OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Gordon H. Chang

Gordon Hsiao-shu Chang (simplified Chinese: 张少书; traditional Chinese: 張少書; pinyin: Zhāng Shàoshū; born 1948) is an American historian and writer. He is a professor and vice provost at Stanford University.

## Early life and education

Born in British Hong Kong, Chang earned a degree in history from Princeton and eventually his PhD in history from Stanford.

## Career

In 1991, Chang joined Stanford University. Chang is the Olive H. Palmer Professor in the Humanities and a professor of American history at Stanford University. Chang's academic interests lie in the connection between race and ethnicity in America and American foreign relations. Chang has written on Asian-American history and US–East Asian interactions, and he also researches the fields of US diplomacy, the US-Soviet Cold War, modern China and international security.
In 1990, Chang published his first book Friends and Enemies: The United States, China and the Soviet Union, 1948-1972. In 1997, Chang's second book was Morning Glory, Evening Shadow: Yamato Ichihashi and His Wartime Writing, 1942-1945, about a Japanese-American professor at Stanford University who was interned during the war. Chang's other books include Asian Americans and Politics: An Exploration (2001), Chinese American Voices: From the Gold Rush to the Present (2006), Asian American Art: A History, 1850-1970 (2008), and Fateful Ties: A History of America's Preoccupation with China (2015).
In 2015, Chang was inducted as a member of Committee of 100, a leadership organization of Chinese Americans in business, government, academia and the arts whose stated aim is "to encourage constructive relations between the peoples of the United States and Greater China."
In April 2019, Chang became a senior associate vice provost for undergraduate education at Stanford University.

## Works

* 1990 Friends and Enemies: The United States, China, and Soviet Union, 1948-1972.
* 2019 Ghosts of Gold Mountain: The Epic Stories of the Chinese Who Built the Transcontinental Railroad.

## Awards

* 1991 Bernath Book Prize.
* 1999 Guggenheim Fellowship Award.
# Sheridan Grosvenor

Sheridan Grosvenor (27 July 1978 – 29 August 2021) was a Barbadian footballer who played during the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification. He played as a defender. Grosvenor died of cancer on 29 August 2021.
# Abraham Klein (physicist)

Abraham Klein (January 10, 1927 – January 20, 2003) was an American theoretical physicist.
A 1944 graduate of Brooklyn Technical High School, Klein received his B.A. from Brooklyn College in 1947, and his S.M. (1948) and Ph.D. (1950) degrees from Harvard University under Julian Schwinger. In 1955, he became associate professor at the University of Pennsylvania, achieving full professorship in 1958 and retiring in 1994.
Klein studied models of collective behavior in finite many-body systems, especially in nuclear physics, for example in Boson model and in an extension of the Hartree–Fock method with Robert Kerman (Kerman–Klein method). In the 1980s he occupied himself with, among other things, the interacting boson model, and in the 1970s with quantum field theory in strong fields (with Johann Rafelski).
In 1964, Klein published an article about spontaneous symmetry breaking with his student Benjamin W. Lee and contributed to the appearance of Higgs mechanism.
He was a Sloan Fellow and Guggenheim Fellow, Honorary Doctor of Goethe University of Frankfurt, and Alexander von Humboldt Senior Scientist. Klein was a Fellow of the American Physical Society.
He was married and had two daughters.
# Norman Fegidero

Norman Salo Fegidero Jr. (born January 28, 1970) is a Filipino football coach and former player. He is the current head coach of the Philippines national under-23 football team and the current assistant coach for the senior team. A midfielder, he represented the Philippines national team from 1989 to 2001 and later became their coach in 2008.

## College career

Fegidero played for the football team of West Negros University.

## Club career

In the club level, Fegidero played for Philippine Air Force. He played for the team which won the 1997 Manila Premier Football League.
Fegidero was part of the National Capital Region (NCR) B team that won the 1999 P-League. The team won 8–4 over Davao with Fegidero among the goalscorers .NCR-B team had Philippine Air Force and Navy players.

## International career

For twelve years, 1989 until 2001, Norman Fegidero played for the Philippines national team. The highlight of his career is when he was instrumental to the 1–0 upset against Malaysia at the 1991 Southeast Asian Games. He secured the winning goal at the 84th minute.

## Coaching career
### Philippines

Fegidero was a head coach of the Philippines national team in 2008. He led the team in the 2008 AFC Challenge Cup qualifiers hosted in Iloilo. The Philippines won games against Bhutan and Brunei but failed to qualify for the competition proper after drawing Tajikistan in their final game.

### Pachanga

From 2011 until 2012 Fegidero coached Pachanga. Under his watch, the United Football League Division 2 club would be undefeated in the 2012 season and earn promotion to the first division for the 2013 season.

### University of St. La Salle

In December 2016, it was reported that Fegidero was serving as head coach of the under-21 team of La Salle.

### Philippines U23 and ADT

In 2022, Fegidero was appointed head coach of the Philippines national U23 team which will compete at the 2021 Southeast Asian Games and the Azkals Development Team.

### Philippines (interim)

Fegidero was brought in as an interim coach after Tom Saintfiet resigned shortly prior to the 2024 Merdeka Tournament.

## Career statistics

    Scores and results list the Philippines' goal tally first.
| Date | Venue | Opponent | Score | Result | Competition |
| November 28, 1991 | Rizal Memorial Stadium, Manila, Philippines | Malaysia | 1–0 | 1–0 | 1991 Southeast Asian Games |
| October 9, 1997 | Gelora Bung Karno Stadium, Jakarta, Indonesia | Laos | 1–? | 1–4 | 1997 Southeast Asian Games |
| March 26, 1998 | Jurong Stadium, Singapore | Cambodia | 1–1 | 1–1 | 1998 AFF Championship qualification |
| August 3, 1999 | Berakas Sports Complex, Bandar Seri Begawan | Laos | 1–0 | 2–3 | 1999 Southeast Asian Games |
| January 29, 2000 | Thống Nhất Stadium, Ho Chi Minh City | Guam | 1–0 | 2–0 | 2000 AFC Asian Cup qualification |
# Piret Hartman

Piret Hartman (born 10 August 1981) is an Estonian politician. She served as Minister of Culture in the second cabinet of Prime Minister Kaja Kallas.
Since 29 April 2024, she is serving as Minister of Regional Affairs in the third cabinet of Kaja Kallas, continuing the role of Minister of Regional Affairs and Agriculture in the cabinet of Kristen Michal .
# Brady Township, Saginaw County, Michigan

Brady Township is a civil township of Saginaw County in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2020 Census, the township population was 2,142.

## History

The first school in what is now Brady Township was established in 1855. The Township itself was organized in 1856.

## Communities

* Brady Center is an unincorporated community in the township at the intersection of Peet and Hemlock Roads at 43°10′21″N 84°13′38″W﻿ / ﻿43.17250°N 84.22722°W﻿ / 43.17250; -84.22722﻿ (Brady Center, Michigan).

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 36.8 square miles (95 km$^2$), of which 36.8 square miles (95 km$^2$) is land and 0.04 square miles (0.10 km$^2$) (0.08%) is water.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 2,344 people, 862 households, and 655 families residing in the township. The population density was 63.8 inhabitants per square mile (24.6/km$^2$). There were 904 housing units at an average density of 24.6 per square mile (9.5/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the township was 97.44% White, 0.55% African American, 0.17% Native American, 0.34% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.34% from other races, and 1.11% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.56% of the population.
There were 862 households, of which 37.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.7% were married couples living together, 10.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.9% were non-families. 19.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.72 and the average family size was 3.11.
In the township the population was spread out, with 27.6% under the age of 18, 8.8% from 18 to 24, 29.2% from 25 to 44, 23.2% from 45 to 64, and 11.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.2 males.
The median income for a household in the township was $40,565, and the median income for a family was $42,196. Males had a median income of $32,500 versus $21,635 for females. The per capita income for the township was $16,723. About 5.0% of families and 6.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.9% of those under age 18 and 5.7% of those age 65 or over.
# Frances E. Willard School

Frances E. Willard School is an elementary school located in the Port Richmond neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. It is part of the School District of Philadelphia. The school is named for suffragist Frances Willard.
The original school building was designed by Henry deCoursey Richards and built in 1907–1908. It is a four-story, three-bay, E-shaped, brick-clad concrete building in the Classical Revival style. It features limestone trim, a 2+1⁄2-story overscale arched opening, and brick parapet. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.
In 2010, the school moved into a new building on Elkhart Street, just north of the old building.
The school was converted into the Maguire Residence in 2020, an affordable permanent supportive housing option run by Project HOME.
# 4-Chlorophenol

4-Chlorophenol is an organic compound with the formula C$_6$H$_4$ClOH. It is one of three monochlorophenol isomers. It is a colorless or white solid that melts easily and exhibits significant solubility in water. Its pK$_a$ is 9.41.

## Preparation and reaction

It is prepared by chlorination of phenol, preferably in polar solvents, which tends to yield the 4-chloro derivative. Direct chlorination of molten phenol favors the formation of 2-chlorophenol.
It once was produced on a large scale as a precursor to hydroquinone. It is a classic precursor, upon reaction with phthalic anhydride, to quinizarin. The commercial dye quinizarin is produced by the reaction of phthalic anhydride and 4-chlorophenol followed by hydrolysis of the chloride.
# Almede Chattelle

Almede Chattelle, alternately spelled as Almeda, was a drifter convicted for the murder of thirteen year old Jessie Keith in Listowel, Ontario during 1894. Canadian police officer and sailor John Wilson Murray later wrote about his investigation with the Listowel murder in his autobiography Memoirs of a Great Detective, where he described Chattelle as "hairy as a gorilla" and having a "broad build". In 2011 the bodies of Chattelle and Frank Roughmond, the second man to be hanged in Perth - Chattelle being the first, were unearthed at the Stratford jail while the building was undergoing some foundation work. Both men were re-interred in Avondale Cemetery in Stratford.
On October 19, 1894, Jessie Keith was murdered and her mutilated body was discovered by a townsperson. Keith was found naked, with her throat slit and her abdomen slashed. The wounds were considered to be so horrific that comparisons were drawn to the then-recent murders by Jack the Ripper. A drifter by the name of Almede Chattelle was suspected of committing the crime and was apprehended five days after Keith's murder. He was found carrying a valise containing female undergarments, some of which he was alleged to have been wearing. Witnesses claimed that they had seen him on the railroad tracks close to the Keith home prior to the murder. A trial was held and Chattelle served as his own attorney. Upon being arrested Chattelle had confessed to having murdered Keith, however once in court he rescinded his confession and pleaded innocence. Chattelle was found guilty of Keith's murder and was hung on May 31, 1895, making him the first man to be hanged in Perth County.
In her book Improper Advances: Rape and Heterosexual Conflict in Ontario, 1880-1929, Queen's University professor Dr. Karen Dubinsky remarked that although evidence suggested that Chattelle was guilty, he did not receive adequate legal protection and the newspapers of the day proclaimed him guilty from the day he was arrested. She further stated that during the time period the case had received some criticism from lawyers and Quebec newspapers who heavily criticized the courts for the fact that "an obviously insane man had been allowed to conduct his own defense".

## In popular culture

* The murder was covered in the first episode of the third season of the Canadian television series Creepy Canada, entitled "Goatman/Banshee of Marrtown/Listowel Ripper". The episode alleged that there had been some sightings of the ghosts of Chattelle and Keith.
# Shady Side, Maryland

Shady Side is a census-designated place (CDP) in Anne Arundel County, Maryland, United States. The population was 5,803 at the 2010 census.

## History

In the 1790s the area was known as the Great Swamp.
Among the historic structures in Shady Side is the Capt. Salem Avery House. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005. The Lula G. Scott Community Center was listed in 2009.
Shady Side was once served by the sidewheel passenger steamer, Emma Giles, that operated from Baltimore, making up to five trips per week.

## Geography

Shady Side is located at 38°50′6″N 76°31′2″W﻿ / ﻿38.83500°N 76.51722°W﻿ / 38.83500; -76.51722 (38.834965, −76.517326) in southern Anne Arundel County, on the western shore of Chesapeake Bay. It is bordered to the north and west by the West River, a wide tidal inlet of the bay. To the south is the CDP of Deale, and to the west, across the West River, is Galesville. The community is served by Maryland Route 468 (Shady Side Road), which runs south, then west, then north, toward the Annapolis area. The center of Annapolis is 20 miles (32 km) north by road and 14 miles (23 km) north by water.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 8.0 square miles (20.7 km$^2$), of which 6.8 square miles (17.5 km$^2$) is land and 1.2 square miles (3.2 km$^2$), or 15.57%, is water.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2020, there were 5,806 people, 2,017 households, and 1,537 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 873.1 inhabitants per square mile (337.1/km$^2$). There were 2,306 housing units at an average density of 314.3 per square mile (121.4/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the CDP was 82.2% White, 11.3% African American, 0.47% Native American, 1.6% Asian, 0.40% from other races, and 4.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.3% of the population.
There were 2,064 households, out of which 37.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.1% were married couples living together, 9.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.5% were non-families. 19.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.69 and the average family size was 3.10.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 15.8% under the age of 18, 5.8% from 18 to 24, 33.6% from 25 to 44, 25.2% from 45 to 64, and 8.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.6 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $68,406, and the median income for a family was $70,893. Males had a median income of $43,800 versus $36,431 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $29,458. About 3.9% of families and 4.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.1% of those under age 18 and 9.1% of those age 65 or over.
# Garrison, Maryland

Garrison is a census-designated place (CDP) in Baltimore County, Maryland, United States, adjacent to Owings Mills. It consists mainly of the McDonogh area and Valley Centre. The population was 8,823 at the 2010 census.

## Geography

Garrison is located at 39°24′4″N 76°45′4″W﻿ / ﻿39.40111°N 76.75111°W﻿ / 39.40111; -76.75111 (39.401055, −76.751073).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 3.2 square miles (8.2 km$^2$), of which 0.12% is water.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 7,969 people, 3,459 households, and 1,940 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 2,551.5 inhabitants per square mile (985.1/km$^2$). There were 3,696 housing units at an average density of 1,183.4 per square mile (456.9/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the CDP was 77.54% White, 17.09% African American, 0.13% Native American, 3.35% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.92% from other races, and 0.97% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.27% of the population. In 2000, 14% of Garrison residents identified as being of Russian American heritage. This was the second highest percentage of Russian Americans of any place in Maryland after Pikesville. The majority of them are of Jewish ancestry. 2% of Garrison's residents were of Ukrainian descent and 1% were descended from other Eastern European countries. 8% were German, 7% Polish, 5% Irish, 4% English, 3% Italian, 2% Lithuanian, and 2% French.
There were 3,459 households, out of which 25.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.0% were married couples living together, 10.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 43.9% were non-families. 35.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.19 and the average family size was 2.90.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 22.0% under the age of 18, 10.3% from 18 to 24, 34.4% from 25 to 44, 23.5% from 45 to 64, and 9.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.9 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $56,520, and the median income for a family was $62,171. Males had a median income of $45,286 versus $37,472 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $36,236. About 4.6% of families and 5.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.4% of those under age 18 and 9.3% of those age 65 or over.

## Notable people

* William Cabell Bruce, U.S. senator from Maryland, buried at St. Thomas Episcopal Church Cemetery
* William Maxwell Wood, MD, USN, first Surgeon General of the United States Navy, buried at St. Thomas Episcopal Church Cemetery
* Thomas Cradock, an important colonial poet and local minister (St. Thomas's), buried at St. Thomas Episcopal Church Cemetery (see David Curtis Skaggs, ed., The Poetic Writings of Thomas Cradock, 1718-1770 (Newark: U Delaware Pr, 1983), 94n27).
# Palmer High School (Alaska)

Palmer High School is a high school located in the Matanuska-Susitna Borough in the city of Palmer, Alaska. It offers classes in fine arts, mathematics, world languages, physical education and health, science, English, social sciences, and career and technical education. Student support services are available for students.

## Sports

Palmer High School's sports include, baseball, tennis, wrestling, swimming, diving, cross country running, cross country skiing, track and field, football, ice hockey, volleyball, e-sports, and soccer.
Machetanz Field is located on campus.

## History

The school was established in 1936.

## Curriculum

The foreign languages offered are French and Japanese. IB classes (see below) are offered in Humanities/Literature, Math, Biology, Chemistry, History, Music, Art, Agriculture, and Foreign Languages. In 2012 the school began offering the APEX online education program.

## International Baccalaureate

Palmer High School has been an International Baccalaureate World School since 1999. It is one of two International Baccalaureate schools in Alaska.

## Notable alumni

* Talis Colberg (1976), former Alaska State Attorney General
* Junior Aumavae (2003), former American football nose tackle.
* Kerry Weiland (1999), American retired ice hockey and inline hockey player.
# Andersen v. Treat

Andersen v. Treat, 172 U.S. 24 (1898), was a United States Supreme Court case in which John Andersen was convicted of the murder of William Wallace Sanders, who was his mate on the ship Olive Pecket. Andersen was found guilty and sentenced to death, but petitioned the District Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Virginia for a writ of habeas corpus, under the claim that he had been deprived of his right to counsel under the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Chief Justice Fuller delivered the opinion of the Court affirming the order of the lower court.
# Brown v. New Jersey

Brown v. New Jersey, 175 U.S. 172 (1899), is a United States Supreme Court case which held that the use of a struck jury did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment.

## Background

On October 5, 1898, James Brown was found guilty of murder in the court of oyer and terminer in Hudson County, New Jersey. He appealed to the New Jersey Court of Errors and Appeals, which affirmed the verdict. The case was remanded to the trial court, and Brown was sentenced to death by hanging. Brown was tried and sentenced under a state statute which provided for a struck jury and limited the defendant to five peremptory challenges. If tried by an ordinary jury, the state allowed for twenty peremptory challenges. The decision to use a struck jury was under the discretion of the court. Brown petitioned the Supreme Court to strike down the law as violative of the due process and equal protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment in the US.

## The Supreme Court's decision

Justice David J. Brewer delivered the opinion of the Court. Brewer concluded that the state had wide latitude in prescribing the rules of court procedure:
   The state has full control over the procedure in its courts, both in civil and criminal cases, subject only to the qualification that such procedure must not work a denial of fundamental rights, or conflict with specific and applicable provisions of the Federal Constitution.
Brewer held that the due process clause had not been violated since the use of struck juries could be traced to the common law. Nor did the statute deny to the plaintiff equal protection of the law since it provided for an equal number of peremptory challenges in all cases tried by a struck jury.
# Uštica

Uštica is a village in central Croatia, in the municipality of Jasenovac, Sisak-Moslavina County.
It is located just west of the confluence of the Una into the Sava, and connected by the D47 highway to Jasenovac in the north, and Dubica in the southwest. Across the border with Bosnia is the village of Donja Gradina.

## Demographics

According to the 2011 census, the village of Uštica has 177 inhabitants. This represents 38.15% of its pre-war population.
By 1991 census, 234 of its residents were ethnic Serbs (50.43%), 213 were ethnic Croats (45.90%), 6 were Yugoslavs (1.29%), 1 was Muslim (0.21%), 1 Montenegrin (0.21%) and 9 were of other ethnic origin (1.93%).
* v

## Sights

* Monument and memorial to the victims of the Jasenovac concentration camp
* Roma Memorial Center Uštica