OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Markup rule

A markup rule is the pricing practice of a producer with market power, where a firm charges a fixed mark-up over its marginal cost.

## Derivation of the markup rule

Mathematically, the markup rule can be derived for a firm with price-setting power by maximizing the following expression for profit:
    $\pi =P(Q)\cdot Q-C(Q)$
    where
    Q = quantity sold,
    P(Q) = inverse demand function, and thereby the price at which Q can be sold given the existing demand
    C(Q) = total cost of producing Q.
    $\pi$ = economic profit
Profit maximization means that the derivative of $\pi$ with respect to Q is set equal to 0:
    $P'(Q)\cdot Q+P-C'(Q)=0$
    where
    P'(Q) = the derivative of the inverse demand function.
    C'(Q) = marginal cost–the derivative of total cost with respect to output.
This yields:
    $P'(Q)\cdot Q+P=C'(Q)$
or "marginal revenue" = "marginal cost".
    $P\cdot (P'(Q)\cdot Q/P+1)=MC$
By definition $P'(Q)\cdot Q/P$ is the reciprocal of the price elasticity of demand (or $1/\epsilon$). Hence
    $P\cdot (1+1/{\epsilon })=P\cdot \left({\frac {1+\epsilon }{\epsilon }}\right)=MC$
Letting $\eta$ be the reciprocal of the price elasticity of demand,
    $P=\left({\frac {1}{1+\eta }}\right)\cdot MC$
Thus a firm with market power chooses the output quantity at which the corresponding price satisfies this rule. Since for a price-setting firm $\eta <0$ this means that a firm with market power will charge a price above marginal cost and thus earn a monopoly rent. On the other hand, a competitive firm by definition faces a perfectly elastic demand; hence it has $\eta =0$ which means that it sets the quantity such that marginal cost equals the price.
The rule also implies that, absent menu costs, a firm with market power will never choose a point on the inelastic portion of its demand curve (where $\epsilon \geq -1$ and $\eta \leq -1$). Intuitively, this is because starting from such a point, a reduction in quantity and the associated increase in price along the demand curve would yield both an increase in revenues (because demand is inelastic at the starting point) and a decrease in costs (because output has decreased); thus the original point was not profit-maximizing.
# Sandra Sepúlveda

Sandra Milena Sepúlveda Lopera (born 3 March 1988) is a Colombian footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Liga Profesional Femenina club Independiente Medellín and the Colombia women's national team.

## Club career

Sepúlveda joined her first club, Formas Íntimas, as a 10-year-old. She rose to club captain and played in the Copa Libertadores Femenina. She accepted a contract offer from the Israeli club Kiryat Gat in November 2015. In January 2018 she agreed to sign for Atlético Junior's newly formed women's team, who were entering the Colombian Women's Football League.

## International career

Sepúlveda played for Colombia at the 2012 and 2016 Olympics.
She was voted best goalkeeper at the 2014 Women's Copa America.
She was part of Colombia's team at the 2015 World Cup.
On 14 July 2016, she was called up to the Colombia squad for the 2016 Summer Olympics.
Sepúlveda was called up to the Colombia squad for the 2018 Copa América Femenina.
On 3 July 2022, she was called up to the Colombia squad for the 2022 Copa América Femenina, which Colombia finished as runners-up.
On 4 July 2023, she was called up to the Colombia squad for the 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup.
Sepúlveda was called up to the Colombia squad for the 2024 CONCACAF W Gold Cup.
On 5 July 2024, she was called up to the Colombia squad for the 2024 Summer Olympics.
# Else Imme

Else Josefine Imme (born 24 September 1885 in Berlin, 5 August 1943 in Plötzensee Prison) was a German resistance fighter. Imme was a member of the anti-fascist resistance group that was later called the Red Orchestra by the Abwehr, during the Nazi period.

## Life

Else was born in 1885 as an illegitimate daughter of the German tailor Elisabeth Bertha Imme. Her mother married the worker Rudolf Paul Neugebauer in 1895. She was the maternal half-sister of Martha Bernstein [de], who emigrated to the Soviet Union in 1934 and became an employee of the Communist International (Comintern) administration. After attending school Imme took an apprenticeship as a retail saleswomen. She became the director of the Kunstgewerbe (arts and crafts) department in the Wertheim department store on Leipziger Platz.
In 1933, Imme joined the German Labour Front and the National Socialist People's Welfare, both of which were Nazi organisations. Although Imme wasn't politically active, she did support the communists.

## Resistance

From 1938 onwards, Imme was involved in a loosely organised Berlin resistance organisation associated with Harro Schulze-Boysen, that would later be called the Red Orchestra ("Rote Kapelle"). Imme took part in the anti-fascist resistance struggle by collecting money for fellow citizens who were persecuted by the National Socialists for racist reasons. She also regularly listened to the broadcasts of Radio Moscow and passed on this information. She would also use her apartment for illegal meetings.
In July 1942, Imme was visited in the department store by "Willi", a representative from her half-sister. In reality he was Wilhelm Fellendorf, a Soviet agent, known as a "Scout" who had parachuted into Germany with Erna Eifler from the Soviet Union on the night of 16–17 May 1942. The couple were on a mission to contact Ilse Stöbe, an important Soviet agent in Berlin who had lost contact with Soviet intelligence when the Soviet Union was invaded. The couple had been unable to find Stöbe and so stayed at Imme's apartment for several days before moving on.

## Arrest

On 18 October 1942, Imme was arrested by the Gestapo. After a short stay in the Gestapo prison on Prinz Albrecht Strasse, she was taken to the police prison on Alexanderplatz while awaiting trial. On 30 January 1943, the 2nd Senate of the German military court, the Reichskriegsgericht sentenced her to death for "favouring the enemy". She was then taken to death row in the Barnimstrasse women's prison. On 5 August 1943 at 7:30 p.m., she was executed in yard of Plötzensee Prison.
# Chris Tracz

Chris Tracz (born March 24, 1982) is an American baseball coach and former pitcher, who is the current head baseball coach of the Army Black Knights. He played college baseball for Marist from 2001 to 2005. He served as the head coach of the Marist Red Foxes (2010–2022).

## Playing career

Tracz was a pitcher for Marist from 2001 to 2005, helping the Red Foxes to reach three NCAA tournaments and serving as a captain for his final three seasons. In 2002 and 2003, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Falmouth Commodores of the Cape Cod Baseball League.

## Coaching career

Tracz began his coaching career as an assistant with the Red Foxes, serving as pitching coach and recruiting coordinator. He spent one season as an assistant with Army before returning to Marist as head coach.
In July 2011, Tracz was inducted into the North Branford High School Hall of Fame.
In June 2016, Tracz was named to the MAAC 35th anniversary team for spring sports.
In 2017, Tracz guided Marist to win their first Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference Baseball Championship since 2009. This Team received the #4 seed in the Gainesville Regional to represent the MAAC in the 2017 NCAA Division I baseball tournament.
On July 27, 2022, Tracz was named the head coach at Army.
Dave Magarity is Chris's Father-In-Law

## Head coaching record

This table depicts Tracz's record as a head coach.
Statistics overview :
| Season | Team | Overall | Conference | Standing | Postseason |
| Marist Red Foxes (Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference) (2010–2022) ||||||
| 2010 | Marist | 33–22 | 16–8 | 2nd | MAAC tournament |
| 2011 | Marist | 35–17 | 13–11 | T-4th | |
| 2012 | Marist | 25–25 | 11–12 | 5th | |
| 2013 | Marist | 27–24-1 | 17–7 | 2nd | MAAC tournament |
| 2014 | Marist | 17–32 | 10–14 | 7th | |
| 2015 | Marist | 19–27-1 | 12–12 | 6th | MAAC tournament |
| 2016 | Marist | 23–28 | 12–12 | 6th | MAAC tournament |
| 2017 | Marist | 32–23 | 16–8 | 3rd | NCAA Regional |
| 2018 | Marist | 27–23 | 14–10 | 5th | MAAC tournament |
| 2019 | Marist | 27–26 | 15–9 | T-3rd | MAAC tournament |
| 2020 | Marist | 3–9 | 0–0 | | Season canceled due to COVID-19 |
| 2021 | Marist | 18–11 | 17–9 | 5th | MAAC tournament |
| 2022 | Marist | 29–17 | 17–5 | 2nd | MAAC tournament |
| Marist: | Marist: | 315–284–2 (.526) | 170–117 (.592) | | |
| Army Black Knights (Patriot League) (2023–present) ||||||
| 2023 | Army | 38–16 | 21–4 | 1st | NCAA Regional |
| 2024 | Army | 31–23 | 16–8 | 1st | NCAA Regional |
| 2025 | Army | 4–9 | | | |
| Army: | Army: | 73–48 (.603) | 37–12 (.755) | | |
| Total: | Total: | 388–332–2 (.539) | | | |
| National champion   Postseason invitational champion   Conference regular season champion   Conference regular season and conference tournament champion  Division regular season champion  Division regular season and conference tournament champion  Conference tournament champion ||||||
# Scott Suggs

Scott Suggs (born November 10, 1989) is an American professional basketball player who last played for Iraklis of the Greek Basket League. He played college basketball for the University of Washington before playing professionally in the NBA G League, France, Spain, Italy, Greece and Israel.

## High school career

Suggs attended local Washington High School where he averaged 22.5 points as well as a Gateway Athletic Conference-leading 9 rebounds and 2.8 blocked shots per game as a senior, leading Washington to a 20–5 record and a trip the Class 5 sectional round. For this, he was named Mr. Show-Me Basketball award as the state's top player. When he graduated he was ranked as the 11th best shooting guard and a top-100 overall prospect by Scout.com and Rivals.com.

## College career

Suggs played college basketball for Washington, where he led the Huskies and was third in the Pac-10 Conference in three-point field goal percentage (45 percent) as a junior. As a senior, Suggs averaged 12.1 points and 2.3 rebounds per game for the Huskies. He ended his career in seventh place all-time in school history in three-point shooting percentage (.401), sixth in free-throw percentage (.821) and sixth all-time with 144 three-pointers made.

## Professional career

After going undrafted in the 2013 NBA draft, Suggs joined the Milwaukee Bucks for the 2013 NBA Summer League. On November 1, 2013, Suggs was selected by the Santa Cruz Warriors with the fifteenth overall pick in the 2013 NBA Development League Draft. Three days later, he was acquired by the Erie BayHawks as part of a multi-team trade. On November 22, he made his professional debut in a 102–91 loss to the Canton Charge, recording nine points, one rebound, two assists and one steal in 14 minutes. He averaged 18.5 points, 3.8 rebounds and 2.1 assists per game as a rookie.
In July 2014, Suggs played with the Miami Heat and the Orlando Magic in the 2014 NBA Summer League. On July 23, 2014, he signed with Élan Chalon of the French League for the 2014–2015 season, averaging 10.1 points, 2.6 rebounds, 1.3 assists and 0.7 steals in 35 games.
After his stint in France, Suggs joined the Washington Wizards for the 2015 NBA Summer League. On October 31, 2015, he was acquired by the Raptors 905. On November 14, he made his debut with the Raptors in an 83–80 loss to the Fort Wayne Mad Ants, recording 20 points, five rebounds and one steal in 39 minutes. On February 11, 2016, he was named in the East All-Star team for the 2016 NBA D-League All-Star Game as a replacement for Keith Appling, after averaging 16.3 points, 3.1 rebounds, 1.7 assists and 34.6 minutes in 32 games. On April 21, he was named the recipient of the 2016 NBA Development League's Jason Collier Sportsmanship Award.
On August 5, 2016, Suggs signed with ICL Manresa of Spain's Liga ACB.
On August 15, 2019, Suggs signed with Maccabi Haifa of the Israeli Premier League. He averaged 13.7 points, 2.8 rebounds, and 2.1 assists per game. On July 30, 2020, Suggs returned to Greece and signed with Iraklis Thessaloniki.
# Ophelia Gordon Bell

Joan Ophelia Gordon Bell (1915–1975) was an English sculptor, known for her several commissions for the United Kingdom's Atomic Energy Authority.
She was born in London on 1 July 1915, the daughter of the painter Winifred Gordon Bell, (née Billinge; full name Winifred Joan Ophelia Gordon Bell) and Frederick Lawrence Bell, and was raised in the St John's Wood area. In 1938, her address was listed as 13 Greville Place, London NW6.
She studied at Regent Street Polytechnic in the 1930s and exhibited at the Royal Academy, the Royal Glasgow Institute of the Fine Arts and the Royal Scottish Academy, all before the age of 24.
She married the landscape artist William Heaton Cooper (1903–1995) in 1940. They lived in Grasmere in the English Lake District, and had two daughters and two sons, one of them being the painter Julian Cooper. Both Bell and her husband were followers of the teachings of the Christian Moral Re-Armament movement. The couple held a joint exhibition at the Fine Art Society's London gallery in 1955. Her auction record is £120, set at Anderson & Garland's auction house in Newcastle-upon-Tyne on 14 July 2015, for her a composition sculpture of a mountaineer.
Bell died in Grasmere in 1975 and is buried in the village cemetery.

## Works

Her giant Portland stone figures, 'Thought' and 'Action', are outside the former Atomic Energy Authority offices in Risley, Lancashire.
The bronze bust Bell created of mountaineer Edmund Hillary (circa 1953) is in the Te Papa museum in Wellington, New Zealand. The plaster cast remains in Grasmere.
The Catalyst Science Discovery Centre, Widnes, has a relief carving of an anhydrite kiln, made from a piece of anhydrite, for the United Sulphuric Acid Corporation Ltd (an associate company of Fisons Fertilizers Ltd).
William and Dorothy in 1800, depicts William Wordsworth and his sister Dorothy.
St Oswald's Church, Grasmere has her stone sculpture of the Madonna and child.
The Challenge is in the foyer of Stubbins Primary School, in Ramsbottom.
The Breakthrough Cross (1966), on the roof of the Lady Chapel at the Church of Christ the Healer at Burrswood Hospital in Groombridge, is made from aluminium and scrap metal.
Other works are displayed at the Heaton Cooper Studio in Grasmere, which William Heaton Cooper had inherited from his father, the landscape artist Alfred Heaton Cooper. Formerly at Ambleside, William moved the gallery to Grasmere in 1938. It is now operated by John Cooper, another of Ophelia and William's sons. An exhibition of her work, "A Vital Spirit", is being held at the studio, from May–October 2015.

## Legacy

The Lakes Artists Society, of which Bell was a member from 1940 until her death, grants an annual 'Ophelia Gordon Bell Award' for sculpture "to encourage and reward excellence and innovation".
# United States v. Smith (1820)

United States v. Smith, 18 U.S. 71 (1820), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the court held that Congress may import the definition of piracy from international law without defining it in the criminal statute with particularity.
# Tuck Muntarbhorn

Tuck Muntarbhorn (Thai: ทัก มันตาภรณ์; born January 1994 in Bangkok, Thailand) is a Thai artist, curator, contemporary art collector and entrepreneur based in London and Bangkok. Muntarbhorn is Thailand's first contemporary art collector to produce and curate an art exhibition in the UK.
He co-founded the international fashion brand Busardi in 2009 with the intention of bridging the exclusivity of haute couture with the accessibility of prêt-à-porter (as 'semi-couture'). In 2015, it became the first Thai label to exhibit collections at the Paris Fashion Week. Within the field of haute couture, Muntarbhorn's creations have been characterized among those that reflect designers' own personalities.
Muntarbhorn views creativity as a spiritual practice: an awareness of thought, feeling, sensation, perception and intention; creating photography and sculpture to unite Eastern and Western symbols of spirituality to promote humanitarianism.
# T. Sher Singh

Tapishar Sher Singh (born 1949) is a former lawyer who was disbarred in 2007 by the Law Society of Upper Canada.

## Early years

Singh was born in Patna, Dominion of India in 1949 to Ishar Singh and Mahinder Kaur. He grew up in Patna and graduated with a BA (and incomplete MA degree) before arriving in Canada in 1971 and then went to Lakehead University. After years working a various jobs, Singh studied and applied for law school and completed his Ontario bar exams to practise as a litigation lawyer in Guelph, Ontario.

## Legal problems

His professional misconduct, including the misappropriation of funds and continuing to practise after being suspended, caused Singh to be removed from the Order of Canada on 10 December 2008. He is also barred from practising as a lawyer in the province of Ontario.

## Internet activity

Tapishar was the founder of sikhchic.com. He is an editor and publisher for the website.
# Axial, Colorado

Axial is an extinct coal mining town located in Moffat County, Colorado, United States.

## History

The Axial, Colorado, post office operated from March 6, 1883, until April 30, 1958. The community's central location near the "axis" of mining activity caused the name to be selected.
# The Origin: Madam Koi-Koi

The Origin: Madam Koi-Koi is a 2023 Nollywood two-part horror film produced by Jay Franklyn Jituboh and Dale Falola. The film tells the story of the popular Madam Koi-Koi myth, which centers a ghost who haunts dormitories, hallways and toilets in boarding schools at night. The two-part film started streaming on Netflix on 31 October 2023. The film stars Ireti Doyle, Martha Ehinome, Nene Aliemeke, Chioma Chukwuka, Deyemi Okanlawon, Omowunmi Dada, Ejiro Onojaife, Chuks Joseph, Kevin T. Solomon, Temidayo Akinboro, Iremide Adeoye and others.

## Synopsis

Set between 1971 and 1991, the film tells the story of Amanda, a young schoolgirl who has recently moved to a new school. She finds it difficult to fit into the new school, as she repeatedly has strange and terrifying dreams which lead her to conclude that there is something wrong with her school. Amanda's bunkmate and friend, Edna, warns her to stay away from the "popular kids", as anyone who gets close to them ends up hurt. Amanda discovers that the violent occurrences are the work of Madam Koi-Koi, a vengeful ghost haunting the school.

## Selected cast

* Martha Ehinome as Amanda
* Jude Chukwuka as Baba Fawole
* Ireti Doyle as Mother Superior
* Nene Aliemeke as Edna
* Omowunmi Dada as Madam Koi Koi
* Chuks Joseph as Lashe
* Kelvin T. Solomon as Tokunbo
* Temidayo Akinboro as Kayode
* Tolulope Odebunmi as Ige
* Bolaji Ogunmola as Amanda's Mum
* Iremide Adeoye as Idowu
* Ejiro Onojaife as Ibukun
* Edna Ese as Dayo
* Nifemi Lawal as Junior under the bed
* Rachael Isaac as Suzy
* Tessy Brown as Miss Adesola
* Chioma Chukwuka as Sister Ruth
* Deyemi Okanlawon as Theophilus
* Baaj Adebule as Oscar

## Production and release

The Origin: Madam Koi-Koi was shot in the Abeokuta area of Ogun state, Nigeria. The shooting ran for about three weeks. The first part of the film was released on Halloween 2023, while the second part will be released on November 7, 2023. The film prides herself as Nollywood’s first Netflix horror series.
# Downtown San José station

Downtown San José station is a proposed underground Bay Area Rapid Transit station underneath Santa Clara Street in Downtown San Jose, planned as part of Silicon Valley BART extension Phase II. The station would be co-located with the Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority's existing Santa Clara light rail station, and be located between the proposed 28th Street/Little Portugal station and a transfer station at San Jose Diridon Station. The station eventually connects to the proposed Santa Clara BART station. Revenue service, which will be served by the Orange and Green Lines, is envisioned to start in 2036.

## History

The original plan for the Silicon Valley BART extension included the Downtown San José station, but full funding could not be secured and the San Jose extension was split into two phases. Phase I, completed on June 13, 2020, was the extension to Berryessa/North San José station. The proposed Downtown San José station is part of a later, unfunded phase II of the Silicon Valley BART extension and would be located between the proposed 28th Street/Little Portugal and Diridon BART stations. Construction is planned to begin in 2024, and revenue service to start in 2036.
# United States v. Tingey

United States v. Tingey, 30 U.S. (5 Pet.) 115 (1831), was an early United States Supreme Court case held on appeal from the circuit court of the United States for the District of Columbia, which recognised that the United States Government has a right to enter into a contract without relying on any specific legal mandate for authorization.
The case involved Commodore Thomas Tingey who, with others, had acted as surety for a bond executed on 1 May 1812 by Lewis Deblois, a naval purser.
# A-Rosa Aqua

A-Rosa Aqua is a German river cruise ship, cruising in the Rhine – Main – Moselle basin. The ship was built by Neptun Werft GmbH at their shipyard in Warnemünde, Germany, and entered service in July 2009. Her sister ships are A-Rosa Brava and A-Rosa Viva. Her home port is currently Rostock.

## Features

The ship has two restaurants, lounge and two bars, Finnish sauna and resting area.
* A-Rosa Aqua at shipyard Neptun Werft
* A-Rosa Aqua in Cologne
# Hari Puttar: A Comedy of Terrors

Hari Puttar is a 2008 Indian comedy film directed by Lucky Kohli & Rajesh Bajaj. The film features Sarika, Zain Khan, Swini Khara, Saurabh Shukla, Vijay Raaz, Jackie Shroff and Lilette Dubey. It was released on 26 September 2008. The plot of the film is similar to the 1990 film Home Alone.

## Plot

The film revolves around a ten-year-old boy, Hari Prasad Dhoonda (nicknamed Hari Puttar), who has recently moved from India to the United Kingdom. Left home alone with his cousin Tuk Tuk when his parents go on vacation, Hari must deal with two burglars who hope to steal a secret formula Hari's father had created.

## Cast

* Zain Khan as Hari Prasad Dhoonda aka Hari Puttar
* Swini Khara as Tuk Tuk

## Soundtrack

The soundtrack for Hari Puttar features songs composed by Aadesh Shrivastav with lyrics by Sameer:
* "Hari Puttar" - Shaan, Aadesh Shrivastava & Neha Bhasin
* "Tutari" - Sukhwinder Singh & Sunidhi Chauhan
* "Bhai Ae Gaya" - Akriti Kakkar & Vicky Chandra
* "Meri Yaadon Mein Hai Tu" - Shreya Ghoshal
* "Hari Hari Puttar Hai" - Hamza Faruqui, Zain Khan & Sonia
* "Hari Puttar is a Dude" - Aishwarya Majmudar & Sameer

## Reception

Insiyah Vahanvaty of Rediff.com gave the film 3 out of 5, writing, "Despite a few let-downs, the film is engaging and funny, keeping the children at the theatre in splits at the bumbling goondas. Do take your kids for the fun ride!"
Conversely, Shubhra Gupta of The Indian Express gave a negative review, calling the script of the film a "script which doesn’t know the meaning of sense." Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama gave the film 1 out of 5, writing, "Zain Khan does a decent job. Swini Khara, seen in CHEENI KUM, gets no scope. Sarika looks disinterested. Also, she looks ill at ease delivering Punjabi lines. Lilette Dubey is miscast. As for Jackie Shroff, the less said the better. It's also sad to see actors like Saurabh Shukla and Vijay Raaz being reduced to such roles. They ham! On the whole, HARI PUTTAR - A COMEDY OF TERRORS is a poor show all the way."

## Controversy

Warner Bros. filed a lawsuit against production company Mirchi Movies to stop the release of the film due to the similarity of its title to that of the Harry Potter series. Delhi High Court threw out the case on the basis that the public would be able to differentiate between the two titles, and that Warner had chosen to wait three years until the film's release to file their case.
Mirchi Movies CEO Munish Purii has insisted that there is very little similarity between Hari Puttar and any elements in the Harry Potter franchise, and explained that Hari is a popular Indian name, while "puttar" means "son" in the Punjabi language.