OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Shmuel Rosner

Shmuel Rosner (Hebrew: שמואל רוזנר) is a Tel Aviv based columnist, editor and think tank fellow. He is currently a Senior Fellow at The Jewish People Policy Institute (JPPI) in Jerusalem, as well as an analyst for Kan News TV (Israel’s public television). He is the founder and editor of the data-journalism initiative themadad.com, the founder and editor of the nonfiction imprint "The Hedgehog and the Fox", and writer of a weekly column for The Jewish Journal in L.A. and for Maariv in Israel.

## Biography

Rosner was previously a columnist for the International New York Times (2011-2021); the chief non-fiction editor for Israel’s largest Publishing House, Kinneret-Zmora-Dvir (2009-2021); a columnist for The Jerusalem Post (2008-2011); Chief U.S. Correspondent, Head of the News Division and Head of the Features Division for the Israeli daily Haaretz (1996-2008). He wrote for many magazines, including Slate, Foreign Policy, Commentary, The New Republic, The Jewish Review of Books, and others.
Rosner’s published four books:
* Shtetl Bagel Baseball, on the Wonderful Dreadful State of American Jews was published in Israel by Keter (Hebrew, 2011)
* The Jewish Vote: Obama vs. Romney, A Jewish Voter’s Guide was published in the US (Jewish Journal Books, 2012)
* The Jews, 7 Frequently Asked Questions was published by Dvir (2016)
* #IsraeliJudaism, Portrait of a Cultural Revolution was published by Dvir (Hebrew, 2018) and JPPI (English, 2019).

### Career in Book Editing

Rosner is an editor known for “discovering” Yuval Noah Harari. Rosner published Harari’s two first books in Hebrew prior to his international success. "I contacted four, five publishers who didn't want it”, Harari said, “the editor Shmuel Rosner was enthusiastic, and said we would go for it. And the rest is history".
Rosner published many other successful non-fiction authors in Israel, both local writers and foreign writers whose books he bought for translation, including Micah Goodman ("Catch 67" and all of his other works), Matti Friedman ("Pumpkinflowers" and others), Nassim Nicholas Taleb, Daniel Kahneman, Dan Ariely, Sean Carol, Malcolm Gladwell, Einat Natan ("My Everything" and others), Tali Sharot, Ronen Bergman and many more.
In 2022 Rosner established a "boutique books and ideas" project named "The Hedgehog and the Fox". Through this initiative, he produces a cultivated podcast and book series that focus of science, history, foreign affairs and philosophy.

## Selected articles

* Israel's Fair Weather Fans, New York Times, Aug. 7, 2014.
* "What America can learn from Israel's West Bank security barrier". Slate. June 6, 2006.
* "Hamas, isolate or engage?". Council on Foreign Relations. May 11, 2006.
# Printing telegraph

The printing telegraph was invented by Royal Earl House in 1846. House's telegraph could transmit around 40 instantly readable words per minute, but was difficult to manufacture in bulk. The printer could copy and print out up to 2,000 words per hour. This invention was first put in operation and exhibited at the Mechanics Institute in New York.

## Printing telegraph advancements

House’s Type Printing Telegraph of 1849 was Royal Earl House's second and much improved type-printing instrument and was widely used on lines on America's east coast from 1850. David Hughes telegraph devices, which also had piano style keyboards, were very popular in France, where there were likely many more piano and harpsichord players than telegraphers.
Early stock ticker machines are also examples of printing telegraphs.

## Operation

The device was made by two 28-key piano-style keyboards by wire. Each piano key represented a letter of the alphabet and when pressed caused the corresponding letter to print at the receiving end. A "shift" key allowed an alternative character to be assigned to each key, for example a digit or punctuation mark instead of a letter. A 56-character typewheel at the sending end was synchronised to run at the same speed and to maintain the same angular position as a similar wheel at the receiving end. When the key corresponding to a particular character was pressed at the home station, it actuated the typewheel at the distant station just as the same character moved into the printing position, in a way similar to the daisy wheel printer. It was thus an example of a synchronous data transmission system.

## Advantages

The benefit of the Printing Telegraph is that it allows the operator to use a piano-style keyboard to directly input the text of the message. The receiver would then receive the instantly readable text of the message on a paper strip. This is in contrast to the telegraphs that used Morse Code dots and dashes which needed to be converted into readable text.
   "The Western Union Telegraph Company is now putting in a new patent telegraph printing machine on the Chicago line and hereafter dispatches transmitted over this line will be printed as they are received at the office in this city. The machine is furnished with keys similar to a piano, each key representing a letter in the alphabet, and by a peculiar mechanical arrangement each letter is printed as it is received at the office. Thus all mistakes arising from blind chirography will be thoroughly appreciated by our citizens. The machine will be put into operation this afternoon."

## Disadvantages

Printing Telegraphs were quite temperamental and suffered frequent breakdowns. Transmission speed was also much slower than the Morse system. The complexity of the original House device meant that production was limited. An improved version was designed by George Phelps. The Globotype was invented by David McCallum as a response to problems with the printing telegraph.

## Key layouts

Various layouts were produced to improve the efficiency of the keyboard system and accommodate several other alphabets.
# M. Chandrasekaran

Mohanan Chandrasekaran is a Carnatic classical violinist from Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. He was born in Calcutta, on 11 December 1937 as the younger of the two sons of T.N. Mohanan and Charubala Mohanan, a violinist herself. He was awarded the Madras Music Academy's Sangeetha Kalanidhi in 2005. Chandrasekharan began playing the violin at the age of 11, after which he went on to accompany many musicians in the field of Carnatic music. Having lost his eyesight at the age of two, he overcame his difficulty by music. He is also considered an expert in the laya (tempo) aspects, recognizing and adapting to intricate rhythmic patterns. Sri Chandrasekharan also presents vocal concerts, and sometimes sings along during his solo violin recitals. He has composed various musical forms in different languages, and has travelled the world performing. He often performs violin duet concerts with his daughter Smt. G. Bharathi. He has accompanied several masters of Carnatic music including Maharajapuram Santhanam, G. N. Balasubramaniam, Madurai Mani Iyer, Dr. K J Yesudas, Maharajapuram Viswanatha Iyer, flute N. Ramani, K. V. Narayanaswamy, T. N. Seshagopalan, D. K. Jayaraman, and T. K. GovindaRao. Wondering how can the name of the Maha Vidwan Madurai Somasundaram is missing in the above list. He played violin for Madurai Somu more frequently than any other violinist.
# Japan Air Lines Flight 472 (1972)

Japan Air Lines Flight 472 was a flight from London to Tokyo via Frankfurt, Rome, Beirut, Tehran, Bombay, Bangkok and Hong Kong. On September 24, 1972, the flight landed at Juhu Aerodrome near Bombay, India instead of the city's much larger Santacruz Airport (now Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport) and overran the runway, resulting in the aircraft being written off after being damaged beyond economic repair. All 122 on board survived, although nine passengers and two crew members were injured.

## Aircraft

The aircraft involved was a Douglas DC-8-53, registration JA8013, first flown in 1964.

## Accident

The flight departed London 20 minutes late. By the time it left Tehran for Bombay, it was 80 minutes behind schedule. The crew planned to execute an ILS approach to Santacruz Airport, Bombay. However, the air traffic controller (ATC) asked the crew, "Can you see the runway?", to which they replied, "Yes, we can". Since the weather was good around the airport that day, the ATC instructed, "VFR approach please".
After this, Flight 472 flew past Runway 09 on the west side of Santacruz Airport while descending, and executed a 360-degree turn in order to approach again from the west and land. However, when it did land at 06:50 local time (01:20 UTC), it was in fact landing on Runway 08 of Juhu Aerodrome. Juhu is 3.7 kilometres (2.3 mi; 2.0 nmi) west of Santacruz, and for use by small aircraft only. Runway 08 of Juhu was only 1,143 metres (3,750 ft) long, too short for the large aircraft operating Flight 472.
After deploying the thrust reversers, the captain realized the mistake and immediately deployed spoilers and applied maximum braking power, but an overrun was inevitable. The DC-8 overshot the runway, breaking off both engines on the port wing, and damaging the front and main landing gear, causing the nose of the aircraft to dive into the ground. The wreckage caught fire, but the fire was soon put out by fire extinguishers.
At the time of the accident, there were 14 crew and 108 passengers on board. The aircraft was damaged beyond economic repair. 2 cockpit crew and 9 passengers (all non-Japanese) were reported injured. It was the second Japan Airlines accident in India, coming just two months after the fatal crash of Japan Air Lines Flight 471 in Delhi.

## Cause

The accident was attributed to pilot error. However, the Indian authorities were also blamed for operating an airport for small aircraft so close to Santacruz, causing confusion (see similar incidents below). Another factor was that during the 360-degree turn Flight 472 faced the sun and morning mist, and the cockpit crew lost sight of the runway. When they suddenly saw the runway of Juhu Aerodrome, they mistook it for the runway of Santacruz, and landed on it.
# Garvan Institute of Medical Research

The Garvan Institute of Medical Research is an Australian biomedical research institute located in Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales. Founded in 1963 by the Sisters of Charity as a research department of St Vincent's Hospital, it is now one of Australia's largest medical research institutions, with approximately 750 scientists, students and support staff.

## History

Funds for its establishment were provided by a centenary hospital appeal by the Sisters of Charity for St Vincent's Hospital. Helen Mills, the largest donor, asked for the centre to be named after her father James Patrick Garvan, a distinguished New South Wales parliamentarian and business leader.
The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, a A$100 million joint venture between Garvan and St Vincent's Hospital, was opened on 28 August 2012 by Prime Minister Julia Gillard. The centre is named after the Kinghorn Foundation, one of the centre's main benefactors. The Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics (KCCG) was also established in 2012, with a commitment of A$9 million in funding from the Kinghorn Foundation. KCCG is Australia's leading medical research institute in medical genomics and informatics that translates into genome-based personalised medicine. The functions of the KCCG include high quality 'next generation' genome sequencing and diagnostic services. I
In 2014, the institute became one of only three organisations in the world able to sequence the human genome at a base cost below US$1,000 each (the $1,000 genome) when it purchased the next generation of genome-sequencing equipment, which is capable of sequencing 350 genomes a week (18,000 a year).

## Directors

| Order | Incumbent | Start date | End date | Time in office |
| 1 | John HickieGerry MiltonLeslie Lazarus | 1966 | 1969 | 2–3 years |
| 2 | Leslie Lazarus | 1969 | 1990 | 20–21 years |
| 3 | John Shine | 1990 | 2012 | 21–22 years |
| 4 | John Mattick | 2012 | 31 May 2018 (2018-05-31) | 5–6 years |
| 5 | Chris Goodnow | 1 June 2018 (2018-06-01) | 22 July 2022 (2022-07-22) | 6 years, 285 days |
| 6 | Benjamin Kile | 27 April 2023 (2023-04-27) | incumbent | 1 year, 320 days |

## Other notable staff

* Professor Chris Goodnow BVSc, PhD, FAA FRS - Deputy Director and Laboratory Head
* Professor Vanessa Hayes - Laboratory Head, Human Comparative and Prostate Cancer Genomics
* Dr Russell Howard - Commercial Strategy Advisor, Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics
* Professor David James FAA – formerly head of the Diabetes and Obesity division
* Associate Professor Amanda Salis – formerly leader of the Eating Disorders research group
# Old Westbury Gardens

Old Westbury Gardens is the former estate of businessman John Shaffer Phipps (1874–1958), an heir to the Phipps family fortune, in Nassau County, New York. Located at 71 Old Westbury Road in Old Westbury, the property was converted into a museum home in 1959. It is open for tours from April through October.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 8, 1976 and again on January 10, 2011.

## History

Work on the estate began in 1903, when John Shaffer Phipps promised his fiancée, Margarita Grace (a daughter of businessman Michael P. Grace), that he would build her a home in the United States that resembled her family's British residence at Battle Abbey in Battle, East Sussex, England. The house was ready in 1906 for Phipps, his wife and their young children.
Westbury House, the Carolean Revival (Charles II style) mansion designed by British designer George A. Crawley with assistance from American architect Grosvenor Atterbury, contains 23 rooms. The grounds cover 160 acres (0.65 km$^2$).
The painting of Mrs. Henry Phipps and Her Grandson Winston (1906–07) by John Singer Sargent hangs in the dining room. Winston Guest was the child, and his godfather was Winston Churchill.
* Front of the mansion
* View from the back
* The pool area
* Part of the gardens
* Entrance gates
* Mrs. Henry Phipps and Her Grandson Winston, by John Singer Sargent
* side view from the back
* front view entrance

## In popular culture

Scenes of the driveway and some of the ground floor interiors were used in the 1970 film Love Story, and its 1978 sequel, Oliver's Story, to depict the family home of Oliver Barrett IV, played by Ryan O'Neal. Other movies filmed on the grounds include North by Northwest (1959), The Age of Innocence (1993), Wolf (1994), To Wong Foo, Thanks for Everything! Julie Newmar (1995), Cruel Intentions and 8MM (both 1999), The Manchurian Candidate (2004), Hitch (2005), Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna (2006), Bernard and Doris (2006), American Gangster (2007) and Arthur (2011). Scenes from the television series Pushing Daisies, Gossip Girl and Royal Pains also used the location in filming. It served as the inspiration for the Buchanan Estate featured in Baz Luhrmann's 2013 film adaption of The Great Gatsby by his wife and production designer Catherine Martin.

## Grant Recipient

In August 2024, a grant was released by The Preservation League of NYS to support the fund noteworthy restoration project of the garden.
# Jochem Jacobs

Jochem Jacobs (born 26 March 1977) is a Dutch guitarist, producer and recording engineer, noted for his work as founder, guitarist and producer for Textures. He works at Split Second Sound, a studio in Amsterdam, Netherlands. He has been involved with the mixing, mastering and production of all Textures albums so far, as well as other bands such as Epica, Autumn, Stream of Passion, Heidevolk, Severe Torture, Hord, In-Quest, Almah, Izegrim, The Red Shore, Intwine, Face Tomorrow, Kingfisher Sky and Devious. He is endorsed by Mayones guitars.
He played with his brother Sander in the Dutch crossover metal band Ground Control from 1995 to 2001, and released 2 demos and one album.
About the recordings of Texture's Dualism album, he said:
   It’s all really exciting! This album is really going to express where and what we are these days…and that’s a good thing. We’ve been through a lot lately, especially the last year. Now with some new air and fresh ideas, we finally reached the point that we are actually quite confident in the new material..Sometimes you just have to crawl through the mud first to get to dry grounds. We are in the middle of the preproduction now, getting our asses in gear to create this baby. It’s kinda cool to see this band grow more and more and to continue this musical journey that we’ve been on for 10 years! Let’s make this thing heavy!!!

## Equipment

* Mayones Guitars
* Peavey 5150

## Discography
### With Ground Control

* The Infamous $50 Tape (1995)
* Access 2 Control (1996)
* God-Mode (1998)

### With Textures

* Polars (2003)
* Drawing Circles (2006)
* Silhouettes (2008)
* Dualism (2011)
# POS

POS, Pos or PoS may refer to:

## Linguistics

* Part of speech, the role that a word or phrase plays in a sentence
* Poverty of the stimulus, a linguistic term used in language acquisition and development
* Sayula Popoluca (ISO 639-3), an indigenous language spoken in Veracruz, Mexico

## Music

* P.O.S (rapper) (born 1981), or Stefon Alexander, American hip hop artist
* POS (singer) (born 1998), a Nigerian singer and songwriter
* Kelvin Mercer (born 1969), also known as Pos, member of the New York hip hop trio De La Soul
* Pain of Salvation, Swedish progressive metal band
* Paavo Siljamäki, Finnish DJ and producer, member of the English electronic group Above & Beyond

## Places

* Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago
* Piarco International Airport (IATA code), Piarco, Trinidad and Tobago
* Pomona–Downtown station (Amtrak station code), California, US

## Science and technology

* Political opportunity structure, an approach to explain social movements
* Polycystic ovary syndrome, a disease of the ovaries
* Price of stability, in game theory
* Probability of success, in statistics
* Product of sums, a canonical form in Boolean algebra

### Computing

* P/OS, operating system of DEC Professional PCs from Digital Equipment Corporation
* Packet over SONET/SDH, a communications protocol for transferring packets over fiber networks
* PERQ Operating System, operating system for PERQ workstations
* Proof of space, a cryptocurrency blockchain distributed consensus method
* Proof of stake, a cryptocurrency blockchain distributed consensus method

### Transportation

* Post Office Sorting Van, a type of rail vehicle used in a Travelling Post Office train
* SNCF TGV POS, a French high-speed train

## Other uses

* Phi Omega Sigma (disambiguation), a Greek name for any of five different student organizations
* Piece of shit, a phrase considered vulgar and profane in Modern English
* Point of sale, location where payment is accepted
* Point of service plan, a type of managed care health insurance plan in the US
* Polytechnic Secondary School (Polytechnische Oberschule), the 10-year general educational system in East Germany
* Priory of Sion, a fictitious secret society
* Public open space, a planning term for an outdoor public forum
# Rafa Blas

Rafael Martínez Carpena, known as Rafa Blas (born 8 November 1986, in Albacete), is a Spanish rock and heavy metal-singer, mostly known as the winner of Spanish talent show La Voz in 2012. Before being a part of La Voz, he was the lead singer of melodic heavy metal band Matavys (2005–2010) and Toledo-based power metal-band Nocturnia (2010–2013).
After winning La Voz, Rafa begun his solo career as Rafa Blas and released his debut album Mi Voz in 2013 via Universal Music. Two years later, he released his second solo album Sin Mirar Atrás. This time via Maldito Records.
On April 2, 2023, it was confirmed that Rafa Blas is the new singer of Mägo de Oz, after the departure of Javier Dominguez "Zeta".

## Discography
### Matavys

* Demo (Independent) - 2007
* Tu Destino (Molusco Producciones) - 2009

### Nocturnia

* Sin Retorno (Independent) - 2012

### Mägo de Oz

* Alicia En El Metalverso - 2024

### Solo
#### Studio albums

* Mi Voz (Universal Music) - 2013
* Sin Mirar Atrás (Maldito Records) - 2015

#### Singles

* "Hijo De La Luna" - 2013
* "Vivir Morir" - 2013
* "Sigo Aquí" - 2013
* "Sin Ti No Soy Nada" - 2014
* "Hoy Tengo Ganas De Ti" - 2015
* "Soy Yo" - 2015
* "Últimas Cartas" - 2017
* "Eloise" - 2017
* "It's Your Time" - 2017
* "You're My Heart, You're My Soul" - 2018
* "We Are The Ones" - 2019
* "Fire In My Heart" - 2019
* "Alive" - 2021
# Chen Shanshan

Chen Shanshan (simplified Chinese: 陈姗姗; traditional Chinese: 陳姍姍; pinyin: Chén Shānshān; born November 21, 1983) is a Chinese classical guitarist. Some sources give her birth year as 1982.
Chen Shanshan has studied with Chen Zhi and toured internationally.
She has also performed in a quartet formation (Four Angels) with Wang Yameng, Li Jie, Su Meng.

## Discography

* La Catedral 2000 (Beijing Global Audio-Visual Publishing House 環球音像) (altern.)
* Guitar Concert in Korea by Four Angels Quartet, 2006 (Alma Guitar)

## Video

* Guitar Concert in Korea by Four Angels Quartet, 2006 (Alma Guitar)
# Viktor Karlsson

Viktor Karlsson (born 15 April 1988) is a Swedish bandy player who currently plays for Hammarby IF Bandy.
Karlsson has played for two clubs-
    Hammarby IF Bandy (2005)
    GT-76 (2005–2006)
    Hammarby IF Bandy (from 2006)
# Clarence C. Pope

Clarence Cullam Pope (October 26, 1929 – January 8, 2012) was the second bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Fort Worth and a prominent leader in traditionalist Anglicanism in North America. He converted to Roman Catholicism.

## Early life and career

Pope was born in Lafayette, Louisiana. He was educated at Centenary College (B.A. 1950) and the University of the South (B.D. 1954). He was ordained deacon on June 29, 1954, and priest on May 9, 1955.
After serving parishes in Louisiana, Pope was consecrated Bishop Coadjutor of Fort Worth on January 5, 1985; he became diocesan bishop on January 1, 1986. He was president of the Episcopal Synod of America, now Forward in Faith, from 1989 to 1993.
Pope retired as diocesan bishop on December 31, 1994, and was received into the Roman Catholic Church by Cardinal Bernard Law on February 1, 1995. He subsequently returned to the Episcopal Church, but was again received into the Roman Catholic Church in 2007.
# Arthur Viana

Arthur Rodrigues Viana (born 12 April 2004), known as Arthur Viana, is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a forward for Cruzeiro.

## Career

Born in Gravataí, Rio Grande do Sul, Arthur Viana played for ten years in the youth sides of Grêmio before signing for Cruzeiro in August 2023. On 6 June of the following year, he renewed his contract with the former until December 2026.
Arthur Viana made his first team – and Série A – debut on 16 June 2024, coming on as a half-time substitute for injured Rafa Silva in a 0–0 away draw against Vasco da Gama.

## Career statistics

    As of 17 June 2024
| Club | Season | League | League | League | State League | State League | Cup | Cup | Continental | Continental | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Cruzeiro | 2024 | Série A | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | 1 | 0 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |