# Office Assistant

The Office Assistant is a discontinued intelligent user interface for Microsoft Office that assisted users by way of an interactive animated character which interfaced with the Office help content. It was included in Microsoft Office, in Microsoft Publisher, Microsoft Project, and Microsoft FrontPage. It had a wide selection of characters to choose from, with the most well-known being a paperclip called Clippit (commonly referred to by the public as Clippy). The Office Assistant and particularly Clippit have been the subject of numerous criticisms and parodies.

## Description

The Office Assistant was an intelligent user interface for Microsoft Office. It assisted users by way of an interactive animated character that interfaced with the Office help content. It was included in Microsoft Office for Windows (versions 97 to 2003), in Microsoft Publisher and Microsoft Project (versions 98 to 2003), Microsoft FrontPage (versions 2002 and 2003), and Microsoft Office for Mac (versions 98 to 2004). The Office Assistant used technology initially from Microsoft Bob and later Microsoft Agent, offering advice based on Bayesian algorithms.
The default assistant in the English version was named Clippit, after a paperclip. The character was designed by Kevan J. Atteberry. Although the name Clippit was used in all versions of Microsoft Office that supported the Office Assistant feature, the assistant became commonly referred to by the public as Clippy, a name which later occasionally bled into Microsoft marketing materials. Clippit was by far the most notable (partly because in many cases the setup CD was required to install the other assistants), which also led to him being called simply the Microsoft Paperclip.

### Technology

The Office Assistant used technology initially from Microsoft Bob, and later Microsoft Agent, offering advice based on Bayesian algorithms. From Microsoft Office 2000 onward, Microsoft Agent (.acs) replaced the Microsoft Bob-descended Actor (.act) format as the technology supporting the feature. Microsoft Agent-based characters have richer forms and colors, and are not enclosed within a boxed window. Furthermore, Microsoft Agent characters could use the Lernout & Hauspie TruVoice Text-to-Speech Engine to provide output speech capabilities, but it required SAPI 4.0. The Microsoft Speech Recognition Engine also allowed Microsoft Agent characters to accept speech input. This technology was also used for the File Explorer's search companions in Windows XP.

## History

According to Alan Cooper, the "Father of Visual Basic", the concept of Clippit was based on a "tragic misunderstanding" of research conducted at Stanford University, showing that the same part of the brain in use while using a mouse or keyboard was also responsible for emotional reactions while interacting with other human beings and thus is the reason people yell at their computer monitors. Microsoft concluded that if humans reacted to computers the same way they react to other humans, it would be beneficial to include a human-like face in their software. As people already related to computers directly as they do with humans, the added human-like face emerged as an annoying interloper distracting the user from the primary conversation.
Clippit was based on Microsoft Bob, a redesign of early Windows versions. Bob was discontinued in 1996 after receiving poor reception, replaced by Office Assistant shortly after.
First introduced in Microsoft Office 97, the Office Assistant was code-named TFC during development, with the "C" standing for "clown." It appeared when the program determined the user could be assisted by using Office wizards, searching help, or advising users on using Office features more effectively. It also presented tips and keyboard shortcuts. For example, typing an address followed by "Dear" would cause the Assistant to appear with the message, "It looks like you're writing a letter. Would you like help?"
Microsoft turned off the feature by default in Office XP, and as a result they focused most of their marketing on that change.
They created the now-defunct website officeclippy.com, and hosted three flash cartoons starring a newly unemployed Clippit (now officially being referred to as Clippy,) a song sung by Clippit, and a flash video game called Office XP (Xtract Paperclip) where the player would use office supplies to slay an army of Clippits. On May 31, 2001, during the Office XP launch event in New York City, a man in a Clippit mascot costume interrupts the introduction and gives a speech begging for his job back before being dragged off stage by a comically large magnet. Notably, Clippit is voiced by Gilbert Gottfried during this ad campaign. Later that November, Microsoft published the video game Bicycle Card Games for Windows computers, featuring Clippit as a playable character, with Gilbert Gottfried reprising his role.
On May 11, 2004, Microsoft released Microsoft Office 2003, which would be the last version of Microsoft office to feature the Office Assistant feature, with it being no longer present in all subsequent versions.

## Assistants

When the Office Assistant feature was introduced in Office 97, the user could choose which character is displayed while they use the program. The list of characters that the user could choose from include:
* Clippit (the anthropomorphic paperclip most are familiar with, the default option in most of the Microsoft Office editions that supported Office Assistant)
* The Dot (a shape-shifting smiley-faced red ball)
* The Genius (a caricature of Albert Einstein, removed in Office XP but available as a downloadable add-on)
* Hoverbot (a robot)
* Kairu (カイル) (a dolphin available for East Asian editions, also downloadable for other regions)
* Office Logo (a jigsaw puzzle composed of four pieces, which was the logo for Microsoft Office 9x. There was also an additional downloadable silent, immobile version of the character with a minor redesign)
* Mother Nature (a globe)
* Power Pup (a superhero dog)
* Scribble (an origami-esque cat)
* Will (a caricature of William Shakespeare)
In Microsoft Office 2000 and beyond, the Hoverbot, Scribble, Power Pup, and Will assistants were removed, and new Office Assistants were introduced in their place:
* F1 (a robot who was previously downloadable for Office 97, included in Microsoft Office 2000 & beyond)
* Links (a cat who was previously downloadable for Office 97, included in Microsoft Office 2000 & beyond)
* Rocky (a dog included in Microsoft Office 2000 & beyond)
* Merlin (a wizard inspired by the character of the same name, introduced in Office XP)
The Clippit, Office Logo, and Kairu assistants were also redesigned to have a more three dimensional appearance. The removed assistants later resurfaced as downloadable add-ons along with other additional assistants.

### Exclusive Assistants

In Microsoft Office 98 and 2001, MacOS exclusive editions of Microsoft Office, all of the built in Office 97 assistants were included (also retaining their Office 97 designs) along with an additional three assistants:
* Bosgrove (a butler exclusive to MacOS)
* Earl the cat (a blue cat, also downloadable for Office 97)
* Max (a Macintosh Plus computer exclusive to MacOS)
The Office XP Multilingual Pack had two more assistants for Asian language users in non-Asian Office versions:
* Saeko Sensei (冴子先生) (an animated teacher also available for East Asian editions)
* The Monkey King (Chinese: 孫悟空) (based on the fictional character Sun Wukong, also available for East Asian editions)
In 1999, there was a partnership between Microsoft and the Japanese talk show Sanma no Manma (さんまのまんま) hosted by comedian Sanma Akashiya, where if a customer in Japan were to purchase a copy of Microsoft Office 2000 Upgrade Edition, they would be mailed a promotional CD that would install the show's mascot Manma-chan (まんまちゃん), an alien that resembles a dog as an additional Office Assistant.

## Criticism

Despite the Office Assistant's intention of being helpful, it was widely reviled among users as intrusive and annoying, and was criticized even within Microsoft. Microsoft's internal codename TFC had a derogatory origin: Steven Sinofsky states that "C" stood for "clown", while allowing his readers to guess what "TF" might stand for. Smithsonian Magazine called Clippit "one of the worst software design blunders in the annals of computing". Time magazine included Clippit in a 2010 article listing the fifty worst inventions.
Although helpful to brand-new users, and although introduced at a time when relatively few people had extensive experience with computers, the Office Assistant feature was criticized for interrupting users and not providing advice that was fully adapted to the situation.

## Legacy

On January 30, 2007, Microsoft Office 2007 released with the Office Assistant feature being fully removed, and it has remained that way in all subsequent releases of Microsoft Office. Later that same year, Microsoft hosted the TechEd 2007 conference, which featured a keynote opening that parodied Back to the Future. In the opening, then Microsoft president Bob Muglia and Christopher Lloyd (reprising his role as Doc Brown from the movie) use the DeLorean to travel across time, eventually arriving at an alternate future where unsuccessful Microsoft products become a reality. The alternate future is depicted as a white void with a threatening hologram of the smiley face logo from Microsoft Bob alongside a sarcastic Clippit hologram. Interestingly, Gilbert Gottfried does not reprise his role as Clippit this time.
In May of 2009, as way to promote Microsoft Office 2010, Microsoft created a website that hosted a trailer for a fake movie titled "Office 2010 - The Movie." The trailer featured a photograph of Clippit along with his tombstone, referencing the removal of the Office Assistant feature.
On April 2, 2011, Microsoft Office Labs released Ribbon Hero 2: Clippy's Second Chance, a free puzzle video game used to teach users the basics of Microsoft Office 2007 and 2010. In the game, Clippit is searching for a part time job before discovering a time machine that takes him to different time periods. The player must complete multiple office related tasks to progress the story further.
A small image of Clippit can be found in Microsoft Office 2013 and newer, which can be seen by going to Options and changing the theme (or Office Background) to "School Supplies". Clippit would then appear on the ribbon.
Clippit appeared as an Office Assistant in Office Online as part of an April Fools' Day 2014 joke. Several days later, an easter egg was found in the then-preview version of Windows Phone 8.1. When asked if she likes Clippit, the personal assistant Cortana would answer "Definitely. He taught me how important it is to listen." or "What's not to like? That guy took a heck of a beating and he's still smiling." Her avatar occasionally turned into a two-dimensional Metro-style Clippit for several seconds. This easter egg is still available in the full release version of the Windows Phone operating system and Windows 10.
On March 19, 2019, Microsoft released a "Clippy!" sticker pack for Microsoft Teams on the Microsoft 365 Developer GitHub Page, but was later removed three days later. The sticker pack was later integrated into Teams itself on November 1st, 2021, and has been included ever since. He is also present in some of the backgrounds users can select.
On July 2021, Microsoft used Twitter to show off a redesign of Clippit, and said that if it received 20,000 likes they would replace the paperclip emoji on Microsoft 365 with the character. The Tweet quickly surpassed 20,000 likes and they then announced they would replace it. In November 2021, Microsoft officially updated their design of the paperclip emoji (📎) on Windows 11 to be Clippit.

## In popular culture

Clippit is the subject of numerous humorous parodies and references, including internet memes. It has been lampooned in multiple television series, including Family Guy, The Simpsons, The Office Silicon Valley, and the Amazing World of Gumball.

### Parodies

There is a Clippit parody in the Plus! Dancer application included in Microsoft Plus! Digital Media Edition which is later included as Windows Dancer in Windows XP Media Center Edition 2005. The dancing character Boo Who? is wearing a ghost outfit, roughly having the shape of Clippit's body, with a piece of wire visible underneath. Occasionally, the white sheet slips, and reveals the thin curve of steel. The description mentions "working for a short while for a Redmond, WA based software company, where he continued to work until being retired in 2001".
Clippit was featured in the music video for "Weird Al" Yankovic's song "Word Crimes."
Vigor is a Clippit-inspired parody software—a version of the vi text editor featuring a rough-sketched Clippit.
On April 1, 2015, social media website Tumblr created a parody of Clippit, Coppy, as an April Fools joke. Coppy is an anthropomorphized photocopier that behaved in similar ways to Clippit, asking the user if they want help. Coppy would engage the reader in a series of pointless questions, with a dialogue box written in Comic Sans MS, which was deliberately designed to be extremely annoying. In 2022, Tumblr created a Youtooz collectible of Coppy.
Multiple episodes of Star Trek: Lower Decks feature a holographic character named "Badgey" who takes the anthropomorphic form of the communication badges featured in the series. The character is initially imbued with characteristics reminiscent of Clippit, but malfunctions and becomes a recurring antagonist.
A hypercasual game for mobile devices and on Windows and macOS via Steam called Progressbar95 features a spoof of Clippit as a common NPC, often part of annoying popups or carrying sticks of dynamite or guns to hurt the player's progress.

### Other pop culture allusions

In a June 2008 episode of the NPR show Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me! marking the occasion of Bill Gates transitioning to semi-retirement from Microsoft, humorist Adam Felber and comedian Paul Provenza ad-lib a scenario in which Clippit is being driven to a location outside of Redmond, Washington, at night and says such things as "It looks like you're digging a grave. Is this a business grave or a personal grave?" The segment has become one of the most requested by listeners for replay during "best of" reviews of the show.
In 2015, a music video directed by Chris Bristow was released for Delta Heavy's song Ghost, which features a saddened Clippit discovering Shania, a modern voice-activated digital assistant, and later on Clippit becomes angry upon discovering the modern landscape of the world.
In the thirteenth season of the Dungeons and Dragons actual play show Dimension 20 (set in the world of Starstruck), Clippit was used as the basis of a planetary superintelligence called Gnosis in the far future.
In Catherynne M. Valente's 2018 novel Space Opera, two humans have been whisked to a distant planet to take part in a music contest that could lead to humanity being destroyed. Soon after arrival, they are disoriented and in great danger, and find themselves confronted by a giant animated Clippit, created by a sentient AI collective based on what it had found was widespread on human computers.
Clippit appears as a mentor non-player character in the artificial-intelligence-based air traffic control system for Microsoft Flight Simulator and X-Plane, SayIntentions.AI.
In the 2021 video game, Halo Infinite, Clippit appears as an equippable weapon charm.