OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Laura Soames

Laura Soames (Brighton, 1840–1895) was a British phonetician, best known for her work applying phonetic principles to the teaching of the pronunciation of English and of foreign languages. An important contribution of her work was to popularize phonetics among language teachers.

## Career

Soames was a language teacher whose interest in phonetics was linked to her interest in spelling reform and the teaching of reading. She was an active member of the Phonetic Teachers' Association, which evolved into the International Phonetic Association (IPA). In 1890 she was elected to the council of the IPA. She was highly regarded by its founder Passy and other phoneticians in Europe, including Wilhelm Viëtor (1850–1918), founder of the journal Phonetische Studien. Viëtor revised Soames' influential Introduction to Phonetics (English, French and German) (Soames 1891) and published it under the title, Introduction to English, French and German Phonetics (Soames, Viëtor 1899, still in print). Later he edited and added to a manuscript she was working on at the time of her death which combined revisions of the Introduction with aspects of The Child’s Key to Reading (Soames 1894), the book which had established her as a force in language education. This edited work was published as The Teacher’s Manual (Soames, n.d., Viëtor 1897).
Soames is also known for her 1889 proposal, which she credited to Curwen, that principal accents (stresses) are isochronous in English, that is, they appear at equal time intervals. The well-known phonetician Henry Sweet quickly disagreed (1889, Le maître phonétique), and the argument continues to the present day.

## Legacy

Soames left a bequest to the University of London to fund the Laura Soames Prize, which was intended to promote the study of phonetics by awarding an annual prize in the Department of Phonetics at University College for the most distinguished piece of research work dealing with the phonetic structure of a living language.

## Selected publications

* Soames, L. 1889. On English stress. Le maître phonétique. mars 1889: 34–35.
* Soames, L. 1891. An introduction to phonetics. London: Swan Sonnenschein. ISBN 978-1331984221
* Soames, L. (n.d.). The Teacher's Manual: Pt. 1 The sounds of English. London: Swan Sonnenschein.
* Viëtor, Wilhelm, editor. 1897. The Teacher's Manual: Pt. 2. London: Swan Sonnenschein.
# Namchi Monastery

Namchi Monastery is a Buddhist monastery in Sikkim, northeastern India.
# Mian Abdul Rashid

Sir Mian Abdul Rashid, KCSI, H.Pk (Urdu: سر میاں عبد الرشيد; 29 June 1889 – 6 November 1981) was the first Chief Justice of Pakistan, legal philosopher, one of the founding fathers of Pakistan, and a jurist.

## Early life and education

He was born on 29 June 1889 in a well-known Arain family, namely Mian family of Baghbanpura of Lahore. He received his early education at Central Model School in Lahore, and got his B.A. from Forman Christian College, also in Lahore, and a Tripos and Masters from Christ's College, Cambridge University in 1912.
In 1913, he was called to the Bar from the Middle Temple, London.

## Law career

He started practising law at Multan and later shifted to Lahore in 1913 where he joined the chambers of Mian Muhammad Shafi. He was then appointed Assistant Legal Remembrancer. In the summer of 1923, he was appointed acting judge of Lahore High Court on recommendation of Sir Shadi Lal, who was then Chief Justice of the said court. From 1927 to 1931, he officiated as Government of Punjab's Advocate. He was appointed Judge, Lahore High Court in 1933. In 1946, he was made Chief Justice of Judicature at Lahore, and was knighted in the 1946 Birthday Honours list.

## First Chief Justice of Pakistan

On 15 August 1947, when Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah was sworn in as the first Governor-General of Pakistan, Rashid, as the most senior Muslim judge in British India, administered the oath of office to him.

## Awards and recognition

* In 2005, the Government of Pakistan honoured him by naming a main road (7th Avenue) after him in the federal capital, Islamabad. The former Seventh Avenue down to Khayaban-i-Suhrawardy and the Kashmir Highway has been renamed Justice Sir Mian Abdul Rashid Avenue.
* Hilal-e-Pakistan (Crescent of Pakistan) Award by the President of Pakistan
# Radio Vlasenica

Radio Vlasenica or Радио Власеница is a Bosnian local public radio station, broadcasting from Vlasenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
It was launched on 20 April 2020 as local/municipal radio station. Radio station broadcasts a variety of programs such as local news, music, sport and talk shows. Program is mainly produced in Serbian language
Estimated number of potential listeners of Radio Vlasenica is around 28.233. Radio station is also available in municipalities of Podrinje area and in neighboring Serbia.

## Frequencies

* Vlasenica 100.6 MHz
# Francis Hobart Herrick

Francis Hobart Herrick (19 November 1858, in Woodstock, Vermont – 11 September 1940, in Cleveland, Ohio) was an American writer, natural history illustrator and founding professor of biology at Adelbert College of Western Reserve University. He wrote a two-volume biography of Audubon and several popular books on the life of birds.

## Life and work

Francis Hobart Herrick was the son of Marcellus Aurelius Herrick and Hannah Andrews Putnam. Herrick attended St. Paul's School in Concord, New Hampshire from where he went to Dartmouth College in 1881. His Ph.D. was obtained at Johns Hopkins University in 1888. The embryology and biology of shellfish, especially lobster, became a consuming interest.
He was approached in 1890 by the United States Commissioner of Fisheries to research and publish a comprehensive report on the American Lobster. Over a period of five years Herrick studied lobsters along the seaboards of Massachusetts, Maine and New Hampshire working from a laboratory at Woods Hole, Massachusetts. The finished work was entitled The American Lobster: A study of its habits and development and appeared in volume 15 of the Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission for 1895. This definitive work includes some 100 detailed drawings of Homarus americanus. Herrick was greatly concerned about the unregulated lobster-fishing industry and that the limited migration of lobsters bedevils recovery of lobster populations once depleted.
His 1917 work was the first critical biography of John James Audubon and negated the public's romanticised image of him as an American woodsman. An ornithologist with a particular interest in the aetiology of instinct in wild birds, Herrick was the first researcher to study the bald eagle in the field, and help popularise wildlife photography in the process. He became professor emeritus in 1929.

## Personal life

Herrick married on June 24, 1897 to Josephine (February 4, 1860 in Cleveland, Ohio – August 30, 1952 in Alameda, California) the daughter of John Herkomer and Agnes Koenig. They had two children Agnes E. Herrick (1898–1992) and Francis Herkomer Herrick (1900–1996).

## Publications

* Biology, a sketch of its history (1891)
* Audubon the Naturalist: A History of His Life and Time, New York, D. Appleton-Century Company, 1917. ISBN 140978455X (In two volumes, Volume 1 Volume 2)
** Audubon the Naturalist (second edition in a single volume, 1938)
* Wild Birds at Home. New York, D. Appleton-Century Company, 1935.
* The American Lobster: A Study of its Habits and Development. Washington, Bulletin of the U.S. Fish Commission, 1895.
** Natural history of the American lobster (1911)
* The American Eagle: A study in natural and civil history, New York, D. Appleton-Century Company, 1934.
* The home life of wild birds : a new method of the study and photography of birds. New York, G.P. Putnam, 1901 (Alternate)
# French ship Tonnerre

Eight ships of the French Navy have borne the name Tonnerre ("thunder"):
* French ship Tonnerre (1696) (1696–1713), formerly HMS Thunder, a captured 4-gun bomb ship.
* French gunboat Tonnerre (1759) (1759–1768), a gunboat
* French gunboat Tonnerre (1785) (1785–1807), a 3-gun gunboat
* French ship Tonnerre (1808) (1808–1809), a 74-gun Téméraire-class ship of the line
* French corvette Tonnerre (1838–1878), a 4-gun wheeled steam corvette
* French ironclad Tonnerre (1875–1921), an armoured coastal defence ship
* French ship Tonnerre (1946) (1946–1955), an armoured barge in Indochina
* French ship Tonnerre (L9014), a Mistral-class amphibious assault ship presently in service.

## Reference and sources

* Les bâtiments ayant porté le nom de Tonnerre
* Dictionnaire des bâtiments de la flotte de guerre de Colbert à nos jours, Jean-Michel Roche
# 1946 Arkansas State Indians football team

The 1946 Arkansas State Indians football team was an American football team that represented Arkansas State College—now known as Arkansas State University—as an independent during the 1946 college football season. In their first year under head coach Forrest England, the Indians compiled a 4–3–3 record and were outscored by a total of 103 to 99.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result |
| September 27 | at Southeast Missouri State | Houck StadiumCape Girardeau, MO | L 0–8 |
| October 5 | at Bradley | Peoria StadiumPeoria, IL | L 2–26 |
| October 12 | at Monticello A&M | Monticello, AR | T 13–13 |
| October 19 | at Southern Illinois | McAndrew StadiumCarbondale, IL | W 14–12 |
| October 26 | at Xavier | Xavier StadiumCincinnati, OH | L 0–26 |
| November 2 | Illinois Wesleyan | Kays StadiumJonesboro, AR | W 20–0 |
| November 9 | Henderson State | Kays StadiumJonesboro, AR | T 0–0 |
| November 16 | at Evansville | Bosse FieldEvansville, IN | T 6–6 |
| November 23 | at Centre | Farris StadiumDanville, KY | W 14–0 |
| November 28 | at Arkansas State Teachers | Estes StadiumConway, AR | W 30–12 |
# Disney Jr. (Poland)

Disney Jr. is a British-managed Polish preschool channel owned and operated by The Walt Disney Company Limited in London, England. Initially part of the pan-CEMA feed. It was originally launched as Fox Kids Play in January 2003, it was later rebranded as Jetix Play on 1 January 2005, and Playhouse Disney on 1 September 2010, On 1 June 2011, the channel was later rebranded as Disney Junior.
# 2nd General Assembly of Newfoundland

The members of the 2nd General Assembly of Newfoundland were elected in the Newfoundland general election held in May 1837. The general assembly sat from July 3, 1837 to 1841.
The assembly continue to meet at the Old Court House.
William Carson was chosen as speaker.
An Education Act passed in 1836 established a public education system in the province.
In 1838, Edward Kielley was alleged to have threatened and insulted John Kent, a member of the assembly, regarding remarks made by Kent in the assembly. The assembly considered these actions to violate the parliamentary privilege of the Newfoundland legislature and ordered Kielley arrested. The Supreme Court of Newfoundland upheld the actions of the assembly but in 1842 the ruling was overturned by the Judicial committee of the British Privy Council which ruled that the privileges of the British House of Commons were not transferred to colonial legislatures.
Sir Henry Prescott served as civil governor of Newfoundland.

## Members of the Assembly

The following members were elected to the assembly in 1837:
| Member | Electoral district | Affiliation | First elected |
| Hugh A. Emerson | Bonavista Bay | Conservative | 1837 |
| Henry G. Butler | Burin | Liberal | 1837 |
| Peter Brown | Conception Bay | Liberal | 1832 |
| John McCarthy | Conception Bay | Liberal | 1837 |
| Anthony Godfrey | Conception Bay | Liberal | 1837 |
| James Power | Conception Bay | Liberal | 1832 |
| Peter Winser | Ferryland | Liberal | 1837 |
| Edward James Dwyer | Fogo | Conservative | 1837 |
| William Bickford Row | Fortune Bay | Conservative | 1837 |
| Patrick Doyle | Placentia and St. Mary's | Liberal | 1837 |
| John Valentine Nugent | Placentia and St. Mary's | Liberal | 1837 |
| William Carson | St. John's | Liberal | 1833 |
| John Kent | St. John's | Liberal | 1832 |
| Patrick Morris | St. John's | Liberal | 1837 |
| Laurence O'Brien (1840) | St. John's | Liberal | 1840 |
| Thomas Fitzgibbon Moore | Trinity Bay | Conservative | 1837 |

## By-elections

By-elections were held to replace members for various reasons:
| Electoral district | Member elected | Affiliation | Election date | Reason |
| Conception Bay | none | n/a | 1840 | A Godfrey died |
| St. John's | Laurence O'Brien | liberal | 1840 | P Morris named to Executive Council |
# French ship Républicain

Six ships of the French Navy have borne the name Républicain ("Revolutionary"):
* Royal Louis, a 110-gun ship of the line, was renamed Républicain in 1792.
* French corvette Républicain (1793), a 20-gun corvette (1793–1794)
* French lugger Républicain (1793), a 10-gun lugger (1793–1796)
* French fluyt Républicain (1795), a fluyt (1795)
* Mont Blanc, a Téméraire-class ship of the line, bore the name between 1795 and 1796
* Majestueux, a 110-gun Terrible-class ship of the line, was renamed Républicain in 1797.
Five ships of the French Navy have borne the name Républicaine ("Revolutionary"):
* Républicaine, a 4-gun felucca (1793–1799)
* French corvette Républicaine (1794), a 24-gun Unité-class corvette (1794–1799)
* Républicaine, a lugger (1794–1795)
* French corvette Républicaine (1795), an 18-gun corvette
* French fluyt Républicaine (1795), an 18-gun fluyt
* French frigate Républicaine française (1794), a 32-gun Galathée-class frigate (1794–1796)
Two ships of the French Navy have borne the name République française:
* République française, a 120-gun ship of the line
* République française (1795), a tartane
The frigate Hermione was started as République italienne
# Żabianka, Lublin Voivodeship

Żabianka (Polish:) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ułęż, within Ryki County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 3 km (2 mi) south-west of Ułęż, 13 km (8 mi) south-east of Ryki, and 51 km (32 mi) north-west of the regional capital Lublin. In 2011 it had a population of 122.

## History

The village was first known as Wola Żabia before being renamed to Żabianka. Historically, it was located within Stężyca Land, Sandomierz Voivodeship. The first mention of the village in historical record is in a tax inventory from 1569, where a man called 'Lyeczki', possibly named after the nearby village of Lendo, paid tax on one łan. In 1827 it had 12 houses and 109 inhabitants. By the end of the 19th century it had a poorhouse, 12 houses, and its population was 83.
Until the latter half of the 16th century the village belonged to the Drążgów parish. In 1570 Łukasz Lendzki, a local noble, erected a church there which, after a period of it being a filial church, was made the seat of the parish in 1575. This was because the old seat was converted into an Arian congregation. The current wooden church was built in 1754 by Feliks Bentkowski, the Stężyca Land Starosta. The church underwent renovations in 1882, 1975–1976, and 2014; during the restoration works in 2014, a burial crypt was discovered under its floor.
# George v. Victor Talking Machine Co.

George v. Victor Talking Machine Co., 293 U.S. 377 (1934), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held the district court's ruling of infringement of a song's common law copyright, granting an injunction so that damages could be determined, was interlocutory. The appeal came too late, so the Court vacated the appeal.
# Cheap Seats

Cheap Seats or The Cheap Seats may refer to:

## Music

* Cheap Seats (album), by Alabama, 1993
* "Cheap Seats" (song), by Dallas Smith, 2014
* "Cheap Seats", a song by Illy featuring Waax from the 2020 album The Space Between
* "The Cheap Seats" (song), by Alabama, 1994

## Television

* Cheap Seats (TV series), an American TV program
* The Cheap Seats, Australian TV series
# Sally Mursi

Sally Mursi (ar: سالي مرسي, born March 30, 1968) is an Egyptian entertainer and transgender woman. Her sex reassignment surgery in 1988 was a source of controversy and lawsuits in Egypt.

## Transition

Prior to pursuing medical operations, Mursi consulted with psychologist Salwa Jirjis Labib and underwent three years of conversion therapy, after which Labib referred her to a surgeon. Mursi was further referred to plastic surgeon Ezzat Ashamallah, who affirmed the diagnosis of "psychological hermaphroditism" and prescribed hormone replacement therapy for one year prior performing surgery on January 29, 1988.
At the same period, Muhammad Sayyid Tantawy also released a Fatwa, recognizing that Sally Mursi needed the surgery for her health and that it was spiritually legal to change sex for transgender people, if their doctors said they needed it. But said that before Mursi could get the surgery, she had to follow all the rules of Islam for women during a year, except the one about marriage.

## Legal battle

Mursi studied medicine at Al-Azhar University when she was suspended, pre-transition, for wearing women's clothing. When she returned post-transition, she was expelled and the university initiated a legal battle against her physician, Ashamallah, causing him to be removed from the Physician’s Syndicate. The Syndicate requested a fatwa on the case from Sheikh Muhammad Sayyid Tantawy, who designated the issue as a medical condition and subject to physician's discretion. Al-Azhar brought the case against Ashamallah to court, in which process Sally was subjected to a full body examination. The examiner confirmed the diagnosis and Ashamallah was acquitted.
# Maria Louisa Pike

Maria Louisa Pike (c. 1824 – 1892) was an American naturalist.
Born in England, her father was Benjamin Hadley, British Commissioner to South Africa. She was private secretary to her father for several years, and employed much of her spare time in studying and making sketches of the flora of South Africa. She went to Mauritius in 1870 and became acquainted with Nicolas Pike, U.S. consul, who was engaged in collecting natural history specimens for the Louis Agassiz Museum in Cambridge, Massachusetts. She assisted him in the classification of over 800 species of fish, of which she made many colored sketches. They married in 1875 and moved to America, where she contributed articles and illustrations to Scientific American, American Agriculturist, and American Garden. She produced color illustrations of a large collection of spiders made by her husband, and also made a nearly complete set of pen-and-ink drawings of North American snakes. She was a member of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences.
She died in Brooklyn, New York, on March 23, 1892.

## Selected works

* Pike, Mrs. Nicolas (31 August 1889). "Spider Web and Cocoon Making". Scientific American. 61 (9): 130. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican08311889-130.
* Pike, Mrs. N. (1 February 1890). "Plants Useful yet Dangerous to Man". Scientific American Supplement (735): 11746.
* Pike, Mrs. N. (7 June 1890). "A Chat on Orchids". Scientific American. 62 (23): 355.
* Pike, Mrs. N. (17 January 1891). "The Destruction of Animal Life and Its Consequences". Scientific American. 64 (3): 37.
* Pike, Mrs. N. (13 February 1892). "Ferns: Their Preservative Properties and Varied Uses". Scientific American. 66 (7): 100. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican02131892-100a.
# McGoldrick v. Berwind-White Coal Mining Co.

McGoldrick v. Berwind-White Coal Mining Co., 309 U.S. 33 (1940), is United States Supreme Court case upholding the legality under the Constitution's Commerce Clause of a tax by the City of New York upon the purchase of coal by public utility and steamship companies based in New York from Berwind-White Coal Mining Company, a Pennsylvania coal company through its New York office.
# Päri language

Päri, is a Luo language of South Sudan. Päri has been claimed to have ergative alignment, which is rare-to-nonexistent in African languages, although recent descriptions of the language have instead described the case system as marked nominative (nominative–absolutive).
# New Negro Alliance v. Sanitary Grocery Co.

New Negro Alliance v. Sanitary Grocery Co., 303 U.S. 552 (1938), was a landmark decision of the US Supreme Court which affects US labor law, safeguarding a right to boycott and in the struggle by African Americans against discriminatory hiring practices. Sanitary Grocery Co. was at the time of the case owned by Safeway Inc.

## Judgment

The court concluded that according to the United States Congress "peaceful and orderly dissemination of information by those defined as persons interested in a labor dispute concerning 'terms and conditions of employment' in an industry or a plant or a place of business should be lawful; that, short of fraud, breach of the peace, violence, or conduct otherwise unlawful, those having a direct or indirect interest in such terms and conditions of employment should be at liberty to advertise and disseminate facts and information with respect to terms and conditions of employment, and peacefully to persuade others to concur in their views respecting an employer's practices."
# Orobanche ludoviciana

Orobanche ludoviciana, the Louisiana broomrape or prairie broom-rape, is a species of plant in the family Orobanchaceae. It was first described and named by Thomas Nuttall in 1818.
This species is parasitic on neighboring plants via its roots; common host species include gumweed and wormwoods, though some other Asteraceae are also used. They grow from 1-3 dm often without branches. Leaves are scales and numerous. The inflorescences are many-flowered spikes that occupy a half to a third of the shoot. Flowers sessile or with small up to 15mm pedicels for the lower flowers. Calyx subtended by 1 or 2 bracts, which are bilabiate. Corolla is 1.5-2.5 cm and often a violet-like color. 2n=24, 48, 72, 96. It typically grows in sandy soil. It grows throughout the central plains of North America and northwest into British Columbia and Oregon. Found from June through August. Listed as endangered in Wisconsin and threatened in Illinois and Indiana.
# Gamboma District

Gamboma is a district in the Plateaux Region of eastern Republic of the Congo. The capital lies at Gamboma.