OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 153P/Ikeya–Zhang

Comet Ikeya–Zhang (Japanese, Chinese: 池谷-張彗星, officially designated 153P/Ikeya–Zhang) is a comet discovered independently by two astronomers from Japan and China in 2002. It has by far the longest orbital period of the numbered periodic comets. It was last observed in October 2002 when it was about 3.3 AU (490 million km) from the Sun.

## Discovery and observations

On 1 February 2002, Chinese astronomer Zhang Daqing from Kaifeng discovered a new comet in the constellation Cetus, and reported it to the IAU. He found that Japanese astronomer Kaoru Ikeya had discovered it earlier than he had, as the time of sunset is earlier than China. According to tradition, since they discovered the new comet independently, the comet was named after both of them. The comet was initially designated as C/2002 C1 (Ikeya–Zhang).
The comet was observed in 1661, 341 years earlier, by Polish astronomer Johannes Hevelius. A bright comet had also been recorded by Chinese astronomers in 1661.
The permanent designation "153P" was given to the comet. It has the longest known orbital period of any periodic comet (366.51 years). Its orbital speed around the Sun varies from 59 km/s (37 mi/s) at perihelion to 0.29 km/s (0.18 mi/s) at aphelion.
The comet passed perihelion on 18 March 2002, and with apparent magnitude 2.9. With a multi-hundred year orbit involving asymmetric outgassing the next perihelion passage is expected between 2362–2363. During March–April 2002, protons from the comet tail may have been detected by the Cassini–Huygens spacecraft. This data suggested the comet tail had a length greater than 7.5 AU (1.12 billion km), making it the longest yet detected.
# Marek Kosewski

Marek Kosewski (born 14 June 1941 in Warsaw, died 13 August 2020) was a Polish psychologist, habilitated doctor, and academic lecturer.

## Biography

In 1977, by resolution of the Faculty of Philosophy and History of the Jagiellonian University, he obtained a doctoral degree in the humanities. By resolution of the same Faculty Council in 1987, he received his habilitation in humanities in the field of psychology. He was the head of the Institute of Value-Based Management at the Academy of Economics and Humanities in Warsaw (formerly the University of Finance and Management in Warsaw).
In the past, he was interested in the psychology of aggression and the application of this knowledge to social pathology, crime, and rehabilitation issues. In the 1980s, he studied human behavior in situations of temptation and humiliation. In the mid-1990s, he developed a model of dignity regulation of behavior, briefly called the "anomie – ethos" theory, and began applying it to issues of workplace temptation and corruption. He later developed training programs in dignity assertiveness and training for administration and business needs. His research interests included the issue of power (of managers, parents, and teachers) over others and changes that cause two different ways of exercising power: creating a "control situation" and generating a "humiliation situation."

## Selected publications

* Wartości, godność i władza, Vizja Press&IT, Warsaw, 2008.
* Układy. O tym, dlaczego uczciwi ludzie czasami kradną, a złodzieje ujmują się honorem, University of Finance and Management Publishing House, Warsaw, 2007.
* Ludzie w sytuacjach pokusy i upokorzenia, Wiedza Powszechna, Warsaw, 1985.
* Psychologiczne Problemy Profilaktyki Społecznej i Resocjalizacji. Teoria reaktywnych i autonomicznych zachowań przestępczych, IPSiR Papers, Vol. 8, Warsaw, 1983.
* Agresywni Przestępcy, Wiedza Powszechna, Warsaw, 1977.
# Humberto Rosa (painter)

Humberto Rosa (January 18, 1908 – 1948) was a Brazilian artist who worked in painting and drawing. He was part of the Grupo Santa Helena and the Família Artística Paulista (or "Artistic Family of São Paulo"), but is less known than other members. Unlike most other members, he was neither a proletarian nor an artisan; instead he earned his wage as a drawing teacher, and that was the job he had until the end of life.
Rosa was born in Sertãozinho. His family was of Italian immigrants. He started to work very early, giving a hand in his father warehouse. In 1927, he moved to São Paulo, when he started his studies in the Escola de Belas de São Paulo, or "School of Arts of São Paulo".
Due to his always frail health and consequent early death, at forty, he was not as productive as the other members of Santa Helena Group. Due to that many of his works were lost, others were dispersed spatially. So much as they became rare materials, precious the comprehension of artistic movements of the 1930s and 1940s artistic movements. He died in São Paulo.
His works, particularly the landscapes, record his countryside origin, and the life in the fast-growing São Paulo city.
# Alloclasite

Alloclasite, or (Co,Fe)AsS, is a sulfosalt mineral (IMA symbol: Acl). It is a member of the arsenopyrite group. Alloclasite crystallizes in the monoclinic system and typically forms as columnar to radiating acicular prismatic clusters. It is an opaque steel-gray to silver-white, with a metallic luster and a black streak. It is brittle with perfect cleavage, a Mohs hardness of 5 and a specific gravity of 5.91–5.95.
It was first described in 1866 for an occurrence in Romania. Its name is derived from Greek for "other" and "to break," in reference to its distinct cleavage which distinguished it from the similar appearing mineral marcasite.
The mineral is monoclinic in the P2$_1$ space group.
# Kristian Šekularac

Kristian Šekularac (born 7 December 2003) is a Swiss professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Hungarian club Fehérvár. He is the great-nephew of Dragoslav Šekularac.

## Club career

Šekularac was a youth player in Switzerland at Servette, before joining Juventus in Italy in January 2020. This move had family significance because five decades earlier, Juventus owner Gianni Agnelli had tried to sign his great-uncle Dragoslav Šekularac from Crvena Zvezda but the move was blocked by the Yugoslav state. Kristian played for Juventus U23 in the 2021–22 season.

### Fulham

In July 2022, Šekularac joined Fulham in England. In November, he was involved in the Fulham first team and was named in the match day squad for the Premier League match against Manchester United on 13 November.

### Fehérvár

In 7 February 2025, Šekularac joined Fehérvár in Nemzeti Bajnokság, Hungary.

## International career

Šekularac played for the Swiss U16 international team from July 2018. In 2021 he was called up to the Swiss U18 team. He played for the Switzerland U21 side against Albania U21 in March 2024.

## Personal life

Born in London, he has a Swiss passport and is eligible to play internationally for North Macedonia or Serbia. He is the grandson of footballer Mirko Šekularac, the younger brother of Serbian footballer and famed football coach Dragoslav Šekularac.
# Yamalsky District

Yamalsky District (Russian: Яма́льский райо́н, Nenets: Я'мал район, Jaꜧmal rajon) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the seven in Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug of Tyumen Oblast, Russia. It is located on the Yamal Peninsula in the north and northwest of the autonomous okrug. The area of the district is 117,410 square kilometers (45,330 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Yar-Sale. Population: 16,310 (2010 Census); 14,918 (2002 Census); 15,029 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Yar-Sale accounts for 39.8% of the district's total population.

## Demographics

Ethnic composition (2021):
* Nenets – 72.6%
* Russians – 17.2%
* Khanty – 2.6%
* Tatars – 1.6%
* Others – 6%
# Thomas Walsingham (c. 1526 – 1584)

Thomas Walsingham (c. 1526 – 15 January 1584) was an English politician.
He was the only surviving son of Sir Edmund Walsingham of Scadbury, Lieutenant of the Tower and was trained in the law at Lincoln's Inn in 1542. He succeeded his father in 1550 and was knighted in 1573.
He was described as a "country gentleman", and was a significant landowner. As well as his main estates near Chislehurst, he had property in Cambridgeshire, Essex, Surrey and London. He was a Justice of the Peace for Kent from around 1559 and was appointed High Sheriff of Kent for 1563–64. He was a Member of Parliament (MP) for Maidstone in 1571.

## Marriage and children

Thomas Walsingham married Dorothy Guildford (died 1584), the daughter of Sir John Guildford of Benenden, and had 5 sons and 8 daughters, including:
* Mary Walsingham, who married Sir Thomas Pelham (1550-1624)
* Anne Walsingham, who married Thomas Randolph (1523-1590)
* Guildford Walsingham, who married Mary Lennard.
* Thomas Walsingham, who married Ethelred Shelton, and was a patron of Christopher Marlowe.
# Mordella mexicana

Mordella mexicana is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1891.
# Barium chlorate

Barium chlorate, Ba(ClO$_3$)$_2$, is the barium salt of chloric acid. It is a white crystalline solid, and like all soluble barium compounds, irritant and toxic. It is sometimes used in pyrotechnics to produce a green colour. It also finds use in the production of chloric acid.

## Reactions
### Synthesis

Barium chlorate can be produced through a double replacement reaction between solutions of barium chloride and sodium chlorate:
    BaCl$_2$ + 2 NaClO$_3$ → Ba(ClO$_3$)$_2$ + 2 NaCl
After concentrating and cooling the resulting mixture, barium chlorate precipitates. This is perhaps the most common preparation, exploiting the lower solubility of barium chlorate compared to sodium chlorate.
The above method does result in some sodium contamination, which is undesirable for pyrotechnic purposes, where the strong yellow colour of sodium can easily overpower the green of barium. Sodium-free barium chlorate can be produced directly through electrolysis:
    BaCl$_2$ + 6 H$_2$O → Ba(ClO$_3$)$_2$ + 6 H$_2$
It can also be produced by the reaction of barium carbonate with boiling ammonium chlorate solution:
    2 NH$_4$ClO$_3$ + BaCO$_3$ → Ba(ClO$_3$)$_2$ + 2 NH$_3$ + H$_2$O + CO$_2$
The reaction initially produces barium chlorate and ammonium carbonate; boiling the solution decomposes the ammonium carbonate and drives off the resulting ammonia and carbon dioxide, leaving only barium chlorate in solution.

### Decomposition

When exposed to heat, barium chlorate alone will decompose to barium chloride and oxygen:
    Ba(ClO$_3$)$_2$ → BaCl$_2$ + 3 O$_2$

### Chloric acid

Barium chlorate is sometimes used to produce chloric acid.$^{:312–313}$

## Commercial uses

When barium chlorate is heated with a fuel, it burns to produce a vibrant green light, which is also a flame test for the presence of bariom ions. Because it is an oxidizer, a chlorine donor, and contains a metal ion, this compound produces a distinctive green colour. However, due to the instability of all chlorates to sulfur, acids, and ammonium ions, chlorates have been banned from use in class C fireworks in the United States. Therefore, more and more firework producers have begun to use more stable compounds such as barium nitrate and barium carbonate.

## Environmental Hazard

Barium chlorate, like all oxidizing agents, is dangerous to human health and is also classed as toxic to the environment. It is very harmful to aquatic organisms if it is leached into bodies of water. Chemical spills of this compound, although not common, can pollute entire ecosystems and should be prevented. It is necessary to dispose of this compound as hazardous waste. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) lists barium chlorate as hazardous.
# Manny Rutinel

Tonty "Manny" Rutinel (born December 20, 1994) is an American attorney and politician serving as a member of the Colorado House of Representatives for the 32nd district. He assumed office in October 2023.
On January 27, 2025, Rutinel announced his candidacy for Colorado's 8th congressional district in 2026.

## Early life and education

Rutinel was born in the United States and raised by a single mother in the Dominican Republic until he was six years old. They immigrated to the United States and lived in California and Florida. He attended schools in Florida. He worked at McDonald's while attending high school and regularly gave blood at a plasma center to help support his family.
Rutinel earned an associate degree from Pasco–Hernando State College, a Bachelor of Arts in economics and Bachelor of Science in microbiology from the University of Florida, a Master of Science in applied economics from Johns Hopkins University, and a Juris Doctor from Yale Law School.

## Career

From 2016 to 2018, Rutinel served as an economist for the United States Army Corps of Engineers in Upstate New York. After graduating from law school, he worked as an associate attorney at Earthjustice. Since 2021, Rutinel has worked as the CEO of Climate Refarm, a non-profit organization.
Active in the Democratic Party, in October 2023, he was selected to fill the former seat of Dafna Michaelson Jenet in the Colorado House of Representatives. She had been selected for a vacant state senate seat.
On January 27, 2025, Rutinel announced that he would run for the 2026 U.S. House of Representatives election in Colorado's 8th congressional district, seeking to unseat Republican incumbent Gabe Evans.
# John Tufts (music educator)

Reverend John Tufts (26 February 1689 – 17 August 1750) was an early American music educator.

## Biography

He was born in Medford, Massachusetts. He graduated from Harvard in 1708, and was minister at Newbury, Massachusetts, from 1714 until 1738, where he preached sermons that disparaged music illiteracy. Retired from the ministry in 1738, moved to Amesbury, Massachusetts, and set up as a shopkeeper there until his death. He wrote the first American textbook meant to solve the problem, An Introduction to the Singing of Psalm Tunes, with a Collection of Tunes in Three Parts (Boston, 1715). He also published a sermon, “Humble Call to Archippus” (1829). He died in Amesbury.

## Music book

The appendix of An Introduction to the Singing of Psalm Tunes presented the rudiments of music, instructions for tuning the voice, musical notation, intervals, scales, clefs, and meter signatures. The book became the prototype for numerous other books written during the 18th century. The third edition, published in 1726, is the earliest still in existence. It contained 37 English psalm tunes with two harmony voices. In Music and Musicians in Early America, pp. 53–55, Irving Lowens suggests that "100 Psalm Tune New" was probably written by Tufts. If so, it could be the first published composition by an American-born composer.
Tufts was the first American to devise an innovation in musical notation to simplify music reading. He abandoned the traditional round notes and substituted the first letters of the four solmization syllables (fa, sol, la, mi) on the staff. Thus, every note in Tufts' notation was labeled F, S, L, or M for fa, sol, la, or mi. For Tufts, the syllable mi was located on the leading tone. For example, the C major scale would be sung to the following syllables: C, fa; D, sol, E, la; F, fa; G, sol, A, la; B, mi.
Tufts indicated duration with punctuation. For example the letter F indicated the solfege syllable fa to be sung for one beat. The letter F followed by a dot (F.) indicated that the note was to be held for two beats. The letter F followed by a colon (F:) indicated that the note was to be sung for four beats. If two letters were written closely together and had a slur mark over them (which Tufts called a bow), they were eighth notes.
The pioneering work of Tufts led to the singing school, which influenced American music and music education for over one hundred years. Tufts was the most significant figure in American music education until the 1820s, when Lowell Mason led it in a new direction.

## Legacy

His house, the Rev. John Tufts House, is now on the National Register of Historic Places. The section of Newbury where he lived is now incorporated as West Newbury.
# Dovilė Šakalienė

Dovilė Šakalienė (born 1 June 1978) is a Lithuanian psychologist, journalist, and politician who has been serving as the Minister of National Defence since 12 December 2024. She has been a member of the Seimas since 2016 and previously worked as a psychologist and human rights advocate.

## Biography

Šakalienė completed high school in Panevėžys in 1996 and earned a bachelor's degree in psychology from Vilnius University in 2001. She later received a degree in legal psychology from Mykolas Romeris University in 2003. From 2004 to 2016, she worked at the Lithuanian Human Rights Monitoring Institute, where she criticized legislative proposals restricting LGBT rights and abortion rights.
From 2011 to 2015, she hosted the Žinių radijas program "Man to Man" and served as an accredited journalist at the Council of Europe from 2012 to 2016.

## Political career

Šakalienė entered politics as an independent candidate on the Lithuanian Farmers and Greens Union list in the 2016 Lithuanian parliamentary election. She left the party's parliamentary group in 2017, citing differences over child protection laws, and joined the Social Democratic Party of Lithuania.
During her time in the Seimas, Šakalienė introduced amendments to the Law on the Framework of the Protection of the Rights of the Child, banning corporal punishment and redefining child abuse to include psychological abuse and neglect.
On 22 March 2021, she was sanctioned by the Chinese government after the European Union imposed sanctions on China over Xinjiang.
Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, Šakalienė housed a Ukrainian refugee family and advocated for stronger European defense policies.

### Minister of National Defence

After the 2024 Lithuanian parliamentary election, Šakalienė was nominated by Prime Minister Gintautas Paluckas as Minister of National Defence. She assumed office on 12 December 2024, succeeding Laurynas Kasčiūnas. As Minister, she focuses on modernizing Lithuania's defense forces, enhancing NATO cooperation, and addressing hybrid threats.
# Gebel (surname)

Gebel is Turkish and German surname.

## Notable people

Notable people with this surname include:
* Franz Xaver Gebel (1787–1843), German musician
* Georg Gebel (the younger) (1709–1753), German musician
* Georg Gebel (the elder) (1685–1750), German musician
* Gunther Gebel-Williams (1934–2001), German animal trainer
* Kathrin Gebel, German politician
* Małgorzata Gebel (born 1955), Polish actress
* Dante Gebel (born 1968), Argentine lecturer, writer, and youth pastor as well as the pastor of River Church in Anaheim, California
# We Beheld the Last Contraction of the Seraph

We Beheld the Last Contraction of the Seraph is an EP by Abu Lahab, independently released on February 5, 2012.

## Track listing

All music is composed by Abu Lahab

## Personnel

Adapted from the We Beheld the Last Contraction of the Seraph liner notes.
* Abu Lahab – vocals, instruments, cover art
# Cornell realism

Cornell realism is a view in meta-ethics, associated with the work of Richard Boyd, Nicholas Sturgeon, and David Brink, who earned his Ph.D. at Cornell University. There is no recognized and official statement of Cornell realism, but several theses are associated with the view.

## Moral realism

Moral realism is the view that there are mind-independent, and therefore objective, moral facts that moral judgments are in the business of describing. This combines a cognitivist view that moral judgments are belief-like mental states in the business of describing the way the world is, a view that moral facts exist, and a view that the nature of moral facts is objective; independent of our cognizing them or our stance towards them.
This contrasts with expressivist theories of moral judgment (e.g., Stevenson, Hare, Blackburn, Gibbard), error-theoretic/fictionalist denials of the existence of moral facts (e.g., Mackie, Richard Joyce, and Kalderon), and constructivist or relativist theories of the nature of moral facts (e.g., Firth, Rawls, Korsgaard, Harman).

## Motivational externalism

Cornell realism accepts motivational externalism, which is the view that moral judgments need not have any motivational force at all. A common way of explaining the thesis invokes the claim that amorality is possible – that there could be someone who makes moral judgments without feeling the slightest corresponding motivation. This gives Cornell realists a simple response to Humean arguments against cognitivism: if moral judgments do not have motivational force in the first place, there is no reason to think they are non-cognitive states. Some, like Brink, add to this motivational externalism an externalism about normative reasons, which denies that there is any necessary connection or relation between what one has reason to do and what one is motivated to do (or would be motivated to do, if one were fully rational and knew all of the facts).

## Naturalistic non-reductionism about metaphysics

Cornell realism accepts the view that moral facts are natural facts. They fall within the province of the natural and social sciences. But while they are not supernatural (as in divine command theory) and they are not non-natural (as in Moore's Principia Ethica or Mackie's picture of a realist world), they cannot be reduced to non-moral natural facts. That is, while moral facts are natural facts and supervene on non-moral natural facts, they cannot be identified with non-moral natural facts.

## Non-reductionism about semantics

There is no reductive connection between moral terms and concepts and natural terms and concepts. This gives Cornell realists a simple response to the charge that you cannot have naturalism without naturalistic fallacy: namely, that metaphysical reduction doesn't imply semantic reduction. This usually goes with a Kripke-Putnam semantic story: moral terms and concepts pick out certain natural properties in virtue of those properties standing in an appropriate causal (social-historical) relation to our tokenings of the terms and concepts.
# Will Richard

Will Richard (born December 24, 2002) is an American college basketball player for the Florida Gators of the Southeastern Conference. He previously played for the Belmont Bruins.

## Early life and high school

Richard attended the Woodward Academy. Coming out of high school, he committed to play college basketball for the Belmont Bruins.

## College career
### Belmont

In the first round of the 2022 National Invitation Tournament, Richard notched 22 points and eight rebounds in a loss to Vanderbilt. As a freshman in 2021-22, he averaged 12.1 points and 6.0 rebounds per game while shooting 32.6 percent from three, earning Ohio Valley Conference all-newcomer team honors. After the season, Richard entered his name into the NCAA transfer portal.

### Florida

Richard transferred to play for the Florida Gators. In 2022-23, he made 30 starts out of 32 games played, averaging 10.4 points and 4.5 rebounds while shooting 39.8 percent from 3-point range in his first season as a Gator. On February 24, 2024, Richard dropped 21 points and five threes in a win over Vanderbilt. During the 2023-24 season, he made 35 starts, averaging 11.4 points and 3.9 rebounds per game while shooting 34.5 percent from three. On December 29, 2024, Richard totaled 26 points, five rebounds, two steals and two assists in a win over Stetson. On February 25, 2025, he notched 30 points in a loss to Georgia. On March 1, Richard put up 25 points on nine of 13 from the field in a win over Texas A&M.
# Mordella fulvosignata

Mordella fulvosignata is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1863.