OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Battle of Courbevoie

The Battle of Courbevoie was the first battle of the 1871 Paris Commune.

## Skirmish

Two days into the Commune, on 30 March, exploratory Versaillais troops arrived at a Communard post on the approaches of Courbevoie, near Neuilly-sur-Seine. The troops hesitated when General Gaston Galliffet ordered them to fire. Galliffet charged on horseback, taking prisoners as the Commune retreated. This rallying of pro-government troops made the soldiers more willing to fire on fellow Frenchmen. President Adolphe Thiers, reassured, ordered their return without attempting to capture more Communards.

## Battle

Galliffet returned with two brigades on 2 April to attack Courbevoie's Rond-Point. A Versaillais military surgeon general, attempting to negotiate, was killed on approach by Communards who mistook his uniform for that of a colonel. A battle ensued.
The Versaillais won the battle and took Courbevoie. When government forces fell back, some Communards mistakenly believed their side was victorious. The Versaillais had captured 30 Communards, five of whom became the first to be summarily executed.

## Impact

Communards who fell back to Paris reported on Joseph Vinoy's orders for all those captured to be shot. In response, the Council of the Commune ordered a sortie counterattack. Later on April 2, the Commune informed the National Guard that the Versaillais had provoked civil war. The Versaillais' willingness to execute Communards marked a turning point for the Communards, convincing them that Thiers would use unrestricted warfare and that Paris must be defended.
The death of the military surgeon general was used in Versaillais propaganda.
# Heather Spohr

Heather Spohr (born June 27, 1979) is an American blogger and philanthropist whose award-winning blog, The Spohrs Are Multiplying initially became popular as she detailed her family's experiences dealing with a high risk pregnancy, an extended NICU stay, and the difficulties of caring for a premature baby.

## Biography & Career

Born and raised in Newbury Park, California, Spohr (née Buchanan) graduated from Newbury Park High School in 1997. She went on to receive a degree in Communication from the University of Southern California in 2000. While at USC she participated in many clubs and organizations, including Delta Gamma sorority.
Prior to beginning her career as a blogger, Spohr worked in A&R for Verve Music Group and as a Sales Executive with the Los Angeles Dodgers.
She is married to writer Michael Spohr with whom she has had three children, Madeline Alice (November 11, 2007 – April 7, 2009), Annabel Violet (born January 22, 2010), and James Asher (born May 30, 2013).

## The Spohrs Are Multiplying

Blogging since 2002, Spohr started The Spohrs Are Multiplying in June 2007 in order to keep friends and family informed about her high risk pregnancy with her first daughter, Madeline (her previous blog has since been folded into TSAM). Following Madeline's premature birth, Spohr continued to blog and attracted a growing readership as she detailed the sixty-eight days Madeline spent in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, as well happier times once Madeline went home.
Humorous as well as poignant, a post of Spohr's about Madeline's love for NBC's Today Show host Matt Lauer was featured on the msnbc.com website in February 2009.
Madeline died unexpectedly in April 2009 due to complications related to her prematurity. Since then Heather has continued to chronicle her family's story as they journey through grief, and has given a voice to families who have suffered the devastation of losing a child.
The Spohrs Are Multiplying reaches over 560,000 people monthly and has received multiple awards, including top spots with Babble.com and TheBump.com. Spohr and the site have been featured on numerous media outlets, including CNN, The Washington Post, The Huffington Post and WomensHeath.gov among others.

## Friends of Maddie and March of Dimes

A fervent supporter of the March of Dimes, Heather is nationally recognized as one of the organization's top fundraisers. She is also the President and Co-Founder of “Friends of Maddie,” a charitable organization that provides financial assistance to families who are suffering financial hardship due to the loss of a child. She has spoken at numerous conferences, on CNN/Headline News, and before members of Congress.

## Other Ventures

A regular panelist for the online video series Momversation, Heather is also a featured blogger at Babble.com.
# Carus Lectures

The Carus Lectures are a prestigious series of three lectures presented over three consecutive days in plenary sessions at a divisional meeting of the American Philosophical Association. The series was founded in 1925 with John Dewey as the inaugural presenter. The series was scheduled irregularly until 1995, when they were scheduled to occur every two years. The series is named in honor of Paul Carus by Mary Carus and is published by Open Court. In his introduction to the inaugural speech, Hartley Burr Alexander praised the series as an unusual opportunity of presenting ideas "with no institutional atmosphere to further the free play of the mind upon all phases of life."

## Lecturers

* 1925 John Dewey "Experience and Nature" Inaugural lecture
* 1925-1939 William Montague "Great Visions of Philosophy"
* 1925-1939 A.O. Lovejoy "The Revolt Against Dualism"
* 1930 George H. Mead "The Philosophy of the Present"
* 1939 E.B. McGilvary "Toward a Perspective Realism"
* 1945 C.I. Lewis "An Analysis of Knowledge"
* 1945 Morris R. Cohen "The Meaning of Human History"
* 1949 C.J. Ducasse "Nature, Mind, and Death"
* 1953 J. Loewenberg "Reason and the Nature of Things"
* 1955 A.E. Murphy "An Inquiry Concerning Moral Understanding"
* 1957 George Boas "The Inquiring Mind"
* 1959 Brand Blanshard "Reason and Analysis"
* 1963 Ernest Nagel "The Dimensions of Critical Philosophy"
* 1964 Stephen Pepper "Concept and Quality"
* 1965 Richard McKeon "Facts, Categories, Experience"
* 1967 Roderick Chisholm "Person and Object: A Metaphysical Study"
* 1970 Carl G. Hempel "Problems and Changes in the Empiricist Conception of Theories"
* 1972 W.V. Quine "The Roots of Reference"
* 1974 William Frankena "Three Questions about Morality"
* 1976 Gregory Vlastos "The Status of Persons in Platonic Justice"
* 1977 Wilfrid Sellars "Foundations for a Metaphysics of Pure Process"
* 1980 Donald Davidson "The Grounds of Truth and Value"
* 1983 Paul Grice "The Conception of Value"
* 1985 Hilary Putnam "The Many Faces of Realism"
* 1988 Stanley Cavell "Emersonian Strains: 'The American Scholar and Heidegger on Thinking,' 'Experience and Wittgenstein Skepticism,' and 'Self-Reliance and American Cinema"
* 1990 Kurt Baier "The Rational and the Moral Order"
* 1995 Annette Baier "The Commons of the Mind"
* 1997 Alasdair MacIntyre "Dependent Rational Animals"
* 1999 Ruth Barcan Marcus (Withdrew/Cancelled)
* 2001 Arthur Danto "The Revolt Against Beauty"
* 2003 Judith J. Thomson "Normativity"
* 2005 Tyler Burge "Perceptual Objectivity"
* 2007 Bas van Fraassen "Appearance, Reality, and [the] I"
* 2010 Ernest Sosa
* 2012 Sally Haslanger "Doing Justice to the Social"
* 2013 Kwame Anthony Appiah "Ideals and Idealization"
* 2015 Claudia Card "Surviving Homophobia," "Gratitude to the Decent Rescuer"
* 2017 Nancy Cartwright "Nature, the Artful Modeller: She Reads the New Yorker, Trusts in God, and Takes Short Views"
# Ōe no Chisato

Ōe no Chisato (大江千里) was a Japanese waka poet and Confucian scholar of the late ninth and early tenth centuries. His exact birth and death dates are unknown but he flourished around 889 to 923. He was one of the Chūko Sanjūrokkasen and one of his poems was included in the Ogura Hyakunin Isshu.
He was a son of Ōe no Otondo (大江音人) and a nephew of Ariwara no Yukihira and Ariwara no Narihira. Ten of his poems were included in the Kokin Wakashū and fifteen in later imperial anthologies.
He was the author of the kudai waka, also known as the chisato-shū. A selection of waka based on lines from various Chinese poems.
The following poem by him was included as No. 23 in Fujiwara no Teika's Ogura Hyakunin Isshu:
| Japanese text | Romanized Japanese | English translation |
| 月みれば ちぢにものこそ 悲しけれ わが身一つの 秋にはあらねど | Tsuki mireba chi-ji ni mono koso kanashikere wa ga mi hitotsu no aki ni wa aranedo | Looking at the moon thoughts of a thousand things fill me with sadness— but autumn's dejection does not come to me alone. |
# Ōtenmon Incident

The Ōtenmon Conspiracy (応天門の変, Ōtenmon no Hen) was a conspiracy that took place in 866 and centered on the destruction of the main gate (Ōtenmon) of the Official Compound (朝堂院, Chōdō-in) of the Imperial Palace in Kyoto, Japan. This event is known to scholars today primarily based on the depiction of it in the narrative handscroll (emaki) called Ban Dainagon Ekotoba (The Picture-narrative of Great Minister Ban).
Minamoto no Makoto, a member of the powerful Minamoto clan, was accused by his political rival Tomo no Yoshio of having set the fire. However, Makoto had the support of the Daijō-daijin (Chancellor of the Realm) Fujiwara no Yoshifusa, and was cleared of the charges. Soon afterwards, however, a man claiming to have witnessed the event accused Tomo no Yoshio of setting the fire himself, along with his son. Yoshio was exiled to Izu.
This event, and Fujiwara no Yoshifusa's handling of it, served Yoshifusa well, politically. Many of those executed were his political rivals, and he found himself promoted to Regent (Sesshō) soon afterwards.
# Ruijū Kokushi

Ruijū Kokushi(類聚国史) is a historical text that categorizes and chronologizes the events listed in the Six National Histories. It was compiled by Sugawara no Michizane and completed in 892. The text was commissioned by Emperor Uda.

## Contents

The text was originally 200 volumes in length with two indices and three genealogical volumes. However, much of it was lost during the Ōnin War in the late 15th century. Only 62 volumes are currently extant: volumes 1-5, 8-11, 14-16, 19, 25, 28, 31-36, 40, 54, 61, 66, 71-75, 77-80, 83-84, 86-89, 99, 101, 107, 147, 159, 165, 170-171, 173, 177-180, 182, 185-187, 189-190, 193-194, 199.
The text categories and subcategories the historical accounts given in the Six National Histories, listing each of which in chronological order.. There are a total of eighteen categories, with another five lost in the missing volumes.
While the final national history, Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku, was completed in 901, nine years later, Michizane was one of the contributing editors and was thus able to incorporate early content.
The editorial policy was to be true to the original sources without modifying or adding to the content. It is thus a valuable resource in reconstructing Nihon Kōki, Shoku Nihon Kōki, and Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku, all of which were largely lost over time.
# Thomas Flynn (VC)

Thomas Flynn (also spelled Flinn) VC (August 1842 – 10 August 1892) was born in Athlone and was an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

## Victoria Cross

Flynn is acknowledged to be one of the two youngest recipients of the Victoria Cross; both he and Andrew Fitzgibbon were 15 years and three months old. His exact date of birth is unknown, but he was 15 years old, and a drummer in the 64th Regiment of Foot (later The North Staffordshire Regiment – The Prince of Wales's), British Army during the Indian Mutiny when the following deed took place on 28 November 1857 at Cawnpore, India, for which he was awarded the Victoria Cross:
   Drummer Thomas Flynn
   Date of Act of Bravery, 28th November 1857
   For conspicuous gallantry, in the charge on the Enemy's guns on the 28th of November 1857, when, being himself wounded, he engaged in a hand-to-hand encounter two of the Rebel Artillerymen.

## Post-army life

After he left the army, he fell on hard times and was sent to Athlone Workhouse. His local Member of Parliament, Donal Sullivan, raised the matter in the House of Commons in April 1892. After reference to Flynn's previous gallantry, Sullivan asked the Financial Secretary to the War Office St John Brodrick:
   ...whether he is aware that Flynn was awarded a pension of £10 a year for his valorous conduct, which sums the Guardians of the Athlone Union appropriate towards his maintenance; and whether some small increase could be made, so as to enable him in his old age to end his days more comfortably than in a workhouse?
Brodrick replied that:
   This case is well known at the War Office. Flynn did very gallant service and was awarded the Victoria Cross, but I regret to say that he was discharged with a very bad character, he having been entered in the defaulter-book 47 times, and tried by Court Martial 15 times. The poor man is a victim of drinking to such an extent that when he had control of his money he only left the workhouse for the purpose of drinking up his annuity as soon as received. It would consequently be useless to consider his case for an increase.
Flynn died in the workhouse on 10 August 1892.
A memorial plaque was erected in the Garrison Church, Whittington Barracks, Lichfield, Staffordshire.
# His

His or HIS may refer to:

## Computing

* Hightech Information System, a Hong Kong graphics card company
* Honeywell Information Systems
* Hybrid intelligent system
* Microsoft Host Integration Server

## Education

* Hangzhou International School, in China
* Harare International School, in Zimbabwe
* Hokkaido International School, in Japan
* Hsinchu International School, in Taiwan
* Hollandsch-Inlandsche School, a Dutch school for native Indonesians in the Dutch East Indies

## Science

* Angle of His, also known as the esophagogastric angle, at the juncture of the stomach and esophagus
* Bundle of His, a collection of specialized heart cells
* Health information system
* Hospital information system
* Human identical sequence
* His-Tag, a polyhistidine motif in proteins
* Histidine, an amino acid abbreviated as His or H
* His 1 virus, a synonym of Halspiviridae
* HIS-1, a long non-coding RNA, also known as VIS1

## People

* Wilhelm His Sr. (1831–1904), Swiss anatomist
* Wilhelm His Jr. (1863–1934), Swiss anatomist

## Places

* His, Agder, a village in Arendal municipality in Agder county, Norway

## Other uses

* His, the possessive form of the English-language pronoun he
* H.I.S. (travel agency), a Japanese travel agency
* His, Haute-Garonne, a commune in the Haute-Garonne department, France
* B sharp, known as His in some European countries
# Andrea Stella (engineer)

Andrea Stella (born 22 February 1971) is an Italian engineer and motorsport executive. Since 2023, Stella has served as team principal of McLaren in Formula One, winning the World Constructors' Championship in 2024.
Born and raised in Orvieto, Stella graduated Sapienza University of Rome with a degree in aerospace engineering and a doctorate in mechanical engineering. He began his career at Ferrari in 2000 as a performance engineer, later serving as the race engineer for Kimi Räikkönen in 2009, as well as for Fernando Alonso from 2010 to 2014.
Stella moved to McLaren in 2015 as head of race operations, becoming the performance director by 2018 and the racing director in 2019. In 2023, he replaced Andreas Seidl as team principal; in his second season, he led the team to their first World Constructors' Championship in 26 years.

## Early life and education

Andrea Stella was born on 22 February 1971 in Orvieto, Umbria, Italy. In 1997, Stella graduated Sapienza University of Rome with a degree in aerospace engineering. He completed a doctorate in mechanical engineering with an experimental study on fluid dynamics of flames in 2000.

## Formula One career
### Ferrari (2000–2014)

Stella began his career at Ferrari in 2000 as performance engineer for the test team, before becoming performance engineer for Michael Schumacher (2002–2006) and then Kimi Räikkönen (2007–2008). He moved to become race engineer for Räikkönen (2009) and Fernando Alonso (2010–2014). In 2006, he also worked as track engineer with Valentino Rossi, when the motorbike racer tested with Ferrari with the idea of a prospective move to Formula One.

### McLaren (2015–present)

Stella joined McLaren in 2015 as head of race operations, moving to Performance Director in 2018 and racing director in 2019. In the latter role, he formed a triumvirate with James Key as technical director and Piers Thynne as production director, all under team principal Andreas Seidl.
On 13 December 2022, it was announced that Stella would replace Seidl as team principal of McLaren, ahead of the 2023 season. In the 2024 season, Stella led the team to its first World Constructor's Championship win since 1998.

## Personal life

Stella is married to Michela Di Eugenio, with whom he has two children: Edoardo and Federico.
# Adalberto the Margrave

Adalberto the Margrave, also known as "il Margravio" or "Adalberto III" (10th century – 951?) was an Italian nobleman tied with the Obertenghi family and a well-known ancestor of the Houses of Este, Pallavicini and Malaspina.

## Biography and family ties

Adalberto was elevated to the nobiliary title of "Visconte" in 940 and was given the name of Adalberto III. He also possessed the title of "marchese d'Italia" (Marquise of Italy), and ruled over the marquisate of Milan which included most of modern-day Lombardy and half of modern-day Liguria.
It is not clear who his parents were. He was either the first born son of Lambert, margrave of Tuscany, or Lambert's brother Guy who was married to Marozia. He was the Count and Duke of Lucca, and at a later time Marquise of Tuscany from 915 to 929. Adalberto is considered to be the forefather of the Obertenghi family, and the junior branch the Miagro family of Liguria also called Miagro dei Oberthenghi, one of the most influential noble families of the Italian middle ages that shared ancestry with the families of Pallavicini and Malaspina.
The Obertenghi family split further with the sons of Albert Azzo II, Margrave of Milan. The younger Fulco I, Margrave of Milan founded the important North Italian House of Este ruling in the Duchy of Ferrara and the Duchy of Modena and Reggio that went extinct in 1829; the older Welf I, Duke of Bavaria founded the German Younger House of Welf after inheriting the lands with his maternal uncle Welf III, the last of the Elder Welfs. From 1692 to 1901 the family included the Monarchs of Great Britain. Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor and Ivan VI of Russia were also members. The Hanoverian branch of the Welfs that ruled in Britain still exists (they lost the crown because Edward VII and all monarchs since are agnatically from the House of Wettin) and all living males descend from Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick (30th generation from Adalberto). Besides these Hanoverians, Adalberto also has living agnatic descendants among the aforementioned Pallavicini.

## Offspring

* Oberto I (died 975), Marquise of Milan from 951, he later became palatine count in 953 as well as the count of Luni, Genoa and Tortona
* Ambroso (died 988), he was the bishop of Aléria in Corsica
# Evanthia Kairi

Evanthia Kairi (1799–1866) was a Greek intellectual, playwright, poet and feminist.

## Biography

Evanthia Kairi was born on the island of Andros in 1799, the seventh child of Asimina Kambanaki and Nikolaos Kairis. Her family moved to Kydonies in 1812 when her brother Theophilos Kairis was hired as a teacher at the town's high school. She acquired fluency in Ancient Greek, French and Italian languages and became an accomplished translator. Ambroise Firmin Didot met her at the age of 17 and later wrote: "Who could suspect, that, in this virtually unknown little town in Asia, a small, miserable house would contain a young woman with such an exceptional education."
Kairi wrote the three-act play Nikeratos, which concerns the Third Siege of Missolonghi in 1826. She wrote the play between April and July and published it anonymously in Nafplion that year. It was the first play by a Greek woman to be published. The play was staged in Ermoupolis later that year.
Kairi also wrote a short history of Greece.
# Dear Vikram

Dear Vikram is a 2022 Indian Kannada-language action drama film directed by K. S. Nandheesh starring Sathish Ninasam and Shraddha Srinath. The film released after a five-year delay.

## Cast

* Sathish Ninasam as Vikram
* Shraddha Srinath as Nitya
* Vasishta N. Simha as Bharat
* Raksha Somashekar as Nidhi
* Sonu Gowda in an extended cameo
* Achyuth Kumar as Politician

## Production and release

The film was initially titled Godhra but was changed to Dear Vikram in 2022 after the CBFC objected the title attributing its similarity to the Godhra riots. The film began production in 2017, but only released in 2022 due to the delay caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The film was shot in multiple Indian states and Malaysia.
The film was to release in 2020 after shooting for most of the film was complete except for the introduction song. The film streamed on Voot Select on 30 June 2022.

## Reception

Muralidhara Khajane of The Hindu opined that "In his enthusiasm to address multiple burning socio-economic, cultural, religious and political issues in the span of one film, director Nandeesh seems to have lost his focus". Sunayana Suresh of The Times of India said that "Dear Vikram could have been a film that could have raised interesting debates on the current political situation, but it ends up falling short as the tale seems too rushed between some unnecessary songs and sequences". Jayadeep Jayesh of Deccan Herald called the film "a total misfire".