OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Doğankent

Doğankent is a town in Giresun Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. It is the seat of Doğankent District. Its population is 4,545 (2022).

## Geography

Doğankent is a hilly district in the valley of the Harşit. The climate is typical of the Black Sea region, with much rain, summer and winter. Doğankent provides high schools and other basic amenities to the surrounding villages.

## Etymology

Previously known as Kürtün-ü Zir, Manastır Bükü and Harşit.

## History

There was a monastery here in the Byzantine period, hence the earlier name. The area was settled by Seljuk Turks following their victory over the Byzantines at the Battle of Malazgirt and was then absorbed into the Ottoman Empire in 1461 by Sultan Mehmet II during his conquest of the rump-Byzantine Empire of Trebizond. The areas importance as a centre of education persisted as the monasteries were converted into Islamic medrese.
# List of United States national amateur boxing light middleweight champions

Below is a list of National Amateur Boxing Light Middleweight Champions, also known as United States Amateur Champions, along with the state or region which they represented. This category was recently discontinued. The United States National Boxing Championships bestow the title of United States Amateur Champion on amateur boxers for winning the annual national amateur boxing tournament organized by USA Boxing, the national governing body for Olympic boxing and is the United States' member organization of the International Amateur Boxing Association (AIBA). It is one of four premier amateur boxing tournaments, the others being the National Golden Gloves Tournament, which crowned its own amateur light middleweight champion, the Police Athletic League Tournament, and the United States Armed Forces Tournament, all sending champions to the US Olympic Trials.
* 1952 - Tony Anthony, New York, New York
* 1953 - William Collins, Springville, New York
* 1954 - John Houston, Oakland, California
* 1955 - Frank Davis, Air Force
* 1956 - Frank Davis, Air Force
* 1957 - Denny Moyer, Portland, OR
* 1958 - Denny Moyer, Portland, OR
* 1959 - Wilbert McClure, Toledo, Ohio
* 1960 - Wilbert McClure, Toledo, Ohio
* 1961 - Bobby Pasquale, Tacoma, WA
* 1962 - Roy McMillan, Toledo, Ohio
* 1963 - Johnny Howard, Portland, OR
* 1964 - Tolman Gibson, Spokane, WA
* 1965 - C. Williams, Homestead, Pennsylvania
* 1966 - Johnny Howard, Portland, OR
* 1967 - Arthur Davis, Air Force
* 1968 - William Beeler, Louisville. Kentucky
* 1969 - Larry Carlisle, Marines
* 1970 - Jesse Valdez, Air Force
* 1971 - Billy Daniels, Norfolk, Virginia
* 1972 - Henry Johnson, Indianapolis, Indiana
* 1973 - Dale Grant, Tacoma, WA
* 1974 - Jerome Bennett, Air Force
* 1975 - Charles Walker, Mesa, Arizona
* 1976 - J.B. Williamson, Marines
* 1977 - Clint Jackson, Nashville, Tennessee
* 1978 - J.B. Williamson, Marines
* 1979 - Jeff Stoudemire, Cleveland, Ohio
* 1980 - Donald Bowers, Jackson, Tennessee
* 1981 - James Rayford, Navy
* 1982 - Dennis Milton, Bronx, New York (won both spring and winter titles)
* 1983 - Frank Tate, Detroit, Michigan
* 1984 - Kevin Bryant, Army
* 1985 - Tim Littles, Flint, Michigan
* 1986 - Michael Moorer, Monessen, Pennsylvania
* 1987 - Gerald McClellan, Freeport, Illinois
* 1988 - Frankie Liles, Syracuse, New York
* 1989 - Chris Byrd, Flint, Michigan
* 1990 - Paul Vaden, Puyallup, WA
* 1991 - Raúl Márquez, Houston, Texas
* 1992 - Robert Allen, Marines
* 1993 - Wayne Blair, Miami, Florida
* 1994 - Jesse Aquino, Kansas City, Missouri
* 1995 - Jeffrey Clark, Fort Bragg, North Carolina
* 1996 - David Reid, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
* 1997 - Darnell Wilson, Lafayette, Indiana
* 1998 - Darnell Wilson, Lafayette, Indiana
* 1999 - Darnell Wilson, Lafayette, Indiana
* 2000 - Anthony Hanshaw, Mansfield, Ohio
* 2001 - Sechew Powell, Brooklyn, New York
* 2002 - Jesús González, Glendale, Arizona
* Discontinued
# Lake Fundeni

Lake Fundeni is a man-made lake on the Colentina River in Bucharest, Sector 2. It has a surface of 35 ha (86 acres), length of 2.1 km (1.3 mi), width of 200–800 m, a depth between 1 and 5 meters, and a volume of 800,000 m$^3$ (1,000,000 cu yd).
In the middle of the lake there is an island with a surface area of 3.16 ha (7.8 acres). Upstream, to the west, is Lake Colentina [ro], and downstream, to the east, is Lake Dobroești [ro].
# Liver International

Liver International is a bimonthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering hepatology. It was established in 1981 under the title Liver, obtaining its current name in 2003. It is published by John Wiley & Sons on behalf of the International Association for the Study of the Liver, of which it is the official journal. The editor-in-chief is Luca Valenti. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 8.754, ranking it 18th out of 93 journals in the category "Gastroenterology & Hepatology".
# Nellie Neilson

Nellie Neilson (April 5, 1873 – May 26, 1947) was an American historian. She was the first female president of the American Historical Association and the first woman to have an article published in the American Historical Review.

## Biography

Neilson was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to William George Neilson (a metallurgical engineer) and Mary Louise Neilson. She attended Bryn Mawr College, from which she received an A.B. in 1893, an A.M. in 1894, and a Ph.D. in 1899. She studied under Charles McLean Andrews at Bryn Mawr, and spent a year of her Ph.D. studies in England, where she studied under Frederic Maitland and Paul Vinogradoff. Neilson would later credit Andrews with encouraging her to study history rather than English literature.
She taught at Agnes Irwin School in Philadelphia from 1897 to 1900, and lectured at Bryn Mawr from 1900 to 1902. In 1902 she moved to Mount Holyoke College as an instructor in history, and in 1904 was appointed professor of European history there. She rose to the rank of full professor in 1905, and stayed in that position until retiring from teaching in 1939. Neilson graduated from Bryn Mawr – and later worked at Holyoke – with fellow medievalist Bertha Putnam.
In 1926 she was elected a fellow of the Medieval Academy of America, the first woman so elected; and in 1943 she served as the president of the American Historical Association, the first woman to do so.
She died in 1947 in South Hadley, Massachusetts. She is interred at West Laurel Hill Cemetery in Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania.

## Scholarly work

Neilson's first major work was her doctoral dissertation, Economic Conditions on the Manors of Ramsey Abbey, in which she investigated the economic affairs of the lands held by Ramsey Abbey in the Middle Ages. She continued to be primarily concerned with the development of rural medieval England thereafter. She edited three surveys of the lands owned by English monasteries, focusing particularly on the economic and social conditions surrounding them. In addition, she wrote some volumes for nonspecialists and some works on medieval legal systems.

### Selected works

* Economic Conditions on the Manors of Ramsey Abbey (1899)
* Customary Rents (1910)
* Survey of the Honour of Denbigh (1914)
* The Terrier of Fleet Lincolnshire (1920)
* The Cartulary of Bilsington Kent (1927)
* Mediaeval Agrarian Economy (1936)
# MAPED F1

The MAPED F1 is a claymore-shaped plastic-bodied directional anti-personnel mine which is designed to wound or kill by fragmentation. It has been the standard directional anti-personnel mine of the French army since the late 1970s.
The MAPED F1 body is flat on the back and convex on the front, it has a small aiming sight on the top left corner and plastic lugs in the bottom corners for attaching a pair of "A" frame support legs. The mine contains a plastic explosive charge to propel 500 steel ball fragments to a range of 50 meters in a 60° arc. The MAPED F1 is battery powered and is normally actuated by breakwire, but tripwire and command actuation are also possible.
The MAPED F1 is surface mounted and it can be located visually or with metal detectors under most field conditions. The MAPED F1 can be defeated by blast overpressure from explosive breaching systems like the Giant Viper and MICLIC unless it is set up for command actuation.

## Mine operation

The MAPED F1 uses a very complex electric firing system. It is basically actuated by a contact wire. The battery pack and firing cable are attached to an electric detonator which is inserted in the mine and a spool of contact wire is rolled out. Any contact with the wire after the MAPED F1 is armed will break the fibre, which collapses an electrical circuit and triggers the mine.

## Hazards

The MAPED F1 is surface mounted. On detonation the mine will normally propel lethal fragmentation to a range between 40 and 60 meters. The actual hazard range for these types of mines can be as high as 300 metres based on US Army tests of the M18A1 "Claymore" (this is directly in front of the mine; fragmentation range and density drop off to 125 meters to the sides and rear of these mines).
# Leslie Butterfield

Leslie Butterfield CBE FRSA is a British brand and communications expert.

## Career
### Early career

Butterfield joined the advertising agency, Boase Massimi Pollitt in October 1975. He joined the agency Abbott Mead Vickers as Planning Director in April 1980.
Butterfield started Butterfield Day DeVito Hockney in March 1987 with three partners. Initially, he was the planning director and later chairman. The company grew to become a Top 20 UK advertising agency by 2002. In 1998, the agency was sold to Snyder Communications.

### Political involvement and work

Butterfield became involved in work for the UK Labour Party in 1985. He also conducted qualitative research to evaluate the impact of Margaret Thatcher's policies on voting intentions, and how Labour might respond to this. In his book, 'The Unfinished Revolution', Philip Gould (later Baron Gould of Brookwood) described this as "the single most influential piece of research ever conducted for Labour". Butterfield conducted another piece of research after the 1992 election, concluding that more re-assessment of Labour's offer to the electorate was necessary. He undertook further research and advised on Labour's communications with the voters for each of the following three elections, all won by Tony Blair.

### Early Brand Consultancy roles

Butterfield left BDDH at the beginning of 2001 to pursue a career focusing on brand and communications consultancy. His first venture, Butterfield8, was a consultancy company that included himself plus seven partners. Butterfield8 was sold to The Ingram Partnership in 2003 and Butterfield joined TIP as a partner. Then, Butterfield briefly ran a new consultancy, Butterfield Partners, from 2007 to 2008, before joining Interbrand in November 2008. In recognition of his services to the Advertising Industry, Butterfield was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the Queen's 2007 Birthday Honours list.

### Recent career

Butterfield joined Interbrand in 2008 as Global Chief Strategy Officer and was later promoted to the Executive Leadership team of the company. Based in London from 2008 to 2012, he moved to Shanghai with his family from 2013 to 2015. On returning to the UK in 2015, Butterfield and his partner left their corporate roles to start a new brand consultancy business - Butterfield Harris.
Butterfield also acted as a Non-exec Director in the recipe box business Mindful Chef from 2015 until its majority sale to Nestlé in 2020. He was also Non-exec Chairman of the research company Join the Dots Ltd. from 2017 until 2019.
In 2022, Butterfield became a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts.

## Books

* Excellence in Advertising. The IPA Guide to Best Practice.; First edition 1997. Second Edition 1999; Butterworth Heinemann
* AdValue. Twenty ways Advertising works for Business.; 2003; Butterworth Heinemann
* Enduring Passion. The Story of the Mercedes-Benz Brand; 2005; Wiley'
# El Carmel

El Carmel (Catalan pronunciation:), or simply Carmel, is a neighbourhood in the district of Horta-Guinardó, in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
Carmel is in the municipal district of Horta-Guinardó. The area was developed mainly in the 1960s and 1970s when immigrant workers, encouraged to move to Barcelona by the government of Francoist Spain, built housing for themselves. Initially isolated on the rural hillside of what is now Parc dels Tres Turons ("Three Hills Park"), the combination of structures put up without building permits alongside more planned urban development has given the area its modern appearance of buildings piled higgledy-piggledy on the hillside.
Carmel became infamous in 2005 for a major accident during the construction of a tunnel. It brought to a halt the expansion works on line 5 of the Barcelona Metro and led to the evacuation of dozens of buildings in the area. Local residents protested and most of those evacuated to other areas were eventually rehoused and a new school opened. Barcelona City Council has pledged more investment in the area to improve transport, accessibility and services.
# List of ambassadors of Iceland to Canada

Iceland's first ambassador to Canada was Thor Thors in 1947. Iceland's current ambassador to Canada is Hlynur Guðjónsson.

## List of ambassadors

| # | Name | Appointment | Termination of mission |
| 1 | Thor Thors | 19 September 1947 | 11 January 1965 |
| 2 | Pétur Thorsteinsson | 4 August 1965 | 30 September 1969 |
| 3 | Magnús V. Magnússon | 1 October 1969 | 4 April 1971 |
| 4 | Guðmundur Í. Guðmundsson | 1 August 1971 | 9 April 1973 |
| 5 | Haraldur Kröyer | 9 April 1973 | 6 October 1976 |
| 6 | Hans G. Andersen | 6 October 1976 | 28 April 1987 |
| 7 | Ingvi S. Ingvarsson | 28 April 1987 | 24 January 1991 |
| 8 | Tómas Á. Tómasson | 24 January 1991 | 20 January 1994 |
| 9 | Einar Benediktsson | 20 January 1994 | 21 November 1997 |
| 10 | Jón Baldvin Hannibalsson | 10 June 1998 | 9 April 2001 |
| 11 | Hjálmar W. Hannesson | 9 April 2001 | 17 September 2003 |
| 12 | Guðmundur Eiríksson | 17 September 2003 | 14 November 2005 |
| 13 | Markús Örn Antonsson | 14 November 2005 | 15 September 2008 |
| 14 | Sigríður Anna Þórðardóttir | 15 September 2008 | 8 March 2012 |
| 15 | Þórður Ægir Óskarsson | 8 March 2012 | 9 March 2014 |
| 16 | Sturla Sigurjónsson | 9 March 2014 | 20 November 2017 |
| 17 | Pétur Ásgeirsson | 20 November 2017 | 9 September 2021 |
| 18 | Hlynur Guðjónsson | 9 September 2021 | Incumbent |

## Missions

* Embassy of Iceland, Ottawa
# John E. Garen

John E. Garen is an American economist, currently the BB&T Professor and Director of the John H. Schnatter Institute for the Study of Free Enterprise, and formerly the Carol Martin Gatton Endowed Professor, at Gatton College of Business and Economics, University of Kentucky.

## Education

* Ph.D., Economics, 1982, Ohio State University
* M.A., Economics, 1978, Ohio State University
* B.A., Economics, 1976, University of Washington
# Doğankaya, Çıldır

Doğankaya is a village in the Çıldır District, Ardahan Province, Turkey. Its population is 47 (2021). The village is populated by Turks.
# Doftana (Prahova)

The Doftana is a left tributary of the river Prahova in Romania. It discharges into the Prahova in Bănești near Câmpina. It flows through the villages Trăisteni, Teșila, Seciuri, Brebu Mânăstirei, Doftana and the city Câmpina. Its length is 51 km (32 mi) and its basin size is 410 km$^2$ (160 sq mi). The upper reach of the river, upstream of the confluence with the Urlățelu is also called Predeluș or Doftănița.

## Tributaries

The following rivers are tributaries to the river Doftana (from source to mouth):
* Left: Urlățelu, Neagra, Negraș, Mogoșoaia, Erniereasa, Vâlceaua Vlădișor, Păltinoasa, Valea Grecilor, Valea Rea, Purcaru
* Right: Mușița, Glodeasa, Orjogoaia, Valea Seacă, Prislop, Florei, Secăria
# Lobivia cardenasiana

Lobivia cardenasiana is a species of Lobivia found in Bolivia.

## Distribution

Lobivia cardenasiana is distributed in the Bolivian departments of Tarija at altitudes of 2250 to 3150 meters.
# Nebulosa cistrinoides

Nebulosa cistrinoides is a moth of the family Notodontidae. It is found in Colombia.
# Leptogorgia exigua

Leptogorgia exigua is a coral species first described by Addison Emery Verrill in 1870. Verrill initially considered this species a diminutive variant of L. cuspidata, but ultimately decided to consider L. exigua a separate species. It is native to the Pacific Ocean.
# El Carmen, Chile

El Carmen is a Chilean commune and town in Diguillín Province, Ñuble Region.

## Demographics

According to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute, El Carmen spans an area of 664.3 km$^2$ (256 sq mi) and has 12,845 inhabitants (6,567 men and 6,278 women). Of these, 4,426 (34.5%) lived in urban areas and 8,419 (65.5%) in rural areas. The population fell by 9.3% (1316 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses.

## Administration

As a commune, El Carmen is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde who is directly elected every four years. The 2008-2012 alcalde is Juan Diaz González (Ind.).
Within the electoral divisions of Chile, El Carmen is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by Carlos Abel Jarpa (PRSD) and Rosauro Martínez (RN) as part of the 41st electoral district, together with Chillán, Coihueco, Pinto, San Ignacio, Pemuco, Yungay and Chillán Viejo. The commune is represented in the Senate by Victor Pérez Varela (UDI) and Mariano Ruiz-Esquide Jara (PDC) as part of the 13th senatorial constituency (Biobío-Coast).
# 1927 in Belgium

Events in the year 1927 in Belgium.

## Incumbents

    Monarch – Albert I
    Prime Minister – Henri Jaspar

## Events

* 22 January – Funeral of Charlotte of Belgium (former Empress of Mexico) in Laken (Brussels).
* 10 February – League against Imperialism founded at a Congress of Oppressed Peoples in the Egmont Palace, Brussels
* 1 March – Committee for Public Works established.$^{:820}$
* 15 September – Belgium loses its seat on the permanent council of the League of Nations.$^{:820}$
* October – Fifth International Solvay Conference
* 21 November – Government falls after Socialists question policy on military service.$^{:820}$

## Publications

* Hendrik de Man, Au-delà du marxisme / Zur Psychologie des Sozialismus
* Willem Elsschot, Lijmen
* Stijn Streuvels, De teleurgang van de Waterhoek

## Art and architecture
### Buildings

* Le Corbusier, Maison Guiette, Antwerp

### Paintings

* René Magritte, The Enchanted Pose; The Meaning of Night; The Menaced Assassin

## Births

* 26 January – Victor Mees, footballer (died 2012)
* 30 January – Jef Nys, comics writer (died 2009)
* 28 February – Joseph Noiret, artist (died 2012)
* 9 March — Will Ferdy, singer (died 2022)
* 1 May – Roland Verhavert, film-maker (died 2014)
* 7 May – Luc de Heusch, anthropologist (died 2012)
* 7 July – Henri Dirickx, international footballer (died 2018)
* 8 July – Willy De Clercq, politician (died 2011)
* 1 August – André Cools, politician (died 1991)
* 11 September – Luc Versteylen, Jesuit (died 2021)
* 11 October – Joséphine-Charlotte of Belgium, grand duchess of Luxembourg (died 2005)

## Deaths

* 19 January – Charlotte of Belgium (born 1840)
* 6 March – Joseph Bascourt (born 1863), architect
* 4 April
** Albert Van Coile (born 1900), footballer
** Auguste Goffinet (born 1857), courtier
* 17 May – Emilius Seghers (born 1855), bishop of Ghent
* 28 May – Théophile Lybaert (born 1848), artist
* 29 May – Georges Eekhoud (born 1854), novelist
* 11 July – Fernand Feyaerts (born 1880), Olympic swimmer
* 30 August – Émile Braun (born 1849), engineer
* 28 October – Oscar Van Den Bossche (born 1893), rower
* 2 November – Rodolphe Wytsman (died 1860), painter
# Latin interjections

There are many interjections in the Latin language, though by their nature they are not often found in the formal register of written Classical Latin, being mostly attested in certain comedies, by playwrights such as Terence and Plautus, which are written in a style more similar to Vulgar Latin. Terms used to express surprise or attract attention include "heu!" or "eheu!" (alas!), more commonly "vae!" with the same meaning, "euge!" (hurrah!) and "amen!" (truly, let it be) borrowed from the Hebrew. Invocations of the lower gods are plenty; most commonly "Pol!" (by Pollux!) and "mehercle!" (my Hercules!) while the names of higher deities are less common. Another interjection, "Vah!" Which simply means "Hah!"
# Sinan County

Sinan County may refer to a county with the same name in China and South Korea:
* Sinan County, Guizhou (思南县), of Tongren Prefecture, Guizhou, China
* Sinan County, South Jeolla (신안군 / 新安郡), in South Jeolla Province, South Korea
# Doflein's salamander

Doflein's salamander (Bolitoglossa dofleini) is a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae. It is found in Belize, Guatemala, Nicaragua and Honduras. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, plantations, and heavily degraded former forest. An example ecoregion of occurrence is the Belizean pine forests. The species is threatened by habitat loss.
# Lobivia caineana

Lobivia caineana is a species of Lobivia found in Bolivia.

## Description

Lobivia caineana grows singly. The ellipsoidal, fresh green shoots reach heights of 10 to 29 centimeters with diameters of 7 to 9 centimeters. The shoot apex is sunk. There are nine ribs, which are clear on the upper parts of the shoots, but flat and blunt further down. The elliptical areoles on it are cream-colored to gray and are up to 2.5 centimeters apart. From them arise 14 to 18 gray to whitish, aquiline thorns that are darkly tipped. Some of the unequal thorns are spreading and others are protruding. The thorns are 1.5 to 7 centimeters long.
The funnel-shaped, deep purple-pink to pink or magenta, occasionally white flowers appear on the tips of the shoots and open during the day. They are 5 to 7 centimeters long and have a diameter of 4 to 6 centimeters. The egg-shaped fruits are almost dry and up to 2 centimeters long.

## Distribution

Lobivia caineana is widespread in the Bolivian department of Potosí in the province of Charcas at medium altitudes of around 2000 meters.

## Taxonomy

The first description by Martín Cárdenas was published in 1952. The specific epithet caineana refers to the occurrence of the species in the valley of the Río Caine. A nomenclature synonym is Echinopsis caineana (Cárdenas) D.R.Hunt (1991).
# Nebulosa grimaldii

Nebulosa grimaldii is a moth of the family Notodontidae. It is found in eastern Ecuador.
The length of the forewings is 13.5–14 mm for males and 14 mm for females.
# Lithoglyptida

Lithoglyptida is an order of barnacles in the class Thecostraca. There are 2 families and more than 40 described species in Lithoglyptida.

## Taxonomy

These families, subfamilies, and genera belong to the order Lithoglyptida:
    Family Lithoglyptidae Aurivillius, 1892
       Subfamily Berndtiinae Utinomi, 1950
          Genus Berndtia Utinomi, 1950
          Genus Weltneria Berndt, 1907
       Subfamily Kochlorininae Gruvel, 1905
          Genus Kochlorine Noll, 1872
          Genus Kochlorinopsis Stubbings, 1967
       Subfamily Lithoglyptinae Aurivillius, 1892
          Genus Auritoglyptes Kolbasov & Newman, 2005
          Genus Balanodytes Utinomi, 1950
          Genus Lithoglyptes Aurivillius, 1892
    Family Trypetesidae Stebbing, 1910
       Genus Tomlinsonia Turquier, 1985
       Genus Trypetesa Norman, 1903
# Scopula astrabes

Scopula astrabes is a moth of the family Geometridae. It was described by Prout in 1932. It is endemic to South Africa.