeldenrust, Zuidbarge smock mill, Netherlands.

## Awards

* RIBA Royal Gold Medal – Owen Jones.
* Grand Prix de Rome, architecture: Joseph Heim.

## Births

* January 18 – William Lethaby, English Arts and Crafts architect and designer (died 1931)
* March 31 – John James Burnet, Scottish architect (died 1938)
* May 28 – Charles Voysey, English Arts and Crafts designer and domestic architect (died 1941)
* July 4 – John Campbell, Scottish architect (died 1942)
* August 12 – Marc Camoletti, Swiss architect (died 1940)
* September 1 – W. D. Caröe, English ecclesiastical architect (died 1938)

## Deaths

* March 19 – William Henry Playfair, English-born neoclassical architect working in New Town, Edinburgh (born 1790)
* December 9 – Thomas Oliver, English neoclassical architect working in Newcastle upon Tyne (born 1791)
# Lindenhurst

Lindenhurst is the name of some places in the United States:
* Lindenhurst, Illinois
* Lindenhurst, New York
* Lindenhurst, the estate of John Wanamaker
# Ship to Shore

Ship to Shore may refer to:
* Ship to Shore (TV series), an Australian children's television series
* Ship to Shore (Nigel Mazlyn Jones album), 1976
* Ship to Shore (Richard Thompson album), 2024
# Loensia conspersa

Loensia conspersa is a species of common barklouse in the family Psocidae. It is found in North America.
# OPV Nemesis

OPV Nemesis is an offshore patrol vessel of the New South Wales Police Force. It was purchased in 2008 to replace two older 22-metre vessels. It is designed to support a range of police operations up to 200 nautical miles (370 km; 230 mi) out to sea, including detecting illegal immigration, smuggling and drug trafficking and supporting counter terrorism and search and rescue missions.
The design specifications for the ship were drawn in 2005, taking into account lessons from the Pong Su incident. Nemesis was built by Tenix Defence in Henderson, Western Australia based on the 35-metre (115 ft) Ilocos Norte-class ships built by Tenix for the Philippine Coast Guard. At the time of its construction, Nemesis was the largest purpose-built police boat in the Southern Hemisphere.
The vessel is also used to assist the Australian Fisheries Management Authority and the Australian Border Force.
Officers on board carry firearms and the vessel itself is able to be fitted with mounted weapons.
Nemesis was part of the support patrol for the 2009 Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race.
In 2010, the NSW Police was criticised for only operating the ship for 403 hours in 2009. Deployments were subsequently increased to 80 hours per month.
# M5 cycleway

The M5 cycleway is a predominantly on road 32-kilometre-long (20 mi) cycleway generally aligned with the M5 motorway in south-western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The eastern terminus of the cycleway is in Arncliffe where it connects with the Cooks River cycleway. The southwestern terminus of the cycleway is in Prestons where is connects with the M7 cycleway. The cycleway does not have a separate cycle lane or path, instead cyclists use the breakdown lane.
Cycling in the M5 East Tunnel is prohibited.

## Route

M5 cycleway :
As of June 2016, due to road works near the King Georges Road interchange, the breakdown lane is closed and cyclists must exit and ride through back streets. There is an off-road shared cyclepath that runs from Bexley Road in Kingsgrove to Belmore Road in Riverwood, but it is not well marked and some road crossings required. A connection to Salt Pan Creek shared path to Bankstown is possible at the Riverwood end.
# La Merced District

La Merced District may refer to:
* La Merced District, Aija in Ancash Region, Peru
* La Merced District, Churcampa in Huancavelica Region, Peru
# 1979–80 Macedonian Republic League

The 1979–80 Macedonian Republic League was the 36th since its establishment. FK Rabotnichki won their 10th and last championship title.

## Participating teams

| Club | City |
| 11 Oktomvri | Prilep |
| Belasica | Strumica |
| Borec | Titov Veles |
| Bregalnica | Shtip |
| Karaorman | Struga |
| Kozhuf | Gevgelija |
| Ljuboten | Tetovo |
| Napredok | Kichevo |
| Pelister | Bitola |
| Pobeda | Valandovo |
| Rabotnichki | Skopje |
| Sasa | Makedonska Kamenica |
| Sloga | Skopje |
| Tikvesh | Kavadarci |
| Vardar | Negotino |
| Vardarski | Bogdanci |

## Final table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| 1 | Rabotnichki | 30 | 17 | 12 | 1 | 83 | 32 | +51 | 46 |
| 2 | Bregalnica Shtip | 30 | 14 | 9 | 7 | 44 | 23 | +21 | 37 |
| 3 | Belasica | 30 | 15 | 7 | 8 | 43 | 23 | +20 | 37 |
| 4 | Pelister | 30 | 14 | 8 | 8 | 46 | 29 | +17 | 36 |
| 5 | Borec | 30 | 10 | 12 | 8 | 31 | 24 | +7 | 32 |
| 6 | Tikvesh | 30 | 10 | 11 | 9 | 36 | 32 | +4 | 31 |
| 7 | Sasa | 30 | 9 | 12 | 9 | 30 | 32 | −2 | 30 |
| 8 | Kozhuf | 30 | 12 | 6 | 12 | 36 | 47 | −11 | 30 |
| 9 | Napredok | 30 | 12 | 5 | 13 | 37 | 41 | −4 | 29 |
| 10 | Ljuboten | 30 | 10 | 8 | 12 | 37 | 48 | −11 | 28 |
| 11 | Vardar Negotino | 30 | 9 | 9 | 12 | 37 | 46 | −9 | 27 |
| 12 | Vardarski | 30 | 10 | 7 | 13 | 42 | 58 | −16 | 27 |
| 13 | Pobeda Valandovo | 30 | 10 | 6 | 14 | 38 | 41 | −3 | 26 |
| 14 | 11 Oktomvri | 30 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 29 | 37 | −8 | 26 |
| 15 | Sloga Skopje | 30 | 6 | 10 | 14 | 30 | 50 | −20 | 22 |
| 16 | Karaorman | 30 | 6 | 4 | 20 | 27 | 64 | −37 | 16 |
# Kondhwali

Kondhawali is a town in Satara District, near Mahabaleshwar in Maharashtra, India.
It is considered as the birthplace of Jiva Mahale (bodyguard of Shivaji 1).
Population is around 700-800 people. It is surrounded by the Krishna River on 2 sides.
Special Highlights
* Kamalgad
* Krishna River
* Ram Krishna Hari Ashram

## Temples

There Are 5 Major temples in the village
* Shree Bhairavanaath Temple
* Hanuman Temple
* Shree Datta Mandir
* Siddheshwar Mandir
* Gorakshanath Mandir
* This Satara district, Maharashtra, India location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Total harmonic distortion analyzer

A total harmonic distortion analyzer calculates the total harmonic content of a sinewave with some distortion, expressed as total harmonic distortion (THD). A typical application is to determine the THD of an amplifier by using a very-low-distortion sinewave input and examining the output. The figure measured will include noise, and any contribution from imperfect filtering out of the fundamental frequency. Harmonic-by-harmonic measurement, without wideband noise, can be measured by a more complex wave analyser.
Another application is measurement of the effectiveness of an electronic filter with extremely narrow passband, such as a notch filter in a parametric equalizer.

## Types of THD meter

There are several types of distortion analyzers:
* Fundamental suppression
* Heterodyne type
* Tuned circuit
* Spectrum analyzer

## Fundamental suppression analyzer

This type of THD analyzer filters out the fundamental frequency of a signal with a notch filter, leaving only distortion products plus noise; the ratio of this remnant to the signal amplitude is the THD.

### Principles of operation

A fundamental suppression analyzer consists of three main sections: input section with impedance matcher, a notch filter and amplifier section, and an output metering circuit. Negative feedback from the bridge amplifier to the pre-amp section may be applied to enable the rejection circuit to work more accurately.

### Working of a typical unit

The input is impedance-matched with the rejection circuit with the help of an attenuator and an impedance matcher. This signal is then pre-amplified to a desired level. The following section consists of a Wien bridge notch filter tuned to reject the fundamental frequency and balanced for minimum output by adjusting the bridge controls. The output, which is the remaining signal after the fundamental has been suppressed, is amplified to a measurable level. A feedback loop from the bridge amplifier output to the pre-amp input helps to eliminate any remaining contribution from the fundamental frequency. The output from these blocks is measured, typically using an instrumentation amplifier driving an analog or digital meter. The voltage at the meter is due to the harmonic distortion products plus noise.
# Lisa Grushcow

Lisa Grushcow is a Canadian rabbi. She was a Rhodes scholar in the 1990s. In 2012, she became senior rabbi at Temple Emanu-El-Beth Sholom in Montreal. She was born in Ottawa, Ontario, and raised in Toronto, and studied at McGill before earning a doctorate at Oxford. In 2014 she edited the Central Conference of American Rabbis's The Sacred Encounter: Jewish Perspectives on Sexuality, meant to communicate Judaism and sexuality to lay readers.
# Errastunus

Errastunus is a genus of true bugs belonging to the family Cicadellidae.
The species of this genus are found in Europe and Northern America.
Species:
* Errastunus daedaleus Logvinenko, 1966
* Errastunus leucophaeus (Kirschbaum, 1868)
# Shek Kwu Lung (Sha Tin District)

Shek Kwu Lung (Chinese: 石古壟) is a village in the Siu Lek Yuen area of Sha Tin District, Hong Kong.

## Administration

Shek Kwu Lung is a recognized village under the New Territories Small House Policy. It is one of the villages represented within the Sha Tin Rural Committee. For electoral purposes, Shek Kwu Lung is part of the Kwong Hong constituency, which was formerly represented by Ricardo Liao Pak-hong until July 2021.

## History

At the time of the 1911 census, the population of Shek Kwu Lung was 55. The number of males was 18.
# Loening XS2L

The Loening XS2L was an American biplane scout amphibian developed by Keystone-Loening (then a subsidiary of Curtiss-Wright), for the United States Navy during the early 1930s.

## Design and development

In the early 1930s the Navy became interested in exploring amphibious capabilities for its cruiser-based observation and scout floatplanes to remedy the problem of periodically having to rig the wheeled undercarriage and then revert to floats. After some experiments, installing retractable landing gear into the existing types' floats was ruled out due to degradation in performance. A purpose-built amphibian, however, was viewed as a potentially better solution.
Three companies – Great Lakes, Keystone-Loening and Sikorsky - submitted aircraft to meet the Navy's requirements, with their designs designated XSG-1, XS2L-1 and XSS-1 respectively. The Loening's entry was a conventional biplane that featured flying boat hull, retractable main landing gear and a single R-985 Wasp Junior engine in a nacelle on the upper wing. The pilot and observer were seated in an enclosed cockpit that also encompassed some of the interplane struts, resulting in a curiously shaped glazing area.
The XS2L-1 was delivered for official trials in February 1933. Although it showed marginally better performance than its rivals, it still offered no considerable advantages over the existing floatplanes like the Vought O3U-3 and Berliner-Joyce OJ-2, and no production resulted.

## Operators
### United States

* United States Navy

## Specifications (XS2L-1)

Data from
General characteristics
* Crew: 2 (pilot and observer)
* Length: 30 ft 7 in (9.32 m)
* Wingspan: 34 ft 6 in (10.52 m)
* Height: 13 ft (4.0 m)
* Wing area: 355 sq ft (33.0 m$^2$)
* Empty weight: 2,833 lb (1,285 kg)
* Gross weight: 4,317 lb (1,958 kg)
* Powerplant: 1 × Pratt & Whitney R-985 radial engine, 400 hp (300 kW)
Performance
* Maximum speed: 130 mph (210 km/h, 110 kn)
* Range: 633 mi (1,019 km, 550 nmi)
* Service ceiling: 12,400 ft (3,800 m)
Armament
* Guns: 1× flexibly mounted .30 in machine gun in the observer's position