OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Velvet (fish disease)

Velvet disease (also called gold-dust, rust and coral disease) is a fish disease caused by dinoflagellate parasites of the genera Amyloodinium in marine fish, and Oodinium in freshwater fish. The disease gives infected organisms a dusty, brownish-gold color. The disease occurs most commonly in tropical fish, and to a lesser extent, marine aquaria. Periodic use of preventive treatments like aquarium salt can further deter parasites. Regular monitoring, attentive care, and preventive measures collectively contribute to keeping fish healthy and velvet-free.

## Life cycle

The single-celled parasite's life cycle can be divided into three major phases. First, as a tomont, the parasite rests at the water's floor and divides into as many as 256 tomites. Second, these juvenile, motile tomites swim about in search of a fish host, meanwhile using photosynthesis to grow, and to fuel their search. Finally, the adolescent tomite finds and enters the slime coat of a host fish, dissolving and consuming the host's cells, and needing only three days to reach full maturity before detaching to become a tomont once more.

## Pathology

Velvet (in an aquarium environment) is usually spread by contaminated tanks, fish, and tools (such as nets or testing supplies). There are also rare reports of frozen live foods (such as bloodworms) containing dormant forms of the species. Frequently, however, the parasite is endemic to a fish, and only causes a noticeable "outbreak" after the fish's immune system is compromised for some other reason. The disease is highly contagious and can prove fatal to fish.

## Symptoms

Initially, infected fish are known to "flash", or sporadically dart from one end of an aquarium to another, scratching against objects in order to relieve their discomfort. They will also "clamp" their fins very close to their body, and exhibit lethargy. If untreated, a 'dusting' of particles (which are in fact the parasites) will be seen all over the infected fish, ranging in color from brown to gold to green. In the most advanced stages, fish will have difficulty respiring, will often refuse food, and will eventually die of hypoxia due to necrosis of their gill tissue.

## Treatment

Sodium chloride (table/sea salt) is believed to mitigate the reproduction of velvet in freshwater fish, however this treatment is not itself sufficient for the complete eradication of an outbreak. Additionally, one of the common medications designed to combat the disease must be added directly to the fish's environment. These medications usually include the active ingredients copper sulfate, methylene blue, formalin, malachite green or acriflavin. Additionally, because velvet parasites derive a portion of their energy from photosynthesis, leaving a tank in total darkness for seven days provides a helpful supplement to chemical curatives. Finally, some enthusiasts recommend raising the water temperature of an infected fish's environment, in order to quicken the life cycle (and subsequent death) of velvet parasites; however this tactic is not practical for all fish, and may induce immunocompromising stress.
# Sham Savera

Sham Savera is a Bollywood film. It was released in 1946.

## Cast

* Swaran Lata
* Rafiq Ghaznavi
* Sulochana Chatterjee
* Prathima Devi
# 40th parallel south

Download coordinates as:
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The 40th parallel south is a circle of latitude that is 40 degrees south of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, Oceania, the Pacific Ocean and South America. Its long oceanic stretches are the northern domain of the Roaring Forties.
On 21 June 2018, the sun is at 26.17° in the sky and at 73.83° on 21 December, in King Island, Tasmania, which is near the 40th parallel.
The maximum altitude of the Sun is > 35.00º in April and > 28.00º in May.
40th parallel south also marks a line beyond which Andromeda constellation can no longer be observed.

## Around the world

Starting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 40° south passes through:
    Coordinates Country, territory or ocean Notes 40°0′S 0°0′E﻿ / ﻿40.000°S 0.000°E﻿ / -40.000; 0.000﻿ (Prime Meridian) Atlantic Ocean 40°0′S 20°0′E﻿ / ﻿40.000°S 20.000°E﻿ / -40.000; 20.000﻿ (Indian Ocean) Indian Ocean 40°0′S 143°53′E﻿ / ﻿40.000°S 143.883°E﻿ / -40.000; 143.883﻿ (Australia)  Australia King Island, Tasmania 40°0′S 144°7′E﻿ / ﻿40.000°S 144.117°E﻿ / -40.000; 144.117﻿ (Bass Strait) Indian Ocean Bass Strait 40°0′S 147°53′E﻿ / ﻿40.000°S 147.883°E﻿ / -40.000; 147.883﻿ (Australia)  Australia Flinders Island, Tasmania 40°0′S 148°17′E﻿ / ﻿40.000°S 148.283°E﻿ / -40.000; 148.283﻿ (Pacific Ocean) Pacific Ocean Tasman Sea 40°0′S 175°3′E﻿ / ﻿40.000°S 175.050°E﻿ / -40.000; 175.050﻿ (New Zealand)  New Zealand Manawatū-Whanganui region – passing just south of Whanganui Hawke's Bay region – passing through Waipukurau 40°0′S 176°54′E﻿ / ﻿40.000°S 176.900°E﻿ / -40.000; 176.900﻿ (Pacific Ocean) Pacific Ocean 40°0′S 73°42′W﻿ / ﻿40.000°S 73.700°W﻿ / -40.000; -73.700﻿ (Chile)  Chile Los Ríos Region – passing through Punta Galera and Pirihueico Lake 40°0′S 71°40′W﻿ / ﻿40.000°S 71.667°W﻿ / -40.000; -71.667﻿ (Argentina)  Argentina Neuquén Province Río Negro Province Buenos Aires Province 40°0′S 62°20′W﻿ / ﻿40.000°S 62.333°W﻿ / -40.000; -62.333﻿ (Atlantic Ocean) Atlantic Ocean
# John Lyttelton (MP)

John Lyttelton MP JP (1561–1601) was an English politician and member of the Lyttelton family who served as Member of Parliament for Worcestershire during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I.

## Career

He was the eldest son of Sir Gilbert Lyttelton. He entered Magdalen College, Oxford in 1576 and studied law at the Inner Temple. He married Meriel, daughter of Sir Thomas Bromley, Lord Chancellor of England. They had three sons and eight daughters.
He was elected to Parliament as knight of the shire for Worcestershire in 1584, 1586 and 1597. He was also JP for the country from about 1583 and was its custos rotulorum by 1601.
He was involved in the Rebellion of Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex in 1601 and was subsequently tried for high treason, but died in the Queen's Bench prison in July 1601, having been reprieved from execution. In consequence, his estates (in Frankley, Halesowen, Hagley and Upper Arley) were forfeited to the Crown, but were restored to his widow, Meriel, on the accession of James I. She survived him (by 28 years) and cleared the estates of debt, bringing up her children as Anglicans.
Sir John was buried at St. George the Martyr, Southwark.

## Family

The children of John and Meriel Lyttleton included:
* Sir Thomas Lyttelton, 1st Baronet.
* Bridget Lyttelton, who married Robert Tracy, 2nd Viscount Tracy (died 1662)
# Shalimar (1946 film)

Shalimar is a Bollywood film directed by Roop K. Shorey. It was released in 1946. The cast included Chandra Mohan, Begum Para, Manorama, Nisar, Parmila and Manju.

## Cast
### Male

* A. L. Nasir (Murad)
* Harsha (Asif Khan)
* Chandra Mohan (Jehangir)

### Female

* Manorama (Taji)
* Pramela (Shali)
* Begum Para (Nurjehan)
# Shalom Zysman

Shalom Zysman (Hebrew: שלום זיסמן; 14 March 1914 – 12 February 1967) was an Israeli politician who served as a member of the Knesset for the General Zionists between 1951 and 1955.

## Biography

Born in Żelechów in the Russian Empire (today in Poland), Zysman was educated at a gymnasium, before studying law at the University of Warsaw.
He emigrated to Mandatory Palestine, where he joined the Haganah and was amongst the founders of Bamahane, the Haganah (and now IDF) publication. During World War II, he was a sergeant major in the Jewish Brigade, and fought in the Western Desert in North Africa, and on the Italian front. In the 1948 Arab–Israeli War he was a major, and deputy head of the publicity department. He published a book, Know Your Weapon.
In 1951, he was elected to the Knesset on the General Zionists' list, but lost his seat in the 1955 elections. In the same year he was elected to Ramat Gan city council and became the city's deputy mayor. Zysman also served as chairman of the Israeli branch of Maccabi's directorate, as well as being a member of the World Maccabi Union's central committee. He chaired the Israeli Olympic Committee, and was a director of the Asian Federation for Sports.
He died in 1967 at the age of 52.
# Paulding County Courthouse (Ohio)

The Paulding County Courthouse is a historic governmental building in downtown Paulding, Ohio, United States. A Richardsonian Romanesque building erected in 1886, it is the third courthouse to serve the residents of Paulding County.
When Paulding County was established in 1820, the small community of Charloe was named the county seat. This arrangement proved to be short-lived: the community of Paulding grew significantly while Charloe stagnated, and the county seat was eventually moved to the larger village. Once Paulding had been named the county seat, the county's second courthouse was erected on the village's central square in 1837. After approximately fifty years of service, this frame structure was demolished, and the present structure was built on the same location in 1886.
Designed by the E.O. Fallis Company and built by workers under the direction of general contractor Rudolph Ehrhart, the courthouse is a brick structure with a stone foundation and a roof of asphalt. Two-and-one-half stories tall with a central tower, the courthouse features nearly identical entrances on each of its four sides. Measuring 60 feet (18 m) square, and 163 feet (50 m) tall at the tip of its domed tower, the courthouse was patterned after the Lenawee County Courthouse in Michigan, which was also designed by the Fallis architects.
In 1974, the Paulding County Courthouse was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, due to its well-preserved architecture that was deemed significant statewide. It is one of four buildings in Paulding County on the Register, along with a rural round barn, a former train station in the village of Antwerp, and the Carnegie library in Paulding.
# Robert de Brus, 2nd Lord of Annandale

Robert II de Brus, le Meschin (the Cadet) (fl. 1138, died c. 1194) was a 12th-century Norman noble and 2nd Lord of Annandale. He was the son, perhaps the second son, of Robert de Brus, 1st Lord of Annandale, and wife Agnes.

## Life

The elder de Brus' allegiances were compromised when David I invaded England in the later 1130s, and he had renounced his fealty to David before the Battle of the Standard in 1138. The younger Robert however remained loyal and took over his father's land in Scotland, whilst the English territories remained with the elder Robert and passed to the latter's elder son Adam de Brus, 2nd Lord of Skelton. Bruce family tradition has it that Robert II was captured by his father at the battle and given over to King Stephen of England.
A legend tells that in the 1140s, Robert II was visited at Annan by St Malachy. St Malachy asked Robert to pardon a thief, but Robert hanged him anyway, and for this the River Annan destroyed part of his castle and the de Brus line received a curse from the holy man. Robert made Lochmaben the centre of his lordship and constructed a new caput there.
He married Euphemia, possibly the daughter of Sir Adam de Crosebi or Crosbj of Albemarle (b. ca. 1098). They had three known children:
* Robert (d. ca. 1191), eldest son.
* William (d. 1212).
* Bernard.
Robert was buried at Gisborough Priory in the North Riding, Yorkshire, England, a monastery founded by his father Robert I de Brus. As his eldest son, Robert, predeceased him, he was succeeded by his second son William.

## Robert III de Brus

Robert III de Brus (fl. 12th century, died ca. 1191) was the oldest son of Robert de Brus, 2nd Lord of Annandale.
He predeceased his father, and so did not inherit the lordship of Annandale, which passed to his brother, William de Brus, 3rd Lord of Annandale. He married in 1183 Isabella Mac William (Isibéal inghean Uilleim), illegitimate daughter of King William I of Scotland through the latter's liaison with a daughter of Robert Avenel lord of Eskdale. There were no children.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Burke's The Dormant, Abeyant, Forfeited, and Extinct Peerages of the British Empire 1883: 80
* ↑ Blakely 2000, pp. 10–57
* ↑ Douglas Richardson, Kimball G. Everingham, Magna Carta ancestry: a study in colonial and medieval families. Genealogical Publishing, 2005. pg 699. Google eBook
* ↑ The Scots Peerage, Vol. I, edited by Sir James Balfour Paul, p. 5.
# Frances Campbell Sparhawk

Frances Campbell Sparhawk (July 28, 1847 – January 9, 1930) was an American author.
Frances Campbell Sparhawk was born on July 28, 1847, in Amesbury, Massachusetts. Her education was received in private schools. The poet Whittier was an early and intimate friend of her father, Dr. Thomas Sparhawk. She has published a large number of serial stories in The Christian Union and The Bay State Monthly. Her most important contribution to serial fiction is entitled "Elizabeth," a romance of colonial days, and describes New England and the siege of Louisburg. This appeared in The Bay State Monthly. She is also the author of A Lazy Man's Work (New York, 1881), Little Polly Blatchley (Boston, 1887), Miss West's Class in Geography (1887), and the Dorothy Brooke series of books for young adult girls. Frances Campbell Sparhawk died on January 9, 1930, in Brookline, Massachusetts.
# Perham, Maine

Perham is a town in Aroostook County, Maine, United States. The population was 371 at the 2020 census. The town was named after Maine's 33rd governor, Sidney Perham.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 36.64 square miles (94.90 km$^2$), of which 36.53 square miles (94.61 km$^2$) is land and 0.11 square miles (0.28 km$^2$) is water.

## Demographics
### 2010 census

At the 2010 census, there were 386 people, 151 households, and 105 families living in the town. The population density was 10.6 inhabitants per square mile (4.1/km$^2$). There were 190 housing units at an average density of 5.2 per square mile (2.0/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the town was 97.4% White, 2.3% Native American, and 0.3% from two or more races. Of the 151 households 27.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.6% were married couples living together, 3.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 30.5% were non-families. 23.8% of households were one person and 11.9% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.56 and the average family size was 3.04.
The median age in the town was 45.3 years. 20.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22% were from 25 to 44; 34.9% were from 45 to 64; and 15.8% were 65 or older. The gender makeup of the town was 51.0% male and 49.0% female.

### 2000 census

At the 2000 census, there were 434 people, 162 households, and 114 families living in the town. The population density was 11.9 people per square mile (4.6/km$^2$). There were 177 housing units at an average density of 4.8 per square mile (1.9/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the town was 96.08% White, 0.92% Native American, and 3.00% from two or more races. Of the 162 households 28.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.1% were married couples living together, 7.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.6% were non-families. 21.6% of households were one person and 10.5% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.68 and the average family size was 3.22.
The age distribution was 24.0% under the age of 18, 8.8% from 18 to 24, 24.2% from 25 to 44, 24.2% from 45 to 64, and 18.9% 65 or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.7 males.
The median household income was $25,962 and the median family income was $31,250. Males had a median income of $25,341 versus $17,917 for females. The per capita income for the town was $11,721. About 7.8% of families and 11.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.2% of those under age 18 and 6.5% of those age 65 or over.
# USS Robert Kerrey

USS Robert Kerrey (DDG-146) is the planned 96th Arleigh Burke-class (Flight III) Aegis guided missile destroyer of the United States Navy. She is named for former U.S. Senator Joseph Robert Kerrey, who was awarded the Medal of Honor. This will be the first Navy vessel named after Kerrey.

## Design and construction

As a Flight III Arleigh Burke-class destroyer, she would be mounted with the more powerful AN/SPY-6 radar compared to her sister ships. This radar, and other modifications, would allow Flight III destroyers to serve as a replacement for the air-defense roles of Ticonderoga-class cruisers.
She was ordered in 2023 as part of a larger 5-year plan to build 9 Flight III ships. In 2025, she was named after former U.S. Senator, Nebraska Governor, and naval officer Joseph Robert Kerrey, "This will be the first Navy vessel named in his honor, and it is most appropriate we do so, for his actions in Vietnam and his continued service to this country well beyond his Naval service]".
# Samuel Eyre

Sir Samuel Eyre (1633 – 12 September 1698) was an English judge.

## Life

Eyre came of a legal family, his grandfather, Robert, having been a bencher and reader of Lincoln's Inn, and his father being a barrister, Robert Eyre of Salisbury and Chilhampton, who married Anne, daughter of Samuel Aldersey of Aldersey in Cheshire. He was baptised on 16 March 1638. This was the same year as his father started an accounts book; his mother soon took over the accounting and her detailed records are still available, providing an insight into 17th-century households in the period up to the English Civil War.
Samuel was educated at Wadham College, Oxford, matriculating on 9 December 1653. The June after Eyre left Wadham, he was admitted to Lincoln's Inn. In 1660, his mother wrote to him, telling him to think deeply about his marriage plans, advising "when done, not to be undone, and done either happy or unhappy". After studying for seven years, he was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in June 1661, becoming a qualified barrister. That October he married Martha Lucy. His wife brought him considerable property.
Under the patronage of the Earl of Shaftesbury, whose adviser he was, he attained some professional eminence. He was made a serjeant on 21 April 1692, and succeeded Justice Dolben on the King's Bench on 6 February 1694, although was not sworn in until 22 February. Eyre was knighted as a result of being promoted to the Bench. When Charles Knollys' claim to the earldom of Banbury came before the House of Lords in 1698, Eyre was called on, along with Chief Justice Holt, to state to the house the grounds upon which he had given judgement in favour of Knollys, who being tried in the King's Bench in 1694 for murder had pleaded his privilege as a peer. This the two judges refused to do, the matter not coming before the house on writ of error from the King's Bench. They were threatened with committal to the Tower, but the matter was dropped.
Eyre died on circuit at Lancaster of an attack of colic on 12 September 1698. A monument was erected at Lancaster to him, and his body was removed to St. Thomas's, Salisbury, the family burial-place, on 2 July 1699. He and Martha had six children; the eldest son, Sir Robert Eyre, was judge of the queen's bench.
# 1950 Lehigh Engineers football team

The 1950 Lehigh Engineers football team was an American football team that represented Lehigh University during the 1950 college football season. In its fifth season under head coach Bill Leckonby, the team compiled a 9–0 record (their first undefeated record in the football program's history) and won the Middle Three Conference championship. The Engineers outscored their opponents, 301 to 77. They gained 2,120 rushing yards (235.6 per game) and 801 pasing yards. On defense, they held opponents to 905 rushing yards (100.6 per game) and 1,093 passing yards.
Right halback Dick Doyne, a senior from Larchmont, New York, led the east with 994 rushing yards on 156 carries. He also led the east in punting with an average of 41.5 yards on 25 punts. He was called Lehigh's "Mr. Everything" as he also led the team with an average of 5.7 yards per carry and total offense (1,206 yards), punt returns (13.6-yard average), and kickoff returns (16-yard average). His 72 points (12 touchdowns) tied for the most on the team. He was selected as a first-team back on the 1950 Little All-America college football team. The team's other individual leaders were:
* Left halfback Dick Gabriel tied with Doyne for the team's scoring lead at 72 points. Gabriel and Doyne were both chosen as first-team backs on the Associated Press All-Pennsylvania team.
* Quarterback Herbert Weiss completed 39 of 85 passes for 718 yards, seven touchdowns, and seven interceptions.
* Left end John Bergman was Lehigh's leading receiver with 19 catches for 350 yards.
* Guard Bill Ciarvino was selected as a second-team player on the All-Pennsylvania team.
Lehigh played its home games at Taylor Stadium in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Rank | Site | Result | Attendance |
| September 23 | Delaware* | | Taylor StadiumBethlehem, PA (rivalry) | W 21–0 | 6,000 |
| September 30 | at Case Tech* | | Shaw StadiumEast Cleveland, OH | W 21–0 | 3,000 |
| October 7 | at Bucknell* | | Memorial StadiumLewisburg, PA | W 27–20 | 5,500 |
| October 14 | Gettysburg* | | Taylor StadiumBethlehem, PA | W 49–6 | 7,500 |
| October 21 | at Dartmouth* | | Memorial StadiumHanover, NH | W 16–6 | 12,350 |
| October 28 | Rutgers | | Taylor StadiumBethlehem, PA | W 21–14 | 12,000 |
| November 4 | Muhlenberg* | | Taylor StadiumBethlehem, PA | W 42–18 | 10,000 |
| November 11 | Carnegie Tech* | No. 20 | Taylor StadiumBethlehem, PA | W 66–13 | 12,000 |
| November 18 | at Lafayette | | Fisher FieldEaston, PA (The Rivalry) | W 38–0 | 20,000 |
| *Non-conference gameRankings from AP Poll released prior to the game |||||||