# Philippine Collegian

The Philippine Collegian, also known as Kulê (Tagalog:), is an alternative Philippine news outlet and the official student publication of the University of the Philippines Diliman. Published in a wide variety of paper formats throughout its history, as well as online, it was first established in 1922.
The Collegian is commonly associated with the national democratic movement. Many of the publication's staffers opposed martial law under Ferdinand Marcos. Some campaigned against the dictatorship through legal means while others fought to overthrow it through armed rebellion, joining the Communist Party of the Philippines.
The Collegian continues to publish views critical of the university administration and the Philippine government as a "mainstay of the Philippine democratic left."

## History
### Establishment and pre-war history

The Collegian was first known as the College Folio (1910) and then Varsity News (1917). As the College Folio, it was one of the first undergraduate journals in the Philippines. The Philippine Collegian was officially established in 1922. Since then, it has become a symbol for academic freedom, critical thinking, and journalistic integrity and excellence. In 1935, the Collegian published Teodoro Agoncillo's review of Ricardo Pascual's book Dr. Jose Rizal beyond the Grave, despite threats of excommunication from the Catholic Church. And in 1951, editor in chief (EIC) Elmer Ordoñez exposed the government's intervention in UP affairs, particularly in the aftermath of UP President Bienvenido Gonzalez's resignation. That period also saw the accommodation of the Filipino language in its content. During the post-war years, the Collegian became increasingly progressive in tackling university-based issues, particularly on "sectarianism" and favoritism in the administration. Despite the widespread conservatism, which equated nationalist sentiments with "communist threats", the Collegian continued publishing articles from socialism to the Hukbalahap movement.

### During World War II

During the Japanese occupation of the Philippines, the Collegian was largely silent, since many of the university's units were shut down. In 1946, the Collegian resumed publishing, maintaining an anti-colonialist perspective. The 1950s brought to fore issues of academic freedom in the university, heightening the clash of beliefs between the Collegian, the university administration, and the national government. Then EIC Homobono Adaza, for example, was expelled for an editorial criticizing the UP administration.

### During the Marcos dictatorship

Articles on the emergent revolutionary movement gained ground in the 1960s, complementing the rise of the student movement against the dictatorship of then President Ferdinand Marcos. During Martial Law, the Collegian defied the media blackout by going underground. The publication formed the radical press together with the other student publications such as the Ang Malaya of the Philippine College of Commerce, now Polytechnic University of the Philippines and Pandayan of Ateneo de Manila University and the publications of various national democratic groups.
By the time Martial Law was declared in 1972, the Collegian's nationalist orientation was already established. The publication continued to operate underground, exposing realities that were vastly different from what was presented by government-controlled media. Subsequently, several Collegian staff, including Enrique Voltaire Garcia, Antonio Tagamolila, and Jacinto Peña faced imprisonment and death.
While the regular Collegian headed by EIC Oscar Yabes in 1973 headlined UP President Salvador P. Lopez's campus beautification project and weekly UAAP updates, the Rebel Collegian decried the 20-percent tuition hike and the dissolution of student institutions like the Office of Student Regent and the UP Student Council. The Rebel Collegian issues brought to the fore the students' demand for lower tuition and dorm rates, among others, while "taking up the oppressed masses cause in exposing the corruption, servility, and violence of our semi-colonial and semi-feudal society". Meanwhile, the regular Collegian of then EIC Oscar Yabes served as a diversionary propaganda tool with its emphasis on counter-revolutionary literary pieces, with nary a critique of the atrocities under the US-Marcos regime. Yabes would also later come under fire due to his alleged malversation of the newspaper's funds.

### Late 20th century

The paper remained vigilant even after the collapse of the Marcos regime. In the 1989 editorial "EDSA and UP—Three Years After", EIC Ruben Carranza, Jr. noted that "social injustice and foreign domination" remained entrenched in Philippine society. In the euphoria following the end of People Power, this viewpoint was decidedly unpopular.
The conflicts experienced by the Collegian, however, were not entirely external. Power struggles and challenges in editorship roused many controversies in the past. For instance, the Rebel Collegian came into existence in 1996 after the battle between Voltaire Veneracion and Richard Gappi, rivals for the EIC post that year. The UP community saw two contending Collegians—Gappi's Rebel Collegian and the regular Collegian under Veneracion. The articles in the Rebel Collegian in 1996 bore no byline, although it was an open secret that Gappi led the publication's operations. The newsprint became an arena of the opposing camps from the ideological rift that characterized the Left movement then. On the one hand, Veneracion and the editor before him, Ibarra Gutierrez, espoused social democratic politics, Gappi and most of his colleagues from former EIC Michael John Ac-Ac's staff embraced national democracy. The 1980s and 1990s spurred additional internal disputes as staffers and editors fought to assert competing philosophies.

### Early 21st century

The Collegian was hosted on kule.upd.edu.ph in the early 2000s. It later migrated to philippinecollegian.net and then philippinecollegian.org. Online copies of the publication's print issues were posted on DeviantArt until 2013, later migrating to Issuu.
At the height of the campaign against the 300 percent tuition hike, then UP President Emerlinda Roman insisted on a public bidding for the Collegian's printing press, based on the university administration's interpretation of Republic Act 9184 or the Government Procurement Act. The Collegian's funds were withheld for four months.
In 2018, the fourth iteration of the Rebel Collegian (Rebel Kulê) was released. Controversy arose when the Board of Judges for the Collegian's editorial examinations, headed by UP College of Mass Communication Dean Elena Pernia, released the list of qualified takers but excluded two Collegian writers, Marvin Ang and Richard Cornelio, on the grounds of their graduating statuses. Law student Jayson Edward San Juan topped the four-part test and the decision was upheld despite appeals from the Collegian and student councils in UP to hold another examination. Sheila Ann Abarra, the managing editor of the past editorial term, served as Rebel Kulê's EIC.

### During the COVID-19 pandemic

The Collegian transitioned into online publishing during the COVID-19 lockdowns. The exclusively online arrangement made way for long, broad-gauged writing—in June 2020, the Collegian published a 48-page special online issue on the first three months of the lockdown. Now, the publication continues to publish content and news updates on its Facebook, Instagram, and X, the platform formerly known as Twitter, pages, as well as its official website, phkule.org.

### Contemporary history

After a two-year hiatus, the Collegian returned to physical publishing in May 2022, just before the 2022 Philippine presidential election. The publication reverted to a tabloid format in 2023.
Since the ouster of Marcos during the EDSA Revolution, the Collegian has regularly undergone changes in format and withstood controversies regarding the selection of its editors.

## Collegian editors

* Francisco Capistrano, 1923–1924
* Emerito M. Ramos, 1930–1931
* Wenceslao Q. Vinzons, 1931–1932
* Ambrosio Padilla, 1932–1933
* Arturo M. Tolentino, 1933–1934
* Armando de J. Malay, 1934–1935
* Sinai C. Hamada, 1936-1937
* Romeno S. Busuego, 1937–1938
* Renato Constantino, 1939–1940
* Angel G. Baking, 1940–1941
* Delfin R. Garcia, 1941–1942
* Juan M. Hagad, 1946–1947
* Mariano V. Ampil, Jr., 1947–1948
* Leonardo B. Perez, 1948–1949
* Augusto Caesar Espiritu, 1949–1950
* Elmer A. Ordonez, 1950–1951
* Francisco D. Villanueva, 1951–1952
* Ignacio Debuque, 1952–1953
* Crispulo J. Icban, Jr., 1953–1954
* Luis Q. U. Uranza, Jr., 1954–1955
* Sabino Padilla, Jr., 1955–1956
* Homobono A. Adaza, 1956
* Jose H. Y. Masakayan, 1956–1957
* Homobono Adaza, 1957–1958
* Pacifico Agabin, 1958
* Caesar Agnir, 1958–1959
* Andres G. Gatmaitan, 1959-1960
* Leonardo Quisumbing, 1961–1962
* Angelito Imperio, 1962–1963
* Tristan Catindig, 1964
* Salvador T. Carlota, 1964
* Enrique Voltaire Garcia II, 1965
* Ancheta K. Tan, 1965
* Agustin Que, 1966
* Jaime J. Yambao, 1966
* Temario Rivera, 1967
* Nelson A. Navarro, 1967
* Miriam P. Defensor, 1968
* José Y. Arcellana, 1968
* Victor H. Manarang, 1969
* Ernesto M. Valencia, 1970
* Antonio S. Tagamolila, 1970
* Reynaldo B. Vea, 1971
* Eduardo T. Gonzalez, 1971
* Teodoro D. Yabut, Jr., 1972
* Oscar G. Yabes, 1972
* Emmanuel F. Esguerra, 1974–1975
* Diwa C. Guinigundo, 1975
* Abraham Sarmiento, Jr., 1975–1976
* Cosme Diaz Rosell, 1976–1977
* Alexander Poblador, 1977–1978
* Diwata A. Reyes, 1978–1979
* Malou Mangahas, 1979–1980
* Roberto Z. Coloma, 1980–1981
* Roan I. Libarios, 1981–1982
* Napoleon J. Poblador, 1982–1983
* Raphael P. Lotilla, 1983–1984
* Benjamin Pimentel, Jr., 1984–1985
* Noel Pangilinan, 1985–1986
* Dean Karlo La Vina, 1986–1987
* Ma. Cristina Godinez, 1987–1988
* Patrocinio Jude H. Esguerra III, 1988–1989
* Ruben Carranza, Jr., 1989–1990
* Francis Ronald Perez, 1990–1991
* Alexander Pabico, 1991–1992
* Pablo John Garcia, Jr., 1992–1993
* Bernard Cobarrubias, 1993–1994
* Michael John C. Ac-ac, 1994–1995
* Ibarra M. Gutierrez, 1995–1996
* Voltaire Veneracion, 1996–1997
* Lourdes C. Gordolan, 1997–1998
* Jeanie Rose Bacong, 1998–1999
* Seymour Barros-Sanchez, 1999–2000
* Herbert V. Docena, 2000–2001
* Duke M. Bajenting, 2001–2002
* Ellaine Rose A. Beronio, 2002–2003
* Sherwin A. Mapanoo, 2003–2004
* Jayson DP. Fajarda, 2004–2005
* Juan Paolo E. Colet, 2005–2006
* Karl Fredrick M. Castro, 2006–2007
* Jerrie M. Abella, 2007–2008
* Larissa Mae R. Suarez, 2008–2009
* Om Narayan A. Velasco, 2009–2010
* Pauline Gidget R. Estella, 2010–2011
* Marjohara S. Tucay, 2011–2012
* Ma. Katherine H. Elona, 2012–2013
* Julian Inah G. Anunciacion, 2013–2014
* Mary Joy T. Capistrano, 2014–2016
* Karen Ann A. Macalalad, 2016–2017
* Sanny Boy D. Afable, 2017–2018
* Jayson Edward B. San Juan, 2018–2019
* Beatrice P. Puente, 2019–2020
* Kimberly Anne P. Yutuc, 2020–2021
* Polynne E. Dira, 2021–2022
* Daniel Sebastianne B. Daiz, 2022–2023
* Rona Q. Pizarro, 2023–2024
* Ryan Jericho F. Maltezo, 2024–present

## Notable alumni

* Ambrosio Padilla, elected member of the Senate of the Philippines.
* Jose Maria Sison, scholar, revolutionary, and founder of the Communist Party of the Philippines.
* Franklin Drilon, Senate of the Philippines President.
* Miriam Defensor Santiago, first woman editor-in-chief of the Philippine Collegian; elected member of the Senate of the Philippines.
* Edcel C. Lagman, eight term Representative of the First District of Albay; Author of the Reproductive Health Law, and the triumvirate of human rights laws, namely: the Anti-Enforced Disappearance Law, Anti-Torture Act, and Human Rights Victims Reparation and Recognition Act.
* Wenceslao Vinzons, student leader, former governor and representative of Camarines Norte.
* Ninotchka Rosca, author of the English language novels State of War and Twice Blessed.
* Renato Constantino, historian, author of the Filipino novels A Past Revisited and The Continuing Past.
* Leonardo Quisumbing, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines.
* Abraham Sarmiento, Jr., student leader.
* Reynato Puno, Supreme Court of the Philippines Chief Justice.
* Temario Rivera, Former professor of political science at the University of the Philippines Diliman; author of Landlords and Capitalists: Class, Family and State in Philippine Manufacturing.
* Sheila Coronel, journalist, founder of Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism.
* Ma. Lourdes C. Mangahas, founder of Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism.
* Michael Purugganan, Professor of Biology and Dean for Science at the New York University.
* Joker Arroyo, elected member of the Senate of the Philippines.
* Arturo Tolentino, representative, elected member of the Senate of the Philippines, Minister of Foreign Affairs, and Vice President of the Philippines.
* Benigno Aquino Jr., elected member of the Senate of the Philippines; martyr; namesake of Ninoy Aquino International Airport.
* Jovito Salonga, Senate of the Philippines President.
* Homobono Adaza, former Governor of Misamis Oriental, Assemblyman, Commissioner of Immigration; author of 12 published books and former columnist of the Manila Times.
* Pacifico Agabin, former dean of the University of the Philippines College of Law, leading constitutional lawyer.
* Emmanuel F. Esguerra, former Deputy Director-General of NEDA and a UP Professor of Economics.
* Salvador Carlota, former dean of the University of the Philippines College of Law.
* Nelson A. Navarro, leading biographer and author.
* Luis V. Teodoro, former dean of the UP College of Mass Communication, writer and author, founding chairman of Altermidya.
* Jaime C. Yambao, retired Philippine ambassador to Pakistan.
* Glenn L. Diaz, 2017 Palanca Grand Nobela Winner for The Quiet Ones.
* Kenneth Roland A. Guda, editor of progressive newspaper Pinoy Weekly.
* Joseph Thaddeus Morong, GMA Network correspondent.
* Wendell Gumban, activist and slain New People's Army militia.
* Roberto Verzola, activist and author.