# List of active separatist movements in Africa

This is a list of currently active separatist movements in Africa. Separatism includes autonomism and secessionism.

## Criteria

What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria:
* They are active movements with active members.
* They are seeking greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy).
* They are citizens/people of the conflict area and do not come from another country.
Under each region listed is one or more of the following:
* De facto state (de facto entity): for unrecognized regions with de facto autonomy.
* Proposed state: proposed name for a seceding sovereign state.
* Proposed autonomous area: for movements towards greater autonomy for an area but not outright secession.
** De facto autonomous government: for governments with de facto autonomous control over a region.
** Government-in-exile: for a government based outside of the region in question, with or without control.
** Political party (or parties): for political parties involved in a political system to push for autonomy or secession.
** Militant organisation(s): for armed organisations.
** Advocacy group(s): for non-belligerent, non-politically participatory entities.
** Ethnic/ethno-religious/racial/regional/religious group(s).

## Algeria

Kabylia
* Ethnic group: Kabyle Berbers
** Proposed state: Kabylia.
** Government-in-exile: Kabyle Provisional Government (ANAVAD AQVAYLI UΣḌIL).
** Movement leader: Ferhat Mehenni.
** Political party: Movement for the self-determination of Kabylie (MAK).
Kabylia is a charter member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO)
Kabylia is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States

## Angola

Central-Eastern Angola
* Ethnic group: Lunda-Tchokwé people
** Proposed state: Democratic Republic of Lunda-Tchokwé
** Government-in-exile: Partido Democrático da Defesa do Estado Lunda-Tchokwé,
** Political party: Partido Democrático da Defesa do Estado Lunda-Tchokwé
** Advocacy groups: Mulher Unida da Lunda-Tchokwé, Pioneiros Unidos da Lunda-Tchokwé, Juventude Unida da Lunda-Tchokwé, Manifesto Jurídico Sociológico do Povo Lunda-Tchokwé
Cabinda
* Ethnic group: Bakongo
** Proposed state: Republic of Cabinda
** Government-in-exile: Frente para a Libertação do Enclave de Cabinda (FLEC) (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
** Political party: Frente para a Libertação do Enclave de Cabinda (FLEC), Liberation Front of the State of Cabinda
** Militant organization: Forças Armadas de Cabinda (FAC)
** Status: Ongoing low-intensity war
Cabinda is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States

## Botswana

Ngamiland
* Ethnic group: Masubia, Nzanza, Mbowe, Makalahari, MaYeyi, Mampukushu, Makwengari, Mambunda, Matotela, Batoka, Mafwe, Barotse, Leya, Nanzwa, Lujana, Dombe
** Advocacy group: Movement for the Survival of the River Races of Zambesia
** Proposed state: Zambesia

## Cameroon

Ambazonia
* Ethnic group: Anglophones of the former Southern Cameroons, consisting of over 80 ethnic groups
** Population: ~4 million people
** Proposed state: Federal Republic of Ambazonia
** Advocacy group: Interim Government of Ambazonia, Ambazonia Governing Council and others
** Militant groups: Ambazonia Self-Defence Council, Ambazonia Defence Forces, SOCADEF, other smaller militias
** Status: Ongoing civil war
Ambazonia is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States
Bakassi
* People: Oron
** Population: 150,000–300,000 people (subject of dispute)
** Proposed state: Democratic Republic of Bakassi
** Militant groups: Bakassi Movement for Self-Determination
** Status: Active insurgency until 2009, isolated incidents until 2015

## Central African Republic

Dar El Kuti (Republic of Logone)
* Ethnic group: Muslims in the Central African Republic
** Proposed state: Dar al-Kuti
** Advocacy group and militant organization: Séléka
** Status: Ongoing civil war, effectively a proto-state
Dar El Kuti is a self-proclaimed state supported by the Popular Front for the Rebirth of Central African Republic (FPRC), a Muslim rebel movement in the Central African Republic.

## Comoros

Anjouan
* Ethnic group: people of Anjouan
** Proposed state: Anjouan
** Political party: Mouvement Populaire Anjouanais
Mohéli
* Ethnic group: Mohélians
** Proposed state: Mohéli

## Republic of the Congo

South Congo (Brazzaville)
* Ethnic group: South Congolese
** Advocacy group: Provisional Assembly and governance of the State of South Congo
** Proposed state: State of South Congo

## Democratic Republic of the Congo

Bas-Congo
* Advocacy group: Bundu dia Kongo
* Proposed state: Kingdom of Kongo
Katanga
* Political parties: Union of Independent Federalists and Republicans
* Militant organizations: Mai Mai Kata Katanga
* Katanga is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States

## Egypt

Coptic nationalism
* Ethnic group: Coptic people
* Proposed autonomous area: Sahid

## Eritrea

Southern Red Sea Region
* Ethnic group: Afar people, Saho people
** Proposed autonomous area: Dankalia or unification with Ethiopia
** Advocacy groups: Red Sea Afar Democratic Organisation, Democratic Movement for the Liberation of the Eritrean Kunama, Saho People's Democratic Movement

## Equatorial Guinea

Bioko
* Ethnic group: Bubi
** Proposed state: Bioko Island
** Advocacy group: Movement for the Self-Determination of Bioko Island
Annobón
* Ethnic group: Portuguese Africans
** Proposed state: Republic of Annobón
** Advocacy group: Free Annobón

## Ethiopia

Ogaden ( Somali Region)
* Proposed state: Ogadenia (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization) or unification with Somalia
** Political party: Ogaden National Liberation Front
Oromia
* Proposed state or autonomous area: Oromia (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
** Militant organizations: Oromo Liberation Front, Islamic Front for the Liberation of Oromia
** Advocacy group: Qeerroo
Tigray
* Proposed state or autonomous area: Tigray
** Political party: Tigray Independence Party
Sidama
* Proposed: Self-determination and/or autonomy for the Sidama people
** Militant organization: Sidama National Liberation Front
Amhara
* ethnic group: Amhara people
** proposed: self determination and/or autonomy for Amhara
** political party: National Movement of Amhara
** status: Ongoing
Afar Region
* ethnic group: Afar people
** proposed: independence for the Afar Region
** political party: Afar Liberation Front (former militant organization)
** militant organization: Afar Revolutionary Democratic Unity Front
Wolayita Zone
* Ethnic group: Welayta people
** Proposed: autonomy for the Wolayita Zone
** Political party: Wolaita People's Liberation Movement

## France

Réunion
   * Political party: Lorganizasion Popilèr po Libèr nout Péi (Lplp) – Popular Front for National Liberation: composed of Nasion Rénioné, Mar, Drapo rouz, Patriot rénioné and Mir.
   * Political party: Communist Party of Réunion
   * Proposed state: Republic of Zabon
Mayotte continues to have autonomist and separatist movements despite the island having voted to become France's 101st department in 2011.

## Ghana

Western Togoland
   * Proposed state: Western Togoland
   ** Militant organizations: Western Togoland Restoration Front (member of UNPO)

## Kenya

Mombasa
* Proposed state: Coast Province, Mombasa Republic
* Political party: Mombasa Republican Council
* Status: Active
* Mombasa Republic is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States
Rift Valley, Western Province, Nyanza
* Proposed State or autonomous region: People's Republic of Kenya
** Political Party: Azimio la Umoja

## Libya

Cyrenaica
* Ethnic group: Arabs,
** Proposed autonomous region or state: Cyrenaica
** Political party: Cyrenaica Transitional Council
South Libya
* Ethnic group: Toubou
** Proposed autonomy for: Toubouland
** Militant organisations: Toubou Front for the Salvation of Libya

## Malawi

Nyika
* Proposed state: Northern Nyika Republic
* Political party: The Peoples Party

## Mali

Azawad
* Ethnic group: Tuareg
** Proposed state or autonomous area: Azawad
** Political party: Coordination of Azawad Movements, which includes MNLA
** Militant organisations: National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad
** Azawad is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States
Massina
* Ethnic group: Fula
** Proposed state: Massina Empire
** Militant organizations: Katiba Macina

## Mauritius

Rodrigues
* Ethnic group: Rodriguan
** Proposed greater autonomous area or state: Rodrigues
** Political party: Rodrigues People's Organisation

## Morocco

Rif
* Ethnic group: Riffian Berbers
** Proposed state: Republic of the Rif
** Political organization: Riffian National Party
Started in Morocco during the 1920s, and was revitalized in 2013. The Rif Independence Movement is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States.

## Namibia

Caprivi Strip
* Ethnic group: Masubia, Nzanza, Mbowe, Makalahari, MaYeyi, Mampukushu, Makwengari, Mambunda, Matotela, Batoka, Mafwe, Barotse, Leya, Nanzwa, Lujana, Dombe
** Advocacy group: Movement for the Survival of the River Races of Zambesia
** Militant organization: Caprivi Liberation Army
** Political party: Caprivi National African Union, United Democratic Party
** Proposed state: Zambesia or Caprivi Strip or Barotseland
Rehoboth area
* Ethnic group: Baster
** Proposed autonomous area: Rehoboth area
** Political party: The United People`s Movement (UPM) Rehoboth Basters (Member of the UNPO)

## Nigeria

Biafra
* Ethnic group: Igbo, Anioma, Igede, Igala, Idoma, Ijaw, Kalabari, Ibibio, and Ogoni.
** Proposed state: Republic of Biafra (defunct)
** Separatist movements: The Indigenous People of Biafra, Biafra Zionist Movement, Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra
** Militant organization: Eastern Security Network
** Government in exile: Biafran Government in exile
** Biafra is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States
Republic of Oduduwa
* Ethnic group: Yorùbá ethnic groups in Ekiti, Lagos, Ogun, Ondo, Oyo, Osun, Kwara, Òkun in Kogi states in Nigeria, Itsekiris in Delta state and Akoko in Edo state.
** Proposed state: Republic of Oduduwa
** Member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
** Civic organizations: Ilana Omo Oodua, Nigerian Indigenous Nationalities Alliance for Self-Determination(NINAS)
** Movement leaders: Professor Stephen Adebanji Akintoye, Sunday Igboho
** O'odua Grand Alliance for Independence & Oodua People's Congress Ogafi.org
** Status: Constitutional Force Majeure
Niger Delta
* Ethnic group: Urhobo, Isoko, Itsekiri, Ijaw, Ukwuani, Edo, Esan, Ogoni, Kalabari and many more.
** Proposed: Autonomous regionalism: Niger Delta Republic was declared in February 1965 by Isaac Adaka Boro, but failed to be established and remains an inspiration if not an aspiration.
** Movement: Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) formed in 2006 for the self-determination of the people of the Niger Delta
** Militant groups: Niger Delta Avengers, Niger Delta Greenland Justice Mandate, Niger Delta Vigilante, Niger Delta People's Volunteer Force (NDPVF),
** Status: Ongoing war
Arewa
* Ethnic group: Hausa people, Kanuri people
** Proposed State or Autonomous Area: Arewa Republic
** Political organisations Arewa Consultative Forum
Rivers State
* Ethnic group: Ogoni people
** Proposed autonomous region: Ogoniland
** Advocacy group: Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People
Kingdom of Benin
* ethnic group: Edo people, Yoruba People, Igbo people
** proposed: re establishment of the Kingdom of Benin
** political party: United Kingdom of Great Benin

## Portugal

Madeira
* Ethnic group: Madeiran
** Proposed: Greater autonomy for Madeira
** Political party: Together for the People

## Senegal

Casamance
* Ethnic group: Diola
** Proposed state: Republic of Casamance
** Militant organization: Movement of Democratic Forces of Casamance

## Somalia

Somaliland
* Ethnic group: Somali, primarily the Isaaq clan.
** De facto state: Somaliland
** Political organisations: Government of Somaliland
** Militant organisation: Somaliland Armed Forces
Jubaland
* Ethnic group: Somali
** proposed: creation of an independent or greater autonomous state of Jubaland to act as a buffer state between Kenya and Somalia
** political party: Somali Patriotic Movement
** Country advocating for an independent or autonomous Jubaland: Kenya
Awdalland
* Ethnic group: Somali, primarily the Gadabuursi clan.
** Proposed state: Awdalland
** Political party: Awdal State Movement

## South Africa

Cape Republic
* Proposed state or autonomous area: Cape Republic
** Ethnic groups: Cape Coloureds, Afrikaners, Khoisan, Cape Malays, Bantu peoples of South Africa (Primarily Xhosa)
** Political parties: Freedom Front Plus Referendum Party Cape Independence Party
** Advocacy groups: CapeXit Cape Independence Advocacy Group (CIAG),
* Proposed state or autonomous area: Sovereign State of Good Hope
** Ethnic groups: Cape Coloureds, Khoisan, Cape Malays, Griqua people
** Advocacy Groups: Goringhaicona Khoikhoin Indigenous Traditional Council, First Indigenous Nation of South Africa (FINSA)
** Status: Unrecognized
Volkstaat
* Ethnic group: Afrikaners
** Proposed state or autonomous area: Volkstaat
** Political Party: Freedom Front Plus (in parliament and member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization). Outside parliament: Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging, National Conservative Party of South Africa, Boerestaat Party, Herstigte Nasionale Party, Afrikaner Self-determination Party.
** Advocacy group: Orania Movement
** Movement: Boere-Vryheidsbeweging
** Status: Accord on Afrikaner self-determination
Zulu Kingdom
* Autonomous area: Zulu Kingdom
** Political Party: Inkatha Freedom Party, Abantu Batho Congress
** Status: Autonomy for traditional African communities and their leaders
Venda
* Ethnic group: Vhavenda
** Proposed state: Venda
** Political Party: Dabalorivhuwa Patriotic Front

## South Sudan

Rol Naath
* Ethnic group: Nuer People
** Proposed state: Rol Naath
** Advocacy group: Rol Naath Independence Movement

## Spain
### Secessionist movement

Canary Islands
* People: Canarians
** Proposed state: Republic of the Canary Islands
*** Political parties (autonomist): Coalición Canaria, Partido Nacionalista Canario, Centro Canario Nacionalista, Nueva Canarias
*** Political parties (secessionist): FREPIC-AWAÑAK, Tanekra, Alternativa Nacionalista Canaria, Alternativa Popular Canaria, Unidad del Pueblo, National Congress of the Canaries
*** Trade union: Intersindical Canaria
*** Youth movement: Azarug
Canary Islands is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States

### autonomist

Ceuta
* proposed autonomous region: Ceuta
** political parties: Movement for Dignity and Citizenship and Ceuta Ya!

## Sudan

Darfur
* Ethnic group: Fur, Arabs, Zaghawa, Masalit, Tama
** Proposed autonomous area: Darfur or proposed unification with Chad
** Militant organization: Darfur Liberation Front
Eastern Sudan
* Ethnic group: Beja
** Proposed autonomous area or state: Beja state
** Political groups: Beja Congress

## Tanzania

Zanzibar
* Ethnic group: Arabs, Shirazi
** Proposed state: Zanzibar
** Political party: Civic United Front (member of Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization), Uamsho

## Uganda

Acholi
* Proposed: autonomy within Uganda
** Ethnic group: Acholi Traditionalist catholicism Christian nationalism, Acholi Nationalism

## United Kingdom

British Indian Ocean Territory
* Ethnic group: Chagossian People
** Proposed state: Chagos Archipelago or Unification with Mauritius
** Political Parliamentary Group: Chagos Islands (BIOT) All Party Parliamentary Group

## Zambia

Barotseland
* Ethnic group: Barotse
** Proposed state: Barotseland
** Militant organization: Barotse National Council, Kola Foundation, Cuundu Caitwa, Umodzi Ku'Mawa Forum

## Zimbabwe

Matabeleland
* Ethnic group: Matabele
** Proposed state: Mthwakazi
** Militant organization: Mthwakazi Liberation Front (M.L.F.)
** Political party: Matabeleland Freedom Party
** Revolutionary Movement: Mthwakazi Republic Party (M.R.P)
** Matabele is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States