OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Edward Zuccaro

Edward Richard Zuccaro (February 5, 1943 – January 13, 2025) was an American politician from the state of Vermont. He served as a Republican member of the Vermont House of Representatives.

## Life and career

Zuccaro was born in New York City on February 5, 1943, the son of Edward Joseph and Malvina (née Broglio) Zuccaro. He grew up in Floral Park, New York, earned a B.S. in political science from the University of Vermont in 1964, and earned a J.D. from New York Law School in 1967. He married Carol Ann Bessette in 1967, and they had two children. He joined AROTC in college, and served in the U.S. Army for two years beginning in March 1968. In 1972, he co-founded a law firm, Zuccaro & Willis, where he would work until retiring in 2022. He represented St. Johnsbury, Vermont and several neighboring towns as town attorney for several decades.
In 1980, Zuccaro was elected to the Vermont House of Representatives. Following the 1982 elections, he challenged Robert Kinsey to be the Republican majority leader, but withdrew his candidacy, citing a desire to avoid party infighting. In January 1987, Zuccaro stood as the Republican candidate for speaker of the house, but he lost 63–87 to Democrat Ralph G. Wright despite Democrats holding a slimmer 76–74 majority. He retired from the house in the 1988 election.
Other positions Zuccaro filled included chairing the University of Vermont board of trustees, chairing the Vermont Judicial Nominating Board from 1986 to 1988, and sitting on the state's Professional Conduct Board for lawyers. He died at his St. Johnsbury home on January 13, 2025, at the age of 81, having battled prostate cancer for three years.
# 1640s in archaeology

The decade of the 1640s in archaeology involved some significant events.

## Explorations

* 1649: John Aubrey describes the megaliths at Avebury, England.

## Publications

* 1643: Athanasius Kircher, Lingua Aegyptiaca Restituta.
* 1646: John Greaves, Pyramidographia, or a Description of the Pyramids in Ægypt.

## Births

* 1646: April 4 - Antoine Galland (d. 1715).
* 1647: Jacques Spon, French doctor and archaeologist (d. 1685).
# 1660s in archaeology

The decade of the 1660s in archaeology involved some significant events.

## Finds

* 1661: Athanasius Kircher discovers the ruins of a church in Rome said to have been constructed by the Emperor Constantine on the site of Saint Eustace's vision (later reconstructed as the Santuario della Mentorella).
* 1667: The Capuan bust of Hannibal is found in Capua, Italy.
* 1669: One of a pair of gold sun-discs from ca. 2500–2150 BCE is found at Ballyshannon in Ireland.

## Events

* 1667: Henry Howard donates the first of the Arundel marbles to the University of Oxford (displayed in Ashmolean Museum).

## Births

* 1690: Edward Lhuyd, Welsh antiquary (d. 1709)

## Deaths

* 1661: Famiano Nardini, Italian archaeologist (b. c.1600)
# 1-(3-Chlorophenyl)-4-(2-phenylethyl)piperazine

1-(3-Chlorophenyl)-4-(2-phenylethyl)piperazine (3C-PEP) is a designer drug of the piperazine class of chemical substances. 3C-PEP is related to meta-cholorophenylpiperazine (mCPP) and phenethylamine that can be thought of as mCPP having a phenylethyl group attached to the nitrogen atom at its 4-position. It was first described in 1994 in a patent disclosing a series of piperazine compounds as sigma receptor ligands. Later, it was discovered to be a highly potent dopamine reuptake inhibitor.

## Pharmacology

3C-PEP is one of the most potent dopamine transporter (DAT) ligand reported to date. It is highly selective for the dopamine transporter (dissociation constant K$_i$ = 0.04 nM) with relatively low affinity for the closely related norepinephrine transporter (NET, K$_i$ = 1107 nM ) and the serotonin transporter (SERT, K$_i$ = 802 nM). In addition, the compound has lower (or no) affinity for D2-like receptor (K$_i$ = 327 nM), serotonin 5-HT2 receptor (K$_i$ = 53 nM), opioid receptor (K$_i$ > 10000 nM), and the PCP/NMDA receptor (K$_i$ > 10000 nM).
With a DAT dissociation constant K$_i$ of 0.04 nM, 3C-PEP is one of the most potent dopamine transporter ligand described to date in the literature. In comparison, cocaine which is a prototypical DAT ligand and reuptake inhibitor has a dissociation constant K$_i$ of 435 nm thus making 3C-PEP about 10,000 times more potent than cocaine as a dopamine transporter inhibitor in vitro.

## Legal status
### United States

3C-PEP is not scheduled at the federal level in the United States,

### Canada

3C-PEP is not scheduled under the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act.
# 1690s in archaeology

The decade of the 1690s in archaeology involved some significant events.

## Finds

* 1693 - Alfred Jewel discovered at North Petherton in Somerset, England.
* 1697 - Commemorative stela of Nahr el-Kalb discovered in Lebanon by Henry Maundrell.

## Events

* 1693 - John Aubrey completes his Monumenta Britannica, or, A miscellanie of British antiquities in manuscript.
* 1694 - Maltese canon Ignazio di Costanzo reports in a letter that the Cippi of Melqart bear an inscription in the Phoenician alphabet.

## Births

* 1690: February 3 - Richard Rawlinson, English antiquarian (d. 1755)
* 1692: October 31 - Anne Claude de Caylus, French archaeologist (d. 1765)
* 1696: Francis Drake, English antiquary (d. 1771)

## Deaths

* 1697: John Aubrey, English antiquary (b. 1626)
* 1698: Giovanni Giustino Ciampini, Italian archaeologist (b. 1633)
# Epitoxis albicincta

Epitoxis albicincta is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by George Hampson in 1903. It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda.
# Opium (disambiguation)

Opium is a plant latex that is a source of narcotic analgesic drugs.
Opium may also refer to:
* Afyonkarahisar, Turkish city formerly known as Afyon (Opium)
* Opium poppy, the plant from which opium is obtained
* Opium (perfume)

## Film

* Opium (1919 film), a 1919 German film
* Opium (1949 film), a 1949 Mexican crime film
* Opium: Diary of a Madwoman, a 2007 Hungarian film

## Music

* Opium (KMFDM album), 1984
* Opium (Ottmar Liebert album), 1996
* Opium (Bill Dixon, Franz Koglmann, and Steve Lacy album), 2001
* Opium (Matt Berry album), 2008
* Opium (Jay-Jay Johanson album), 2015
* Opium, a 1995 album by Russian rock band Agatha Christie
* "Opium" (Moonspell song), 1996
* "Opium" (Serebro song), 2008
* "Opium", a song by Marcy Playground on their 1997 self-titled album
* "Opium", a song by moe. on their 2001 album Dither
* "Opium", a song by Scooter on their 2016 album Ace
* Opium, a record label founded by American rapper and singer Playboi Carti
* "Opium", from the Anastasis album by Dead Can Dance, 2012

## Literature

* Opium, a fictional country situated between Aztlán, Mexico and the United States in Nancy Farmer's novel The House of the Scorpion (2002)
* Opium, graphic novel by the Spanish comic book artist Daniel Torres
* "Opium", a 1980 short story by Harlan Ellison
# Dean Rice

Dean Rice (born 17 March 1968) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for Carlton and St Kilda in the VFL/AFL. His uncle Colin captained Geelong.
Rice played in the 1985 Benalla & District Football League premiership with Longwood, who were coached by Dean's brother, Tony. Rice started his career in 1987 at St Kilda after being recruited from Salesian College via Longwood.
Plagued by injuries, he underwent two knee reconstructions at St Kilda. He was delisted by St Kilda and chosen as pick 19 by Carlton in the 1994 Pre-Season Draft, injuring his knee in his first game at Carlton and again requiring a reconstruction. Despite playing in the wing at St Kilda he found himself being pushed up forward. It was as a half forward that he helped Carlton to win the 1995 Grand Final, kicking one goal and getting 10 disposals. Later in his career he was used in defence and he retired in 2001.

## Statistics

| Season | Team | No. | Games | Totals | Totals | Totals | Totals | Totals | Totals | Totals | Averages (per game) | Averages (per game) | Averages (per game) | Averages (per game) | Averages (per game) | Averages (per game) | Averages (per game) | Votes |
| Season | Team | No. | Games | G | B | K | H | D | M | T | G | B | K | H | D | M | T | Votes |
| 1987 | St Kilda | 37 | 20 | 2 | 4 | 188 | 109 | 297 | 69 | 29 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 9.4 | 5.5 | 14.9 | 3.5 | 1.5 | 2 |
| 1988 | St Kilda | 37 | 22 | 5 | 4 | 254 | 109 | 363 | 78 | 42 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 11.5 | 5.0 | 16.5 | 3.5 | 1.9 | 1 |
| 1989 | St Kilda | 37 | 22 | 4 | 1 | 236 | 89 | 325 | 67 | 40 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 10.7 | 4.0 | 14.8 | 3.0 | 1.8 | 5 |
| 1990 | St Kilda | 37 | 18 | 3 | 7 | 231 | 100 | 331 | 63 | 25 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 12.8 | 5.6 | 18.4 | 3.5 | 1.4 | 6 |
| 1991 | St Kilda | 37 | 23 | 21 | 20 | 290 | 126 | 416 | 94 | 38 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 12.6 | 5.5 | 18.1 | 4.1 | 1.7 | 1 |
| 1992 | St Kilda | 37 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1993 | St Kilda | 37 | 11 | 8 | 4 | 109 | 46 | 155 | 47 | 15 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 9.9 | 4.2 | 14.1 | 4.3 | 1.4 | 0 |
| 1994 | Carlton | 23 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 3.0 | 1.0 | 4.0 | 2.0 | 0.0 | 0 |
| 1995† | Carlton | 23 | 18 | 21 | 15 | 151 | 93 | 244 | 56 | 23 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 8.4 | 5.2 | 13.6 | 3.1 | 1.3 | 2 |
| 1996 | Carlton | 23 | 8 | 3 | 0 | 41 | 31 | 72 | 18 | 10 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 5.1 | 3.9 | 9.0 | 2.3 | 1.3 | 1 |
| 1997 | Carlton | 23 | 10 | 2 | 1 | 91 | 45 | 136 | 32 | 13 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 9.1 | 4.5 | 13.6 | 3.2 | 1.3 | 1 |
| 1998 | Carlton | 23 | 22 | 8 | 5 | 235 | 110 | 345 | 75 | 31 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 10.7 | 5.0 | 15.7 | 3.4 | 1.4 | 1 |
| 1999 | Carlton | 23 | 24 | 5 | 5 | 198 | 102 | 300 | 67 | 23 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 8.3 | 4.3 | 12.5 | 2.8 | 1.0 | 0 |
| 2000 | Carlton | 23 | 24 | 2 | 3 | 200 | 75 | 275 | 73 | 37 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 8.3 | 3.1 | 11.5 | 3.0 | 1.5 | 0 |
| 2001 | Carlton | 23 | 11 | 0 | 3 | 64 | 30 | 94 | 22 | 8 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 5.8 | 2.7 | 8.5 | 2.0 | 0.7 | 0 |
| Career | Career | Career | 234 | 85 | 72 | 2291 | 1066 | 3357 | 763 | 334 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 9.8 | 4.6 | 14.3 | 3.3 | 1.4 | 20 |
# Battle of Djebel Bouk'hil (1961)

The Battle of Djebel Bouk'hil was a major fight in the Algerian War in 1961 when the French intercepted a meeting between FLN commanders, then Besieging the Mountain.

## Background

On 16 September 1961, the French learned about a meeting of FLN commanders, including Mohammed Chabani, hiding with around 370 mujahideen fighters in Djebel Bouk'hil. The next day, 17 September the area was completely surrounded, and the battle began.

## Battle
### 17 September 1961

French aircraft conducted bombing runs over the area, with squadrons of 9 to 12 planes each causing chaos among the FLN fighters. Meanwhile, helicopters were en route from Bousaada, and artillery and tanks joined the fray. The FLN fighters bided their time, waiting for the dust to settle and the French to let their guard down. When the opportunity arose, they opened fire on the French forces, but the French leaders refrained from retreat, and forced their men to fight back, with the FLN economising on ammo only shooting when they needed to, by 9PM both sides had retreated. the French lost about 400 men with 3 Aircraft, and the FLN lost 2 Martyrs.

### 18 September 1961

The following day, the French got reinforcements of 2,000 men, making a force of up to 14,000 soldiers, aiming to seal off all possible routes. However, the FLN had devised a clever strategy. They chose to traverse the northern passage known as Al-Dir, renowned for its formidable terrain. Since this route remained unblocked by the French, the FLN fighters successfully navigated through it without encountering any obstacles. Meanwhile, the French mistakenly believed that the Algerians were herding livestock through a ravine. It was only later that they realized the FLN forces had eluded them. In the aftermath of this disastrous battle, the French established a sizable garrison on Djebel Bouk'hil, maintaining a presence there for months. During this period, they perpetrated numerous war crimes against innocent villagers and civilians residing in the area. The FLN lost 7 Martyrs and the French lost 300 men.
# 1924 in American television

This is a list of American television-related events in 1924.

## Events

| Month | Day | Event |
| c. February | | Zworykin first demonstrates his electric camera tube and receiver for Westinghouse corporation executives, transmitting the still image of an "X". The picture is said to be dim, with low contrast and poor definition. |
| Unknown | | Vladimir Zworykin files a patent application for the kinescope, a television picture receiver tube. |
# Đinh Thanh Bình

Đinh Thanh Bình (born 19 March 1998) is a Vietnamese professional footballer who plays as a forward for V.League 2 club Phù Đổng Ninh Bình, on loan from Hoàng Anh Gia Lai, and the Vietnam national team.

## Club career

Thanh Bình made his way through the youth teams at Hoang Anh Gia Lai before making his senior debut in 2016. He was loaned to Công An Nhân Dân between 2021 and 2022, and play an important role in the team's 2022 V.League 2 title, being the team's best goalscorer with 7 goals.
Thanh Bình gained a starter spot at Hoàng Anh Gia Lai in the 2023–24 season and scored 4 goals, which helped the team avoid relegation.
In July 2024, Thanh Bình was loaned to V.League 2 side LPBank HCMC. However, the club later exchanged all its players with Phù Đổng Ninh Bình, resulting in Thanh Bình's move to the latter.

## International career

Dinh Thanh Binh played youth international football for Vietnam's under-19, under-20, under-21 and under-23 teams. He was part of the under-20 squad at the 2017 FIFA U20 World Cup in South Korea.
In June 2023, Thanh Binh was called up to the senior Vietnam squad for the first time, for friendlies against Hong Kong and Syria. He made his debut in the former on 15 June at the Lach Tray Stadium, replacing Nguyễn Văn Tùng in the start of the second half.

## Career statistics
### International appearances

    As of match played 5 January 2025
Appearances and goals by national team and year :
| National team | Year | Apps | Goals |
| Vietnam | 2023 | 2 | 0 |
| Vietnam | 2024 | 6 | 0 |
| Vietnam | 2024 | 1 | 0 |
| Total | Total | 9 | 0 |

### International goals
#### U-23

    Scores and results list Vietnam's goal tally first. Only results against national teams were counted
| # | Date | Venue | Opponent | Score | Result | Competition |
| 1 | 22 March 2019 | Mỹ Đình National Stadium, Hanoi, Vietnam | Brunei | 3–0 | 6–0 | 2020 AFC U-23 Championship qualification |

## Honours
### Công An Nhân Dân

* V.League 2: 2022

### Vietnam

* ASEAN Championship: 2024
# Mezit Bey Mosque

Mezid Bey Mosque, mosque in the provincial center of Edirne, built in the mid-15th century by Mezid Bey, who served as Alacahisar Sanjak Bey during the reign of Murad II. The signboard at the entrance of the mosque also states that it was built in 1442 by the municipality.
There is an Arabic repair inscription dated 1307 (1889–90) on the entrance door of the mosque located in a large garden. The inverted T-plan mosque is covered with 4 domes.
At the time of its construction, the building was also called Yeşilce Mosque due to the color of the tiles inside the mosque and the fact that the minaret was covered with glazed bricks. These tiles have not survived to the present day due to the earthquake in 1752 and the destruction during the Russian occupation. After the Balkan War, Mezid Bey Mosque, which was in ruins for many years in the middle of the fields after the Balkan Wars, was restored by the General Directorate of Foundations between 1990 and 1991, its ruined minaret was rebuilt and opened for worship.
# N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone

N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) is an organic compound consisting of a 5-membered lactam. It is a colorless liquid, although impure samples can appear yellow. It is miscible with water and with most common organic solvents. It also belongs to the class of dipolar aprotic solvents such as dimethylformamide and dimethyl sulfoxide. It is used in the petrochemical, polymer and battery industries as a solvent, exploiting its nonvolatility and ability to dissolve diverse materials (including polyvinylidene difluoride, PVDF). It has a strong dipole moment and hydrogen bonding due to its cis-amide conformation.$^{:Fig.5(b)}$

## Preparation

NMP is produced industrially by a typical ester-to-amide conversion, by treating gamma-butyrolactone with methylamine. Alternative routes include the partial hydrogenation of N-methylsuccinimide and the reaction of acrylonitrile with methylamine followed by hydrolysis. About 200,000 to 250,000 tons are produced annually.

## Applications

NMP is used to recover certain hydrocarbons generated in the processing of petrochemicals, such as the recovery of 1,3-butadiene and acetylene. Its good solvency properties have also led to NMP's use to dissolve a wide range of polymers. Specifically, it is used as a solvent for surface treatment of textiles, resins, and metal coated plastics or as a paint stripper. It is also used as a solvent in the commercial preparation of polyphenylene sulfide. NMP is used in the production of aramid fibers Twaron and Kevlar. In the pharmaceutical industry, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone is used in the formulation for drugs by both oral and transdermal delivery routes. It is also used heavily in lithium ion battery fabrication, as a solvent for electrode preparation, because NMP has a unique ability to dissolve polyvinylidene fluoride binder.

### Purisol process

In the Purisol process, developed by Lurgi AG in the 1960s, a cold (ca. −15 °C) aqueous solution of NMP is used to remove hydrogen sulfide from sour gas and from hydrodesulfurization facilities. It offers some advantages over the Selexol process in that it is more selective for hydrogen sulfide. Furthermore, it promotes the hydrolysis of some carbonyl sulfide, a common component of sour gas:
    COS + H$_2$O → CO$_2$ + H$_2$S
This hydrolysis step further enriches the hydrogen sulfide content of the off-gas when the NMP is stripped. The sulfur-rich gas is well suited for a Claus unit, which affords solid elemental sulfur.

## Safety

N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) is classified as a reproductive toxicant (H360D: May damage the unborn child) and can cause skin and eye irritation and respiratory irritation (H315, H319, H335). Studies show NMP exposure can increase the risk of developmental toxicity, including miscarriage and fetal death.$^{:24}$ Good ventilation and PPE are recommended for safe handling.
# Shahrak-e Mamur

Shahrak-e Mamur (Persian: شهرك مامور) is a village in, and the capital of, Dudera Rural District in Rudasht District of Lordegan County, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, Iran.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 2,343 in 428 households, when it was in Sardasht Rural District of the Central District. The following census in 2011 counted 2,351 people in 478 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 2,861 people in 694 households, by which time the rural district had been separated from the district in the formation of Rudasht District. Shahrak-e Mamur was transferred to Dudera Rural District created in the new district.
# 1750s in archaeology

The decade of the 1750s in archaeology involved some significant events.

## Explorations

* 1757: Robert Adam surveys the ruins of Diocletian's Palace at Spalato in Dalmatia.

## Excavations

* 1750s: Formal excavations continue at Pompeii and at Herculaneum including discovery of the Villa of the Papyri and Herculaneum papyri.
* 1753: Botanist Vitaliano Donati is commissioned by King Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia to travel to Egypt and acquire items from its past. He returns with 300 pieces recovered from Karnak and Qift which become the nucleus of the Museo Egizio in Turin.
* 1755: At Bath, England, when the Priory or Abbey house is demolished and the foundations are cleared, stone coffins, bones of various animals, and other things are found. Upon digging further, hot mineral waters gush forth and interrupt the work: the old Roman sewer had been found, and the water is drained off. Foundations of regular buildings are traced leading to excavation of a great bath, afterwards called Lucas's Bath, when the eastern wall of the great Hall is opened.
* 1757: Rev. Bryan Faussett begins excavating Anglo-Saxon cemeteries in Kent, England (continues to 1773).

## Finds

* 1754: A hoard of about 207 Roman gold coins (and one silver coin) are discovered at Menzelen just outside Xanten on the lower Rhine.
* 1755: Several sepulchral inscriptions and figures, in bas-relief, are discovered at Bonn in Lower Germany.
* 1756: The Gallarus Oratory on the Dingle Peninsula of Ireland is first reported, by antiquary Charles Smith.

## Publications

* 1753: Robert Wood's The ruins of Palmyra; otherwise Tedmor in the desart published in English and French.
* 1755: Frederic Louis Norden's Voyage d'Egypte et de Nubie published posthumously in Copenhagen.
* 1757: Robert Wood's The ruins of Balbec, otherwise Heliopolis in Coelosyria published in English and French.

## Other events

* 1751: The Society of Antiquaries of London receives its Royal charter.

## Births

* 1754: William Cunnington, pioneering English antiquarian and archaeologist of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century (d. 1810).
* 1755: May 16 - Honoré Flaugergues, French astronomer and archaeologist (d. 1830 or 1835).
* 1758: December 9 - Richard Colt Hoare, English antiquarian and archaeologist (d. 1838).

## Deaths

* 1755: February 11 - Francesco Scipione, marchese di Maffei, Italian archaeologist (b. 1675).
# Rutherfurd Observatory

Rutherfurd Observatory is the astronomical facility maintained by Columbia University named after Lewis Morris Rutherfurd. Initially, Rutherfurd housed its telescopes and equipment in midtown Manhattan and later on the Stuyvesant Estate. When the Morningside campus was built, telescopes were kept in a "transit building" where the Interdisciplinary Science Building now stands. When Pupin Physics Laboratories were completed in 1927, the home of the observatory was moved to the top of the building. Below the Rutherfurd Observatory on the 14th floor was the site of Professor Wallace Eckert's Astronomical Laboratory, in which he constructed the first device to perform general scientific calculations automatically in 1933-34.
The observatory formerly included a twelve-inch (30 cm.) refractor telescope built by the Alvan Clark firm in 1916 for the Czarist government of Russia. It was to be installed at a site to observe an upcoming solar eclipse in Russia. With unrestricted U-boat warfare during World War I, shipment was delayed until the war ended. The new Russian government headed by Lenin refused to pay for or accept the telescope, which remained crated in a warehouse until 1920, when Columbia bought it. The telescope was for many years used almost entirely for student education. It was sold in 1997 to South Carolina State Museum, which specializes in the upkeep of the old Alvan Clark refractors.
In the 1970s, the "Columbia CO Survey" built a 1.2-meter radio telescope that operated out of the Little Dome and was the first to map the sky in this important radio band.
Rutherfurd observatory has been in continuous operation since Pupin was constructed, but in 2009 a new "Northwest Corner Building" was erected next to it, six floors higher than the roof of Pupin and blocking a significant portion of its field of view, and putting out a considerable amount of light, interfering with observations in the remaining sky.