OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Snippocia

Snippocia is a monospecific fungal genus in the family Arthoniaceae. It contains the single species Snippocia nivea, a crustose, corticolous (bark-dwelling) lichen. This lichen was previously known as Schismatomma niveum; Snippocia was established to accommodate the species after molecular studies indicated that it did not belong in its previously assigned genus.

## Taxonomy

Snippocia nivea was first described as Schismatomma niveum by the lichenologists David L. Hawksworth and Peter James in 1971. The species was initially classified in the family Roccellaceae, but subsequent molecular research revealed that it belonged in the Arthoniaceae. Due to the taxonomic complexity within the genus Arthonia and the need to avoid confusion with the existing species Arthonia nivea, the species was reclassified and placed into the newly proposed genus Snippocia by Damien Ertz and Neil Sanderson in 2020. The authors considered placing the species within the genus Leprantha, as both share similar chemistry in producing psoromic acid. However, molecular analysis of Leprantha cinereopruinosa (the type species of Leprantha) showed it to be unrelated to Snippocia nivea, instead grouping with Arthonia ilicina. The genus name Snippocia was derived by reversing the surname of Brian Coppins (Snippoc), in honour of his contributions to the field of lichenology.

## Description

Genus Snippocia is characterised by its unusual features within the family, including its distinct phylogenetic position and its sterile, sorediate thallus. The thallus is crustose (crust-like) and persistently sterile, meaning it does not produce fruiting bodies for sexual reproduction. Instead, it reproduces asexually through soredia, which are small clusters of fungal hyphae and algal cells that can break off and form new lichens.
A key identifying feature of Snippocia is its bright white colour, which is reflected in the species epithet nivea, meaning "snow-white" in Latin. This white appearance is due to the presence of soredia on the thallus surface.
Chemically, Snippocia is distinguished by its production of psoromic acid and 2-O-demethylpsoromic acid. These lichen products can be detected through chemical spot tests and thin-layer chromatography, techniques commonly used in lichen identification.

## Habitat and distribution

Snippocia nivea is found in temperate forest regions, primarily in Western Europe. It has been recorded in Brittany, France, and the New Forest in England. This lichen grows on the bark of old oak (Quercus robur) and beech (Fagus) trees, typically in areas with acidic bark.
# 1868 in Belgium

Events in the year 1868 in Belgium.

## Incumbents

    Monarch: Leopold II
    Head of government: Charles Rogier (to 3 January); Walthère Frère-Orban (from 3 January)

## Events
### January

* 3 January – Walthère Frère-Orban replaces Charles Rogier as Prime Minister
* 28 January – Victor-Auguste-Isidor Deschamps enthroned as Archbishop of Mechelen.

### March

* 1 March – Société Libre des Beaux-Arts founded.$^{:686}$
* 24 March – 20 killed when soldiers shoot on striking miners from the Epine mine in Dampremy.$^{:686}$

### May

* 25 May – Provincial elections

### June

* 9 June – Partial legislative elections of 1868

### August

* 6 August – 47 miners killed by a fire damp explosion in the Sainte Henriette mine near Jemappes.$^{:836}$

### September

* 7 September – Third international workers congress opens in Brussels.$^{:687}$

### October

* 23 October – Frederick Doulton, MP, brought to trial in Brussels on charges of fraud in public works, but acquitted of having broken any law.$^{:843}$

## Publications
### Periodicals

* Almanach royal officiel (Brussels, E. Guyot)
* Collection de précis historiques, vol. 17, edited by Edouard Terwecoren S.J.
* Socialist daily newspaper De Werker launched in Antwerp (October).$^{:686}$

### Series

* Biographie Nationale de Belgique, vol. 2

### History

* Charles Niellon, Histoire des événements militaires et des conspirations orangistes de la révolution en Belgique de 1830 à 1833 (Brussels, M.J. Poot)

### Literature

* Maria Doolaeghe, Winterbloemen

## Art and architecture

* Société Libre des Beaux-Arts founded

### Paintings

* Charles-Philogène Tschaggeny, The Covered Wagon

### Sculptures

* Louis Jehotte's equestrian statue of Charlemagne inaugurated in Liège

## Births

* 11 January – François Ruhlmann, conductor (died 1948)
* 5 February – Lodewijk Mortelmans, composer (died 1952)
* 23 February – Paul Bergmans, librarian (died 1935)
* 5 March – Prosper Poullet, politician (died 1937)
* 27 April – Herman Vander Linden, politician (died 1956)
* 18 June – Anna Kernkamp, artist (died 1947)
* 23 August – Paul Otlet, bibliographer (died 1944)
* 15 November – Marguerite Putsage, painter (died 1946)
* 28 November – Louis Franck, politician (died 1937)

## Deaths

* 13 February – Dieudonné Stas (born 1791), newspaperman
* 17 April – Guillaume-Hippolyte van Volxem (born 1791), politician
* 30 April – Charles Le Hon (born 1792), politician
* 9 July – Toussaint-Henry-Joseph Fafchamps (born 1783), military inventor
* 21 July – Édouard Ducpétiaux (born 1804), prison reformer
# LinuxEDU

LinuxEDU is a Linux distribution based on Ubuntu (operating system). It is a free and open-source operating system that helps students and teachers to be able to provide better higher education all over the world.

## Features

Included with LinuxEDU is the Linux Terminal Server Project, a large number of educational applications including Kiwix, an open-source wiki offline reader, KDE Edutainment Suite, LibreOffice, Gnome Nanny and iTalc as well as many more.
# Lisa Greenwood

Lisa Greenwood (born 1955) is a New Zealand novelist. She was the 1990 recipient of the Katherine Mansfield Menton Fellowship, one of New Zealand's foremost literary awards.

## Early life

Greenwood was born in Westmere, Auckland. She lives in Auckland and has one daughter, born in 1977. She began writing full-time when her daughter started school in 1983, and preferred to write her novels by hand rather than using a word processor or typewriter.

## Literary career

Greenwood's first novel, The Roundness of Eggs, was published in 1986. It is the story of a 52-year-old woman undergoing a psychological crisis. A second edition was published in the UK by feminist publishing company The Women's Press. Journalist Pauline Willis, reviewing the novel for The Guardian, commented that it was an "auspicious start for a young New Zealand novelist, following in the tradition of Janet Frame", and observed that it was interesting that a young women should "choose to explore an older woman's problems". The Press noted that "rarely are first novels so well shaped, with language, imagery and incident all contributing to the overall form of the book".
Her second novel, Daylight Burning, was published in 1990. This book is described by the Oxford Companion to New Zealand Literature as " a powerful and darkly bizarre account of an Auckland businessman whose yuppie life is transformed by an apparently prophetic vision of Auckland destroyed by nuclear holocaust".
In 1990, Greenwood spent time working on a novel in Menton, France as the recipient of the Katherine Mansfield Menton Fellowship, which she intended to be a historical novel about women in religious life set in medieval times.
# Sequoia of Vitoria-Gasteiz

The sequoia of Vitoria-Gasteiz was an individual sequoia tree located in Vitoria-Gasteiz, the capital city of the Basque Country, Spain. It was declared a singular tree by the Basque Government in 1995 and died in 2014.

## History and protection

The tree had 40 m (130 ft) of height and 8.05 m (26.4 ft) of girth, its crown had a diameter of 16 metres (52 ft). It was located in the back court of a public building at Magdalena street, close to the Urkide school and near La Florida park. The tree was planted in 1860 by Juan Ibarrondo, who had bought the sapling in Brussels in 1858.
The sequoia is surrounded by walls and buildings, bordering the court of a school. The construction of a nearby building block damaged its roots, and deprived the tree of light. Because it was close to a school, some children's games contributed to trampling the soil. It was proposed that the tree be felled because its dimensions were perceived as a nuisance, but the city council decided to keep the tree as it was. When the tree's leaves started yellowing, the sequoia's condition became worrisome because other sequoias in the city had died gradually. Subsequently, actions aiming to protect the tree began. The initial project was modified by the Deputation, which manages protected trees in Álava. A few wooden platforms were built to help aerate the soil, preventing visitors from walking through it. The rest of the garden was covered with plant remains to prevent visitors from walking on it.
According to a 2014 report, the sequoia had died due to a honey fungus infection. The report suggested that the remains of the tree be pruned in order to increase their stability. It is estimated that the remains will stand for 40 or 60 years without additional conservation efforts.
# Sequoia slender salamander

The sequoia slender salamander (Batrachoseps kawia) is a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae. It is endemic to California, in Tulare County in the western United States.

## Distribution

This salamander is endemic the watershed of the Kaweah River at elevations from 500 metres (1,600 ft) up to 2,200 metres (7,200 ft) in the Sierra Nevada.
The sequoia slender salamander's natural habitat is in riparian woodlands and temperate coniferous forests in the western Sierra.
# Sericite

Sericite is the name given to very fine, ragged grains and aggregates of white (colourless) micas, typically made of muscovite, illite, or paragonite. Sericite is produced by the alteration of orthoclase or plagioclase feldspars in areas that have been subjected to hydrothermal alteration (also see Sericitic alteration) typically associated with copper, tin, or other hydrothermal ore deposits. Sericite also occurs as the fine mica that gives the sheen to phyllite and schistose metamorphic rocks.
The name comes from Latin sericus, meaning "silken" in reference to the location from which silk was first utilized, which in turn refers to the silky sheen of rocks with abundant sericite.
* Sericite in thin section (fine, high birefringence flakes covering other larger minerals)
* Granite in thin section under cross-polarized light in which feldspar crystals exhibit sericite alteration
* Staurolite-garnet schist in thin section under cross-polarized light with sericite
# Serina, Lombardy

Serina is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Bergamo in the Italian region of Lombardy, located about 60 kilometres (37 mi) northeast of Milan and about 31 kilometres (19 mi) northeast of Bergamo. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 2,214 and an area of 27.6 square kilometres (10.7 sq mi).
The municipality of Serina contains the frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Corone, Lepreno, Bagnella, and Valpiana.
Serina borders the following municipalities: Algua, Cornalba, Costa di Serina, Dossena, Oltre il Colle, Roncobello, San Pellegrino Terme.

## Notable people

* Palma Vecchio (ca.1480 – 1528), a Venetian painter of the Italian High Renaissance.
# 1545 in art

Events from the year 1545 in art.

## Works

* da Volterra, Descent from the Cross
* Bronzino, Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time
* Michelangelo, The Conversion of Saul
* Bronzino, Eleanor of Toledo with her son Giovanni

### Paintings

* Bronzino
** Eleanor of Toledo with her son Giovanni de' Medici
** Portrait of Cosimo I de' Medici
** Portrait of Giovanni de' Medici as a Child
** Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time
* Lucas Cranach the Younger – The Conversion of St. Paul
* Gerlach Flicke – Thomas Cranmer
* Master John – Catherine Parr (approximate date)
* Michelangelo – The Conversion of Saul
* Francesco de' Rossi (Il Salviati) – Triumph of Camillus (fresco for Cosimo I de' Medici in Sala dell'Udienza, Palazzo Vecchio, Florence (completed))
* Titian – some dates approximate
** Portrait of a Young Englishman
** Portrait of Lavinia Vecellio
** Portrait of Pietro Aretino
** Portrait of Pope Paul III
* Daniele da Volterra (after drawings by Michelangelo) – Descent from the Cross (approximate date)

### Sculpture

* (approx. date) – Hans Gieng of Fribourg completes work on the fountains of Bern in Switzerland.

## Births

* date unknown
** Farrukh Beg, Mughal painter who served in the court of Muhammad Hakim (died 1615)
** Francesco da Urbino, Italian painter (died 1582)
** Hans Collaert, Flemish engraver and draughtsman (died 1628)
** Frans Pourbus the Elder, Flemish Renaissance painter primarily of religious and portraits (died 1581)
** William Rogers, English engraver (died 1604)
** Marco Vecellio, Italian painter, nephew of Titian (died 1611)
** Juan Zariñena, Spanish painter (died 1634)

## Deaths

* September - Hans Baldung, German Renaissance artist as painter and printmaker in woodcut (born 1484)
* date unknown
** Alejo Fernandez, Spanish painter best known for his portrait of Christopher Columbus (born 1475)
** Rueland Frueauf the Younger - German Late-Gothic painter (born 1470)
** Albrecht Glockendon the Younger, German miniaturist and woodcutter (born 1500)
** Vicente Juan Masip - Spanish painter of the Renaissance period (born 1475)
** Wang E, Chinese landscape painter (born 1465)
# 1801 in sports

1801 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.

## Bandy

Events
* English bandy is played in the Fens of East Anglia where large expanses of ice form on flooded meadows or shallow washes in cold winters and skating is a tradition.

## Boxing

Events
* The first English champion of the 19th century is Jem Belcher, known as the "Napoleon of the Ring", who holds the title from 1800 to 1805.
* 25 November — Belcher successfully defends his title by defeating Joe Berks in 16 rounds at Hurley Bottom.

## Chess

* Centers of chess activity in the early 19th century are coffee houses in the major European cities like Café de la Régence in Paris and Simpson's Divan in London. As the century progresses, chess organisation develops quickly with many chess clubs, chess books and chess journals appearing. Correspondence matches begin and the London Chess Club plays against the Edinburgh Chess Club in 1824.

## Cricket

Events
* William Lambert makes his debut in first-class cricket.
England
* Most runs – Robert Robinson 141 (HS 55)
* Most wickets – Lord Frederick Beauclerk 13

## Football

England
* Football at this time is still an essentially rural activity played mainly on public holidays and not so much by teams as by mobs, Shrove Tuesday being a traditional day for games across the country. There are few rules other than the aim of moving the ball towards the opposing team's goal and both kicking and handling are allowed.
* It is in the early nineteenth century that some of the public schools become interested and begin to devise their own versions, rules of which are verbally agreed and handed down over many years. Each school (e.g., Eton, Harrow, Rugby, Winchester) develops its own variations.
Ireland
* Various football games, referred to collectively as "caid", are popular in County Kerry, especially the Dingle Peninsula. Father W Ferris describes two forms of caid: the "field game" in which the object is to put the ball through arch-like goals, formed from the boughs of two trees; and the epic "cross-country game" which lasts the whole of a Sunday (after Mass) and is won by taking the ball across a parish boundary. "Wrestling", "holding" opposing players, and carrying the ball are all allowed.

## Horse racing

England
* The Derby – Eleanor
* The Oaks – Eleanor
* St Leger Stakes – Quiz

## Lacrosse

Events
* Early 19th century — Europeans in Canada begin playing lacrosse
# Service journalism

While public service journalism is about reporting issues that concern citizens and equipping them to form reasoned opinions on matters of shared interest, service journalism is a term for generally consumer-oriented features and advice, ranging from the serious to the frivolous.

## History

Magazines have always striven to inform and entertain. Modern service journalism was pioneered in part by Clay Felker, who launched New York in 1968. Published among lengthy investigative and literary pieces were tips and features on fashion, food, and travel. Service journalism appears in magazines as varied as Maxim and U.S. News & World Report, whose slogan "News You Can Use" aptly defines the term.

## Selected Magazines

* Budget Travel
* Better Homes and Gardens
* Best Products
* Cosmopolitan
* Family Circle
* FHM
* Fill
* Gear Patrol
* Glamour
* Good Housekeeping
* Health
* Marie Claire
* Men's Fitness
* Maxim
* Ladies' Home Journal
* Men's Health
* More
* Redbook
* Seventeen
* Self
* Shape
* VIVmag
* Women's Health
# Service level indicator

In information technology, a service level indicator (SLI) is a measure of the service level provided by a service provider to a customer. SLIs form the basis of service level objectives (SLOs), which in turn form the basis of service level agreements (SLAs); an SLI can be called an SLA metric (also customer service metric, or simply service metric).
Though every system is different in the services provided, often common SLIs are used. Common SLIs include latency, throughput, availability, and error rate; others include durability (in storage systems), end-to-end latency (for complex data processing systems, especially pipelines), and correctness.
# Serratovolva

Serratovolva is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Eocypraeinae of the family Ovulidae.

## Species

Species within the genus Serratovolva include:
* Serratovolva dondani (Cate, 1964)
* Serratovolva luteocincta Celzard, 2008
* Serratovolva minabeensis Cate, 1975
# 1702 in Scotland

"none" is preferred when the title is already sufficiently detailed; see [[WP:SDNONE]]
Events from the year 1702 in the Kingdom of Scotland.

## Incumbents

* Monarch – William II (until 8 March), then Anne
* Secretary of State –
** until 6 May: James Ogilvy, 1st Earl of Seafield, jointly with John Carmichael, 1st Earl of Hyndford
** 6 May – 21 November: James Ogilvy, 4th Earl of Findlater, jointly with James Douglas, 2nd Duke of Queensberry
** from 21 November: James Douglas, 2nd Duke of Queensberry, jointly with George Mackenzie, 1st Viscount Tarbat

### Law officers

* Lord Advocate – Sir James Stewart
* Solicitor General for Scotland – William Carmichael

### Judiciary

* Lord President of the Court of Session – Lord North Berwick
* Lord Justice General – Lord Lothian
* Lord Justice Clerk – Lord Pollok, then Lord Prestonhall

## Events

* c. January/February – the Parliament of Scotland refuses to pass an Abjuration Act analogous to the English Security of the Succession, etc. Act 1701.
* 8 March – King William II of Scotland (William III of England and Ireland and Stadtholder of the Netherlands) dies in London following complications from a fall from his horse when it stumbles on a molehill and is succeeded by Queen Anne, the last Stuart monarch on the English, Scottish and Irish thrones.
* May – "Women's riot" in Stirling in opposition to military impressment.
* The Advocates Library is moved from the Faculty of Advocates to Parliament House, Edinburgh.
* A General Election is held in autumn that would assemble the last Parliament of Scotland in May, 1703.

## Births

* 8 May – Andrew Lauder, Baronet (died 1769)
* 18 July – Maria Clementina Sobieska, wife of James Francis Edward Stuart and mother of Charles Edward Stuart (born in Polish Silesia; died 1735 in Rome)
* 24 December – John Lindsay, 20th Earl of Crawford, soldier (died of wounds 1749 in London)
Date unknown
* James Douglas, 14th Earl of Morton, astronomer (died 1768 in London)

## Deaths

* 8 March – King William II of Scotland (born 1650 in the Netherlands)
Date unknown
* Sir Andrew Agnew, 3rd Baronet, Member of Parliament
# Seterstøa

Seterstøa is a village in Nes in Akershus, Norway. The village has a railway station, Seterstøa Station on Kongsvingerbanen. There is also a bridge over Glomma at Seterstøa, replacing the former ferry.
* This Akershus location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# 1722 in Denmark

Events from the year 1722 in Denmark.

## Incumbents

* Monarch – Frederick IV
* Grand Chancellor – Ulrik Adolf Holstein

## Events

* 27 November – A consortium is granted royal permission to establish Store Kongensgade Faience Manufactury in Copenhagen.
Undated
* Store Kongensgade Faience Manufactury opens in Copenhagen with a monopoly on production of faience with blue decorations.
* The Lille Grønnegade Theatre in Copenhagen, the first public theater in Denmark, is opened.
* Johan Pistorius is executed in Copenhagen and is the last person to be legally executed for witchcraft in Denmark.

## Births

* 2 September – Vigilius Eriksen, painter (died 1782)
* 20 October – Eggert Christopher Knuth, landowner, Supreme Court justice and county governor (died 1776)

## Deaths

Undated
* Benoît Le Coffre, painter to the Danish Court (born 1671)
* Dorte Jensdatter, murdered on accusations of witchcraft (born 1672)
* Johan Pistorius, grenadier and alleged witch
# 1722 in France

Events from the year 1722 in France

## Incumbents

* Monarch – Louis XV
* Regent: Philippe II, Duke of Orléans

## Events

* University of Burgundy established in Dijon.

## Births

* 19 February – Charles-François Tiphaigne de la Roche, author (died 1774)
* 7 March – Louis-Jacques Goussier, illustrator (died 1799)
* 23 March – Jean-Baptiste Chappe d'Auteroche, astronomer (died 1769)
* 23 May – Claudius Franciscus Gagnières des Granges, Jesuit (massacred 1792)
* 14 July – Jean-Pierre du Teil, general (died 1794)
* 23 July
** Anne-Catherine de Ligniville, Madame Helvétius, salon holder (died 1800)
** Antoine Petit, physician (died 1794)
* 11 November – Nicolas Antoine Boulanger, philosopher (died 1759)
* 22 November – Marc Antoine René de Voyer, ambassador and Minister of War (died 1787)
* 1 December – Jean-Pierre de Bougainville, writer (died 1763)
* 4 December – Guillaume Piguel, French-born Apostolic Vicar of Cochin (died 1771)

## Deaths

* 23 January – Henri de Boulainvilliers, nobleman and historian (born 1658)
* 4 May – Claude Gillot, painter, engraver, book illustrator, metal worker and theatrical designer (born 1673)
* 20 May – Sébastien Vaillant, botanist (born 1669)
* 23 May – Pierre Aveline, engraver (born 1656)
* 26 September – Guillaume Massieu, clergyman (born 1665)
* Full date missing – Charles de Ferriol, ambassador (born 1652)