# Ji Desheng

Ji Desheng (Chinese: 季德胜; pinyin: Jì Déshèng; October 6, 1898 – October 18, 1981) was a Chinese herbalist from Nantong, Jiangsu, China specializing in snakebite medicine and treatment.

## Early years

Ji Desheng was born as an only child in Suqian, Jiangsu, China on the outskirts of a dilapidated temple. His father, Ji Mingyang (季明扬), made a living by selling traditional Chinese herbal remedies. The family lived a life of poverty and hardship.
When Ji Desheng was 6 years old, his mother died. He followed his father and together they hiked hills to collect wild herbs, catch snakes, scorpions, centipedes, and other insects to prepare snakebite medicine. When Ji Desheng turned 18 years old, Suqian County was hit by a drought and a plague epidemic. Ji Desheng fled the area with his father, relocating to Nanjing and the father-son duo continued to make a living by selling snakebite medicine. Ji Desheng continued to learn from his father, catching snakes and treating snakebites with the medicine they made. Ji Desheng's knowledge of snakebite medicine grew with age and became an assistant to his father.

## Nomadic life

During the winter of 1923, Ji Desheng relocated with his father to the town of Chahe, Rudong County, Jiangsu. His father died the following year. The 25-year-old Ji Desheng continued to produce the snakebite medicine whose recipe he inherited. When passed down to Ji Desheng, the snakebite medicine recipe was in its sixth generation. A forefather of the Ji family served as a snake medicine herbalist in the Qing dynasty imperial court and developed the medicine before 1795. Ji Desheng had heard from his father that every generation had made improvements on the recipe.
In order to make improvements himself, Ji Desheng tasted dozens of herbal ingredients commonly used for detoxification and pain reduction. Some of the ingredients have adverse effects when taken alone. When accidentally poisoned, Ji Desheng immediately took the antidotes taught to him by his father. He was able to determine the effectiveness and performance of each herb he tried. He also let snakes bite his shoulders, arms, and toes. When poisoned, he applied different medicines to the different types of wounds. Ji Desheng only applied the medicine onto his patients after testing the medicine himself. After nearly 10 years, he produced a standardized product. The end product was produced by a crushing a variety of ingredients into powder then adding liquid to form a cake-shaped tablet 2.5 cm in diameter and 0.5 cm in thickness. The medicine also came in the shapes of pills. Each piece of the medicinal cake and pills were printed with a red Chinese character of "Ji" bearing the family name.
During the spring of 1942, Ji Desheng moved to Suzhou and successfully treated many snakebite patients. In 1948 Ji Desheng moved to Nantong and continued to make a living as a street medicine vendor. There he made improvements to the family snakebite medicine. By this time, Ji Desheng was able to identify the type and gender of snakes that bit his patients from only the shape and depth of the snakebite marks. By utilizing his theories, he was able to apply the right type and amount of medicine to cure his patients. At this time, the name of Ji Desheng and his medicine began to spread.

## Under the People's Republic of China

Viper snakes are the most common type of snake in China. They also have the highest number of snakebite victims. Ji Desheng explained the viper's general behavior patterns to better cure their bites. He noted that vipers are most active during spring and autumn, especially before sudden weather changes like thunderstorms. Ji Desheng identified specific physical characteristics of dangerous snakes, such as a flat triangular head, thin neck, and bright skin color. These snakes leave distinct fang marks that quickly cause swelling and pose a life-threatening risk as the venom spreads rapidly.
In 1955, Nantong City Health Bureau implemented the policy to centralize and improve traditional Chinese medicine. The Nantong Municipal Health Bureau visited Ji Desheng several times in order to learn more about his snakebite medicine. One time, the official observed a snakebite patient from Li Gang village of Tong Zhou County, a Nantong port town. After using the snakebite cake, topical powder, and acupuncture treatment, he quickly eliminated the swelling. The patient was able to return home during the same evening. In a separate demonstration for the Health Bureau officials, Ji Desheng took a viper from the cage and had the snake bite his left hand. His hand quickly turned red and began to swell. Ji Desheng soaked the snakebite cake in water and applied it to the wounded area. The medicine quickly impeded the spread of the venom.
In 1956, Nantong Municipal Health Bureau invited him to join the Nantong Ji Desheng Hospital as an out-patient specialist treating snakebites. The original Ji Desheng snakebite medicine was effective but would spoil over time. Also, the original dose was a black particle with a foul smell that could cause coloring of the teeth. For these reasons, the hospital set up a snakebite research group to improve the snakebite medicine. Together with the research group, Ji Desheng made adjustments to eliminate the earlier drawbacks. Respecting Ji Desheng's contributions, the improved product was officially named Ji Desheng Snake Tablets. By 1958, Ji Desheng had successfully treated over 100 patients and attracted the attention of the pharmaceutical industry outside of Nantong. The Ministry of Science and Technology of China, with affirmation from the Ministry of Health (China), published the “Research of Ji Desheng Snake Medicine” as a scientific and technological achievement. In August, officials invited Ji Desheng to Beijing to meet the Party and State leaders including premier Zhou Enlai. Chinese Academy of Sciences subsequently appointed him as a Research Fellow and the Ministry of Health awarded him the "Vanguard of Medical and Health Technology".
On August 28, 1960, the Ministry of Health, requested Ji Desheng go to Wuhan to treat a PLA officer. At the age of 63 and hospitalized for pleurisy, Ji Desheng accepted the request and left for Wuhan immediately. Ji Desheng immediately went to his patient upon his arrival. The patient had 2 bite marks on his left foot and was suffering from limb swelling, genital swelling, and was at a semi-conscious state. Desheng determined that the officer was bitten by a viper and had only a few more hours to live. He acted decisively to provide acupuncture to a Ba Feng pressure point, apply topical snake medicine to the ankle and knee, and had the patient injest snakebite tablets. The patient woke up from his coma after one hour. After three days, the patient's condition improved. After 8 days of treatment and care, Ji Desheng saved this man's life.

## Later life and legacy

From 1956 and 1972, Ji Desheng, as the snakebite specialist at Nantong Hospital, treated over 600 patients with the complete cure rate of 99.57%. The Jiangsu Province Snakebite Research conducted in the 1990s found that since 1973, on the basis of prescription, Ji Desheng Snake Medicine successfully treated 99.32% of the 1700 received cased.
Ji Desheng continued to personally gather ingredients of his snakebite medicine in the country, woods and hills. He led the research efforts to find cures for cataracts and cancer. Before he could reach his dream of successfully applying this magical medicine to these diseases, he died unexpectedly on October 18, 1981, at the age of 83 because of a brain hemorrhage.
Ji Desheng's eldest son, Ji Rongsheng (Chinese: 季荣生) applied modern technologies and developed multiple topical products using the recipes passed down from Ji Desheng and ancestors.