# List of missions to Mars

Part of a series on :
Spaceflight :
History
History of spaceflight
Space Race
Timeline of spaceflight
Space probes
Lunar missions
Mars missions :
Applications
Communications
Earth observation
Exploration
Espionage
Military
Navigation
Colonization
Habitation
Exploration
Telescopes
Tourism :
Spacecraft
Robotic spacecraft
Satellite
Space probe
Cargo spacecraft
Crewed spacecraft
Apollo Lunar Module
Space capsules
Space Shuttle
Space stations
Spaceplanes
Vostok :
Space launch
Spaceport
Launch pad
Expendable and reusable launch vehicles
Escape velocity
Non-rocket spacelaunch :
Spaceflight types
Sub-orbital
Orbital
Interplanetary
Interstellar
Intergalactic :
List of space organizations
Space agencies
Space forces
Companies :
Spaceflight portal :
vte :
This is a list of spacecraft missions (including unsuccessful ones) to the planet Mars, such as orbiters, landers, and rovers.

## Missions
### Mission Type Legend

    Mission to Mars Gravity assist, destination elsewhere
* 1960
* 1970
* 1980
* 1990
* 2000
* 2010
* 2020
| Mission | Mission | Spacecraft | Launch Date | Operator | Mission Type | Outcome | Remarks | Carrier rocket |
| 1 | 1M No.1 | 1M No.1 | 10 October 1960 | OKB-1 Soviet Union | Flyby | Launch failure | Failed to achieve Earth orbit | Molniya |
| 2 | 1M No.2 | 1M No.2 | 14 October 1960 | OKB-1 Soviet Union | Flyby | Launch failure | Failed to achieve Earth orbit | Molniya |
| 3 | 2MV-4 No.1 | 2MV-4 No.1 | 24 October 1962 | Soviet Union | Flyby | Launch failure | Booster stage ("Block L") disintegrated in LEO | Molniya |
| 4 | Mars 1 | Mars 1 (2MV-4 No.2) | 1 November 1962 | Soviet Union | Flyby | Spacecraft failure | Communications lost before first flyby | Molniya |
| 5 | 2MV-3 No.1 | 2MV-3 No.1 | 4 November 1962 | Soviet Union | Lander | Launch failure | Never left LEO | Molniya |
| 6 | Mariner 3 | Mariner 3 | 5 November 1964 | NASA United States | Flyby | Launch failure | Payload fairing failed to separate | Atlas LV-3 Agena-D |
| 7 | Mariner 4 | Mariner 4 | 28 November 1964 | NASA United States | Flyby | Successful | First successful flyby of Mars on 15 July 1965 | Atlas LV-3 Agena-D |
| 8 | Zond 2 | Zond 2 (3MV-4A No.2) | 30 November 1964 | Soviet Union | Flyby | Spacecraft failure | Communications lost before flyby | Molniya |
| 9 | Mariner 6 | Mariner 6 | 25 February 1969 | NASA United States | Flyby | Successful | | Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D |
| 10 | 2M No.521 | 2M No.521 (1969A) | 27 March 1969 | Soviet Union | Orbiter | Launch failure | Failed to achieve Earth orbit | Proton-K/D |
| 11 | Mariner 7 | Mariner 7 | 27 March 1969 | NASA United States | Flyby | Successful | | Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D |
| 12 | 2M No.522 | 2M No.522 (1969B) | 2 April 1969 | Soviet Union | Orbiter | Launch failure | Failed to achieve Earth orbit | Proton-K/D |
| 13 | Mariner 8 | Mariner 8 | 9 May 1971 | NASA United States | Orbiter | Launch failure | Failed to achieve Earth orbit | Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D |
| 14 | Kosmos 419 | Kosmos 419 (3MS No.170) | 10 May 1971 | Soviet Union | Orbiter | Launch failure | Never left LEO; booster stage burn timer set incorrectly | Proton-K/D |
| 15 | Mars 2 | Mars 2 (4M No.171) | 19 May 1971 | Soviet Union | Orbiter | Successful | On November 27 it became in short sequence the second spacecraft to orbit another planet. Operated for 362 orbits | Proton-K/D |
| 15 | Mars 2 | Mars 2 lander (SA 4M No.171) | 19 May 1971 | Soviet Union | Lander | Spacecraft failure | First lander to impact Mars. Deployed from Mars 2, failed to land during attempt on 27 November 1971. | Proton-K/D |
| 15 | Mars 2 | PrOP-M | 19 May 1971 | Soviet Union | Rover | Failure Lost with Mars 2 | First rover launched to Mars. Lost when the Mars 2 lander crashed into the surface of Mars. | Proton-K/D |
| 16 | Mars 3 | Mars 3 (4M No.172) | 28 May 1971 | Soviet Union | Orbiter | Successful | On December 2 it became in short sequence the third spacecraft to orbit another planet. Operated for 20 orbits | Proton-K/D |
| 16 | Mars 3 | Mars 3 lander (SA 4M No.172) | 28 May 1971 | Soviet Union | Lander | Partial success | First lander to make a soft landing on Mars. Landed on 2 December 1971. First partial image (70 lines) transmitted showing "gray background with no details". Contact lost 20 seconds after transmission started, 110 seconds after landing. | Proton-K/D |
| 16 | Mars 3 | PrOP-M | 28 May 1971 | Soviet Union | Rover | Carrier vehicle failed before rover was deployed | First rover to make a soft landing on another planet. 4.5 kg (9.9 lb) rover connected to the Mars 3 lander by a tether. Deployment status unknown due to loss of communications with the Mars 3 lander. | Proton-K/D |
| 17 | Mariner 9 | Mariner 9 | 30 May 1971 | NASA United States | Orbiter | Successful | First spacecraft to orbit another planet, two weeks ahead of Mars 2 on November 14. Deactivated 516 days after entering orbit. | Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D |
| 18 | Mars 4 | Mars 4 (3MS No.52S) | 21 July 1973 | Soviet Union | Orbiter | Partial success | Failed to perform orbital insertion burn. Returned photographs of Mars during flyby. | Proton-K/D |
| 19 | Mars 5 | Mars 5 (3MS No.53S) | 25 July 1973 | Soviet Union | Orbiter | Successful | Contact lost after 9 days in Mars orbit. Returned 180 frames | Proton-K/D |
| 20 | Mars 6 | Mars 6 (3MP No.50P) | 5 August 1973 | Soviet Union | Flyby | Successful | Flyby bus collected data. | Proton-K/D |
| 20 | Mars 6 | Mars 6 lander | 5 August 1973 | Soviet Union | Lander | Spacecraft failure | Contact lost upon landing, atmospheric data mostly unusable. | Proton-K/D |
| 21 | Mars 7 | Mars 7 (3MP No.51P) | 9 August 1973 | Soviet Union | Flyby | Successful | Flyby bus collected data. | Proton-K/D |
| 21 | Mars 7 | Mars 7 lander | 9 August 1973 | Soviet Union | Lander | Spacecraft failure | Separated from coast stage prematurely, failed to enter Martian atmosphere. | Proton-K/D |
| 22 | Viking 1 | Viking 1 orbiter | 20 August 1975 | NASA United States | Orbiter | Successful | Operated for 1385 orbits. Entered Mars orbit on 19 June 1976. | Titan IIIE Centaur-D1T |
| 22 | Viking 1 | Viking 1 lander | 20 August 1975 | NASA United States | Lander | Successful | First successful Mars lander. Deployed from Viking 1 orbiter. Landed on Mars on 20 July 1976. Operated for 2245 sols. | Titan IIIE Centaur-D1T |
| 23 | Viking 2 | Viking 2 orbiter | 9 September 1975 | NASA United States | Orbiter | Successful | Operated for 700 orbits. Entered Mars orbit on 7 August 1976. | Titan IIIE Centaur-D1T |
| 23 | Viking 2 | Viking 2 lander | 9 September 1975 | NASA United States | Lander | Successful | Deployed from Viking 2 orbiter. Landed on Mars in September 1976. Operated for 1281 sols (11 April 1980). | Titan IIIE Centaur-D1T |
| 24 | Phobos 1 | Phobos 1 (1F No.101) | 7 July 1988 | Soviet Union | Orbiter | Spacecraft failure | Communications lost before reaching Mars; failed to enter orbit | Proton-K/D-2 |
| 24 | Phobos 1 | DAS | 7 July 1988 | Soviet Union | Phobos lander | Failure Lost with Phobos 1 | To have been deployed by Phobos 1 | Proton-K/D-2 |
| 25 | Phobos 2 | Phobos 2 (1F No.102) | 12 July 1988 | Soviet Union | Orbiter | Mostly successful | Orbital observations successful, communications lost before lander deployment. | Proton-K/D-2 |
| 25 | Phobos 2 | Prop-F | 12 July 1988 | Soviet Union | Phobos rover | Failure Lost with Phobos 2 | To have been deployed by Phobos 2 | Proton-K/D-2 |
| 25 | Phobos 2 | DAS | 12 July 1988 | Soviet Union | Phobos lander | Failure Lost with Phobos 2 | To have been deployed by Phobos 2 | Proton-K/D-2 |
| 26 | Mars Observer | Mars Observer | 25 September 1992 | NASA United States | Orbiter | Spacecraft failure | Lost communications before orbital insertion | Commercial Titan III |
| 27 | Mars Global Surveyor | Mars Global Surveyor | 7 November 1996 | NASA United States | Orbiter | Successful | Operated for ten years | Delta II 7925 |
| 28 | Mars 96 | Mars 96 (M1 No.520) (Mars-8) | 16 November 1996 | Rosaviakosmos Russia | Orbiter Penetrators | Launch failure | Never left LEO | Proton-K/D-2 |
| 28 | Mars 96 | Mars 96 lander | 16 November 1996 | Rosaviakosmos Russia | Lander | Launch failure Lost with Mars 96 | Two Mars landers to have been deployed by Mars 96. | Proton-K/D-2 |
| 28 | Mars 96 | Mars 96 lander | 16 November 1996 | Rosaviakosmos Russia | Lander | Launch failure Lost with Mars 96 | Two Mars landers to have been deployed by Mars 96. | Proton-K/D-2 |
| 28 | Mars 96 | Mars 96 penetrator | 16 November 1996 | Rosaviakosmos Russia | Penetrator | Launch failure Lost with Mars 96 | Two Mars Penetrators to have been deployed by Mars 96. | Proton-K/D-2 |
| 28 | Mars 96 | Mars 96 penetrator | 16 November 1996 | Rosaviakosmos Russia | Penetrator | Launch failure Lost with Mars 96 | Two Mars Penetrators to have been deployed by Mars 96. | Proton-K/D-2 |
| 29 | Mars Pathfinder | Mars Pathfinder | 4 December 1996 | NASA United States | Lander | Successful | Landed at 19.13°N 33.22°W on 4 July 1997, Last contact on 27 September 1997 | Delta II 7925 |
| 29 | Mars Pathfinder | Sojourner | 4 December 1996 | NASA United States | Rover | Successful | First rover to operate on another planet. Operated for 84 days | Delta II 7925 |
| 30 | Nozomi | Nozomi (PLANET-B) | 3 July 1998 | ISAS Japan | Orbiter | Spacecraft failure | Performed a Mars flyby. Later contact lost due to loss of fuel. However provided crucial information about the deep space environment. | M-V |
| 31 | Mars Climate Orbiter | Mars Climate Orbiter | 11 December 1998 | NASA United States | Orbiter | Spacecraft failure | Approached Mars too closely during orbit insertion attempt due to a software interface bug involving different units for impulse and either burned up in the atmosphere or entered solar orbit | Delta II 7425 |
| 32 | Mars Polar Lander / Deep Space 2 | Mars Polar Lander | 3 January 1999 | NASA United States | Lander | Spacecraft failure | Failed to function after landing | Delta II 7425 |
| 32 | Mars Polar Lander / Deep Space 2 | Deep Space 2 | 3 January 1999 | NASA United States | Penetrator | Spacecraft failure | No data transmitted after deployment from MPL. | Delta II 7425 |
| 32 | Mars Polar Lander / Deep Space 2 | Deep Space 2 | 3 January 1999 | NASA United States | Penetrator | Spacecraft failure | No data transmitted after deployment from MPL. | Delta II 7425 |
| 33 | Mars Odyssey | Mars Odyssey | 7 April 2001 | NASA United States | Orbiter | Operational | Expected to remain operational until 2025. | Delta II 7925 |
| 34 | Mars Express | Mars Express | 2 June 2003 | ESA | Orbiter | Operational | Enough fuel to remain operational until 2035 | Soyuz-FG / Fregat |
| 34 | Mars Express | Beagle 2 | 2 June 2003 | ESA | Lander | Lander failure | No communications received after release from Mars Express. Orbital images of landing site suggest a successful landing, but two solar panels failed to deploy, obstructing its communications. | Soyuz-FG / Fregat |
| 35 | Spirit | Spirit (MER-A) | 10 June 2003 | NASA United States | Rover | Successful | Landed on 4 January 2004. Operated for 2208 sols | Delta II 7925 |
| 36 | Opportunity | Opportunity (MER-B) | 8 July 2003 | NASA United States | Rover | Successful | Landed on 25 January 2004. Operated for 5351 sols | Delta II 7925H |
| – | Rosetta | Rosetta | 2 March 2004 | ESA | Flyby (Gravity assist) | Successful | Flyby in February 2007 en route to 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko | Ariane 5G+ |
| – | Rosetta | Philae | 2 March 2004 | ESA | Flyby (Gravity assist) | Successful | Flyby in February 2007 en route to 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko | Ariane 5G+ |
| 37 | Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter | Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter | 12 August 2005 | NASA United States | Orbiter | Operational | Entered orbit on 10 March 2006 | Atlas V 401 |
| 38 | Phoenix | Phoenix | 4 August 2007 | NASA United States | Lander | Successful | Landed on 25 May 2008. End of mission 2 November 2008 | Delta II 7925 |
| – | Dawn | Dawn | 27 September 2007 | NASA United States | Flyby (Gravity assist) | Successful | Flyby in February 2009 en route to 4 Vesta and Ceres | Delta II 7925H |
| 39 | Fobos-Grunt / Yinghuo-1 | Fobos-Grunt | 8 November 2011 | Roscosmos Russia | Orbiter Phobos sample return | Launch failure | Never left LEO (intended to depart under own power) | Zenit-2M |
| 39 | Fobos-Grunt / Yinghuo-1 | Yinghuo-1 | 8 November 2011 | CNSA China | Orbiter | Precluded Lost with Fobos-Grunt | To have been deployed by Fobos-Grunt | Zenit-2M |
| 40 | Mars Science Laboratory | Curiosity (Mars Science Laboratory) | 26 November 2011 | NASA United States | Rover | Operational | Landed on 6 August 2012 | Atlas V 541 |
| 41 | Mars Orbiter Mission | Mars Orbiter Mission | 5 November 2013 | ISRO India | Orbiter | Successful | Entered orbit on 24 September 2014. Mission extended to 2022, where the mission concluded on September 27, 2022 after contact was lost. | PSLV-XL |
| 42 | MAVEN | MAVEN | 18 November 2013 | NASA United States | Orbiter | Operational | Orbit insertion on 22 September 2014 | Atlas V 401 |
| 43 | ExoMars 2016 | ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter | 14 March 2016 | ESA/Roscosmos ESA/ Russia | Orbiter | Operational | Entered orbit on 19 October 2016 | Proton-M / Briz-M |
| 43 | ExoMars 2016 | Schiaparelli EDM lander | 14 March 2016 | ESA | Lander | Spacecraft failure | Carried by the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter. Although the lander crashed, engineering data on the first five minutes of entry was successfully retrieved. | Proton-M / Briz-M |
| 44 | InSight | InSight | 5 May 2018 | NASA United States | Lander | Successful | Landed on 26 November 2018. Last contact 15 December 2022. | Atlas V 401 |
| 44 | InSight | MarCO A | 5 May 2018 | NASA United States | Flyby | Successful | Flyby 26 November 2018. Last contact 29 December 2018. | Atlas V 401 |
| 44 | InSight | MarCO B | 5 May 2018 | NASA United States | Flyby | Successful | Flyby 26 November 2018. Last contact 4 January 2019. | Atlas V 401 |
| 45 | Emirates Mars Mission | Hope | 19 July 2020 | MBRSC United Arab Emirates | Orbiter | Operational | Entered orbit on 9 February 2021. | H-IIA |
| 46 | Tianwen-1 | Tianwen-1 orbiter | 23 July 2020 | CNSA China | Orbiter | Operational | Entered orbit on 10 February 2021 | Long March 5 |
| 46 | Tianwen-1 | Tianwen-1 lander | 23 July 2020 | CNSA China | Lander | Successful | Landed on 14 May 2021 | Long March 5 |
| 46 | Tianwen-1 | Zhurong rover | 23 July 2020 | CNSA China | Rover | Successful | Landed on 14 May 2021 Deployed by the Tianwen-1 lander on 22 May 2021. Became inactive on 20 May 2022. | Long March 5 |
| 46 | Tianwen-1 | Tianwen-1 Remote Camera | 23 July 2020 | CNSA China | Lander | Successful | Landed on 14 May 2021 Deployed by the Zhurong rover on 1 June 2021. | Long March 5 |
| 46 | Tianwen-1 | Tianwen-1 Deployable Camera 2 | 23 July 2020 | CNSA China | Orbiter | Successful | Entered orbit on 10 February 2021, deployed 31 December 2021 | Long March 5 |
| 47 | Mars 2020 | Perseverance | 30 July 2020 | NASA United States | Rover | Operational | Landed on 18 February 2021 | Atlas V 541 |
| 47 | Mars 2020 | Ingenuity | 30 July 2020 | NASA United States | Helicopter | Successful | First aerodynamic flight on another planet. Landed with Perseverance rover on 18 February 2021. Deployed from rover on 3 April 2021. First flight achieved on April 19, 2021. Retired on 25 January 2024 due to sustained rotor blade damage. | Atlas V 541 |
| – | Psyche | Psyche | 13 October 2023 | NASA United States | Flyby (Gravity assist) | Enroute | Gravity assist en route to 16 Psyche in May 2026 | Falcon Heavy |
| – | Hera | Hera | 7 October 2024 | ESA | Flyby (Gravity assist) | Successful | Flyby in March 2025 en route to 65803 Didymos | Falcon 9 |
| – | Europa Clipper | Europa Clipper | 14 October 2024 | NASA United States | Flyby (Gravity assist) | Successful | Flyby in March 2025 en route to Jupiter and Europa | Falcon Heavy |

## Landing locations

In 1999, Mars Climate Orbiter accidentally entered Mars' atmosphere and either burnt up or left Mars' orbit on an unknown trajectory.
There are a number of derelict spacecraft orbiting Mars whose location is not known precisely. There is a proposal to use the Optical Navigation Camera on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter to search for small moons, dust rings and old orbiters. As of 2016, there were believed to be eight derelict spacecraft in orbit around Mars (barring unforeseen event). The Viking 1 orbiter was not expected to decay until at least 2019. Mariner 9, which entered Mars orbit in 1971, was expected to remain in orbit until approximately 2022, when it was projected to enter the Martian atmosphere and either burn up, or crash into the planet's surface.

### Timeline
## Missions to the moons of Mars

There have also have been proposed missions dedicated to explore the two moons of Mars, Phobos and Deimos. Many missions to Mars have also included dedicated observations of the moons, while this section is about missions focused solely on them. There have been three unsuccessful dedicated missions and many proposals. Because of the proximity of the Mars moons to Mars, any mission to them may also be considered a mission to Mars from some perspectives.

### Past missions

Three missions to land on Phobos have been launched; the Soviet Phobos program in the late 1980s saw the launch of Phobos 1 and Phobos 2, while the Russian Fobos-Grunt sample return mission was launched in 2011. None of these missions were successful: Phobos 1 failed en route to Mars, Phobos 2 failed shortly before landing, and Fobos-Grunt never left low Earth orbit.
| Launched mission | Target |
| Phobos 1 | Phobos |
| Phobos 2 | Phobos |
| Fobos-Grunt | Phobos |

### Planned missions

In Japan, the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS) is developing a sample return mission to Phobos. This mission is called Martian Moons eXploration (MMX) and is a flagship Strategic Large Mission. MMX will build on the expertise the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) would gain through the Hayabusa2 and SLIM missions. As of December 2023, MMX is scheduled to launch in 2026.
| Planned mission | Target | Reference |
| Martian Moons eXploration (MMX) | Phobos and Deimos | |

### Past proposals

There have been at least three proposals in the United States Discovery Program, including PADME, PANDORA, and MERLIN. The ESA has also considered a sample return mission, one of the latest known as Martian Moon Sample Return or MMSR, and it may use heritage from an asteroid sample return mission.
Osiris-Rex 2 was a proposal to make OR a double mission, with the other one collecting samples from the two Mars moons. In 2012, it was stated that this mission would be both the quickest and least expensive way to get samples from the Moons.
The 'Red Rocks Project,' a part of Lockheed Martin's "Stepping Stones to Mars" program, proposed to explore Mars robotically from Deimos.
| Proposal | Target |
| Aladdin | Phobos and Deimos |
| DePhine | Phobos and Deimos |
| DSR | Deimos |
| Gulliver | Deimos |
| Hall | Phobos and Deimos |
| M-PADS | Phobos and Deimos |
| Merlin | Phobos and Deimos |
| MMSR (2011 ver.) | Phobos or Deimos |
| OSIRIS-REx 2 | Phobos or Deimos |
| Pandora | Phobos and Deimos |
| PCROSS | Phobos |
| Phobos Surveyor | Phobos |
| PRIME | Phobos |
| Fobos-Grunt 2 | Phobos |
| Phootprint | Phobos |
| PADME | Phobos and Deimos |

## Statistics
### Mission milestone by country
#### Legend

Achieved  Failed attempt † First to achieve
Mars missions :
| Country/Agency | Flyby | Orbit | Impact | Lander | Rover | Powered flight | Sample return | Crewed Landing |
| United States | Mariner 4, 1965 † | Mariner 9, 1971 † | Mars Polar Lander, 1999 | Viking 1, 1976 | Sojourner, 1997 † | Ingenuity, 2021 † | — | — |
| China | Tianwen-1, 2021 | Tianwen-1, 2021 | — | Tianwen-1, 2021 | Zhurong, 2021 | — | — | — |
| Soviet Union | Mars 2, 1971 | Mars 2, 1971 | Mars 2 Lander, 1971 † | Mars 3, 1971 † | PrOP-M, 1971 | — | — | — |
| ESA | Mars Express, 2003 | Mars Express, 2003 | Schiaparelli EDM, 2016 | Schiaparelli EDM, 2016 | — | — | — | — |
| United Kingdom | Beagle 2, 2003 | — | Beagle 2, 2003 | Beagle 2, 2003 | — | — | — | — |
| Russia | TGO, 2016 | TGO, 2016 | Mars 96, 1996 | Mars 96, 1996 | — | — | — | — |
| India | MOM, 2014 | MOM, 2014 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| UAE | Hope, 2021 | Hope, 2021 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Japan | Nozomi, 1998 | Nozomi, 1998 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Phobos missions :
| Country/Agency | Impact | Lander | Rover | Sample return |
| Soviet Union | Phobos 1, 1988 | Phobos 1, 1988 | Phobos 1, 1988 | — |
| Russia | Fobos-Grunt, 2011 | Fobos-Grunt, 2011 | — | Fobos-Grunt, 2011 |

### Missions by organization/company

| Country | Agency or company | Successful | Partial failure | Failure | Operational | Gravity assist | Total |
| United States | NASA | 13 | - | 5 | 4 | 1 | 23 |
| Soviet Union | Energia | 1 | 6 | 10 | - | - | 17 |
| Russia | Roscosmos | - | 1 | 2 | - | - | 3 |
| ESA | ESA | - | 2 | - | - | 1 | 3 |
| China | CNSA | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | - | 2 |
| India | ISRO | 1 | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| United Arab Emirates | UAESA | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | 1 |
| Japan | ISAS | - | - | 1 | - | - | 1 |
| United Kingdom | NSC | - | - | 1 | - | - | 1 |

## Future missions
### Under development

| Name | Proposed launch date | Type | Status |
| EscaPADE | NET Spring 2025 | Two orbiters | under development |
| Martian Moons eXploration | 2026 | Phobos sample return mission | under development |
| Tianwen-3 | 2028 | Mars sample return mission | planned |
| TEREX | Mid 2020s | Orbiter | planned |
| Rosalind Franklin | 2028 | Rover | under development |
| Mars Lander Mission | 2028 | Orbiter, lander, rover, aircraft | planned |

### Proposed missions

| Mission | Organisation | Proposed launch | Type |
| First Commercial Mission to Mars | Relativity Space, Impulse Space | 2026 | Lander |
| SpaceX Uncrewed Landing | SpaceX | 2026 | Uncrewed lander (SpaceX Mars colonization program) |
| SpaceX First Crewed Landing | SpaceX | 2028/2029 | Crewed lander |
| NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return | NASA/ESA | NET 2030 | Orbiter/Lander/Return vehicle |
| Large Inflatable Fabric Environment | Sierra Nevada Corporation | TBD | Orbital habitat in Low Mars Orbit (LMO) |
| International Mars Ice Mapper Mission | NASA (withdrawn) Canadian Space Agency Italian Space Agency JAXA | 2030s | Orbiter |
| Fobos-Grunt 2 and Mars-Grunt | Roscosmos | 2030s | Orbiter, lander, ascent vehicle, sample-return |
| MAGGIE | NASA | | Aircraft |
| M-MATISSE | ESA | | Two orbiters |

## Unrealized concepts
### 1970s

* Mars 4NM and Mars 5NM – projects intended by the Soviet Union for heavy Marsokhod (in 1973 according to initial plan of 1970) and Mars sample return (planned for 1975). The missions were to be launched on the failed N1 rocket.
* Mars 5M (Mars-79) – double-launching Soviet sample return mission planned to 1979 but cancelled due to complexity and technical problems
* Voyager-Mars – USA, 1970s – Two orbiters and two landers, launched by a single Saturn V rocket.

### 1990s

* Vesta – the multiaimed Soviet mission, developed in cooperation with European countries for realisation in 1991–1994 but canceled due to the Soviet Union disbanding, included the flyby of Mars with delivering the aerostat and small landers or penetrators followed by flybys of 1 Ceres or 4 Vesta and some other asteroids with impact of penetrator on the one of them.
* Mars Aerostat – Russian/French balloon part for cancelled Vesta mission and then for failed Mars 96 mission, originally planned for the 1992 launch window, postponed to 1994 and then to 1996 before being cancelled.
* Mars Together, combined U.S. and Russian mission study in the 1990s. To be launched by a Molniya with possible U.S. orbiter or lander.
* Mars Environmental Survey – set of 16 landers planned for 1999–2009
* Mars-98 – Russian mission including an orbiter, lander, and rover, planned for 1998 launch opportunity as repeat of failed Mars 96 mission; cancelled due to lack of funding.

### 2000s

* Mars Surveyor 2001 Lander – October 2001 – Mars lander (refurbished, became Phoenix lander)
* Kitty Hawk – Mars airplane micromission, proposed for 17 December 2003, the centennial of the Wright brothers' first flight. Its funding was eventually given to the 2003 Mars Network project.
* NetLander – 2007 or 2009 – Mars netlanders
* Beagle 3 – 2009 British lander mission meant to search for life, past or present.
* Mars Telecommunications Orbiter – September 2009 – Mars orbiter for telecommunications

### 2010s-2020s

* Mars One - announced in 2012, planned to land a demo lander on Mars by 2016, with a crewed landing to follow by 2023. These dates were delayed multiple times, and the project was eventually cancelled, with the company going bankrupt in 2019
* Sky-Sailor – 2014 – Plane developed by Switzerland to take detailed pictures of Mars surface
* Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher – 2018 rover concept, cancelled due to budget cuts in 2011. Sample cache goal later moved to Mars 2020 rover.
* Red Dragon – Derivative of a Dragon 2 capsule by SpaceX, designed to land by aerobraking and retropropulsion. Planned for 2018, then 2020. Canceled in favor of the Starship system.
* Tumbleweed rover, wind-propelled sphere
* MELOS, Japanese rover and aircraft concept
* Icebreaker Life, astrobiology lander concept
* Next Mars Orbiter, orbiter, communication satellite
* Deimos and Phobos Interior Explorer, ESA concept of a mission to both moons
* Mars MetNet, atmospheric probes concept
* Mars Geyser Hopper, lander, mission to Mars geysers
* Mars Micro Orbiter, small satellites as part of SIMPLEx program
* Phobos And Deimos & Mars Environment, NASA concept of mission to both moons
* Biological Oxidant and Life Detection, impactor
* SatRevolution, nanosatellite