# Süper Lig

The Süper Lig (Turkish pronunciation:, Super League), also known as Trendyol Süper Lig for sponsorship reasons, is a professional association football league in Turkey and the highest level of the Turkish football league system. In the 2023–2024 season, twenty clubs compete, where a champion is decided and three clubs are promoted from, and another four relegated to the 1. Lig. The season runs from August to May, with each club playing 38 matches. Matches are played Friday through Monday.
Run by the Turkish Football Federation, the league succeeded the Turkish Football Championship and the National Division, both being former top-level national competitions. The Süper Lig is currently 9th in the UEFA coefficient ranking of leagues based on club performances in European competitions over the last five years. A total of 75 clubs have competed in the Süper Lig, but only 6 have won the title to date: Galatasaray (24), Fenerbahçe (19), Beşiktaş (16), Trabzonspor (7), Başakşehir (1) and Bursaspor (1).

## History

Football in Turkey stems back to the late 19th century, when Englishmen brought the game with them while living in Salonica (then part of the Ottoman Empire). The first league competition was the Istanbul Football League, which took place in the 1904–05 season. The league went through several variations until the creation of the Millî Lig (Süper Lig) in 1959. Between the creation of the Istanbul League and Millî Lig, several other regional leagues took place: Adana (1924), Ankara (1922), Eskişehir (1924), İzmir (1924), Bursa (1924), and Trabzon (1922), to name a few. The first competition to bring forth a national champion was the former Turkish Football Championship, which began in 1924 and continued until 1951. The championship format was based on a knockout competition, contested between the winners of each of the country's top regional leagues. The National Division (Turkish: Millî Küme) was the first national league competition in Turkey. Started in 1937, the National Division consisted of the strongest clubs from the Ankara, Istanbul, and İzmir leagues. The championship lasted until 1950.
In 1952 the TFF introduced professionalism in Turkish football. As a result, the former Turkish Football Championship lost its first level status. Since there was no top-level national champion in the period from 1952 to 1955, the Turkish federation sent Galatasaray, winners of the 1955–56 Istanbul League, to the European Cup in the 1956–57 season.
Protests of some Ankara and İzmir clubs regarding this decision, as well as UEFA deciding to only accept national champions to the European Cup from that season on induced the TFF to establish the Federation Cup in 1956. It is the first professional national football league in Turkey and the predecessor to the Super League(Millî Lig). The competition took place as a knock-out tournament to decide a national champion. This champion would go on to participate in the European Cup. The competition was held for two seasons until it was replaced by the Millî Lig. Beşiktaş won both editions and qualified for the European Cup during the two-year span. However, since the TFF failed to register their name for the draw in time, Beşiktaş could not participate in the 1957–58 season after all.
The top clubs of Ankara, Istanbul, and İzmir competed in the 1959 Turkish National League. The first season took place in the calendar year of 1959, instead of 1958 to 1959, since the qualifying stages took place in 1958. The 16 clubs who competed in the first season were: Adalet (Istanbul), Altay (İzmir), Ankaragücü (Ankara), Ankara Demirspor (Ankara), Beşiktaş (Istanbul), Beykoz (Istanbul), Karagümrük (Istanbul), Fenerbahçe (Istanbul), Galatasaray (Istanbul), Gençlerbirliği (Ankara), Göztepe (İzmir), Hacettepe Gençlik (Ankara), İstanbulspor, İzmirspor, Karşıyaka (İzmir), and Vefa (Istanbul). The first champions were Fenerbahçe and the first "Gol Kralı" (top scorer) was Metin Oktay. No clubs were promoted or relegated at the end of the first season.
The 2. Lig (Second League) was created at the start of the 1963–64 season and the Millî Lig became known as the 1.Lig (First League). Before the foundation of a second division, the bottom three clubs competed with regional league winners in a competition called the Baraj Games. The top three teams of the group were promoted to the Süper Lig. After the foundation of a new second division in 2001, known as the 1. Lig, the formerly titled 1. Lig was rebranded as Süper Lig. The Süper Lig is home of the Fenerbahçe–Galatasaray derby, the most watched football game in Turkey. It is considered to be one of the best and most intense in the world, being ranked among the greatest football rivalries of all time by various international sources.
On 12 December 2023, the Turkish Football Federation suspended all league games indefinitely following an incident during a match between MKE Ankaragucu and Caykur Rizespor which involved fans being able to successfully invade the pitch and people, including recent MKE Ankaragucu president Faruk Koca, being arrested after attacking referee Halil Umut Meler. Koca would resign from MKE Ankaragucu as well. However, on 13 December, the same day Meler was discharged from the hospital it was soon agreed that Super Lig matches would resume on 19 December.

## Format

There were 18 clubs in the Süper Lig until 2020. 20 Clubs are competing in the Süper Lig starting from 2020. During the course of the season (from August to May) each club plays the others twice (a double round robin system), once at their home stadium and once at that of their opponents, for a total of 38 games. Teams receive three points for a win and one point for a draw. No points are awarded for a loss. Teams are ranked by total points, then head-to-head record, then goal difference, and then goals scored. At the end of each season, the club with the most points is crowned champion. If points are equal, the head-to-head record and then goal difference determine the winner. The three lowest placed teams are relegated to the 1. Lig and the top two teams from the 1. Lig, together with the winner of play-offs involving the third to seventh placed 1. Lig clubs are promoted in their place.
* 16 clubs: 1959
* 20 clubs: 1959–1962
* 22 clubs: 1962–1963
* 18 clubs: 1963–1964
* 16 clubs: 1964–1966
* 17 clubs: 1966–1968
* 16 clubs: 1968–1981
* 17 clubs: 1981–1982
* 18 clubs: 1982–1985
* 19 clubs: 1985–1987
* 20 clubs: 1987–1988
* 19 clubs: 1988–1989
* 18 clubs: 1989–1990
* 16 clubs: 1990–1994
* 18 clubs: 1994–2020
* 21 clubs: 2020–2021
* 20 clubs: 2021–2022
* 19 clubs: 2022–2023
* 20 clubs: 2023–2024
* 19 clubs: 2024–present

### Qualification for European competitions

The champions and runners-up qualify for the second qualifying round of the Champions League. The third place and the Turkish Cup winners qualify for the second qualifying round of the Europa Conference League. If the Turkish Cup winner has already qualified for European competition through their league finish, then the team that finishes fourth in the league takes their place.

## Media coverage
### Domestic
#### 2016–2021: Record deal with beIN Sports

On 28 November 2016 Qatari media group beIN (owner of Digiturk since 2015) won a 5-year deal to become the TV tender of the Süper Lig. They won the rights with a record offer worth $500M per season. Digiturk continued to offer the sports content with beIN’s support.
Before the start of the 2019–20 season, due to the wild fluctuations in value of the Turkish lira, beIN seek to renegotiate the fees for the upcoming season. The broadcaster settled on a $410 million agreement with the TFF.
On 18 November 2020, after originally signing a deal (in 2016) where the annual fees were split evenly between Turkish lira and US dollars, the wild fluctuations in value of the Turkish lira saw beIN seek to renegotiate the fees for the Süper Lig. The new reduced fee (₺2.65 billion/$340 million) had to be paid exclusively in Turkish lira, and took into account the financial realities of the COVID-19 crisis. Despite a drop in overall value, the Süper Lig’s TV rights income remained the sixth highest in Europe.
Due to the several negotiations and currency fluctuations, the 2021–22 season's deal was decreased to $215 million.

#### 2022–2024: new two year deal with beIN

On 24 June 2022 TFF and beIN agreed a new two-year deal of the TV rights for an annual deal of ₺2.2 billion.

#### 2024–2027: contract renewal

On 2 March 2024 Turkish Football Federation stated that Qatari media group beIN has renewed its rights to broadcast Turkey's top flight matches for three more years, until 2027. beIN will pay $182 million-a-year to broadcast Turkey's Süper Lig and TFF First League. As such, Süper Lig becomes the 6th most valuable football league after the Big Five leagues in Europe.

### International
## UEFA ranking

As of April 18, 2024
Süper Lig ranks 9th in UEFA Country Rankings 2024. The league made a big breakthrough in the early 90s and became one of the most valuable leagues in Europe. Süper Lig achieved the best ranking in its history in 2001 by rising to 7th place. In 1982, the league dropped to 28th place, achieving the worst ranking in its history.
| Ranking | Ranking | Ranking | Member association | Coefficient | Coefficient | Coefficient | Coefficient | Coefficient | Coefficient |
| 2023 | 2024 | Mvmt | Member association | 2019–20 | 2020–21 | 2021–22 | 2022–23 | 2023–24 | Total |
| 8 | 8 | – | Belgian Pro League | 7.600 | 6.000 | 6.600 | 14.200 | 14.200 | 48.600 |
| 12 | 9 | +3 | Turkish Süper Lig | 5.000 | 3.100 | 6.700 | 11.800 | 12.000 | 38.600 |
| 15 | 10 | +5 | Czech First League | 2.500 | 6.600 | 6.700 | 6.750 | 13.500 | 36.050 |
Süper Lig UEFA ranking by years :
| 1960 | 1961 | 1962 | 1963 | 1964 | 1965 | 1966 | 1967 | 1968 | 1969 |
| 18 | 19 | 20 | 19 | 15 | 18 | 19 | 21 | 21 | 22 |
| 1970 | 1971 | 1972 | 1973 | 1974 | 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 |
| 18 | 19 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 22 | 23 |
| 1980 | 1981 | 1982 | 1983 | 1984 | 1985 | 1986 | 1987 | 1988 | 1989 |
| 25 | 25 | 28 | 27 | 26 | 27 | 26 | 24 | 26 | 24 |
| 1990 | 1991 | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 |
| 24 | 23 | 18 | 13 | 12 | 10 | 11 | 8 | 14 | 14 |
| 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 |
| 11 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 15 | 14 | 11 | 11 |
| 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 |
| 11 | 10 | 11 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | | | | | |
| 11 | 13 | 20 | 12 | 9 | | | | | |

## Clubs
### Stadiums and locations

| Team | Home city/borough | Home province | Stadium | Capacity |
| Adana Demirspor | Adana | Adana | New Adana Stadium | 33,543 |
| Alanyaspor | Alanya | Antalya | Alanya Oba Stadium | 10,130 |
| Antalyaspor | Antalya | Antalya | Corendon Airlines Park | 32,537 |
| Başakşehir | Başakşehir | Istanbul | Başakşehir Fatih Terim Stadium | 17,156 |
| Beşiktaş | Beşiktaş | Istanbul | Tüpraş Stadium | 42,445 |
| Bodrum | Bodrum | Muğla | Bodrum District Stadium [tr] | 4,500 |
| Eyüpspor | Eyüpsultan | Istanbul | Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Stadium | 14,234 |
| Fenerbahçe | Kadıköy | Istanbul | Ülker Stadium | 47,430 |
| Galatasaray | Sarıyer | Istanbul | Rams Park | 53,798 |
| Gaziantep | Gaziantep | Gaziantep | Kalyon Stadium | 33,502 |
| Göztepe | Göztepe | İzmir | Gürsel Aksel Stadium | 19,713 |
| Hatayspor | Antakya | Hatay | Mersin Stadium | 25,497 |
| Kasımpaşa | Kasımpaşa | Istanbul | Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Stadium | 14,234 |
| Kayserispor | Kayseri | Kayseri | RHG Enertürk Enerji Stadium | 32,864 |
| Konyaspor | Konya | Konya | Konya Metropolitan Municipality Stadium | 42,000 |
| Rizespor | Rize | Rize | Rize City Stadium | 15,332 |
| Samsunspor | Samsun | Samsun | Samsun 19 Mayıs Stadium | 33,919 |
| Sivasspor | Sivas | Sivas | New Sivas 4 Eylül Stadium | 27,532 |
| Trabzonspor | Trabzon | Trabzon | Papara Park | 40,782 |
* ↑ Hatayspor play their home matches in Mersin due to Hatay Stadium having been affected by the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes.

## Champions

Only six clubs have been champions since the introduction of the Super League: Galatasaray 24 times, Fenerbahçe 19 times, Beşiktaş 16 times (see note below), Trabzonspor 7 times, and Bursaspor and Başakşehir once each.
Teams in bold compete in the Süper Lig as of the 2024–25 season.
| Club | Champ­ions | Runners-up | Winning seasons | Runners-up seasons |
| Galatasaray | 24 | 13 | 1961–62, 1962–63, 1968–69, 1970–71, 1971–72, 1972–73, 1986–87, 1987–88, 1992–93, 1993–94, 1996–97, 1997–98, 1998–99, 1999–00, 2001–02, 2005–06, 2007–08, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2014–15, 2017–18, 2018–19, 2022–23, 2023–24 | 1956–57$^1$, 1957–58$^1$, 1959, 1960–61, 1965–66, 1974–75, 1978–79, 1985–86, 1990–91, 2000–01, 2002–03, 2013–14, 2020–21 |
| Fenerbahçe | 19 | 25 | 1959, 1960–61, 1963–64, 1964–65, 1967–68, 1969–70, 1973–74, 1974–75, 1977–78, 1982–83, 1984–85, 1988–89, 1995–96, 2000–01, 2003–04, 2004–05, 2006–07, 2010–11, 2013–14 | 1959–60, 1961–62, 1966–67, 1970–71, 1972–73, 1975–76, 1976–77, 1979–80, 1983–84, 1989–90, 1991–92, 1993–94, 1997–98, 2001–02, 2005–06, 2007–08, 2009–10, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2017–18, 2021–22, 2022–23, 2023–24 |
| Beşiktaş | 16 | 14 | 1956–57$^1$, 1957–58$^1$, 1959–60, 1965–66, 1966–67, 1981–82, 1985–86, 1989–90, 1990–91, 1991–92, 1994–95, 2002–03, 2008–09, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2020–21 | 1962–63, 1963–64, 1964–65, 1967–68, 1973–74, 1984–85, 1986–87, 1987–88, 1988–89, 1992–93, 1996–97, 1998–99, 1999–00, 2006–07 |
| Trabzonspor | 7 | 9 | 1975–76, 1976–77, 1978–79, 1979–80, 1980–81, 1983–84, 2021–22 | 1977–78, 1981–82, 1982–83, 1994–95, 1995–96, 2003–04, 2004–05, 2010–11, 2019–20 |
| Başakşehir | 1 | 2 | 2019–20 | 2016–17, 2018–19 |
| Bursaspor | 1 | — | 2009–10 | |
$^1$ Beşiktaş formally requested that championships won in the 1956–57 and 1957–58 editions of the Turkish Federation Cup be counted as Turkish Professional First Division championships to the Turkish Football Federation. The Cup was established in 1956 to find a national champion to represent Turkey, after UEFA decided that only national champions could participate in the European Cup. Beşiktaş had therefore earned the right to represent Turkey in the European Cup in the 1957–58 and 1958–59 seasons. The ruling on this matter was announced in a press release on March 25, 2002, which indicated that the championships won by Beşiktaş in the Federation Cup would be counted as national league championships.

### Star rating system

The honor of Golden Stars was introduced in football to recognize sides that have won multiple championships or other honours by the display of gold stars on their team badges and jerseys. In Turkey, clubs are permitted to place a golden star above their crest for every five national championships won. As of the 2023–24 season Galatasaray are permitted four golden stars, Fenerbahçe and Beşiktaş are permitted three golden stars, and Trabzonspor are permitted one golden star to be placed above their crest on their jerseys.

## League participation

As of 2024, 75 clubs have participated. Note: The tallies below include up to the 2023–24 season. Teams denoted in bold are current participants.
* 66 seasons: Beşiktaş, Fenerbahçe, Galatasaray
* 54 seasons: Ankaragücü
* 50 seasons: Bursaspor, Trabzonspor
* 48 seasons: Gençlerbirliği
* 42 seasons: Altay
* 31 seasons: Gaziantepspor, Samsunspor
* 30 seasons: Eskişehirspor, Göztepe
* 28 seasons: Antalyaspor
* 25 seasons: İstanbulspor
* 23 seasons: Konyaspor
* 22 seasons: Adanaspor, Rizespor
* 21 seasons: Denizlispor
* 20 seasons: Boluspor, Kocaelispor, Adana Demirspor, Kasımpaşa
* 19 seasons: Kayserispor
* 18 seasons: Sivasspor
* 16 seasons: Başakşehir, Karşıyaka
* 15 seasons: Mersin İdman Yurdu
* 14 seasons: Vefa, Zonguldakspor
* 13 seasons: Ankara Demirspor, Kayseri Erciyesspor, Sarıyer
* 12 seasons: PTT
* 11 seasons: Diyarbakırspor, Malatyaspor, Orduspor, Sakaryaspor
* 10 seasons: Altınordu, İzmirspor, Kardemir Karabükspor, Şekerspor, Fatih Karagümrük
* 09 seasons: Ankaraspor, Feriköy
* 08 seasons: Beykozspor, Giresunspor, Hacettepe Gençlik, Alanyaspor
* 07 seasons: Akhisarspor
* 06 seasons: Manisaspor
* 05 seasons: Vanspor, Yeni Malatyaspor, Zeytinburnuspor, Gaziantep
* 04 seasons: Elazığspor, Hatayspor
* 03 seasons: Aydınspor, Bakırköyspor, Çanakkale Dardanelspor, Erzurumspor,
* 02 seasons: Yozgatspor, Adalet, Akçaabat Sebatspor, Balıkesirspor, Beyoğluspor, Büyükşehir Belediye Erzurumspor, Hacettepe, Yeşildirek
* 01 season: Bucaspor, Kahramanmaraşspor, Kırıkkalespor, Petrolofisi, Siirtspor, Ümraniyespor, Pendikspor

## Player records

* Bold denotes players still active in the league.
* All players are Turkish unless otherwise indicated.

## Sponsorship

| Period | Sponsor | Brand |
| 1959–1989 | No sponsor | National League (Turkish: Millî Lig) |
| 1989–2000 | No sponsor | 1. Futbol Ligi |
| 2000–2005 | No sponsor | Türkiye Süper Ligi |
| 2005–2010 | Turkcell | Turkcell Süper Lig |
| 2010–2017 | Spor Toto | Spor Toto Süper Lig |
| 2017–2018 | No sponsor | Süper Lig |
| 2018–2019 | Spor Toto | Spor Toto Süper Lig |
| 2019–2021 | No sponsor | Süper Lig |
| 2021–2023 | Spor Toto | Spor Toto Süper Lig |
| 2023–present | Trendyol | Trendyol Süper Lig |

## Official match ball

* 2008–2010: Nike T90 Omni
* 2010–2011: Nike T90 Tracer
* 2011–2012: Nike Seitiro
* 2012–2013: Nike Maxim
* 2013–2014: Nike Incyte
* 2014–2015: Nike Ordem 2
* 2015–2016: Nike Ordem 3
* 2016–2017: Nike Ordem 4
* 2017–2018: Nike Ordem 5
* 2018–2020: Nike Merlin
* 2020–2021: Adidas Uniforia
* 2021–2022: Adidas Conext 21 Pro
* 2022–present: Puma Orbita