# List of electoral systems by country

This is a list of electoral systems by country in alphabetical order. An electoral system is used to elect national legislatures and heads of state.

## Maps

| Head of state | Lower house or unicameral legislature | Upper house |
| First past the post (FPTP)  Two-round system (TRS)  Contingent voting, including Instant-runoff voting (IRV)  Election by legislature  Election by electoral college  Not elected (mostly monarchies)  In transition  No information | Single-member constituencies:  First past the post (FPTP)  Two-round system (TRS)  Instant-runoff voting (IRV) Multi-member constituencies, majoritarian:  Block voting (BV) or mixed FPTP and BV  Party block voting (PBV) or mixed FPTP and PBV  Limited voting  Single non-transferable vote (SNTV) or mixed FPTP and SNTV  Modified Borda count Multi-member constituencies, proportional:  Party-list proportional representation (party-list PR, closed list)  Party-list proportional representation (party-list PR, open list for some parties)  Party-list proportional representation (party-list PR, open list)  Panachage (party-list PR, free list)  Personalised proportional representation (party-list PR and FPTP)  Single transferable vote Mixed majoritarian and proportional:  Mixed-member proportional representation (Seat linkage mixed system) (party-list PR and FPTP)  Additional member system (party-list PR and FPTP seat linkage mixed system) (less proportional implementation of MMP)  Parallel voting / mixed member majoritarian (party-list PR and FPTP)  Parallel voting (party-list PR and TRS)  Parallel voting (party-list PR and BV or PBV)  Vote linkage mixed system or limited Seat linkage mixed system (party-list PR and FPTP) ((partially compensatory semi-proportional implementation of of MMP) (party-list PR and FPTP)  Majority bonus system (non-compensatory)  Majority jackpot system (compensatory)  Two-round majority jackpot system (compensatory)  Indirect elections No relevant electoral system information:  No elections  Varies by state  In transition  No information | Single-member constituencies:  First past the post (FPTP)  Two-round system (TRS) Multi-member constituencies, majoritarian:  Block voting (BV) or mixed FPTP and BV  Party block voting (PBV) or mixed FPTP and PBV  Single non-transferable vote (SNTV) or mixed FPTP and SNTV  Mixed BV and SNTV  Limited voting or cumulative voting Multi-member constituencies, proportional:  Party-list proportional representation (party-list PR, closed list)  Party-list proportional representation (party-list PR, open list)  Party-list proportional representation (party-list PR, partially-open list)  Partially party-list proportional representation (party-list PR, closed list)  Single transferable vote Mixed majoritarian and proportional:  Parallel voting / Mixed-member majoritarian (party-list PR and FPTP)  Parallel voting (party-list PR and BV or PBV)  Parallel voting (party-list PR and SNTV) Other:  Varies by federal states, or constituency Indirect election:  Election by electoral college or local/regional legislatures  Partly elected by electoral college or local/regional legislatures and appointed by head of state  Partly elected by electoral college or local/regional legislatures, partly elected in single-member districts by FPTP, and partly appointed by head of state No relevant electoral system information:  No elections  Appointed by head of state  No information / In transition  Unicameral |

## Electoral systems by country
### Democracies and hybrid regimes

| Country | Body or office | Type of body or office | Electoral system | Notes |
| Albania | President | Head of State | Elected by the Parliament | |
| Albania | Parliament | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Algeria | President | Head of State | Two-round system | |
| Algeria | Council of the Nation | Upper chamber of legislature | Indirectly elected (2/3) Appointed by the President (1/3) | |
| Algeria | People's National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Andorra | Co-Princes | Head of State | Two-round system (French Prince) Appointed by the Pope (Episcopal Prince) | |
| Andorra | General Council | Unicameral legislature | Parallel voting: Party-list proportional representation (14 seats) Party block voting (14 seats) | |
| Angola | President | Head of State and Government | First-past-the-post | |
| Angola | National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Antigua and Barbuda | King | Head of State | Hereditary monarchy | |
| Antigua and Barbuda | Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Appointed by the Governor-General | |
| Antigua and Barbuda | House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | First-past-the-post | |
| Argentina | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | 45% of the vote, or 40% of the vote and a 10% lead over the second candidate |
| Argentina | Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Limited voting | Limited voting with party-lists: 2 seats to most voted party or coalition in each province, 1 seat to second most voted party or coalition (limited vote with closed lists) |
| Argentina | Chamber of Deputies | Lower chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation (MMDs with DM 5 to 70) | |
| Armenia | President | Head of State | Appointed by the National Assembly | |
| Armenia | National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation with majority bonus system | |
| Australia | King | Head of State | Hereditary monarchy | |
| Australia | Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Single transferable vote | |
| Australia | House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | Instant-runoff voting | |
| Austria | President | Head of State | Two-round system | |
| Austria | Federal Council | Upper chamber of legislature | Appointed by federal states' legislatures | |
| Austria | National Council | Lower chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Bahamas | King | Head of State | Hereditary monarchy | |
| Bahamas | Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Appointed by the Governor-General | |
| Bahamas | House of Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | First-past-the-post | |
| Bangladesh | President | Head of State | Elected by the Jatiya Sangsad | |
| Bangladesh | Jatiya Sangsad | Unicameral legislature | First-past-the-post | |
| Barbados | President | Head of State | Elected by the Parliament | |
| Barbados | Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Appointed by the President | |
| Barbados | House of Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | First-past-the-post | |
| Belgium | King | Head of State | Hereditary monarchy | |
| Belgium | Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Elected by regional parliaments (50 seats) Elected by the Senate (10 seats) | |
| Belgium | Chamber of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Belize | King | Head of State | Hereditary monarchy | |
| Belize | Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Appointed by the Governor-General | |
| Belize | House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | First-past-the-post | |
| Benin | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
| Benin | National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Bhutan | King | Head of State | Hereditary monarchy | |
| Bhutan | National Council | Upper chamber of legislature | First-past-the-post (20 seats) Appointed by the King (5 seats) | |
| Bhutan | National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | Two-round system | |
| Bolivia | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | 50% of the vote, or 40% of the vote and a 10% lead over the second candidate |
| Bolivia | Chamber of Senators | Upper chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Bolivia | Chamber of Deputies | Lower chamber of legislature | Mixed-member proportional representation | |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Presidency | Heads of State | First-past-the-post | |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | House of Peoples | Upper chamber of legislature | Elected by entities legislatures | |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Botswana | President | Head of State and Government | Elected by the National Assembly | |
| Botswana | National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | First-past-the-post | |
| Brazil | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
| Brazil | Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Plurality block voting (54 seats) First-past-the-post (27 seats) | |
| Brazil | Chamber of Deputies | Lower chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Bulgaria | President | Head of State | Two-round system | |
| Bulgaria | National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Burundi | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
| Burundi | Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Elected by communal councilors (36 seats) Appointed by the National Electoral Commission for the Twa (3 seats) | |
| Burundi | National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Canada | King | Head of State | Hereditary monarchy | |
| Canada | Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Appointed by the Governor General | |
| Canada | House of Commons | Lower chamber of legislature | First-past-the-post | |
| Cape Verde | President | Head of State | Two-round system | |
| Cape Verde | National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Chile | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
| Chile | Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Chile | Chamber of Deputies | Lower chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Colombia | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
| Colombia | Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Colombia | Chamber of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Cook Islands | King | Head of State | Hereditary monarchy | |
| Cook Islands | Parliament | Unicameral legislature | First-past-the-post | |
| Costa Rica | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | 40% of the vote to win in the first round |
| Costa Rica | Legislative Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Croatia | President | Head of State | Two-round system | |
| Croatia | Parliament | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Cyprus | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
| Cyprus | House of Representatives | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Czech Republic | President | Head of State | Two-round system | |
| Czech Republic | Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Two-round system | |
| Czech Republic | Chamber of Deputies | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Denmark | King | Head of State | Hereditary monarchy | |
| Denmark | Folketing | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Dominica | President | Head of State | Elected by the House of Assembly | |
| Dominica | House of Assembly | Unicameral legislature | First-past-the-post (21 seats) Elected by the Assembly or appointed by the President (9 seats) Attorney General (1 seat) | |
| Dominican Republic | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
| Dominican Republic | Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | First-past-the-post | |
| Dominican Republic | Chamber of Deputies | Lower chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Ecuador | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
| Ecuador | National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| El Salvador | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
| El Salvador | Legislative Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Estonia | President | Head of State | Elected by the Riigikogu | |
| Estonia | Riigikogu | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Fiji | President | Head of State | Elected by the Parliament | |
| Fiji | Parliament | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Finland | President | Head of State | Two-round system | |
| Finland | Parliament | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| France | President | Head of State | Two-round system | |
| France | Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Elected by local councillors | |
| France | National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | Two-round system | |
| Georgia | President | Head of State | Elected by electoral college | |
| Georgia | Parliament | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Germany | President | Head of State | Elected by the Bundestag and State delegates | |
| Germany | Bundesrat | Upper chamber of legislature | Elected by State Governments | |
| Germany | Bundestag | Lower chamber of legislature | Mixed-member proportional representation | |
| Greece | President | Head of State | Elected by the Hellenic Parliament | |
| Greece | Hellenic Parliament | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation with majority bonus system | |
| Grenada | King | Head of State | Hereditary monarchy | |
| Grenada | Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Appointed by the Governor-General | |
| Grenada | House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | First-past-the-post | |
| Guatemala | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
| Guatemala | Congress of the Republic | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Guyana | President | Head of State and Government | First-past-the-post | |
| Guyana | National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Honduras | President | Head of State and Government | First-past-the-post | |
| Honduras | National Congress | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Hungary | President | Head of State | Elected by the National Assembly | |
| Hungary | National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Mixed-member majoritarian: 106 FPTP + 93 national list-PR (combination of partially compensatory system) | |
| Iceland | President | Head of State | First-past-the-post | |
| Iceland | Alþing | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| India | President | Head of State | Elected by the electoral college consisting Parliament and state legislative assemblies | |
| India | Rajya Sabha | Upper chamber of legislature | Elected by state legislative assemblies (233 seats) Appointed by the President (12 seats) | |
| India | Lok Sabha | Lower chamber of legislature | First-past-the-post | |
| Indonesia | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | Some areas use the noken system |
| Indonesia | Regional Representative Council | Upper chamber of legislature | Single non-transferable vote | Some areas use the noken system |
| Indonesia | People's Representative Council | Lower chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation | Some areas use the noken system |
| Iraq | President | Head of State | Elected by the Council of Representatives | |
| Iraq | Council of Representatives | Unicameral legislature | Single non-transferable vote | |
| Ireland | President | Head of State | Instant-runoff voting | |
| Ireland | Seanad Éireann | Upper chamber of legislature | Elected by vocational panels (43 seats) Appointed by the Taoiseach (11 seats) Elected by the graduates of 2 universities (6 seats) | |
| Ireland | Dáil Éireann | Lower chamber of legislature | Single transferable vote | |
| Israel | President | Head of State | Elected by the Knesset | |
| Israel | Knesset | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Italy | President | Head of State | Elected by the Italian Parliament and regional councils | |
| Italy | Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Mixed-member majoritarian: Party-list proportional representation (126 seats) First-past-the-post (74 seats) Appointed by the President (5 seats) | |
| Italy | Chamber of Deputies | Lower chamber of legislature | Mixed-member majoritarian: Party-list proportional representation (253 seats) First-past-the-post (147 seats) | |
| Ivory Coast | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
| Ivory Coast | Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Elected by regional councils (66 seats) Appointed by the President (33 seats) | |
| Ivory Coast | National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | First-past-the-post | |
| Jamaica | King | Head of State | Hereditary monarchy | |
| Jamaica | Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Appointed by the Governor-General | |
| Jamaica | House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | First-past-the-post | |
| Japan | Emperor | Head of State | Hereditary monarchy | |
| Japan | House of Councillors | Upper chamber of legislature | Parallel voting: Single non-transferable vote (148 seats) Party-list proportional representation (100 seats) | |
| Japan | House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | Parallel voting: First-past-the-post (289 seats) Party-list proportional representation (176 seats) | |
| Jordan | King | Head of State | Hereditary monarchy | |
| Jordan | Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Appointed by the King | |
| Jordan | Chamber of Deputies | Lower chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Kenya | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | 50% of the vote and 25% of the vote in 24 counties |
| Kenya | Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | First-past-the-post (47 seats) Appointed (20 seats) | |
| Kenya | National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | First-past-the-post (337 seats) Appointed (12 seats) | |
| Kiribati | President | Head of State and Government | First-past-the-post | |
| Kiribati | House of Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Two-round plurality block voting (44 seats) Appointed by the Rabi Council of Leaders (1 seat) | |
| Kyrgyzstan | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
| Kyrgyzstan | Supreme Council | Unicameral legislature | Parallel voting: Party-list proportional representation (54 seats) First-past-the-post (36 seats) | |
| Latvia | President | Head of State | Elected by the Saeima | |
| Latvia | Saeima | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Lebanon | President | Head of State | Elected by the Parliament | |
| Lebanon | Parliament | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Lesotho | King | Head of State | Hereditary monarchy | |
| Lesotho | Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Hereditary tribal chiefs (22 seats) Appointed by the King (11 seats) | |
| Lesotho | National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | Mixed-member proportional representation | |
| Liberia | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
| Liberia | Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | First-past-the-post | |
| Liberia | House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | First-past-the-post | |
| Liechtenstein | Prince | Head of State | Hereditary monarchy | |
| Liechtenstein | Landtag | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Lithuania | President | Head of State | Two-round system | |
| Lithuania | Seimas | Unicameral legislature | Parallel voting: Two-round system (71 seats) Party-list proportional representation (70 seats) | |
| Luxembourg | Grand Duke | Head of State | Hereditary monarchy | |
| Luxembourg | Chamber of Deputies | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Madagascar | President | Head of State | Two-round system | |
| Madagascar | Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Elected by the electoral colleges of the provinces (12 seats) Appointed by the President (6 seats) | |
| Madagascar | National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | Parallel voting: First-past-the-post (77 seats) Party-list proportional representation (86 seats) | |
| Malawi | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
| Malawi | National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | First-past-the-post | |
| Malaysia | Yang di-Pertuan Agong | Head of State | Elective monarchy | |
| Malaysia | Dewan Negara | Upper chamber of legislature | Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (44 seats) Elected by the state legislative assemblies (26 seats) | |
| Malaysia | Dewan Rakyat | Lower chamber of legislature | First-past-the-post | |
| Maldives | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
| Maldives | People's Majlis | Unicameral legislature | First-past-the-post | |
| Malta | President | Head of State | Elected by the House of Representatives | |
| Malta | House of Representatives | Unicameral legislature | Single transferable vote | |
| Marshall Islands | President | Head of State and Government | Elected by the Legislature | |
| Marshall Islands | Legislature | Unicameral legislature | Plurality block voting | |
| Mauritania | President | Head of State | Two-round system | |
| Mauritania | National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Two-round party block voting (70 seats) Two-round system (18 seats) Party-list proportional representation (37 seats) | |
| Mauritius | President | Head of State | Elected by the National Assembly | |
| Mauritius | National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Plurality block voting (62 seats) Best Loser System (8 seats) | |
| Mexico | President | Head of State and Government | First-past-the-post | |
| Mexico | Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Limited voting (96 seats) Party-list proportional representation (32 seats) | |
| Mexico | Chamber of Deputies | Unicameral legislature | Parallel voting: First-past-the-post (300 seats) Party-list proportional representation (200 seats) | |
| Micronesia | President | Head of State and Government | Elected by the Congress | |
| Micronesia | Congress | Unicameral legislature | First-past-the-post | |
| Moldova | President | Head of State | Two-round system | |
| Moldova | Parliament | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Monaco | Prince | Head of State | Hereditary monarchy | |
| Monaco | National Council | Unicameral legislature | Plurality block voting (16 seats) Party-list proportional representation (8 seats) | |
| Mongolia | President | Head of State | Two-round system | |
| Mongolia | State Great Khural | Unicameral legislature | Plurality block voting | |
| Montenegro | President | Head of State | Two-round system | |
| Montenegro | Parliament | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Morocco | King | Head of State | Hereditary monarchy | |
| Morocco | House of Councillors | Upper chamber of legislature | Elected by regions | |
| Morocco | House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Mozambique | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
| Mozambique | Assembly of the Republic | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Namibia | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
| Namibia | National Council | Upper chamber of legislature | Elected by regional councils | |
| Namibia | National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation (96 seats) Appointed by the President (8 seats) | |
| Nauru | President | Head of State and Government | Elected by the Parliament | |
| Nauru | Parliament | Unicameral legislature | Dowdall system | |
| Nepal | President | Head of State | Elected by the electoral college consisting Parliament and the provincial assemblies | |
| Nepal | National Assembly | Upper chamber of legislature | Elected by provincial assemblies | |
| Nepal | House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | Parallel voting: First-past-the-post (165 seats) Party-list proportional representation (110 seats) | |
| Netherlands | King | Head of State | Hereditary monarchy | |
| Netherlands | Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Elected by provincial councils | |
| Netherlands | House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| New Zealand | King | Head of State | Hereditary monarchy | |
| New Zealand | Parliament | Unicameral legislature | Mixed-member proportional representation | |
| Nigeria | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
| Nigeria | Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | First-past-the-post | |
| Nigeria | House of Representatives | Unicameral legislature | First-past-the-post | |
| Niue | King | Head of State | Hereditary monarchy | |
| Niue | Assembly | Unicameral legislature | First-past-the-post (14 seats) Plurality block voting (6 seats) | |
| North Macedonia | President | Head of State | Two-round system | |
| North Macedonia | Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Norway | King | Head of State | Hereditary monarchy | |
| Norway | Storting | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Pakistan | President | Head of State | Elected by the electoral college consisting Parliament and provincial assemblies | |
| Pakistan | Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Elected by provincial assemblies | |
| Pakistan | National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | Parallel voting: First-past-the-post (266 seats) Party-list proportional representation (70 seats) | |
| Palau | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
| Palau | Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Plurality block voting | |
| Palau | House of Delegates | Lower chamber of legislature | First-past-the-post | |
| Panama | President | Head of State and Government | First-past-the-post | |
| Panama | National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation (45 seats) First-past-the-post (26 seats) | |
| Papua New Guinea | King | Head of State | Hereditary monarchy | |
| Papua New Guinea | National Parliament | Unicameral legislature | Instant runoff voting | |
| Paraguay | President | Head of State and Government | First-past-the-post | |
| Paraguay | Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Paraguay | Chamber of Deputies | Lower chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Peru | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
| Peru | Congress | Lower chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Philippines | President | Head of State and Government | First-past-the-post | |
| Philippines | Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Plurality block voting | |
| Philippines | House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | Parallel voting: First-past-the-post (253 seats) Party-list proportional representation (63 seats) | |
| Poland | President | Head of State | Two-round system | |
| Poland | Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | First-past-the-post | |
| Poland | Sejm | Lower chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Portugal | President | Head of State | Two-round system | |
| Portugal | Assembly of the Republic | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Romania | President | Head of State | Two-round system | |
| Romania | Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Romania | Chamber of Deputies | Lower chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Saint Kitts and Nevis | King | Head of State | Hereditary monarchy | |
| Saint Kitts and Nevis | National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | First-past-the-post | |
| Saint Lucia | King | Head of State | Hereditary monarchy | |
| Saint Lucia | Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Appointed by the Governor-General | |
| Saint Lucia | House of Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | First-past-the-post | |
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | King | Head of State | Hereditary monarchy | |
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | House of Assembly | Unicameral legislature | First-past-the-post | |
| Samoa | O le Ao o le Malo | Head of State | Elected by the Legislative Assembly | |
| Samoa | Legislative Assembly | Unicameral legislature | First-past-the-post | |
| San Marino | Captains Regent | Head of State | Elected by the Grand and General Council | |
| San Marino | Grand and General Council | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation with majority bonus system | |
| São Tomé and Príncipe | President | Head of State | Two-round system | |
| São Tomé and Príncipe | National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Senegal | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
| Senegal | National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Parallel voting: First-past-the-post/Party block voting (112 seats) Party-list proportional representation (53 seats) | |
| Serbia | President | Head of State | Two-round system | |
| Serbia | National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Seychelles | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
| Seychelles | National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Parallel voting: First-past-the-post (26 seats) Party-list proportional representation (10 seats) | |
| Sierra Leone | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
| Sierra Leone | Parliament | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation (135 seats) Elected for paramount chiefs (14 Seats) | |
| Singapore | President | Head of State | First-past-the-post | |
| Singapore | Parliament | Unicameral legislature | Party block voting (79 seats) First-past-the-post (14 seats) Best losers (12 seats) Appointed by the president (9 seats) | |
| Slovakia | President | Head of State | Two-round system | |
| Slovakia | National Council | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Slovenia | President | Head of State | Two-round system | |
| Slovenia | National Council | Upper chamber of legislature | Elected by groups of experts | |
| Slovenia | National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Solomon Islands | King | Head of State | Hereditary monarchy | |
| Solomon Islands | National Parliament | Unicameral legislature | First-past-the-post | |
| South Africa | President | Head of State and Government | Elected by the National Assembly | |
| South Africa | National Council of Provinces | Upper chamber of legislature | Elected by the Provinces' Legislatures | |
| South Africa | National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| South Korea | President | Head of State and Government | First-past-the-post | |
| South Korea | National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Parallel voting (de facto): First-past-the-post (254 seats) party list (46 seats, closed lists: modified Hare quota largest remainder method) | |
| Spain | King | Head of State | Hereditary monarchy | |
| Spain | Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Limited plurality block voting (208 seats) Elected by regional legislatures (57 seats) | |
| Spain | Congress of Deputies | Lower chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Sri Lanka | President | Head of State and Government | Instant-runoff voting | |
| Sri Lanka | Parliament | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Suriname | President | Head of State and Government | Elected by the National Assembly | |
| Suriname | National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Sweden | King | Head of State | Hereditary monarchy | |
| Sweden | Riksdag | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Switzerland | Federal Council | Head of State and Government | Elected by the Federal Assembly | |
| Switzerland | Council of States | Upper chamber of legislature | Two-round system (41 seats) Party-list proportional representation (4 seats) Landsgemeinde (1 seat) | |
| Switzerland | National Council | Lower chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Taiwan | President | Head of State | First-past-the-post | |
| Taiwan | Legislative Yuan | Unicameral legislature | Parallel voting: First-past-the-post (73 seats) Party-list proportional representation (34 seats) Single non-transferable vote (6 seats) | |
| Tanzania | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
| Tanzania | National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Parallel voting: First-past-the-post (264 seats) Party-list proportional representation (113 seats) Appointed by the President (10 seats) Elected by the Zanzibar House of Representatives (5 seats) Attorney General (1 seat) | |
| Thailand | King | Head of State | Hereditary monarchy | |
| Thailand | Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Elected by groups of experts | |
| Thailand | House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | Parallel voting: First-past-the-post (400 seats) Party-list proportional representation (100 seats) | |
| Timor-Leste | President | Head of State | Two-round system | |
| Timor-Leste | Parliament | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Tonga | King | Head of State | Hereditary monarchy | |
| Tonga | Legislative Assembly | Unicameral legislature | First-past-the-post | |
| Trinidad and Tobago | President | Head of State | Elected by all members of the Senate and House of Representatives | |
| Trinidad and Tobago | Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Appointed by the President | |
| Trinidad and Tobago | House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | First-past-the-post | |
| Tunisia | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
| Tunisia | National Council of Regions and Districts | Upper chamber legislature | Elected by the regional and district councils | |
| Tunisia | Assembly of the Representatives of the People | Lower chamber of legislature | Two-round system | |
| Turkey | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
| Turkey | Grand National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Tuvalu | King | Head of State | Hereditary monarchy | |
| Tuvalu | Parliament | Unicameral legislature | Plurality block voting | |
| Uganda | President | Head of State and Government | First-past-the-post | |
| Uganda | National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | First-past-the-post | |
| Ukraine | President | Head of State | Two-round system | |
| Ukraine | Verkhovna Rada | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| United Kingdom | King | Head of State | Hereditary monarchy | |
| United Kingdom | House of Lords | Upper chamber of legislature | Life peer appointed by the King (670 seats) Hereditary peer (92 seats) Lords Spiritual appointed by the Church of England (26 seats) | |
| United Kingdom | House of Commons | Lower chamber of legislature | First-past-the-post | |
| United States | President | Head of State and Government | Elected by the electoral college | |
| United States | Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | First-past-the-post (44 States) Nonpartisan blanket primary (2 States) Two-round system (2 States) Instant-runoff voting (2 States) | |
| United States | House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | First-past-the-post (44 States) Nonpartisan blanket primary (2 States) Two-round system (2 States) Instant-runoff voting (2 States) | |
| Uruguay | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
| Uruguay | Chamber of Senators | Upper chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Uruguay | Chamber of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Vanuatu | President | Head of State | Elected by the Parliament and the presidents of Regional Councils | |
| Vanuatu | Parliament | Unicameral legislature | Single non-transferable vote | |
| Vatican City | Pope | Head of State | Elective monarchy | |
| Zambia | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
| Zambia | National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | First-past-the-post | |

### Authoritarian regimes

According to the Economist Democracy Index 2023 on electoral process and pluralism. These countries have no elections or sham elections.
| Country | Body or office | Type of body or office | Electoral system | Notes |
| Afghanistan | Currently no elections are held | Currently no elections are held | Currently no elections are held | Currently no elections are held |
| Azerbaijan | President | Head of State | First-past-the-post | |
| Azerbaijan | National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | First-past-the-post | |
| Bahrain | King | Head of State | Hereditary monarchy | |
| Bahrain | Consultative Council | Upper chamber of legislature | Appointed by the King | |
| Bahrain | Council of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | Two-round system | |
| Belarus | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
| Belarus | Council of Republic | Upper chamber of legislature | Elected by regional councils | |
| Belarus | House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | First-past-the-post | |
| Brunei | Currently no elections are held | Currently no elections are held | Currently no elections are held | Currently no elections are held |
| Burkina Faso | Currently no elections are held | Currently no elections are held | Currently no elections are held | Currently no elections are held |
| Burundi | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
| Burundi | Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Elected by communal councilors (36 seats) Appointed by the National Electoral Commission for the Twa (3 seats) | |
| Burundi | National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Cambodia | King | Head of State | Elective monarchy | |
| Cambodia | Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Elected by commune councillors (58 sets) Appointed by the King (2 seats) Appointed by the National Assembly (2 seats) | |
| Cambodia | National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Cameroon | President | Head of State and Government | First-past-the-post | |
| Cameroon | Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Elected by municipal councils (70 seats) Appointed by the President (30 seats) | |
| Cameroon | National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | First-past-the-post (58 seats) Party-list proportional representation (122 seats) | |
| Central African Republic | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
| Central African Republic | National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | Two-round system | |
| Chad | Currently no elections are held | Currently no elections are held | Currently no elections are held | Currently no elections are held |
| China | Currently no elections are held | Currently no elections are held | Currently no elections are held | Currently no elections are held |
| Comoros | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
| Comoros | Assembly of the Union | Unicameral legislature | Two-round system | |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo | President | Head of State | First-past-the-post | |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo | Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Elected by provincial parliaments (108 seats) Senator for life (variable seats) | |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo | National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation First-past-the-post | |
| Republic of the Congo | President | Head of State | Two-round system | |
| Republic of the Congo | Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Elected by regional councils | |
| Republic of the Congo | National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | Two-round system | |
| Cuba | President | Head of State | Elected by the National Assembly | |
| Cuba | National Assembly of People's Power | Unicameral legislature | Two-round system | |
| Djibouti | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
| Djibouti | National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Mixed-member majoritarian: Party block voting (80% of seats) Party-list proportional representation (10% of seats) | |
| Ecuador | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
| Ecuador | National Congress | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Egypt | President | Head of State | Two-round system | |
| Egypt | House of Representatives | Unicameral legislature | Parallel voting: Two-round system (284 seats) Party-list proportional representation (284 seats) Appointed by the President (28 seats) | |
| Equatorial Guinea | President | Head of State and Government | First-past-the-post | |
| Equatorial Guinea | Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation (55 seats) Appointed by the President (15 seats) | |
| Equatorial Guinea | Chamber of People's Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Eritrea | Currently no elections are held | Currently no elections are held | Currently no elections are held | Currently no elections are held |
| Eswatini | Ngwenyama | Head of State | Hereditary monarchy | |
| Eswatini | Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Appointed by the Ngwenyama (20 seats) Elected by the House of Assembly (10 seats) | |
| Eswatini | House of Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | First-past-the-post | |
| Ethiopia | President | Head of State | Elected by the Federal Parliamentary Assembly | |
| Ethiopia | House of Federation | Upper chamber of legislature | Elected by the State Councils | |
| Ethiopia | House of Peoples' Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | First-past-the-post | |
| Gabon | Currently no elections are held | Currently no elections are held | Currently no elections are held | Currently no elections are held |
| Guinea | Currently no elections are held | Currently no elections are held | Currently no elections are held | Currently no elections are held |
| Guinea-Bissau | President | Head of State | Two-round system | |
| Guinea-Bissau | National People's Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Haiti | President | Head of State | Two-round system | |
| Haiti | Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Two-round system | |
| Haiti | Chamber of Deputies | Lower chamber of legislature | Two-round system | |
| Iran | Supreme Leader | Head of State | Elected by the Assembly of Experts | |
| Iran | President | Head of Government | Two-round system | |
| Iran | Islamic Consultative Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Two-round system Plurality block voting | |
| Iran | Assembly of Experts | Electoral College | First-past-the-post Plurality block voting | |
| Kuwait | Emir | Head of State | Hereditary monarchy | |
| Kuwait | National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Single non-transferable vote | |
| Laos | President | Head of State | Elected by the National Assembly | |
| Laos | National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Plurality block voting | |
| Libya | Currently no elections are held | Currently no elections are held | Currently no elections are held | Currently no elections are held |
| Mali | Currently no elections are held | Currently no elections are held | Currently no elections are held | Currently no elections are held |
| Mauritania | President | Head of State | Two-round system | |
| Mauritania | National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Two-round party block voting (70 seats) Two-round system (18 seats) Party-list proportional representation (37 seats) | |
| Mozambique | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
| Mozambique | Assembly of the Republic | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Myanmar | Currently no elections are held | Currently no elections are held | Currently no elections are held | Currently no elections are held |
| Nicaragua | President | Head of State and Government | First-past-the-post | |
| Nicaragua | National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Niger | Currently no elections are held | Currently no elections are held | Currently no elections are held | Currently no elections are held |
| North Korea | Supreme People's Assembly | Unicameral legislature | First-past-the-post | |
| Oman | Sultan | Head of State and Government | Hereditary monarchy | |
| Oman | Council of State | Upper chamber of legislature | Appointed by the Sultan | |
| Oman | Consultative Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | Single non-transferable vote | |
| Qatar | Emir | Head of State | Hereditary monarchy | |
| Qatar | Consultative Assembly | Unicameral legislature | First-past-the-post | |
| Russia | President | Head of State | Two-round system | |
| Russia | Federation Council | Upper chamber of legislature | Elected by federal subjects' legislatures | |
| Russia | State Duma | Lower chamber of legislature | Parallel voting: First-past-the-post (225 seats) Party-list proportional representation (225 seats) | |
| Rwanda | President | Head of State and Government | First-past-the-post | |
| Rwanda | Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Elected by provincial councils (12 seats) Appointed by the President (8 seats) | |
| Rwanda | Chamber of Deputies | Lower chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation (53 seats) Elected by local and national councils (27 seats) | |
| Saudi Arabia | Currently no elections are held | Currently no elections are held | Currently no elections are held | Currently no elections are held |
| South Sudan | Currently no elections are held | Currently no elections are held | Currently no elections are held | Currently no elections are held |
| Sudan | Currently no elections are held | Currently no elections are held | Currently no elections are held | Currently no elections are held |
| Suriname | President | Head of State and Government | Elected by the National Assembly | |
| Suriname | National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Syria | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
| Syria | People's Council | Unicameral legislature | Party block voting | |
| Tajikistan | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
| Tajikistan | National Assembly | Upper chamber of legislature | Elected by deputies of local majlisi (25 seats) Appointed by the President (8 seats) | |
| Tajikistan | Assembly of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | Parallel voting: Two-round system (41 seats) Party-list proportional representation (22 seats) | |
| Togo | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
| Togo | National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Turkmenistan | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
| Turkmenistan | Assembly | Unicameral of legislature | First-past-the-post | |
| Uzbekistan | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
| Uzbekistan | Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Elected by members of local councils (84 seats) Appointed by the President (16 seats) | |
| Uzbekistan | Legislative Chamber | Lower chamber of legislature | Two-round system | |
| Vatican City | Pope | Head of State | Elective monarchy | |
| Venezuela | President | Head of State and Government | First-past-the-post | |
| Venezuela | National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Parallel voting: Party-list proportional representation (144 seats) First-past-the-post (133 seats) | |
| Vietnam | President | Head of State | Elected by the National Assembly | |
| Vietnam | National Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Two-round system | |
| Yemen | Currently no elections are held | Currently no elections are held | Currently no elections are held | Currently no elections are held |
| Zimbabwe | President | Head of State and Government | Two-round system | |
| Zimbabwe | Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation (60 seats) Elected by the Council of Chiefs (18 seats) Elected by the National Disability Board (2 seats) | |
| Zimbabwe | National Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | Parallel voting: First-past-the-post (210 seats) Party-list proportional representation (70 seats) | |

### Countries with limited recognition

| Country | Body or office | Type of body or office | Electoral system | Notes |
| Abkhazia | President | Head of State | Two-round system | |
| Abkhazia | People's Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Two-round system | |
| Kosovo | President | Head of State | Elected by the Assembly | |
| Kosovo | Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Northern Cyprus | President | Head of State | Two-round system | |
| Northern Cyprus | Assembly of the Republic | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic | President | Head of State | Elected by the Congress of the Polisario Front | |
| Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic | Sahrawi National Council | Unicameral legislature | Single non-transferable vote | |
| South Ossetia | President | Head of State | Two-round system | |
| South Ossetia | Parliament | Unicameral legislature | Parallel voting: First-past-the-post (17 seats) Party-list proportional representation (17 seats) | |
| Somaliland | President | Head of State and Government | First-past-the-post | |
| Somaliland | House of Elders | Upper chamber of legislature | — | Currently no system defined |
| Somaliland | House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | Party-list proportional representation | |
| Transnistria | President | Head of State | Two-round system | |
| Transnistria | Supreme Council | Unicameral legislature | First-past-the-post | |

### Colonies and dependencies

| Country | Body or office | Type of body or office | Electoral system |
| Alderney | States | Unicameral legislature | Plurality block voting |
| American Samoa | Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Elected by county councils |
| American Samoa | House of Representatives | Lower chamber of legislature | First-past-the-post (14 seats) Plurality block voting (6 seats) |
| Anguilla | House of Assembly | Unicameral legislature | First-past-the-post (7 seats) Plurality block voting (4 seats) Attorney General (1 seats) Deputy Governor (1 seats) |
| Ascension | Island Council | Unicameral legislature | Plurality block voting |
| Bermuda | Senate | Upper chamber of legislature | Appointed by the Governor |
| Bermuda | House of Assembly | Lower chamber of legislature | First-past-the-post |
| British Virgin Islands | House of Assembly | Unicameral legislature | First-past-the-post (9 seats) Plurality block voting (4 seats) Attorney General (1 seats) Speaker (1 seats) |
| Cayman Islands | Parliament | Unicameral legislature | First-past-the-post |
| Falkland Islands | Legislative Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Plurality block voting |
| French Polynesia | Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation |
| Gibraltar | Parliament | Unicameral legislature | Limited plurality block voting |
| Guam | Legislature | Unicameral legislature | Plurality block voting |
| Guernsey | States of Deliberation | Unicameral legislature | Plurality block voting |
| Hong Kong | Legislative Council | Unicameral legislature | Appointed by the Election Committee (40 seats) Elected by functional constituencies (30 seats) Single non-transferable vote (20 seats) |
| Isle of Man | Legislative Council | Upper chamber of legislature | Elected by the House of Keys (8 seats) President of Tynwald (1 seat) Bishop of Sodor and Man (1 seat) Attorney General (1 seat) |
| Isle of Man | House of Keys | Lower chamber of legislature | Plurality block voting |
| Jersey | States Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Plurality block voting (37 seats) First-past-the-post (12 seats) |
| Macau | Legislative Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation (14 seats) Indirectly elected member (12 seats) appointed by the Chief Executive (7 seats) |
| Montserrat | Legislative Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Plurality block voting |
| New Caledonia | Congress | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation |
| Northern Mariana Islands | Senate | Upper chamber legislature | Plurality block voting (6 seats) First-past-the-post (3 seats) |
| Northern Mariana Islands | House of Representatives | Lower chamber legislature | Plurality block voting (18 seats) First-past-the-post (2 seats) |
| Pitcairn Islands | Island Council | Unicameral legislature | Single transferable vote (7 seats) Administrator (1 seat) Governor (1 seat) Deputy Governor (1 seat) |
| Puerto Rico | Senate | Upper chamber legislature | Parallel voting: Party block voting (16 seats) Single non-transferable vote (11 seats) |
| Puerto Rico | House of Representatives | Lower chamber legislature | Parallel voting: First-past-the-post (40 seats) Single non-transferable vote (11 seats) |
| Saint Barthélemy | Territorial Council | Unicameral legislature | Two-round party-list proportional representation with majority bonus system |
| Saint Helena | Legislative Council | Unicameral legislature | Plurality block voting (12 seats) Attorney General (1 seat) |
| Saint Martin | Territorial Council | Unicameral legislature | Two-round party-list proportional representation with majority bonus system |
| Saint Pierre and Miquelon | Territorial Council | Unicameral legislature | Two-round party-list proportional representation with majority bonus system |
| Sark | Chief Pleas | Unicameral legislature | Plurality block voting |
| Tokelau | General Fono | Unicameral legislature | |
| Tristan da Cunha | Island Council | Unicameral legislature | Plurality block voting |
| Turks and Caicos Islands | House of Assembly | Unicameral legislature | First-past-the-post (10 seats) Plurality block voting (5 seats) Appointed by the Governor (4 seats) Attorney General (1 seats) Speaker (1 seats) |
| U.S. Virgin Islands | Legislature | Unicameral legislature | Plurality block voting (14 seats) First-past-the-post (1 seat) |
| Wallis and Futuna | Territorial Assembly | Unicameral legislature | Party-list proportional representation |