OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Alfio Giuffrida

Alfio Giuffrida, also known as Alfio Giuffrida AG Sinnwerke (born 28 January 1953 in Zafferana Etnea) is a contemporary Italian sculptor, installation artist, set designer and painter.

## Works

In 1975 he returned to non-figurative representation and participated in the X Rome Quadriennale.
Between 1977 and 1985 he worked as a freelance painter and set designer in Rome.
He moved to Cologne in 1986.
From 1990 to 2004 he worked in his studio in Bonn.
2003 saw the founding of the fictitious factory A.G. Sinnwerke®. The first products to appear under the A.G. Sinnwerke label were the CDs, CD-Sets, and Selbstbau-Sets. More concentrated object cycles followed: CD-Roms, Samples, Ovali, Kugeln, Irrigatoren, Mona Lisa, and Sample-Sets, all offered in blister packs. Adjustable, space-consuming sculptures were made in parallel, their models presented in the form of corsets. Many ideas were captured in painting. He followed the same principle when he continued the richly varied idea of the objects in painting : Irrigatoren, Irrigatoren-Sätze, CD-Homes, Figuren, Enthüllungen, Bezüge, Seitenblicke, Antennen, Töpfe, Tempel, Angebote, CD-Stapel, Kathedralen etc. Eventually the artist provided only the material, that is, the Do-it-yourself-Baukästen, allowing the buyer to come to a personal decision about what form to use for his or her individual picture.

## Exhibitions

Selected exhibitions
March/April 1989 Bahnwärterhaus Villa Merkel – Galerie der Stadt Esslingen. February/April 2001 Suermondt-Ludwig-Museum Aachen. April/June 2001 Stadtmuseum Siegburg. July/August 2004 Mannheimer Kunstverein. September/December 2006 Märkisches Museum Witten. March/June 2007 Stadtmuseum Bergkamen.

## Stage design

Notebook, Premiere, 2 May 1995, Oper der Stadt Köln. Die Verlobung in St. Domingo, 17 June 1995, Schlosserei Schauspiel Köln. Goya-Danzas negras, 20 December 1995, Oper der Stadt Köln. Get up Early, 22 February 1996, Internationales Tanzfestival Wien. Citizen Kane, 4 April 1997, Oper der Stadt Köln. Diaghilew - Die Offenbarung, 10 January 1999, Tiroler Landestheater Innsbruck. Lorca y Dalí-Perros de Luna, 19 February 1999, Stadsschouwburg Heerlen (NL). Mon Orphée, 1 April 2000, Ludwig Forum für Internationale Kunst, Aachen. Phädra, 30 November 2000, Deutsche Oper am Rhein, Düsseldorf. Romeo und Julia, 20 January 2001, Tiroler Landestheater Innsbruck. Casanova, 10 November 2001, Tiroler Landestheater Innsbruck. Diaghilew - Die Favoriten, 8 November 2003, Aalto Theater Essen. Caravaggio, 22 November 2003, Tiroler Landestheater Innsbruck. Sissi - Kaiserliche Hoheit, 22 October 2005, Tiroler Landestheater Innsbruck.
# War Merit Medal

The War Merit Medal (Kriegsverdienstmedaille) was a World War II German military decoration awarded to recognize outstanding service by civilians in relation to the war effort. It was instituted on 19 August 1940 and usually awarded to those workers in factories who significantly exceeded work quotas. The War Merit Medal was awarded only to German and non-German civilians, and to men and women. An estimated 4.9 million medals were awarded by the end of the war in Europe. It was closely related to the War Merit Cross, which could be awarded to military personnel and civilians alike for outstanding service to the war effort.

## Design

The medal was designed by Professor Richard Klein of Munich. It was a circular bronze award bearing the design of the War Merit Cross on the front (obverse), and the inscription "For War Merit 1939" (Für Kriegsverdienst) on the reverse side. It was suspended from a ribbon coloured similar to the War Merit Cross, except for a thin red vertical strip added to the center of the black portion. When worn, it was either as a medal ribbon bar above the left breast pocket (soldiers who had earned the medal as civilians could wear it on their uniform), or with the ribbon only through the second buttonhole of a jacket. Since this was a non-combat award, the medal never incorporated swords. After 15 May 1943, the award of this medal to foreigners was superseded by the Medal of Merit of the Order of the German Eagle.
The medal was presented in an envelope wrapper. The wrapper was blue with black lettering of Kriegs-Verdienstmedaille 1939 across the front. The medal itself was then wrapped in a piece of tissue paper.
# Ulises Aurelio Casiano Vargas

Ulises Aurelio Casiano Vargas (September 25, 1933 – August 5, 2018) was a Puerto Rican bishop emeritus of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Mayagüez, in Mayagüez.
Casiano was born at the Palmarejo ward in the nearby town of Lajas, which is also the birthplace of the first native Puerto Rican Roman Catholic cardinal, Luis Aponte Martínez. He attended the Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico in nearby Ponce, from which he graduated with a bachelor's degree in education (Social Sciences) in 1955. He then became a schoolteacher and school administrator, with a reputation for efficiency. He then joined the university's Regina Cleri Seminar, and continued Theology studies at Our Lady of Angels seminar in New York. Casiano was eventually ordained a priest on May 30, 1967. He later obtained a Juris Doctor degree in Canonical Law from the Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C.
Monsignor Casiano was named first bishop for the newly created Diocese of the Mayaguez by Pope Paul VI on March 3, 1976, and was consecrated by Cardinal Aponte Martínez on April 30, 1976.
A former choirmaster while studying at the Regina Cleri seminar, Casiano has promoted the development of the musical ministries associated with the Mayagüez diocese. For instance, every Good Friday, at the reading of the Seven Words of Jesus on The Cross at Mayagüez's cathedral, the sermon features a musical piece, in seven parts, written by local music professor José Antonio Gaudier (The Elder) in 1873, and played by the diocese's philharmonic orchestra.
Monsignor Casiano has earned two nicknames among mayagüezanos. His stamina, charisma and tenacity earned him the name The Obispator, a portmanteau of the Spanish word for bishop, obispo, and The Terminator (the movie character played by Arnold Schwarzenegger). As he has successfully achieved the construction or remodeling of various diocese landmarks (such as Mayagüez's cathedral) he has also been nicknamed "Ulises Trump".
Bishop Casiano retired on July 6, 2011. Pope Benedict XVI named Alvaro Corrada del Rio as his successor.
Ulises Aurelio Casiano Vargas died on Sunday August 5, 2018 at Hospital de la Concepción de San Germán, Puerto Rico at age 84. He was buried at Our Lady of the Candelaria Cathedral in Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
# Josh Walters

Josh Walters (born 23 December 1994) is an English rugby union, formerly rugby league, footballer who plays as a Wing or Inside-Centre for Richmond F.C. in the National League 1.
He played for the Leeds Rhinos in the Super League, and spent time on loan from Leeds at the Hunslet Hawks and Featherstone Rovers in the Championship. Walters also spent a season with Featherstone in the second tier.

## Background

Walters was born in Guildford, Surrey, England.

## Playing career
### Leeds Rhinos

A former rugby union player, Walters converted to league and joined Leeds Rhinos in 2013, making his Super League début in 2014 against Huddersfield Giants. He went on to make 8 appearances that year, scoring three tries. He made a further 9 appearances in 2015 and was also dual registered with Hunslet Hawks.
Walters played from the bench in the 2015 Super League Grand Final, and scored the match-winning try in what was his first play-off appearance.

### Featherstone Rovers

Walters joined Featherstone ahead of the 2019 Championship season.

### London Broncos

He moved to the capital following the Broncos relegation at the conclusion of the 2019 Super League season.

## Honours

Super League: 2015
League Leaders' Shield: 2015
Challenge Cup: 2015

## Club statistics

| Year | Club | Competition | Appearances | Tries | Goals | Drop goals | Points |
| 2014 | Leeds Rhinos | Super League | 8 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 12 |
| 2015 | Leeds Rhinos | Super League | 12 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 8 |
| 2015 | Hunslet Hawks | Championship | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2016 | Leeds Rhinos | Super League | 13 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 8 |
| 2016 | Featherstone Rovers | Championship | 6 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 12 |
| 2017 | Leeds Rhinos | Super League | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2017 | Featherstone Rovers | Championship | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2018 | Leeds Rhinos | Super League | 19 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 8 |
| 2018 | Featherstone Rovers | Championship | 2 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 12 |
| 2019 | Featherstone Rovers | Championship | 26 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 36 |
| 2020 | London Broncos | Championship | 6 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 12 |
| 2021 | London Broncos | Championship | 10 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 16 |
| Club career total | Club career total | Club career total | 129 | 31 | 0 | 0 | 124 |
# Hastings, Cumberland County, Nova Scotia

Hastings is a community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in Cumberland County.
# Heorhiivka, Pokrovsk Raion, Donetsk Oblast

Heorhiivka (Ukrainian: Георгіївка) is a village in Marinka urban hromada, Pokrovsk Raion, Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine. The population was 1,167 in the 2001 Ukrainian census.

## History
### Russo-Ukrainian War
#### Russian invasion of Ukraine

After the end of the Battle of Marinka, the Russian Armed Forces launched multiple attacks against Heorhiivka resulting in its capture on 14 June 2024.
# Martti Mertanen

Martti Johannes Mertanen (May 31, 1925 – April 21, 2001) was a Finnish artist and educator active in Hämeenlinna, Finland.
Mertanen was born in Eastern Finland, Polvijärvi in 1925. He was fighting as a soldier of the Finnish military in the wars between Finland and the Soviet Union during 1939–1944. This period left many gruesome memories which had some impact on his artistic style later. Many of his winter landscapes had somewhat melancholic style. Mertanen lived in Hämeenlinna, Finland during 1956–2001 and was an active member of the artists' association of Hämeenlinna. He was among the first active artists in this local artists' association. Mertanen was well known professional teacher and artist locally and his paintings were exhibited in numerous Hämeenlinna Artists' Association's juried exhibitions held at the Hämeenlinna Art Museum [fi] since 1973. His works were also exhibited for example at the Union of Finnish Art Associations' annual exhibitions in 1976, 1985 and in joint exhibition in 1979. Other numerous exhibitions included Modern Art of Häme Art Exhibition in 1979 and participation in exhibitions in Germany, Poland, The Soviet Union and Sweden. Mertanen was also an active member of the Artists' Association ARS Häme. He acted as the secretary of the association for several years. The circle of artist friends included many known Finnish painters like professor Taisto Ahtola [fi], artist Juhani Palmu [fi], artist Egon Meuronen [fi], artist Pentti Pullinen [fi] and artist Mikko Mikkola to name a few.
His paintings can be found for example in public collections of The City of Hämeenlinna (Finland), The City of Celle (Germany), The Municipality of Polvijärvi (Finland) and the OKO Bank of Finland.

## Artistic production

Martti Mertanen's production comprises mainly oil paintings from the 1970s until his death in 2001. At first his style was more realistic focusing especially on Finnish landscapes. Later in 1980s and in 1990s he experimented on more colourful and even surrealistic topics. Subjects included abstract depictions as well as wilder use of colours.

## Education and academic career

Martti Mertanen held Bachelor of Arts (Education) degree and he was a professional teacher of English and Art for about 40 years.
Information about Martti Mertanen:
Book reference: Miilumäki, Kirsti; Vartiainen, Liisa: Taiteilijan muotokuva : Hämeenlinnan taiteilijaseura 1948-1998, Publisher: Hämeenlinnan taiteilijaseura [1998]
# Oswaldo Mairena

Oswaldo Antonio Mairena (born July 30, 1975) is a former Major League Baseball relief pitcher for the Chicago Cubs and Florida Marlins.

## Biography

Mairena represented Nicaragua at the 1995 Pan American Games and the 1996 Summer Olympics. Immediately after his performance in the Olympics, he was signed by the New York Yankees as an amateur free agent. He began pitching in the Yankees organization in 1997 with the Greensboro Bats. He was promoted in 1998 to the Tampa Yankees, and promoted again to the Norwich Navigators in 1999, where he finished the season with a 4–3 win–loss record and a 2.67 earned run average (ERA) in 43 games. He spent the first half of 2000 with Norwich until July 21, when he was traded with Ben Ford to the Chicago Cubs for Glenallen Hill. After spending August in the minor leagues, Mairena was promoted to the Cubs' major league roster. He made his debut on September 5, and finished the season with an 18.00 ERA in two games.
In 2001, Mairena was traded during spring training to the Florida Marlins for Manny Aybar, and split the season between the Calgary Cannons and Portland Sea Dogs. In 2002, he spent the first half of the season with Calgary until his promotion to the major league roster. He pitched in 31 games for the Marlins and had a 2–3 record and an ERA of 5.35. He spent all of 2003 with the Triple-A Albuquerque Isotopes, pitching in 61 games for the team. Mairena was released from the team after 2003, and spent 2004 with the Uni-President Lions of the Chinese Professional Baseball League. He spent 2005 in the Mexican League, splitting the season between the Guerreros de Oaxaca and Vaqueros Laguna, and ended his professional career representing Nicaragua at the 2005 Baseball World Cup and the 2007 Pan American Games.
# Michele Niccolai

Michele Niccolai is a sculptor born in Livorno. He spent his youth in Cecina. He learned to sculpt and fire clay using his garndfather's furnace.

## Career

During his time at university he worked with the master sculptor Alberto Mainardi. After graduating in architecture, he learned from the ceramist Gabriella Zazzeri the Japanese Raku ware technique.
For over 35 years, he has been teaching at the Leon Battisti Alberti high school in Florence.
Examples of his art are Processo a Pigmalione (2005) in the Museo degli Innocenti Firenze, (2009) I Baccanali in the Auditorium of the Duomo of Firenze. In 2013 he was the subject of a solo exhibition celebrating his fifty-year career as a sculptor at the palazzo Panciatichi seat of Consiglio regionale della Toscana.
Critics Maria Giovanna Carli and Maria Carla Caccialupi have written about his sculptural art.

## Sculpturing

* Exhibition 1973 – 2003 Andata e ritorno, Cecina, 2003.
* Exhibition Processo a Pigmalione Museo degli Innocenti Firenze, 2005.
* Group Exhibition Floating Art in Lungarno Ferrucci Firenze, 2005
* Group Exhibition Il Cavallo di De Chirico Collettiva Palazzo del Pegaso, 2006
* Exhibition I Baccanali Auditorium del Duomo di Firenze, 2009.
* Solo Exhibition at Consiglio Regionale della Toscana Palazzo del Pegaso Firenze, 2013.
* Exhibition L'armonia del bello" in Chiostro di San Marco in Firenze in 2016.
* Exhibition Painting and sculpture with Roberto Greco in Colle Val d'Elsa in 2017.

## Works in public spaces and other projects

* 2013 – The Sculpture La speranza d'oro Gallery of the Regional Council of Tuscany

## Awards and honors

The Sculpture La speranza d'oro is the logo of The Premio Impresa Innovazione Lavoro del Consiglio Regionale della Toscana.

## Biography reading

* Carli, Giovanna M. (2006). Il cavallo di de Chirico. Assoli d'autore in Toscana (in Italian). Il Masso delle Fate. ISBN 88-60390206.
# Tiwanaku River

Tiwanaku River (also spelled Tiwanacu) or Wakira River (Aymara, Hispanicized Cuaquira, Guaquira) is a Bolivian river southeast of Lake Titicaca in the La Paz Department, Ingavi Province, in the municipalities of Guaqui and Tiwanaku, and in the Los Andes Province, Laja Municipality. It empties into Wiñaymarka Lake, the southern part of Lake Titicaca, north of Guaqui (Waki) near the villages of Jawira Pampa and Uma Marka. On its way along the southern slopes of the Taraco range it flows along the archaeological site of Tiwanaku.
Some of its left tributaries are Ch'alla Jawira ("sand river") and Ch'amaka Jawira ("dark river"). Kunturiri, Allqamari and Jaru Uma are right affluenets.
# Jesus, Etc.

Jesus, Etc. is a song by American indie rock band Wilco. The song is the fifth track from their 2002 album, Yankee Hotel Foxtrot. The song was written by frontman Jeff Tweedy, and Jay Bennett, with the lyrics being written by Tweedy alone. The song is often hailed as one of the best off of the album, and from the band's entire discography.

## Composition/Recording

Jay Bennett says that the original title for the song was "Jesus Don't Cry", but that when making the CD for the song, he "got lazy", and wrote simply "Jesus, Etc.", and the name stuck.
The album, and likewise the song, were initially supposed to be released on September 11, 2001, the day of the 9/11 terrorist attacks, but it was delayed when they were cut loose by their record company. Tweedy told Rolling Stone Magazine, "There were a lot of eerie echoes of 9/11 that I heard on Yankee Hotel Foxtrot, maybe because some of the focus on that record was being introspective about America. I understood how people could hear that in it. I'm obviously very, very honored if anybody found any kind of consolation in that record, at that time or now."

## Reception

Jesus, Etc. was released on Yankee Hotel Foxtrot on April 23, 2002, to widespread critical acclaim. Many of these critics cited "Jesus, Etc." as one of the best songs on the album. The alternative music website Pitchfork named the song as the 61st best song of the decade, also naming "Poor Places" from the album as the 147th best song of the decade.
Chris Deville of Stereogum stated of the song "near the center of the tracklist lies 'Jesus, etc.,' a tender midtempo glide that strikes some impossible balance between the Eagles and Steve Reich. It may be the finest song of Tweedy’s lifetime, and it continues to turn my orbit around to this day."

## In Popular Culture

"Jesus, Etc." was covered by alt-country trio Puss n Boots, for their 2014 album No Fools, No Fun. Norah Jones of Puss n Boots stated, "We were hanging out afterwards with Wilco, and Jeff Tweedy comes up and he's like, 'Man, that was cool. You changed the lyrics, it was cool,'" Jones added, "I was mortified because I know that song so well and I didn't even Google the lyrics. I like had it memorized from just listening to it, and I guess I heard it wrong."

## Personnel

* Jeff Tweedy
* John Stirratt
* Leroy Bach
* Glenn Kotche
* Jay Bennett

## Sources

* 1 2 "P2K: The Decade in Music". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on 2011-09-07. Retrieved September 19, 2011.
* ↑ "Jeff Tweedy on Judaism, Staying Sober, and Why He's 'Disappointed' by Dylan". Rolling Stone.
* ↑ "Reviews for Yankee Hotel Foxtrot by Wilco". Metacritic. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
* ↑ "Yankee Hotel Foxtrot Turns 20". Stereogum.
# Mordella cara

Mordella cara is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1893.
# Fruit by the Foot

Fruit by the Foot is a fruit snack made by General Mills and distributed under the Betty Crocker brand. It was introduced in 1991 in North America. It is still in production. A similar product, Fruit Winders (previously Real Fruit Winders and Screamin' Fruit Winders), was released by Kellanova in the United Kingdom and Ireland.

## Ingredients

Fruit by the Foot's primary ingredients are sugar, maltodextrin, corn syrup, pear puree concentrate, and palm oil. Its primary flavors used to be derived from artificial colors and flavors; however, they have switched to pear juice and fruit colors in recent years.

## Promotions

The paper backing is occasionally printed with games, jokes, or trivia facts. In the early 1990s, Fruit by the Foot came with stickers as a marketing prize. Children would often place these stickers on their lunch boxes to prove they had eaten Fruit by the Foot.
In early 1999, Nintendo and General Mills worked together on a promotional television advertising campaign costing $5 million. The advertisement by Saatchi began on January 25 with Fruit by the Foot snacks including tips on various Nintendo 64 games on the wax paper. Ninety different tips were available, with three variations of thirty tips each.
# Fickett Hammock Preserve

Fickett Hammock Preserve is a 149-acre (60 ha) park in northwest Hernando County, Florida. It is described as "undisturbed" and includes a walking trail. It is also used for birdwatching and is designated 'Environmentally Sensitive Land'.
# Kall, North Rhine-Westphalia

Kall (German pronunciation:) is a municipality in the district of Euskirchen in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located in the Eifel hills, approximatively 20 km south-west of Euskirchen.
Kall consists of the following districts: Anstois, Benenberg, Diefenbach, Dottel, Frohnrath, Gillenberg, Golbach, Keldenich, Krekel, Rinnen, Roder, Rüth, Scheven, Sistig, Sötenich, Steinfeld, Steinfelderheistert, Straßbüsch, Urft, Wahlen, Wallenthal, Wallenthalerhöhe, and Kall itself.
# Alizai (Pashtun tribe)

Alizai or Alizay (Pashto: علیزی; Persian: علیزایی) is a Pashtun tribe in southwestern and central Afghanistan. It belongs to the Panjpai confederation of the larger Durrani tribe of Ahmad Shah Durrani. Qadyr Alizai, an entrepreneur and economist in Kabul, is the chief. Their heartland is Zamindawar, north of Helmand province. They primarily inhabit the Musa Qala district.

## Geographic distribution

In 2007, Alizai tribesmen in the village of Musa Qala in Helmand province united under Mullah Abdul Salam and fought alongside the Taliban. Mullah Abdul Salam later agreed to change sides and was appointed by President Hamid Karzai as the governor of Musa Qala district.

## Notable people

* Abdul Salaam Alizai – Governor of Uruzgan
* Ahmadullah Alizai – Governor of Badghis and Kabul
# Diphenylmethane

Diphenylmethane is an organic compound with the formula (C$_6$H$_5$)$_2$CH$_2$ (often abbreviated CH $_2$Ph $_2$). The compound consists of methane wherein two hydrogen atoms are replaced by two phenyl groups. It is a white solid.
Diphenylmethane is a common skeleton in organic chemistry. The diphenylmethyl group is also known as benzhydryl.

## Synthesis

It is prepared by the Friedel–Crafts alkylation of benzyl chloride with benzene in the presence of a Lewis acid such as aluminium chloride:
    C$_6$H$_5$CH$_2$Cl + C$_6$H$_6$ → (C$_6$H$_5$)$_2$CH$_2$ + HCl

## Reactivity of the C-H bond

The methylene group in diphenylmethane is mildly acidic with a pK$_a$ of 32.2, and so can be deprotonated with sodium amide.
    (C$_6$H$_5$)$_2$CH$_2$ + NaNH$_2$$^−$ → (C$_6$H$_5$)$_2$CHNa + NH$_3$
The resulting carbanion can be alkylated. For example, treatment with n-bromobutane produces 1,1-diphenylpentane in 92% yield.
    (C$_6$H$_5$)$_2$CH$^−$ + CH$_3$CH$_2$CH$_2$CH$_2$Br → (C$_6$H$_5$)$_2$CHCH$_2$CH$_2$CH$_2$CH$_3$ + Br$^−$
Alkylation of various benzhydryl compounds has been demonstrated using the corresponding alkyl halides, both primary (benzyl chloride, β-phenylethyl chloride, and n-octyl bromide) and secondary (benzhydryl chloride, α-phenylethyl chloride, and isopropyl chloride), in yields between 86 and 99%.
The acidity of the methylene group in diphenylmethane is due to the weakness of the (C$_6$H$_5$)$_2$CH–H bond, which has a bond dissociation energy of 82 kcal mol$^{−1}$ (340 kJ mol$^{−1}$). This is well below the published bond dissociation energies for comparable C–H bonds in propane, where BDE((CH$_3$)$_2$CH–H)=98.6 kcal mol$^{−1}$, and toluene, where BDE(C$_6$H$_5$CH$_2$–H)=89.7 kcal mol$^{−1}$.
# Çerkes Mehmed Pasha

Çerkes Mehmed Ali Pasha (Adyghe: Мыхьмэд-Али Пащэ; died 28 January 1625) was an Ottoman statesman who served as Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire from 1624 to 1625.
Mehmed was of Circassian origins, hence his epithet. He was educated in the Enderun School in Istanbul. At one point, he served as the armorer and bodyguard (Turkish: silahdar) of the sultan. He died of illness on 28 January 1625 in Tokat.