# Eastern Kentucky Coalfield

The Eastern Kentucky Coalfield is part of the Central Appalachian bituminous coalfield, including all or parts of 30 Kentucky counties and adjoining areas in Ohio, West Virginia, Virginia, and Tennessee. It covers an area from the Allegheny Mountains in the east across the Cumberland Plateau to the Pottsville Escarpment in the west. The region is known for its coal mining; most family farms in the region have disappeared since the introduction of surface mining in the 1940s and 1950s.
The Daniel Boone National Forest is located on rough but beautiful terrain along and east of the Pottsville Escarpment. There are many natural arches and sandstone cliffs that are excellent for rock climbing and rappeling. The Red River Gorge, part of the National Forest, is known worldwide in rock climbing circles.
The Sheltowee Trace Trail runs 260–270 mi (420–430 km) north and south, through the region.
During the American Civil War most of this region leaned toward the Union due to its makeup at the time of mostly small farmers, but more than 2,000 men from this area formed the 5th. Kentucky Vol. Inf., known as the Army of Eastern Kentucky, under Gen. Humphrey Marshall, C.S.A. During the Great Depression, New Deal programs and the organizing of the United Mine Workers of America made many of the eastern counties Democratic.
Eastern Kentucky has a rich musical heritage. Many nationally acclaimed country music singers and musicians are from the area. These include: Loretta Lynn, Crystal Gayle, The Judds, Ricky Skaggs, Keith Whitley, Patty Loveless, Dwight Yoakam, Tom T. Hall, Billy Ray Cyrus, Jean Ritchie, Sturgill Simpson, Tyler Childers, Chris Stapleton, and George S. Davis.
As of the 1980s, the only counties in the United States where over half of the population cited "English" as their only ancestry group were in the hills of eastern Kentucky (and made up nearly every county in this region). In the 1980 census, 1,267,079 Kentuckians out of a total population of 2,554,359 cited that they were of English ancestry, making them 49 percent of the state at that time. Large numbers of people of Scottish and Irish ancestry settled the area as well.

## Geography

The Eastern Kentucky Coalfield covers 31 counties with a combined land area of 13,370 sq mi (34,628 km$^2$), or about 33.1 percent of the state's land area. Its 2000 census population was 734,194 inhabitants, or about 18.2 percent of the state's population. The largest city, Ashland, has a population of 21,981. Other cities of significance in the region include Pikeville, London, and Middlesboro. The state's highest point, Black Mountain, is located in the southeastern part of the region in Harlan County.

### Counties

| County | FIPS code | County seat | Established | Origin | Etymology | Population | Area |
| Bell County | 013 | Pineville | 1867 | Harlan County and Knox County | Joshua Fry Bell, Kentucky legislator (1862–1867) | 30,060 | 361 sq mi (935 km$^2$) |
| Boyd County | 019 | Catlettsburg | 1860 | Greenup County, Carter County and Lawrence County | Linn Boyd, United States Congressman (1835–1837; 1839–1855) and Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky (1859) | 49,752 | 160 sq mi (414 km$^2$) |
| Breathitt County | 025 | Jackson | 1839 | Clay County, Perry County and Estill County | John Breathitt, Governor of Kentucky (1832–1834) | 16,100 | 495 sq mi (1,282 km$^2$) |
| Carter County | 043 | Grayson | 1838 | Greenup County and Lawrence County | William Grayson Carter, Kentucky state senator (1834–1838) | 26,889 | 411 sq mi (1,064 km$^2$) |
| Clay County | 051 | Manchester | 1807 | Madison County, Floyd County, and Knox County | Green Clay (1757–1828), military general and surveyor | 24,556 | 471 sq mi (1,220 km$^2$) |
| Elliott County | 063 | Sandy Hook | 1869 | Morgan County, Lawrence County, and Carter County | John Lisle Elliott or John Milton Elliott (1820–1885), legislators | 6,748 | 234 sq mi (606 km$^2$) |
| Floyd County | 071 | Prestonsburg | 1800 | Fleming County, Montgomery County, and Mason County | John Floyd (1750–1783), surveyor and pioneer | 42,441 | 394 sq mi (1,020 km$^2$) |
| Greenup County | 089 | Greenup | 1803 | Mason County | Christopher Greenup, Governor of Kentucky (1804–1808) | 36,891 | 346 sq mi (896 km$^2$) |
| Harlan County | 095 | Harlan | 1819 | Knox County | Silas Harlan (1753–1782), soldier in the Battle of Blue Licks | 33,202 | 467 sq mi (1,210 km$^2$) |
| Jackson County | 109 | McKee | 1858 | Madison County, Estill County, Owsley County, Clay County, Laurel County, and Rockcastle County | Andrew Jackson, President of the United States (1829–1837) | 13,495 | 346 sq mi (896 km$^2$) |
| Johnson County | 115 | Paintsville | 1843 | Floyd County, Lawrence County, and Morgan County | Richard Mentor Johnson, Vice President of the United States (1837–1841) | 23,445 | 262 sq mi (679 km$^2$) |
| Knott County | 119 | Hindman | 1884 | Perry County, Letcher County, Floyd County, and Breathitt County | James Proctor Knott, Governor of Kentucky (1883–1887) | 17,649 | 352 sq mi (912 km$^2$) |
| Knox County | 121 | Barbourville | 1799 | Lincoln County | Henry Knox, United States Secretary of War (1785–1794) | 31,795 | 388 sq mi (1,005 km$^2$) |
| Laurel County | 125 | London | 1825 | Rockcastle County, Clay County, Knox County and Whitley County | Mountain laurel trees that are prominent in the area | 52,715 | 436 sq mi (1,129 km$^2$) |
| Lawrence County | 127 | Louisa | 1821 | Greenup County and Floyd County | James Lawrence (1781–1813), naval commander during the War of 1812 | 15,569 | 419 sq mi (1,085 km$^2$) |
| Lee County | 129 | Beattyville | 1870 | Breathitt County, Estill County, Owsley County, and Wolfe County | Robert E. Lee (1807–1870), Confederate general or Lee County, Virginia | 7,916 | 210 sq mi (544 km$^2$) |
| Leslie County | 131 | Hyden | 1878 | Clay County, Harlan County and Perry County | Preston Leslie, Governor of Kentucky (1871–1875) | 12,401 | 404 sq mi (1,046 km$^2$) |
| Letcher County | 133 | Whitesburg | 1842 | Perry County and Harlan County | Robert P. Letcher, Governor of Kentucky (1840–1844) | 25,277 | 339 sq mi (878 km$^2$) |
| Magoffin County | 153 | Salyersville | 1860 | Floyd County, Johnson County and Morgan County | Beriah Magoffin, Governor of Kentucky (1859–1862) | 13,332 | 310 sq mi (803 km$^2$) |
| Martin County | 159 | Inez | 1870 | Floyd County, Johnson County, Pike County, and Lawrence County | John P. Martin, United States Congressman (1845–1847) | 12,578 | 231 sq mi (598 km$^2$) |
| McCreary County | 147 | Whitley City | 1912 | Pulaski County, Wayne County and Whitley County | James McCreary, Governor of Kentucky (1912–1916) | 17,080 | 428 sq mi (1,109 km$^2$) |
| Morgan County | 175 | West Liberty | 1822 | Bath County and Floyd County | Daniel Morgan (1736–1802), Revolutionary War general | 13,948 | 381 sq mi (987 km$^2$) |
| Owsley County | 189 | Booneville | 1843 | Breathitt County, Clay County, and Estill County | William Owsley, Governor of Kentucky (1844–1848) | 4,858 | 198 sq mi (513 km$^2$) |
| Perry County | 193 | Hazard | 1820 | Floyd County and Clay County | Oliver Hazard Perry (1785–1819), Admiral in the War of 1812 | 29,390 | 342 sq mi (886 km$^2$) |
| Pike County | 195 | Pikeville | 1821 | Floyd County | Zebulon Pike (1779–1813), discoverer of Pike's Peak | 68,736 | 788 sq mi (2,041 km$^2$) |
| Whitley County | 235 | Williamsburg | 1818 | Knox County | William Whitley (1749–1813), Kentucky pioneer | 35,865 | 440 sq mi (1,140 km$^2$) |
| Wolfe County | 237 | Campton | 1860 | Breathitt County, Owsley County, and Powell County | Nathaniel Wolfe (1808–1865), member of the Kentucky General Assembly | 7,065 | 223 sq mi (578 km$^2$) |

### Major cities

The following list consists of Eastern Kentucky cities with populations over 4,000 according to the 2020 United States Census:
| Rank | City | Population in 2020 | County |
| 1 | Ashland | 21,625 | Boyd |
| 2 | Middlesboro | 9,405 | Bell |
| 3 | Corbin | 7,856 | Whitley and Knox |
| 4 | Pikeville | 7,754 | Pike |
| 5 | London | 7,572 | Laurel |
| 6 | Mount Sterling | 7,558 | Montgomery |
| 7 | Flatwoods | 7,325 | Greenup |
| 8 | Morehead | 7,151 | Rowan |
| 9 | Williamsburg | 5,326 | Whitley |
| 10 | Hazard | 5,263 | Perry |
| 11 | Paintsville | 4,312 | Johnson |

## Protected areas
### Historical parks

* Cumberland Gap National Historical Park (part)
* Dr. Thomas Walker State Historic Site

### State resort parks

* Buckhorn Lake State Resort Park
* Carter Caves State Resort Park
* Cumberland Falls State Resort Park
* Greenbo Lake State Resort Park
* Jenny Wiley State Resort Park
* Natural Bridge State Resort Park
* Pine Mountain State Resort Park

### State recreational parks

* Carr Creek State Park
* Dawkins Line Rail Trail
* Fishtrap Lake State Park
* Grayson Lake State Park
* Kingdom Come State Park
* Levi Jackson Wilderness Road State Park
* Paintsville Lake State Park
* Pine Mountain State Scenic Trail
* Yatesville Lake State Park

### Other

* Big South Fork National River and Recreation Area (part)
* Breaks Interstate Park (part)

## Economy

The region's economy is centered around the natural resources available, which includes coal, timber, natural gas, and oil. Recently, tourism has become a leading industry in the region, due to the region's cultural history and the creation of state parks.
Calgon Carbon constructed the Big Sandy Plant near Ashland in 1961 and it has since become the world's largest producer of granular activated carbon. The facility produces over 100 million pounds of granular activated carbon annually.

### Persistent poverty

Most of the counties in the Eastern Kentucky Coalfield are classified as "persistent poverty counties". The definition of a persistent poverty county by the Economic Research Service of the United States Department of Agriculture is that 20 percent or more of the total county population has been living in poverty since the 1980 census.
A June 2014 article in The New York Times identified six counties in the Kentucky Coal Field as among the "hardest places to live in the United States." The lowest-ranking counties were Breathitt, Clay, Jackson, Lee, Leslie, and Magoffin. They ranked among the bottom ten counties nationwide. The factors which accounted for the low ranking of those six counties were unemployment, prevalence of disabilities, obesity, income, and education. The Times declared Clay County the hardest place to live in the U.S.

### Appalachian Regional Commission

The Appalachian Regional Commission was formed in 1965 to aid economic development in the Appalachian region, which was lagging far behind the rest of the nation on most economic indicators. The Appalachian region currently defined by the Commission includes 420 counties in 13 states, including all counties in Kentucky's Eastern Coalfield. The Commission gives each county one of five possible economic designations—distressed, at-risk, transitional, competitive, or attainment—with "distressed" counties being the most economically endangered and "attainment" counties being the most economically prosperous. These designations are based primarily on three indicators—three-year average unemployment rate, market income per capita, and poverty rate.
From 2012 to 2014, "Appalachian" Kentucky—which includes all of the Eastern Coalfield and several counties in South Central Kentucky and a few in the eastern part of the Bluegrass region—had a three-year average unemployment rate of 9.8%, compared with 7.6% statewide and 7.2% nationwide. In 2014, Appalachian Kentucky had a per capita market income of $18,889, compared with $28,332 statewide and $38,117 nationwide. From 2010 to 2014, Appalachian Kentucky had an average poverty rate of 25.4%—the highest of any of the ARC regions—, compared to 18.9% statewide and 15.6% nationwide. Twenty-five Eastern Mountain Coal Field counties—Bell, Breathitt, Carter, Clay, Elliott, Floyd, Harlan, Jackson, Johnson, Knott, Knox, Lawrence, Lee, Leslie, Letcher, Magoffin, Martin, McCreary, Menifee, Morgan, Owsley, Powell, Rowan, Whitley, and Wolfe—were designated "distressed," while four – Laurel, Montgomery, Perry, and Pike – were designated "at-risk." Two Eastern Coalfield counties were designated "transitional" — Boyd and Greenup. No counties in the Eastern Coalfields region were given the "attainment" designation or were designated "competitive."
The following table illustrates the economic status of each county.
| County | Population (2010) | Unemployment Rate (2012–14) | Per Capita Market Income (2014) | Poverty Rate (2010–14) | Status (2017) |
| Bell | 28,691 | 11.9% | $14,644 | 32.7% | Distressed |
| Boyd | 49,542 | 8.6% | $24,337 | 19.1% | Transitional |
| Breathitt | 13,878 | 13.7% | $14,386 | 31.5% | Distressed |
| Carter | 27,720 | 12.0% | $18,014 | 18.7% | Distressed |
| Clay | 21,730 | 13.3% | $11,531 | 35.7% | Distressed |
| Elliott | 7,852 | 13.5% | $10,529 | 39.6% | Distressed |
| Floyd | 39,451 | 11.7% | $18,473 | 29.5% | Distressed |
| Greenup | 36,910 | 9.3% | $23,879 | 18.0% | Transitional |
| Harlan | 29,278 | 15.4% | $13,620 | 32.1% | Distressed |
| Jackson | 13,494 | 15.4% | $13,496 | 31.7% | Distressed |
| Johnson | 23,356 | 10.1% | $19,008 | 25.3% | Distressed |
| Knott | 16,346 | 13.5% | $14,271 | 26.5% | Distressed |
| Knox | 31,883 | 11.9% | $15,549 | 33.8% | Distressed |
| Laurel | 58,849 | 9.2% | $21,051 | 23.3% | At-Risk |
| Lawrence | 15,860 | 10.5% | $15,399 | 23.5% | Distressed |
| Lee | 7,887 | 11.7% | $11,750 | 33.4% | Distressed |
| Leslie | 11,310 | 15.0% | $15,357 | 23.9% | Distressed |
| Letcher | 24,519 | 14.2% | $15,955 | 24.5% | Distressed |
| Magoffin | 13,333 | 16.3% | $11,139 | 26.8% | Distressed |
| Martin | 12,929 | 9.4% | $14,826 | 33.9% | Distressed |
| McCreary | 18,306 | 12.4% | $9,763 | 37.7% | Distressed |
| Menifee | 6,306 | 11.2% | $15,656 | 28.8% | Distressed |
| Montgomery | 26,499 | 8.2% | $23,093 | 25.2% | At-Risk |
| Morgan | 13,923 | 10.3% | $13,451 | 29.7% | Distressed |
| Owsley | 4,755 | 11.9% | $10,528 | 39.2% | Distressed |
| Perry | 28,712 | 12.3% | $20,131 | 26.6% | Distressed |
| Pike | 68,736 | 10.6% | $21,285 | 24.1% | At-Risk |
| Powell | 12,613 | 10.1% | $18,403 | 27.5% | Distressed |
| Rowan | 23,333 | 7.8% | $18,642 | 26.0% | At-Risk |
| Whitley | 35,637 | 10.0% | $17,321 | 24.1% | Distressed |
| Wolfe | 7,355 | 13.3% | $10,532 | 44.3% | Distressed |

## Health

Most of the counties in the Eastern Kentucky Coalfield rank in the lowest ten percent of U.S. counties in average life expectancy. Both men and women have average life spans that are several years less than the average life span in the United States. Moreover, many counties have seen a decline in the life expectancy of men and/or women since 1985. Average life expectancy in some counties is as low as 70 years as compared with the life expectancy of some counties in the U.S. of more than 80 years. Factors influencing the health of residents include a high prevalence of smoking and obesity and a low level of physical activity.

## Post-secondary education
### Public universities

* Morehead State University
Contrary to what its name suggests, Eastern Kentucky University is actually located outside of the Eastern Coalfield, in the Bluegrass-region city of Richmond.

### Private colleges and universities

* Alice Lloyd College
* Clear Creek Baptist Bible College
* Frontier Nursing University
* Kentucky Christian University
* Kentucky Mountain Bible College
* University of Pikeville
* Union College
* University of the Cumberlands

### Community and technical colleges

* Ashland Community and Technical College
* Big Sandy Community and Technical College
* Hazard Community and Technical College
* Southeast Kentucky Community and Technical College

## Political climate

As a whole, East Kentucky was long a Democratic stronghold, similar to Appalachia as a whole. The only two counties in the state to vote against Mitch McConnell in each of his six senatorial campaigns through 2020 have been Wolfe and Elliott Counties, both in East Kentucky. However, the region has swung dramatically to the right recently, similar to neighboring West Virginia. In 2004, eleven counties in East Kentucky supported Democratic candidate John Kerry, and in 2008, even as the nation as a whole shifted Democratic, the number of East Kentucky counties supporting Democratic candidate Barack Obama fell to just four, and in 2012 fell to just one. Every county in East Kentucky supported Donald Trump in both 2016 and 2020 with at least 50% of the vote. In fact, each of the three most Republican counties in Kentucky (in terms of vote proportion) were all in East Kentucky (namely Leslie, Jackson and Martin Counties). Each gave less than a tenth of their vote to Hillary Clinton, the Democratic candidate.
Elliott County, Kentucky, serves as a good representation of the political transformation throughout the region. The county had the longest streak in the nation of any county voting Democratic, but has shifted hard to the right in recent elections. The county went from giving Democrat Barack Obama more than 60% of the vote in 2008 to giving Republican Donald Trump more than 70% of the vote just eight years later. Despite this, Democrats continue to do well in local elections, and the party maintains an overwhelming advantage in party registration. Much of this area is represented by Kentucky's 5th congressional district represented by 22-term congressman Hal Rogers, who also serves as the Dean of the United States House of Representatives.
United States presidential election results for Eastern Kentucky Coalfields :
| Year | Republican | Republican | Democratic | Democratic | Third party(ies) | Third party(ies) |
| Year | No. | % | No. | % | No. | % |
| 2020 | 213,841 | 79.19% | 53,122 | 19.67% | 3,060 | 1.13% |
| 2016 | 197,957 | 78.45% | 46,870 | 18.57% | 7,508 | 2.98% |
| 2020 | 1 | 33.33% | 1 | 33.33% | 1 | 33.33% |

## Notable residents

* Hylo Brown, bluegrass and country music singer, born in River.
* June Buchanan (1887–1988), educator who worked with Alice Spencer Geddes Lloyd (see below). Co-founder of Caney Junior College, now Alice Lloyd College. Lived in Knott County from 1919 until her death.
* Tyler Childers, a country, bluegrass, and folk musician from Paintsville, Kentucky.
* Earle Combs (1899–1976), Hall of Fame MLB center fielder for the New York Yankees. Born in Pebworth, a community in Owsley County.
* Tim Couch, former NFL quarterback. Born and raised in Hyden.
* Billy Ray Cyrus (born 1961), American country music singer, songwriter and actor. Born in Flatwoods.
* Richie Farmer (born 1969), basketball standout for the University of Kentucky and politician (Kentucky Commissioner of Agriculture, 2003–2011). Born and raised in Manchester.
* Jim Ford, singer-songwriter, born in Johnson County.
* Mary Elliott Flanery, first woman elected to a state legislature south of the Mason–Dixon line.
* Crystal Gayle, country singer and younger sister of Loretta Lynn; both raised in Van Lear.
* Eula Hall, Founder of the Mud Creek Clinic.
* Roscoe Holcomb, American musician who lived the majority of his life in Daisy.
* Silas House (born 1971), author. Born and raised in Laurel County; also lived in Leslie County during his childhood.
* The Judds, a country music duo of mother Naomi (born 1946) and daughter Wynonna (born 1964). Born in Ashland.
* Ashley Judd (born 1968), actress; daughter of Naomi Judd and half-sister of Wynonna Judd. Born in Ashland.
* Alice Spencer Geddes Lloyd (1876–1962), social reformer who founded 100 elementary schools in the region as well as co-founding the college that now bears her name. Lived in Knott County from 1915 until her death.
* Patty Loveless, country music singer. Born in Pikeville.
* Loretta Lynn, country singer, raised in Van Lear.
* John Pelphrey (born 1968), basketball standout for the University of Kentucky (and teammate of Farmer); former head basketball coach at the University of Arkansas, and current assistant at the University of Florida. Born in Paintsville.
* Francis Gary Powers (August 17, 1929 – August 1, 1977) was an American pilot whose CIA U-2 spy plane was shot down while over the Soviet Union, causing the 1960 U-2 incident. Born in Jenkins.
* Venus Ramey, Miss America, 1944. Born in Ashland.
* Jeff Sheppard (born 1974), University of Kentucky basketball star (1998 NCAA Tournament Most Outstanding Player) and former player in the NBA and several European leagues. Has lived in London since he retired from play.
* Benjamin F. Stapleton, Mayor of Denver, Colorado between (1923–1931) and (1935–1947). Born in Paintsville.
* Gary Stewart, Country music singer and musician, 1944–2003, born in Jenkins.
* Jesse Stuart, author and former poet laureate of Kentucky
* Dwight Yoakam (born 1956), singer-songwriter, actor and film director. Born in Pikeville.
* Sturgill Simpson, outlaw country music singer-songwriter born in Jackson in 1978