# Kurashiki

Kurashiki (倉敷市, Kurashiki-shi) is a city located in Okayama Prefecture, Japan. As of 31 March 2023, the city had an estimated population of 478,651 and a population density of 1300 persons per km$^2$. The total area of the city is 355.63 square kilometres (137.31 sq mi).

## Geography

Kurashiki is located in the south-central part of Okayama Prefecture, and the Takahashi River flows through the midwestern part of the city from north to south and empties into the Seto Inland Sea. Most of the plains are occupied by reclaimed land and alluvial plains, and are relatively flat except for the Kojima area. Kojima, Kameshimayama, Tamashima, and Tsurajima are many places in the city that have the kanji 'island' in their names; these areas were originally islands and were connected by land reclamation to form the current city limits. Okayama City, which is the prefectural capital, is adjacent to the east, and Kurashiki forms part of the Greater Okayama metropolitan area.

### Adjoining municipalities

Okayama Prefecture
* Asakuchi
* Hayashima
* Kita-ku, Okayama
* Minami-ku, Okayama
* Sōja
* Tamano
* Yakage

### Climate

Kurashiki has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa). The average annual temperature in Kurashiki is 15.8 °C (60.4 °F). The average annual rainfall is 1,042.2 mm (41.03 in) with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 27.9 °C (82.2 °F), and lowest in January, at around 4.6 °C (40.3 °F). The highest temperature ever recorded in Kurashiki was 37.1 °C (98.8 °F) on 8 August 1994; the coldest temperature ever recorded was −8.0 °C (17.6 °F) on 27 February 1981.
Climate data for Kurashiki (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1979−present) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 16.1 (61.0) | 22.5 (72.5) | 23.5 (74.3) | 30.5 (86.9) | 32.6 (90.7) | 35.2 (95.4) | 36.8 (98.2) | 37.1 (98.8) | 36.2 (97.2) | 32.4 (90.3) | 26.1 (79.0) | 19.9 (67.8) | 37.1 (98.8) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 9.2 (48.6) | 10.0 (50.0) | 13.6 (56.5) | 19.3 (66.7) | 24.4 (75.9) | 27.3 (81.1) | 30.9 (87.6) | 32.2 (90.0) | 28.4 (83.1) | 23.1 (73.6) | 17.1 (62.8) | 11.5 (52.7) | 20.6 (69.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 4.6 (40.3) | 5.2 (41.4) | 8.5 (47.3) | 13.9 (57.0) | 19.1 (66.4) | 22.9 (73.2) | 26.9 (80.4) | 27.9 (82.2) | 23.9 (75.0) | 18.0 (64.4) | 12.0 (53.6) | 6.7 (44.1) | 15.8 (60.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 0.3 (32.5) | 0.6 (33.1) | 3.5 (38.3) | 8.6 (47.5) | 14.0 (57.2) | 19.1 (66.4) | 23.6 (74.5) | 24.4 (75.9) | 20.1 (68.2) | 13.5 (56.3) | 7.3 (45.1) | 2.4 (36.3) | 11.5 (52.6) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −5.4 (22.3) | −8.0 (17.6) | −3.5 (25.7) | −0.8 (30.6) | 3.1 (37.6) | 9.8 (49.6) | 16.0 (60.8) | 17.1 (62.8) | 8.9 (48.0) | 2.7 (36.9) | −0.9 (30.4) | −4.1 (24.6) | −8.0 (17.6) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 34.4 (1.35) | 42.4 (1.67) | 78.2 (3.08) | 82.5 (3.25) | 101.9 (4.01) | 149.8 (5.90) | 154.1 (6.07) | 81.3 (3.20) | 133.0 (5.24) | 93.6 (3.69) | 51.2 (2.02) | 40.4 (1.59) | 1,042.2 (41.03) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 4.8 | 6.1 | 8.6 | 9.0 | 8.8 | 10.6 | 9.9 | 6.8 | 8.8 | 7.1 | 5.8 | 5.2 | 91.5 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 152.5 | 144.5 | 175.7 | 189.8 | 199.2 | 143.1 | 173.0 | 206.5 | 155.2 | 166.7 | 149.7 | 145.8 | 2,001.3 |
| Source: Japan Meteorological Agency ||||||||||||||

### Demographics

Per Japanese census data, the population of Kurashiki in 2020 is 474,592 people. Kurashiki has been conducting censuses since 1960.

## History

The Kurashiki area is part of ancient Bitchū Province and near the center of the ancient Kingdom of Kibi. Records of human settlements date back to the Japanese Paleolithic period, more than 20,000 years ago, and the city has numerous National Historic Sites from Jōmon period shell middens, Yayoi period settlement remains, Kofun period burial mounds and Nara period temple ruins. From the Heian period, the estuary of the Takahashi River was a port, and the surrounding area was the setting for numerous battles.
During the Edo Period, the area had a complicated administration, with portions held by various feudal domains. The old town of Kurashiki and its port was held directly by the Tokugawa shogunate as tenryō territory and was a collection point for the annual rice taxes. Distinctive white-walled, black-tiled warehouses were built to store goods. The Kurashiki magistrate's office recognized the autonomy of the merchants and gave preferential treatment to them, resulting in an increase in the population as well as increased kokudaka, and local industries included cotton cloth weaving and salt production.
Following the Meiji restoration, the village of Kurashiki was established with the creation of the modern municipalities system on June 1, 1889. It was raised to town status on April 1, 1891 and to city status April 1, 1928.
On August 1, 2005, the town of Mabi (from Kibi District), and the town of Funao (from Asakuchi District) were merged with Kurashiki.
In 2002, Kurashiki was designed a Core city with increased local autonomy.

## Government

Kurashiki has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city council of 43 members. Kurashiki contributes 14 members to the Okayama Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the city is divided between the Okayama 4th district and Okayama 5th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

## Economy

Kurashiki is the second largest city in Okayama, and has a mixed economy based on commerce, agriculture and heavy industry. The Mizushima Rinkai Industrial Area, which spans the Mizushima and Tamashima areas, has factories centering on petrochemicals, steel, automobiles, and shipbuilding and is one of Japan's leading industrial complexes.

## Education
### Colleges and universities

The city is home to several private universities and one public university.
* Kawasaki College of Allied Health Professions
* Kawasaki Medical School
* Kawasaki Medical University
* Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare
* Kurashiki City College (public)
* Kurashiki Sakuyo University
* Kurashiki University of Science and the Arts
* Okayama College

### Primary and secondary schools

Kurashiki has 62 public elementary schools, and 26 public junior high schools and five public high school operated by the city government. There are ten public high schools operated by the Okayama Prefectural Board of Education and on combined middle/high school. In addition, there are four private high schools. The prefecture also operates three special education schools for the disabled.
The city has a North Korean school, Okayama Korean Elementary and Junior High School (岡山朝鮮初中級学校).

## Transportation
### Railway

JR West (JR West) - San'yō Shinkansen
* Shin-Kurashiki
JR West (JR West) - San'yō Main Line
* Nakashō - Kurashiki - Nishiachi - Shin-Kurashiki
JR West (JR West) - Hakubi Line
* Kurashiki
Mizushima Rinkai Railway - Mizushima Main Line
* Kurashiki-shi - Kyūjōmae - Nishitomii - Fukui - Urada - Yayoi - Sakae - Tokiwa - Mizushima - Mitsubishi-jikō-mae
Ibara Railway Company - Ibara Line
* Kawabejuku - Kibinomakibi - Bitchū-Kurese

### Highways

* San'yō Expressway
* Seto-Chūō Expressway
* National Route 2
* National Route 429
* National Route 430
* National Route 486

## Sister cities

Kurashiki maintains the following sister cities:
* Sankt Pölten, Austria, September 29, 1957
* Kansas City, Missouri, United States since May 28, 1972
* Christchurch, New Zealand, March 7, 1973
* Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China, November 18, 1997

## Local attractions

Kurashiki is the home of Japan's first museum for Western art, the Ohara Museum of Art. Established in 1930 by Magosaburō Ōhara, it contains paintings by El Greco, Monet, Matisse, Gauguin, and Renoir. The collection also presents fine examples of Asian and contemporary art. The main building is designed in the style of Neoclassicism.
The old merchant quarter is called the Bikan historical area. It contains many fine examples of 17th century wooden warehouses (kura, 倉) painted white with traditional black tiles, along a canal framed with weeping willows and filled with koi. The area has no electric poles in order to make it more closely resemble the look of the Meiji period. One of the city's former town halls was located in the Kurashiki Kan, a European style building constructed in 1917.
In 1997 a theme park called Tivoli (after the park of the same name in Copenhagen) opened near Kurashiki Station. After ten years of operation it was closed in 2008, with a massive debt.
The Great Seto Bridge connects the city to Sakaide in Kagawa Prefecture across the Inland Sea.
Kenzo Tange, winner of the 1987 Pritzker Prize for architecture, designed the former Kurashiki City Hall in 1960.

### National Historic Sites

* Tatetsuki Site, Yaoi period ruins
* Yata Ōtsuka Kofun, Kofun period tumulus

## Sports

Kurashiki has a variety of sports clubs, including former Japan Football League side Mitsubishi Mizushima.
* JX Nippon Oil & Energy Mizushima F.C. - Soccer
* Kurashiki Oceans - Baseball
* Kurashiki Peach Jacks - Baseball
* Mitsubishi Motors Mizushima FC - Soccer
Kurashiki was also the place where current J. League sides Vissel Kobe and Fagiano Okayama had their origins before moving.

## Notable people from Kurashiki

* Umekichi Hiyama, Japanese female folk rhyme master belonging to the Rakugo Arts Association
* Senichi Hoshino, baseball player
* Keitarou Izawa, a.k.a. Ichiyo Izawa, pianist, frontman of Appa, and former member of Tokyo Jihen
* Hisako Kanemoto, voice actress
* Mikio Kariyama, professional shogi player
* Kibi no Makibi, scholar and noble during the Nara period
* Megumi, actress
* Isamu Nagato, actor
* Magosaburō Ōhara, businessman and philanthropist
* Makiko Ohmoto, voice actress
* Yasuharu Ōyama, shogi player, the 15th Lifetime Meijin
* Daisuke Takahashi, figure skater
* Keiji Tanaka, figure skater
* Joichiro Tatsuyoshi, boxer
* Ahn Young-Hak, Japanese-born North Korean football midfielder