OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Vaad Hatzalah

Vaad Hatzalah (the Rescue Committee or Committee for Rescuing) was an organization to rescue Jews in Europe from the Holocaust, which was founded in November 1939 by the Union of Orthodox Rabbis of the United States and Canada (Agudath Harabbanim).
The organization was originally named Emergency Committee for War-Torn Yeshivas and it is often referred to as "the Rescue Committee" also formally named: Vaad ha-Hatzala in Hebrew.

## Activities

The Agudath HaRabbanim (Union of Orthodox Rabbis), led by Rabbi Eliezer Silver of Cincinnati, founded an organization specifically devoted to the rescue of European Jews called the Vaad Hatzalah ("Rescue Committee"). The Vaad was supported by all of Orthodox Jewry (Agudath Israel, Young Israel, Mizrachi, etc.). It was led by three of the greatest Sages of America: Rabbi Eliezer Silver, Rabbi Avraham Kalmanowitz, and, after he was brought to the United States through the Vaad in 1941, Rabbi Aharon Kotler. The leaders of the Vaad were willing to do anything to save their fellow Jews, recognizing that saving lives was the priority.
For example, the Polish government-in-exile ambassador in Bern, Aleksander Ładoś, sent coded cables to New York City on behalf of the Vaad and related Jewish organizations. The United States State Department had issued orders to block messages coming from Europe regarding news of the Nazis extermination of the Jews.

## Archives

The records of the Vaad Hatzala can be examined at Yeshiva University Archives. A guide to the collection may be viewed at the website of Yeshiva University Libraries.
# Thomas Wiggin

Captain Thomas Wiggin (1601–1666), often known as Governor Thomas Wiggin, was the first governor of the Upper Plantation of New Hampshire, a settlement that later became part of the Province of New Hampshire in 1679. He was the founder of Stratham, Rockingham, New Hampshire, which celebrated its 300th anniversary of incorporation in 2016. He was the son of a vicar in the Church of England with family ties to important and influential families of the era, and a highly respected man in his own right who left his stamp on what would become American values.

## Biography

Wiggin first appears in colonial records as a signatory to the Wheelwright Deed in May 1629. This document, which some historians, in response to the American Civil War, have claimed is a forgery, lays out an alliance with the sagamores of the Algonquins for mutual defense and to transfer land along the seacoast of present-day New Hampshire from the local Indians to a group of English colonists led by Reverend John Wheelwright.
Wiggin arrived in New England on the Winthrop Fleet. By 1631, he had been appointed by the proprietors of the "Upper" or "Dover" Plantation (comprising modern-day Dover, Durham and Stratham) to be their chief agent or governor. He settled in what is now Stratham. He was also the holder of the large Squamscott patent, covering land east of the mouth of the Squamscott River, and was a close ally of Governor John Winthrop of the neighboring Massachusetts Bay Colony.
In 1632, Wiggin traveled to England, and returned the following year with expanded powers and 30 Puritan settlers. Wiggin acted as governor of the plantation until its inhabitants established a more formal government in 1637 and elected George Burdett as governor. During this time, the Dover plantation was divided along religious lines, with the 1633 Puritan arrivals disagreeing with the early Anglican settlers.
When Massachusetts authorities asserted territorial claims over the New Hampshire plantations in the early 1640s, Wiggin represented them in the colonial assembly, and eventually rose to become a member of the Massachusetts council of assistants.
Wiggin was a Puritan and extremely religious. He ascribed fervently to the belief that the Anglican Church had to be cleansed of Catholic theology and ritual. He was convinced that God would punish England for its heresy, and believed that English Puritans needed to create a New England in a new world.
Three of Wiggin's children survived to adulthood: Andrew, Mary and Thomas. In June 1659, his son Andrew married Hannah Bradstreet, daughter of Massachusetts Governor Simon Bradstreet and Anne Dudley (daughter of Massachusetts Governor Thomas Dudley). Wiggin's son Thomas (born c. 1640) married Sarah, sister of Walter Barefoote.

## Sources

* Lewis Company. Genealogical and Family History of New Hampshire, Volume 3
# Montoya v. United States

Montoya v. United States (180 U.S. 261), was a 1901 decision of the United States Supreme Court. The decision was unanimous, with the opinion authored by Justice Henry Billings Brown.
This United States Supreme court case came about when the surviving partner of the firm of E. Montoya & Sons petitioned against the United States and the Mescalero Apache Indians for the value their livestock which was taken in March 1880. It was believed that the livestock was taken by "Victorio's Band" which was a group of these American Indians. It was argued that the group of American Indians who had taken the livestock were distinct from any other American Indian tribal group, and therefore the Mescalero Apache American Indian tribe should not be held responsible for what had occurred. After the hearing, the Supreme Court held that the judgment made previously in the Court of Claims would not be changed. This is to say that the Mescalero Apache American Indian tribe would not be held accountable for the actions of Victorio's Band. This outcome demonstrates not only the sovereignty of American Indian tribes from the United States, but also their sovereignty from one another. One group of American Indians cannot be held accountable for the actions of another group of American Indians, even though they are all part of the American Indian nation.
The case established a three-part legal definition of an American Indian tribe, sometimes called the Montoya definition:
* A body of Indians of the same or similar race;
* United in a community under one leadership or government;
* Inhabiting a particular though sometimes ill-defined territory.

## Prior history

The case was filed with the United States Court of Claims on April 12, 1897; the Court of Claims dismissed the claim, with the opinion authored by Stanton J. Peelle.
# Bye-Bye (Ayumi Hamasaki song)

"Bye-Bye" is a song by Japanese singer-songwriter Ayumi Hamasaki. It was released on April 8, 2024, through Avex Trax, and used as the April-May 2024 theme for Minna no Uta.
The song peaked at number four on the Oricon Daily Digital Singles Chart upon release, and ranked at number twenty-five on the Oricon Weekly Digital Singles Chart.

## Writing and production

Hamasaki worked with Kunio Tago on the single; Tago has previously worked with the artist on songs such as "Scar", "Days", and "Zutto...", and is also known for working with Ko Shibasaki and Every Little Thing. The arrangement was done by Tasuku.
When the song released, Hamasaki spoke about her worries about being able to write appropriately for the family-oriented Minna no Uta. "I was unsure about whether it would be okay for me to go all out," the singer stated, adding that the process went smoother after staff told her to go about writing as usual: "I was told to go ahead with creating my usual 'Hamasaki world'. I was able to throw away my doubts".
The song itself is described as a "2000s-inspired" R&B dance number, Hamasaki quoting traditional Japanese nursery rhymes throughout the lyrics.

## Cover art

The cover art is credited to Masayuki Kamo, who also worked on Remember You and "Haru yo, koi" as the primary photographer. In the photo, Hamasaki stands in a traditional schoolgirl outfit, looking directly at the viewer in front of a pile of school chairs.

## Music video

The music video, directed by Hideaki Sunaga, was released on April 8. It is set in an abandoned school hall filled with the school chairs seen in the cover art. Hamasaki, her dance troupe, and a group of child actors sit at desks in an otherwise dark, empty space before the video transitions to them all holding hands in a circle. The video continues to switch between moments of them writing, to everyone slowly circling the singer; one of these transitions is to a dance break with more traditional stage choreography. The video ends with the chairs piled up behind Hamasaki, the dancers absent from the final shot as she stares into the camera.
The First Times quoted online feedback describing the video as "dark and mysterious", as well as compliments on the "addictive" choreography. A music video for Minna no Uta was also produced, created by artist Mana Inouye.

## Promotion

"Bye-Bye" was used as the April-May 2024 theme song for Minna no Uta, and was performed live during Hamasaki's Team Ayu Limited: Thank U Tour 2024 tour. It was also promoted as an anniversary track, marking 26 years since Hamasaki's debut.

## Charts

| Chart (2024) | Peak position |
| Oricon Daily Digital Singles Chart | 4 |
| Oricon Weekly Digital Singles Chart | 25 |
| Billboard Japan Download Songs | 27 |
# List of storms named Chanthu

The name Chanthu has been used to name four tropical cyclones in the western north Pacific. The name was submitted by Cambodia and means flower.
* Severe Tropical Storm Chanthu (2004) (T0405, 08W, Gener) – struck Vietnam
* Typhoon Chanthu (2010) (T1003, 04W, Caloy) – struck China
* Severe Tropical Storm Chanthu (2016) (T1607, 09W) – brushed the eastern coast of Japan at peak intensity
* Typhoon Chanthu (2021) (T2114, 19W, Kiko) – A Category 5 super typhoon that caused damage mainly in Taiwan, China, and Japan.
| Preceded byLuc-Binh | Pacific typhoon season names Chanthu | Succeeded byDianmu |
# Titus Thotawatte

Thotawattege Don Manuel Titus de Silva (Sinhala:ටයිටස් තොටවත්ත), popularly as Titus Thotawatte, was a Sri Lankan director and editor who made several popular Sri Lankan action movies in the 1960s and 1970s and later developed Sinhala children's programmes. Thotawatte died on 15 October 2011 in Colombo.

## Early life

He was born on 17 April 1927 in Colombo. He was the second child in a family of three children, with two elder brothers and one younger sister. He attended Ananda College in Colombo and studied art under J.D.A. Perera and Stanley Abeysinghe and Matara Technical College.

## Career

Thottawatte joined Lester James Peries and Willie Blake as editor to make Rekava in 1956. It was an attempt to make a truly Sinhalese movie in contrast with the Southern Indian copies then in vogue.
Thottawatte debuted as a director with Chandiya in 1965. The film starred Gamini Fonseka in the first villains role of Sinhala Cinema. Other early films include Kauda Hari (1969), Thewatha (1970) and Haralaksaya (1971).
In 1980, Thotawatte wrote and directed the children's movie Handaya, which was awarded Best Picture at the Sarasaviya Film Festival.
In the 1980s and 1990s, he dubbed English cartoons such as Bugs Bunny, Doctor Dolittle and Top Cat into Sinhala for Sinhalese audiences with the popular titles Ha Ha Hari Hawa, Dosthara Honda Hitha and Pissu Pusa respectively. He is considered to be the pioneer of dubbing programmes in Sri Lanka. These continue to air on Sinhala Television channels. Thotawatte created puppet characters like Eluson.
When the first National Media Awards took place in Sri Lanka, Thotawatte, was awarded a gold medal for his contribution to television and media in Sri Lanka.

## Filmography

| Year | Film | Roles |
| 1956 | Rekava | Film Editor |
| 1960 | Sandesaya | Film Editor |
| 1962 | Daskon | Film Editor, Technical Advisor |
| 1962 | Ranmuthu Duwa | Film Editor |
| 1964 | Getawarayo | Film Editor |
| 1964 | Dheewarayo | Film Editor |
| 1965 | Saaravita | Film Editor |
| 1965 | Chandiya | Director, Screenwriter, Film Editor |
| 1966 | Parasathu Mal | Film Editor |
| 1967 | Sorungeth Soru | Film Editor |
| 1967 | Vasanthi | Film Editor |
| 1968 | Punchi Baba | Film Editor |
| 1969 | Baduth Ekka Horu | Film Editor |
| 1969 | Hanthane Kathawa | Film Editor |
| 1969 | Kawuda Hari | Director, Film Editor |
| 1970 | Thevetha | Director, Screenwriter, Film Editor |
| 1971 | Haaralakshe | Director, Screenwriter, Film Editor |
| 1972 | Atheethayen Kathawak | Assistant Director, Film Editor |
| 1974 | Sihasuna | Director, Film Editor, Producer |
| 1974 | Sagarika | Director, Film Editor |
| 1975 | Sikuruliya | Film Editor |
| 1976 | Mangala | Director, Screenwriter, Film Editor |
| 1977 | Maruwa Samaga Wase | Eddie. Director, Film Editor |
| 1979 | Handaya | Director, Screenwriter, Film Editor |
# Fools (2003 film)

Fools is a 2003 Indian Telugu-language romantic comedy film directed by Dasari Narayana Rao and starring himself, Srinath and Gajala. The film is inspired by the Malayalam film Godfather although that film had already been remade into Telugu.

## Plot

Deepti's parents accuse her of being in love. Although Deepti is not in love, she runs into Narasimha Rao and falls in love with him to make her parents' accusation true. Narasimha Rao is part of a large family headed by his father, A. V. Narasimha Naidu, that includes five brothers (Ranga, Rajarao, Subbarao, Apparao, himself) and a sister. Narasimha Naidu did not marry off his sons because he wanted to find the perfect girl for them. However, his daughter was ostracized from the family after running away with another man. When Deepti and Narasimha Rao realize that they are part of the same family because Narasimha Rao's sister is Deepti's mother, they try to reunite the family.

## Cast

* Dasari Narayana Rao as Ranga
* Srinath as Narasimha Rao
* Gajala as Deepti
* Satyanarayana as A. V. Narasimha Naidu
* Giri Babu as Rajarao
* Chandra Mohan as Subbarao
* Sudhakar as Apparao
* Brahmanandam
* Kovai Sarala as Manga
* L. B. Sriram
* Shakeela
* Ramya Sri
* Rallapalli
* S. P. Balasubrahmanyam (guest appearance)
* Krishna as Deepti's father (guest appearance)
* Jayasudha as Deepti's mother (guest appearance)
* Krishna Kumari (guest appearance)

## Production

Durga Nageswara Rao, MS Kota Reddy, and Relangi Narasimha Rao worked as assistant director for the film with Relangi assisting with comedy scenes.

## Soundtrack

Music composed by Vandemataram Srinivas.
| Song | Lyricist | Singer(s) |
| "Soundaryama" | Dasari | M. M. Keeravani, Usha |
| "Bus Ekkite" | Taidala Bapu | Chakri |
| "Aaku Chatu Pindelam" | Suddala Ashok Teja | Radhika, Sudha Rani |
| "Tannulu Tinte" | Dasari | Devi Sri Prasad, Swarna Latha |
| Adugu Adagani | Dasari | R. P. Patnaik, Nishka |
| "Ooi Entoy" | Dasari | Vandemataram Srinivas, M. M. Srilekha |

## Reception

Gudipoodi Srihari of The Hindu said that "This is a full-length comedy, enjoyable almost throughout its run with Dasari at the helm. He handles the subject well as its director. Newcomer Srinath acts with ease". A critic from Sify wrote that "The film looks too jaded with an old fashioned story. There`s nothing new in the way the film is packaged". Manju Latha Kalanidhi of Full Hyderabad opined that the film's plot is "flimsy" and non-existent.
# Useful Jew

The term useful Jew was used in various historical contexts, typically describing a Jew useful in implementing an official authority's policy, sometimes by oppressing other Jews.
* In 1744, Frederick II of Prussia introduced the practice of limiting Jewish population to a small number of the most wealthy families, known as "protected Jews" (Schutzjuden). The first-born son in such families inherited this privilege; other children were considered useless by the authorities and had the choice of either abstaining from marriage or leaving.
* Following the establishment of the Pale of Settlement by Imperial Russia, only "useful Jews" (Russian: полезные евреи) were allowed to live outside the Pale; these included Jews such as wealthy first-rung merchants (Russian: купцы первой гильдии), persons who had received higher education, cantonists (after serving their full term in the army), and some other categories.
* In the Soviet Union, Jewish members of the Anti-Zionist Committee of the Soviet Public were colloquially known as "useful Jews" or "pocket Jews" (Russian: карманные евреи), implying their corruption by high positions in the state hierarchy.
* In Israel and among its supporters, along with the term "useful Jews", the term "useful idiots" is often used to describe anti-Zionist/post-Zionist Jews who stand against the Jewish state.
# Arago de Sète

Arago de Séte is a French professional volleyball club based in Sete, France. They currently compete in the top flight of French volleyball, the LNV Ligue A.

## History

Arago de Séte was founded in 1953 by former students of the Arago School, including Maurice Vié, who became the club's first president. The club initially included a variety of sports in addition to volleyball, including judo and table tennis. In 1968 the club became volleyball specific.

## Team
### First Team Squad

This is the Arago de Séte team for the 2018–19 Ligue A season.
Head coach: Fabian Dugrip
| No. | Name | Date of birth | Height | Position |
| 2 | Manuel Coscione | (1980-01-29) January 29, 1980 (age 45) | 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in) | Setter |
| 3 | Antoine Carreno | (1999-12-22) December 22, 1999 (age 25) | 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) | Libero |
| 4 | Arthur Piazzeta | (1997-11-28) November 28, 1997 (age 27) | 1.92 m (6 ft 4 in) | Setter |
| 5 | Theo Bastien | | 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in) | Outside hitter |
| 6 | Axel Truhtchev | (1995-04-29) April 29, 1995 (age 29) | 1.96 m (6 ft 5 in) | Outside hitter |
| 7 | Branimir Grozdanov | (1994-05-21) May 21, 1994 (age 30) | 1.98 m (6 ft 6 in) | Outside hitter |
| 8 | Elviss Krastins | (1994-09-15) September 15, 1994 (age 30) | 1.92 m (6 ft 4 in) | Outside hitter |
| 9 | Baptist Enfoux | (1996-04-01) April 1, 1996 (age 28) | 2.00 m (6 ft 7 in) | Outside hitter |
| 10 | Samuel Jeanlys | (1999-03-27) March 27, 1999 (age 25) | 2.02 m (6 ft 8 in) | Opposite |
| 11 | Killian Weidner | (1997-04-17) April 17, 1997 (age 27) | 2.03 m (6 ft 8 in) | Middle |
| 12 | Steve Peironet Tupchii | (1985-05-20) May 20, 1985 (age 39) | 1.84 m (6 ft 0 in) | Libero |
| 13 | Vasyl Tupchii | (1992-01-13) January 13, 1992 (age 33) | 2.02 m (6 ft 8 in) | Opposite |
| 14 | Arthur Szwarc | (1995-03-30) March 30, 1995 (age 29) | 2.09 m (6 ft 10 in) | Middle |
| 16 | Daryl Bultor | (1995-11-17) November 17, 1995 (age 29) | 1.90 m (6 ft 3 in) | Middle |
| 18 | Mathis Courdavault | | 1.92 m (6 ft 4 in) | Setter |
| 19 | Pierre Bouleau | (1998-08-06) August 6, 1998 (age 26) | 1.76 m (5 ft 9 in) | Libero |
# Copa Faulcombridge

The Copa Faulcombridge is a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It is part of the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) Challenger Tour. It is held in Valencia, Spain, and it is named after Alfred Faulconbridge (1864–1932), founder of what today is the Valencia Tennis Club.

## Past finals
### Singles

| Year | Champion | Runner-up | Score |
| 2002 | David Ferrer | Leonardo Olguín | 6–4, 6-3 |
| 2003–2021 | Not held | Not held | Not held |
| 2022 | Oleksii Krutykh | Luca Van Assche | 6–2, 6–0 |
| 2023 | Fabio Fognini | Roberto Bautista Agut | 3–6, 7–6$^{(10–8)}$, 7–6$^{(7–3)}$ |
| 2024 | Pedro Martínez | Jaime Faria | 6–1, 6–2 |

### Doubles

| Year | Champions | Runners-up | Score |
| 2002 | Tim Crichton Todd Perry | Marcus Hilpert Shaun Rudman | Walkover |
| 2003–2021 | Not held | Not held | Not held |
| 2022 | Oleksii Krutykh Oriol Roca Batalla | Ivan Sabanov Matej Sabanov | 6–3, 7–6$^{(7–3)}$ |
| 2023 | Andrea Pellegrino Andrea Vavassori | Daniel Rincón Oriol Roca Batalla | 6–2, 6–4 |
| 2024 | Alexander Merino Christoph Negritu | Karol Drzewiecki Piotr Matuszewski | 6–3, 6–4 |
# Carré du champ operator

The carré du champ operator (French for square of a field operator) is a bilinear, symmetric operator from analysis and probability theory. The carré du champ operator measures how far an infinitesimal generator is from being a derivation.
The operator was introduced in 1969 by Hiroshi Kunita [d] and independently discovered in 1976 by Jean-Pierre Roth in his doctoral thesis.
The name "carré du champ" comes from electrostatics.

## Carré du champ operator for a Markov semigroup

Let $(X,{\mathcal {E}},\mu )$ be a σ-finite measure space, $\{P_{t}\}_{t\geq 0}$ a Markov semigroup of non-negative operators on $L^{2}(X,\mu )$, $A$ the infinitesimal generator of $\{P_{t}\}_{t\geq 0}$ and ${\mathcal {A}}$ the algebra of functions in ${\mathcal {D}}(A)$, i.e. a vector space such that for all $f,g\in {\mathcal {A}}$ also $fg\in {\mathcal {A}}$.

### Carré du champ operator

The carré du champ operator of a Markovian semigroup $\{P_{t}\}_{t\geq 0}$ is the operator $\Gamma :{\mathcal {A}}\times {\mathcal {A}}\to \mathbb {R}$ defined (following P. A. Meyer) as
    $\Gamma (f,g)={\frac {1}{2}}\left(A(fg)-fA(g)-gA(f)\right)$
for all $f,g\in {\mathcal {A}}$.

### Properties

From the definition, it follows that
    $\Gamma (f,g)=\lim \limits _{t\to 0}{\frac {1}{2t}}\left(P_{t}(fg)-P_{t}fP_{t}g\right).$
For $f\in {\mathcal {A}}$ we have $P_{t}(f^{2})\geq (P_{t}f)^{2}$ and thus $A(f^{2})\geq 2fAf$ and
    $\Gamma (f):=\Gamma (f,f)\geq 0,\quad \forall f\in {\mathcal {A}}$
therefore the carré du champ operator is positive.
The domain is
    ${\mathcal {D}}(A):=\left\{f\in L^{2}(X,\mu );\;\lim \limits _{t\downarrow 0}{\frac {P_{t}f-f}{t}}{\text{ exists and is in }}L^{2}(X,\mu )\right\}.$

### Remarks

* The definition in Roth's thesis is slightly different.
# CV Ciutadella

Club Voleibol Ciutadella, also known as Avarca Menorca for sponsorship reasons, is a Spanish volleyball club from Ciutadella de Menorca in the Balearic Islands. Founded in 1985 merge of the teams of several local schools, it is best known for its women's team, which was promoted to the Superliga in 2006 and soon became one of the leading teams in the championship. In 2009 it was third, in 2010 it was the runner-up and in 2011 and 2012 it won the championship.

## Titles

* Spanish League (2)
** 2011, 2012
* Supercopa de España (1)
** 2020

## 2013–14 season squad

| # | Name | DoB | Height | Nat. | Position |
| 1. | Esperanza Pons | (1980-06-27) June 27, 1980 (age 44) | 1.76 m (5 ft 9 in) | | Wing-spiker |
| 3. | Sheila d'Amaro | (1982-10-20) October 20, 1982 (age 42) | 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) | / | Wing-spiker |
| 4. | Raquel Brun | (1993-09-17) September 17, 1993 (age 31) | 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) | | Wing-spiker |
| 7. | Ana Maldonado | (1994-09-13) September 13, 1994 (age 30) | 1.74 m (5 ft 9 in) | | Setter |
| 8. | Danira Costa | (1992-01-07) January 7, 1992 (age 33) | 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) | | Setter |
| 9. | María Elisa Gener | (1985-06-20) June 20, 1985 (age 39) | 1.63 m (5 ft 4 in) | / | Libero |
| 10. | Esther Marqués | (1978-06-03) June 3, 1978 (age 46) | 1.76 m (5 ft 9 in) | | Middle-blocker |
| 11. | Irene Cano | (1985-04-23) April 23, 1985 (age 39) | 1.89 m (6 ft 2 in) | | Middle-blocker |
| 13. | Therese McNatt | (1979-06-10) June 10, 1979 (age 45) | 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) | | Opposite |
| 17. | Gracieli do Monte | (1990-11-17) November 17, 1990 (age 34) | 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) | | Wing-spiker |