# Descendants of Christian IX of Denmark

King Christian IX of Denmark (April 8, 1818 – January 29, 1906), known as the "father-in-law of Europe", ruled Denmark from 1863 to 1906. He and his queen consort, Louise of Hesse-Kassel (September 7, 1817 – September 29, 1898), became the ancestors of many members of European royalty.
In 1842, prior to becoming King of Denmark, Christian married Louise, whose familial connections allowed him to secure his status as the heir-presumptive to the Danish throne in 1852. Christian and Louise had three sons and three daughters together, and the couple actively involved themselves in their children's education because of their limited finances. Although Christian had an affectionate relationship with his daughters, he rejected his eldest son, Frederick, over political differences.
After the commencement of Christian's reign as King of Denmark, his popularity gradually improved among his subjects, partially because of Louise's efforts to marry their children with members of royal families across Europe, including their daughter Princess Alexandra with Albert Edward, Prince of Wales (later Edward VII) and their daughter Princess Dagmar with Alexander, Tsarevich of Russia (later Alexander III).
All of Christian and Louise's six children would go on to have progeny of their own. In addition, some of Christian and Louise's extended descendants would rule as monarchs themselves in European countries. For example, Christian and Louise's grandsons Constantine I, Nicholas II, and George V reigned over Greece, Russia, and the United Kingdom, respectively.

## Background
### King Christian IX

For the first 13 years of his life, Christian lived in Germany. Following the death of his father, Friedrich Wilhelm, in 1831, Christian trained as an officer in Copenhagen. He fought on behalf of the Danish Unitary State in the First Schleswig War.
In 1852, Christian became the heir presumptive to the Danish throne. Following the death of his second cousin King Frederick VII 11 years later, Christian became King of Denmark. Due to Christian's German background, he was unpopular among his subjects during the start of his reign. He nearly abdicated in 1864 after Denmark's loss in the Second Schleswig War. Christian's popularity recovered, however, as his children married into several European royal families.

### Queen Louise

Born Princess Louise of Hesse-Kassel, Louise became Queen of Denmark in 1863. Because her mother was a sister of King Christian VIII, Louise's marriage to Christian IX was an important factor in his rise to the Danish throne. Moreover, Louise was instrumental in marrying her children across European royalty, which helped increase her husband's popularity among the Danish people.
As Queen of Denmark, Louise exemplified the female ideas of her time. Despite remaining in the shadow of Christian, she showed artistic and social talent. Through her charity work, Louise founded the Diakonissestiftelsen in Copenhagen.

### Marriage

Christian and Louise were married in 1842.
Family of Christian IX, King of Denmark :
| Portrait | Name | Birth | Death | Descendants |
| | Christian IX, King of Denmark r. 1863–1906 | April 8, 1818 | January 29, 1906 | 6 children, including: Frederick VIII, King of Denmark Alexandra, Queen of the United Kingdom George I, King of the Hellenes Maria Feodorovna, Empress of Russia |
| | Princess Louise of Hesse-Kassel | September 7, 1817 | September 29, 1898 | 6 children, including: Frederick VIII, King of Denmark Alexandra, Queen of the United Kingdom George I, King of the Hellenes Maria Feodorovna, Empress of Russia |

## Children

King Christian IX, together with Queen Louise, had six children: Frederick, Alexandra, George, Dagmar, Thyra, and Valdemar. Because of the strained finances and limited fortunes that Christian and Louise had before 1852, they were actively involved in the education of Dagmar and her siblings during that time. Later, from 1875 to 1900, Christian and Louise would annually welcome their children and grandchildren across six different European royal houses at Fredensborg Palace in Denmark.
Within Christian and Louise's family, Thyra was called the "gentle and good daughter" by her father. In addition, Alexandra and Dagmar were respectively seen as the "pretty" and "clever" girls. In contrast, Christian rejected Frederick, then Crown Prince of Denmark, because of their contrasting conservative and reformist mindsets, respectively. Furthermore, Christian had reservations about George becoming King of the Hellenes after the Greek National Assembly elected the latter to be their monarch, seeing the country's throne as a doubtful proposition. Nevertheless, George successfully persuaded his father and assumed the Greek throne in 1863. This influenced Valdemar's decision to decline an offer for the Bulgarian throne in 1878. He did not want to risk going to war with his brother George, given the relations between Bulgaria and Greece at the time.
Family tree of King Christian IX and Queen Louise :
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Christian IX of Denmark | Christian IX of Denmark | Christian IX of Denmark | Christian IX of Denmark | Christian IX of Denmark | Christian IX of Denmark | | | Louise of Hesse-Kassel | Louise of Hesse-Kassel | Louise of Hesse-Kassel | Louise of Hesse-Kassel | Louise of Hesse-Kassel | Louise of Hesse-Kassel |
| Frederick VIII of Denmark | Frederick VIII of Denmark | Frederick VIII of Denmark | Frederick VIII of Denmark | Frederick VIII of Denmark | Frederick VIII of Denmark | Louise of Sweden | Louise of Sweden | Louise of Sweden | Louise of Sweden | Louise of Sweden | Louise of Sweden | Alexandra of Denmark | Alexandra of Denmark | Alexandra of Denmark | Alexandra of Denmark | Alexandra of Denmark | Alexandra of Denmark | Edward VII of the United Kingdom | Edward VII of the United Kingdom | Edward VII of the United Kingdom | Edward VII of the United Kingdom | Edward VII of the United Kingdom | Edward VII of the United Kingdom | | | George I of Greece | George I of Greece | George I of Greece | George I of Greece | George I of Greece | George I of Greece | | | Olga Constantinovna of Russia | Olga Constantinovna of Russia | Olga Constantinovna of Russia | Olga Constantinovna of Russia | Olga Constantinovna of Russia | Olga Constantinovna of Russia | Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark) | Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark) | Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark) | Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark) | Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark) | Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark) | Alexander III of Russia | Alexander III of Russia | Alexander III of Russia | Alexander III of Russia | Alexander III of Russia | Alexander III of Russia | 2 other children | 2 other children | 2 other children | 2 other children | 2 other children | 2 other children |
| Christian X of Denmark | Christian X of Denmark | Christian X of Denmark | Christian X of Denmark | Christian X of Denmark | Christian X of Denmark | Haakon VII of Norway | Haakon VII of Norway | Haakon VII of Norway | Haakon VII of Norway | Haakon VII of Norway | Haakon VII of Norway | Maud of Wales | Maud of Wales | Maud of Wales | Maud of Wales | Maud of Wales | Maud of Wales | George V of the United Kingdom | George V of the United Kingdom | George V of the United Kingdom | George V of the United Kingdom | George V of the United Kingdom | George V of the United Kingdom | | | Constantine I of Greece | Constantine I of Greece | Constantine I of Greece | Constantine I of Greece | Constantine I of Greece | Constantine I of Greece | | | | | | | | | Nicholas II of Russia | Nicholas II of Russia | Nicholas II of Russia | Nicholas II of Russia | Nicholas II of Russia | Nicholas II of Russia |
Children of Christian IX, King of Denmark :
| Name | Birth | Death | Family |
| Frederick VIII, King of Denmark r. 1906–1912 | June 3, 1843 | May 14, 1912 | Married 1869, Princess Louise of Sweden (1851–1926) 8 children (including Christian X, King of Denmark and Haakon VII, King of Norway) |
| Princess Alexandra of Denmark | December 1, 1844 | November 20, 1925 | Married 1863, Edward VII, King of the United Kingdom (1841–1910; r. 1901–1910) 6 children (including George V, King of the United Kingdom and Maud, Queen of Norway) |
| George I, King of the Hellenes r. 1863–1913 | December 24, 1845 | March 18, 1913 | Married 1867, Grand Duchess Olga Constantinovna of Russia (1851–1926) 8 children (including Constantine I, King of the Hellenes) |
| Princess Dagmar of Denmark | November 26, 1847 | October 13, 1928 | Married 1866, Alexander III, Emperor of Russia (1845–1894; r. 1881–1894) 6 children (including Nicholas II, Emperor of Russia) |
| Princess Thyra of Denmark | September 29, 1853 | February 26, 1933 | Married 1878, Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover (1845–1923) 6 children (including Alexandra, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick) |
| Prince Valdemar of Denmark | October 27, 1858 | January 14, 1939 | Married 1885, Princess Marie of Orléans (1865–1909) 5 children |

## Grandchildren

Christian IX and Louise had 38 grandchildren: eight children of Frederick VIII, six children of Alexandra, seven children of George I, six children of Dagmar, six children of Thyra, and five children of Valdemar.

### Children of Frederick VIII and Louise

At the age of 17, Princess Louise of Sweden became engaged to King Frederick VIII of Denmark, then called Frederick, Crown Prince of Denmark, at Bäckaskog Castle in Sweden. Frederick and Louise would later marry in 1869 in Stockholm. This marriage took place in the context of a desire for a Scandinavian union in both Denmark and Sweden.
Together, Frederick and Louise had eight children. Two of these children, Christian and Haakon, became King of Denmark and King of Norway, respectively. Frederick and Louise's family came to be defined by Louise's piety. Moreover, Louise oversaw the strictly disciplined education of her children.
Over time, Frederick and Louise's marriage became a reasonably happy one. However, because of Frederick's estrangement from his father, he and his wife kept their distance from his relatives. In addition, Louise had difficult relationships with her in-laws in the Danish royal family.
Children of Frederick VIII, King of Denmark :
| Name | Birth | Death | Family |
| Christian X, King of Denmark r. 1912–1947 | September 26, 1870 | April 20, 1947 | Married 1898, Duchess Alexandrine of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1879–1952) and had 2 children: Frederik IX, King of Denmark (1899–1972; r. 1947–1972) Father of Margrethe II, Queen of Denmark and Anne-Marie, Queen of the Hellenes Knud, Hereditary Prince of Denmark (1900–1976) |
| Haakon VII, King of Norway r. 1905–1957 | August 3, 1872 | September 21, 1957 | Married 1896, Princess Maud of Wales (1869–1938) and had 1 child: Olav V, King of Norway (1903–1991; r. 1957–1991) Father of Harald V, King of Norway |
| Princess Louise of Denmark | February 17, 1875 | April 4, 1906 | Married 1896, Prince Frederick of Schaumburg-Lippe (1868–1945) and had 3 children: Princess Marie Louise of Schaumburg-Lippe (1897–1938) Prince Christian of Schaumburg-Lippe (1898–1974) Princess Stephanie of Schaumburg-Lippe (1899–1925) |
| Prince Harald of Denmark | October 8, 1876 | March 30, 1949 | Married 1909, Princess Helena Adelaide of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (1888–1962) and had 5 children: Princess Feodora of Denmark (1910–1975) Princess Caroline-Mathilde of Denmark (1912–1995) Princess Alexandrine-Louise of Denmark (1914–1962) Prince Gorm of Denmark (1919–1992) Prince Oluf of Denmark (1923–1990) |
| Princess Ingeborg of Denmark | August 2, 1878 | March 12, 1958 | Married 1897, Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland (1861–1951) and had 4 children: Princess Margaretha of Sweden (1899–1977) Märtha, Crown Princess of Norway (1901–1954) Mother of Harald V, King of Norway Astrid, Queen of the Belgians (1905–1935) Mother of Joséphine-Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg, Baudouin, King of the Belgians, and Albert II, King of the Belgians Prince Carl, Duke of Östergötland (1911–2003) |
| Princess Thyra of Denmark | March 14, 1880 | November 2, 1945 | Died unmarried |
| Prince Gustav of Denmark | March 4, 1887 | October 5, 1944 | Died unmarried |
| Princess Dagmar of Denmark | May 23, 1890 | October 11, 1961 | Married 1922, Jørgen Castenskjold (1893–1978) and had 4 children, including Christian Ludwig Castenskjold (1926–2024) Jørgen Castenskjold (1929–1964) |

### Children of Alexandra and Edward VII

In 1861, Princess Alexandra met King Edward VII of the United Kingdom, then called Albert Edward Prince of Wales, at the Speyer Cathedral in Germany. Edward was the eldest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. Edward later proposed to Alexandra in 1862, and they married in 1863 at St George's Chapel in Windsor Castle in the United Kingdom.
Although Alexandra and Edward got along fairly well, Edward engaged in several affairs during their marriage. However, for the most part, Alexandra did not pay attention to her husband's romantic liaisons.
Together, Alexandra and Edward had six children. One of these children, Alexander John, died in infancy. Furthermore, Alexandra and Edward's eldest son, Albert Victor, died in 1892 after contracting an illness during a flu pandemic. Albert Victor's death devastated Alexandra.
The three daughters of Edward and Alexandra, Louise, Victoria, and Maud, were known for being active during their youth. As the daughters aged, they became more withdrawn. Alexandra did not want Louise, Victoria, and Maud to marry because her daughters had two brothers who could potentially follow Edward to the British throne. However, both Louise and Maud eventually married.
Family tree of King Edward VII, Queen Alexandra, and their royal descendants :
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Edward VII of the United Kingdom | Edward VII of the United Kingdom | Edward VII of the United Kingdom | Edward VII of the United Kingdom | | | | | | | Alexandra of Denmark | Alexandra of Denmark | Alexandra of Denmark | Alexandra of Denmark | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale | Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale | Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale | Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale | Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale | Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale | | | Mary of Teck | Mary of Teck | Mary of Teck | Mary of Teck | Mary of Teck | Mary of Teck | George V of the United Kingdom | George V of the United Kingdom | George V of the United Kingdom | George V of the United Kingdom | George V of the United Kingdom | George V of the United Kingdom | | | 2 other children | 2 other children | 2 other children | 2 other children | 2 other children | 2 other children | Haakon VII of Norway | Haakon VII of Norway | Haakon VII of Norway | Haakon VII of Norway | Haakon VII of Norway | Haakon VII of Norway | | | | | | | Maud of Wales | Maud of Wales | Maud of Wales | Maud of Wales | Maud of Wales | Maud of Wales |
| | | Edward VIII of the United Kingdom | Edward VIII of the United Kingdom | Edward VIII of the United Kingdom | Edward VIII of the United Kingdom | Edward VIII of the United Kingdom | Edward VIII of the United Kingdom | George VI of the United Kingdom | George VI of the United Kingdom | George VI of the United Kingdom | George VI of the United Kingdom | George VI of the United Kingdom | George VI of the United Kingdom | | | 4 other children | 4 other children | 4 other children | 4 other children | 4 other children | 4 other children | | | | | | | | | | | | | Olav V of Norway | Olav V of Norway | Olav V of Norway | Olav V of Norway | Olav V of Norway | Olav V of Norway |
| | | | | | | | | Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom | Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom | Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom | Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom | Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom | Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Harald V of Norway | Harald V of Norway | Harald V of Norway | Harald V of Norway | Harald V of Norway | Harald V of Norway | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | Charles III of the United Kingdom | Charles III of the United Kingdom | Charles III of the United Kingdom | Charles III of the United Kingdom | Charles III of the United Kingdom | Charles III of the United Kingdom | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway | Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway | Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway | Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway | Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway | Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | William, Prince of Wales | William, Prince of Wales | William, Prince of Wales | William, Prince of Wales | William, Prince of Wales | William, Prince of Wales | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Princess Ingrid Alexandra of Norway | Princess Ingrid Alexandra of Norway | Princess Ingrid Alexandra of Norway | Princess Ingrid Alexandra of Norway | Princess Ingrid Alexandra of Norway | Princess Ingrid Alexandra of Norway | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | Prince George of Wales | Prince George of Wales | Prince George of Wales | Prince George of Wales | Prince George of Wales | Prince George of Wales | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Children of Alexandra, Queen of the United Kingdom :
| Name | Birth | Death | Family |
| Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale | January 8, 1864 | January 14, 1892 | Died unmarried |
| George V, King of the United Kingdom r. 1910–1936 | June 3, 1865 | January 20, 1936 | Married 1893, Princess Victoria Mary of Teck (1867–1953) and had 6 children: Edward VIII, King of the United Kingdom (1894–1972; r. 1936) George VI, King of the United Kingdom (1895–1952; r. 1936–1952) Father of Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom Mary, Princess Royal (1897–1965) Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester (1900–1974) Prince George, Duke of Kent (1902–1942) Prince John of the United Kingdom (1905–1919) |
| Louise, Princess Royal | February 20, 1867 | January 4, 1931 | Married 1889, Alexander Duff, 1st Duke of Fife (1849–1912) and had 3 children: Alistair Duff, Marquess of Macduff (1890–1890) Princess Alexandra, 2nd Duchess of Fife (1891–1959) Princess Maud of the United Kingdom (1893–1945) |
| Princess Victoria of the United Kingdom | July 6, 1868 | December 3, 1935 | Died unmarried |
| Princess Maud of Wales | November 26, 1869 | November 20, 1938 | Married 1896, Haakon VII, King of Norway (1872–1957; r. 1905–1957) and had 1 child: Olav V, King of Norway (1903–1991; r. 1957–1991) Father of Harald V, King of Norway |
| Prince Alexander John of Wales | April 6, 1871 | April 7, 1871 | |

### Children of George I and Olga

In 1863, the Kingdom of Greece was without a monarch. The royal houses of Europe believed that George I, then Prince William of Denmark, would be a suitable candidate for the Greek throne. Consequently, George traveled to Greece, a country that he had never visited before, that same year to start his reign.
After arriving in Greece, George married Grand Duchess Olga Constantinovna of Russia in 1867. George and Olga had eight children together.
Family tree of King George I and Queen Olga :
| | | | | | | | | | | | | George I of Greece | George I of Greece | George I of Greece | George I of Greece | George I of Greece | George I of Greece | | | | | | | Olga Constantinovna of Russia | Olga Constantinovna of Russia | Olga Constantinovna of Russia | Olga Constantinovna of Russia | Olga Constantinovna of Russia | Olga Constantinovna of Russia | | | | | | |
| Constantine I of Greece | Constantine I of Greece | Constantine I of Greece | Constantine I of Greece | Constantine I of Greece | Constantine I of Greece | Sophia of Prussia | Sophia of Prussia | Sophia of Prussia | Sophia of Prussia | Sophia of Prussia | Sophia of Prussia | | | | | | | Prince George of Greece and Denmark | Prince George of Greece and Denmark | Prince George of Greece and Denmark | Prince George of Greece and Denmark | Prince George of Greece and Denmark | Prince George of Greece and Denmark | | | | | | | 6 other children | 6 other children | 6 other children | 6 other children | 6 other children | 6 other children |
Children of George I, King of the Hellenes :
| Name | Birth | Death | Family |
| Constantine I, King of the Hellenes r. 1913–1917, 1920–1922 | August 2, 1868 | January 11, 1923 | Married 1889, Princess Sophia of Prussia (1870–1932) and had 6 children: George II, King of the Hellenes (1890–1947; r. 1922–1923, 1935–1947) Alexander, King of the Hellenes (1893–1920; r. 1917–1920) Father of Alexandra, Queen of Yugoslavia Helen, Queen Mother of Romania (1896–1982) Mother of Michael I, King of Romania Paul, King of the Hellenes (1901–1964; r. 1947–1964) Father of Sofía, Queen of Spain and Constantine II, King of the Hellenes Princess Irene of Greece and Denmark (1904–1974) Princess Katherine of Greece and Denmark (1913–2007) |
| Prince George of Greece and Denmark | June 24, 1869 | November 25, 1957 | Married 1907, Marie Bonaparte (1882–1962) and had 2 children: Prince Peter of Greece and Denmark (1908–1980) Princess Eugénie of Greece and Denmark (1910–1989) |
| Princess Alexandra of Greece and Denmark | August 18, 1870 | September 21, 1891 | Married 1889, Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia (1860–1919) and had 2 children: Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna of Russia (1890–1958) Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia (1891–1942) |
| Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark | January 22, 1872 | February 8, 1938 | Married 1902, Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna of Russia (1882–1957) and had 3 children: Princess Olga of Greece and Denmark (1903–1997) Princess Elizabeth of Greece and Denmark (1904–1955) Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark (1906–1968) |
| Princess Maria of Greece and Denmark | March 3, 1876 | December 14, 1940 | Married 1900 (1), Grand Duke George Mikhailovich of Russia (1863–1919) and had 2 children: Princess Nina Georgievna of Russia (1901–1974) Princess Xenia Georgievna of Russia (1903–1965) |
| Princess Maria of Greece and Denmark | March 3, 1876 | December 14, 1940 | Married 1922 (2), Admiral Perikles Ioannidis (1881–1965) and had no children |
| Princess Olga of Greece and Denmark | April 7, 1880 | November 2, 1880 | |
| Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark | February 2, 1882 | December 3, 1944 | Married 1903, Princess Alice of Battenberg (1885–1969) and had 5 children: Princess Margarita of Greece and Denmark (1905–1981) Princess Theodora of Greece and Denmark (1906–1969) Princess Cecilie of Greece and Denmark (1911–1937) Princess Sophie of Greece and Denmark (1914–2001) Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark (1921–2021) Father of Charles III, King of the United Kingdom |
| Prince Christopher of Greece and Denmark | August 10, 1888 | January 21, 1940 | Married 1920 (1), Nonie May Stewart (1878–1923) and had no children |
| Prince Christopher of Greece and Denmark | August 10, 1888 | January 21, 1940 | Married 1929 (2), Princess Françoise of Orléans (1902–1953) and had 1 child: Prince Michael of Greece and Denmark (1939–2024) |

### Children of Dagmar and Alexander III

Queen Louise, Dagmar's mother, hoped to find a suitable husband for her daughter in the Russian imperial court. Following the marriage of Dagmar's sister Alexandra, Queen Louise dedicated her enthusiasm to making this desire a reality. Eventually, in 1864, Dagmar became engaged to Nicholas Alexandrovich, the then-heir to the Russian throne. However, he died one year later.
While on his deathbed, Nicholas insisted that his brother, Emperor Alexander III of Russia (then called Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich of Russia), marry Dagmar. Dagmar gradually developed a romantic attraction toward Alexander. They married in October 1866, and Dagmar took the name Maria Feodorovna after converting to Russian Orthodoxy.
Maria and Alexander would go on to have six children together, one of whom, Alexander, did not survive past infancy. Maria adored and spoiled her surviving children, especially Nicholas. Likewise, Alexander adored his daughters.
Of the five children of Maria and Alexander who survived past infancy, George died of tuberculosis. Moreover, Nicholas, Michael, and the former's five children were killed during the Russian Revolution.
Family tree of Emperor Alexander III and Empress Maria :
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Alexander III of Russia | Alexander III of Russia | Alexander III of Russia | Alexander III of Russia | Alexander III of Russia | Alexander III of Russia | | | | | | | Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark) | Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark) | Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark) | Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark) | Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark) | Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark) | | | | | | | | |
| Nicholas II of Russia | Nicholas II of Russia | Nicholas II of Russia | Nicholas II of Russia | Nicholas II of Russia | Nicholas II of Russia | | | Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse) | Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse) | Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse) | Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse) | Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse) | Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse) | | | Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia | Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia | Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia | Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia | Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia | Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia | | | | | Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia | Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia | Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia | Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia | Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia | Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia | | | Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia | Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia | Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia | Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia | Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia | Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia | Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia | Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia | Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia | Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia | Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia | Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia |
| | | Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia | Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia | Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia | Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia | Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia | Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia | | | Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia | Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia | Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia | Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia | Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia | Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia | | | | | | | | | Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia | Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia | Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia | Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia | Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia | Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia | | | | | Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia | Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia | Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia | Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia | Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia | Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia | Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia | Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia | Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia | Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia | Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia | Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia |
Children of Maria Feodorovna, Empress of Russia :
| Name | Birth | Death | Family |
| Nicholas II, Emperor of Russia r. 1894–1917 | May 18, 1868 | July 17, 1918 | Married 1894, Princess Alix of Hesse and by Rhine (1872–1918) and had 5 children: Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia (1895–1918) Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia (1897–1918) Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia (1899–1918) Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia (1901–1918) Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia (1904–1918) |
| Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich of Russia | June 7, 1869 | May 2, 1870 | |
| Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia | May 9, 1871 | August 9, 1899 | Died unmarried |
| Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia | April 6, 1875 | April 20, 1960 | Married 1894, Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia (1866–1933) and had 7 children: Princess Irina Alexandrovna of Russia (1895–1970) Prince Andrei Alexandrovich of Russia (1897–1981) Prince Feodor Alexandrovich of Russia (1898–1968) Prince Nikita Alexandrovich of Russia (1900–1974) Prince Dmitri Alexandrovich of Russia (1901–1980) Prince Rostislav Alexandrovich of Russia (1902–1977) Prince Vasili Alexandrovich of Russia (1907–1989) |
| Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia | December 4, 1878 | Between July 18 and 28, 1918 | Married 1911, Natalia Brasova (1880–1952) and had 1 child: George Mikhailovich, Count Brasov (1910–1931) |
| Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia | June 13, 1882 | November 24, 1960 | Married 1901 (1), Duke Peter Alexandrovich of Oldenburg (1868–1924) and had no children |
| Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia | June 13, 1882 | November 24, 1960 | Married 1916 (2), Nikolai Alexandrovich Kulikovsky (1881–1958) and had 2 children: Tikhon Nikolaevich (1917–1993) Guri Nikolaevich (1919–1984) |

### Children of Thyra and Ernest Augustus

Finding a suitable husband for Princess Thyra of Denmark was an undertaking for her mother, Queen Louise, who had one potential suitor in mind for Thyra: Prince Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland. Eventually, Thyra married him, which gave her the desired opportunity to have children.
Together, Thyra and Ernest Augustus had six children. Living in Gmunden, Austria, Thyra enjoyed a quiet life which allowed her to spend time with her children. However, two of her sons died at a young age. Prince George died in a car accident on the way to the funeral of his uncle King Frederick VIII of Denmark, and Prince Christian died of appendicitis.
Children of Thyra, Crown Princess of Hanover :
| Name | Birth | Death | Family |
| Princess Marie Louise of Hanover and Cumberland | October 11, 1879 | January 31, 1948 | Married 1900, Prince Maximilian of Baden (1867–1929) and had 2 children: Princess Marie Alexandra of Baden (1902–1944) Berthold, Margrave of Baden (1906–1963) |
| Prince George William of Hanover and Cumberland | October 28, 1880 | May 20, 1912 | Died unmarried |
| Princess Alexandra of Hanover and Cumberland | September 29, 1882 | August 30, 1963 | Married 1904, Frederick Francis IV, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1882–1945; r. 1897–1918) and had 5 children: Friedrich Franz, Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1910–2001) Duke Christian Louis of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1912–1996) Duchess Olga of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1916–1917) Duchess Thyra of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1919–1981) Duchess Anastasia of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1922–1979) |
| Princess Olga of Hanover and Cumberland | July 11, 1884 | September 21, 1958 | Died unmarried |
| Prince Christian of Hanover and Cumberland | July 4, 1885 | September 3, 1901 | |
| Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick r. 1913–1918 | November 17, 1887 | January 30, 1953 | Married 1913, Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia (1892–1980) and had 5 children: Ernest Augustus, Hereditary Prince of Brunswick (1914–1987) Prince George William of Hanover (1915–2006) Frederica, Queen of the Hellenes (1917–1981) Mother of Sofía, Queen of Spain and Constantine II, King of the Hellenes Prince Christian Oscar of Hanover (1919–1981) Prince Welf Henry of Hanover (1923–1997) |

### Children of Valdemar and Marie

In 1885, Prince Valdemar of Denmark married Marie of Orléans, a French princess. Together, they had five children who were nicknamed the "naughty children from the Yellow Palace". Nevertheless, both Valdemar and Marie were very popular in Denmark.
Because of Valdemar's interest in ships, he went on long sea voyages, a practice that continued during his marriage to Marie.
Children of Prince Valdemar of Denmark :
| Name | Birth | Death | Family |
| Prince Aage of Denmark | June 10, 1887 | February 29, 1940 | Married 1914, Mathilde Calvi dei conti di Bergolo (1885–1949) and had 1 child: Valdemar, Count of Rosenborg (1915–1995) |
| Prince Axel of Denmark | August 12, 1888 | July 14, 1964 | Married 1919, Princess Margaretha of Sweden (1899–1977) and had 2 children: Prince George of Denmark (1920–1986) Prince Flemming of Denmark (1922–2002) |
| Prince Erik of Denmark | November 8, 1890 | September 11, 1950 | Married 1924, Lois Frances Booth (1897–1941) and had 2 children: Countess Alexandra of Rosenborg (1927–1992) Count Christian of Rosenborg (1932–1997) |
| Prince Viggo of Denmark | December 25, 1893 | January 4, 1970 | Married 1924, Eleanor Margaret Green (1895–1966) and had no children |
| Princess Margaret of Denmark | September 17, 1895 | September 18, 1992 | Married 1921, Prince René of Bourbon-Parma (1894–1962) and had 4 children: Prince Jacques of Bourbon-Parma (1922–1964) Princess Anne of Bourbon-Parma (1923–2016) Spouse of Michael I, King of Romania Prince Michel of Bourbon-Parma (1926–2018) Prince André of Bourbon-Parma (1928–2011) |