OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# James R. Partridge

James Rudolph Partridge (October 26, 1823 – February 24, 1884) was a diplomat and politician who served in a variety of positions, including as a Maryland State Delegate, Secretary of State of Maryland, Minister Resident to Honduras and United States Ambassador to Brazil.

## Early life and education

Partridge was born in Maryland in 1823. He graduated from Harvard University in 1841 and received masters and law degrees from Harvard in 1843. After graduation, Partridge practiced law in Baltimore and served on a federal commission appointed to resolve Mexican War claims.

## Political life

Partridge was elected to the Maryland House of Delegates in 1856, serving as the chairman of its judiciary committee. He was appointed Maryland Secretary of State two years later by the newly-elected Governor of Maryland Thomas H. Hicks. He served in the role from 1858 until 1861.
In 1862, Partridge was appointed by President Abraham Lincoln to serve as the first foreign minister to Honduras, a post he held from April 25, 1862 until November 14, 1862. Partridge later served as the first U.S. foreign minister to El Salvador from June 15, 1863 to March 22, 1866, and as foreign minister to Venezuela from July 8, 1869 to May 9, 1870. Partridge was one of the individuals responsible for establishing diplomatic relations with El Salvador, and supervised the opening of the U.S. Embassy in San Salvador.
In 1871, Partridge was appointed by President Ulysses S. Grant to the role of U.S. Ambassador to Brazil. He served in the post for nearly six years, from July 31, 1871 to June 11, 1877. During that time, Partridge retained a residence in Washington, D.C.
In April 1882, Partridge was appointed as a foreign minister to Peru after the sudden death of Stephen A. Hurlbut. He took the oath of office and proceeded to the post, but did not present credentials. He was recalled after trying to coordinate the intervention of European diplomats in a war between Peru and Chile, which the Arthur administration said was unauthorized and a violation of the Monroe Doctrine. He left Peru in March 1883.
He was later named for a post as a foreign minister to Nicaragua, but his nomination was withdrawn from the United States Senate for consideration.

## Death

In the last year of his life, Partridge sailed for Europe, traveled to France, Malta and the Holy Land, and resided for a brief period in Spain. Depressed over the deaths of his wife and children which had occurred over several years, he committed suicide in Alicante on February 24, 1884.
# Middlebury Township, Michigan

Middlebury Township is a civil township of Shiawassee County in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2020 census, the township population was 1,529.
The township is located about 5 miles (8.0 km) west of the city of Owosso. The village of Ovid had a very small portion within Middlebury Township until Ovid incorporated as an autonomous city in 2015. M-21 passes east–west through the center of the township.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 24.84 square miles (64.34 km$^2$), of which 24.76 square miles (64.13 km$^2$) is land and 0.08 square miles (0.21 km$^2$) (0.32%) is water.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,491 people, 565 households, and 431 families residing in the township. The population density was 60.3 inhabitants per square mile (23.3/km$^2$). There were 600 housing units at an average density of 24.3 per square mile (9.4/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the township was 98.26% White, 0.27% African American, 0.20% Native American, 0.20% Asian, 0.40% from other races, and 0.67% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.41% of the population.
There were 565 households, out of which 35.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.9% were married couples living together, 7.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.7% were non-families. 19.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 3.01.
In the township the population was spread out, with 26.0% under the age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 30.1% from 25 to 44, 25.2% from 45 to 64, and 11.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 104.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105.0 males.
The median income for a household in the township was $45,313, and the median income for a family was $50,595. Males had a median income of $37,989 versus $23,929 for females. The per capita income for the township was $18,398. About 1.4% of families and 2.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.6% of those under age 18 and 1.3% of those age 65 or over.

## Highways

* M-21
# IWF Arab Championships

The IWF Arab Championships Is an annual Olympic Weightlifting competition held in different countries each year. The championships are organized by the Arabic Weightlifting Association and includes participation of 19 countries.

## Host Countries

| Year | Location |
| 2018 | Cairo, Egypt |
| 2019 | Amman, Jordan |
| 2023 | Damascus, Syria |
# Silwerboomkloof Natural Heritage Site

Silwerboomkloof Natural Heritage Site is a small, protected valley (“kloof”), near the Helderberg Nature Reserve, in Somerset West, South Africa.
The name Silwerboomkloof means “Valley of the Silvertrees”. The rare Silvertree (Leucadendron argenteum) is a striking, silver-coloured tree of the Protea family, and this reserve conserves a forest of them. The iconic Silvertree is actually indigenous to the eastern slopes of Table Mountain, making the population at Silwerboomkloof a bit of an isolated anomaly. This 4.9-hectare (12-acre) reserve encloses a section of “Granite Fynbos” and “Renosterveld” and a total of around 220 species of plant have been recorded.
* The shiny silver foliage of the rare "Silvertree" protea.
* A Silvertree growing on the slopes of Silwerboomkloof.
# Omicron Coronae Borealis

Omicron Coronae Borealis, Latinized from o Coronae Borealis, is a star in the northern constellation of Corona Borealis. It is a faint star but visible to the naked eye on a dark night with an apparent visual magnitude of +5.53. The annual parallax shift of the star as seen from Earth is 12.08 mas, which provides a distance estimate of around 270 light years. It is moving closer to the Sun with a radial velocity of −54 km/s.
Based upon the spectrum of this star, it has a stellar classification of K0 III. This indicates this is an evolved K-type giant star that has exhausted the hydrogen at its core and has left the main sequence. This is a red clump star, which means it is now generating energy through helium fusion at its core. It has 107% of the mass of the Sun and has expanded to over ten times the Sun's radius. The star is radiating 50 times the Sun's luminosity from its expanded photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,812 K.

## Planetary system

Omicron Coronae Borealis has one confirmed planet, believed to be, along with HD 100655 b, one of the two least massive planets known around red clump giants. The planet was detected by measuring changes in radial velocity of the host star caused by gravitational perturbation of the orbiting object. It is orbiting with a period of 188 days, at a semimajor axis 83% of the mean separation between the Earth and the Sun, and an eccentricity of 0.19.
The Omicron Coronae Borealis planetary system :
| Companion (in order from star) | Mass | Semimajor axis (AU) | Orbital period (days) | Eccentricity | Inclination | Radius |
| b | >1.5 M$_J$ | 0.83 | 187.83 ± 0.54 | 0.191 ± 0.085 | — | — |
# List of city flags in South America

This page lists the city flags in South America. It is a part of the Lists of city flags, which is split into continents due to its size.

## Argentina

* Bahía Blanca
* Buenos Aires
* Córdoba
* Corrientes
* La Plata (proposed)
* Mar de Plata
* Neuquén
* Paraná
* Pilar
* Posadas
* Rawson
* Resistencia
* Río Gallegos
* Rosario
* San Fernando del Valle de Catamarca
* Santiago del Estero

## Bolivia

* Anzaldo
* Aranjuez
* Atocha
* Caracollo
* Cobija
* Cochabamba
* Cotoca
* El Alto
* El Torno
* La Paz
* Montero
* Oruro
* Pailón
* Portachuelo
* Potosí
* Puerto Suárez
* Punata
* Robore
* Rurrenabaque
* San Borja
* San Ignacio de Velasco
* San José de Chiquitos
* San Julián
* Santa Cruz de la Sierra
* Sucre
* Tarija
* Trinidad
* Tupiza
* Uyuni
* Vallegrande
* Villazón
* Warnes
* Yacuiba

## Brazil

* Aracaju
* Belém
* Belo Horizonte
* Boa Vista
* Brasília
* Campinas
* Campo Grande
* Cuiabá
* Curitiba
* Florianópolis
* Fortaleza
* Goiânia
* Guarulhos
* João Pessoa
* Joinville
* Macapá
* Maceió
* Manaus
* Natal
* Palmas
* Porto Alegre
* Porto Velho
* Recife
* Rio Branco
* Rio de Janeiro (details)
* Salvador
* São Gonçalo
* São Luís
* São Paulo
* Serra
* Teresina
* Vitória

## French Guiana

* Cayenne

## Guyana

* Georgetown

## Paraguay

* Areguá
* Asunción
* Caacupé
* Caaguazú
* Caazapá
* Carmen del Paraná
* Caraguatay
* Ciudad del Este
* Concepción
* Coronel Oviedo
* Encarnación
* Fernando de la Mora
* General Artigas
* Hernandarias District
* Hohenau
* Lambaré
* Luque
* Mariano Roque Alonso
* Ñemby
* Paraguarí
* Pedro Juan Caballero
* Pilar
* Salto del Guairá
* San Bernardino
* San Cosme y Damián
* San Ignacio
* San Juan Bautista
* San Lorenzo
* San Pedro de Ycuamandiyú
* Villarrica

## Peru

* Abancay
* Andahuaylas
* Arequipa
* Asankaru
* Ascope
* Ayabaca
* Ayacucho
* Bagua Grande
* Barranca
* Cajabamba
* Cajamarca
* Callao
* Catacaos
* Celendín
* Cerro de Pasco
* Chachapoyas
* Chancay
* Chepén
* Chiclayo
* Chimbote
* Chincha Alta
* Chivay
* Chulucanas
* Cusco (details)
* Guadalupe
* Huacho
* Huamachuco
* Huancavelica
* Huancayo
* Huánuco
* Huaral
* Huaraz
* Huanta
* Ica
* Ilave
* Ilo
* Iquitos
* Jaén
* Juliaca
* La Rinconada
* Lamas
* Lambayeque
* Laredo
* Lima (details)
* Lurigancho-Chosica
* Macusani
* Máncora
* Mollendo
* Moquegua
* Moyobamba
* Nuevo Chimbote District
* Ollantaytambo
* Oxapampa
* Paita
* Pisco
* Piura
* Pucallpa
* Puno
* San Bartolo District
* San Ignacio
* San Isidro District
* San Pedro de Lloc
* San Vicente de Cañete
* Santiago de Chuco
* Saposoa
* Sechura
* Sicaya
* Sullana
* Tacna
* Tarapoto
* Tarma
* Tingo María
* Trujillo
* Tumbes
* Yungay
* Yurimaguas

### Historical

* Cusco (1973-2021)

## Uruguay

* Carmelo
* Chuy
* Maldonado
* Nueva Helvecia
* Vergara
# Deborah Kotulich

Deborah Louise Kotulich is a United States Army major general who has served as the deputy chief of Army Reserve since January 2024. She most recently served as director of the Army Recruiting and Retention Task Force from October 2022 to December 2023. She served as the chief of staff of The Naming Commission from November 2021 to its dissolution in October 2022, and as chief of staff of the United States Transportation Command from 2019 to 2021. Previously, she served as commander of the 143rd Sustainment Command (Expeditionary).
Kotulich is a 1990 graduate of the United States Military Academy with a Bachelor of Science degree in engineering. She later earned a Master of Science degree in national resource strategy from the Eisenhower School at the National Defense University.
# Juan José Mieza

Juan José Mieza Goiri (10 February 1915 – 12 December 1999) was a Spanish footballer who played as a defender for Athletic Bilbao, Barakaldo, and Real Murcia in the 1930s and 1940s. He also played two matches for the Spanish national team in 1941.

## Playing career
### Club career

Born in the Biscayan town of Barakaldo on 10 February 1915, Mieza began his football career as an amateur in Club Zaballa in 1934, before having brief stints at Unión de San Vicente and Irrintzi, until finally becoming a professional at Athletic Bilbao. He made his senior debut for Bilbao on 11 March 1935, in a Biscay Championship match against Osasuna, which ended in a 1–5 loss. He then had to wait a year to make his La Liga on 15 March 1936, which ended in a 1–1 draw with Valencia. He went on to play three league matches as Bilbao won the 1935–36 La Liga title, which was the last before the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War.
At the end of the War, Mieza was loaned for a year to Barakaldo CF, before returning to Athletic for the 1940–41 season. Together with Raimundo Lezama, Agustín Gaínza, and Telmo Zarra, he was a member of the Bilbao team of Juan Urquizu that won the 1942–43 La Liga, along with two Copa del Rey titles in 1943 and 1945, helping his side to keep a clean-sheet in the 1943 final as Bilbao defeated Real Madrid by the score of 1–0 after extra-time, and then starting in the 1945 final as his side achieved a 3–2 win over Valencia. He stayed loyal to the club for six years, until 1947, playing a total of 110 official matches, but failing to score a single goal.
Mieza then played his last seasons of football at Real Murcia, where he retired in 1949, at the age of 34. In total, he played 98 matches in the Spanish first division.

### International career

Mieza earned both of his international caps for Spain in 1941, in friendly matches against Portugal, the first in Lisbon, which ended in a 2–2 draw, and then in Bilbao, helping his side to a 5–1 win.

## Death

Mieza died in Castro Urdiales on 12 December 1999, at the age of 84.

## Honours
### Athletic Bilbao

* La Liga:
** Champions (2): 1935–36 and 1942–43
* Copa del Rey:
** Champions (2): 1943 and 1945
# Elkville, Illinois

Elkville is a village in Jackson County, Illinois, United States. The population was 838 at the 2020 census.

## History

The village was named for the elk which frequented mineral licks near the original town site. Harmon P. Burroughs (1846–1907), farmer and Illinois state representative, lived in Elkville.

## Geography

Elkville is located in northeastern Jackson County at 37°54′39″N 89°14′7″W﻿ / ﻿37.91083°N 89.23528°W﻿ / 37.91083; -89.23528 (37.910851, −89.235198). U.S. Route 51 runs through the center of the village, leading north 7 miles (11 km) to Du Quoin and south the same distance to De Soto. Carbondale is 13 miles (21 km) south of Elkville via US-51.
According to the 2021 census gazetteer files, Elkville has a total area of 0.77 square miles (1.99 km$^2$), of which 0.77 square miles (1.99 km$^2$) (or 99.35%) is land and 0.01 square miles (0.03 km$^2$) (or 0.65%) is water.

## Demographics

As of the 2020 census there were 838 people, 351 households, and 213 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,085.49 inhabitants per square mile (419.11/km$^2$). There were 404 housing units at an average density of 523.32 per square mile (202.05/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the village was 87.59% White, 3.22% African American, 0.24% Native American, 0.00% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 1.07% from other races, and 7.88% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.74% of the population.
There were 351 households, out of which 24.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.86% were married couples living together, 8.55% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.32% were non-families. 34.76% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.81% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.96 and the average family size was 2.27.
The village's age distribution consisted of 24.0% under the age of 18, 6.0% from 18 to 24, 16.6% from 25 to 44, 29.3% from 45 to 64, and 24.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 46.0 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.2 males.
The median income for a household in the village was $40,063, and the median income for a family was $41,875. Males had a median income of $35,139 versus $22,000 for females. The per capita income for the village was $22,013. About 17.8% of families and 19.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 34.6% of those under age 18 and 6.3% of those age 65 or over.

## Education

* Elverado CUSD No. 196
# Neomugicha incident

The Neomugicha incident (ネオむぎ茶事件, Neomugicha jiken), also known as the Nishi-Tetsu busjacking incident (西鉄バスジャック事件, Nishi-Tetsu basujakku jiken) is the name given to the hijacking of a Japanese bus by a user of the internet forum 2channel on May 3, 2000.

## Incident

An hour after posting a cryptic threat in a 2channel thread under the name "Neomugicha" (ネオむぎ茶; lit. 'Neo-Barley Tea'), an unnamed 17-year-old hijacked a bus managed by Nishi-Nippon Railroad in Dazaifu, Fukuoka at 1:35 p.m. Armed with a chef's knife, he stabbed one passenger to death and injured two.
The hijacking was reported by 2:47 p.m. by a 40 year old female passenger after she was able to escape from the bus.
The Special Assault Team's Osaka and Fukuoka teams stormed the hijacked bus and captured the teenager alive. The teenager was arrested under the Firearm and Sword Control Law and the Law for the Punishment of Extortion Involving Hostage-Taking. Due to the self-defense requirements as stipulated in the Law Concerning Execution of Duties of Police Officials, it took more than 15 hours for the hostage crisis to end.
The incident was resolved on May 4 at 5:03 a.m.

## Aftermath

In 2006, the suspect was officially released from a medical reformatory facility. This action led to calls to reform the Juvenile Act, which had been law since 1948.
The Hiroshima Prefectural Police established the Hostage Rescue Team in the Hiroshima Prefectural Police's Criminal Investigation Department as part of lessons learned from the incident.

### Copycat crimes

A poster named "Neoūroncha" (ネオ烏龍茶; lit. 'Neo-Oolong Tea') attempted to imitate "Neomugicha" by plotting to blow up the Odakyu Electric Railway in Japan and posting warnings about it on 2channel. Soon after the incident, however, the Japanese police were keeping a close eye on 2channel, so he was identified and arrested before his plan could be carried out. A poster called "Neobīru" (ネオビール; lit. 'Neo-Beer') also attempted to imitate the incident, planning a terrorist attack on a railway company, but he was also arrested.
# Parag Agrawal

Parag Agrawal (Hindi pronunciation:; born 21 May 1984) is an Indian-born American software engineer and businessman who was the CEO of Twitter, Inc. from November 2021 to October 2022.

## Early life and education

Agrawal was born in Ajmer, Rajasthan. His father was a senior official in the Indian Department of Atomic Energy and his mother is a retired Economics professor from Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute in Mumbai.
He completed his Secondary Schooling at Atomic Energy Central School No.4 and in 2001, he completed his HSC at Atomic Energy Junior College, Mumbai. In the same year, he secured a gold medal in the International Physics Olympiad held in Antalya, Turkey.
In 2005, Agrawal obtained his BTech degree in Computer Science and Engineering from IIT Bombay. That year, he moved to the United States to pursue a PhD in computer science at Stanford University under the guidance of Jennifer Widom. His Stanford doctoral thesis, published in 2012, is titled "Incorporating Uncertainty in Data Management and Integration".

## Career

Agrawal held research internships at Microsoft Research and Yahoo! Research before joining Twitter as a software engineer in 2011. In October 2017, Twitter announced the appointment of Agrawal as chief technology officer following the departure of Adam Messinger. In December 2019, Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey announced that Agrawal would be in charge of Project Bluesky, an initiative to develop a decentralized social network protocol.
In an interview discussing the rise of misinformation on Twitter with MIT Technology Review in November 2020, while still Twitter CTO, when asked about freedom of speech regarding Twitter, Agrawal said: "Our role is not to be bound by the First Amendment, but our role is to serve a healthy public conversation ... [and to] focus less on thinking about free speech, but thinking about how the times have changed."
On November 29, 2021, Dorsey announced that he was resigning as CEO of Twitter and that Agrawal was replacing him immediately. As CEO, Agrawal was awarded annual compensation of $1 million as well as stock compensation worth $12.5 million. Agrawal was fired as CEO once Elon Musk completed his acquisition of the company on October 27, 2022.
Post-Twitter, Agrawal founded an artificial intelligence startup aimed at developing software for large language models (LLMs). The company received $30 million in funding from Khosla Ventures, Index Ventures, and First Round Capital.

## Personal life

Agrawal is married to Vineeta Agarwala, general partner at the venture capital firm Andreessen Horowitz, where she focuses on investments in biotech and health tech. They have two children, and reside in San Francisco.
# Abdelilah Mohammed Hassan

Abdellilah Mohammed Hassan (Arabic: عَبْد الْإِلَه مُحَمَّد حَسَن; 1934 – 30 March 2022) was an Iraq football coach, who managed the Iraq national team on two occasions in 1968 and 1972. He died at the age of 90 on 30 March 2022 from a terminal illness

## Career

Born in the northern city of Mosul in 1934, Abdellilah enrolled at the Sports Training College in Baghdad in 1955 and later traveled to England, where he earned a widely recognised coaching certificate at Lilleshall with the likes of Adil Basher, Shawqi Aboud and Maan Al-Badry. In England, he also spent time looking at coaching methods, techniques and tactics at English clubs Sheffield United and Tottenham Hotspur while in 1974, he traveled to Germany where he spent time with European giants Bayern Munich.
During his career, he coached Mosul, Al-Farqa Al-Thalatha and also the Iraq national team, Olympic and army teams. In 1969, he coached the Palestinian national team and in season 1974–75, he coached Al-Tayaran now known as Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya to the first official Iraqi League. He wrote his first book, New Football in 1968 and second book in 1972 called Football Tactics.
He took over the Iraqi national team for the 1968 Olympic qualifiers in Bangkok, Thailand, where Iraq lost out to the hosts and also coached the team during their two-match tour of the Soviet Union in August, where Iraq lost 4–0 to Traktor Volgograd and beat a Georgia XI 2–0 in their second game in Tbilisi. He had a second spell as coach at the 1972 Asian Cup.