# Abdiel Shangali

"Abdiel" or "Mangi Abdiel Shangali II Kombe" (1900–1962), also called "Mangi Abdiel of Machame" ("Mangi Abdiel" in Kichagga; 'Mfalme Abdiel' in Swahili), was a prominent king of the Chaga of the Machame Kingdom during the European colonial occupation. His father was Mangi Shangali of Machame. Mangi means king in Kichagga.

## Reign

Mangi Abdiel, also known as Mangi Abdiel Shangali II, was appointed chief of Machame in 1923 by Major Dundas during the British colonial administration in East Africa. His ascendancy to power was marked by political maneuvering that involved deception; he was not the direct heir favored by Shangali, the previous Mangi. Instead, Abdiel's candidacy was suggested by Merinyo, who highlighted Abdiel’s educational background—having received six years of schooling, he was the most educated among Shangali's sons. This decision reflected a recurring theme of succession influenced by women, paralleling earlier events in the region.
Abdiel's tenure as chief lasted from 1923 until 1946, during which he significantly transformed Machame from a relatively obscure chiefdom into a politically influential and economically prosperous region. Upon reaching the age of 20, he assumed leadership and ruled continuously for over two decades before passing the chieftainship to his son to take on the newly established role of Mangi Mwitori, Divisional Chief of the Hai division, which encompassed a significant portion of Kilimanjaro.
Characterized by a commanding presence, Abdiel was a tall and handsome figure who exhibited courage, stamina, and political acumen. His ambition for power was unparalleled among the Chagga people, as he strategically expanded his influence from Machame to encompass broader territories within Kilimanjaro. His success in navigating the complexities of British colonial politics stemmed from his keen understanding of the administrators' expectations and the necessity of securing their approval. Abdiel's ability to adapt to the new political landscape, coupled with his patience in seizing opportunities, solidified his reputation as a formidable leader in the region. He remained a central figure in the Kikafu basin communities until his death, with lasting recognition as the Mangi of Machame.

### British colonial support

Mangi Abdiel, gained significant support from British administrators throughout his tenure, particularly by the early 1930s. His relationship with the colonial authorities was solidified during the 1936 riots in Machame, where he aligned himself with the government and native authorities to restore order. This decisive action earned him the trust of the British, who viewed him as a reliable ally and a capable administrator. His position mirrored that of Mangi Marealle of Marangu during the German colonial period, as both leaders were supported by their respective colonial powers.
Despite his close ties with the British, Abdiel's authority among the Chagga people was more complex. He ruled firmly and was granted considerable autonomy by the British, who preferred stability and order over civil unrest. However, this created an ambivalent perception of Abdiel among the Chagga, who did not universally accept him as the paramount King of all Chagga clans on Kilimanjaro. This tension reflected broader challenges in consolidating authority within the region.
Abdiel's leadership was characterized by the successful suppression of rival factions and the enhancement of his power through the appropriation of land and labor. He effectively silenced dissent within his own Kombe clan and among other traditionally opposing clans, such as the Shoo, Nkya, Lema, and Mboro. This consolidation of power allowed him to implement significant changes in Machame, transforming it from a relatively impoverished Kingdom into a prosperous one, largely due to the introduction of coffee cultivation. Under his leadership, Machame's population grew, attracting Chagga from other areas and even settlers from the Pare region, ultimately making it the most populous Kingdom in Kilimanjaro.

### Mangi Abdiel and his expansion of the Machame Kingdom

Mangi Abdiel expanded the Machame Kingdom its frontiers eastward across the Weru Weru river, incorporating the small Kingdoms of Kindi, Kombo, and Narumu, which were previously satellites of Kibosho. This expansion involved shifting the historic boundary from the Weru Weru river to the Sere river, thus altering the traditional political map.
In 1927, Abdiel became the Mangi of both Machame and Siha (Kibongoto), ruling all the land west of the Sere river. In 1945, when Siha was made a separate satellite Kingdom by the British, the ruler elected was Abdiel's kinsman and nominee. In 1951, Machame was divided into two chiefdoms, and Abdiel's half-brother, Charles, was appointed as the chief of the newly created chiefdom of Masama. Despite opposition, the boundary between the two chiefdoms was drawn to include both banks of the Kikafu river, extending further west to the Marire river, ensuring Machame's control over the region.
Mangi Abdiel extended his influence across Kilimanjaro through family marriage ties with other chiefs and influential commoners. By 1946, he handed over the powerful Machame chiefdom to his son, Gilead, while still maintaining indirect control until 1960.
During his reign, Mangi Abdiel's influence extended beyond traditional succession rights to include the allocation of new social and economic benefits such as schools, medical dispensaries, and roads, introduced by European, particularly British, administrations. In Machame, development was unequal, with the eastern region prospering while the western region experienced tensions. Abdiel's leadership was marked by his ability to manage these challenges.

## Legacy

Mangi Abdiel is recognized as the most illustrious ruler in the history of the Kikafu basin region. Under his leadership, Machame emerged as the leading chiefdom on Kilimanjaro. This perspective qualifies the historical view presented by Rev. Müller in the 1890s and further developed during the British administration by officials and writers. According to this latter view, Machame was always the most prominent kingdom on Kilimanjaro, known for its size, power, and governance by an ancient line of Mangis. This interpretation was widely accepted among the peoples of the Kikafu basin, significantly impacting their cultural roots. Mangi Abdiel died in 1962.