# National Health and Medical Research Council

The National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) is the main statutory authority of the Australian Government responsible for medical research. It was the eighth largest research funding body in the world in 2016, and NHMRC-funded research is globally recognised for its high quality. Around 45% of all Australian medical research from 2008–12 was funded by the federal government, through the NHMRC.$^{:14}$
As an independent arm of the Department of Health, the NHMRC funds high quality health and medical research, builds research capability in Australia, support the translation of health and medical research into better health outcomes, and promote the ethics and integrity in research. Non-health research is funded by the Australian Research Council.

## Activities

The National Health and Medical Research Council Act 1992 provides for NHMRC to pursue activities designed to:
* raise the standard of individual and public health throughout Australia
* foster the development of consistent health standards between the various States and Territories
* foster medical research and training and public health research and training throughout Australia
* foster consideration of ethical issues relating to health.

### Investment

NHMRC invests in health and medical research through its grant program. Funding received for health and medical research from the Australian Government and other sources through the Medical Research Endowment Account (MREA) amounted to $882.7 million in 2018–19. This amount was exclusive of NHMRC's administrative costs, which are funded separately to the MREA.
The funds invested by NHMRC are drawn from its Medical Research Endowment Account and from separate accounts established to hold philanthropic gifts and bequests.

### Translation

One of NHMRC's primary responsibilities is supporting the effective and rapid translation of research findings into health policy and practice. Specific activities undertaken by NHMRC to support research translation include:

## Organisation and leadership

NHMRC is, formally, a council consisting of the Commonwealth, state and territory chief medical officers, as well as persons with expertise in a variety of areas including:
* public health
* public health research and medical research issues
* ethics relating to research involving humans and animals
* the health needs of Aboriginal persons and Torres Strait Islanders
* consumer issues (such as on community involvement in clinical trials)
* business
* health care training
* professional medical standards
* the medical profession and post‑graduate medical training
* the nursing profession.
This Council advises the chief executive officer (CEO) and is supported by the Office of NHMRC.

### Committees

Section 35 of the NHMRC Act 1992 allows the Minister for Health to establish Principal Committees to assist the council to carry out any of its functions.
Section 39 of the Act enables the CEO to establish working committees to help carry out the functions of the CEO, the council or a Principal Committee. Peer Review Panels are the most common type of working committee established by the CEO.

## History

In May 1923, the Australian Government called a Premiers' Conference "to devise measures for the co-operation of the Commonwealth and the States and of States with States and to provide uniformity of legislation and administration on health matters". By agreement at the Conference, a Royal Commission on health was appointed in 1925.
The report of the commission (the Hone Report) recommended the constitution of a Federal Health Council as an advisory body which should meet at least annually for the purpose of reviewing co-operation between Commonwealth and State health authorities.
The Report also recommended that the Commonwealth should provide a fund in aid of research on health questions, and establish a Council to administer it.
In response to these recommendations, a Federal Health Council was established by the Governor-General (by Order-in-Council) in 1926. The secretariat to the council was provided by the Australian Government Department of Health, which was itself established in 1921.
The first meeting of the council was held on the 25 January 1927.
At its ninth session, in April 1936, the Council proposed a revision of its functions, and the Commonwealth responded to this recommendation, together with the previous proposals on research made by the Royal Commission on Health. In September 1936, a revised Order-in-Council created a National Health and Medical Research Council to replace the Federal Health Council.
In addition to its previous role advising the Commonwealth and states (but not territories, as these did not exist at that time) on public health questions, NHMRC was also able to provide advice on medical research, including advice to the Commonwealth on the expenditure of money on medical research. To support this latter activity, the Medical Research Endowment Act 1937 was passed. This Act established the Medical Research Endowment Fund to support medical research.
The National Health and Medical Research Council Act 1992 (NHMRC Act 1992), which came into effect on 24 June 1993, provided a legislative basis for NHMRC.

### Reviews

In 1998, the Health and Medical Research Strategic Review committee, chaired by Mr Peter Wills AC, presented a report to the Australian Government (The Virtuous Cycle) which led to a significant increase in funding for the health and medical research sector through NHMRC.
Between 2000 and 2018, the number of NHMRC-funded grants – across all research grant schemes – increased from 1870 to 4241 active grants, and total expenditure from NHMRC's Medical Research Endowment Account increased from $170 million to $861 million: a fivefold increase in funding.
Following amendments to the NHMRC Act 1992, NHMRC became an independent statutory agency within the Health and Ageing portfolio on 1 July 2006.
The Strategic Review of Health and Medical Research in Australia (McKeon Review) was established by the Australian Government in late 2011, and the report of the Review was publicly released in April 2013. The Review recommended a 10-year strategic health and medical research plan for the nation and included recommendations relating to NHMRC.

### Medical Research Future Fund (MRFF)

As part of the 2014–15 Budget the Government announced the establishment of the $20 billion Medical Research Future Fund (MRFF). The MRFF provides funding to address medical research priorities, drive innovation, improve delivery of health care, boost the effectiveness of the health system, and contribute to economic growth. It therefore complements and enhances funding for health and medical research provided by NHMRC.
NHMRC is assisting the Department of Health and Aged Care to implement disbursements from the MRFF as a provisional grants hub, along with the Business Grants Hub within the Australian Department of Industry, Science and Resources. This assistance draws on NHMRC's application and assessment processes and the expertise available to NHMRC through the health and medical research sector and other sources.

## Timeline

| Year | Event |
| 1921 | Australian Government Department of Health is established |
| 1923 | Australian Government calls a Premiers' Conference on health matters |
| 1925 | Report of the Royal Commission on Health (the Hone Report) released |
| 1926 | Governor-General in Council establishes the Federal Health Council |
| 1936 | Governor-General in Council establishes NHMRC |
| 1937 | Medical Research Endowment Act 1937 |
| 1982 | Review of NHMRC’s functions, structure and operations (Coghland-Shea Review) report released |
| 1984 | Independent committee appointed to examine the organisation, functions and membership of NHMRC |
| 1992 | National Health and Medical Research Council Act 1992 enacted |
| 1993 | External Review of the NHMRC (Bienenstock Review) report released |
| 1999 | Strategic Review of Health and Medical Research (Wills Review) report released, recommending significant increase to funding for health and medical research |
| 2000 | NHMRC Act 1992 amended, creating the position of NHMRC Chief Executive Officer (CEO) |
| 2005-06 | NHMRC Act 1992 amended, establishing NHMRC as an independent statutory agency |
| 2013 | Strategic Review of Health and Medical Research in Australia (McKeon Review) report released, recommending changes to NHMRC |
| 2018 | NHMRC's New Grant Program commences operation |
| 2019 | NHMRC's new research grants management system (Sapphire) commences operation |

## Governance
### Chief executive officers

The CEO is the accountable authority of NHMRC. The role of CEO was established in 2000 through a change to the NHMRC Act 1992.
| Tenure | CEO |
| 2001-2005 | Professor Alan Pettigrew |
| 2006 | Mr William Lawrence (a/g CEO) |
| 2006-2015 | Professor Warwick Anderson AM |
| 2016-2023 | Professor Anne Kelso AO |
| 2023-Present | Professor Steve Wesselingh |

### Chairs

The functions of the council, led by the chair, are to provide advice to the CEO in relation to the performance of his or her functions.
| Tenure | Chair |
| 1927-45 | Dr John Cumpston CMG |
| 1946-59 | Dr Arthur Metcalfe CBE |
| 1960-72 | Major General Sir William Refshauge, AC, CBE |
| 1973-82 | Dr Gwyn Howells CB |
| 1983-84 | Mr Lawrence Willett AO |
| 1984-87 | Mr Bernard McKay |
| 1987 | Mr AJ Ayers |
| 1988-90 | Professor John Chalmers AC |
| 1991-93 | Professor Diana Horvath AO |
| 1994-96 | Professor Richard Smallwood AO |
| 1997-99 | Professor Richard Larkins AC |
| 2000-03 | Professor Nick Saunders AO |
| 2003-05 | Professor John Shine AO |
| 2006-12 | Professor Michael Good AO |
| 2012-15 | The Hon Justice Annabelle Bennett AC |
| 2015-21 | Professor Bruce Robinson AC |
| 2021-24 | Professor Caroline Homer AO |

### Secretaries

Prior to the establishment of the role of CEO, a number of the CEO's functions were performed by the Secretary of the council.
| Tenure | Secretary |
| 1926-1936 | Mr JL Fawcett |
| 1936-1946 | Mr JL Fawcett |
| 1947 | Mr J Barchard |
| 1948-1949 | Mr TE Moon |
| 1954-57 | Mr CC Clifford |
| 1958 | Mr SP Power |
| 1958-62 | Dr RE Richards |
| 1962-67 | Mr RHC Wells |
| 1968-72 | Dr RW Greville |
| 1972-79 | Dr KW Edmondson |
| 1980-83 | Dr D De Souza |
| 1983-87 | Dr RW Cumming |
| 1987-88 | Mr RE Wilson |
| 1988-94 | Mr J Loy |
| 1994-95 | Ms F Howarth |
| 1996 | Ms D Ariotti |
| 1997-00 | Mr R Wells |
| 2001-02 | Mrs J Campbell |
| 2002-06 | Mr L Bienkiewicz |