# Masovian Voivodeship

Masovian Voivodeship or Mazowieckie Province or Mazowieckie Voivodeship or Mazovian Voivodeship or Mazovian Province, etc. (Polish: województwo mazowieckie, pronounced ) is a voivodeship (province) in east-central Poland, containing Poland's capital Warsaw.
Masovian Voivodeship has an area of 35,579 square kilometres (13,737 sq mi) and had a 2019 population of 5,411,446, making it Poland's largest and most populous province. Its principal cities are Warsaw (1.783 million) in the center of the Warsaw metropolitan area, Radom (212,230) to the south, Płock (119,709) to the west, Siedlce (77,990) to the east, and Ostrołęka (52,071) to the north. It borders six other provinces: Warmian-Masurian to the north, Podlaskie to the northeast, Lublin to the southeast, Świętokrzyskie (Holy Cross) to the south, Łódź to the southwest, and Kuyavian–Pomeranian to the northwest.
The name of the province recalls the region's traditional name, Mazovia (in Polish Mazowsze, also spelled Masovia), with which it is roughly coterminous. However, the province's southern part, including Radom, historically belonged to Lesser Poland; while Łomża with environs, though historically part of Mazovia, is now part of Podlaskie Voivodeship.
Masovian Voivodeship is Poland's prime center of science, research, education, industry, and infrastructure. It has Poland's lowest unemployment rate and is a very high-income province. It is also popular with tourists due to the many historical monuments and its over 20% forested area of pine and oak. The province's Kampinos National Park is a UNESCO biosphere reserve.

## History

In the Early Middle Ages, the territory was inhabited by the Masovians, an old Polish tribe. It formed part of Poland since its establishment in the 10th century, with the then-regional capital Płock being the capital of Poland from 1079 to 1138. The Wzgórze Tumskie ("Cathedral Hill") in Płock with the Płock Castle and the Catholic Cathedral, seat of one of the oldest Polish dioceses, est. in 1075, which contains the sarcophagi of a number of Polish monarchs, is listed as a Historic Monument of Poland. Later, Płock, Warsaw and Czersk were medieval ducal seats of the Piast dynasty.
In 1505, Radom hosted the session of the Sejm (Polish Parliament), which enacted the Nihil novi act, and in the 16th century, Warsaw hosted several sessions of the Sejm, before King Sigismund III Vasa moved the Polish capital from Kraków to Warsaw in 1596.
Following the late-18th-century Partitions of Poland, the region witnessed several uprisings against foreign rule: the Kościuszko Uprising of 1794, the November Uprising of 1830–1831, and the January Uprising of 1863–1864.
In the interbellum, the region was part of reborn independent Poland. In 1920, the region was invaded by Soviet Russia, but Poland secured its freedom in the victorious Battle of Warsaw. The southern part of the current province was rapidly industrialized as part of the Central Industrial Region of Poland.
During World War II, it was occupied by Germany, with the occupiers committing their genocidal policies against Poles and Jews in the region, with expulsions, massacres of civilians and prisoners of war, including at Ciepielów, Śladów, Zakroczym, Ostrów Mazowiecka, Palmiry, Firlej, Skłoby, Nur, Ochota, Wola, and Lipniak-Majorat. Germany operated numerous prisons, forced labour camps, the Treblinka extermination camp, in which some 700,000–900,000 people were murdered, and several prisoner-of-war camps for Polish, Italian, French, Soviet, and Romanian prisoners of war.
Masovian Province was created on 1 January 1999, under the Polish local-government reforms adopted in 1998, out of the former provinces of Warsaw, Płock, Ciechanów, Ostrołęka, Siedlce, and Radom.

## Administrative division

Masovian Voivodeship is divided into 42 counties, including five city counties and 37 land counties. These are subdivided into 314 gminas (municipalities), which include 85 urban gminas.

### The counties, shown on the numbered map, are described in the table below.

Total gminas :
| Map ref. | English and Polish names | (km²) | (sq mi) | Population (2019) | Seat | Other towns | Total gminas |
| City counties ||||||||
| 1 | Warsaw Warszawa | 517 | 200 | 1,783,321 | | | 1 |
| (2) | Ostrołęka | 29 | 11 | 52,071 | | | 1 |
| (3) | Płock | 88 | 34 | 119,709 | | | 1 |
| (4) | Radom | 112 | 43 | 212,230 | | | 1 |
| (5) | Siedlce | 32 | 12 | 77,990 | | | 1 |
| Land counties ||||||||
| 2 | Ostrołęka County powiat ostrołęcki | 2,099 | 810 | 88,717 | Ostrołęka * | Myszyniec | 11 |
| 3 | Płock County powiat płocki | 1,799 | 695 | 110,987 | Płock * | Gąbin, Drobin, Wyszogród, Bodzanów | 15 |
| 4 | Radom County powiat radomski | 1,530 | 591 | 152,190 | Radom * | Pionki, Iłża, Skaryszew, Jedlnia-Letnisko, Przytyk | 13 |
| 5 | Siedlce County powiat siedlecki | 1,603 | 619 | 81,265 | Siedlce * | Mordy | 13 |
| 6 | Żuromin County powiat żuromiński | 805 | 311 | 38,688 | Żuromin | Bieżuń, Lubowidz | 6 |
| 7 | Mława County powiat mławski | 1,182 | 456 | 72,906 | Mława | | 10 |
| 8 | Przasnysz County powiat przasnyski | 1,218 | 470 | 52,676 | Przasnysz | Chorzele | 7 |
| 9 | Ciechanów County powiat ciechanowski | 1,063 | 410 | 89,460 | Ciechanów | Glinojeck | 9 |
| 10 | Sierpc County powiat sierpecki | 853 | 329 | 52,077 | Sierpc | | 7 |
| 11 | Maków County powiat makowski | 1,065 | 411 | 45,076 | Maków Mazowiecki | Różan | 10 |
| 12 | Ostrów Mazowiecka County powiat ostrowski | 1,218 | 470 | 72,558 | Ostrów Mazowiecka | Brok | 11 |
| 13 | Płońsk County powiat płoński | 1,384 | 534 | 87,183 | Płońsk | Raciąż, Sochocin, Nowe Miasto, Czerwińsk nad Wisłą | 12 |
| 14 | Pułtusk County powiat pułtuski | 829 | 320 | 51,862 | Pułtusk | | 7 |
| 15 | Wyszków County powiat wyszkowski | 876 | 338 | 74,094 | Wyszków | | 6 |
| 16 | Gostynin County powiat gostyniński | 616 | 238 | 45,060 | Gostynin | Sanniki | 5 |
| 17 | Nowy Dwór County powiat nowodworski | 692 | 267 | 79,256 | Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki | Nasielsk, Zakroczym | 6 |
| 18 | Legionowo County powiat legionowski | 390 | 151 | 117,751 | Legionowo | Serock | 5 |
| 19 | Wołomin County powiat wołomiński | 955 | 369 | 247,288 | Wołomin | Ząbki, Marki, Kobyłka, Zielonka, Radzymin, Tłuszcz, Jadów | 12 |
| 20 | Węgrów County powiat węgrowski | 1,219 | 471 | 66,037 | Węgrów | Łochów | 9 |
| 21 | Sokołów County powiat sokołowski | 1,131 | 437 | 53,992 | Sokołów Podlaski | Kosów Lacki | 9 |
| 22 | Sochaczew County powiat sochaczewski | 731 | 282 | 85,024 | Sochaczew | | 8 |
| 23 | Warsaw West County powiat warszawski zachodni | 533 | 206 | 117,783 | Ożarów Mazowiecki | Łomianki, Błonie | 7 |
| 24 | Mińsk County powiat miński | 1,164 | 449 | 154,054 | Mińsk Mazowiecki | Sulejówek, Halinów, Kałuszyn, Mrozy, Siennica, Cegłów, Dobre, Latowicz | 13 |
| 25 | Łosice County powiat łosicki | 772 | 298 | 30,895 | Łosice | | 6 |
| 26 | Żyrardów County powiat żyrardowski | 533 | 206 | 75,787 | Żyrardów | Mszczonów, Wiskitki | 5 |
| 27 | Grodzisk Mazowiecki County powiat grodziski | 367 | 142 | 94,962 | Grodzisk Mazowiecki | Milanówek, Podkowa Leśna | 6 |
| 28 | Pruszków County powiat pruszkowski | 246 | 95 | 165,039 | Pruszków | Piastów, Brwinów | 6 |
| 29 | Piaseczno County powiat piaseczyński | 621 | 240 | 186,460 | Piaseczno | Konstancin-Jeziorna, Góra Kalwaria, Tarczyn | 6 |
| 30 | Otwock County powiat otwocki | 615 | 237 | 124,241 | Otwock | Józefów, Karczew, Osieck | 8 |
| 31 | Grójec County powiat grójecki | 1,269 | 490 | 98,334 | Grójec | Warka, Nowe Miasto nad Pilicą, Mogielnica | 10 |
| 32 | Garwolin County powiat garwoliński | 1,284 | 496 | 108,909 | Garwolin | Łaskarzew, Pilawa, Żelechów, Maciejowice | 14 |
| 33 | Białobrzegi County powiat białobrzeski | 639 | 247 | 33,524 | Białobrzegi | Wyśmierzyce | 6 |
| 34 | Kozienice County powiat kozienicki | 917 | 354 | 60,253 | Kozienice | Magnuszew, Głowaczów | 7 |
| 35 | Przysucha County powiat przysuski | 801 | 309 | 41,721 | Przysucha | Odrzywół, Gielniów | 8 |
| 36 | Zwoleń County powiat zwoleński | 571 | 220 | 36,222 | Zwoleń | Kazanów | 5 |
| 37 | Szydłowiec County powiat szydłowiecki | 452 | 175 | 39,766 | Szydłowiec | Jastrząb | 5 |
| 38 | Lipsko County powiat lipski | 748 | 289 | 34,028 | Lipsko | Solec nad Wisłą, Sienno, Ciepielów | 6 |
| * seat not part of the county ||||||||

## Cities and towns

The voivodeship contains 10 cities and 78 towns. These are listed below in descending order of population (according to official figures for 2019):
* Warsaw (1,783,321)
* Radom (212,230)
* Płock (119,709)
* Siedlce (77,990)
* Pruszków (62,076)
* Legionowo (54,049)
* Ostrołęka (52,071)
* Otwock (44,827)
* Ciechanów (44,118)
* Żyrardów (39,896)
Towns:
* Piaseczno (48,286)
* Mińsk Mazowiecki (40,836)
* Ząbki (37,219)
* Wołomin (37,082)
* Sochaczew (36,327)
* Marki (34,679)
* Grodzisk Mazowiecki (31,782)
* Mława (31,241)
* Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki (28,649)
* Wyszków (26,905)
* Kobyłka (24,096)
* Piastów (22,619)
* Ostrów Mazowiecka (22,489)
* Płońsk (22,130)
* Józefów (20,698)
* Milanówek (20,698)
* Sulejówek (19,766)
* Pułtusk (19,432)
* Sokołów Podlaski (18,946)
* Gostynin (18,588)
* Pionki (18,269)
* Sierpc (17,994)
* Zielonka (17,588)
* Garwolin (17,501)
* Przasnysz (17,264)
* Kozienice (17,208)
* Konstancin-Jeziorna (17,023)
* Łomianki (17,022)
* Grójec (16,745)
* Brwinów (13,601)
* Radzymin (13,005)
* Węgrów (12,628)
* Błonie (12,261)
* Góra Kalwaria (12,040)
* Warka (11,948)
* Szydłowiec (11,736)
* Ożarów Mazowiecki (11,719)
* Karczew (9,856)
* Maków Mazowiecki (9,776)
* Żuromin (8,867)
* Tłuszcz (8,156)
* Nasielsk (7,702)
* Zwoleń (7,698)
* Łosice (7,049)
* Białobrzegi (6,951)
* Łochów (6,825)
* Mszczonów (6,376)
* Przysucha (5,818)
* Lipsko (5,501)
* Łaskarzew (4,840)
* Iłża (4,733)
* Pilawa (4,578)
* Serock (4,506)
* Raciąż (4,384)
* Skaryszew (4,371)
* Gąbin (4,125)
* Tarczyn (4,116)
* Żelechów (3,988)
* Podkowa Leśna (3,851)
* Nowe Miasto nad Pilicą (3,755)
* Halinów (3,739)
* Mrozy (3,574)
* Myszyniec (3,408)
* Zakroczym (3,196)
* Chorzele (3,088)
* Glinojeck (3,019)
* Kałuszyn (2,899)
* Drobin (2,872)
* Różan (2,709)
* Wyszogród (2,601)
* Mogielnica (2,253)
* Kosów Lacki (2,089)
* Sanniki (1,961)
* Brok (1,941)
* Bieżuń (1,846)
* Mordy (1,788)
* Lubowidz (1,684)
* Wyśmierzyce (885)
* Jedlnia-Letnisko
* Siennica
* Cegłów
* Sochocin
* Dobre
* Nowe Miasto
* Wiskitki
* Maciejowice
* Latowicz
* Magnuszew
* Bodzanów
* Osieck
* Czerwińsk nad Wisłą
* Jastrząb
* Odrzywół
* Solec nad Wisłą
* Jadów
* Sienno
* Przytyk
* Głowaczów
* Gielniów
* Ciepielów
* Kazanów
* Warsaw is the capital of Poland.
* Radom is part of historical Lesser Poland.
* Płock is the historical capital of Masovia and former Polish capital.
* Siedlce is part of historical Lesser Poland.
* Pruszków is part of the Warsaw metropolitan area.
* Legionowo is one of the youngest cities in the province.
* Ostrołęka is part of the ethnocultural region of Kurpie.
* Piaseczno is part of the Warsaw metropolitan area, and a former royal town.
* Ciechanów is a former royal city.
* Mińsk Mazowiecki is part of the Warsaw metropolitan area.
* Żyrardów is one of the youngest cities in the voivodeship, established in 1830.
* Pułtusk is one of the oldest towns in Poland.

## Politics

The Masovian voivodeship's government is headed by the province's voivode (governor) who is appointed by the Polish Prime Minister. The voivode is then assisted in performing his duties by the voivodeship's marshal, who is the appointed speaker for the voivodeship's executive and is elected by the sejmik (provincial assembly). The current voivode of Masovia is Mariusz Frankowski.
The Sejmik of Masovia consists of 51 members.

### Voivodes

| Term start | Term end | Voivode | Party | Other high offices held |
| 1 January 1999 | 20 October 2001 | Antoni Pietkiewicz | AWS | Voivode of Kalisz (1990–1991) |
| 21 October 2001 | 10 January 2006 | Leszek Mizieliński | SLD | Masovian vice-marshal (1998–2001) |
| 10 January 2006 | 17 January 2007 | Tomasz Koziński | PiS | Mayor of Praga-Południe (2002–2006) |
| 18 January 2007 | 1 February 2007 | Wojciech Dąbrowski | PiS | Mayor of Żoliborz (2004–2006) |
| 15 February 2007 | 29 November 2007 | Jacek Sasin | PiS | Deputy PM (since 2019), MP (since 2011) |
| 29 November 2007 | 8 December 2015 | Jacek Kozłowski | PO | Vice-Chairman of Poland 2050 |
| 8 December 2015 | 11 November 2019 | Zdzisław Sipiera | PiS | Mayor of Wola (2005–2006), MP (2019–2023) |
| 25 November 2019 | 31 March 2023 | Konstanty Radziwiłł | PiS | Minister of Health (2015–2018), MP (2015–2019) |
| 31 March 2023 | 13 December 2023 | Tobiasz Bocheński | PiS | Łódź Voivode (2019–2023) |
| 13 December 2023 | Incumbent | Mariusz Frankowski | PO | Deputy director of strategy and regional development of the Masovian Vovoideship in the Marshal's Office (2007–2011) Warsaw city councilor (2018–2023), |

## Protected areas

Protected areass include one National Park and nine Landscape parks. These are shown below.
* Kampinos National park (a UNESCO-designated biosphere reserve)
* Bolimów Landscape park (partly in Łódź Voivodeship)
* Brudzeń Landscape Park
* Bug Landscape Park
* Chojnów Landscape Park
* Górzno-Lidzbark Landscape Park (partly in Kuyavian-Pomeranian and Warmian-Masurian Voivodeships)
* Gostynin-Włocławek Landscape Park (partly in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship)
* Kozienice Landscape Park
* Masovian Landscape Park
* Podlaskie Bug Gorge Landscape Park (partly in Lublin Voivodeship)

## Historical
### Masovian Voivodeship (1526–1795)

Masovia Voivodeship, 1526–1795 (Polish: Województwo Mazowieckie) was an administrative region of the Kingdom of Poland, and of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, from the 15th century until the partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1795). Together with Płock and Rawa Voivodeships, it formed the province (prowincja) of Masovia.

### Masovian Voivodeship (1816–1837)

Masovian Voivodeship was one of the voivodeships of Congress Poland. It was formed from the Warsaw Department and transformed into the Masovia Governorate.

## Transport

Three major international road routes pass through the voivodeship: Cork–Berlin–Poznań–Warszawa–Minsk–Moscow–Omsk (European route E30), Prague–Wrocław–Warsaw–Białystok–Helsinki (E67) and Pskov–Gdańsk–Warsaw–Kraków–Budapest (E77).
Currently, there are various stretches of highways in the area, with the A2 highway connecting the region, and therefore the capital city, with the rest of Europe. The highway passes directly through the voivodeship from west to east, connecting it with Belarus and Germany. However, the A2 is yet to be built east of Warsaw to connect Poland with Belarus. The S7 expressway runs through Poland from the north to the south passing through Warsaw, the S8 connects Warsaw with Białystok, in the neighboring north-eastern province, also forming part of the Via Baltica which heads on to Lithuania, and to Wrocław in the south-west, and the S17 being built to connect Warsaw with Lublin in the south-east and on to Ukraine.
The two main railway carriers operating in the region are the regional Koleje Mazowieckie and nationwide PKP Intercity. Three of ten busiest railway stations of Poland are located in the voivodeship: Warszawa Centralna, Warszawa Wschodnia, Warszawa Zachodnia.
The main international airport in the region is Warsaw Frederic Chopin Airport.

## Economy

Masovian Voivodeship is the wealthiest province in Poland. The gross domestic product (GDP) of the province was PLN 596 billion in 2021, accounting for 22.8% of the Polish economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was around PLN123,000in the same year.

### Unemployment

The unemployment rate stood at 4.8% in 2017 and was higher than the national and the European average.
| Year | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 |
| unemployment rate (in %) | 12.3 | 9.1 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 7.4 | 7.9 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 7.2 | 6.4 | 5.5 | 4.8 |

## Sights and tourism

The top tourist destination of the voivodeship is the capital city of Warsaw with its Old Town and Royal Castle, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and Historic Monument of Poland. Further Historic Monuments in Warsaw include the Royal Route with several palaces and parks, most notably the Łazienki Palace and Wilanów Palace, and the Warsaw Water Filters.
Other historic cities include Radom with its old center and parks, Pułtusk with the longest paved marketplace of Europe, and Płock, former medieval capital of Poland, with its Old Town and Wzgórze Tumskie ("Cathedral Hill") with the Płock Castle and the Płock Cathedral, which contains the sarcophagi of a number of Polish monarchs.
There are several medieval castles, including at Ciechanów, Czersk, Liw, Płock, and numerous palaces in the voivodeship, including at Otwock Wielki, Guzów, Radziejowice, Krubki-Górki, Sanniki, Korczew and multiple in Warsaw itself. Unique historic churches include the Temple of Mercy and Charity in Płock, the worldwide headquarters of the Mariavite Church, the Abbey Church in Czerwińsk nad Wisłą, one of the best preserved Romanesque fortified churches in Poland, and the Saints Roch and John the Baptist church in Brochów, a Gothic-Renaissance fortified church, place of baptism of Fryderyk Chopin. Otwock, Józefów and Warsaw are home to the local Świdermajer architectural style. There are also the Modlin Fortress and Warsaw Citadel.
The sole spa town of the voivodeship is Konstancin-Jeziorna.
There are museums dedicated to composer Fryderyk Chopin and chemist Marie Curie at their birthplaces in Żelazowa Wola and Warsaw, respectively. There is also a Fryderyk Chopin Museum in Warsaw. There is a museum dedicated to famous Renaissance poet Jan Kochanowski in Czarnolas. The Krasiński Palace in Opinogóra Górna hosts the Museum of Romanticism.
There are numerous World War II memorials, including memorials at the sites of Nazi massacres of Poles, including Palmiry, and Holocaust memorials, and museums at the sites of the former Nazi German Treblinka extermination camp, Pawiak Prison in Warsaw and Dulag 121 camp in Pruszków. Two of the few Italian war cemeteries in Poland are located in Warsaw (from both world wars) and Nowe Opole (from WW2).
The highest point in the voivodeship, 408-metre (1,339 ft), Góra Altana, is located south of Szydłowiec, near the southern boundary with the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship.

## Sports

Football, handball, volleyball and basketball enjoy the largest following in the voivodeship. Successful clubs include Legia Warsaw and Polonia Warsaw in football and basketball, and Wisła Płock in handball.
Since the establishment of the province, several major international sports competitions were co-hosted by the province, including the 2002 World Weightlifting Championships, 2003 World Short Track Speed Skating Championships, 2009 UCI Track Cycling World Championships, EuroBasket 2009, UEFA Euro 2012, 2014 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship, 2017 Men's European Volleyball Championship, 2018 FIVB Volleyball Men's Club World Championship, 2019 UCI Track Cycling World Championships, 2023 World Men's Handball Championship.
Deepspot, the world's second deepest swimming pool, is located in Mszczonów.

## Curiosities

* The voivodeship contains both the current capital of Poland (Warsaw) and one of the former medieval capitals of Poland (Płock).
* In the 17th century, there were sizeable Scottish communities in Warsaw, Raciąż, Sierpc and Zakroczym, and also smaller ones in Iłża, Jedlińsk, Radom, Skrzynno, Szydłowiec and Węgrów.
* The village of Krasiniec was the home of the sole Kalmyk community of Poland in the interbellum.
* One of the three parish churches of the Armenian Catholic Church in Poland is located in Warsaw (see also: Armenians in Poland).

## Gallery

* Płock Cathedral, burial site of Polish monarchs
* Wilanów Palace in Warsaw
* Liw Castle
* Saint Catherine of Alexandria church in Radom
* Palace in Otwock Wielki
* Szydłowiec Town Hall
* Łyszkiewicz Apartment in Warsaw, birthplace of Marie Curie, presently a museum of the Nobel Prize winner
* Sobański Palace in Guzów
* Birthplace of Frédéric Chopin in Żelazowa Wola, presently a museum of the composer
* Modlin Fortress
* Czersk Castle
* Abbey Church in Czerwińsk nad Wisłą