# Speed (1994 film)

Speed is a 1994 American action thriller film directed by Jan de Bont in his feature directorial debut, and written by Graham Yost. Keanu Reeves, Dennis Hopper, and Sandra Bullock star in the film, alongside Joe Morton and Jeff Daniels in supporting roles.
The plot centers on a city bus rigged by a vengeful extortionist (Hopper) to explode if its speed drops below 50 miles per hour (80 km/h). Reeves plays an LAPD officer tasked with preventing the disaster, with Bullock portraying a passenger who becomes unexpectedly involved in the mission.
Speed premiered on June 10, 1994 by 20th Century Fox. The film received positive reviews from critics and grossed $350 million worldwide against a $30-37 million budget, becoming the fifth-highest-grossing film of 1994. At the 67th Academy Awards, Speed won Best Sound. The film also won Best Sound and Best Editing at the 48th British Academy Film Awards.
A sequel, Speed 2: Cruise Control, was released on June 13, 1997, but performed poorly and was critically lambasted, receiving widespread criticism for Reeves's absence and the film's change in setting.

## Plot

LAPD SWAT bomb disposal officers Jack Traven and Harry Temple are tasked with preventing a bombing on a city elevator containing 13 people, masterminded by a vengeful extortionist, Howard Payne. After narrowly rescuing the passengers, where Payne seemingly blows himself up, Jack and Harry are conferred medals in a ceremony. However, Payne, who somehow survived, resurfaces with a new deadly scheme: a bomb planted on a city bus that will detonate if the bus slows below 50 miles per hour (80 km/h).
Jack receives the ultimatum from Payne—$3.7 million in ransom or the bomb will go off. Racing through traffic, Jack boards the bus, but a felon’s panic leads to the driver being shot. A passenger, Annie Porter, takes over driving. With the bomb armed and passengers aware of the threat, Jack contacts Harry for help while trying to keep the bus moving.
Despite Payne’s constant surveillance, Jack maneuvers the bus through several dangerous obstacles, including a gap in the freeway, and directs it to Los Angeles International Airport to prevent traffic issues. Meanwhile, Harry discovers Payne’s identity as a former Atlanta Police Department bomb squad officer and leads a SWAT team to arrest him. However, most of the team, including Harry, is killed when Payne’s house explodes, leaving Jack to try and defuse the bomb alone. When that fails, he learns Payne is monitoring the bus through a hidden camera. A clever ruse involving looping the surveillance footage allows the passengers to escape, and the empty bus explodes while crashing into an empty cargo plane. After Payne realizes his plan was foiled, he kidnaps Annie and demands the ransom.
Jack chases Payne into the subway system. Payne straps an explosive vest to Annie, but his plans unravel when Jack fights back, resulting in Payne’s decapitation. Jack deactivates the vest, but the subway train cannot be stopped. Jack accelerates the train, causing it to derail and crash onto Hollywood Boulevard. Jack and Annie emerge unscathed and share a kiss as onlookers watch in amazement.

## Cast

* Keanu Reeves as Officer Jack Traven
* Dennis Hopper as Howard Payne
* Sandra Bullock as Annie Porter
* Joe Morton as Lieutenant Herb 'Mac' McMahon
* Jeff Daniels as Detective Harry Temple
* Alan Ruck as Doug Stephens
* Glenn Plummer as Maurice the Jaguar Owner
* Beth Grant as Helen
* Hawthorne James as Sam Silver
* Carlos Carrasco as Ortiz
* David Kriegel as Terry
* Natsuko Ohama as Mrs. Kamino
* Daniel Villarreal as Ray
* Margaret Medina as Officer Robin
* Jordan Lund as Bagwell
* Robert Mailhouse as Young Executive
* Patrick Fischler as Bob, Friend of Executive
* Patrick John Hurley as CEO
* Susan Barnes as Female Executive
* Neisha Folkes-LeMelle as Mrs. McMahon
* Richard Lineback as Sergeant Norwood
* Beau Starr as Commissioner
* Richard Schiff as Hughe, Train Driver
* John Capodice as Bob, Bus Driver
* Thomas Rosales Jr. as Vinnie
* Sandy Martin as Bartender

## Production
### Writing

Screenwriter Graham Yost was inspired to write Speed after hearing about the 1985 film Runaway Train from his father, Canadian television host Elwy Yost. Elwy mistakenly believed the train's out-of-control situation was caused by a bomb, leading Graham to think that such a concept would work better on a bus. He initially envisioned a bomb that would detonate if the bus dropped below 20 mph, but a friend suggested raising the speed limit to 50 mph. The film's ending was inspired by the 1976 film Silver Streak. Originally titled Minimum Speed, Yost renamed it Speed to avoid negative connotations associated with "minimum".
Yost's initial draft had the entire film set on the bus, with no elevator or subway sequences. The bus was meant to drive around Dodger Stadium and ultimately crash into the Hollywood Sign. After finishing the script, Yost presented it to Paramount Pictures, which showed interest and suggested John McTiernan to direct. However, McTiernan declined, feeling the script was too similar to Die Hard (1988), and recommended Jan de Bont instead. De Bont, who had been the director of photography for action films like Die Hard and The Hunt for Red October (1990), agreed to direct. Michael Bay had also expressed interest in directing.
Paramount ultimately passed on the project, believing audiences wouldn’t want to watch a film set almost entirely on a bus. Yost and de Bont then pitched the film to 20th Century Fox, who agreed to green-light the project but requested additional action sequences beyond the bus. De Bont suggested starting the movie with a bomb on an elevator, drawing from his own experience of being trapped in an elevator while working on Die Hard. Yost used this opening to establish the cleverness of LAPD SWAT officer Jack Traven, inspired by Perseus’ trickery with Medusa. De Bont also suggested concluding the film with a subway sequence to provide a final twist, which Fox approved.
Joss Whedon was brought in a week before filming began to rework the dialogue and improve the script. Whedon made significant contributions, including transforming Jack Traven’s character from a maverick hotshot into a more earnest and polite officer, removing forced one-liners, and creating the iconic line, "Pop quiz, hotshot." Whedon also reworked minor characters, such as turning Doug Stephens (Alan Ruck) from a lawyer into a hapless tourist. Additionally, the character of Harry Temple was originally intended to be the film’s villain, but once Dennis Hopper was cast as Howard Payne, this role was adjusted, and Temple’s character remained non-complicit.

### Casting

When Speed was under development at Paramount Pictures, Jeff Speakman was originally attached to star in the lead role. However, after the project was acquired by 20th Century Fox, Speakman was dropped. Stephen Baldwin was initially offered the role of Jack Traven but declined, citing the character’s similarity to John McClane from Die Hard (1988). Richard Grieco also turned down the role, later expressing regret over his decision. Other actors considered for the part included Tom Cruise, Tom Hanks, Wesley Snipes, and Woody Harrelson. Director Jan de Bont ultimately cast Keanu Reeves after seeing his performance in Point Break (1991), believing that Reeves projected a balance of vulnerability and strength. Reeves underwent physical training and shaved his head for the role, a decision that initially concerned the studio.
The character of Annie was originally written as an African American paramedic to justify her ability to drive the bus. The role was first offered to Halle Berry, who declined, but later expressed regret over her decision. As the character evolved into a comic relief sidekick, Ellen DeGeneres was considered for the part. Eventually, the role was rewritten as a love interest for Jack Traven, leading to the casting of Sandra Bullock. Bullock auditioned alongside Reeves to ensure their on-screen chemistry, which involved performing physically demanding scenes. Meryl Streep, Kim Basinger, and Anne Heche were also offered or considered for the role but declined.

### Filming

Principal photography for Speed commenced on September 7, 1993, and concluded on December 23, 1993, in Los Angeles. Director Jan de Bont used an 80-foot model of a 50-story elevator shaft for the film’s opening sequence. During production, actor Keanu Reeves experienced the death of his close friend River Phoenix. In response, de Bont adjusted the shooting schedule to accommodate Reeves, giving him less demanding scenes. De Bont noted that the loss deeply affected Reeves, making him quieter and emotionally withdrawn. Initially hesitant about the film’s action sequences, Reeves expressed to de Bont, “I’m not an action hero. I don’t like it. I don’t know how to do it,” which de Bont saw as an advantage, believing it paralleled Reeves’ character, who was thrust into an extraordinary situation. As production progressed, Reeves became more involved with his stunts, even secretly rehearsing the Jaguar-to-bus jump, which he later performed himself, against de Bont's approval.
The production utilized eleven GM New Look buses (TDH-5303) and three Grumman 870 buses. Two of these buses were destroyed in explosions, while others were adapted for specific scenes, including high-speed sequences, interior shots, and "under bus" scenes. The bus jump scene was filmed in one take using a specially rigged bus equipped with a ramp to allow for lift-off. The driver was suspended in a shock-absorbing harness to prevent injury during the landing. The film's fictionalized bus route, "33 Downtown", was modeled after the real-life Big Blue Bus serving Santa Monica. One of the buses used in the film was auctioned for $102,000 in 2018.
Many of the freeway scenes were shot on California's Interstate 105 and Interstate 110, specifically at the Judge Harry Pregerson Interchange, which was under construction at the time of filming. De Bont noticed unfinished sections of the freeway during a location scout and suggested adding a bus jump to the script. The scene where the bus jumps over an incomplete freeway was achieved using a ramp to give the vehicle the necessary lift. Computer-generated imagery (CGI) was later used to create the appearance of a gap in the freeway, aided by Sony Pictures Imageworks. A 2009 episode of MythBusters tested the feasibility of the bus jump and concluded that it was impossible under real-world conditions.
De Bont revealed in a DVD commentary that the bus jump stunt did not go as planned on the first attempt. The stunt driver missed the ramp, damaging the bus beyond repair. A second bus was prepared, and a successful jump was filmed two days later, although it traveled further than expected and destroyed one of the cameras set up to capture the landing. Fortunately, another camera, placed 90 feet from the jump ramp, recorded the stunt.
The film's final scenes were shot at Mojave Airport, which stood in for Los Angeles International Airport. Shots of the LACMTA Metro Red Line during the film's climactic subway sequence were created using an 1/8 scale model, except for the train derailment jump.
The MD520N helicopter featured in the film, registration N599DB, was later sold to the Calgary Police Service in 1995 and remained in use until 2006, after which it was sold to a private owner.

## Reception
### Box office

Speed was released on June 10, 1994, in 2,138 theaters across the United States and Canada. It debuted at number 1 at the US box-office, surpassing The Flintstones and City Slickers II: The Legend of Curly's Gold, and grossing $14.5 million in its opening weekend. Speed held the number one position for a week before being overtaken by Wolf, generating $12.9 million in its second weekend. In its third weekend, despite the debut of The Lion King, the film retained second place at the box office. It enjoyed prolonged success in international markets, staying number one for 8 consecutive weeks in Australia and 10 weeks in Japan. The film set opening records for 20th Century Fox in South Korea with $216,077; Brazil with $669,725; and South Africa with $267,140.
Overall, Speed grossed $121.3 million in the United States and Canada, with an additional $229.2 million internationally, for a total worldwide gross of $350.5 million. This far exceeded its production budget, estimated between $30 million and $37 million. The film remained Sandra Bullock's highest-grossing film until Gravity surpassed it in 2013.

### Critical response

On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, Speed holds a 95% approval rating based on 73 reviews, with an average rating of 8.10/10. The site's consensus reads, "A terrific popcorn thriller, Speed is taut, tense, and energetic, with outstanding performances from Keanu Reeves, Dennis Hopper, and Sandra Bullock." On Metacritic, it has a weighted average score of 78 out of 100, based on 17 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews." Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.
Roger Ebert of The Chicago Sun-Times awarded the film 4 out of 4 stars, describing it as "manic exhilaration" and praised Reeves's transition into a credible action hero, while also commending Hopper's performance as the film's villain. Peter Travers of Rolling Stone remarked that "Speed works like a charm," highlighting its entertainment value. Janet Maslin of The New York Times praised Hopper’s portrayal of "crazy menace" and noted the film’s swift pacing, which left little room for character development but maintained momentum. Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film an "A" rating, lauding director Jan de Bont’s craftsmanship, and Richard Schickel of Time noted the film’s ability to tap into common anxieties, calling it an effective thriller.
The film has also received long-term recognition. Quentin Tarantino named Speed as one of the top 20 films he had seen between 1992 and 2009. Entertainment Weekly ranked the film eighth on its list of "The Best Rock-'em, Sock-'em Movies of the Past 25 Years." Empire included Speed in its "500 Greatest Movies of All Time" list in 2008, ranking it #451. In 2017, BBC's Mark Kermode revisited the film and declared it a "timeless masterpiece," praising its enduring appeal as an action classic.

### Home media

* On November 15, 1994, Fox Video released Speed on VHS and LaserDisc formats for the first time. Rental and video sales did very well and helped the film's domestic gross. The original VHS cassette was only available in standard 4:3 TV format at the time.
* On August 20, 1996, Fox Video re-released a VHS version of the film in widescreen alongside True Lies, The Abyss and The Last of the Mohicans, allowing the viewer to see the film in a similar format to its theatrical release.
* On November 3, 1998, 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment released Speed on DVD for the first time. The DVD contains the film in widescreen format but only has the film's theatrical trailer.
* A special two-disc collector's edition DVD was released on July 30, 2002, as part of Fox Home Entertainment's "Five-Star Collection" series. This THX certified DVD release included two commentaries (one with director Jan De Bont and another with writer Graham Yost and producer Mark Gordon), a DTS 5.1 audio track and various behind-the-scenes featurettes. Other special features included trailers, deleted scenes, galleries and a music video. This edition was re-released as part of Fox Home's "Award Series" on February 7, 2006.
* A Blu-ray Disc edition was released on November 14, 2006, being part of the first wave releases on the format from 20th Century Fox. This edition includes the two commentaries from the special collector's edition, a trivia track, the theatrical trailer and an interactive game.
* 20th Century Studios and Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released the film on Ultra HD Blu-ray on May 4, 2021. This edition retains the commentaries and most of the special features from the 2002 special collector's edition.

### Accolades
#### Year-end lists

* 7th – Mack Bates, The Milwaukee Journal
* 7th – John Hurley, Staten Island Advance
* 9th – David Stupich, The Milwaukee Journal
* 9th – Joan Vadeboncoeur, Syracuse Herald American
* 9th – Michael Mills, The Palm Beach Post
* 9th – Dan Craft, The Pantagraph
* 9th – Christopher Sheid, The Munster Times
* 10th – Bob Strauss, Los Angeles Daily News
* 10th – Robert Denerstein, Rocky Mountain News
* Top 10 (listed alphabetically, not ranked) – Matt Zoller Seitz, Dallas Observer
* Top 10 (listed alphabetically, not ranked) – William Arnold, Seattle Post-Intelligencer
* Top 10 (listed alphabetically, not ranked) – Eleanor Ringel, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution
* Top 10 (listed alphabetically, not ranked) – Steve Murray, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution
* Top 10 (listed alphabetically, not ranked) – Jeff Simon, The Buffalo News
* Top 10 (not ranked) – Bob Carlton, The Birmingham News
* Best "sleepers" (not ranked) – Dennis King, Tulsa World
* "The second 10" (not ranked) – Sean P. Means, The Salt Lake Tribune
* Top 3 Runner-ups (not ranked) – Sandi Davis, The Oklahoman
* Honorable mention – Mike Clark, USA Today
* Honorable mention – Betsy Pickle, Knoxville News-Sentinel
* Honorable mention – Duane Dudek, Milwaukee Sentinel
* Honorable mention ("until the subway") – David Elliott, The San Diego Union-Tribune
* Dishonorable mention – Glenn Lovell, San Jose Mercury News

#### Awards

| Association | Ceremony Date | Category | Recipient | Results |
| Awards Circuit Community Awards | 1994 | Best Stunt Ensemble | Gary Hymes Eddie Matthews William Morts Jimmy Ortega Brian Smrz | Won |
| Awards Circuit Community Awards | 1994 | Best Film Editing | John Wright | Nominated |
| Awards Circuit Community Awards | 1994 | Best Achievement in Sound | David McMillan | Nominated |
| Awards Circuit Community Awards | 1994 | Best Visual Effects | Boyd Shermis | Nominated |
| Awards Circuit Community Awards | 1994 | Honorable Mentions | Jan de Bont | Won |
| Academy Awards | March 27, 1995 | Best Film Editing | John Wright | Nominated |
| Academy Awards | March 27, 1995 | Best Sound | Gregg Landaker Steve Maslow Bob Beemer David MacMillan | Won |
| Academy Awards | March 27, 1995 | Best Sound Effects Editing | Stephen Hunter Flick | Won |
| American Cinema Editors Awards | 1995 | Best Edited Feature Film | John Wright | Nominated |
| BAFTA Awards | 1995 | Best Sound | Stephen Hunter Flick Gregg Landaker Steve Maslow Bob Beemer David MacMillan | Won |
| BAFTA Awards | 1995 | Best Special Visual Effects | Boyd Shermis John Frazier Ron Brinkman Richard E. Hollander | Nominated |
| BAFTA Awards | 1995 | Best Editing | John Wright | Won |
| Blockbuster Entertainment Awards | 1995 | Favorite Actress - Action/Adventure | Sandra Bullock | Won |
| BMI Film & TV Awards | 1995 | BMI Film Music Award | Mark Mancina | Won |
| Chicago Film Critics Association Awards | 1995 | Most Promising Actress | Sandra Bullock | Nominated |
| Cinema Audio Society Awards | 1995 | Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Feature Films | Gregg Landaker Steve Maslow Bob Beemer David MacMillan | Nominated |
| Edgar Allan Poe Awards | 1995 | Best Motion Picture | Graham Yost | Nominated |
| Golden Camera Awards | 1995 | Golden Screen | — | Won |
| Japan Academy Prize Awards | 1995 | Best Foreign Film | — | Nominated |
| Jupiter Awards | 1994 | Best International Actress | Sandra Bullock | Won |
| Motion Picture Sound Editors Awards | 1995 | Best Sound Editing - Sound Effects & Foley, Domestic Feature Film | Stephen Hunter Flick Donald Flick David E. Stone Eric Potter Paul Berolzheimer David Bartlett John Dunn Patricio A. Libenson Dean Beville John T. Cucci Ken Dufva Judee Flick Avram D. Gold Warren Hamilton, Jr. Greg Hedgepath Dean Manly Dan O'Connell Catherine Rowe Joan Rowe Kirk Schuler Bruce Stubblefield Solange S. Schwalbe | Won |
| MTV Movie + TV Awards | June 10, 1995 | Best Movie | — | Nominated |
| MTV Movie + TV Awards | June 10, 1995 | Best Male Performance | Keanu Reeves | Nominated |
| MTV Movie + TV Awards | June 10, 1995 | Best Female Performance | Sandra Bullock | Won |
| MTV Movie + TV Awards | June 10, 1995 | Best On-Screen Duo | Keanu Reeves Sandra Bullock | Won |
| MTV Movie + TV Awards | June 10, 1995 | Best Kiss | Keanu Reeves Sandra Bullock | Nominated |
| MTV Movie + TV Awards | June 10, 1995 | Most Desirable Male | Keanu Reeves | Nominated |
| MTV Movie + TV Awards | June 10, 1995 | Most Desirable Female | Sandra Bullock | Won |
| MTV Movie + TV Awards | June 10, 1995 | Best Villain | Dennis Hopper | Won |
| MTV Movie + TV Awards | June 10, 1995 | Best Action Sequence - for the bus escape/airplane explosion | — | Won |
| Nickelodeon Kid's Choice Awards | May 20, 1995 | Favorite Movie | — | Nominated |
| Nickelodeon Kid's Choice Awards | May 20, 1995 | Favorite Movie Actor | Keanu Reeves | Nominated |
| Nickelodeon Kid's Choice Awards | May 20, 1995 | Favorite Movie Actress | Sandra Bullock | Nominated |
| Nikkan Sports Film Awards | 1995 | Best Foreign Film | — | Won |
| Saturn Awards | June 26, 1995 | Best Action/Adventure-Thriller Film | — | Nominated |
| Saturn Awards | June 26, 1995 | Best Director | Jan de Bont | Nominated |
| Saturn Awards | June 26, 1995 | Best Actress | Sandra Bullock | Won |
American Film Institute recognition:
* 100 Years...100 Thrills: No. 99
* 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains:
** Jack Traven & Annie Porter - Nominated Heroes
** Howard Payne - Nominated Villain

## Music
### Soundtrack

A soundtrack album featuring "songs from and inspired by" the film was released on June 28, 1994, with the following tracks. The soundtrack was commercially successful in Japan, being certified gold by the RIAJ in 2002.

### Score

Michael Kamen was initially considered to do the score of the movie, however De Bont chose Mark Mancina, who at the time worked in some Hans Zimmer scores like Days of Thunder, Where Sleeping Dogs Lie and True Romance.
In addition to the soundtrack release, a separate album featuring 40 minutes of Mark Mancina's score from the film was released on August 30, 1994, by 20th Century Fox Film Scores.
La-La Land Records and Fox Music released a limited expanded version of Mark Mancina's score on February 28, 2012. The newly remastered release features 69:25 of music spread over 32 tracks (in chronological order). In addition, it includes the song "Speed" by Billy Idol.

## Sequel

On June 13, 1997, Speed 2: Cruise Control, a sequel to Speed, was released to overwhelming negative reviews and poor box-office performance. Sandra Bullock reprised her role as Annie, reportedly in exchange for financial backing on another project, but Keanu Reeves declined to return as Jack Traven. As a result, Jason Patric was cast as Alex Shaw, Annie’s new boyfriend, with the storyline explaining that she and Jack had broken up due to her concerns over Jack’s dangerous profession. Willem Dafoe portrayed the villain, John Geiger, while Glenn Plummer, who played a carjacking victim in the first film, made a cameo as the same character, this time involved with a boat. Speed 2 is widely regarded as one of the worst sequels ever made, holding a 4% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 71 reviews.

## Legacy

* MythBusters' 2009 season disproved the real-world viability of the film's bus jump scene.
* The film is parodied in the UK Channel 4 sitcom Father Ted, in the 1998 episode "Speed 3", where Father Dougal drives a booby-trapped milk float that will explode if its speed falls below 4 mph.
* In The Simpsons episode "The Springfield Files", the film is cited by Homer Simpson as the inspiration for his idea to use old CCTV footage to allow him and his friends to go drinking, though he believes it is called The Bus That Couldn't Slow Down.
* A hidden mission in Grand Theft Auto features the player having to drive a bus at speed, with the vehicle exploding in the event that it slows down too much.
* The level "Velocity" in the video game Pursuit Force is an adaptation of the main premise of the movie.
* A clip of Speed is seen in the 2020 live-action/CGI film Sonic the Hedgehog, in which the title character considers it one of his favorite action films and quotes some lines from the film. Keanu Reeves would later voice Shadow the Hedgehog in the third installment in the series, Sonic the Hedgehog 3 (2024). Paramount Pictures posted the clip of Sonic watching Speed to the film's official TikTok account with the caption "foreSHADOWing" to announce the casting.
* In the 2018 video game Spider-Man, the title character can mention that a crime committed by the Demon Gang involving an armed bomb inside of a truck is similar to the plot of the film. In the voice line, he attempts to recall the name of the film, suggesting "Fastness" and "Super Quick".
* In 2018, the vehicle simulator BeamNG.drive released an update featuring a new campaign titled "Hustle and Bustle" inspired by the movie. The bomb detonates when the bus is driven with a speed under 55 km/h for more than 10 seconds.
* A sequence in the 1997 anime film Detective Conan: The Time-Bombed Skyscraper involves a train on the city's "loop line" being threatened by bombs that will detonate should the speed of the train go under 60 kmph. The bombs are revealed to have sensors that react to sunlight, so each time a train passes over one at full speed, it does so with just enough time to reset the bombs countdown timers.