OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Alfonso I of Asturias

Alfonso I of Asturias, called the Catholic (el Católico), (c. 693 – 757) was the third king of Asturias, reigning from 739 to his death in 757. His reign saw an extension of the Christian domain of Asturias, reconquering Galicia and León.
He succeeded his brother-in-law Favila, and was succeeded by his son, Fruela I. Alfonso's illegitimate son, Mauregatus, also became king, and his daughter Adosinda was consort to King Silo of Asturias. The dynasty started by Alfonso was known in contemporary Al-Andalus as the Astur-Leonese dynasty.

## Biography

As the son of Duke Peter of Cantabria, Alfonso held many lands in that region. He is said to have married Ermesinda, daughter of Pelagius, who founded Asturias after the Battle of Covadonga in which he reversed the Moorish conquest of the region. He succeeded Pelagius' son, his brother-in-law, Favila, on the throne after the latter's premature death.
Whether Pelagius or Favila were ever considered kings in their own lifetime is debatable, but Alfonso certainly was. He began a lifelong war against the Moors. In 740, he took advantage of the Berber Revolt and expanded his domain. The cities of Lugo and Tuy in Galicia, who had remained unoccupied by muslim forces joined his domain and, in 754, he conquered the City of León. He went as far as La Rioja. However, the few urban populations of these frontier regions fled to his northern dominions, leaving a depopulated buffer between the Christian and Muslim states.
This created the so-called Desert of the Duero, an empty region between the River Duero and the Asturian Mountains. Alfonso intended it this way; he wished to create an area in which any invading army would find survival difficult. Besides the martial aspects, the demographic and cultural effects of this policy on later Asturian, Spanish and Portuguese history is large. It was over a hundred years before the region was repopulated (an event known as the Repoblación).
The Arab writers speak of the kings of the northwest of Iberia as the Beni Alfons (descendants or House of Alfonso), and appear to recognize them as a Galician royal stock derived from Alfonso I. Alfonso is credited with establishing the shrine of Our Lady of Covadonga, in commemoration of his father in law's victory at the Battle of Covadonga. He and his queen are interred there. Their epitaph reads:
    "AQVI YAZE EL CATOLICO Y SANTO REI DON ALONSO EL PRIMERO I SV MVJER DOÑA ERMENISINDA ERMANA DE DON FAVILA A QVIEN SVCEDIO. GANO ESTE REY MVCHAS VITORIAS À LOS MOROS. FALLECIO EN CANGAS AÑO DE 757."
    "Here lies the Catholic and Holy King Don Alfonso the First and his wife Doña Ermesinda, sister of Don Favila whom he succeeded. This king won many victories against the Moors. He died in Cangas in the year 757."

## Family

Alfonso had four children. Three were through his marriage to Ermesinda, and one, Mauregatus, was born to a Muslim slave, Sisalda.
* Fruela I of Asturias (722-768): succeeded Alfonso as king (757-768).
* Vimarano: assassinated in 765 by Fruela.
* Adosinda: queen consort of King Silo of Asturias (reigned 774-783)
* Mauregatus of Asturias: succeeded Silo as king (reigned 783-789).
# INS Global

INS Global is a global provider of human resources (HR) and employment services, headquartered in Singapore. The company was founded in 2006 by Wei Hsu and Cynthia Hu.

## History

The company, initially named INS Global Consulting, was founded in 2006 with a focus on simplifying business expansion into the Chinese market. In 2008, it expanded its operations within China, opening offices in Shanghai and Beijing. In 2010, INS Global introduced Professional Employer Organization (PEO) and recruitment services across the Asia-Pacific region. By 2016, the company had expanded internationally, opening offices in Singapore and Hong Kong, shortly followed by offices established in Taiwan and the United Kingdom in 2018. Between 2019 and 2022, INS Global extended its services into North America, Europe, the Middle East, and Africa, offering HR and payroll services in over 160 countries. Global View was launched in 2017 and reached maturity through more than 1000 updates through 2022. In 2024, INS Global received ISO 27001 certification. The same year, INS Global was included in the Financial Times High-Growth Companies Asia-Pacific report.

## Activities

INS Global provides HR and employment services to support businesses in international expansion. Its services include Employer of Record (EOR) services to manage legal employment and ensure compliance with local regulations, global recruitment, payroll management, HR support and compliance, independent contractor management and company incorporation (legal entity establishment for businesses entering foreign markets).
The company operates in 160 countries with key markets being China, the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Japan, Singapore, Australia, Germany, Canada, and India.
# Jacques Reich

Jacques Reich (10 August 1852 – 8 July 1923) was a Hungarian portrait etcher, active mainly in the United States.

## Biography

He first studied art in Budapest. In 1873, he came to the United States and continued his studies at the National Academy of Design in New York and the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts in Philadelphia. In 1879, he went to Paris to study for a year under the noted painters William-Adolphe Bouguereau and Joseph Nicolas Robert-Fleury.
In 1880, Reich returned to Philadelphia, and in 1885 moved to New York and established a studio there. For some years he devoted himself to portraits for Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography, numbering over 2,000, and most of the portraits for Scribner’s Cyclopedia of Painters and Paintings. In addition he made many pen and ink illustrations for magazines and text books.
In the early nineties, he turned to etchings on copper and specialized in this field for over 25 years. He etched and published some 14 portraits of American and English authors, poets and artists, and a series of portraits of Famous Americans number some 25 subjects. In addition he executed many private commissions for etched portraits, among them Whitelaw Reid, E. H. Harriman, H. H. Rogers, Nelson W. Aldrich, Charles B. Alexander, John William Mackay, George William Curtis, John Paul Jones, President William McKinley, and President Grover Cleveland.
In 1892, he married Caroline Bellinger, daughter of Emil Bellinger of Frankfurt, Germany. He then became a resident of New Dorp, Staten Island, and lived there until his death. He died on July 8, 1923, in Dunraven, New York.
# Dick Wesson (actor)

Richard Lewis Wesson (November 19, 1922 – April 25, 1996) was a prolific character actor, comedian, comedy writer, and producer.

## Biography

Dick Wesson was born on November 19, 1922, in Boston, Massachusetts. A comedian, impressionist and singer, Wesson appeared with his brother Gene in a comedy act titled "The Wesson Brothers". They had some hit records, such as "Oodles of Boodle" and "All Right Louie, Drop the Gun".
In 1949, Wesson became a television series regular with Jim Backus in Hollywood House. Making his film debut in Destination Moon (1950), Wesson signed a contract with Warner Bros., leaving the studio in 1953. His films there included Breakthrough, Calamity Jane (1953), and The Desert Song. Wesson played comic relief in all his films, frequently as an infantry soldier, as in Force of Arms (1951), and in the Old West with The Man Behind the Gun (1952) and The Charge at Feather River (1953). Wesson's best known role was as female impersonator Francis Fryer in Calamity Jane.
Wesson moved to television, appearing as Jackie Cooper's ex-United States Marine Corps sidekick Rollo, on The People's Choice$^{:822-823}$ and as Frank Crenshaw in The Bob Cummings Show. Wesson began writing for The Bob Cummings Show and later The Beverly Hillbillies. He appeared in The Beverly Hillbillies as a taxi driver and as a patient in the season 1 episode "The Clampetts Get Psychoanalyzed". He produced My Sister Eileen and many episodes of Petticoat Junction as well as directed several episodes of each series. He portrayed Jack Reardon on the 1974 CBS situation comedy Paul Sand in Friends and Lovers.$^{:818}$
Wesson later died of an aneurysm on April 25, 1996, in Rancho Mirage, California.

## Filmography

Film :
| Year | Title | Role |
| 1950 | Destination Moon | Joe Sweeney |
| 1950 | Breakthrough | Pvt. Sammy Hansen |
| 1951 | Inside the Walls of Folsom Prison | Tinker |
| 1951 | Force of Arms | Kleiner |
| 1951 | Jim Thorpe – All-American | Ed Guyac |
| 1951 | Sunny Side of the Street | Dave Gibson |
| 1951 | Starlift | Sgt. Mike Nolan |
| 1952 | About Face | Dave Crouse |
| 1953 | The Man Behind the Gun | Sgt. 'Monk' Walker |
| 1953 | The Desert Song | Benjamin 'Benjy' Kidd |
| 1953 | The Charge at Feather River | Pvt. Cullen |
| 1953 | Calamity Jane | Francis Fryer |
| 1955 | Paris Follies of 1956 | Chuck Russell |
| 1961 | The Errand Boy | The A.D. |
| 1977 | Rollercoaster | Tourist Father |
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# Don Biederman (attorney)

Donald Ellis Biederman (June 7, 1934 – August 8, 2002) was an American entertainment attorney, prominent music executive, and professor. Biederman has received BHBA's Entertainment Lawyer of the Year. In 2000, Southwestern Law School in Los Angeles established the Donald E. Biederman Entertainment, Media, and Sports Law Institute.

## Military Service

Biederman served as a legal assistance officer with the U.S. Army judge advocate general's corps in Korea and New Jersey from 1959 to 1962.

## Career

In 1972, Don Biederman was General Counsel for CBS Records Group, actively involved in anti-piracy discussions. In 1977, he joined ABC Records as Vice President of Legal Affairs and Administration. Following the sale of ABC Records to MCA, Biederman joined Mitchell Silberberg & Knupp as a partner, after which he moved to Warner/Chappell Music as Executive Vice President for the next 17 years.
Biederman was present as counsel at Mitchell Silberberg & Knupp at the ITA Copyright Session to give his opinions on the issue of copyright infringement related to emerging technologies.
Biederman co-authored Law & Business of the Entertainment Industries. He edited Legal & Business Problems of the Music Industry.

## American Academy of Dermatology commercial

Biederman underwent many surgeries, resulting in the removal of his nose and cheek. He appeared in a skin cancer awareness commercial highlighting the dangers of excessive sun exposure and its consequences, sponsored by the American Academy of Dermatology.
Biederman narrates the advertisement wearing a prosthetic nose to conceal his facial disfigurement, reflecting on his frequent sunburns growing up near the beaches of Long Island, New York. At the conclusion of the commercial, Biederman removes the prosthetic, to reveal the dark cavity where his nose once was, as a warning about the disease's severity.

## Legacy

In 1983, Professor Lind, Professor Steven Rood and Adjunct Professor Don Biederman developed the Southwestern Law School’s entertainment law curriculum with the introductions of courses taught by industry experts, international study, and a more specialized Masters of Law program.
In 2000, the National Entertainment and Media Law Institute and Southwestern University School of Law was founded by Biederman, at which time he was appointed director. It was renamed The Donald E. Biederman Entertainment, Media, and Sports Law Institute at Southwestern Law School.
The Donald E. Biederman Legacy Award was created to honor a member of the bar or bench who upholds the highest standards of ethics or professionalism as a leader in entertainment and media law. Honorable recipients of the Donald E. Biederman Legacy Award include Russell Frackman, Robert C. Lind, among them.

## Personal life

Biederman was married to his wife, Marna until his death. They had two children. His son, Jeff, is an entertainment attorney.
# Christmas tree (disambiguation)

A Christmas tree is a festive decoration.
Christmas tree may also refer to:

## Biology

* Metrosideros excelsa, the pōhutukawa, a New Zealand plant also known as the Christmas tree
* Nuytsia floribunda, a West Australian plant of the genus Nuytsia, also known as the Christmas tree
* Spirobranchus giganteus, a small, tube-building polychaete worm commonly known as the "Christmas tree worm"

## Films

* The Christmas Tree (1966 film), a British children's film
* The Christmas Tree (1969 film), a French drama film (L'Arbre de Noël)
* The Christmas Tree (1996 film), an American drama TV film
* Christmas Trees (film) (Yolki), a 2010 Russian comedy film

## Literature

* Christmas tree emoji (🎄), found in Unicode Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs.
* Christmas tree bill, a political term referring to a bill in the U.S. Congress that attracts many, often unrelated, floor amendments
* A Christmas Tree, an 1850 non-fiction narrative by British author Charles Dickens
* "The Christmas Tree", a story featured in The Christmas Tree and Other Stories, an 1863 collection of short stories by British author Ellenor Fenn
* Christmas Tree (short story collection), a 1933 collection of short stories by British author Eleanor Smith
* The Christmas Tree (French: L'arbre de Noël), a 1967 novel by French author Michel Bataille
* The Christmas Tree (novel), a 1981 novel by Irish author Jennifer Johnston
* The Christmas Tree, a 1996 novella by American author Julie Salamon

## Music

* "Christmas Tree" (Finnish song) (Joulupuu on rakennettu), a Finnish Christmas carol
* “O Christmas Tree”, the English version of the song “O Tannenbaum”
* "Christmas Tree" (Lady Gaga song), a 2008 single by Lady Gaga and Space Cowboy
* "Christmas Trees", a 2016 song by Major Lazer
* "Christmas Tree" (V song), a 2021 single by V from Our Beloved Summer

## Places

* Christmas tree (aviation), a term for alert aprons of the United States Air Force during the Cold War
* Christmas Tree Lane, a boulevard in Altadena, California, USA
* The Christmas Tree Cluster, a distinctive star cluster of the astronomical object NGC 2264 in Monoceros constellation

## Equipment

* Christmas tree (drag racing), the series of lights used to start drag races
* Christmas tree (oil well), an assembly of valves used in oil and gas extraction

## Finance

* Ladder (option combination), a combination of three options also known as a Christmas tree
* A combination of six options similar to a butterfly

## Other

* Christmas tree formation, a pattern of positions in association football
* Christmas tree packet, a unit of data used in information technology
# 4-Aminophenol

4-Aminophenol (or para-aminophenol or p-aminophenol) is an organic compound with the formula H$_2$NC$_6$H$_4$OH. Typically available as a white powder, it is commonly used as a developer for black-and-white film, marketed under the name Rodinal.
Reflecting its slightly hydrophilic character, the white powder is moderately soluble in alcohols and can be recrystallized from hot water. In the presence of a base, it oxidizes readily. The methylated derivatives N-methylaminophenol and N,N-dimethylaminophenol are of commercial value.
The compound is one of three isomeric aminophenols, the other two being 2-aminophenol and 3-aminophenol.

## Preparation
### From phenol

It is produced from phenol by nitration followed by reduction with iron. Alternatively, the partial hydrogenation of nitrobenzene affords phenylhydroxylamine, which rearranges primarily to 4-aminophenol (Bamberger rearrangement).
    C$_6$H$_5$NO$_2$ + 2 H$_2$ → C$_6$H$_5$NHOH + H$_2$O
    C$_6$H$_5$NHOH → HOC$_6$H$_4$NH$_2$

### From nitrobenzene

It can be produced from nitrobenzene by electrolytic conversion to phenylhydroxylamine, which spontaneously rearranges to 4-aminophenol.

### From 4-nitrophenol

4-nitrophenol can be reduced through a variety of methods, to yield 4-aminophenol. One method involves hydrogenation over a Raney Nickel catalyst. A second method involves selective reduction of the nitro group by Tin(II) Chloride in anhydrous ethanol or ethyl ethanoate.

## Uses

4-Aminophenol is a building block used in organic chemistry. Prominently, it is the final intermediate in the industrial synthesis of paracetamol. Treating 4-aminophenol with acetic anhydride gives paracetamol:
It is a precursor to amodiaquine, mesalazine, AM404, parapropamol, B-86810 & B-87836 (c.f. WO 2001042204 ).
4-Aminophenol converts readily to the diazonium salt.
# Wojszyn, Lublin Voivodeship

Wojszyn is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Janowiec, within Puławy County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 5 km (3 mi) north-east of Janowiec, 8 km (5 mi) south of Puławy, and 46 km (29 mi) west of the regional capital Lublin.
# Syed Haider Ali (lawyer)

Syed Haider Ali is a Bangladeshi lawyer and former prosecutor of the International Crimes Tribunal with the rank and status of the Attorney General of Bangladesh. He prosecuted Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami Ameer Ghulam Azam.

## Career

In May 2007, Ali was the defender of Mohiuddin Khan Alamgir, an Awami League politician, along with Syed Rezaur Rahman and Shahara Khatun.
Ali resigned as deputy attorney general of Bangladesh in June 2008.
Ali was appointed a prosecutor of the International Crimes Tribunal with the rank and status of an additional Attorney General of Bangladesh in March 2010. He represented the state in the trial of politicians Delawar Hossain Sayedee, Abdul Alim, and Abul Kalam Azad. He was the persecutor for Motiur Rahman Nizami. He argued for accepting newspaper reports as evidence in the tribunal.
In March 2013, the government of Bangladesh upgraded Ali's rank to that of the Attorney General of Bangladesh. After Chief Prosecutor Ghulam Arief Tipoo went on leave, Ali was appointed acting chief prosecutor. He continued to hold the position after Tipoo returned which led to a public spat between the two with allegations of professional misconduct directed at each other. In September 2015, the International Crimes Tribunal sought an explanation from him for skipping a hearing. He was the persecutor in war crimes trial of four accused from Maulvibazar District, Akmal Ali Talukder, Abdun Nur Talukder alias Lal Miah, Anis Miah, and Abdul Musabbir Miah and secured death penalty for them in 2018. He was the prosecutor in the war crimes case against six men from six Gaibandha District.
Following the fall of the Sheikh Hasina led Awami League government, Ali resigned as the acting chief prosecutor International Crimes Tribunal and was replaced by Mohammad Tajul Islam. He was sued for murder of a student protestor against Hasina at Jatrabari Police Station. Also accused in the case, aside from Ali, are former deputy attorney general Motaher Hossain Sazu, prosecutor of the International Crimes Tribunal Muklesur Rahman Badal, Iqbal Sobhan Chowdhury, Shahriyar Kabir, Mozammel Haque Babu, senior journalist Monjurul Ahsan Bulbul, Sheikh Hasina,, Shafique Ahmed, AM Amin Uddin, lawyer Tania Amir, and 293 others over the death of student Imran Hossain on August 5.
# Fruela II of Asturias

Fruela II (c. 874–August 925) was the king of Asturias from 910 to 924 and king of León from 924 to 925. His father was Alfonso III of Asturias and his mother was Jimena of Pamplona. In 910 Fruela and two of his brothers deposed their father, Alfonso, and divided the kingdom amongst themselves. Fruela, the youngest brother, took the original portion (Asturias); Ordoño took Galicia; and García, the eldest, took León. Although Fruela called himself king of a much-diminished Asturias, evidence suggests that his role was subordinate to the king of León.
As king of Asturias, he had the job of consolidating the region later called Castile and keeping its counts in check.
Fruela married twice, first in 910 to Nunilo Jimena, daughter of the Navarrese king. By 917 he was married to his second wife, Urraca, the daughter of the Banu Qasi governor of Tudela. From his marriages, he had at least three sons, Alfonso, Ramiro and Ordoño, none of whom would inherit the throne.
Fruela maintained good relations with his brother Ordoño, who had the hegemony. They cooperated in the Reconquista, and Fruela undersigned Ordoño's diplomas as Froila frater confirmat (Frela the brother confirms). When Ordoño died in 924, the magnates ignored his heirs and elected Fruela king. Fruela had never been popular with the nobles and his subjects, and his election has been doubted by some, who see it as a likely usurpation. He assassinated Gebuldo and Aresindo, sons of Olmundo, who claimed descent from King Witiza and thus further alienated the nobility. For this, one chronicler relates, he was condemned to a reign of only fourteen months. According to Ramón Menéndez Pidal, he exiled the bishop Frunimio of León, a relation of Olmundo. Whatever the case, he reigned for only fourteen months and died of leprosy in August 925. Following Fruela's death, there were several competing claimants to his lands, including his younger brother Ramiro (who appears to have married the widowed queen Urraca bint Qasi and used the royal title but was eventually unsuccessful) and the sons of his brother Ordoño II, along with his own young sons. There is some debate about the immediate succession, although eventually, his family lost out to brother Ordoño.
According to Bishop Pelayo, he left three sons by Nunila: Alfonso, Ordoño, and Ramiro. Ibn Khaldun gives Ordoño and Ramiro to Urraca and leaves open the possibility of other children by either wife.