OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Jus spolii

The jus spolii (also called jus exuviarum or rapite capite), the Latin for right of spoil, was a claim of succession to the property of deceased clerics, at least such as they had derived from their ecclesiastical benefices.
It was an outcome of ancient canons which forbade clerics to dispose by will of goods accruing from their ecclesiastical office. These canons were gradually relaxed because of the difficulty of distinguishing between ecclesiastical and patrimonial property. Abuses then arose: Churches were despoiled at the death of their incumbents; bishops and archdeacons seized for the cathedral the spoil of abbeys and other benefices, on the pretence that all other churches were but offshoots of the cathedral.
After the fall of the Western Empire, anyone present at the death of a cleric felt at liberty to carry off whatever property of the deceased, ecclesiastical or otherwise, he could seize (rapite capite, seize and take).
As the civil power became more conscious of itself it began to restrain this indiscriminate plunder. The sovereign claimed for himself the "Jus Spolii" in the case of deceased bishops, while the smaller feudal lords laid similar claim to the property of all clerics who died in their domains.
Councils (Tribur, 895; Trosly, 909; Clermont, 1095; II Lateran, 1139) of the Church legislated against these abuses, finally obtaining a renunciation of this so-called right.
In the thirteenth century the Roman Church put forth in a modified way the same claim, and it eventually became a principle of canon law that the goods of beneficed ecclesiastics, dying intestate, belonged of right to the papal treasury. This right however was not allowed in France, Germany, Belgium or Portugal. In the Kingdom of Naples a compromise was made at the close of the sixteenth century, whereby the right was renounced for an annual payment to the papal treasury.

## Sources

* Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Jus Spolii" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
# Jean Pastré

Count Jean André Hubert Pastré (2 December 1888 – 29 June 1960) was a French polo player. He played polo at the 1924 Summer Olympics.

## Early life

Jean Pastré was born in 1888. He was the son of Count Ange André Pastré (1856-1926) and Clara Goldschmidt (1866-1930). His paternal grandfather, Eugène Pastré, was a French shipowner and merchant, and the first owner of the Château Pastré in Marseille.

## Polo

Pastré became a polo player. In 1913, he played polo as part of the Red Devils team alongside Captain J. Jaubert, F. Egan, E. Targett in the Laversine Open Polo Cup at the Château de Laversine, Baron Robert de Rothschild's estate near Chantilly. A year later, in 1914, he played as a member of the Quidnuncs team alongside Captain C. G. Higgins, Captain E. D. Miller, and M. F. Mallet at the Cote d'Azur Polo Club in Mandelieu near Cannes. The Duke of Westminster was in attendance. Several years later, in 1922, he played polo in Mons, Belgium alongside R. Bamberger, Count Jean de Madre, and Hubert de Monbrison. The match was attended by the Prime Minister, Poincare, and his wife, as well as Marshal Philippe Pétain.
He played polo at the 1924 Summer Olympics alongside Count Charles de Polignac, Hubert de Monbrison and Count Pierre de Junilhae, against the American team, composed of Thomas Hitchcock, Frederick Roe, Rodman Wanamaker, and Elmer Boeseke.
He served as the first secretary of the French Polo Federation.

## Personal life

He married Marie-Louise Double de Saint-Lambert, a philanthropist from Marseille, who became known as Countess Lily Pastré. They had three children: Nadia, Nicole and Pierre. They resided in Paris and summered at the Château Pastré in Marseille. They divorced in 1940, and she was given the château.

## Death

He died in 1960.
# Michel Puig

Michel Puig (born 1930) is a French composer. In 1953 he studied composition with René Leibowitz. In 1957 he published his Sonata for Piano and, the following year, Fantasia for Violin and Piano. In 1975 he composed a chamber opera Stigmates, to a libretto by Jacques Pajak. Among the composer's influences is jazz, and at the premiere of Stigmates the performers included the jazz guitarist Claude Barthélemy as well as classical musicians including Vinko Globokar.
A considerable part of Puig's oeuvre is musical theatre. Sa Négresse Jésus, Op. 26, a one-act work for three actors and a small instrumental ensemble (1974) was staged by Michael Lonsdale at the Théâtre des Amandiers, Nanterre. His Miroir, another one-act piece of music theatre, was premiered in Paris in 1975. His Monet ou la passion de la réalité, a one-act work for solo actress accompanied by clarinet, violin and piano, was first performed at the Semaines musicales internationales d'Orléans in 1979. Puig composed the music for a 1965 adaptation of Molière's The School for Wives starring François Périer, and set Lewis Carroll's The Hunting of the Snark for a cast of five actresses and eight actors and an instrumental ensemble of five players, premiered at the Festival d'Avignon in 1971.
Puig was for some time a teacher; his former students include Michèle Bokanowski.
# Microglossum olivaceum

Microglossum olivaceum (vernacular name: olive earthtongue) is a species of fungus belonging to the family Leotiaceae.
Synonym:
# Pseudoligia

Pseudoligia is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

## Species

* Pseudoligia similiaria (Ménétriés, 1849)
* Pseudoligia lucifer L.Ronkay & Gyulai, 2008
# Nguyễn Thuyên

Nguyễn Thuyên or Hàn Thuyên (Bắc Ninh) was a 13th-century Vietnamese official and writer. According to Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư, in 1282, he composed a piece of writing, throwing it into the Red River to chase away a crocodile, similar to what the Tang dynasty official and writer Han Yu once did. As a result, Emperor Trần Nhân Tông gave him the surname Hàn. He is known as the first one to compose Vietnamese poems in chữ Nôm, although his works did not survive. Following the Chinese model, he divided the six tones of Vietnamese into "flat" (平) and "sharp" (仄), and used this distinction as the metrical foundation of his poems. The poets after him followed this practice.
# Miermaigne

Miermaigne (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Eure-et-Loir department in northern France.
# Mieronice, Gmina Małogoszcz

Mieronice is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Małogoszcz, within Jędrzejów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) south of Małogoszcz, 18 km (11 mi) north of Jędrzejów, and 27 km (17 mi) south-west of the regional capital Kielce. The village has a population of 620.
# Middlegate, Nevada

Middlegate is an unincorporated hamlet along "The Loneliest Road In America," U.S. Route 50, in Churchill County, Nevada, United States. The community consists of a commercial rest stop with food, fuel and lodging accommodations, and some ranches and other private properties in the nearby area. The last recorded population for the hamlet itself was 17 permanent residents.

## Middlegate Station

Middlegate Station is a rest stop/commercial area with a gas station, bar and restaurant, motel and RV park.
Stephen King stayed at the Middlegate Station motel for seven days and wrote a portion of Desperation.
Middlegate Station was the location for Black Road, Gregory Hutton's award-winning 2002 short film starring William Nilon.

## Transportation

Middlegate is served by intersecting U.S. Route 50 (Austin Highway/"The Loneliest Road In America") and Nevada State Route 361 (Gabbs Valley Road) along with multiple unpaved roads giving access to the surrounding ranches.
A former portion of the Lincoln Highway intersects with Gabbs Valley Road at Middlegate Station. It was also a stop on the Pony Express.

## Shoe Tree

Immediately to the east of Middlegate on the northern side of Route 50 is a notable tree, known locally as the "Shoe Tree," with several dozen pairs of shoes hanging from its branches. The original Shoe Tree was cut down by vandals in 2011. Since that time, a nearby tree has been decorated with shoes.
# Nickel-dependent hydrogenase

Hydrogenases are enzymes that catalyze the reversible activation of hydrogen and which occur widely in prokaryotes as well as in some eukaryotes. There are various types of hydrogenases, but all of them seem to contain at least one iron-sulphur cluster. They can be broadly divided into two groups: hydrogenases containing nickel and, in some cases, also selenium (the [NiFe] and [NiFeSe] hydrogenases) and those lacking nickel (the [Fe] hydrogenases).
The [NiFe] and [NiFeSe] hydrogenases are heterodimer that consist of a small subunit that contains a signal peptide and a large subunit. All the known large subunits seem to be evolutionary related; they contain two Cys-x-x-Cys motifs; one at their N-terminal end; the other at their C-terminal end. These four cysteines are involved in the binding of nickel. In the [NiFeSe] hydrogenases the first cysteine of the C-terminal motif is a selenocysteine which has experimentally been shown to be a nickel ligand.
# Nickel & Foucard NF-2 Asterix

The Nickel & Foucard NF-2 Asterix is a French two-seat monoplane built by Rudy Nickel and Joseph Foucard. Designed for amateur construction from plans, the prototype Asterix first flew in 1987.

## Design and development

The Astrix is a wood and fabric, tandem two-seat, high-wing monoplane with a pivoting wing, it is powered by 45 hp (34 kW) Citroen Visa converted motorcar engine, similar powered engines like the Rotax 582 have also been used.

## Specifications

Data from Brassey's World Aircraft & Systems Directory 1996
General characteristics
* Crew: 2
* Length: 5.15 m (16 ft 11 in)
* Wingspan: 7.5 m (24 ft 7 in)
* Empty weight: 200 kg (441 lb)
* Gross weight: 374 kg (825 lb)
* Powerplant: 1 × Citroen Visa converted motorcar engine, 34 kW (45 hp)
Performance
* Maximum speed: 144 km/h (90 mph, 78 kn)
* Cruise speed: 130 km/h (81 mph, 70 kn)landing speed 33 kn
* Range: 350 km (220 mi, 190 nmi)
* Rate of climb: 2.50 m/s (492 ft/min)
# Mike Fuentes

Mike Fuentes may refer to:
* Mike Fuentes (baseball)
* Mike Fuentes (musician)
# Publius Valerius Falto

Publius Valerius Falto was a Roman politician of the 3rd century BC.
Publius followed his brother, Quintus Valerius Falto, as consul, being elected to that office in 238 BC alongside Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus. He led a consular army against the Boii, who had allied with the Ligures and some other Celtic tribes along the Po. The first confrontation resulted in defeat, so the Senate sent the Praetor Marcus Genucius Cipus to relieve his army; however, viewing this as an intrusion, Publius attacked a second time and won. On his return he was denied a triumph because of his rash actions following the initial defeat.
# Pterolophia gigantea

Pterolophia gigantea is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1938. Pterolophia gigantea is a member of the genus Pterolophia and the longhorn beetle family.
# Niccolò Ferracciu

Niccolò Ferracciu (Calangianus, 10 May 1815 – Rome, 2 March 1892) was an Italian lawyer and politician. He served as Minister of the Navy and Minister of Justice of the Kingdom of Italy.

## Biography

Born in Calangianus on 10 May 1815 to Antonio Ferracciu and Lucia Mossa, Niccolò Ferracciu attended high school in Tempio Pausania. After graduating in Literature in Tempio he went to Sassari for university studies where he graduated in Law in 1836, soon becoming one of the most sought-after Sardinian lawyers, and in 1850 he was appointed professor of economics and commercial law. In 1848 he was elected as Divisional and Municipal Councilor of Sassari, while in 1851 he became President of the Divisional and then Provincial Council. Consequently to this position, following the granting of the Statuto Albertino in 1848, he was elected to the Subalpine Parliament for the constituency of Sassari on 15 January 1849.
In the Subalpine Parliament he sided with the left and immediately opposed the armistice of Novara, considering it an attack on the standing and honor of Italy. In 1852 he took the side of the Chamber against the state of siege decreed by the government in the province of Sassari, while in 1855 when cholera broke out in the city he distinguished himself in his constant activity aimed at combating the epidemic.
In 1860 he took a stand against the cession of Nice and Savoy to France. During his years in politics he was secretary and member of several parliamentary committees and committees, participating in all the legislatures first of the Sardinian Kingdom, then of the young Kingdom of Italy.
In 1861 he commanded the battalion of the national guard of Sassari. Thanks to the good relations established with the local people he was elected as their deputy in the XI legislature. In Parliament he sided with the moderate Left. When in 1865 Giovanni Lanza invited him to take the Ministry of Public Education, he refused as he did not consider it right for him to serve in that government. Vice President of the Chamber from 1871 to 1874 and again from 1891 to 1892, Ferracciu eventually held various government positions, first as Minister of the Navy (1878–1879) and then as Ministr of Justice (March - November 1884), both under Depretis governments. Ferracciu remained in Parliament after his ministerial career was over and died during his last mandate, on 2 March 1892, in Rome, aged 76.
# Michele Fanoli

Michele or Michel Fanoli (1807 – 19 September 1876) was an Italian painter and engraver, mainly of religious subjects and portraits in a Neoclassical style.

## Biography

He was born in Cittadella, province of Padua. He studied under Leopoldo Cicognara at the Academy of Fine Arts at Modena, and at the Accademia di Belle Arti of Venice at the urging of Cicognara. He traveled to Paris where he learned the art of lithography.
In Paris he made lithographic reproductions of major works including Deposition (1848), Les Willis (1848), Marriage at Cana (1849), Orpheus (1854), Last Supper (1855), and Immaculate Conception (1855), printed by Lemercier in Paris. When he returned to Italy in 1860, he was made director of the School of Lithography at the Brera Academy.
Fanoli made a widely circulated painting from a scene in the opera I Promessi Sposi. He also engraved a fanciful inventory of the sculptural works of Antonio Canova (1840). He was a lifelong friend of Luigi Carrer. He painted two works in Cittadella: La riconoscenza displayed in City Hall, and an altarpiece (Blessed Veronica Giuliani receives Stigmata surrounded by Saints) for the principal church of the town.
# Jellum

Jellum is a village in Leeuwarden in the province of Friesland, the Netherlands. It had a population of around 142 in January 2017.

## History

The village was first mentioned in the 13th century as Helmum, and means "settlement of the people of Helm (person)". The Dutch Reformed church dated from around 1700. In 1893, it was struck by lightning and both the church and tower burnt down. In 1895, it was rebuilt with a 21 metres (69 ft) tall tower. In 1840, Jellum was home to 96 people.
Before 2018, the village was part of the Littenseradiel municipality and before 1984 it belonged to Baarderadeel municipality.

## Gallery

* Church of Jellum
* Welcome to Jellum
* View of Jellum with a rainbow
# Nichiyō Tōron

Nichiyō Tōron (日曜討論, lit. "Sunday debate"), recently styled with English subtitle as Nihchiyō Tōron Sunday Debate (日曜討論SundayDebate), is a Sunday morning talk show broadcast in Japan by public broadcaster NHK. It often takes the format of a moderated debate between several politicians from parties represented in the National Diet and sometimes leading bureaucrats or non-political guests, although some editions feature interviews with only one guest. Nichiyō Tōron debuted in 1994, but replaced a range of several talk shows on political and economic issues including Kokkai Tōronkai (国会討論会, "Diet forum"), a similar Sunday morning political talk show that had been on air since 1947 on radio and since 1957 on television.
Nichiyō Tōron airs live Sundays between 9 and 10 a.m. JST on national NHK General TV and NHK Radio 1, and is rebroadcast as free-of-charge "NHK international broadcast" (NHK kokusai hōsō) by NHK's international television and radio affiliates. Nationally, it airs just after Fuji TV's Shin Hōdō 2001 and before TV Asahi's Hōdō Station Sunday (formerly: Sunday Frontline), two competing Sunday morning talk shows.
As of 2011, it is hosted by Toshio Shimada and Yasuhiro Kashina. The debate is usually held in NHK's Chiyoda Hōsō Kaikan studio in Kioichō in central Tokyo, close to Nagatachō, where the Diet building, the national Liberal Democratic and Democratic party headquarters as well as the prime minister's office (Kantei) and residence (Kōtei) are located.

## Special editions

On days of national elections (general elections for the House of Representatives or regular elections for the House of Councillors), political campaigning is restricted by national election laws for 24 hours before the closing of polls and Nichiyō Tōron is not broadcast in its usual slot. On days of by-elections for the national Diet or the unified local elections, Nichiyō Tōron also generally avoids presenting partisan positions by inviting non-politicians. In the legal campaigning period before a national election, Nichiyō Tōron sometimes takes the NHK Special 9 p.m. slot or airs on Monday night after an election. On election night, the Nichiyō Tōron host anchors a special programme with all party leaders relayed from their election headquarters. The first Nichiyō Tōron of a new year usually invites party presidents – or another leading politician where the party president is prime minister, namely the secretary general of the party or the vice prime minister.
# Nichke-Say

Nichke-Say is a village in Jalal-Abad Region of the country Kyrgyzstan. It is part of the Toktogul District. Its population was 2,279 in 2021.
# Pulchellodromus medius

Pulchellodromus medius is a spider species found in Europe (Italy, Greece, Cyprus, Ukraine) and Asia (Turkey, Israel, Iran, Azerbaijan).
# Nicolas Bührer

Nicolas Claude Bührer (born 14 February 1944, Biel, Switzerland) is a Swiss entrepreneur and former car racing driver.

## Career

Bührer is co-owner and long-time managing director of Bührer & Co. AG, a construction company founded in 1937, which also sells and repairs construction machinery. A connection between Nicolas Bührer's family and Bührer Traktorenfabrik AG in Hinwil cannot be deduced from the available sources.

## Career as a racing driver

Bührer was active in the sports car scene as a driver in the 1970s and 1980s and currently competes in hill climbs with historic racing cars in a Porsche 911 Carrera RSR and a BMW M1. In 1981, he and Angelo Pallavicini won the Hockenheim 3-hour race in a Porsche 934. He competed in the German racing championship in 1974, the Spa-Francorchamps 24-hour race in 1975 and Le Mans in 1976.
# Pumpkintown

Pumpkintown may refer to:
* Pumpkintown, South Carolina, an unincorporated community in Pickens County
* Pumpkintown, West Virginia, an unincorporated community in Randolph County
# Jeng

Jeng may refer to:

## People

* Jeng Jundian
* Jeng Tian-tsair
* Alhaji Jeng
* Jeng Kirchen
# Nick of Time

Nick of Time may refer to:

## Film and television

* Nick of Time (film), a 1995 thriller film by John Badham
* "Nick of Time" (The Twilight Zone), a 1960 episode of The Twilight Zone

## Music

* Nick of Time (album), 1989, by Bonnie Raitt
** "Nick of Time" (song), the title song
* "Nick of Time", a 1988 song by AC/DC from Blow Up Your Video
* "Nick of Time", a 2004 song by Marcin Rozynek from Następny Będziesz Ty
* "The Nick of Time", a 2016 instrumental by Michael Giacchino from Zootopia

## Literature

* The Nick of Time, a 2002 novel by Francis King
* The Nick of Time: Essays on Haiku Aesthetics, a 2001 collection of essays about haiku by Paul O. Williams
* The Nick of Time, a 1985 science fiction novel by George Alec Effinger
* Nick of Time, a 2008 novel by Ted Bell

## Other uses

* Nick of Time, an unreleased computer game by The Dreamers Guild
# Nick de Ville

Nicholas (Nick) de Ville (born 1944) is a British graphic artist and academic. He is best known through his cover art for Roxy Music. He became a departmental head at Goldsmiths College in 1987.

## Early life

In an interview, de Ville stated that "I was born in a small town, rural Staffordshire, in the Midlands." His parents were Geoffrey Ham De Ville (or Deville) (1909–1986), a butcher in Uttoxeter, and his wife whom he married in 1932 Gladys Joan Babb (born 1911); the cricketer Roger de Ville was his elder brother. The family home was Honeycroft, Bank Close, Uttoxeter, and Nick submitted a "Still Life" to the Royal Academy from there in 1963.
De Ville appeared in a school play at Abbotsholme School in 1955, which he attended from 1953 to 1962. He commented "I left school about 1962, and I went to study architecture at Manchester University. And I was there for two terms, and I realized I was not enjoying it. So then I came back home and I went to the local art school for two years."

## Influence of Richard Hamilton

After two years of study at Derby College of Art, de Ville arrived at the Fine Art department of Newcastle University in autumn 1965. There he fell under the influence of Richard Hamilton, on the teaching staff until the following year. Hamilton later listed egregious Newcastle art alumni as "Roy Ascott, Tony Carter, Nick de Ville, Rita Donagh, Noel Forster, Mali Morris, Matt Rugg, Ian Stephenson, John A. Walker and Mary Webb."
In lodgings in Newcastle, de Ville lived almost adjacent to Bryan Ferry and Tim Head in Eslington Terrace; they were two more art students in Hamilton's orbit. De Ville became a close friend of both. Graduating in 1969, de Ville took a lecturing position at Derby for two years, but also maintained links, He worked as a studio assistant to Hamilton. He made his way to London with a position at Goldsmiths in 1971. He was responsible for the first Roxy Music album cover (1972), using the fashion photographer Karl Stoecker, also for subsequent covers, and became the band's art director.

## Academic

For the decade 1971 to 1981, de Ville taught part-time at Goldsmiths, Derby and other art colleges. He moved up, to be Course Director of the Fine Art Masters course director at Goldsmiths, from 1982 to 1991, from 1987 also head of Fine Art there, to 1997. He was then appointed Director of Research in the Department of Art, and in 2004 Head of Department of Art.

## Works

* Lenare, the Art of Society Photography, 1924-1977 (1981), with introductory essay by Anthony Haden-Guest
* Catalogue essay for Gerard Hemsworth, Strictly Suburban (1999)
* Album: Style and Image in Sleeve Design (2003)
Edited:
* Space Invaders: Issues of Presentation, Context and Meaning in Contemporary Art (1993), with Stephen C. Foster
* The Artist and the Academy: Issues in Fine Art Education and the Wider Cultural Context (1994), with Stephen C. Foster
# Punalur (disambiguation)

Punalur is a town in Kerala, India.
Punalur may also refer to:
* Punalur railway station, a railway station in Kerala
* Punalur Suspension Bridge, a suspension bridge in Kerala
* Punalur Paper Mills, a paper mill in Kerala
* Punalur (Assembly constituency)
# Jer Dwyer

Jeremiah "Jer" Dwyer (1854 – ?) was an Irish hurler who played for the Tipperary senior team.
Dwyer made his first appearance for the team during the inaugural championship of 1887. During that successful year he won one All-Ireland medal.
At club level Dwyer was a one-time county club championship medalist with Thurles.