OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Parrot's sign

Parrot's sign (19th century), refers to at least two medical signs; one relating to a large skull and another to a pupil reaction.
One Parrot's sign describes the bony growth noted at autopsy by Joseph-Marie-Jules Parrot [fr] and Jonathan Hutchinson on the skulls of children with congenital syphilis (CS) in the 19th century. Later publications also refer to it as the frontal bossing that presents in the late type CS. Initially thought to be indicative of congenital syphilis, it was noted to be present in other conditions, particularly rickets.
Some 19th century textbooks also described the sign as the dilatation of a pupil when the back of the neck is pinched in some cases of meningitis.

## Background

Marie Jules Parrot was a French physician in Paris, whose early work concentrated on the brain, followed by tuberculosis and later syphilis.

## Skull

Parrot's sign, also known as 'Parrot's nodes' and 'Parrot's bosses', refers to the bony growth noted at autopsy by Marie Jules Parrot and Jonathan Hutchinson on the skulls of children with congenital syphilis (CS) in the 19th century. Later publications also describe it as the frontal bossing that presents in the late type CS. Initially thought to be indicative of congenital syphilis, it was noted to be present in other conditions, particularly rickets.
A description of bone findings in CS by Parrot was published in The Lancet in 1879 following his presentation at a meeting hosted by Jonathan Hutchinson and Thomas Barlow in London. In 1883 Barlow referred to the overgrowth of skull bone seen in CS as 'Parrot's swellings' and 'Parrot's bosses'. The nodes were said to be indicative of CS. In Timothy Holmes' and Thomas Pickering 's A Treatise on Surgery: Its Principles and Practice (1889) it was noted that Parrot's nodes could co-exist with thinning bone in the same skull. The nodes were described in Gray's Anatomy (1893) as appearing like buttocks or hot cross bun depending on which skull bones were affected. According to D'Arcy Power in 1895, they were first reported by Parrot and Hutchinson, and also found in rickets, and therefore could not strictly make them indicative of congenital syphilis. In Hamilton and Love's A Short Practice of Surgery (1959), Parrot's nodes were said to consist of patches of periostitis in CS.

## Pupil

Parrot's sign was described in some ophthalmology textbooks of the 19th century as the dilatation of a pupil when the back of the neck is pinched in some cases of meningitis.
# John Beauchamp, 1st Baron Beauchamp of Warwick

Admiral of the Fleet John Paveley de Beauchamp, 1st Baron Beauchamp de Warwick KG (c. 1316 – 2 December 1360) was the third son of Guy de Beauchamp, 10th Earl of Warwick, and brother of Thomas de Beauchamp, 11th Earl of Warwick, with whom he became a founder and the tenth Knight of the Order of the Garter in 1348.

## Personal

John de Beauchamp was born in Warwick, England, sometime between 1307 and 1316. His parents were Guy de Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, (1272–1315), Warwick) and Alice de Toeni, later Countess of Warwick, who had seven children, including John. Towards the end of his life he resided in the parish of St. Andrew, near Baynard's Castle, City of London. He bequeathed his house to the King, who had it converted for use as his great wardrobe. A bachelor, he died without issue and his barony expired. His remains were interred, between two pillars, before the image of the Virgin, on the south side of the nave of Old St Paul's Cathedral, where there was a monument to his memory, incorrectly later known as Duke Humphrey's Tomb, because of the mistaken belief that it was the tomb of Humphrey of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Gloucester. The grave and monument were destroyed along with the old cathedral in the Great Fire of London in 1666. A modern monument in the crypt lists Beauchamp as one of the important graves lost.

## Early naval career

He attended King Edward III into Flanders in 1338, was in the array at Buironfosse in 1339, and shared the glory of the great naval victory off Sluys in 1340. He carried the Royal Standard at the Battle of Crécy in 1346 and was present at the siege and surrender of Calais, of which town he was appointed captain in 1348 a post he held for two years before his first appointment to a senior command role.

## Senior command

In 1350, he was appointed Admiral of the Fleet off Calais also known as the Southern Fleet; five years later on 5 March 1355 he was given command of the Western Sea's Fleet, a post he held till 1 March 1356. He was appointed 'Admiral of the King's Southern, Northern and Western Fleets' on 18 July 1360. The appointment gave the command of the English navy to one person for the first time; the post would evolve into the post of Admiral of the Fleet; he also held the posts of Constable of the Tower of London and Warden of the Cinque Ports. He was summoned to Parliament as a baron in 1350.

## Monument in St Paul's Cathedral

His chest tomb and recumbent effigy was situated by the tenth column at the west end of Old St Paul's Cathedral and was drawn in 1658 by Wenceslas Hollar, 8 years before its destruction in the Fire of London. The engraving was published in William Dugdale's 1658 work History of St Pauls Cathedral and states that the monument was positioned inter ecclesiae navim et alam australem ("between the nave of the Church and the south aisle").
# Sir Richard Beaumont, 1st Baronet

Sir Richard Beaumont, 1st Baronet JP (2 August 1574 – 28 October 1631) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons in 1625.
Beaumont was a son of Edward Beaumont and Elizabeth Ramsden, daughter of John Ramsden. He was knighted by James I of England in 1609. In 1613, he commanded two hundred train-band soldiers per commission. Two years later he was a justice of the peace of the County of York. In 1625 Beaumont was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for Pontefract in the Useless Parliament. On 15 August 1628 Charles I created him a baronet, of Whitley, in the County of York.
He built the stately home, Whitley Beaumont near Huddersfield, West Yorkshire.
Beaumont died unmarried and with his death the baronetcy became extinct.
# Bibliotheca Hagiographica Latina

The Bibliotheca Hagiographica Latina (BHL) is a catalogue of Latin hagiographic materials, including ancient literary works on the saints' lives, the translations of their relics, and their miracles, arranged alphabetically by saint. The listings include manuscripts, incipits, and printed editions. The first edition (1898-1901) and supplement (1911) were edited by the Bollandists, which included the Jesuit scholar Hippolyte Delehaye. The most recent supplement is the product of a single editor, the Polish Jesuit Henryk Fros [fr], also Bollandist.
The Bibliotheca Hagiographica Graeca and Bibliotheca Hagiographica Orientalis catalogue hagiography, respectively, written in Greek and Middle Eastern languages.

## Editions

* Bibliotheca hagiographica latina antiquae et mediae aetatis. Vol. 1. Brussels. 1898–1899.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) (A–J)
* Bibliotheca hagiographica latina antiquae et mediae aetatis. Vol. 2. Brussels. 1900–1901.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) (K–Z)
* Bibliotheca hagiographica latina antiquae et mediae aetatis. Supplementi editio altera auctior. Brussels. 1911.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* Fros, Henryk, ed. (1986). Bibliotheca hagiographica latina antiquae et mediae aetatis. Novum supplementum. Brussels: Société des Bollandistes. (Includes the contents of the 1911 supplement.)
* "Bibliotheca hagiographica latina manuscripta (BHLms)". 1998. (Taken offline in 2024: link is to an archived version at the Internet Archive.)
* "Légendiers latins". 2024.
# Jimmy McGowan (footballer, born 1924)

James McGowan (12 January 1924 – 28 March 1984) was a Scottish footballer who played as an inside forward in the 1940s and 1950s. After starting his professional career in his home city with Celtic, he moved to England in 1946 where he played for Grimsby Town and Southampton. He died shortly after his 60th birthday from drowning.

## Playing career

McGowan was born at Cambuslang, on the south-eastern outskirts of Glasgow. As a youth he played for Fallin Youth Club, gaining Scottish schoolboy honours. Whilst training as a coachbuilder, he played part-time for Junior club Armadale Thistle, before joining Celtic in 1944. At Celtic, he played in the wartime leagues, including in the 8–1 defeat by Rangers on New Year's Day 1943. He made a total of 23 appearances for Celtic, scoring five goals. In 1944 he was loaned out to East Fife, before joining Dumbarton for a year in 1945.
He moved to England in the summer of 1946 to join Grimsby Town, then in the First Division, for whom he made 34 league appearances playing generally as a half-back, scoring four goals.
He joined Southampton in March 1950 for a fee of £8,000 and made his debut for The Saints at home to Cardiff City when he scored in a 3–1 victory. Described as "a forager and provider", he only played in more than half the first team games in the Second Division in 1951–52 (playing at inside-right) and in the Third Division South in 1955–56 (as a right-half). He missed the entire 1953–54 season because of a severe lung infection. Following this, he captained the reserve team, leading them to victory in the Combination Cup in 1955.
He remained at The Dell until August 1958, after which he made a few appearances for Salisbury in non-league football.
In his eight years with Southampton, he made 82 appearances, scoring nine goals.

## Later career

Following his retirement from football, McGowan became a pub landlord including as the licensee of the Drummond Arms in Portswood. The pub became popular with many of Southampton's Scottish players, including Jim Steele who lived there for a time. For their 1976 FA Cup Final programme, the BBC filmed a piece at the pub. After their victory over Manchester United, Steele, together with Peter Osgood and goalscorer Bobby Stokes, brought the cup to the Drummond Arms, before taking it on a "tour" of hostelries in the town centre.
On 28 March 1984, a few weeks after his 60th birthday, McGowan drowned in the boating lake on Southampton Common.
# Nason, Illinois

Nason is a city in Jefferson County, Illinois, United States. The population was 199 people as of the 2020 census, making it the least populous incorporated city in the state of Illinois. It is part of the Mount Vernon Micropolitan Statistical Area.

## Geography

Nason is located in southern Jefferson County 12 miles (19 km) south of Mount Vernon, the county seat. It sits between the two northern arms of Rend Lake, a reservoir on the Big Muddy River.
According to the 2021 census gazetteer files, Nason has a total area of 0.91 square miles (2.36 km$^2$), all land.

## Demographics

As of the 2020 census there were 199 people, 104 households, and 66 families residing in the city. The population density was 218.44 inhabitants per square mile (84.34/km$^2$). There were 111 housing units at an average density of 121.84 per square mile (47.04/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the city was 93.47% White, 0.00% African American, 1.01% Native American, 0.00% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.50% from other races, and 5.03% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.01% of the population.
There were 104 households, out of which 18.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.46% were married couples living together, 9.62% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.54% were non-families. 32.69% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.27% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 2.13.
The city's age distribution consisted of 15.8% under the age of 18, 5.9% from 18 to 24, 20.8% from 25 to 44, 35.2% from 45 to 64, and 22.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 51.4 years. For every 100 females, there were 132.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 135.4 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $45,833, and the median income for a family was $55,000. Males had a median income of $41,042 versus $30,208 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,776. About 10.6% of families and 15.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.0% of those under age 18 and 14.3% of those age 65 or over.
# Oscar Redding

Oscar Redding (born c. 1974) is an Australian actor, screenwriter and director.

## Biography

Portrayed Alexander Pearce in Van Diemen's Land (2009). He also co-wrote the film with director Jonathan auf der Heide.
Redding directed the Australian film The Tragedy of Hamlet Prince of Denmark (2007), which he also adapted from the stage version that he directed. A modern version of Shakespeare's play. It was screened at the Melbourne International Film Festival in early August 2007.
Television credits include, but are not limited to, The Secret Life of Us, SeaChange, Stingers, Last Man Standing, Blue Heelers, Neighbours, Ponderosa, Backlands, Top of the Lake and Puberty Blues.

## Personal life

Oscar Redding lives in Melbourne.
# Skyhook Wireless

Skyhook was a location technology company based in Boston, Massachusetts, specializing in location positioning. Founded in 2003, Skyhook initially focused on geolocating Wi-Fi access points by wardriving for commercial purposes. Skyhook transitioned to developing hybrid positioning.

## History

Skyhook was founded in 2003 by Ted Morgan and Michael Shean. Skyhook's database was initially gathered through wardriving, when the company sent teams of drivers around the United States, Canada, Western Europe, and selected Asian countries to map out Wi-Fi hotspots.
In April 2010, Apple decided to switch iPhones running on iPhone OS 3.2 and newer to their own location database after previously using a combination of Skyhook's and Google's.
In September 2010, Skyhook sued Google over the use of Wi-Fi locator technology in cell phones. The complaint claimed that Andy Rubin, Google's Vice President for Engineering, gave Sanjay K. Jha, Chief Executive of Motorola's mobile devices' division, a "stop ship" order, preventing Motorola from shipping phones with the Android operating system using the Skyhook software. The litigation was settled in 2015, with Skyhook receiving $90 million in a settlement with the tech giant, a third of which was spent on legal fees. The figure was shown in a securities filing by Liberty Broadband Corporation, Skyhook's Colorado-based parent company.
In February 2014, Skyhook Wireless was acquired by True Position Inc., a subsidiary of Liberty Broadband. In 2016, the two companies merged under the Skyhook brand, now under Liberty Broadband, which is a part of the Liberty Media family. Skyhook also introduced a range of products: Retailer Personas, Power Personas, and On-Demand Personas.
In February 2019, Skyhook announced that it was working closely with Qualcomm Technologies to bring Wi-Fi positioning and location-assistance services based on Qualcomm Snapdragon Wear platforms. In September 2019, Mozilla announced changes to commercial use of its Mozilla Location Service, which resulted in SailfishOS location services not being able to use the service anymore. The changes were made due to patent infringement allegations by Skyhook. In February 2020, Deutsche Telekom announced that Skyhook became one of its technology partners. In April 2020, Skyhook partnered with Kyocera to provide location services to DuraXV Extreme, a rugged flip phone. Skyhook and Combain announced a collaboration in a common press release issued in April 2020.
In 2022, Qualcomm acquired Skyhook.

## Services

Skyhook offered a software development kit, which allowed developers to create location-enabled applications using Skyhook's software. The SDK supported Android 2.2 (Froyo), 2.3.x (Gingerbread), 4.0.x (Ice Cream Sandwich), 4.1.x (Jelly Bean), 4.4 (KitKat), 5.0-5.1 (Lollipop), and 6.0 (Marshmallow), including forked platforms such as the Kindle Fire, along with Linux, Windows, and Mac OS X.
# Battles of La Güera and Tichla

The Battles of La Güera and Tichla took place between 10 and 22 December 1975, when the Mauritanian Army invaded the southern part of Western Sahara, which was the zone agreed to be annexed by Mauritania in the Madrid Accords. Mauritanian troops were confronted by Polisario Front guerrillas, forcing the Royal Moroccan Army to intervene on behalf of Mauritania. By the end of 1975, Mauritania controlled the southern half of the former Spanish colony of Río de Oro.

## Background

By 6 November 1975, the Spanish government had evacuated the Spanish civilian population from La Güera during a 48-hour operation, part of the broader "Operation Swallow". Nineteen corpses from the La Güera cemetery were exhumed and embarked on the Ciudad de Huesca boat. A few hours later, POLISARIO flags waved on the main buildings of La Güera, after dozens of Sahrawi guerrilla fighters captured it and set up their own administration, and the town became cut off from air, sea and land.

## Battles

On 20 December 1975, the Mauritanian advance began, which at that time had a small army of just 2,000 troops, for which material support was requested from Morocco as well as from France. The occupation of La Güera was carried out by troops that came from Nouadhibou, as well as Nouakchott. The Saharawi troops began to fire, and the Mauritanian troops fell back in disorder. Due to the severity of the situation, Colonel Mohamed Ould Bah Ould Abdelkader was appointed as the person in charge of taking over the town. The Saharawi troops, made up of a hundred soldiers, under the command of Buzeid Uld Hmayen, were in a critical and desperate situation since they were isolated by land, sea and air with no possibility of retreat.
The Sahrawi troops attempted to delay the Mauritanian advance as much as possible by holding out in the buildings of the Territorial Police Headquarters from where they repelled the continuous Mauritanian attempts to take the place since they were repelled by a rain of light weapons projectiles. The fighting lasted about ten days and the Saharawis fought hard until the few survivors finally surrendered, since it is estimated that some 80 of the hundred Saharawi soldiers died, including their commander, Ould Hmayen. The surviving soldiers received undignified treatment by the Mauritanian authorities. The victory was short-lived as the Saharawis defeated them in 1978.
Tichla fell to Mauritanian troops on 20 December, while the town of El Argoub, near Villa Cisneros, was captured on 11 January 1976, after having been besieged for two weeks.

## Aftermath

The few surviving Sahrawi soldiers from El Argoub were first relocated to the border between the Sahara and Mauritania, being then supplied and evacuated with the assistance of the Algerian Army to Algeria. Tensions between Moroccan and Mauritanian troops arose in the aftermath of the battle, eventually leading to armed confrontations between both parties, beginning with the First Battle of Amgala in 1976.
# Paddy O'Reilly

Paddy O'Reilly is a multiple award-winning Australian writer. Her first major short story prize was the Age Short Story Award in 2002 for her story, "Snapshots of Strangers". She was an Asialink resident to Japan in 1997 and has also won residencies at the Vermont Studio Center, Varuna, The Writers' House, Bundanon Trust, Katharine Susannah Prichard Writers' Centre and the Newcastle Lockup, among others. She has won the Norma K Hemming Award and been shortlisted for the ALS Gold Medal, the Queensland Premier's Literary Awards and the Prime Minister's Literary Awards. Her novels and stories have been published and broadcast in Australia and New Zealand, China, the Caribbean, Europe, the United Kingdom and the United States. Heart of Pearl, a short film for which she wrote the screenplay, was nominated for an Australian Film Institute award.
# Perkins Paste

Perkins Paste was an Australian brand of adhesive. Although not designed specifically for children, its quick drying, non-toxic formula made it safe for school use. The glue was sold commonly in small, 60-gram, fuchsia-coloured, cylindrical plastic tubs with white plastic lids that incorporated the flat, spatula-like applicator. The paste was a thick white solid paste, made from boiled potato dextrin.

## Company history

Perkins Paste was owned and started by Maurice Bertram Jeffery, a commercial artist who found himself unemployed during the Great Depression. Production began in 1934 at Albion Street, Surry Hills, New South Wales and ceased during the 1980s. It became a cultural icon, akin to Vegemite or the Tim Tam biscuit. Many users of the product recall eating Perkins Paste during their primary school years.

## Popular culture

A track called 'Perkins Paste' has been recorded by the band Bleeding Jelly Eyes.
On 11 March 1993, Perkins Paste was mentioned in the NSW Legislative Assembly during debate on the 'State Environmental Planning Policy No. 3 - Castlereagh Liquid Waste Disposal Depot'. The then Member for Ermington implied that the then Member for Blacktown had rearranged information contained in Water Board memoranda: "out with the scissors, out with the Perkins Paste, and out with the truth".
In 2003, Perkin's Paste was mentioned in a newspaper report concerning the youth creative arts festival 'Noise' in Melbourne. The digital revolution was likened to Perkins Paste as a form of creativity (of DIY, cutting and pasting) available to everyone.
Travel writer Susan Kurosawa recalled, in a 2007 newspaper article, her mother's use of Perkins Paste:
   I have a photograph of the young Susan, on board the old Arcadia in the late 1950s, en route from Southampton to Sydney, at an equator-crossing ceremony. I appear to be wearing a hula skirt and a discouragingly small bra made from two segments of a cut-up egg carton. Around my neck is a chain of coloured bath cubes. My hair is a mermaid's tangle of toilet-roll twists and I am holding an upside-down broom as a makeshift trident. I have a vague memory of the terror I felt when my mother set off to make this costume at an on-board creative arts class. What that woman couldn't do with a few rolls of crepe paper, a couple of decommissioned coat-hangers and a pot of Perkins Paste isn't even worth considering.
A t-shirt showing the Perkins Paste label was previously available from REMO.
Australian Urban Culture side-note: Eating small amounts of Perkin's Paste was a "rite of passage" in most Australian Primary Schools during the 1970's.