OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1868 in Australia

"none" is preferred when the title alone is adequate; see [[WP:SDNONE]]
The following lists events that happened during 1868 in Australia.

## Incumbents

* Monarch - Victoria

### Governors

Governors of the Australian colonies:
* Governor of New South Wales – Somerset Lowry-Corry, 4th Earl Belmore
* Governor of Queensland – Sir George Bowen, then Colonel Sir Samuel Blackall
* Governor of South Australia – Sir Dominick Daly until 19 February
* Governor of Tasmania – Colonel Thomas Browne, then Charles Du Cane
* Governor of Victoria – Sir John Manners-Sutton
* Governor of Western Australia – Dr John Hampton, then Sir Benjamin Pine

### Premiers

Premiers of the Australian colonies:
* Premier of New South Wales – James Martin, until 27 October then John Robertson
* Premier of Queensland – Robert Mackenzie, until 25 November then Charles Lilley
* Premier of South Australia – Henry Ayers, until 24 September then John Hart (2nd time), until 13 October then Henry Ayers (4th time), until 3 November then Henry Strangways
* Premier of Tasmania – Richard Dry
* Premier of Victoria – James McCulloch, until 6 May then Charles Sladen, until 11 July then James McCulloch (2nd time)

## Events

* 10 January – The last convict ship to Western Australia, the Hougoumont, arrives in Western Australia. This brought the end of penal transportation to Australia.
* February–May – A series of atrocities in retaliation to the killing of a police officer, a police assistant, and a local workman result in the deaths of between 15 and 150 Aboriginal people around Flying Foam Passage on Murujuga (Burrup Peninsula) in Western Australia. These atrocities are later referred to as the Flying Foam Massacre.
* 5 March – The Queensland Parliament passes the Polynesian Labourers Act to regulate the employment of Pacific Islanders recruited through blackbirding.
* 12 March – Henry James O'Farrell fires a revolver into the back of Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh (second son of Queen Victoria) while the latter is picnicking in the beachfront suburb of Clontarf. It was Australia's first attempted political assassination. O'Farrell first claimed that he was acting under instruction from Melbourne Fenians but later retracted the claims. He had problems with alcoholism and mental illness.

## Economy

* The Geelong Woollen Company sets up the first woollen mill in Australia.

## Sport

* May to October – The first Australian cricket team to tour overseas plays against several English teams, winning 14 matches, losing 14 and drawing 19.
* 3 November – Glencoe wins the Melbourne Cup

## Births

* 21 February – Ernest Roberts, South Australian politician (born in the United Kingdom) (d. 1913)
* 19 June – Richard Crouch, Victorian politician (d. 1949)
* 27 October – William Gillies, 21st Premier of Queensland (d. 1928)
* 14 November – Steele Rudd, author (d. 1935)

## Deaths

* 21 April – Henry James O'Farrell, attempted assassin (born in Ireland) (b. 1833)
* 10 June – Charles Harpur, poet (b. 1813)
* 21 July – William Bland, New South Wales politician and medical practitioner (born in the United Kingdom) (b. 1789)
# 1661 in science

The year 1661 in science and technology involved some significant events.

## Biology

* Marcello Malpighi is the first to observe and correctly describe capillaries when he discovers them in a frog's lung.

## Chemistry

* Robert Boyle's The Sceptical Chymist is published in London.

## Environment

* John Evelyn's pamphlet Fumifugium is one of the earliest descriptions of air pollution.

## Publications

* Abraham Cowley's pamphlet The Advancement of Experimental Philosophy.
* Johann Sperling's handbook Zoologia physica (posthumous).

## Births

* May 3 – Antonio Vallisneri, Italian physician and natural scientist (died 1730)
* December 18 – Christopher Polhem, Swedish scientist and inventor (died 1751)
* Guillaume François Antoine, Marquis de l'Hôpital, French mathematician (died 1704)
* approx. date – Alida Withoos, Dutch botanical artist (died 1730)

## Events

* Isaac Newton is admitted to Trinity College, Cambridge, as a sizar (June)

## Deaths

* October – Gérard Desargues, French geometer (born 1591)
# Lindamägi

Lindamägi is a park in Tallinn, Estonia.
The park is located on the Swedish Bastion. Swedish Bastion was built in 1690s. In 1850s, the Swedish Bastion was changed to the park.
In 1920, the bronze sculpture Linda was erected in the park. The sculpture was made by August Weizenberg. The park is named after this sculpture.
# Sequoia affinis

Sequoia affinis is an extinct species of the genus Sequoia in the cypress family Cupressaceae.
The name Sequoia sometimes refers to the subfamily Sequoioideae, which includes the still-living Sequoia sempervirens along with Sequoiadendron (giant sequoia) and Metasequoia (dawn redwood). On its own, the term redwood usually refers to the coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), and not to species in the other genera.
There are many Sequoia fossils found at the Florissant fossil beds in Florissant, Colorado, including Sequoia affinis. A trio of Sequoia affinis fossilized stumps—believed to be three basal shoot clones of one original parent tree—has been reconstructed at this site.
Many branches of fossil Sequoia from Florissant have foliage with spreading leaves, which is also common in the modern Sequoia. The leaves in the fossil species, however, are usually thinner and more delicate. An example of the leaves of Sequoia affinis has been featured on a postcard in a series on "Tertiary Fossil Plants," issued by the British Museum of Natural History in the early 1920s. It has also been suggested that Sequoia affinis may be ancestral to both Sequoia sempervirens and Sequoiadendron giganteum (Sierra redwood).
Typically the female cones of Sequoia affinis are only 50-70% of the length of modern redwood cones. This information, paired with other differences in the wood, foliage, and pollen, show the distinction between Sequoia affinis and Sequoia sempervirens.
Fossilized Sequoia affinis pollen has been discovered in lake-sediment shale at the site in Florissant, Colorado.
# Sericipterus

Sericipterus is an extinct genus of rhamphorhynchid pterosaur. It is known from the Late Jurassic (early Oxfordian age) Shishugou Formation in Xinjiang, China.

## Etymology

The genus was named and described in 2010 by Brian Andres, James Matthew Clark and Xu Xing. The type species is Sericipterus wucaiwanensis. The generic name is derived from Latin sericum, "silk", a reference to the Silk Route, and from a Latinized Greek pteron, "wing". The specific name refers to the Wucaiwan area, itself meaning "five-color bay" because of the many-colored layers.

## Description

The holotype specimen, IVPP V14725, consists of partly crushed, disarticulated bones that are largely preserved three-dimensionally. The wingspan has been estimated to have been at least 1.73 meters (5.7 ft). The skull of Sericipterus is similar to those of the "rhamphorhynchoids" (i.e. basal pterosaurs) Angustinaripterus and Harpactognathus. It had three bony crests: a low crest on the snout, a short low parietal crest on top of the skull and a short traverse crest connected to the front edge of the latter. The parietal crest is the first reported for a non-pterodactyloid pterosaur. The same is true for the rosette, bearing two pairs of forward pointing laniaries, formed by a narrowing of the snout behind these long fangs. Another probably five pairs of teeth were present in a more posterior position in the upper jaws. The number in the lower jaw is unknown. Except for the first rather straight pair, the teeth were recurved, sharply pointed, covered with smooth enamel and circular in cross-section but equipped with two keels providing cutting edges.

## Classification

Sericipterus has, after a comprehensive cladistic analysis of the Pterosauria, been placed as the sister taxon of Angustinaripterus in the Rhamphorhynchinae, a clade which also includes other large-bodied "rhamphorhynchoids", living inland as predators of small tetrapods and preserved in terrestrial sediments.
# Sericicorpus

Sericicorpus nigrum is a species of harvestmen in a monotypic genus in the family Sclerosomatidae from Nepal.
# Serince, Elâzığ

Serince is a village in the Elazığ District of Elazığ Province in Turkey. Its population is 126 (2021).
# Lisa Greer

Lisa Zola Greer is an American philanthropist, known for her 2020 book on philanthropy from the perspective of a donor.

## Education and career

She has an undergraduate degree from University of California, Los Angeles and was the commencement speaker at the 2018 graduation at the University of California, Los Angeles. She also earned an MBA from Pepperdine University.
In 2020 she was appointed to the California State Commission on the Status of Women and Girls. She is on the board of the New Israel Fund.
In 2015, Greer made a donation from her donor-advised fund to IfNotNow, a Jewish activist group. The fund was held by the Jewish Community Foundation of Los Angeles, and they denied her grant due to political disagreements.
In 2020 and 2021, Greer spoke about how philanthropists make decisions regarding additional financial support needed during the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2021, she gave the keynote address at the Association of Fundraising Professionals of West Michigan Meeting.

## Selected publications

* Greer, Lisa (2020). Philanthropy Revolution: How to Inspire Donors, Build Relationships, and Make a Difference. Larissa Kostoff. London. ISBN 978-0-00-838158-5. OCLC 1151981895.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
** Discussed in Jacobin magazine and reviewed by Stanford Social Innovation Review and Alliance magazine

## Personal life

Greer lives in Beverly Hills and was honored by the Friends of the Virginia Robinson Gardens for her contributions to the community, and front page article in The Beverly Hills Courier described her works in the community. In a 2016 article in Harper's Magazine, Greer discussed her installation of a lawn of drought-resistant grass in response to increasing water bills during the California drought.
# Lionel Boulet

Lionel Boulet, OC OQ (July 29, 1919 – January 1, 1996) was a Canadian engineer, academic, and utilities executive.
Born in Quebec City, Boulet received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1938 and a Bachelor of Science degree in electrical engineering in 1942 from Université Laval. He received a Master of Science degree in 1947 from the University of Illinois. Later he received a Doctor of Science degree in 1968 from Sir George Williams University and a D.Gén. from the University of Ottawa. He was made a Fellow of the Engineering Institute of Canada in 1973 for leadership in the establishment and management of the Research Institute of Hydro-Quebec.
From 1950 to 1964, he taught at Université Laval and was chairman of the electrical engineering department. In 1964, he joined Hydro-Québec as a consultant and was appointed the first Director of the Institut de recherche d'Hydro-Québec (IREQ) in 1967, a position he occupied until 1982.

## Honours

In 1975, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada "in recognition of his contribution to the development of applied research in the field of electrical engineering and energy resources". He was posthumously made an Officer of the National Order of Quebec in June 1996. In 1993, he was the first recipient of the Prix Armand-Frappier. The Prix Lionel-Boulet is named in his honour. In 1968, he received an honorary doctorate from Sir George Williams University, which later became Concordia University. He was also awarded honorary degrees from Université Laval and McGill University.
# 1881 Kentucky University football team

The 1881 Kentucky University football team represented Kentucky University (now known as Transylvania University) as an independent the 1881 college football season. The team compiled a record of 2–1.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result |
| November 12 | vs. Kentucky State College | Lexington, KY (Battle On Broadway) | L 1–7¼ |
| November 19 | vs. Kentucky State College | Lexington, KY | W 2–1 |
| December 3 | vs. Kentucky State College | Lexington, KY | W 3¾–2½ |
# Sergiu Niță

Sergiu T. Niță (1883 in Peresecina – 3 March 1940 in Bucharest) was a politician and lawyer from Romania. He served as Minister for Bessarabia (1920–1921, 1926–1927) in the Averescu cabinets.

## Biography

Sergiu Niță was born on March 21 (March 9 according to the old style) in 1883 in the Bessarabian village Peresecina (now Orhei District of the Republic of Moldova) into the family of a priest, Fyodor Niță, the rector of St. Michael's Church in the village of Peresecina.
After a while, the family moved to Chișinău.

### Education

Sergiu Niță studied in Chișinău. Father Fyodor Niță, a graduate of the Chișinău Theological Seminary, was a friend with the Moldavian writer Constantin Stere, who convinced him to send his son Sergiu to study at the Law Faculty of the University of Iași.

## Career

Sergiu Niță became president of the Administrative Court of Chișinău. After the Union of Bessarabia with Romania, Niță served as member of the Parliament of Romania and Minister for Bessarabia in the Government of Alexandru Averescu (2 May 1920 - 17 December 1921 and 20 March 1926 - 3 June 1927). As minister for Bessarabia, he was the head of the initiative group who established the first Romanian language theater in Chișinău, on 10 October 1920.
He was a leader of the Bessarabian Peasants' Party. Internal divisions caused the party to split, with one group led by Niță joining the People's League in April 1920.
In 1925, during a visit to Chișinău, King Ferdinand I of Romania stopped at the residence of Niță (the second house on Sergei Lazo Street from Ștefan cel Mare Boulevard).

## Death

Niță died on 3 March 1940 in Bucharest; he was buried in the Central (Armenian) cemetery in Chișinău.

## Awards

* Order of the Star of Romania, Officer rank.
* Order of the Crown of Romania, Officer rank.
* Order of Ferdinand I, Commander rank.
# Serratovolva dondani

Serratovolva dondani is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Ovulidae, the ovulids, cowry allies or false cowries.
# Serapias orientalis

Serapias orientalis is a species of orchids occurring from the east-central and eastern Mediterranean to the western Transcaucasus.

## Subspecies

* Serapias orientalis subsp. apulica H.Baumann & Künkele, 1989
* Serapias orientalis subsp. carica H. Baumann & Künkele, 1989
* Serapias orientalis subsp. levantina (H. Baumann & Künkele) Kreutz, 2004
* Serapias orientalis subsp. orientalis
* Serapias orientalis subsp. siciliensis Bartolo & Pulv., 1993
# Serapias lingua

Serapias lingua, commonly known as tongue-orchid or the tongue Serapias, is a species of orchid native to the Mediterranean.

## Habitat and distribution

Serapias lingua can be found in damp meadows and open fields of Portugal, Spain, Malta, France, Italy, Yugoslavia, Albania, Greece and all the Mediterranean islands west of Crete and in western North Africa.

## Flowering

Serapias lingua flowers in spring to early summer with 2.5 cm flowers and then they go dormant in mid and late summer.
# Serapias bergonii

Serapias bergonii is a species of orchids found from Italy to western and southern Turkey.

## Occurrence in the UK

In 2021, a tongue orchid was found growing in an undisclosed location in Suffolk, and assumed to be lesser tongue orchid. In 2022 after repeated visits by naturalists the ID was reassessed as Serapias bergonii, and suggested as such by Sean Cole, Kew Gardens, and an undisclosed academic. Considering it is native to the SE Mediterranean, it was assumed to have been deliberately planted here. However, in 2023 it emerged that it was not planted there. The orchid grows on private land with limited public access, and it is difficult to see where it could have originated from. There are plans to get the orchids further assessed in 2024 by other academics.
# Serapias cordigera

Serapias cordigera is a species of orchids found from the Azores, south-central Europe to the Mediterranean.
# 1837 in architecture

The year 1837 in architecture involved some significant events.

## Events

* January 11 – The Royal Institute of British Architects in London (RIBA) is granted its royal charter.
* January 20 – Death of English neo-classical architect Sir John Soane gives effect to the creation of his London house as Sir John Soane's Museum.

## Buildings and structures
### Buildings

* June 10 – Galerie des Batailles at the Palace of Versailles in France, designed by Pierre-François-Léonard Fontaine with Frédéric Nepveu, is opened.
* July 13 – Christ Church, St Pancras, London, designed by James Pennethorne, is consecrated.
* July 20 – Euston railway station, the first main line station in London, is opened, incorporating the Euston Arch designed by Philip Hardwick (demolished 1961).
* "Great Stove" or Conservatory at Chatsworth House in England, designed by Joseph Paxton, is begun; it is the largest glass building in the world at this time (demolished 1923).
* Major reconstruction of Penrhyn Castle in North Wales by Thomas Hopper is largely completed.
* Rock Park, Rock Ferry, England, laid out by Jonathan Bennison.

## Awards

* Grand Prix de Rome, architecture: Jean-Baptiste Guenepin.

## Births

* 28 May – George Ashlin, Irish architect (died 1921)
* 4 June – Jean-Louis Pascal, French architect (died 1920)
* 11 December – Webster Paulson, English civil engineer (died 1887)
* 15 December – George B. Post, American architect (died 1913)

## Deaths

* January 20 – Sir John Soane, English architect (born 1753)
# Setermoen

Setermoen is the administrative centre of Bardu Municipality in Troms county, Norway. The village is located along the Barduelva river, about 25 kilometres (16 mi) east of the village of Sjøvegan and about 25 kilometres (16 mi) south of Bardufoss.
In 1999, the municipal council of Bardu Municipality passed a resolution declaring town status for the village of Setermoen, but this was rejected by the government of Norway since the municipality has less than 5,000 inhabitants. The 2.87-square-kilometre (710-acre) village has a population (2023) of 2,505 and a population density of 873 inhabitants per square kilometre (2,260/sq mi).

## Location

Setermoen is located along the river Barduelva, and on the shores of Sætervatnet lake in the middle of the Bardudalen valley. It is about 23 km (14 mi) south of the town of Bardufoss and the Bardufoss Airport and about 75 km (47 mi) east of the town of Harstad. The European route E6 highway runs right through the center of Setermoen. Both the Bardu Church and the Setermoen military camp are located in Setermoen.

## Setermoen Camp

Military education was established at Setermoen in 1898 because of its strategic location in the midst of the mountains, and is one of the oldest army camps in Norway today. In many ways, the Norwegian Armed Forces has shaped Setermoen and the community through its presence.
Altogether, about 1,000 soldiers and 500 officers are stationed here, making it the largest garrison in Norway. Stationed at Setermoen are the following battalions, which are part of Brigade Nord:
* Artilleribataljonen (artillery battalion)
* Panserbataljonen (armoured battalion)
* Sanitetsbataljonen (medical battalion)
* Etteretningsbataljonen (intelligence battalion)
In 2007, the government began a massive renovation program at Setermoen. Most of the main buildings and barracks were torn down and new ones built. Costs of the project were nearly 1 billion kr (about US$155 million). The reason for the project was the end of the Cold War and the reorganization of the Norwegian Army from a mere mobilization force into a modern professional force, as this requires a lot more follow-up to the troops and better standards to attract more volunteers.
# Seth Unger

Seth Unger is a co-founder of NYC TV now called NYC Media, the network he and Arick Wierson launched in 2003 while working for Mayor Michael Bloomberg. Among Unger's most notable accomplishments at the network is the creation of "Blueprint | NYC", a documentary series that highlights local architectural and historical interests in New York City. In 2004, the series won five local New York Emmy Awards. Previous to joining NYC TV, Unger was an executive at Messenger Records, later leaving to work as a campaign aide to Michael Bloomberg in 2001. Unger retired from NYC TV in 2006 to spend more time with his daughters.
He is a 1997 graduate of Columbia University. He is married to wife Allison Jaffin, a top aide to Mayor Bloomberg who followed him into politics from Bloomberg's eponymous financial and media empire, Bloomberg, LP. Together they have twin daughters
# Sergey Lapochkin

Sergey Lapochkin may refer to:
* Sergey Lapochkin (referee, born 1958), retired Russian football referee
* Sergey Lapochkin (referee, born 1981), Russian football referee
# List of ambassadors of Cameroon to the United States

The Cameroonian ambassador in Washington, D. C. is the official representative of the Government in Yaoundé to the Government of the United States.

## List of representatives

| Diplomatic agrément | Diplomatic accreditation | Ambassador | Observations | List of prime ministers of Cameroon | List of presidents of the United States |
| January 16, 1961 | | | Embassy opened | Ahmadou Ahidjo | John F. Kennedy |
| December 12, 1960 | January 16, 1961 | Aimé Raymond N'Thepe | *In 1965 he was ambassador in Bonn. | Ahmadou Ahidjo | Dwight D. Eisenhower |
| March 5, 1962 | March 9, 1962 | Jacques Kuoh-Moukouri | | Ahmadou Ahidjo | John F. Kennedy |
| December 9, 1965 | December 16, 1965 | Joseph Owono | | Simon Pierre Tchoungui | Lyndon B. Johnson |
| November 22, 1970 | | Michel Koss Epangue | Chargé d'affaires | Simon Pierre Tchoungui | Richard Nixon |
| September 23, 1971 | October 13, 1971 | François Xavier Tchoungui | Mr Ibrahim Mbombo Njoya, who was previously the deputy minister of education, youth, and culture, replaces Mr Francois-Xavier Tchoungui, who has been reassigned. | Simon Pierre Tchoungui | Richard Nixon |
| September 12, 1975 | | Eric Dikoko Quan | Chargé d'affaires, Prior to entering the Foreign Service in 1964, Mr. Eric Dikoko Quan had held several senior positions in the government of the former West Cameroon, notably those of Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Education and Social Welfare. | Paul Biya | Gerald Ford |
| September 30, 1976 | November 24, 1976 | Benoît Bindzi | 1968: Minister for Foreign Affairs *22 Dec. 1981 accredited as Ambassador to the Court of St. James. | Paul Biya | Gerald Ford |
| November 18, 1981 | | Michael Tabong Kima | Chargé d'affaires, 2003 he was Ambassador in Rome. | Paul Biya | Ronald Reagan |
| January 8, 1982 | January 13, 1982 | Paul Pondi | | Bello Bouba Maigari | Ronald Reagan |
| January 14, 1984 | | | Because of a constitutional change, the state now called: Republic of Cameroon. | Luc Ayang | Ronald Reagan |
| June 23, 1994 | | Jérôme Mendouga | | Simon Achidi Achu | Bill Clinton |
| September 12, 2008 | September 17, 2008 | Joseph Bienvenu Charles Foe Atangana | Prior to his appointment, Foe-Atangana served for several years as Cameroon's consul general in Calabar, Nigeria. | Ephraïm Inoni | George W. Bush |
38°54′49.5″N 77°3′8.3″W﻿ / ﻿38.913750°N 77.052306°W﻿ / 38.913750; -77.052306
* Cambodia–United States relations