OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# NGC 4388

NGC 4388 is an active spiral galaxy in the equatorial constellation of Virgo. It was discovered April 17, 1784 by William Herschel. This galaxy is located at a distance of 57 million light years and is receding with a radial velocity of 2,524km/s. It is one of the brightest galaxies of the Virgo Cluster due to its luminous nucleus. NGC 4388 is located 1.3° to the west of the cluster center, which translates to a projected distance of ≈400 kpc.
The NGC 4388 galaxy has been assigned a morphological class of SA(s)b, which indicates it is a spiral with no central bar (SA) or inner ring structure (s), and has moderately-wound spiral arms (b). It is inclined at an angle of 79° to the line of sight from the Earth and thus is being viewed from nearly edge-on. The major axis of the elliptical profile is aligned with a position angle of 92°.
The interstellar medium of the galaxy has recently undergone a stripping event due to ram pressure, causing star formation to steeply decline some 190±30 Myr ago. The galaxy may have passed close to the cluster center around 200 Myr ago, which led to the loss of much of its neutral hydrogen from interaction with the inter-cluster medium.
This is a classic Type 2 Seyfert galaxy where the emission from the active galactic nucleus is being concealed by a torus of obscuring gas and dust. The supermassive black hole at the core has a mass of (8.5±0.2)×10$^6$ M$_☉$, which has a hot corona with a temperature energy of 80+40 −20 keV that is producing X-ray emission. There is a strong nuclear outflow to the north and south that extends out as far as 5 kpc from the core. These flows have a mean velocity of 270±70 km·s$^{−1}$.
NGC 4388 has a large extended emission-line region (EELR) that has a length of around 35 kpc, stretching beyond the galaxy. This emission cloud is created when the supermassive black hole is active and its radiation ionizes gas from its galaxy. In the case of NGC 4388 it is suggested that the gas was first stripped from the galaxy either via tidal interaction or via ram pressure and later ionized. A small H II region, known as the GAFO Region, ionised by a 3.3 million years old star cluster, is located within this region.

## Supernova

One supernova has been observed in NGC 4388: SN 2023fyq (type Ibn, mag. 19.5 at discovery) was discovered by the Zwicky Transient Facility on 17 April 2023. The supernova brightened slowly from discovery until 24 July 2023, when Kōichi Itagaki photographed it at magnitude 13.3. Originally classified as a type Ib-pec, it was later designated as type Ibn.

## Gallery

* NGC 4388 (SDSS DR14)
* NGC 4388 (HST)
* Image with Subaru Telescope, showing an EELR around NGC 4388.
# Predicate crime

In the criminal law of the United States, a predicate crime or offense is a crime which is a component of a larger crime. The larger crime may be racketeering, money laundering, financing of terrorism, etc.
For example, to violate the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organization Act (RICO), a person must "engage in a pattern of racketeering activity", and in particular, must have committed at least two predicate crimes within 10 years. These include bribery, blackmail, extortion, fraud, theft, money laundering, counterfeiting, and illegal gambling.
Crimes are predicate to a larger crime if they have a similar purpose to the larger crime. For example, using false identification is itself a crime; it may be a predicate offense to larceny or fraud if it is used to withdraw money from a bank account.
Predicate crimes can be charged separately or together with the larger crime.

## Money Laundering

Crimes that are specific to anti-money laundering (AML) programs have been referred to as Predicate Offenses (or Predicate Crimes) since the establishment of the FATF 40 Recommendations in October, 2004. Since 2004, the FATF have updated the 40 Recommendations to expand the list of predicate offences. Financial intelligence units in the European Union and United States have created legislation to mirror or expand these offences. In the United States, these offences were initially created by the Bank Secrecy Act of 1970 and have subsequently been expanded by the USA PATRIOT Act of 2001. The predicate offences are codified in 18 USC § 1956(c)(7). With the passage of the 6th EU Money Laundering Directive, the European Union has now adopted as standard set of Predicate Offences to mitigate loopholes in member state AML legislation.
| Offense | EU 6MLD | FinCEN | FATF 2018 | FATF 2004 |
| Arms Trafficking | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Arson | | ✓ | | |
| Concealment of Assets | | ✓ | | |
| Corruption & Bribery | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Counterfeiting Currency | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Counterfeiting Products | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Cybercrime | ✓ | | | |
| Drug Trafficking | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Environmental Crime | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Extortion | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Forgery | ✓ | | ✓ | ✓ |
| Fraud | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Human Trafficking / Migrant Smuggling | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Insider Trading & Market Manipulation | ✓ | | ✓ | ✓ |
| Kidnapping, Illegal Restraint, and Hostage-taking | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Organized Crime / Racketeering | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Piracy | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Robbery or Theft | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Sexual Exploitation | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Smuggling | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Tax Crimes | ✓ | | ✓ | |
| Terrorism / Terrorist Financing | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Trafficking in Stolen Goods | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Violent Crime (Murder & Grievous Bodily Injury) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |

## Etymology

"Predicate" as an adjective originally means "something said of a subject", originally from Latin praedicare 'to proclaim or make known'. In logic, it came to mean to assert something. In U.S. legal usage, it is a "basis or foundation on which something rests".
# Přemysl Kubala

Přemysl Kubala (Czech pronunciation:; born 16 December 1973) is a Czech volleyball and beach volleyball player. As of 2012, he plays with Petr Beneš who he teamed up with at the 2012 Summer Olympics.
With beach volleyball he played together with Jan Hadrava. They won the bronze medal at the 2015 European Games in Baku.
# Megumi Itabashi

Megumi Itabashi (板橋 恵, Itabashi Megumi, born 7 June 1973) is a Japanese female volleyball player.
She was part of the Japan women's national volleyball team, at the 2005 FIVB Women's World Grand Champions Cup, and the 2006 FIVB Volleyball World Grand Prix.

## Career

She played for Tohoku Fukushi University. On club level she played for Hitachi Sawa Rivale in 2006.
# Yahya of Antioch

Yahya of Antioch, full name Yaḥya ibn Saʿīd al-Anṭākī (Arabic: يحيى بن سعيد الأنطاكي), was a Melkite Christian physician and historian of the 11th century.
He was most likely born in Fatimid Egypt. He became a physician, but the anti-Christian policies of Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah (r. 996–1021) forced him to flee to Byzantine-held Antioch.
His chief work is a continuation of Eutychius' Annals, stretching from 938 to 1034. Drawing on a variety of sources, his history deals with events in the Byzantine Empire, Egypt, as well as Bulgaria and the Kievan Rus'. Whilst in Antioch, he also wrote theological works in defence of Christianity and refutations of Islam and Judaism. He died c. 1066.
His history was published, edited and translated in 1924 by I. Kratchkovsky and A. Vasiliev into French in Volumes 18, 23, and 47 of the Patrologia Orientalis. In 1997 it was translated into Italian by Bartolomeo Pirone. Polish translation is included in 2015/2016 Ph.D. thesis "Bliski Wschód w kronice Yaḥyi al-Anṭākīego" by Maciej Czyż, and a partial Russian translation by [Viktor von Rosen] also exists. A supposed English translation by J. H. Forsyth in 1977 is in fact only a study.

## Sources

* Micheau, Françoise (1998). "Les guerres arabo-byzantines vues par Yaḥyā d'Antioche, chroniqueur arabe melkite du V$^e$ /XI$^e$ siècle". ΕΥΨΥΧΙΑ. Mélanges offerts à Hélène Ahrweiler. Byzantina Sorbonensia (in French). Paris: Éditions de la Sorbonne. pp. 541–555. ISBN 9782859448301.
# Utku Yuvakuran

Utku Yuvakuran (born 2 November 1997) is a Turkish professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for TFF Second League club Tuzlaspor.

## Professional career

Yuvakuran made his professional debut with Beşiktaş in a 1–1 Turkish Cup tie with Kayserispor on 26 January 2017.
He made his Süper Lig debut with Beşiktaş in 26 August 2018 against Antalyaspor in Vodafone Park. Yuvakuran replaced Tolga Zengin in their match against Antalyaspor, because Tolga Zengin's injury. Unfortunately Beşiktaş lost the match as 2-3, on his debut. Yuvakuran made his European debut in the play-off round of 2018-19 UEFA Europa League against Partizan in 30 August 2018. Beşiktaş defeated Partizan in a score of 3–0. During the season when Loris Karius signs with Beşiktaş Yuvakuran became the second goalkeeper.
In the 2020–21 season of the Süper Lig Yuvakuran started as the second goalkeeper in Beşiktaş behind Ersin Destanoğlu. In 24 September 2020, Yuvakuran was the goalkeeper of Beşiktaş in the third qualifying round of 2020-21 UEFA Europa League. They played against Rio Ave in Vodafone Park. The match ended 1–1, but in the penalty shoot-out they lost it as 2–4, eventually Beşiktaş was eliminated. In the tenth week of Süper Lig, in 29 November 2020, Beşiktaş faced Fenerbahçe in Kadıköy. In the absence of Ersin Destanoğlu, Yuvakuran replaced him in the derby. Beşiktaş defeated Fenerbahçe with a score of 3–4. Yuvakuran was the goalkeeper in this historic event, as this was the first away victory for Beşiktaş against Fenerbahçe after 15 years. At the end of the season, Beşiktaş won the title in Süper Lig.
On 31 August 2021, Yuvakuran was loaned to Fatih Karagümrük.

## Personal life

Utku is the son of Semih Yuvakuran, a former Turkish international footballer. He is one of three triplets, all of whom are footballers.

## Career statistics

As of 20 May 2020.
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition :
| Club | Season | League | League | Cup | Cup | Europe | Europe | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Beylerbeyi | 2015–16 | 35 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 36 | 0 |
| Beylerbeyi | Total | 35 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 36 | 0 |
| Beşiktaş | 2016–17 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| Beşiktaş | 2017–18 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Beşiktaş | 2018–19 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| Beşiktaş | 2019–20 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
| Beşiktaş | 2020–21 | 6 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 11 | 0 |
| Beşiktaş | Total | 8 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 20 | 0 |
| Career total | Career total | 43 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 56 | 0 |

## Honours
### Club
#### Beşiktaş J.K.

* Süper Lig: 2016–17, 2020–21
* Türkiye Kupası: 2020–21, 2023–24
# Claudio Zulianello

Claudio F. Zulianello (born May 29, 1965) is a former Argentine volleyball player who represented his native country at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, winning the bronze medal with the Argentine men's national volleyball team.
# Shahzada Alam Monnoo

Shahzada Alam Monnoo (1936 – 18 November 2014) was a Pakistani industrialist and politician. He served in the cabinet of Pakistan as Minister of Commerce and Textile Industry, Privatization and Investment between 15 November 2007 and 25 March 2008. He died on 18 November 2014.

## Early life and career

Monnoo was born in 1936 into the Chinioti business clan. He studied in Welham Boys School, Dehradun in British India and moved to Pakistan in 1947 when it and India became independent. He attended Aitchison College in Lahore and later the College of Textiles at North Carolina State College, North Carolina, United States.
In 1965 he introduced the first Toyota Motors assembly plant in Karachi, then known as Monnoo Toyota Motors. The industry was nationalized by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto in 1972, along with many others. Monnoo had become highly influential in the textile sector in Pakistan, becoming the president of Monnoo Group, which owns nearly 20 mills in Faisalabad and other locations in Pakistan and had served as chairman of the APTMA (All Pakistan Textile Mills Association) and was the founding member of Lahore Chamber of Commerce and Industry.

## Posts

Shahzada Alam Monnoo was Minister for Commerce, Trade and Industry in the caretaker government of Prime Minister Muhammad Mian Soomro. He was Chairman, All Pakistan Textile Mills Association (APTMA) and a former President of the Lahore Chamber of Commerce and Industry.

## Death

Monnoo died on Tuesday 18 November 2014 in Lahore. His son, Ahmed Bin, married the Zaima of industrialist Syed Wajid Ali.
# Julia Willand

Julia Willand (born 6 April 1972 in Nuremberg) is a South African beach volleyball player.
Willand was born in Nuremberg, West Germany, and came at the age of six years with her family to South Africa. Between 1991 and 2002 she competed in indoor volleyball where she attended the 2001 Women's African Volleyball Championship in Port Harcourt, Nigeria, with the South African national team.
In 2002 she decided to move to the beach volleyball and formed a duo with Leigh-Ann Naidoo. They competed at the FIVB Beach Volleyball World Tour in 2003 and 2004 and qualified for the Summer Olympics, in Athens. They lost all three matches in the group stage and did not advance to the medal round.
# Bogdaniec, Lubusz Voivodeship

Bogdaniec is a village in Gorzów County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Bogdaniec. It lies approximately 14 km (9 mi) south-west of Gorzów Wielkopolski.
# Brestovikë, Pejë

Brestovikë also known as Brestoviku, Nënkalaj or Gurinë is a village located on the outskirts of the city of Peja, Kosovo known for sports tournaments and suitable conditions for agriculture.

## Geography

Brestovikë is located on the northwestern outskirts of the city of Peja, Kosovo. It is in the territory of the Peja municipality. It borders the villages of Siga, Ornicë, Dushkajë, Vitomirica, Fierzë and Pelaj and is located near the mountains of Rugova and has a surface area of around 8 km$^2$. It is also known for a "poorer" hydrology then the rest of the region with neither the White Drin or the Peja Bistrica, the two main rivers in the area, not fllowing through it. It has a low-terrain landscape with it being 0m above sea level.

### Climate

Brestovikë has a Humid continental climate with no dry season and warm summer climate. The areas yearly temperature is 12.34 °C and it is typically -0.02% lower than Kosovo's average temperature. Brestovikë usually receives around 101.62 millimeters of precipitation and has 173.67 rainy days (47.58% of the time) anually. The warmest month is August with an average temperature of 29.44 °C and the coldest month is January with an average temperature of -5.54 °C. The highest temperature recorded was 37.46 °C during the months of July and August. The wettest month is November with 135.21mm and the driest month is September with 71.73mm.

## Demographics

As of 2011, Brestovikë had a population of 1718 people, 1248 were Albanian, 36 were Serbian, 178 Bosniak, 5 Turks, 125 Roma, 22 Ashkalinj, 94 Egyptians, 6 Goranis aswell as 4 unknown. The population density is around 210/km$^2$. The dominant language is Albanian and the dominant religion is Islam.

## Culture
### Sports

The village is known for its sport fields, mainly in football and tennis.
The village houses the "Tahir Vokshi" football stadium of FC Besa which is also used by other local football clubs like KF Dardania.
It also houses the "Arben Zeka" tennis stadium which holds international tennis tournaments. During 2019 it hosted the U-16 tennis tournament and in 2023 it hosted the "ITF J30 PEJA OPEN 2023" tournament which was won by Alexandra Panagiotidou from Greece in the womans tournament and Teodor Davidov from the USA in the mens tournament.

## History
### Brestovikë mass killings

On 13 October 1943, during World War II, amred Albanians killed 19 Serbian civilians in the village of Brestovikë. Again during September 1943, before the Italian capitulation, Albanians killed another 12 Serbian civilians.

## Economy

Due to its suitable conditions agriculture is the most popular and the most advanced occupation in the village, with farmers mainly keeping goats. Another widely spread occupation in Brestovikë is real estate, with villagers selling their land and houses in some cases to others. There is also a factory of the Gemix brand which produces school supplies and paint.
# Saman County

Saman County (Persian: شهرستان سامان) is in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, Iran. Its capital is the city of Saman.

## History

In 2013, Saman District was separated from Shahrekord County in the establishment of Saman County, which was divided into two districts of two rural districts each, with Saman as its capital and only city at the time. The village of Hureh was elevated to the status of a city in 2017.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2016 National Census, the county's population was 34,616 in 11,080 households.

### Administrative divisions

Saman County's population and administrative structure are shown in the following table.
Saman County Population :
| Administrative Divisions | 2016 |
| Central District | 24,449 |
| Chama RD | 4,784 |
| Saman RD | 5,473 |
| Saman (city) | 14,192 |
| Zayandehrud District | 10,167 |
| Hureh RD | 6,398 |
| Zarrin RD | 3,769 |
| Hureh (city) | |
| Total | 34,616 |
| RD = Rural District ||
# Viola Canales

Viola Canales (born 21 April 1957) is an American lawyer. She is a Lecturer in Law at Stanford Law School as well as a writer who has published two novels, a short story collection, and a book of poetry. She is best known for The Tequila Worm (2005), which won several awards, including the Pura Belpré Award and others.

## Education

Originally from McAllen, Texas, Canales received a scholarship to attend St. Stephen's Episcopal School in Austin, Texas, when she was 15 years old. She was matriculated at Harvard College in 1979 but took two leaves of absence during her undergraduate years to first work as a community organizer for United Farm Workers and secondly to serve in the United States Army at Fort Benning. She graduated cum laude in 1986 and went on to earn her Juris Doctor from Harvard Law School in 1989.

## Career

She was also stationed in West Germany and served as a tactical director overseeing the Patriot and Hawk missile systems. She reached the rank of captain.
After graduating from Harvard Law School, Canales worked at O'Melveny & Myers, a white-shoe law firm in Los Angeles, where she worked for the Christopher Commission, which was established in 1991 to investigate the Los Angeles Police Department for assaulting Rodney King. She also served as Civil Service Commissioner in Los Angeles and San Francisco. In 1994, Canales was appointed regional administrator for the Small Business Administration in the Clinton Administration, where she helped guarantee $3 billion in loans annually in California, Nevada, Arizona, Hawaii, and Guam. She is currently a lecturer at Stanford Law School, where she teaches courses that combine law and fiction writing.
She published a short story collection, Orange Candy Slices and Other Secret Tales (2001), and a novel, The Tequila Worm (2005), for which in 2006 she won the Pura Belpré Award, a PEN Center USA Award, and was named a notable book by the American Library Association. In 2014, she published a bilingual collection of poems, The Little Devil and the Rose: Lotería Poems / El diablito y la rosa: Poemas de la lotería and in October 2020 she published her second novel, Cecilia's Magical Mission.

## Personal life

Her partner is Pamela Karlan, a professor of law at Stanford Law School and Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General in the Civil Rights Division in the Biden administration.
# Lilia Sergueva

Liliia Sergueva (born 19 June 1972) is an Azerbaijani former volleyball player. She was part of the Azerbaijan women's national volleyball team at the 1994 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship in Brazil. On club level she played with Neffyag Baku.

## Clubs

* Neffyag Baku (1994)
# Rainbow rose

The rainbow rose is a rose that has had its petals artificially colored. The method exploits the rose natural processes by which water is drawn up the stem. By splitting the stem and dipping each part in water with added dye in different colours, the colors are drawn into the petals resulting in a multicolored rose. With these changes to the rose, it causes them to not live as long as an uncolored rose. The colors are artificial. Besides roses, other cut flowers like the chrysanthemum, carnation, hydrangea, and some species of orchids can also be colored using the same method.

## History

Agatha Christie's notorious Poirot mystery "The Gilded Lily" popularized the practice of artificially altering floral color patterns in cultured society only as recently as the 20th century.
Contrary to unfounded claims (likely the Dutch) no rainbow roses or other artificially colored flower arrangements appeared at any expos in Holland in or before 2007.

## Cultivars

A commonly used cultivar is "Vendela", a cream colored Hybrid Tea cultivated in the Netherlands, Colombia and Ecuador, as this cultivar absorbs the different dyes perfectly. "Vendela" has a flower diameter of 6 cm (2.4 in) in full bloom, a stem length of 40 to 100 cm (16 to 39 in), and is not scented. Other cultivars that can be used for this coloring process are Rosa La Belle and Rosa Avalanche+. Some vendors use the cultivar name to describe their products, e.g., Vendela Rainbow Rose, or Rose Avalanche Crystal Green.

## Color combinations

The original rainbow rose has the seven colors of the rainbow and is the most popular rose in this category. However, there are also the tropical variant with combinations of red/pink and yellow, and the ocean variant with combinations of green and blue. Other color combinations are also possible, though black and white are impossible to make.
# Nikshay Poshan Yojana

Nikshay Poshan Yojana is a government scheme in India to provide 500 rupees per month (1000 rupees per month since November 2024) for tuberculosis patients to buy food.
By February 2019 the programme reported that more than 10,000 people had received benefits in Delhi and 3800 were taking benefit in Sonitpur district.

## Responses

Since 2018 the patient advocacy group Survivors Against TB have publicly requested that the government increase the benefits of the programme and to make enrollment more routine for more patients.
A 2018 evaluation of the participant registry found problematic data, including an inability to do data deduplication in the system.
In 2018 in Assam fewer than expected people had been enrolling in the programme.

## Research

2018 studies in Delhi and Vadodara examined patient participation in the programme. Both studies found that about half the eligible participants received payment. Payment came for many people five months after the start of treatment. Major barriers to getting payment included lack of bank accounts among patients and difficulty completing the registration to join the program.
# Andreia Marras

Andreia Marras (born (1971-01-14)14 January 1971) is a retired Brazilian female volleyball player. She was part of the Brazil women's national volleyball team.
She participated in the 1994 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship. On club level she played with L'Acqua di Fiori/Minas.

## Clubs

* L'Acqua di Fiori/Minas (1994)
# Stéphane Canet

Stéphane Canet (born 7 June 1971 in Hyères) is a French beach volleyball player. He represented his nation France at the 2004 Summer Olympics along with his partner Mathieu Hamel.
Canet began his sporting career at the FIVB World Tour in 1996, and went on to compete with his longtime partner Mathieu Hamel by the following year. The French tandem also qualified for the men's beach volleyball at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens by obtaining their berth from the final stage of the FIVB Grand Slam Series in Berlin. They lost all three matches in the group stage and did not advance to the medal round.
# Ilya Savelev

Ilya Savelev (Russian: Илья Савельев; born 10 June 1971) is a Russian volleyball player who competed in the 2000 Summer Olympics.
In 2000 he was part of the Russian team which won the silver medal in the Olympic tournament. He played seven matches.