OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Charles Fabry

Marie Paul Auguste Charles Fabry ForMemRS (French:; 11 June 1867 – 11 December 1945) was a French physicist working on optics. Together with Alfred Pérot he invented the Fabry–Pérot interferometer. He is also one of the co-discoverers of the ozone layer.

## Biography
### Studies

Fabry graduated from the École Polytechnique in Paris and received his doctorate from the University of Paris in 1892, for his work on interference fringes, which established him as an authority in the field of optics and spectroscopy. In 1904, he was appointed Professor of Physics at the University of Marseille, where he spent 16 years.

### Career

In optics, he discovered an explanation for the phenomenon of interference fringes. Together with his colleague Alfred Pérot he invented a new interferometer in 1899, now known as the Fabry–Pérot interferometer. He and Henri Buisson discovered the ozone layer in 1913.
In 1921, Fabry was appointed Professor of General Physics at the Sorbonne and the first director of the new Institute of Optics. In 1926 he also became professor at the École Polytechnique. He was the first general director of the Institut d'optique théorique et appliquée and director of "grande école" École supérieure d'optique (SupOptique).
Fabry was the President of the Société astronomique de France from 1931–1933.

## Awards and honors

For his important scientific achievements he received the Rumford Medal from the Royal Society of London in 1918. In the United States his work was recognized by the Henry Draper Medal from the National Academy of Sciences (1919) and the Franklin Medal from the Franklin Institute (1921). In 1927 he was elected to the French Academy of Sciences. In 1929, he received the Prix Jules Janssen, the highest award of the Société astronomique de France, the French astronomical society. In 1933, The Optical Society elected him an Honorary Member.
Asteroid 410619 Fabry is named after him.
# Krikor Agathon

Krikor Agathon (26 November 1900 – c. November 1979) was an Egyptian sport shooter and épée fencer. He competed at two Olympic Games. He later worked as a sports administrator in Egypt and France, and was awarded with the Legion of Honour.
# Olivia Rouamba

Olivia Ragnaghnewendé Rouamba is a Burkina Faso politician who was the nation's Minister of Foreign Affairs from March 2022 to December 2023.

## Education

Rouamba has a doctorate in international relations.

## Career

Rouamba worked Director General of Bilateral Cooperation and was Second Counselor at Burkina Faso's embassy in South Africa. On 15 September 2021 Rouamba was appointed by the Council of Ministers as Burkina Faso's ambassador to Ethiopia, as well as Permanent Representative to the African Union and the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa.
Rouamba was appointed Minister for Foreign Affairs by interim President Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba on 5 March 2022 as part of the transitional government following the January coup. She was installed in Ouagadougou on 11 March 2022. In her speech upon taking office, she said "Dear collaborators, I refuse to be traitors, we will refuse to be traitors and we will accomplish this mission with abnegation."
In March and again in April, she said that a three year transition period back to democracy proposed by the military junta was "realistic". In July, she said that the two-year period had been suggested by the nation's junta rather than imposed by ECOWAS "as some are saying on the internet." On 15 July, United Nations Peacebuilding Commission Chair Rahab Fatima met with Rouamba, affirming the ECOWAS timetable and strongly encouraging Burkina Faso to "swiftly implement ... a peaceful and inclusive transition process with respect for human rights, justice and the rule of law."
A decree read on national television announced Rouamba was fired as foreign minister on 17 December 2023 following a "mini-reshuffle" led by Burkinabé president Ibrahim Traoré. She was replaced by Karamoko Jean-Marie Traoré, who was the minister delegate for regional cooperation at the time. Analysts said her sacking came as a surprise, since she was said to be in Traoré's "close circle".
# Saint Francis Red Flash

The Saint Francis Red Flash are the 22 sports teams representing Saint Francis University in Loretto, Pennsylvania in intercollegiate athletics. The Red Flash competes in the NCAA Division I and are primary members of the Northeast Conference, with women's water polo competing in the Collegiate Water Polo Association.

## Teams

| Men's sports | Women's sports |
| Basketball | Basketball |
| Cross country | |
| Football | Cross Country |
| Golf | Field hockey |
| Soccer | Golf |
| Tennis | Lacrosse |
| Track & Field$^1$ | Soccer |
| Volleyball | Softball |
| | Swimming and diving |
| | Tennis |
| | Track & Field$^1$ |
| | Volleyball |
| | Water Polo ^ |
| $^1$ – includes both indoor and outdoor. ||
# Pirka

Pirka is a former municipality in the district of Graz-Umgebung in the Austrian state of Styria. Since the 2015 Styria municipal structural reform, it is part of the municipality Seiersberg-Pirka.
# 2022 in North Macedonia

Events in the year 2022 in North Macedonia.

## Incumbents

* President: Stevo Pendarovski
* Prime Minister: Zoran Zaev (until 16 January), Dimitar Kovačevski (starting 16 January)

## Events

Ongoing — COVID-19 pandemic in North Macedonia
* 24 June - Bulgaria lifts its veto against North Macedonia's bid to join the European Union.
* 2 July - Protests erupt in the capital Skopje over the French proposal to unblock EU accession talks with North Macedonia.
* 16 July - The Assembly of North Macedonia passes a motion to amend North Macedonia’s Constitution to recognise its Bulgarian minority, while pledging to discuss remaining issues with the Bulgarian government. In exchange, Bulgaria will allow membership talks with the European Union to begin.
* 19 July - Negotiations on the accession of North Macedonia and Albania to the European Union begin in Brussels.

## Deaths

* 17 April – Omer Kaleshi, painter (b. 1932)
* 1 August - Ilinka Mitreva, politician (b. 1950)
* 10 August - Kiril Dojčinovski, footballer (b. 1943)
# 1828 in South Africa

"none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive
The following lists events that happened during 1828 in South Africa.

## Events

Source:
* Colonial forces, AmaXhosa, AmaThembu, and white soldiers defeat the AmaNgwane chief Matiwane, at the Battle of Mbholompo. He flees to Zululand, where Dingane executes him.
* Dingane assassinates Shaka and succeeds him as AmaZulu leader.
* Cape Colony's Ordinance 50 ensures legal equality, limits employer power, exempts Coloureds from carrying passes, and revises apprenticeship laws.
* Cape Colony magistrates lose the power to administer corporal punishment, and freedom of the press is recognized.
* Griqua leader Cornelius Kok II dies, and Adam Kok II regains leadership.

## Births

* 9 May – Andrew Murray, author, educationist and pastor, is born in Cape Town

## Deaths

* 22 September – Shaka is murdered by his half brother, Dingaan who then becomes king of the Zulus
# Big Lake, Nova Scotia

Big Lake is a rural community and lake of the Halifax Regional Municipality in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia on the Chebucto Peninsula.
44°31′37.9″N 63°51′48.4″W﻿ / ﻿44.527194°N 63.863444°W﻿ / 44.527194; -63.863444
# Thundu

Thundu is a 2024 Indian Malayalam language comedy film directed by Riyas Shereef featuring Biju Menon in lead role with Unnimaya Prasad and Shine Tom Chacko in the supporting roles. The film was released on 16 February 2024 to mixed reviews from critics.

## Plot

A constable aiming for a promotion unexpectedly encounters many problems. Facing the issues with humour and compassion, he works to overcome them.

## Cast

* Biju Menon as CPO Baby John T, later ASI
* Shine Tom Chacko as CPO Shibin Chandran
* Abhiram Radhakrishnan as Gireesh Partykkaran
* Gokulan as CPO Naveen
* Raffi as CPO Raghavan
* Baiju as Police Commissioner Sathyachandran IPS
* Kottayam Nazeer as SI Sabu Cheriyan
* Johny Antony as CI Ravichandran
* Unnimaya Prasad as Seena, Baby's wife
* Shaju Sreedhar as SI Madhusudhan Nair
* Vineeth Thattil David as CPO Kannan
* Sajin Cherukayil as CPO Johny Samson
* Zhinz Shan
* Sminu Sijo as Principal Dayana Jacob
* Althaf Salim as Dr. Vidyesh
* Ashlin Salim as Veterinary Nurse

## Reception

Anna Mathews of The Times of India rated 2 out of 5 stars and wrote "Thundu offers a bit of novelty in the cop story genre and has some humorous moments, but it lacks a compelling story". Anandu Suresh of The Indian Express rated with 1 out of 5 stars and wrote "Despite Riyas Shereef's story having a decent setup for a funny flick, Thundu totally misses the mark and doesn't use it to its full potential."
# Concord Township, Michigan

Concord Township (/'kɐn.koɻd̪/ /ˈtɐʊn.ʃɪp/) is a civil township of Jackson County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 2,755 at the 2020 census.

## Communities

* Concord is a village within the township.
* Bath Mills and North Concord Station were both stations on the Michigan Central Railroad in the northern part of the township. The North Concord Station was located on North Concord Road between Erie and King roads.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 36.20 square miles (93.76 km$^2$), of which 35.73 square miles (92.54 km$^2$) is land and 0.47 square miles (1.22 km$^2$) (1.30%) is water.
Concord Township is in western Jackson County and is bordered to the west by Calhoun County. Highway M-60 passes through the township, leading northeast to Jackson, the county seat, and southwest to Homer.
It is drained by the North Branch of the Kalamazoo River.

## Demographics

At the 2000 census, there were 2,692 people, 986 households and 753 families residing in the township. The population density was 75.1 inhabitants per square mile (29.0/km$^2$). There were 1,092 housing units at an average density of 30.5 per square mile (11.8/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the township was 98.11% White, 0.15% African American, 0.33% Native American, 0.33% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 0.48% from other races, and 0.52% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.82% of the population.
There were 986 households, of which 37.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.2% were married couples living together, 8.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.6% were non-families. 20.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.72 and the average family size was 3.14.
28.8% of the population were under the age of 18, 7.5% from 18 to 24, 29.0% from 25 to 44, 23.4% from 45 to 64, and 11.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.1 males.
The median household income was $50,000 and the median family income was $55,991. Males had a median income of $37,482 versus $25,625 for females. The per capita income for the township was $19,417. About 3.5% of families and 5.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.0% of those under age 18 and 4.7% of those age 65 or over.
# Fairyland

Fairyland (Early Modern English: Faerie; Scots: Elfame (Scottish mythology; cf. Old Norse: Álfheimr (Norse mythology)) in English and Scottish folklore is the fabulous land or abode of fairies or fays. Old French faierie (Early Modern English faerie) referred to an illusion or enchantment, the land of the faes. Modern English (by the 17th century) fairy transferred the name of the realm of the fays to its inhabitants, e.g., the expression fairie knight in Edmund Spenser's The Faerie Queene refers to a "supernatural knight" or a "knight of Faerie" but was later re-interpreted as referring to a knight who is "a fairy".

## Folklore

Fairyland may be referred to simply as Fairy or Faerie, though that usage is an archaism. It is often the land ruled by the "Queen of Fairy", and thus anything from fairyland is also sometimes described as being from the "Court of the Queen of Elfame" or from the Seelie court in Scottish folklore. The Scots word elfame or elphyne "fairyland" has other variant forms, attested in Scottish witch trials, but Elf-hame or Elphame with the -hame stem (meaning 'home' in Scots) were conjectural readings by Pitcairn.

## In Scots texts

Records of the Scottish witch trials reveal that many initiates claimed to have had congress with the "Queen of Elfame" and her retinue. On November 8, 1576, midwife Bessie Dunlop, a resident of Dalry, Scotland, was accused of sorcery and witchcraft. She answered her accusers that she had received tuition from Thomas Reid, a former barony officer who had died at the Battle of Pinkie 30 years earlier and from the Queen of "Court of Elfame" that lay nearby. It resulted in a conviction and she was burned at the stake in 1576.
Allison Peirson was burned as a witch in 1588 for conversing with the Queen of Elfame and for prescribing magic charms and potions (Byre Hills, Fife, Scotland). This same woman (styled "Alison Pearson") is also featured in Robert Sempill's ballad (1583) where she is said to have been in a fairy-ride. Sempill's piece mentions "Elphyne" glossed as "Elfland" or "Fairyland".
In the medieval verse romance and the Scottish ballad of Thomas the Rhymer, the title character is spirited away by a female supernatural being. Although identified by commentators as the Queen of Fairies, the texts refrain from specifically naming her or her domain except in ballad version A, in which she is referred to as the Queen of Elfland. Poet and novelist Robert Graves published his alteration of the ballad, replacing her name with "Queen of Elphame":
   I'm not the Queen of Heaven, Thomas, That name does not belong to me; I am but the Queen of fair Elphame Come out to hunt in my follie.
Elfhame or Elfland is portrayed in various ways in these ballads and stories, most commonly as mystical and benevolent but sometimes as sinister and wicked. The mysteriousness of the land and its otherworldly powers are a source of skepticism and distrust in many tales. Additional journeys to the realm include the fairy tale "Childe Rowland", which presents a particularly negative view of the land.
# Charles Thomson (footballer, born 1910)

Charles Morgan Thomson (11 December 1910 – 8 May 1984) was a Scottish footballer who played for Sunderland and Scotland as a right half.

## Club career

Thomson made his debut for Sunderland on 3 October 1931 in a 2–2 tie against the Blackburn Rovers at Roker Park. His achievements while at Sunderland include winning the English Football League Championship in the 1935–36 season, the 1936 FA Charity Shield and the FA Cup in 1937. He made 264 appearances and scored eight goals over his career at Sunderland.

## International career

He won his only international cap for Scotland against Czechoslovakia on 15 May 1937 in a 3–1 win at Stadion Sparta-Letna. He wasn't capped again for his country, and retired in 1939 due to the outbreak of the Second World War.
# Welcome to the Freakshow (Hinder album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| aNewRisingMusic | |
Welcome to the Freakshow is the fourth studio album by American rock band Hinder. Released on December 4, 2012 by Republic Records, it is the band's successor to All American Nightmare, released in 2010. It is the final studio album to feature founding vocalist Austin John Winkler.
The album debuted at number 65 on the Billboard 200, with 12,000 copies sold. It has sold 60,000 copies in the US as of May 2015.

## Production

On August 9, 2012, Hinder announced, via Facebook and Twitter, that their new album will be titled Welcome to the Freakshow. The album was released on December 4, 2012. Hinder released the first single, "Save Me," on August 30. According to Artistdirect, the group, in addition to typical rock music, incorporated elements of pop and country to the album's sound.
In an interview with Billboard, frontman Austin John Winkler said that Welcome to the Freakshow was recorded during "a really, really dark drug binge" for him; immediately after the album was completed he entered a rehabilitation program. He also said that the band wrote about thirty potential songs for the album before selecting the eleven included in the final release.
Austin John Winkler revealed that the album is reflection of "a really, really dark drug binge." He added, "I think you can definitely hear the turmoil in my voice. As soon as we got the record done I went into treatment to get help, and it's interesting to go back and listen to it now. Coming back, I have a whole new look on all of them and they mean something completely different to me now, too, so it's pretty cool. That's the beauty of music."
The album was produced by Hinder drummer Cody Hanson and Faktion's Marshall Dutton and mixed by James Michael of Sixx:A.M.

## Release

The album was announced on October 2, 2012 for release on December 4, 2012. First single "Save Me" preceded the album, having been released on August 30. Hellhound Music called the track "an in-your-face performance of arena rock at its best"

## Track listing

Best Buy exclusive:

## Personnel

* Austin John Winkler - lead vocals, guitars, piano
* Joe Garvey - lead guitar, backing vocals
* Mark King - rhythm guitar, backing vocals
* Mike Rodden - bass, backing vocals
* Cody Hanson - drums, backing vocals

### Production

* Bob Ludwig - mastering

## Charts

| Chart (2012) | Peak position |
| US Billboard 200 | 65 |
| US Top Alternative Albums (Billboard) | 8 |
| US Top Hard Rock Albums (Billboard) | 3 |
| US Top Rock Albums (Billboard) | 14 |
# Sir Leonard Chamberlain

Sir Leonard Chamberlain or Chamberlayne (died 1561) was an English soldier and politician. He was the Governor of Guernsey in 1553.

## Life

The son of Sir Edward Chamberlayne of Shirburn Castle, Oxfordshire, by Cicely, daughter of Sir John Verney, he was brother of the Members of Parliament Edward Chamberlain and Ralph Chamberlain. He succeeded his father about 1543 as keeper of Woodstock Park. In 1542 he obtained from the crown a grant of Hampton Poyle; and the following year the king granted to him and Richard Andrews land in several counties, including abbey lands and other ecclesiastical property. He was High Sheriff of Berkshire and Oxfordshire in 1546–7, and at the funeral of Henry VIII he bore the banner of the king and Queen Catherine Parr.
In October 1549 members of the privy council opposed to Protector Somerset required Sir John Markham, the lieutenant of the Tower of London, to bring Sir Edmund Peckham and Chamberlain in to strengthen the Tower guard. At the end of the reign of Edward VI, Chamberlain served for a second time as of Sheriff of Berkshire. On 22 July 1553 the privy council wrote to Sir John Williams, Chamberlain, and others of the gentry of Oxfordshire, directing them to dismiss soldiers (a muster to ensure Mary Tudor's succession, while Lady Jane Grey was a claimant) and repair to Queen Mary I of England.
Chamberlain was knighted by Queen Mary at Westminster on 2 October 1551, the day after her coronation, and he sat for Scarborough in the parliament which assembled on 5 September. Mary in the first year of her reign granted him the site of Dunstable Priory, and other lands in Bedfordshire. He was constituted governor of Guernsey in 1553, where he improved the works at Castle Cornet, and was returned for Oxfordshire to the parliaments which sat on 2 April and 12 November 1554. At the trials of Rowland Taylor and John Bradford for heresy in January 1555 he was involved in the proceedings.
Although he was often absent from the Channel Islands, Chamberlain cooperated with William Wynter to stabilise the military position there against the French threat during the Italian War of 1551–59, paying attention to Alderney and Sark. He died in Guernsey about August 1561.

## Family

Chamberlain had four wives including; Dorothy, fourth daughter of John Newdigate, king's serjeant-at-law, and Margery Vaughan, widow of Stephen Vaughan. Francis Chamberlain, who in 1555 was joined with him in the government of Guernsey, and who continued sole governor till his own death in 1570, was his eldest son. His second son George was the father of George Chamberlain the Bishop of Ypres.
# Tompkins Township, Michigan

Tompkins Township is a civil township of Jackson County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 2,618 at the 2020 census.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 36.36 square miles (94.17 km$^2$), of which 36.01 square miles (93.27 km$^2$) is land and 0.35 square miles (0.91 km$^2$) (0.96%) is water.
Tompkins Township is in northwestern Jackson County and is bordered to the north by Ingham County. State highway M-50 crosses the township, leading southeast 14 miles (23 km) to Jackson, the county seat, and northwest 13 miles (21 km) to Eaton Rapids. The Grand River crosses the northeastern portion of the township.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 2,758 people, 985 households, and 781 families residing in the township. The population density was 76.4 inhabitants per square mile (29.5/km$^2$). There were 1,032 housing units at an average density of 28.6 per square mile (11.0/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the township was 96.74% White, 0.51% African American, 0.18% Native American, 0.15% Asian, 0.80% from other races, and 1.63% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.34% of the population.
There were 985 households, out of which 38.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 67.0% were married couples living together, 7.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.7% were non-families. 17.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.79 and the average family size was 3.13.
In the township the population was spread out, with 28.9% under the age of 18, 6.4% from 18 to 24, 28.7% from 25 to 44, 25.2% from 45 to 64, and 10.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.0 males.
The median income for a household in the township was $43,203, and the median income for a family was $46,893. Males had a median income of $38,477 versus $22,411 for females. The per capita income for the township was $17,094. About 5.0% of families and 6.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.9% of those under age 18 and 9.4% of those age 65 or over.