# Standard Singaporean Mandarin

Standard Singaporean Mandarin (simplified Chinese: 新加坡标准华语; traditional Chinese: 新加坡標準華語; pinyin: Xīnjiāpō Biāozhǔn Huáyǔ) is the standard form of Singaporean Mandarin. It is used in all official Chinese media, including all television programs on Channel 8 and Channel U, various radio stations, as well as in Chinese lessons in all Singapore government schools. The written form of Chinese used in Singapore is also based on this standard. Standard Singaporean Mandarin is also the register of Mandarin used by the Chinese elites of Singapore and is easily distinguishable from the Colloquial Singaporean Mandarin spoken by the general populace.
In terms of phonology, vocabulary and grammar, Standard Singaporean Mandarin is similar to Putonghua (Standard Chinese in the People's Republic of China). Minor discrepancies appear in different vocabulary usage.

## History

Mandarin (the standard language of China based on northern dialects) has been used as a lingua franca in Singapore alongside Hokkien (a south-eastern Chinese topolect) since the end of the Second World War. Before the standardisation of Singaporean Mandarin in the year 1979, Mandarin was largely used in a colloquial form based on the speech of Beijing, with infusions from various southern non-Mandarin Chinese varieties such as Hokkien, Teochew, Cantonese, Hainanese and Hakka. This colloquial form of Mandarin served as a bridge between speakers of various mutually unintelligible southern varieties. Mandarin was also the language of instruction in the now defunct Chinese-medium schools and education system. The use of Mandarin in the Chinese-medium schools led its use mainly by the Chinese-educated or Chinese elites in Singapore.
After Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew announced and kickstarted the Speak Mandarin Campaign in 1979, the Promote Mandarin Council started research on Mandarin standardisation based on case studies in mainland China and Taiwan.

## Differences between standard and colloquial forms

Major differences between Standard Singaporean Mandarin and Colloquial Singaporean Mandarin lie in their linguistic features. Standard Singaporean Mandarin uses standard Mandarin vocabulary and grammar which are very similar to that of the Beijing standard (Putonghua), both spoken and written. Colloquial Singaporean Mandarin, though based on Standard Mandarin, is often mixed with loan words and syntax from other Chinese varieties (especially those in southern China), and to a lesser extent, Malay and English. This is due to the multilingual nature of Singaporean families and society. There are also often cases when Singaporeans (due to their poorer command of Mandarin) find it hard to find or recall a Mandarin term and thus use loan words from other languages instead.
The term "rojak" (a Malay food used for describing "mixture") is most appropriate in describing colloquial Singaporean Mandarin. Colloquial Singaporean Mandarin is the equivalent of Singlish in the Mandarin speaking world of Singapore. The word "Singdarin" has been used to name the Colloquial Singaporean Mandarin.
Standard Singaporean Mandarin also differs from colloquial Singaporean Mandarin in terms of vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation. This is because not all Singaporean Chinese speak Mandarin at home. Some could speak other Non-Mandarin Chinese varieties or English most of the time and have less exposure to Standard Mandarin. All these factors have influenced the way in which colloquial Singaporean Mandarin is formed.
Colloquial Singaporean Mandarin uses a variety of Southern Chinese exclamatory particles, in lieu of standard Mandarin equivalents. An example is the loan exclamatory final particle 啰 (lor) from Cantonese (analogous to Singlish usage), instead of the Mandarin exclamatory final particle 嘛/呀/啊 (ma/ya/a):
    就(jiù) 是(shì) 说(shuō) 嘛/呀/啊(ma/ya/a)！(standard)
    就(jiù) 是(shì) 说(shuō) 啰(lor)！(colloquial)
    "That's what I'm saying!"
Another example is the use of the Cantonese expression "做咩" (zou me):
    为什么(wèishénme)？ (standard)
    做(zuò) 莫(mò)？ (colloquial)
    "Why?" / "Doing what?"
The exclamatory final particle 咧 (leh) from Hokkien is used in colloquial Singaporean Mandarin:
    不是(búshì) 这样(zhèyàng) 子(zǐ) 的(de)！ (standard)
    不是(búshì) 这样(zhèyàng) 子(zǐ) 的(de) 咧(leh)！ (colloquial)
    "It's not like this!"
Another phrase found in colloquial Mandarin is derived from the Hokkien expression siáⁿ-mih lâi ê (啥物来的):
    这(zhè) 是(shì) 什么(shenme)？ (standard)
    什么(shěnmè) 来(lái) 的(dè)？ (colloquial)
    "What is this?"
Standard Singaporean Mandarin uses pure Mandarin words. Colloquial Singaporean Mandarin, on the other hand, uses loan words from other languages. The English loan word "then" is commonly used in place of Mandarin word 才 in colloquial Singaporean Mandarin. Again, a loan exclamatory final particle 啰 (lor) from Cantonese is used instead of Mandarin exclamatory final particle 啊/呀 (a/ya). The English loanword then is also often used to replace the Mandarin word 然后 (ránhòu) in colloquial Singaporean Mandarin:
    我(wǒ) 没有(méiyǒu) 做(zuò) 功课(gōngkè) 才(cái) 被(bèi) 骂(mà) 啊(a)！ (standard)
    我(wǒ) 没有(méiyǒu) 做(zuò) 功课(gōngkè) then 被(bèi) 骂(mà) 啰(lor)！ (colloquial)
    "It is only due to the fact that I did not do my homework that I was scolded."

## Media
### Television

| Channel | Frequency | Name | LCN | Language | Picture format | Type | Broadcast area | Transmitter site | 24-hours | Multiplex | Opening date |
| 31 | 554MHz | Channel 8 | 3$_{HD}$ | Chinese | HDTV (1080i 16:9) | General entertainment | Singapore Johor Bahru/Johor Bahru District (Malaysia) Batam/Batam Islands, Riau Islands (Indonesia) | Bukit Batok Transmission Centre | | MUX2 Mediacorp Bukit Batok Transmission Centre | 31 August 1963; 61 years ago (31 August 1963) (Test transmissions) 23 November 1963; 61 years ago (23 November 1963) (Official) |
| 33 | 570MHz | Channel U | 7$_{HD}$ | Chinese | HDTV (1080i 16:9) | Youth general entertainment | Singapore Johor Bahru/Johor Bahru District (Malaysia) Batam/Batam Islands, Riau Islands (Indonesia) | Bukit Batok Transmission Centre | | MUX3 Mediacorp Bukit Batok Transmission Centre | 6 May 2001; 23 years ago (6 May 2001) |

### Radio

All the frequencies below can be heard in the Johor Bahru/Johor Bahru District, Singapore and Batam City/Batam Islands.
| Frequency (Johor Bahru/Johor Bahru District, Singapore and Batam City/Batam Islands) | TRP (kW) | Station | RDS | Language | Genre | Broadcast area | Transmitter site | Opening date |
| 93.3 MHz (Johor Bahru/Johor Bahru District, Singapore and Batam City/Batam Islands) | 6 | YES 933 | YES_933_ | Mandarin Chinese | Top 40 (CHR) (Mandopop/K-pop) | Singapore Johor Bahru/Johor Bahru District (Malaysia) Batam/Batam Islands, Riau Islands (Indonesia) | Bukit Batok Transmission Centre | 1 January 1990; 35 years ago (1 January 1990) |
| 95.8 MHz (Johor Bahru/Johor Bahru District, Singapore and Batam City/Batam Islands) | 10 | CAPITAL 958 | CAPTL958 | Mandarin Chinese | Classic hits (C-pop) News/Talk | Singapore Johor Bahru/Johor Bahru District (Malaysia) Batam/Batam Islands, Riau Islands (Indonesia) | Bukit Batok Transmission Centre | 1 March 1937; 88 years ago (1 March 1937) as Radio Singapore and Chinese Service (under British Malaya Broadcasting Corporation) |
| 97.2 MHz (Johor Bahru/Johor Bahru District, Singapore and Batam City/Batam Islands) | 6 | LOVE 972 | LOVE_972 | Mandarin Chinese | Adult contemporary (Mandopop) Infotainment | Singapore Johor Bahru/Johor Bahru District (Malaysia) Batam/Batam Islands, Riau Islands (Indonesia) | Bukit Batok Transmission Centre | 23 September 1994; 30 years ago (23 September 1994) |

### Daily newspaper

| Newspaper | Language | Format | Slogan, Motto, Tagline & Theme | Founded | Average daily circulation | Position (Rank) | Officially Named | Officially Called |
| Lianhe Zaobao (联合早报) (Nanyang Siang Pau (南洋商报) and Sin Chew Jit Poh (星洲日报)) | Chinese | Chinese oldest daily broadsheet Singapore's #1 Mandarin daily newspaper | Singapore's #1 Mandarin Daily Newspaper | 6 September 1923; 101 years ago (1923-09-06) (as Nanyang Siang Pau (南洋商报)) 15 January 1929; 96 years ago (1929-01-15) (as Sin Chew Jit Poh (星洲日报)) | 999,995,991 (print + digital) | #1 | Nanyang Siang Pau (南洋商报) Sin Chew Jit Poh (星洲日报) | Nanyang Siang Pau (南洋商报) Sin Chew Jit Poh (星洲日报) |