# Euphydryas anicia

Euphydryas anicia, the anicia checkerspot, is a species in the family of butterflies known as Nymphalidae. It was first described by Edward Doubleday in 1847 and it is found through Mid to Western North America and all of Southern British Columbia.
The MONA or Hodges number for Euphydryas anicia is 4519.

## Description

Their wings are mainly red with black bands and yellow on the dorsal side and pointed forewings. At higher elevations the species is noticeably darker. Their antennae clubs are yellow with a base of black The abdomen has white off centered spots. Their brown compound eyes differentiates them from other butterfly in the Nymphalidae family.
They have the longest dorasal arms in the genus. The Anicia Checkerspot differ from the Euphydryas editha and Euphydryas gillettii due to their lack of white spots on the abdomen and a marigold band at the submarginal region and larger pointed forewings. The male genitalia is only reliable difference to visually similar Euphydryas chaldedona, other less noticeably details.

## Habitat

The Anicia Checkerspot are found in the western part of North America. They can be found as north as places like Yukon, British Columbia to Manitoba. And go as south as New Mexico and Arizona. The species can be found in any elevation, located in many environments such as mountain summits, grasslands, canyons, and dry conifer forests. They are non-migratory species and fly only once a year.

## Diet

Larvae are herbivores that eat a variety of plants such as Plantago erecta, Besseya wyomingensis, Symphoricarpos. The larvae are known to eat plants that contain iridoid glycosides. The diet of the species is dependent on the available plants in the area, and will look for other plants if the normal host plants are not available. Adults are nectarivores which drink from a variety of flowers such as penstemon and dogbane, and mud puddles for adult males.

## Life cycle

Anicia Checkerspot females produce 2-3 sets of eggs, which they hide under their host plant's leaves as they hatch after two weeks. The larvae then make a silk shelter. Together over their host plant that acts as protection. This structure usually lasts until winter or the defoliation of a plant. The larvae enter diapause after the third or fourth molt. This process starts around early autumn, when the larvae come out and begin feeding during early spring.
Many environmental factors during spring like moisture and temperature help anicia checkerspot larvae determine when their diapause should be over. Diapause can happen for more than one year. Climate change can offset diapause by affecting the conditions of the environmental cues. The larvae start to pupate after 3-4 more molts. The triggers for pupation are still not well understood.
Climate change can negatively affect the life cycle of the butterfly through the environment. The mortality rate for the caterpillars is 98% which is similar to other butterflies. In the adult stage, their once-a-year flight takes place from late May to mid-August depending on the elevation and range. They do this to find their mates before their short lives end.

## Defense

Iridoid glycosides, obtained through their host plants, are a chemical defense this species uses. Iridoid glycosides are used for various reasons like healing damaged areas and fighting off infections by many plants. They are gathered at the larval stage and are kept throughout life, although they lose some by their final larval molt.
The anicia checkerspot keeps them as glycosides to stop harmful effects which normally happens when converting them into aglycones. They use their bright red, yellow and black bands as aposematic coloration to deter predators from eating due to their unpalatability caused by the chemicals.

## Conservation status

The Anicia Checkerspot is globally considered G5 secure and common throughout its range. While small number of places on the continent have it considered G3 Vulnerable to G1 critically imperiled such as the mid-western parts of southern Canada.
The cloudcrofti subspecies is considered endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service due to various reasons such as climate change, construction, invasive plants.

## Subspecies

These 24 subspecies belong to Euphydryas anicia:
* Euphydryas anicia alena Barnes & Benjamin, 1926$^i$
* Euphydryas anicia anicia (E. Doubleday, 1847)$^{ib}$ (anicia checkerspot)
* Euphydryas anicia bakeri D. Stallings & Turner, 1945$^i$
* Euphydryas anicia bernadetta Leussler, 1920$^i$
* Euphydryas anicia brucei (W. H. Edwards, 1888)$^{ib}$
* Euphydryas anicia capella (Barnes, 1897)$^{ib}$ (capella checkerspot)
* Euphydryas anicia carmentis Barnes & Benjamin, 1926$^{ib}$
* Euphydryas anicia chuskae (Ferris & R. Holland, 1980)$^i$
* Euphydryas anicia cloudcrofti (Ferris & R. Holland, 1980)$^{ib}$ (Sacramento Mountain checkerspot)
* Euphydryas anicia effi D. Stallings & Turner, 1945$^i$
* Euphydryas anicia eurytion (Mead, 1875)$^{ib}$ (anicia checkerspot)
* Euphydryas anicia helvia (Scudder, 1869)$^i$
* Euphydryas anicia hermosa (W. G. Wright, 1905)$^{ib}$ (Catalina mountain checkerspot)
* Euphydryas anicia hopfingeri Gunder, 1934$^{ib}$ (Hopfinger's checkerspot)
* Euphydryas anicia howlandi D. Stallings & Turner, 1947$^i$
* Euphydryas anicia macyi Fender & Jewett, 1953$^i$
* Euphydryas anicia magdalena Barnes & McDunnough, 1918$^{ib}$ (White Mountain checkerspot)
* Euphydryas anicia maria (Skinner, 1899)$^i$
* Euphydryas anicia morandi Gunder, 1928$^i$
* Euphydryas anicia variicolor Baughman & Murphy, 1998$^i$
* Euphydryas anicia veazieae Fender & Jewett, 1953$^i$
* Euphydryas anicia wecoeut M. Fisher, Spomer & Scott, 2006$^{ib}$ (anicia checkerspot)
* Euphydryas anicia wheeleri (Hy. Edwards, 1881)$^{ib}$
* Euphydryas anicia windi Gunder, 1932$^{ib}$ (Wind's checkerspot)
Data sources: i = ITIS, c = Catalogue of Life, g = GBIF, b = Bugguide.net