OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Undie Run

An Undie Run is an event where a large number of people disrobe until they are only wearing underwear, and then run. The site of Undie Runs are typically college campuses, but they may occur on other sites such as streets. Undie Runs may be purely for entertainment, a form of protest, or as with the ASU Undie Run, fund-raising for charitable purposes. It is reported that the Guinness Book of World Records considers the Undie Run that took place on September 24, 2011, in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States to have had a record number of participants. There were 2,270 participants in that Undie Run, which was held to protest Utah's conservative laws. COED Magazine, a magazine in the United States marketed to college students, has reported that Undie Runs are the "number one university sanctioned event".

## History

One of the earliest known Undie Runs was started by student Eric Whitehead at UCLA in the fall of 2001.

## Universities in North America with Undie Run traditions
### Arizona

* Arizona State University (ended 4/28/15)
* University of Arizona

### Boston

* Boston College
* Northeastern University

### British Columbia

* University of British Columbia

### California

* California State University, Chico
* California State University, Fullerton
* University of California, Irvine
* California State University, Long Beach
* University of California, Los Angeles
* Chapman University, Orange, California
* University of California, San Diego
* San Diego State University
* University of California, Santa Barbara
* University of Southern California

### Colorado

* Colorado State University

### Florida

* University of Florida

### Kansas

* University of Kansas

### Kentucky

* University of Kentucky

### Montana

* University of Montana – Missoula

### Nevada

* University of Nevada, Las Vegas
* University of Nevada, Reno

### New Mexico

* University of New Mexico

### New York

* New York University

### Oregon

* Oregon State University

### Texas

* University of Texas, Austin

### Washington

* University of Washington

### Wisconsin

* University of Wisconsin
# Periș

Periș is a commune in the far northwestern corner of Ilfov County, Muntenia, Romania. The commune is composed of three villages: Bălteni, Buriaș and Periș. It used to include Brătulești and Cocioc villages, until these were absorbed by other villages in the commune. In Romanian, its name means "a place where pear trees grow".

## Geography

Periș is situated on the border of the county with Dâmbovița and Prahova counties, 33.5 km (20.8 mi) north of the capital city, Bucharest. It lies on the right bank of the river Ialomița and on both sides of the river Vlăsia.
The surface area of the commune is 77.97 km$^2$ (30.10 sq mi), and its altitude ranges from 105 to 137 m (344 to 449 ft) above sea level.

## History

It was the site of the Battle of Periș, on August 24, 1546, where Mircea the Shepherd, Voivode of Wallachia, launched a surprise attack on the boyars opposing his rule and greatly decimated them.

## Natives

* Grigore Băjenaru (1907–1986), writer
* Dinu Cocea (1929–2013), actor, film director, and screenwriter
* George Dumitrescu (1901–1972), poet
# De Soto, Georgia

De Soto is a city in Sumter County, Georgia, United States. The population was 214 at the 2000 census. It is part of the Americus micropolitan statistical area.

## History

The Georgia General Assembly incorporated the place in 1889 as the "Town of De Soto". The community is named for Hernando de Soto, the explorer who discovered the Mississippi River.

## Geography

De Soto is located at 31°57′17″N 84°4′3″W﻿ / ﻿31.95472°N 84.06750°W﻿ / 31.95472; -84.06750 (31.954674, -84.067633).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.8 square miles (2.1 km$^2$), all land.

## Demographics

De Soto, Georgia – Racial and ethnic composition Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race. :
| Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) | Pop 2000 | Pop 2010 | Pop 2020 | % 2000 | % 2010 | % 2020 |
| White alone (NH) | 68 | 54 | 30 | 31.78% | 27.69% | 24.19% |
| Black or African American alone (NH) | 140 | 130 | 85 | 65.42% | 66.67% | 68.55% |
| Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0.93% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| Asian alone (NH) | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0.00% | 2.05% | 0.00% |
| Pacific Islander alone (NH) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| Some Other Race alone (NH) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| Mixed Race or Multi-Racial (NH) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 4 | 7 | 9 | 1.87% | 3.59% | 7.26% |
| Total | 214 | 195 | 124 | 100.00% | 100.00% | 100.00% |
As of the census of 2000, there were 214 people, 78 households, and 53 families residing in the city. By 2020, its population was 124.

## Politics

In 2010, the city was cited by the Georgia Secretary of State's office for failing to hold regular elections in 2009, as well as being unable to document any elections from 2005 through 2007. A De Soto councilmember apologized by saying that the city simply "forgot" about the need to hold an election. Facing a number of state violations, the city promised to remedy the situation permanently by outsourcing the elections process to a third party. The state provided that the 2009 election must be held by March 2010.
# Chalcites

Chalcites is a genus of Australasian cuckoos in the family Cuculidae. They were formerly placed in the genus Chrysococcyx.

## Taxonomy

The genus Chalcites was introduced in 1830 by the French naturalist René Lesson. The type species is, by tautology, Cuculus chalcites which is a junior synonym of Cuculus plagosus Latham, now considered to be a subspecies of the shining bronze cuckoo (Chalcites lucidus). The genus name is from Ancient Greek χαλκιτης (khalkitēs) meaning "containing copper" or "coppery".
The cuckoos in this genus were formerly placed with group of Afro-Asian cuckoos in the genus Chrysococcyx. They were moved to Chalcites based on differences in morphology and the lack of significant sexual dimorphism.
The genus contains eight species:
* Long-billed cuckoo, Chalcites megarhynchus
* Horsfield's bronze cuckoo, Chalcites basalis
* Black-eared cuckoo, Chalcites osculans
* Rufous-throated bronze cuckoo, Chalcites ruficollis
* Shining bronze cuckoo, Chalcites lucidus
* White-eared bronze cuckoo, Chalcites meyerii
* Little bronze cuckoo, Chalcites minutillus
* Pied bronze cuckoo, Chalcites crassirostris
# Emanuele Quercigh

Emanuele Quercigh (born 1934 in Naples, Italy) is an Italian particle physicist who works since 1964 at CERN, most known for the discovery of quark-gluon plasma (QGP). Quercigh moved as a child to Friuli with his mother and his younger brother after the early death of his father. Quercigh studied physics at the University of Milan in Italy, where he became assistant of professor Giuseppe Occhialini in 1959.
In 1964 Quercigh moved to Geneva, Switzerland, where he took up a position as fellow at CERN and subsequently became a staff physicist. Initially Quercigh took part in various experiments using the CERN 2 m Bubble Chamber. Then he proposed and led, together with David Lord, the ERASME project, a machine for scanning and measuring film from BEBC.
In 1974, Quercigh was appointed spokesperson of the T209 experiment, a bubble chamber experiment studying high statistics 8.25 GeV/c K–p, which discovered the φ(1850) particle–the first Regge recurrence of the φ meson–and performed a detailed study of the lifetime of the Ω–baryon, as well as a first evaluation of its spin.
As of 1979 Quercigh was the leading scientist for various CERN SPS experiments using the Omega Spectrometer, a facility he promoted with colleagues already in 1968, studying quantum chromodynamics (QCD) processes, hadron spectroscopy and particle and soft photon production mechanisms. This activity focused on the production of baryons and anti-baryons carrying one or more strange quarks in heavy-ion collisions. Quercigh was the CERN contact man or spokesman for the WA85, WA94 and WA97 experiments addressing strangeness and quark-gluon plasma. When CERN announced the observation of the QGP in February 2000, he presented the strange particle production results on behalf of these collaborations.
Together with Jürgen Schukraft and Hans Gutbrod, Quercigh laid down the foundations of the LHC ALICE experiment. He was then elected as the first chairman of the ALICE Collaboration Board on 20 April 1994 for the period from 1994 to 1998.
After retirement from CERN in 1999, Quercigh is honorary staff member. In the years 2000, 2001 and 2003 he was guest professor at the University of Padua.

## Publications

* (with M. Jacob) Symposium on the CERN Omega Spectrometer : 25 Years of Physics, 19 Mar 1997, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
* (with S. Hegarty and K. Potter) Joint International Lepton-Photon Symposium and Europhysics Conference on High Energy Physics, Geneva, Switzerland, 25 July – 1 August 1991 (in two volumes,1992)
* List of publications recorded in Inspire-HEP

## Awards and honours

* Gold Medal of the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics of Comenius University, Bratislava
* Slovak Academy of Sciences' Diorys llkovic Gold Honour Medal for Achievements in Physics
# Grapsus

Grapsus is a genus of lightfoot crabs, comprising the following species:
* Grapsus albolineatus Latreille in Milbert, 1812
* Grapsus adscensionis (Osbeck, 1765)
* Grapsus fourmanoiri Crosnier, 1965
* Grapsus grapsus (Linnaeus, 1758)
* Grapsus granulosus Milne-Edwards, 1853
* Grapsus intermedius De Man, 1888
* Grapsus longitarsis Dana, 1851
* Grapsus tenuicrustatus (Herbst, 1783)
'Grapsus' is a New Latin modification of Greek 'grapsaios' meaning 'crab'.

## Gallery

* Grapsus tenuicrustatus climbing on rocks in Hawaii
* Grapsus adscensionis at Tenerife
* Grapsus adscensionis at Tenerife
* Grapsus adscensionis at Saint Helena
* Grapsus albolineatus at Karwar, India
* Grapsus tenuicrustatus
# Povetkin

Povetkin (masculine, Russian: Поветкин) or Povetkina (feminine, Russian: Поветкина) is a Russian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Alexander Povetkin (born 1979), Russian boxer
* Stepan Povetkin (1895–1965), Soviet general
# Colonel Custard's Last Stand

Colonel Custard's Last Stand is a 1914 one-reel silent movie comedy about Custer's Last Stand and starred Lloyd Hamilton as Colonel Custard and featured Betty Burbridge, James Douglass, Harry Russell and Mai Wells. The film was directed by Richard Garrick and was released on 19 March 1914.
The slapstick comedy was made by the St. Louis Motion Picture Company and the Frontier Motion Picture Company. It was distributed by Universal Film Manufacturing Company.

## Synopsis

While trying to break up his daughter's romance Colonel Custard unknowingly puts an Indian tribe on the warpath led by Chief Standing Cowski.
# Diego Rigonato

Diego Rigonato Rodrigues (born 9 March 1988), commonly known as Diego, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a left-back and midfielder.

## Career
### Budapest Honved

Diego made his debut of 27 November 2006 against Vasas SC in a match that ended 1–0.

### Reims

Diego helped Stade de Reims win the 2017–18 Ligue 2, helping promote them to the Ligue 1 for the 2018–19 season.

### Toluca

Diego was presented as Toluca's new signing on 25 July 2019.

## Career statistics

    As of match played on 17 July 2018.
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition :
| Club | Season | League | League | League | Cup | Cup | League Cup | League Cup | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Honvéd | 2008–09 | Nemzeti Bajnokság I | ? | 5 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | ? | 5 |
| Honvéd | 2009–10 | Nemzeti Bajnokság I | 21 | 4 | 3 | 1 | — | — | 1 | 0 | 25 | 5 |
| Honvéd | Total | Total | 21 | 9 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 25 | 10 |
| Honvéd II | 2010–11 | Nemzeti Bajnokság II | 1 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1 | 0 |
| Tours | 2010–11 | Ligue 2 | 27 | 4 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 27 | 4 |
| Tours | 2011–12 | Ligue 2 | 32 | 9 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | — | — | 36 | 9 |
| Tours | 2012–13 | Ligue 2 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | — | — | 6 | 0 |
| Tours | Total | Total | 64 | 13 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 69 | 13 |
| Reims | 2012–13 | Ligue 1 | 29 | 4 | 1 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 30 | 4 |
| Reims | 2013–14 | Ligue 1 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 7 | 1 |
| Reims | 2014–15 | Ligue 1 | 31 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | — | — | 33 | 6 |
| Reims | 2015–16 | Ligue 1 | 23 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | — | — | 25 | 3 |
| Reims | 2016–17 | Ligue 2 | 32 | 4 | 1 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 33 | 4 |
| Reims | 2017–18 | Ligue 2 | 34 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | — | — | 35 | 9 |
| Reims | Total | Total | 156 | 26 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 163 | 27 |
| Reims II | 2013–14 | CFA 2 | 2 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 2 | 0 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 244 | 48 | 9 | 2 | 6 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 261 | 50 |

## Honours

Honvéd
* Hungarian Cup: 2008–09
* Hungarian Cup runners-up: 2007–08
* Hungarian Super Cup runners-up: 2007, 2009
Reims
* Ligue 2: 2017–18
# Kållered

Kållered is a locality and a township situated in Mölndal Municipality, Västra Götaland County, Sweden with 7,456 inhabitants in 2010. Geographically, Kållered is mainly a dell, surrounded by ridges and mountainous terrain, with partially dense forestry particularly towards the south. The locality is a built up area, despite the number of inhabitants.
Kållered is home to a hive of small industries; some of the companies that can be found are soil- and quarrying industries, construction companies, and infotech companies.

## Communications

Kållered is located 10 km south of Gothenburg. Kållered is also accessible by road or by public transport via the E6/E20 motorway and the western mainline railway link Västkustbanan. The commuter train stops in Kållered on its route between Gothenburg and Kungsbacka. This is run by Västtrafik. Apart from the commuter trains, Västtrafik offers several bus routes to and from Gothenburg and points south Lindome.

## Shopping

Kållered was home to two shopping malls, the most recent of which is named K-galleria, with several stores and some eateries. After K-galleria was torn down, all stores are located outside the mall itself, such as Stora Coop, Jula, Willys and an IKEA superstore. The shopping area is going through major rebuilding.
Inhabitants in Kållered enjoy excellent access to services, including a number of restaurants, a library, cafés, a food store, and a district health care center. A florist, hairdressers, and youth club are also to be found in Kållered Centre.

## Education

There are four schools in Kållered: Brattåsskolan, Östergård, Hallenskolan and Streteredsskolan.

## Leisure activities

There are many different woodland paths and lakes in Kållered, as well as recently upgraded dedicated pedestrian and cycle paths.
The lakes in which people bathe are Färåstjärns and Tulebo Lake. Angling is allowed by law in five different lakes in Kållered; Tulebosjön, Färåstjärn, Hårssjön, Nordtjärn, and Våmmedalsstjärn.
Six different playgrounds can also be found in Kållered: Frälseängen, Märgelvägen, Nordgårdsvägen, Pilvägen, Skaftevägen, and Våmmedal.
Kållered has its own sports club; KSK: Kållered's Sports Club (Kållered Sportklubb). The club has three sections: football, ice hockey, and bandy.
# Niranjan Reddy

Niranjan Reddy may refer to
* Singireddy Niranjan Reddy (born 1958) is an Indian politician, and a minister from Telangana
* S. Niranjan Reddy (born 1970) is an Indian lawyer, film producer and politician, and a Member of Parliament in Rajya Sabha from Andhra Pradesh
* K. Niranjan Reddy is an Indian film producer and distributor.
# Dunham Tavern

The Dunham Tavern, also known as the Dunham Tavern Museum, is the oldest building in Cleveland, Ohio, located at 6709 Euclid Avenue. Rufus and Jane Pratt Dunham built their first home on the site in 1824, and the existing taproom was built in 1842. It is believed to be the first building constructed on Euclid Avenue east of East 55th Street and the first frame house on the street. It later became a stagecoach stop and tavern.

## Restoration

Cleveland activist and landscape architect, A. Donald Gray purchased the home in 1932, restoring the 19th century architecture and replanting the orchard. Gray later established a non-profit organization tasked with maintaining the property. The home was re-opened as the Dunham Tavern Museum in 1941.
In 1982, the two non-profit organizations that cared for the property – Dunham Tavern, Inc. (est. by Gray in 1936) and the Society of Collectors, Inc. (which assumed responsibility for the tavern in 1941) – merged into one corporate entity, the Corp. of Dunham Tavern Museum.
On August 25, 2023, a tornado toppled a tree near the building, damaging the roof and façade.

## Landmark status

The Dunham Tavern was named a Cleveland Landmark in 1973 and added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 25, 1974.
# Josh Banks (gridiron football)

Josh Banks (born June 13, 1994) is an American professional football defensive lineman who is currently a free agent.

## College career

After using a redshirt season in 2012, Banks played college football for the Wake Forest Demon Deacons from 2013 to 2016. He played in 43 games where he had 107 total tackles, five sacks, one interception, three pass knockdowns, two forced fumbles, and one fumble recovery. He scored a touchdown on September 15, 2014, after returning an interception 72 yards for a score.

## Professional career
### New York Giants

After going undrafted in the 2017 NFL Draft, Banks signed with the New York Giants in April 2017. He was placed on the reserve/injured list for 2017. He played in all four preseason games in 2018, but was waived at the end of training camp on September 1, 2018. He was re-signed two days later to a practice squad agreement, but was not retained following the conclusion of the season.

### Orlando Apollos

Banks played for the Orlando Apollos in 2019 where he had 10.5 tackles and one sack.

### Tampa Bay Vipers

Banks was drafted to play for the Tampa Bay Vipers in 2020 where he recorded 5.5 tackles.

### BC Lions

On February 17, 2021, it was announced that Banks had signed with the BC Lions. After making the active roster following training camp, he played in all 14 regular season games in 2021 where he had 15 defensive tackles. In 2022, he played in 16 regular season games and again recorded 15 defensive tackles. He also played in both post-season games that year where he had four defensive tackles.
On February 11, 2025, Banks left the Lions as a free agent at the expiry of his contract.

## Personal life

Banks was born to parents Kenneth Banks and Necosha Lynn.
# Georges Sagnac

Georges Sagnac (French pronunciation:; 14 October 1869 – 26 February 1928) was a French physicist who lent his name to the Sagnac effect, a phenomenon which is at the basis of interferometers and ring laser gyroscopes developed since the 1970s.

## Life and work

Sagnac was born at Périgueux and entered the École Normale Supérieure in 1889. While a lab assistant at the Sorbonne, he was one of the first in France to study X-rays, following Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen. He belonged to a group of friends and scientists that notably included Pierre and Marie Curie, Paul Langevin, Jean Perrin, and the mathematician Émile Borel. Marie Curie says that she and her husband had traded ideas with Sagnac around the time of the discovery of radioactivity. Sagnac died at Meudon-Bellevue.

## Sagnac effect

In 1913, Georges Sagnac showed that if a beam of light is split and sent in two opposite directions around a closed path on a revolving platform with mirrors on its perimeter, and then the beams are recombined, they will exhibit interference effects. From this result Sagnac concluded that light propagates at a speed independent of the speed of the source. The motion of the earth through space had no apparent effect on the speed of the light beam, no matter how the platform was turned. The effect had been observed earlier (by Harress in 1911), but Sagnac was the first to correctly identify the cause.
This Sagnac effect (in vacuum) had been theoretically predicted by Max von Laue in 1911. He showed that such an effect is consistent with stationary ether theories (such as the Lorentz ether theory) as well as with Einstein's theory of relativity. It is generally taken to be inconsistent with a complete ether drag; and also inconsistent with emission theories of light, according to which the speed of light depends on the speed of the source.
Sagnac was a staunch opponent of the theory of relativity, despite the Sagnac effect being consistent with it.
# Dobroszów Wielki

Dobroszów Wielki (Polish pronunciation:) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowogród Bobrzański, within Zielona Góra County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland. It lies approximately 4 km (2 mi) south-east of Nowogród Bobrzański and 25 km (16 mi) south-west of Zielona Góra.
# Gen. nov. 70, sp. 1

Gen. nov. 70, sp. 1 is a shorthorned grasshopper of the Acrididae family found in north Australian savannas.
# Angie, Louisiana

Angie is a village in Washington Parish, Louisiana, United States. The population was 240 at the 2000 census. It is part of the Bogalusa Micropolitan Statistical Area.

## History

Angie was named for Angeline Bateman McMillan, an elderly member of the family who were the original owners of the town site.

## Geography

Angie is located at 30°57′52″N 89°48′49″W﻿ / ﻿30.96444°N 89.81361°W﻿ / 30.96444; -89.81361 (30.964480, -89.813748).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 1.5 square miles (3.9 km$^2$), of which 1.5 square miles (3.9 km$^2$) is land and 0.65% is water.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 240 people, 97 households, and 70 families residing in the village. The population density was 157.5 inhabitants per square mile (60.8/km$^2$). There were 114 housing units at an average density of 74.8 per square mile (28.9/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the village was 81.67% White, 17.50% African American, 0.42% Native American, and 0.42% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.33% of the population.
There were 97 households, out of which 33.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.7% were married couples living together, 12.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.8% were non-families. 24.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 2.93.
In the village, the population was spread out, with 25.4% under the age of 18, 8.3% from 18 to 24, 25.0% from 25 to 44, 25.4% from 45 to 64, and 15.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 79.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 79.0 males.
The median income for a household in the village was $27,344, and the median income for a family was $33,000. Males had a median income of $34,375 versus $26,071 for females. The per capita income for the village was $14,198. About 15.2% of families and 24.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27.4% of those under the age of eighteen and 30.2% of those 65 or over.

## Notable people

Angie was the residence of former Louisiana State Representative Lawrence A. "Buster" Sheridan (1919–2001). Sheridan was defeated in the 1987 nonpartisan blanket primary by Jerry A. Thomas, a physician in Franklinton.

## Corrections

Louisiana Department of Public Safety and Corrections operates the B.B. "Sixty" Rayburn Correctional Center in an unincorporated section of Washington Parish, near Angie.