# Merle Oberon

Merle Oberon (born Estelle Merle O'Brien Thompson; 19 February 1911 – 23 November 1979) was a British actress. She gained recognition for portraying Anne Boleyn in The Private Life of Henry VIII (1933) and saw further success with her role in The Scarlet Pimpernel (1934). She later travelled to the United States to make films for Samuel Goldwyn, including Folies Bergère de Paris (1935), The Dark Angel (1935), These Three (1936), The Cowboy and the Lady (1938), and Wuthering Heights (1939). Her performance as Kitty Vane in The Dark Angel earned her a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress, the first Asian actress to receive this nomination.
Oberon's other notable roles included A Song to Remember (1945), Berlin Express (1948), and Désirée (1954). A traffic collision in 1937 caused facial injuries that nearly ended her career, but she recovered and remained active in film and television until 1973.

## Early life

Estelle Merle O'Brien Thompson was born in Bombay, British India, on 19 February 1911. She was given the nickname "Queenie" in honour of Queen Mary, who visited India along with King George V in 1911.

### Parentage

For most of her life, Oberon concealed the truth about her parentage by claiming that she had been born in Tasmania, Australia, and that her birth records had been destroyed in a fire.
She was raised as the daughter of Arthur Terrence O'Brien Thompson, a Welsh mechanical engineer from Darlington who worked in Indian Railways, and his wife, Charlotte Selby (whose full name was Constance Charlotte Thompson, according to her 1937 obituary), a Burgher ("part Māori") from British Ceylon (now Sri Lanka). Oberon's birth certificate lists her biological mother as "Constance Thompson", which could have referred to Charlotte Selby or her then-12-year-old daughter, Constance Selby. It is theorized that Constance became pregnant as a result of rape by her stepfather, Arthur Thompson, with Charlotte raising Oberon as Constance's half-sister to avoid scandal. Charlotte herself had given birth to Constance at the age of 14 after being raped by Henry Alfred Selby, the Anglo-Irish foreman of a tea plantation. In their 1983 biography of Oberon, Charles Higham and Roy Moseley also wrote that Selby$^{[whichSelby?]}$ had Māori ancestry, though the Iwi (Maori tribe) was not known.
Constance married Alexander Soares and had four other children: Edna, Douglas, Harry, and Stanislaus (Stan). Edna and Douglas moved to the UK at an early age. Stanislaus, who lived in Surrey, British Columbia, was the only child to retain his father's surname of Soares. Harry eventually moved to Toronto, Canada, retaining Charlotte’s maiden name, Selby. After locating Oberon's birth certificate in Indian government records in Bombay, Harry tried to visit her in Los Angeles, only for Oberon to refuse any meeting. Harry withheld from Oberon's biographer, Charles Higham, that Harry might have been Oberon's half-brother instead of her nephew. He disclosed the information only to Maree Delofski, producer of the 2002 ABC Australia documentary The Trouble with Merle, which investigated the conflicting versions of Oberon's origin.

### Youth

In 1914, when Merle was three, Arthur Thompson joined the British Army and later died of pneumonia on the Western Front during the Battle of the Somme. Merle and Charlotte led an impoverished existence in shabby flats in Bombay for a few years before moving in 1917 to Calcutta (now Kolkata). Oberon attended La Martinière Calcutta for Girls, one of the best private schools in Calcutta, as a charity student. There, she was constantly teased by the majority European students for her mixed ethnicity, which led her to quit school and receive lessons at home.
Oberon performed with the Calcutta Amateur Dramatic Society. She loved films; she liked going to nightclubs. Indian journalist Sunanda K. Datta-Ray said that Merle worked as a telephone operator in Calcutta under the name Queenie Thomson, and won a contest at Firpo's Restaurant there, before the outset of her film career.
At Firpo's in 1928, aged 18, Oberon met a former actor, Colonel Ben Finney, and dated him; however, when he saw Charlotte one night at her flat, he realized Oberon was of mixed ancestry and ended the relationship. However, Finney promised to introduce her to Rex Ingram of Victorine Studios (whom he had known through his relationship with the late Barbara La Marr), if she were prepared to travel to France, which she readily did. After packing all their belongings and moving to France, Oberon and her mother found that their supposed benefactor avoided them, although he had left a good word for Oberon with Ingram at the studios in Nice. Ingram appreciated Oberon's exotic appearance and quickly hired her to be an extra in a party scene in a film named The Three Passions.

## Acting career
### Early roles

Oberon arrived in England for the first time in 1928, aged 17. She worked as a club hostess under the name Queenie O'Brien and played in minor and unbilled roles in various films. "I couldn't dance or sing or write or paint. The only possible opening seemed to be in some line in which I could use my face. This was, in fact, no better than a hundred other faces, but it did possess a fortunately photogenic quality," she told a journalist at Film Weekly in 1939.

### Alexander Korda and British stardom

Her film career received a major boost when director Alexander Korda took an interest and gave her a small but prominent role, under the name Merle Oberon, as Anne Boleyn in The Private Life of Henry VIII (1933) opposite Charles Laughton. The film became a major success and she was then given leading roles in other productions, starting with The Battle (1934) opposite Charles Boyer, and The Broken Melody (1934).
Oberon then made two more films for Korda: The Private Life of Don Juan (1934) with Douglas Fairbanks was a disappointment but The Scarlet Pimpernel (1934) with Leslie Howard, who became her lover for a while, was a huge hit.

### Hollywood and Sam Goldwyn

Oberon's career benefited from her relationship with, and later marriage to, Korda. He sold "shares" of her contract to producer Samuel Goldwyn and she moved to Hollywood. Her "mother" stayed behind in England. Oberon's career there began with Folies Bergère de Paris (1935) starring Maurice Chevalier.
Goldwyn put her in The Dark Angel (1935), which earned her a sole Academy Award for Best Actress nomination, then These Three (1936) for William Wyler and Beloved Enemy (1936). The latter co-starred David Niven, with whom Oberon had a serious romance. According to one biographer, she even wanted to marry him, but he was not faithful to her.
She was selected to star in Korda's 1937 film, I, Claudius, as Messalina, but her injuries in a car crash resulted in the film being abandoned. While in England she co-starred against Laurence Olivier in the Korda comedy The Divorce of Lady X (1938).
Back in Hollywood, Oberon appeared opposite Gary Cooper in The Cowboy and the Lady (1938) and then played Cathy in the highly acclaimed film Wuthering Heights (opposite Laurence Olivier; 1939).
In England Oberon made Over the Moon (1939) and The Lion Has Wings (1940) for Korda.
Oberon had darker skin, due to her Sri Lankan background. This was not too much a problem in black-and-white film, but she did not "test well" during colour film tests. According to Princess Merle, the biography written by Charles Higham with Roy Moseley, Oberon suffered damage to her complexion in 1940 from a combination of cosmetic poisoning and an allergic reaction to sulfa drugs in an attempt to lighten her skin. Alexander Korda sent her to a skin specialist in New York City, where she underwent several dermabrasion procedures. The results were only partially successful; her face had become noticeably pitted and indented unless concealed by makeup.
Oberon starred in Til We Meet Again (1940) and Affectionately Yours (1941) for Warner Bros, then That Uncertain Feeling (1941) for Ernst Lubitsch. Korda financed Lydia (1941). None of these films was particularly successful at the box office. Oberon was one of many stars to make cameos in Forever and a Day (1943) and Stage Door Canteen (1943). She made First Comes Courage (1943) at Columbia and played the female lead in The Lodger (1944), a popular noir. Also admired was Dark Waters (1944).
Oberon had a big hit with A Song to Remember (1945), in which she played the French writer George Sand. However, this was followed by a series of unsuccessful films at Universal: This Love of Ours (1946), Night in Paradise (1946), and Temptation (1946). She made some films for RKO, Night Song (1948), and Berlin Express (1948).

### Later career

In France, Oberon appeared in Pardon My French (1951), then 24 Hours of a Woman's Life (1952) in England and All Is Possible in Granada (1954). Back in Hollywood she played the Empress Joséphine in Désirée (1954) and had a cameo role in Deep in My Heart (1954). She had the lead in a noir, The Price of Fear (1956).
Oberon came out of retirement sporadically to appear in films such as Of Love and Desire (1963) and Hotel (1967).
Her last movie was Interval (1973).

## Personal life

Charlotte Selby, Oberon’s possible birth grandmother, raised Oberon as her daughter until her death in 1937. In 1949, Oberon commissioned paintings of Charlotte based on an old photograph (but depicting Charlotte with lighter skin), which hung in all her homes until Oberon's own death in 1979.

### Relationships and marriages

Oberon married director Alexander Korda in 1939. While married, she had a brief affair in 1941 with Richard Hillary, an RAF fighter pilot who had been badly burned in the Battle of Britain. They met while he was on a goodwill tour of the United States. He later wrote the best-selling autobiography The Last Enemy.
Oberon became Lady Korda when her husband was knighted in 1942 by King George VI for his contribution to the war effort. At the time, the couple was based at Hills House in Denham, England. She divorced him in 1945 to marry the American cinematographer Lucien Ballard. Ballard devised a special camera light for her, to obscure on film her facial scars suffered in the 1937 accident. The light became known as the "Obie". She and Ballard divorced in 1949.
Oberon married Italian-born industrialist Bruno Pagliai in 1957, adopted two children with him and lived in Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. While married to Pagliai, she had an affair with model Mike Edwards, who was 33 years her junior. In 1973, Oberon met then 36-year-old Dutch actor Robert Wolders while they filmed Interval. Oberon divorced Pagliai and married Wolders, who was 25 years her junior, in 1975.

### Disputed birthplace

To avoid prejudice over her mixed background, Oberon created a "cover story" of being born and raised in Tasmania, Australia, with her birth records being destroyed in a fire. The story eventually unravelled after her death. Oberon is known to have been to Australia only twice. Her first visit there was in 1965, on a film promotion. Another visit, to Hobart, Tasmania, was scheduled, but after journalists in Sydney pressed her for details of her early life, she became ill and shortly afterwards left for Mexico.
In 1978, the year before her death, she agreed to visit Hobart for a Lord mayoral reception. The Lord Mayor of Hobart became aware shortly before the reception that there was no proof she had been born in Tasmania, but he went ahead with the celebration to avoid embarrassment. Shortly after arriving at the reception, Oberon, to the disappointment of many, denied she had been born in Tasmania. She then excused herself, claiming illness, and was unavailable to answer questions about her background. On the way to the reception, she had told her driver that as a child she was on a ship with her father, who became ill when it was passing Hobart. They were taken ashore so he could be treated, thereby spending some of her early years on the island. During her Hobart stay, she remained in her hotel, gave no other interviews, and did not visit the theatre named in her honour.

## Death

Oberon retired after Interval and moved with Wolders to Malibu, California, where she died in 1979, aged 68, after suffering a stroke. Her body was interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California.

## Tributes and legacy

Despite hiding her mixed heritage throughout her career, Oberon is regarded by some as the first Asian nominee in the Best Actress category and the first Asian individual overall to receive an Oscar nomination. In 2023, discussion around Oberon's Academy Awards status resurfaced after Malaysian actress Michelle Yeoh was nominated for and subsequently won the Best Actress award for her performance in Everything Everywhere All at Once. News outlets such as The Hollywood Reporter opted to describe Yeoh as "the first self-identified Asian actress", while making note of Oberon passing as white.
For her contributions to film, Oberon received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, located at 6274 Hollywood Boulevard, on February 8, 1960.
Michael Korda, nephew of Alexander Korda, published a roman à clef about Oberon after her death titled Queenie in 1985, which was adapted into a 1987 television miniseries starring Mia Sara, Kirk Douglas, Sarah Miles, Claire Bloom, Leigh Lawson, and Joss Ackland.
F. Scott Fitzgerald's unfinished novel The Last Tycoon was made into a television series with Jennifer Beals playing Margo Taft, a character created for the TV series and based on Oberon.
New Zealand author Witi Ihimaera used Oberon's hidden South Asian and alleged Māori heritage as the inspiration for the novel White Lies, which was turned into the 2013 movie White Lies.
British author Lindsay Ashford, publishing under the pen name Lindsay Jayne Ashford, wrote the 2017 historical fiction novel Whisper of the Moon Moth based on Oberon. The novel is a fictionalised retelling of Oberon's early life, rise to Hollywood stardom, and turbulent personal life.

## Filmography
### Features

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 1928 | The Three Passions | Bit Part | Uncredited |
| 1930 | The W Plan | Woman at Cafe Table | Uncredited |
| 1930 | Alf's Button | Bit Part | Uncredited |
| 1930 | A Warm Corner | Bit Part | Uncredited |
| 1931 | Never Trouble Trouble | Bit Part | Uncredited |
| 1931 | Fascination | Flower Seller | Uncredited |
| 1932 | Service for Ladies | Minor Role | Uncredited |
| 1932 | Ebb Tide | Girl | Uncredited |
| 1932 | Aren't We All? | Bit Part | Uncredited |
| 1932 | Wedding Rehearsal | Miss Hutchinson | |
| 1932 | Men of Tomorrow | Ysobel d'Aunay | Lost film |
| 1932 | For the Love of Mike | Bit Part | Uncredited |
| 1933 | Strange Evidence | Bit Part | Uncredited |
| 1933 | The Private Life of Henry VIII | Anne Boleyn - The Second Wife | |
| 1934 | The Battle | Marquise Yorisaka | |
| 1934 | The Broken Melody | Germaine Brissard | |
| 1934 | The Private Life of Don Juan | Antonita, a Dancer of Passionate Temperament | |
| 1934 | The Scarlet Pimpernel | Lady Blakeney | |
| 1935 | Folies Bergère de Paris | Baroness Genevieve Cassini | |
| 1935 | The Dark Angel | Kitty Vane | Nomination - Academy Award for Best Actress |
| 1936 | These Three | Karen Wright | |
| 1936 | Beloved Enemy | Lady Helen Drummond | |
| 1937 | I, Claudius | Messalina | Unfinished |
| 1938 | The Divorce of Lady X | Leslie | |
| 1938 | The Cowboy and the Lady | Mary Smith | |
| 1939 | Over the Moon | Jane Benson | |
| 1939 | Wuthering Heights | Cathy | |
| 1939 | The Lion Has Wings | Mrs. Richardson | |
| 1940 | 'Til We Meet Again | Joan Ames | |
| 1941 | That Uncertain Feeling | Jill Baker | |
| 1941 | Affectionately Yours | Sue Mayberry | |
| 1941 | Lydia | Lydia MacMillan | |
| 1943 | Forever and a Day | Marjorie Ismay | |
| 1943 | Stage Door Canteen | Herself | |
| 1943 | First Comes Courage | Nicole Larsen | |
| 1944 | The Lodger | Kitty Langley | |
| 1944 | Dark Waters | Leslie Calvin | |
| 1945 | A Song to Remember | George Sand | |
| 1945 | This Love of Ours | Karin Touzac | |
| 1946 | Night in Paradise | Delarai | |
| 1946 | Temptation | Ruby | |
| 1947 | Night Song | Cathy | |
| 1948 | Berlin Express | Lucienne | |
| 1951 | Pardon My French | Elizabeth Rockwell | |
| 1952 | Dans la vie tout s'arrange | Elizabeth Rockwell | French version of The Lady from Boston |
| 1952 | 24 Hours of a Woman's Life | Linda Venning | |
| 1954 | All Is Possible in Granada | Margaret Faulson | |
| 1954 | Désirée | Empress Josephine | |
| 1954 | Deep in My Heart | Dorothy Donnelly | |
| 1956 | The Price of Fear | Jessica Warren | |
| 1963 | Of Love and Desire | Katherine Beckmann | |
| 1966 | The Oscar | Herself | |
| 1967 | Hotel | The Duchess Caroline | |
| 1973 | Interval | Serena Moore | |

### Short subjects

* "Screen Snapshots Series 16, No. 4" (1936)
* "Hollywood Goes to Town" (1938)
* "Assignment: Foreign Legion" (1956/7 TV episodes)

## Radio appearances

| Year | Program | Episode/source |
| 1946 | Screen Guild Players | This Love of Ours |
| 1946 | Screen Guild Players | Wuthering Heights |