OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Zemfira Meftahatdinova

Zemfira Ali gizi Meftahatdinova (Tatar: Зимфирә Гали кызы Мифтахетдинова, romanized: Zimfirä Ğäli qızı Miftaxetdineva, Azerbaijani: Zemfira Əli qızı Meftahətdinova, born 28 May 1963) is a retired Azerbaijani sport shooter who won two Olympic medals in skeet.

## Biography

Zemfira Meftahatdinova was born on 28 May 1963. While studying at school, she practiced artistic gymnastics. After moving to another district in Baku, where a shooting range was located near her home, she began visiting it. She quickly developed an interest for shooting and decided to pursue it as a sport.
In 1984, she graduated from the Azerbaijan State Academy of Physical Education and Sport. She competed for the Dynamo Baku club, and her personal coach was Hafiz Jafarov. She holds the rank of police colonel and has been serving as the Chairperson of the Athletic Society of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Azerbaijan since 2015. She is also the Vice President of the National Olympic Committee of Azerbaijan and, since 15 December 2021, the Vice President of the Azerbaijan Shooting Federation.

## Sports career

In 1993, she became the European champion, and in 1995, the world champion. At the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, she won the first gold medal for the Azerbaijan national team in trap shooting with a score of 73+25. At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, she placed third in trap shooting with a score of 71+22. She also participated in the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, where she finished 15th in trap shooting, hitting 63 targets.

## Accolades

In January 1991, Zemfira Meftakhetdinova was awarded an Honorary Diploma of the Azerbaijan SSR. In March 1995, for her achievements in international competitions and her contributions to Azerbaijani sports, she received the Taraggi Medal. In recognition of her performance at the 2000 Sydney Olympics and her efforts in the development of Azerbaijani sports, she was honored with the Shohrat Order. In September 2004, she was again recognized for her role in Azerbaijani sports and the Olympic team's success, receiving the Taraggi Medal. In May 2016, she was awarded the For Sporting Courage Medal. In 2017, Zemfira Meftahatdinova was awarded the honorary title of Honored Figure of Physical Education and Sports of Azerbaijan for her contributions to the development of physical culture and sports in Azerbaijan. In May 2023, she was honored with the "Woman Sport" award by the International Olympic Committee.

## Olympic results

| Event | 2000 | 2004 | 2008 |
| Skeet | Gold 73+25 | Bronze 71+22 | 15th 63 |
# Townsend (unit)

The townsend (symbol Td) is a physical unit of the reduced electric field (ratio E/N), where $E$ is electric field and $N$ is concentration of neutral particles.
It is named after John Sealy Townsend, who conducted early research into gas ionisation.

## Definition

It is defined by the relation $1\ {\text{Td}}=10^{-21}\ {\text{V}}\cdot {\text{m}}^{2}=10^{-17}\ {\text{V}}\cdot {\text{cm}}^{2}.$
For example, an electric field of $E=2.5\cdot 10^{4}\ {\text{V}}/{\text{m}}$ in a medium with the density of an ideal gas at 1 atm, the Loschmidt constant $n_{0}=2.6867811\cdot 10^{25}\ {\text{m}}^{-3}$ gives $E/n_{0}\approx 10^{-21}\ {\text{V}}\cdot {\text{m}}^{2},$ which corresponds to 1 Td.

## Uses

This unit is important in gas-discharge physics, where it serves as scaling parameter because the mean energy of electrons (and therefore many other properties of discharge) is typically a function of $E/N$ over broad range of $E$ and $N$.
The concentration $N$, which is in ideal gas simply related to pressure and temperature, controls the mean free path and collision frequency. The electric field $E$ governs the energy gained between two successive collisions.
Reduced electric field being a scaling factor effectively means that increasing the electric field intensity E by some factor q has the same consequences as lowering gas density N by factor q.
# Bantam, Connecticut

Bantam is a borough in Litchfield County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 720 at the 2020 census. It is part of the town of Litchfield.
On July 10, 1989, many of the buildings in Bantam were heavily damaged by a tornado that ripped through Litchfield and New Haven Counties. The storm also caused considerable damage to the Litchfield County town of Thomaston, and to the New Haven County towns of Waterbury, Hamden and North Haven.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of 1.0 square mile (2.6 km$^2$), all land.

### Climate

This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Bantam has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps.

## Demographics

As of the 2010 census Bantam had a population of 759. The racial composition of the population was 96.6% white, 1.2% black or African American, 0.3% from other races and 1.8% from two or more races. 3.3% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race.
At the 2000 census there were 802 people, 364 households, and 202 families residing in the borough. The population density was 793.4 inhabitants per square mile (306.3/km$^2$). There were 376 housing units at an average density of 372.0 per square mile (143.6/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the borough was 96.01% White, 0.37% African American, 0.50% Native American, 0.75% Asian, 0.87% from other races, and 1.50% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.00%.
Of the 364 households, 28.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.2% were married couples living together, 6.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 44.5% were non-families. 40.1% of households were one person, and 25.0% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.20 and the average family size was 3.04.
In the borough the population was spread out, with 25.8% under the age of 18, 3.0% from 18 to 24, 28.8% from 25 to 44, 22.1% from 45 to 64, and 20.3% 65 or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 83.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.8 males.
The median household income was $32,167 and the median family income was $50,938. Males had a median income of $42,000 versus $30,385 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $18,442. About 3.1% of families and 5.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.1% of those under age 18 and 10.3% of those age 65 or over.
Common ancestries reported were: Irish (21.1%), Italian (14.5%), German (14.0%), English (13.1%), French Canadian (10.1%), French (9.7%).

## Education

Residents are zoned to Litchfield Public Schools, including Litchfield High School.
# 1922 Tennessee Docs football team

The 1922 Tennessee Docs football team (variously "Docs", "UT Doctors" or the "Tennessee Medicos") represented the University of Tennessee College of Medicine in Memphis in the 1922 college football season. The game against Washington University scheduled for Armistice Day was canceled due to a lack of eligible players.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance |
| October 7 | Southwestern Presbyterian | Russwood ParkMemphis, TN | W 45–0 | |
| October 14 | at Union (TN) | Jackson Athletic ParkJackson, TN | T 7–7 | |
| October 21 | at Centenary | Louisiana State FairgroundsShreveport, LA | W 14–0 | |
| October 28 | Kirksville Osteopaths | Russwood ParkMemphis, TN | W 28–0 | |
| November 4 | Chattanooga | Russwood ParkMemphis, TN | W 19–0 | 3,500 |
| November 18 | Ole Miss | Russwood ParkMemphis, TN | W 32–0 | |
| November 25 | Missouri Mines | Russwood ParkMemphis, TN | W 54–6 | 2,000 |
| December 2 | Wabash | Russwood ParkMemphis, TN | W 14–7 | 3,000 |
# Susan Wu

Ying Chu Lin (Susan) Wu (July 26, 1932 - May 19, 2020) was a Chinese-born American businesswoman and engineer in magnetohydrodynamics, aeronautics, and aerospace engineering.

## Education and career

Wu was born in Peking, China studied mechanical engineering at National Taiwan University, and earned a B.S. in 1955. She moved to the United States in 1957 and earned an M.S. from Ohio State University in 1959 before moving to the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), where she became the first woman to earn a Ph.D. in aeronautics in 1963. Wu worked at Electro-Optics Corporation for two years. In 1965 she joined the faculty at the University of Tennessee Space Institute where she was promoted to professor in 1973. In 1988 when she founded ERC, Engineering Research and Consulting, a company working in the defense and space industry.
Wu's research centered on magnetohydrodynamic generators. She served on the National Air and Space Museum Advisory Board from 1993 to 2000 and spoke to the United States House of Representatives about magnetohydrodynamic generators.

## Awards and honors

Wu received an Amelia Earhart fellowship from Zonta International in 1960 while working on her Ph.D. degree. In 1985 she received the Society of Women Engineers Achievement Award. In 1996, Wu was recognized by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, where she was an associate fellow, for her work which led to space weather prediction. In 2013 Wu received a distinguished alumni award from Caltech.

## Selected publications

* Wu, Y. C. L. (1976-10-01). "Performance theory of diagonal conducting wall MHD generators". AIAA Journal. 14 (10): 1362–1368. Bibcode:1976AIAAJ..14.1362W. doi:10.2514/3.7227. ISSN 0001-1452.
* Wu, Y. C. L.; Dicks, J. B.; Denzel, D. L.; Witkowski, S.; Shanklin, R. V.; Zitzow, U.; Chang, P.; Jett, E. S. (1968). "MHD generator in two-terminal operation". AIAA Journal. 6 (9): 1651–1657. Bibcode:1968AIAAJ...6.1651D. doi:10.2514/3.4841. ISSN 0001-1452.
* Wu, Y. C. L. (1976). "Performance theory of diagonal conducting wall MHD generators". AIAA Journal. 14 (10): 1362–1368. Bibcode:1976AIAAJ..14.1362W. doi:10.2514/3.7227. ISSN 0001-1452.
* Lineberry, J. T.; Galanga, F. L.; Liu, B. L.; Wu, Y. C. L.; Scott, M. H.; Pan, Y. C.; Doss, E. D. (1982). "Comparison of Experimental Results from the UTSI Coal-Fired MHD Generator to Theoretical Predictions". Journal of Energy. 6 (3): 187–195. doi:10.2514/3.62589. ISSN 0146-0412.
* Attig, R. C.; Chapman, J. N.; Sheth, A. C.; Wu, Y. C. L. S. (1988-11-01). "Emission control by magnetohydrodynamics". CHEMTECH; (United States). 18:11.
# Otto Rottman

Otto Rottman was a Romanian athlete. He competed in the men's javelin throw at the 1928 Summer Olympics. Rottman is deceased.
# Kristien Hemmerechts

Kristien Hemmerechts (born 27 August 1955) is a Belgian writer.

## Life

Kristien Hemmerechts studied Germanic philology at the Katholieke Universiteit Brussel (KUB) and the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KUL). Afterwards, she studied literary science in Amsterdam for a year. In Amsterdam she met her first husband—who was British—with whom she married in 1978. They moved out to London where Hemmerechts worked as a typist. In 1979 they were in charge of a youth hostel in Dover. After a half year, they left Dover and they started traveling in South America for another half year. When they returned, they settled in Brussels where Hemmerechts took upon a mandate at the KUB as an instructor of English.
In 1981 Hemmerechts gave birth to a daughter, named Katherine. Two sons followed shortly after that, but both boys died from Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).
In 1986 she was granted a PhD for her dissertation A Plausible Story and a Plausible Way of Telling It: A structuralist analysis of Jean Rhys's novels.
In 1987 she divorced her husband. A year later she met the Flemish writer and poet Herman de Coninck with whom she lived in Berchem, Antwerp. In 1992 they got married. Five years later, in 1997, Herman de Coninck died from a heart failure in Lisbon, Portugal. Hemmerechts reported about this loss in the biographical Taal Zonder Mij (1998) which also contains some analyses of de Coninck's poetry.
In 2007, Kristien Hemmerechts married Bart Castelein, with whom she has had a relationship since 1999. Until this day they haven't lived together, deciding for separate homes.
Hemmerechts currently is a professor in English literature at the Katholieke Universiteit Brussel (KUB), and an instructor of Creative Writing at the Herman Teirlinck Instituut in Antwerp.

## Work

Kristien Hemmerechts published her debut in 1986 with the collection First Fictions, Introduction 9 which was written in English. Her first novel Een Zuil van Zout was published in 1987. It received the Prijs van de provincie Brabant. In 1990 she received the prestigious Vlaamse driejaarlijkse Staatsprijs voor proza. A recurring theme in Hemmerechts' work is man's incapability to give direction in life. Characters are faced with the incapability of communicating with others which leads to the inability of creating meaningful human relationships. Causes are to be sought in feelings of estrangement from the world and the self, loneliness and guilt.
In a lot of her work, Hemmerechts depicts sexuality from a female point of view. Explicit scenes are the foundation of accusations that say Kristien Hemmerechts deliberately wants to provoke her readers. Her style is a distant one that registers accounts and thought. She shows rather than participates as a narrator in her story lines.
# Grapsoidea

The Grapsoidea are a superfamily of crabs; they are well known and contain many taxa which are terrestrial (land-living), semiterrestrial (taking to the sea only for reproduction), or limnic (living in fresh water). Another well-known member with a more conventional lifestyle is the Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis.
The delimitation of the Grapsidae and Plagusiidae is in need of revision; the latter at least is not monophyletic. The same apparently holds true for several genera in the Sesarmidae.
The closest living relatives of the Grapsoidea are the Ocypodoidea. In fact, they seem to be paraphyletic with respect to each other and it seems warranted to merge the Ocypodoidea into the Grapsoidea.
# Gopa (caste)

Gopa or Gop or Gope is a synonym of the Ahir (Yadav) caste in India and Nepal. It is generally used as a title by the Ahir caste in the states of Bihar in India and Terai region of Nepal.

## Etymology

The Sanskrit word Gopa, originally meant only a cowherd; it then came to mean the head of cowpen and lastly the chief of a tribe.

## Origin and history

Buddhaswami, a ancient scholar, in his Brhatkathaslokasamgraha has mentioned the story of an Abhira who lived in a 'Ghosha' where both the terms 'Abhira' and 'Gopa' have been used for the same people.
The Amarakosha lists Gopa, Gopala, Gosamkhya, Godhuk, and Ballava as synonyms for Abhira and states that the village or settlement where Abhiras lived was called Ghosa or Abhirapalli.
Gwalior was known as Gopagiri in ancient and early medieval times, as mentioned in inscriptions by rulers such as Mihirkula and in an 876 AD inscription of Bhoja Deva, which suggest some kind of association of this place with pastoral communities like the Gopas.

### Dynasties, chieftaincy & zamindari

* Gopala Dynasty and Mahisapala dynasty of Nepal, it was established by the Gopa or Abhira.
* Sadgop Dynasty of Gopbhum. It had two Sadgop (Gopa) kings, one ruled from Amrargar and other from Dhekur (also known as Trisasthigar).
* Sadgop rulers of Midnapore Raj, Narajole Raj, Narayangarh and Balrampur in Bengal.
* Gopa or Ahir chieftain of Murho Estate, Parasadi Estate, Belwarganj Estate, Ranipatti Estate, Tintanga Estate in Bihar.

## Gop Jatiye Mahasabha

Gop Jatiye Mahasabha was formed by Babu Rash Bihari Lal Mandal in 1911, It was the regional organization of Gope or Ahir caste of Bihar. Later, the All-India Yadav Mahasabha was formed by merging the Gop Jatiye Mahasabha and other regional organisation of Ahirs. AIYM first National Conference was held in Purnea, Bihar on 17 to 20 April 1924.
# Nicholas Chalmers

Nicholas Chalmers (born 1977, Hammersmith) is an English conductor, and former artistic director of Nevill Holt Opera, a role he held from 2012 to 2023. Since 2023 he has been principal conductor of the National Youth Choir's 18-25 group, and an associate conductor of the BBC Singers.

## Biography

Chalmers was born in west London to musical parents, and sang as a chorister while attending Tewkesbury Abbey School. At the University of Oxford, he continued as a music student, before continuing to study conducting at Conservatorio di Musica di Piacenza. Initially his principal focus was church music. He held an organ scholarship at Chichester Cathedral, and went on to become assistant organist and Director of Music of the Choir School at Westminster Abbey between 2003 and 2008. He also became Organist and Director of Music at St Jude's Church, Hampstead Garden Suburb in 2003, celebrating twenty years in the role in 2023.
An interest in stage performance led Chalmers to found a performance company in 2004, Second Movement, together with a university friend Oliver Mears and Abigail Toland. From 2008 until 2011 Chalmers was assistant chorus master of English National Opera, preparing opera repertoire alongside then-music director Edward Gardner, and guest conductors including Mark Wigglesworth and Sir Charles Mackerras. From 2010 he also began conducting operatic performances at Northern Ireland Opera in Belfast and other locations.
In 2012, Chalmers was engaged by David Ross of Carphone Warehouse to found an opera company at Nevill Holt Hall. The company began performances in 2013. Under Chalmers' direction, the company opened a new 400-seat theatre on the site in 2018, and gave an award-winning outdoor production of Britten’s Noye’s Fludde in 2017. Chalmers held the role of music director of the company until his resignation in 2023, citing a desire to move on to new challenges. His resignation coincided with the company's announcement that it would cut back its 2023 programme due to insufficient ticket sales. In his resignation statement, Chalmers clarified that although he had played no part in the decision to make cutbacks, the decision was separate from his resignation. The opera company rebranded itself as the Nevill Holt Festival in 2024.
Chalmers made his BBC Proms conducting debut in 2020 with the BBC Singers. This was followed by further broadcasts and concerts with the group, including developing a relationship between the choir and youth choral groups in Stratford East. He was appointed as the BBC Singers' associate conductor for learning in June 2023. This was followed by an appointment in September 2023 as Principal Conductor of the National Youth Choir's 18-25 year group, taking over from Ben Parry.
Chalmers is a Senior Associate Artist of the Royal Opera House, where he will make his conducting debut in autumn 2024. He is scheduled to take up the role of Fernside Chair of Choral Conducting at The Royal Academy of Music from September 2024.
# Altin Kryeziu

Altin Kryeziu (born 3 January 2002) is a professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Uzbekistan Super League club Andijon. Born in Slovenia, he represented both Slovenia and Kosovo internationally.

## Club career
### Early career and SPAL

Kryeziu was born and raised in Kranj, Slovenia, where he started playing football at Triglav Kranj. In 2019, he was transferred to Serie A club SPAL. On 27 October 2019, he was named as a first team substitute for the first time in a league match against Napoli.

### Torino

On 25 September 2020, Kryeziu joined Serie A side Torino. Two days later, he made his debut for the youth team in a 1–0 home defeat against Sassuolo after coming on as a substitute. On 22 November 2020, he was an unused substitute in Torino's Serie A game against Internazionale.

#### Loan at Virton

In August 2021, Kryeziu was sent on a season-long loan to Belgian First Division B side Virton. Two days after joining, he made his debut in a 2–0 away defeat against Lierse Kempenzonen after being named in the starting line-up.

#### Loan at Tabor Sežana

On 10 February 2022, Kryeziu joined Slovenian PrvaLiga side Tabor Sežana on loan for the remainder of the 2021–22 season.

### Maribor

On 12 October 2022, Kryeziu signed for reigning Slovenian champions Maribor until the end of the 2023–24 season.

## International career
### Slovenia

On 23 August 2018, Kryeziu received a call-up from Slovenia U17 for the friendly matches against Switzerland U17. Five days later, he made his debut with Slovenia U17 in the first friendly match against Switzerland U17 after coming on as a 57th minute substitute in place of Jan Majcen.

### Kosovo

On 29 August 2020, Kryeziu received a call-up from Kosovo U21 for the 2021 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification match against England U21, and made his debut after being named in the starting line-up.
# J. Safra Sarasin

J. Safra Sarasin (formerly Bank Sarasin & Co. Ltd) is a Swiss private bank, founded in 1841 and headquartered in Basel, Switzerland. It is currently owned by the Brazilian J. Safra Group, and was formed in its present state in 2013, when Safra Group acquired Bank Sarasin & Co. Ltd, merging it with its Bank Jacob Safra Switzerland subsidiary.
J. Safra Sarasin performs investment advice and asset management for private and institutional clients, as well as investment funds. It offers further services in investment, corporate finance and financial analysis.
The company was formerly listed on the SIX Swiss Exchange from 1987 to 2013 before it was acquired by Safra Group.

## History

Founded on 20 February 1841 as Riggenbach & Cie by Johannes Riggenbach-Huber, son of a worker of a tape factory from Basel who had risen to partner within Bank Ehinger & Cie. The company was originally devoted to trade, shipping and banking. After two years, his son Frederick Riggenbach joined the business, which he directed after Johannes Riggenbach's death in 1860. By 1876, the bank had thrived and entered trading at the Basel Stock Exchange.
On 1 January 1900, Alfred Sarasin-Iselin [de] purchased the company from Fritz Riggenbach and founded the general partnership A. Sarasin & Cie with Arthur Streichenberg-Mylius, giving the establishment its name of Sarasin. Under this leadership, Bank Sarasin developed into one of the most prestigious and longest-established private banks in the Swiss financial market.
From 1954 to 2005, Emanuel Sarasin, grandson of Alfred Sarasin-Iselin, directed the bank. He was also president of the Swiss Bankers Association from 1965 to 1986. In 1987, the company became a private company limited by shares, under the name Bank Sarasin & Cie. In 2002, it converted into a Joint-stock company, with the Dutch group Rabo taking a share and options to purchase more; it exercised these options in late 2006, by then holding 46.1 percents of the capital and 68.6 of the votes. Rabobank Switzerland was itself purchased by Safra on 25 November 2011.
By late June 2012, Safra Holding already held 50.15% of the share capital and 71.01% of the votes; in October 2012, Safra had acquired further shares through a public offer, and had 99.47% of the votes. Safra then cancelled the remaining shares held by the public in April 2013, delisting the bank from the SIX Swiss Exchange. As part of the merger between Bank Sarasin and Bank Jacob Safra Switzerland into Bank J. Safra Sarasin AG, the bank announced on 27 May 2013 that Edmond Michaan, former managing director of Bank Jacob Safra, would replace Joachim H. Straehle as CEO of Sarasin.
# 1823 in South Africa

"none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive
The following lists events that happened during 1823 in South Africa.

## Events

Source:
* London Missionary Society sets up southern Africa's first printing press in Tyhume Valley.
* Cape government enacts "ameliorative" laws to regulate slave treatment, outlawing the public flogging of female slaves.
* AmaKhumalo, led by Mzilikazi, migrate north of the Vaal River due to the Difaqane.

## Births

* Lewis Broadbent, a Methodist missionary in India and son of the Methodist missionary Samuel Broadbent is born at Leeudoringstad, 16 km from Wolmaransstad