# Sailing at the 1956 Summer Olympics

Sailing/Yachting is an Olympic sport starting from the Games of the 1st Olympiad (1896 Olympics in Greece. With the exception of 1904 and the canceled 1916 Summer Olympics, sailing has always been included on the Olympic schedule. The Sailing program of 1956 consisted of a total of five sailing classes (disciplines). For each class seven races were scheduled from 26 November to 5 December 1956 at Port Phillip Bay.
The sailing was done on the triangular type Olympic courses. The start was made in the center of a set of 8 numbered marks that were places in a circle. During the starting procedure the sequence of the marks was communicated to the sailors. By picking the mark that was most upwind the start could always be made upwind. This system is, at least in certain German lakes, still in use.

## Venue

Port Phillip Bay a natural bay of about 725 square miles (1,900 km$^2$) of water, free of reefs a mere 8 miles (13 km) from the Main Stadium of the Olympics. One can enter the bay from the Southern Ocean a narrow gap of about 3 km. Therefore, the course areas are almost free of tidal streams. However, there is a 0.5 m tidal rise. The winds are ideal for sailing. The predominant southerlies generates light airs in the morning. It freshens in the afternoon to up to 18 knots (33 km/h), and then easing and backing south-east in the evening.
Three circular courses were planned for the northern end of Port Phillip Bay, each using the 1936 system with 8 fixed buoy's with the start in the middle of the circle. At Sandringham for the Finn a course length of approximately 6 nautical miles (11 km) was used. For the 12 square metres and Star the length was set to about 10 nautical miles (19 km). The Dragon and 5.5 Metre were using a course length of 14 nautical miles (26 km).

## Competition
### Overview

| Continents | Countries | Classes | Boats | Male | Female |
| 5 | 29 | 5 | 71 | 154 | 0 |

### Continents

* Africa
* Asia
* Australian continent
* Europe
* Americas

### Countries
## Participating nations

* Argentina (6)
* Australia (11)
* Austria (1)
* Bahamas (3)
* Belgium (1)
* Bermuda (3)
* Brazil (3)
* Burma (2)
* Canada (8)
* Cuba (2)
* Denmark (4)
* Fiji (1)
* Finland (3)
* France (8)
* United Team of Germany (9)
* Great Britain (12)
* Greece (2)
* Ireland (1)
* Italy (12)
* New Zealand (5)
* Norway (6)
* Portugal (5)
* Singapore (5)
* South Africa (6)
* Soviet Union (11)
* Sweden (7)
* Thailand (2)
* United States (13)

### Classes (equipment)

The 1956 Olympic classes :
| Class | Type | Sailors | Trapeze | Mainsail | Jib/Genoa | Spinnaker | First OG | Olympics so far |
| Finn | Dinghy | 1 | 0 | + | – | – | 1952 | 2 |
| 12m$^2$ Sharpie | Dinghy | 2 | 0 | + | + | – | 1956 | 1 |
| Star | Keelboat | 2 | 0 | + | + | – | 1932 | 5 |
| Dragon | Keelboat | 3 | 0 | + | + | + | 1948 | 3 |
| 5.5 Metre | Keelboat | 3 | 0 | + | + | + | 1952 | 2 |
| Legend: = Male, = Female, = Open ||||||||||

## Medal summary

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| 1956: Finn details | Denmark (DEN) Paul Elvstrøm | Belgium (BEL) André Nelis | United States (USA) John Marvin |
| 1956: 12 m$^2$ Sharpie details | New Zealand (NZL) Peter Mander Jack Cropp | Australia (AUS) Rolland Tasker John Scott | Great Britain (GBR) Jasper Blackall Terence Smith |
| 1956: Star details | United States (USA) Herbert Williams Lawrence Low | Italy (ITA) Agostino Straulino Nicolò Rode | Bahamas (BAH) Durward Knowles Sloane Farrington |
| 1956: Dragon details | Sweden (SWE) Folke Bohlin Bengt Palmquist Leif Wikström | Denmark (DEN) Ole Berntsen Cyril Andresen Christian von Bülow | Great Britain (GBR) Graham Mann Ronald Backus Jonathan Janson |
| 1956: 5.5 Metre details | Sweden (SWE) Lars Thörn Hjalmar Karlsson Sture Stork | Great Britain (GBR) Robert Perry David Bowker John Dillon Neil Kennedy-Cochran-Patrick | Australia (AUS) Jock Sturrock Douglas Buxton Devereaux Mytton |

## Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1 | Sweden (SWE) | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| 2 | Denmark (DEN) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| 3 | United States (USA) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 4 | New Zealand (NZL) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 5 | Great Britain (GBR) | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| 6 | Australia (AUS) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 7 | Belgium (BEL) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 7 | Italy (ITA) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 9 | Bahamas (BAH) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (9 entries) | Totals (9 entries) | 5 | 5 | 5 | 15 |

## Remarks
### Olympic boycott

1956 was the first time in history that several countries decided to boycott the Olympics. The boycott that influenced the sailing the most was probably that of The Netherlands, Spain, and Switzerland. They withdrew to protest against the Soviet Union invasion of Hungary during the 1956 Hungarian Revolution and Soviet presence at the Games. At that time The Netherlands dominated at the International competition in the 12m$^2$ Sharpie.

### Sailing

* This Olympic sailing event was gender independent, but turned out to be a Men-only event. This was one of the triggers to create gender specific events. This however had to wait until 1988.
* Classes were hosted by several local yacht clubs:
** Sandringham Yacht Club: Finn
** Elwood Sailing Club: 12m$^2$ Sharpie
** Royal St. Kilda Yacht Club: Star
** Royal Brighton Yacht Club: Dragon
** Royal Yacht Club of Victoria: 5.5 Metre
* The Royal St. Kilda Yacht Club was also the Sailing Headquarters
* Thirty-five Finn boats were built by a Melbourne firm of yacht builders. Other than in Helsinki, they were cold moulded shells of Queensland maple veneer. The mast and boom were of sitka spruce.
* The weather, throughout the series, was fine, with moderate sea breezes and pleasant sunshine. Except on 29 November th when the races in the Finn were postponed, several 12m$^2$ Meter Sharpies capsized, only 5 out of 13 Sharpies could finish and the 5.5 Metre's of the Soviet Union and South Africa were dismasted.
* The courses were set by the Royal Australian Navy. The vessels: H.M.A.S. Warramunga, H.M.A.S. Swan and H.M.A.S. Sprightly acted as starting vessels.

### Sailors

During the sailing regattas at the 1956 Summer Olympics among others the following persons were competing in the various classes:
* Denmark (DEN), Paul Elvstrøm in the Finn won his third consecutive Gold medal
* Canada (CAN), Bruce Kirby in the Finn, yacht designer of the Olympic Laser.
* New Zealand (NZL), Peter Mander won the first New Zealand Olympic gold medal in the 12m$^2$ Sharpie, became later president of the New Zealand Yachting Federation.
* Great Britain (GBR), Graham Hargrave Mann helmed the dragon Bluebottle the wedding gift to Her Majesty the Queen.
* Australia (AUS), Jock Sturrock in the 5.5 Metres, won Australia's first medal in Olympic sailing. Later skipper of "Gretel" and "Dame Pattie", the first two Australian challengers for the America's Cup.
* Thailand (THA), Prince of Thailand, Prinz Bhanubanda Bira in the Star