OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Flat-plane crank

The flat-plane crank (sometimes flatplane) is a type of crankshaft for use in internal combustion engines that has a 180-degree angle between crank throws.

## Details

Flat-plane cranks are used in V-configuration engines, generally with eight cylinders. Cadillac introduced a V8 flat-plane crank engine in 1923.
Inline-four cylinder engines almost all use flat-plane cranks, and thus are not usually identified as such. However, there are a few exceptions with crossplane cranks.
The flat-plane crankshaft was used in the World War II Sherman Tank in the Ford GAA engine, an all-aluminium 32-valve DOHC 60-degree liquid-cooled V8. However, the flat-plane design is no longer widely used in most mass production V engines as it is more prone to vibration and is inherently much louder than a crossplane crankshaft. However, due to its simpler construction requiring less counterweight, it is inherently lighter with a higher rev limit. For this reason, it remains useful in sports and racing cars. Flat-plane crankshafts are generally associated with European sports cars such as Ferrari and Lotus V8 engines, and cross-plane cranks with American manufacturers. There are some exceptions such as the Ferrari-designed crossplane crank V8 of the Lancia Thema 8.32 and the flat-plane crank 2014–2023 Ford Mustang GT350. The 2023 model year Chevrolet Corvette Z06 has the largest flat-plane V8 ever seen in production cars at 5.5 litres.
The way in which a flat-plane works within a V8 engine is more like two in-line 4-cylinder engines mated together, with the firing order of each order being in a Right-Left-Right-Left-Right-Left-Right-Left pattern. Being in this in-line configuration allows for the engine to rev much faster, making it more suitable for racing engines.
# Bsarma

Bsarma (Arabic: بصرما) is a Christian village in the Koura District of Lebanon. The population is Greek Orthodox and Maronite.

## Demographics

In 2014, Christians made up 99.01% of registered voters in Bsarma. 57.41% of the voters were Greek Orthodox and 39.60% were Maronite Catholics.
# Maldives government buildings fire

Maldives government buildings fire broke out at approximately 06:30 local time (1:30 UTC) on 12 December 2024. The fire started in the Ministry of Housing, Land and Urban Development as well as the Ministry of Construction and Infrastructure, which quickly spread to the nearby Green Building which housed the Ministry of Climate Change, Environment and Energy, and the Vital Registration Office of the Malé City Council.

## About the Fire

The fire broke out during the opening hours of the Housing Ministry on 12 December 2024. Later on, the fire quickly spread to the Construction Ministry as well as the Environment Ministry. Firefighters arrived on the scene approximately after the fire had started. The Health Protection Agency (HPA) issued a health advisory saying to not be near the fire unless necessary. Police evacuated nearby residents and occupants in the affected area. The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) established an emergency evacuation centre in Social Centre to help the affected people, where 50 people requested help. It took over six hours to bring the fire under control. President Mohamed Muizzu and Construction and Infrastructure Minister Abdulla Muththalib arrived at the scene to assess the situation. The fire led to the complete halt of operation for the Ministry of Housing, Land and Urban Development, Ministry of Construction and Infrastructure, and the Ministry of Environment. Later, the ministries were temporarily relocated to Dharubaaruge. The Vital Registration Office was relocated to the first floor of Amin Avenue in Hulhumalé.

## Concerns and recovery

During the fire, there were many concerns that Male’ residents’ births, deaths and residential documents such as house registries and building permits at the office impacted in the fire. Other concerns were the loss of Binveriyaa and Gedhoruveriyaa schemes, where later an official from the Housing Ministry assured that the schemes were stored in the Ministry's cloud. The Department of National Registration (DNR) and the Department of Judicial Administration (DJA) agreed to send digital copies of important documents over to the Malé City Council that was lost.
Another concern was the loss of data on the Housing Ministry's server, which the government later sent the server to Singapore for date recovery.

## Investigation

According to the commissioner of police (CP) Ali Shujau, stated that foreign assistance will be sought to investigate how the fire started. Some are alleging that the fire was intentionally started to destroy evidence related to the recent alleged corruption of the Housing Development Corporation (HDC), which was denied by the police.
# Kamran Gulamov

Kamran Gulamov (Uzbek: Гуламов, Камран Абдузахидович, romanized: Kamron G'ulomov) (born 9 September 1990 in Tashkent, USSR) is the former Chief executive officer (CEO) of AKFA Group Holding and, since 2023, Rector of Central Asian University.

## Biography

Kamron Gulamov was born on September 9, 1990, in Tashkent, Uzbekistan (former USSR). He graduated from the Tashkent Financial Institute with a degree in Financial Accounting in 2012 and from the London Business School in 2024.

### Career

In 2012, he has started his career at the aluminum production company AKFA In 2015, the construction of the BENKAM Alu Extrusions aluminum plant was initiated in the Navoi region, within the free economic zone "Navoi." Once the construction was completed, Gulyamov appointed as the director of the company. In 2019, Kamran Gulamov succeeded the previous general director of AKFA, and he officially began his role as the general director of AKFA on January 1, 2020. He is responsible for shaping the company's development strategy. In the same year, AKFA announced its intention to go public and launch an IPO. The company's key objectives include driving digital transformation, streamlining business processes, and implementing corporate governance based on principles of transparency, accountability, and security.
In 2023, he was appointed Rector of Central Asian University.

## Awards

2019: Do'stlik ('Friendship') Order

## Footnotes

* ↑ Formerly AKFA University, see AKFA University is becoming Central Asian University (CAU)
# 2017 in Venezuela

The following lists events in the year 2017 in Venezuela.

## Incumbents

* President: Nicolás Maduro
* Vice President: Aristóbulo Istúriz (until January 4), Tareck El Aissami (starting January 4)

### Governors

* Amazonas: Liborio Guarulla then Miguel Rodríguez
* Anzoátegui: Nelson Moreno then Antonio Barreto Sira
* Apure: Ramón Carrizales
* Aragua: Caryl Bertho then Rodolfo Clemente Marco Torres
* Barinas: Zenaida Gallardo then Argenis Chávez
* Bolívar: Francisco Rangel Gómez then Justo Noguera Pietri
* Carabobo: Gustavo Pulido Cardier then Rafael Lacava
* Cojedes: Margaud Godoy
* Delta Amacuro: Lizeta Hernández
* Falcón: Stella Lugo then Víctor Clark
* Guárico: Ramón Rodríguez Chacín then José Manuel Vásquez
* Lara: Henri Falcón (until October 16); Carmen Meléndez (starting October 16)
* Mérida: Alexis Ramirez then Ramón Guevara
* Miranda: Henrique Capriles Radonski then Héctor Rodríguez
* Monagas: Yelitza Santaella
* Nueva Esparta: Carlos Mata Figueroa then Alfredo Díaz
* Portuguesa: Reinaldo Castañeda then Rafael Calles
* Sucre: Edwin Rojas
* Táchira: José Vielma Mora then Laidy Gómez
* Trujillo: Henry Rangel Silva
* Vargas: Jorge García Carneiro
* Yaracuy: Julio León Heredia
* Zulia: Francisco Arias Cárdenas then Juan Pablo Guanipa then Magdely Valbuena then Omar Prieto

## Events

    For events regarding the protests, see Timeline of the 2017 Venezuelan protests.

### February

* 14 February - The United States sanctions Vice President El Aissami over allegations of playing a role in drug trafficking, freezing his assets in the US and barring him from entering the country.
* 15 February - Venezuela bans CNN from the country after allegations of spreading propaganda.

### July

* 4 July - A Gulfstream III operated by SATA (Servicio Coordinado de Transporte de Aéreo del Ejecutivo Nacional) and used by the Venezuelan Vice President crashed into the sea on the outskirts of Margarita Island. Two bodies were recovered from the wreckage while the other seven were declared missing.
* 15 October - The Bolivarian government Great Patriotic Pole won 18 of the 23 governorships while the opposition only 5 during the 2017 Venezuelan regional elections

### December

* 3 December - President Nicolás Maduro announces the creation of a new cryptocurrency the petro.
* 10 December - The Bolivarian government Great Patriotic Pole won 306 of the 337 Mayorships during the 2017 Venezuelan municipal elections.

## Deaths

* 1 January – Memo Morales, singer (b. 1937).
* 6 January – Octavio Lepage, politician (b. 1923).
* 26 June – Isaías Pimentel, tennis player (b. 1933)
# John Simon (pathologist)

Sir John Simon KCB FRS FRCS (10 October 1816 – 23 July 1904) was an English pathologist, surgeon and public health officer. He was the first Chief Medical Officer for Her Majesty's Government from 1855 to 1876.

## Biography

John Simon was born in London to Louis Michael Simon, a stockbroker, and Mathilde (née Nonnet). He was the sixth of Louis' fourteen children by two marriages. His medical career began in 1833 when he became an apprentice to surgeon Joseph Henry Green and he was educated at King's College and St Thomas' Hospital in London. In 1838 he became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons. In 1845 he won the Astley Cooper Prize for an essay entitled "Physiological Essay on the Thymus Gland"; he was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) the same year.
In the mid-19th century, the government took measures to promote public health; the Public Health Act 1848 (11 & 12 Vict. c. 63) was passed and a General Board of Health was created. The same year, Simon was appointed the Medical Officer of Health for London for the City of London's commission of sewers; this was only the second health officer appointment in the country (William Henry Duncan had become Medical Officer for Health in Liverpool the previous year). He served in this position until 1855. The General Board of Health was reorganised in 1853, and Simon became the board's Chief Medical Officer in 1855. The General Board only lasted until 1858; on its dissolution, Simon's role as Chief Medical Officer transferred to the Privy Council.
From 1867 to 1869 he was President of the Pathological Society of London.
He married, in 1848, Jane O´Meara, daughter of Deputy Commissioner-General Matthew Delaval O´Meara. Lady Simon died aged 85 in London 19 August 1901.
Simon died on 23 July 1904 in London and was buried at Ladywell Cemetery in Lewisham.

## Recognition

Simon's name features on the Frieze of the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. Twenty-three names of public health and tropical medicine pioneers were chosen to feature on the School building in Keppel Street when it was constructed in 1926.

## Publications

* English Sanitary Institutions, London: Cassell & company, 1890, OCLC 612812353
# Shubnikov

Shubnikov (masculine, Russian: Шубников) or Shubnikova (feminine, Russian: Шубникова) is a Russian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Alexei Vasilievich Shubnikov (1887–1970), Soviet crystallographer and mathematician
** Magnetic space groups, a.k.a. Shubnikov groups
* Lev Shubnikov (1901–1937), Soviet experimental physicist
# Rungrath Poomchantuek

Rungrath Poomchantuek (Thai: รุ่งรัฐ ภูมิจันทึก, born 5 January 1992), is a Thai professional footballer who plays as a winger for Thai League 1 club Bangkok United and the Thailand national team.

## International career

In March 2015 Rungrath made his debut for Thailand in a friendly match against Singapore. Rungrath won the 2015 Southeast Asian Games with Thailand U23.
In January 2024, he was named in the 26-man squad for the 2023 AFC Asian Cup in Qatar.

### International

    As of 30 January 2024
| National team | Year | Apps | Goals |
| Thailand | 2015 | 1 | 0 |
| Thailand | 2016 | 3 | 0 |
| Thailand | 2017 | 1 | 0 |
| Thailand | 2024 | 2 | 0 |
| Thailand | Total | 7 | 0 |

## Honours
### Club
#### Chiangmai FC

* Regional League Northern Division (2): 2012, 2013

#### Bangkok United

* Thailand Champions Cup: 2023
* Thai FA Cup: 2023–24

### International
#### Thailand U-23

* Sea Games Gold Medal (1); 2015

#### Thailand

* ASEAN Football Championship (1): 2016
# Tracy Moore (basketball)

Tracy Lamont Moore (born December 28, 1965, in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma) is a retired American professional basketball player who played in the NBA. A 6'5" (1.96 m), 200 lb (91 kg) shooting guard, Moore played collegiately at the University of Tulsa. He was not drafted, but played with the Dallas Mavericks, Detroit Pistons and the Houston Rockets.
Moore won a Continental Basketball Association (CBA) championship with the Tulsa Fast Breakers in 1989.
Moore's son Tracy Jr. played football at Oklahoma State University.
# Central Railroad Co. of New Jersey v. Mills

Central R. Co. of N. J. v. Mills, 113 U.S. 249 (1885), involved a case where the Court of Claims had dismissed a petition of the claimants, regarding the rejection of two items sued for: (1) labor done and materials furnished by the claimants in constructing the coffer dams, and in performing the work necessarily connected therewith and preliminary to the masonry work for the piers and abutments, (2) loss and damages resulting to the claimants in consequence of the reduction of the dimensions of the piers and abutments made subsequently to the making of the contract.

## Background

The decision of the Court of Claims in regard to item (1) was that the claimants had not shown that the written contract did not express the intent of both parties as to the coffer dams, and that even if that court were satisfied that the claimants executed the contract in mistake of their rights, there was no evidence that the defendants shared the mistake. Its decision in regard to item (2) was that it would be disposed to regard the case, on the facts, as one for equitable interposition for the purpose of further inquiry and the ascertainment of the rights of the parties in equity if it had jurisdiction, but that the statute did not authorize it to entertain those considerations, because, in the proceedings before it, it could hear and determine only claims for labor done and materials furnished by the claimants under their contract with the defendants.

## Opinion of the Court

The Supreme Court held that the ruling of the Court of Claims in regard to item (1)—the coffer dams—was erroneous, and that by the actual contract between the parties the claimants were not to do any of the work covered by the claim made by them under item (1), and that the written contract must be reformed accordingly. As to item (2), this Court held, that the Court of Claims placed too limited a construction upon the special act of Congress, and that its power, under that act, extended to reforming the contract in respect to permitting the officers of the United States to materially vary the plans for the piers so as to essentially change the obligations of the parties.
The decree of the Court of Claims was reversed, and the cause was remanded, with directions to proceed in it according to law and in conformity with the opinion of this Court. This cause was remanded to the Court of Claims, with a direction to enter judgment accordingly.
# Davison v. Von Lingen

Davison v. Von Lingen, 113 U.S. 40 (1885), was a United States Supreme Court case.
On 1 August 1879, a charter-party was entered into between the owners of the steam-ship Whickham and the firm of A. Schumacher & Co., composed of George A. Von Lingen, Carl A. Von Lingen, and William G. Atkinson. The ship was expected to leave Béni Saf in time to reach Philadelphia by August but left later than expected so that the arrival was pushed back to September so the firm hired a different boat.

## Decision

The contract was broken when the vessel was found not to have left on time.
# Head Money Cases

The Head Money Cases, 112 U.S. 580 (1884), also referred to as Edye v. Robertson, were a group of cases decided together by the United States Supreme Court.

## Background

Pursuant to the Immigration Act of 1882, officers from the customhouse in the Port of New York began collecting a tax from ships of fifty cents for each immigrant aboard. Multiple ship owners sued because they were transporting Dutch immigrants, and the Netherlands had a treaty with the United States that seemed to prohibit the tax.

## Decision

The case established the precedent that treaties, which are described in the Supremacy Clause of the US Constitution as "the supreme law of the land" equal to any domestic federal law, do not hold a privileged position above other acts of Congress. Hence, other laws affecting the "enforcement, modification, or repeal" of treaties are legitimate.
# Nagle v. Rutledge

Nagle v. Rutledge, 100 U.S. 675 (1880), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that the amount in controversy in an appeal is determined by the actual amount disputed in the issues on appeal, not the total amount sought by the parties in the proceeding below.

## Description

For a federal court to have subject matter jurisdiction over a case originating outside of the federal system, the amount in controversy must exceed a certain minimum; at the time of this case, that minimum was $1000 for a territorial court. The Supreme Court of Wyoming Territory ordered Nagle to pay Rutlege $969.63. To put the case over the $1000 minimum, Nagle pointed to a dispute over interest on a $210 debt allegedly owed to him by Rutlege. Mathematically, the interest on the $210 would not have exceeded $1000, so the Supreme Court determined that it did not have subject matter jurisdiction over the appeal.
# Kayper

Kaajal Bakrania, better known by her stage name Kayper, is a DJ, producer and radio presenter from the United Kingdom.

## 2011–present

In 2011, Kayper won "Best Club DJ" at the Brit Asia TV Music Awards.
On 30 December 2015, Kayper released her single "What You Say" on Eton Messy Records.

## Discography
### Singles and EPs

* "Gimme Some" – Mad Decent (2011)
* "Magic Faces" – Futurebox Records (2013)
* "Out My Mind" – Main Course (2013)
* "Someone" – Spinnin' Deep (2014)
* Terminal EP – Eton Messy Records (2015)
* "What You Say" – Eton Messy Records (2015)

### Remixes

* "Reach Out To Me" – Hard Times (2014)
* "Next Lifetime" (Erykah Badu remix) – Kayper (2015)
# Sparkle (charity)

Sparkle - the national transgender charity based in the United Kingdom that is best known for organising the annual Sparkle Weekend in Manchester, which aims to celebrate the transgender community. The event claims to be the world's largest transgender event.

## History

Sparkle was formed in 2005 by Kimberly Nolan and was granted registered charity status in 2011 by board member Sophie Summers.

## Sparkle Weekend

Sparkle Weekend occurs in the second weekend every July, with the 18th weekend celebrated in 2023., where over 12,000 people attended It is based around Manchester's Canal Street, with local bars and restaurants sponsoring and advertising the event, and various talks and workshops are run. On the Saturday and Sunday, Sackville Gardens hosts a stage and well-being, family and sober spaces along with a well attended marketplace showcasing the best in trans retail.

## Transgender Day of Remembrance (TDoR)

Sparkle also hosts the Manchester Transgender Day of Remembrance every November on the Sunday nearest to the 20th to remember victims of transphobic crime as part of the Transgender Day of Remembrance.

## Other activities

In addition to organising the Sparkle Weekend, the charity aims to promote awareness and acceptance of the Transgender community. In November 2022, Sparkle organised a candle-lit vigil to remember victims of transphobic crime as part of the Transgender Day of Remembrance. Every year they continue this service to see the growth and change in support for the trans community and to remember those who were ‘known to us’.
Sparkle are also responsible for the National Transgender memorial project, commencing a replacement of the original monument following an incident of vandalism where it was found to be irreparable following fire damage.

## Trustees and Patrons

Sparkle has a governing body of trustees who are led by Jay Crawford (Chair). Sparkle currently has two patrons Professor Stephen Whittle OBE and Actress Annie Wallace.
# Adi Eko Jayanto

Adi Eko Jayanto (born 18 January 1994) is an Indonesian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Liga 1 club Persik Kediri.

## Club career
### Persik Kediri

In 2017 Adi Eko Jayanto joined Persik Kediri in the Liga 2. On 25 November 2019 Persik successfully won the 2019 Liga 2 Final and promoted to Liga 1, after defeated Persita Tangerang 3–2 at the Kapten I Wayan Dipta Stadium, Gianyar.

#### Persekat Tegal (loan)

He was signed for Persekat Tegal to play in Liga 3 Regional route: Central Java in the 2018 season, on loan from Persik Kediri.

## Honours
### Club

Persik Kediri
* Liga 2: 2019
* Liga 3: 2018
# Billy Goat Hill (Alice Springs)

Billy Goat Hill, or Akeyulerre, (in Arrernte) is located in Alice Springs (Mparntwe) in the Northern Territory of Australia and, together with the nearby ANZAC Hill (Atnelkentyarliweke), has important Dreaming associations include two sisters, alongside uninitiated boys, who were travelling north and were engaged in flirtatious and humorous behaviour these sites; further north these interactions became violent.
These two hills are the most prominent in the Central Business District of Alice Springs and, as such have been extensively used by Europeans and, as such, Billy Goat Hill is now very close to major roads and, for many years, housed the towns water towers.

## History

Billy Goat Hill, the English language name, is named for the billy goats that travelled in to town with Arabana woman, Topsy Smith, who briefly lived at the site before starting working at The Bungalow. Smith moved to Alice Springs, then Stuart, in 1914 after the death of her husband at Arltunga and brought with her a herd of several hundred goats who were allowed to graze on the edge of town and where often seen atop, what became known as, Billy Goat Hill.
During World War II the Australian government poured military and civilian manpower into Alice Springs and, in 1940, they built water tanks on top of Billy Goat Hill. These tanks were built by the "Native labour gangs" employed by the army. These water tanks supplied running water to the new hospital and nearby government houses and it was the first time there was running water in the town. These tanks have since been removed.