OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Gertrude Hermes

Gertrude Anna Bertha Hermes OBE RA (18 August 1901 – 9 May 1983) was a British wood-engraver and sculptor. Hermes was a member of the English Wood Engraving Society (1925–31) and exhibited with the Society of Wood Engravers, the Royal Academy and The London Group during the 1930s.

## Life

Gertrude Anna Bertha Hermes was born on 18 August 1901 in Bickley, Kent. Her parents, Louis August Hermes and Helene, née Gerdes, were from Altena, near Dortmund, Germany. In about 1921 she attended the Beckenham School of Art, and in 1922 enrolled at Leon Underwood's Brook Green School of Painting and Sculpture, where other students included Eileen Agar, Raymond Coxon, Henry Moore and Blair Hughes-Stanton, whom she married in 1926; they separated in 1931, and were divorced in 1933.
Hermes was a contributor to the short-lived publication, Island (1931) that was edited by Joseph Bard. She was also a commissioned illustrator for Penguin Books.
Hermes exhibited regularly at the Royal Academy from 1934, and showed at the Venice International Exhibition in 1939. In 1937, Hermes produced a commission for the British Pavilion at the Paris World Fair. She lived and worked in the US and Canada from 1940 to 1945. On her return to England she taught wood engraving and linocutting at the Central School of Art in London (now Central St Martin's) in the late 1940s to early '50s. She also took a drawing class to London Zoo. She taught wood and lino block printing at the Royal Academy Schools, from 1966.
In 1949, Hermes was elected an associate of the Royal Society of Painter-Etchers and Engravers. She was elected Associate of the Royal Academy in 1963 and a full Royal Academician in 1971. In 1961, she was awarded first prize in the Giles Bequest competition at the Victoria and Albert Museum for her linocut Stonehenge. She was appointed an OBE in 1981.
Her work is in many public collections including the Tate, and the National Portrait Gallery. Her work was also in private collections including a c1926 bronze "Swallow" door knocker in the collection of David Bowie.
Hermes suffered severe stroke in 1969 that meant she was unable to work. She died in Bristol in 1983.

## Notable works

* Spring bouquet, 1929, wood engraving
* Leda and the Swan, 1932, sculpture
* The warrior's tomb, 1941, wood engraving
* Bat and Spider, 1932, wood engraving
* Other Cats and Henry, 1952, wood engraving
* Kathleen Raine, 1954, sculpture
* Peacock, 1961, bronze sculpture, for Ordsall High School in Salford

## Exhibitions

* 1967 Bronzes and Carvings, Drawings, Wood Engravings, Wood and Lino Block Cuts, 1924–1967 Whitechapel Art Gallery
* 2008 North House Gallery
* 2015 - 2016 Wild Girl: Gertrude Hermes The Hepworth Wakefield. First UK retrospective of Hermes's work in 30 years.
# African Economic History

African Economic History is an annual academic journal covering research on all aspects of the economics of the African past, including its historiography, with an emphasis on sub-Saharan, colonial and post-colonial themes. It was established in 1974 by the African Studies Program of the University of Wisconsin–Madison as the African Economic History Review and obtained its current title in 1976. Subsequently, it was associated with the Harriet Tubman Institute for Research on Africa and Its Diasporas at York University. The journal is now published by the University of Wisconsin Press.
# Train Advise Assist Command – Capital

Train Advise Assist Command – Capital (TAAC – Capital) was a multinational military formation, part of NATO's Resolute Support Mission within Afghanistan. The headquarters was in Kabul. Prior to 2014 it was designated Regional Command Capital of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF). Regional Command Capital was in turn a redesignation of the former Kabul Multinational Brigade, the change taking place on 6 August 2006. The KMNB usually had about three battlegroups, each responsible for a sector of Kabul.

## History

As part of ISAF the command of this region rotated among Turkey, France and Italy. French Brigadier General Michel Stollsteiner served as the commander from August 2008 to July 2009. From about November 2009 Turkey was the leading nation in this region. On 31 October 2009 the Turkish Brigadier General Levent ÇOLAK took over command from France Brigadier General. Strength in 2010 appx. 6,150. Nearly all of the more than forty contributors had troops deployed to Kabul. The ISAF presence at Kabul International Airport (KAIA) (provided by Hungary, previously Belgium) was also part of RC-Capital.
16 Air Assault Brigade of the British Army initially provided the Kabul Multinational Brigade. Then-Brigadier Barney White-Spunner of the British Army commanded the KMNB in 2002. In March 2002 the KMNB was transferred to German Army control. From 27 July 2004 until 27 January 2005, the Franco-German Brigade led by Brigadegeneral Walter Spindler, was at the head of the Kabul Multinational Brigade (KMNB). From July to December 2005 the KMNB was commanded by German Brigadegeneral Hans-Christoph Ammon, who was serving as commander of Germany's 30th Panzergrenadier Brigade. Between 6 February and 6 August 2006, SEEBRIG HQ was deployed as Kabul Multinational Brigade HQ, under ISAF Command. The Turkish Army's 28th Mechanized Infantry Brigade served as Kabul Multinational Brigade for a period, and during the same period, the Turkish Armed Forces ran the Kabul International Airport.
The French forces in Afghanistan used to have a battle group under RC Capital's command, but it was later shifted to Regional Command East.
# Edwardsville, Nova Scotia

Edwardsville is a community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in the Cape Breton Regional Municipality on Cape Breton Island. It is named for King Edward VII.

## Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Edwardsville had a population of 287 living in 119 of its 127 total private dwellings, a change of 7.5% from its 2016 population of 267. With a land area of 8.08 km$^2$ (3.12 sq mi), it had a population density of 35.5/km$^2$ (92.0/sq mi) in 2021.
# Lists of unusual deaths

These are a series of incomplete lists of unusual deaths, unique or extremely rare circumstances of death recorded throughout history, noted as being unusual by multiple sources.

## Unusual deaths

Lists of unusual deaths :
| Antiquity |||
| Middle Ages | Renaissance | Early modern period |
| 19th century | 20th century | 21st century |
| Animal deaths |||
Due to the length of this list, it has been divided into the following sections:
* List of unusual deaths in antiquity
* List of unusual deaths in the Middle Ages
* List of unusual deaths in the Renaissance
* List of unusual deaths in the early modern period
* List of unusual deaths in the 19th century
* List of unusual deaths in the 20th century
* List of unusual deaths in the 21st century
* List of unusual animal deaths
* The death of Aeschylus, killed by a tortoise dropped onto his head by an eagle, illustrated in the 15th-century Florentine Picture-Chronicle by Baccio Baldini
* Frederick Barbarossa's strange drowning gave rise to legends that he was still alive
* Franz Reichelt, known as the "Flying Tailor", prior to his death testing an early wingsuit
# Battles of Heraclea

The battles of Heraclea were a series of battles fought during the Crusade of 1101 between Crusaders led by William II, Count of Nevers and the Sultanate of Rum led by Kilij Arslan I. Both battles resulted in a Turkish victory.
The French who constituted the second group of the Crusade of 1101, could also escape the wrath of Sultan Kilij Arslan I. William II, Count of Nevers who arrived in Istanbul in June 1101, moved fast to Ankara and then to Konya. His army suffered Turkish raids on the way. When they arrived the army were terrified by the Turks.
The French and Germans who headed east under the command of William II arrived at Istanbul early June 1101, where they headed to Konya through Nicomedia-Nicaea entering Seljuk lands near Aksehir. As Kilij Arslan had heard of their marching, they evacuated cities, including Konya and destroyed the fields and water sources. Kilij Arslan and Gazi Gümüshtigin waited for them to weaken. When they saw the Crusaders running to a river, Kilij Arslan attacked and achieved a Turkish victory.
# Yousef Saad

Yousef Saad (born 1950) in Algiers, Algeria from Boghni, Tizi Ouzou, Kabylia is an I.T. Distinguished Professor of Computer Science in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at the University of Minnesota. He holds the William Norris Chair for Large-Scale Computing since January 2006. He is known for his contributions to the matrix computations, including the iterative methods for solving large sparse linear algebraic systems, eigenvalue problems, and parallel computing. He is listed as an ISI highly cited researcher in mathematics, is the most cited author in the journal Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications, and is the author of the highly cited book Iterative Methods for Sparse Linear Systems. He is a SIAM fellow (class of 2010) and a fellow of the AAAS (2011).
In 2023, he won the John von Neumann Prize.

## Education and career

Saad received his B.S. degree in mathematics from the University of Algiers, Algeria in 1970. He then joined University of Grenoble for the doctoral program and obtained a junior doctorate, 'Doctorat de troisieme cycle' in 1974 and a higher doctorate, 'Doctorat d’Etat' in 1983. During the course of his academic career, he has held various positions, including Research Scientist in the Computer Science Department at Yale University (1981–1983), Associate Professor in the University of Tizi-Ouzou in Algeria (1983–1984), Research Scientist at the Computer Science Department at Yale University (1984–1986), and Associate Professor in the Mathematics Department at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (1986–1988). He also worked as a Senior Scientist in the Research Institute for Advanced Computer Science (RIACS) during 1980–1990.
Saad joined University of Minnesota as a Professor in the Department of Computer Science in 1990. At Minnesota, he held the position of Head of the Department of Computer Science and Engineering between January 1997 and June 2000. Currently, he is the I. T. Distinguished Professor of Computer Science at University of Minnesota.

## Books

Saad is the author of a couple of influential books in linear algebra and matrix computation which include
* Numerical Methods for Large Eigenvalue Problems, Halstead Press, 1992.
* Iterative Methods for Sparse Linear Systems, 2nd ed., Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Philadelphia, 2003.
He has also co-edited the following article collections:
* D. L. Boley, D. G. Truhlar, Y. Saad, R. E. Wyatt, and L. E. Collins, Practical Iterative Methods for Large Scale Computations. North Holland, Amsterdam, 1989.
* D. E. Keyes, Y. Saad, and D. G. Truhlar, Domain-Based Parallelism and Problem Decomposition Methods in Computational Science and Engineering. SIAM, Philadelphia, 1995.
* A. Ferreira, J. Rolim, Y. Saad, and T. Yang, Parallel Algorithms for Irregularly Structured Problems, Proceedings of Third International Workshop, IRREGULAR’96 Santa Barbara, CA USA, 1996. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, No 1117. Springer Verlag, 1996.
* M. W. Berry, K. A. Gallivan, E. Gallopoulos, A. Grama, B. Philippe, Y. Saad, and F. Saied, High-Performance Scientific Computing: Algorithms and Applications. Springer, 2012.
# Tunggul Wulung Airport

Tunggul Wulung Airport (IATA: CXP, ICAO: WAHL) is an airport which currently serves the city of Cilacap in Central Java, Indonesia. The airport is constructed by Indonesian state-owned oil company Pertamina in 1974 and transferred to the Minister of Transportation in 1989.
The airport is located 9 km from the city downtown. There is a small terminal with the large airport name. The airport has one runway, with dimensions of 1,400 metres (4,593 ft) by 30 metres (98 ft) which allows the operation of aircraft up to ATR 72-600.
As of 2022, the airport didn't have fixed flight schedules.

## Airlines and destinations

| Airlines | Destinations |
| Pelita Air | Charter: Jakarta-Halim Perdanakusuma |
| Susi Air | Jakarta–Halim Perdanakusuma |
| TransNusa | Charter: Jakarta-Halim Perdanakusuma |
# Alcadia rufa

Alcadia rufa is a species of an operculate land snail, terrestrial gastropod mollusk in the family Helicinidae.

## Subspecies

* Alcadia rufa rufa (L. Pfeiffer, 1857)
* Alcadia rufa salleana (L. Pfeiffer, 1854)

## Description

The height of the shell attains 6.7 mm, its greatest diameter 13 mm.
(Original description in Latin) The shell has a somewhat conoidal-depressed shape. It is moderately solid, slightly wrinkled-striated and punctuated, shiny, and reddish. The spire is somewhat conoidal-convex with a fine apex. The shell consists of 4 whorls. The upper whorls are rather flat, while the body whorl is broad, depressed, and somewhat rounded at the periphery. The aperture is diagonal and broadly semi-oval. The columella descends vertically from the penultimate whorl, is slightly curved, and ends anteriorly in a tubercle, emitting a somewhat granular, circumscribed basal callus. The peristome is shortly expanded with a white border. The operculum is of the same color.

## Distribution

This species lives in Haiti.
# CGh physics

cGh physics refers to the historical attempts in physics to unify relativity, gravitation, and quantum mechanics, in particular following the ideas of Matvei Petrovich Bronstein and George Gamow. The letters are the standard symbols for the speed of light (c), the gravitational constant (G), and the Planck constant (h).
If one considers these three universal constants as the basis for a 3-D coordinate system and envisions a cube, then this pedagogic construction provides a framework, which is referred to as the cGh cube, or physics cube, or cube of theoretical physics (CTP). This cube can be used for organizing major subjects within physics as occupying each of the eight corners. The eight corners of the cGh physics cube are:
* Classical mechanics (_, _, _)
* Special relativity (c, _, _), gravitation (_, G, _), quantum mechanics (_, _, h)
* General relativity (c, G, _), quantum field theory (c, _, h), non-relativistic quantum theory with gravity (_, G, h)
* Theory of everything, or relativistic quantum gravity (c, G, h)
Other cGh physics topics include Hawking radiation and black-hole thermodynamics.
While there are several other physical constants, these three are given special consideration because they can be used to define all Planck units and thus all physical quantities. The three constants are therefore used sometimes as a framework for philosophical study and as one of pedagogical patterns.

## Overview

Before the first successful estimate of the speed of light in 1676, it was not known whether light was transmitted instantaneously or not. Because of the tremendously large value of the speed of light—c (i.e. 299,792,458 metres per second in vacuum)—compared to the range of human perceptual response and visual processing, the propagation of light is normally perceived as instantaneous. Hence, the ratio 1/c is sufficiently close to zero that all subsequent differences of calculations in relativistic mechanics are similarly 'invisible' relative to human perception. However, at speeds comparable to the speed of light (c), Lorentz transformation (as per special relativity) produces substantially different results which agree more accurately with (sufficiently precise) experimental measurement. Non-relativistic theory can then be derived by taking the limit as the speed of light tends to infinity—i.e. ignoring terms (in the Taylor expansion) with a factor of 1/c—producing a first-order approximation of the formulae.
The gravitational constant (G) is irrelevant for a system where gravitational forces are negligible. For example, the special theory of relativity is the special case of general relativity in the limit G → 0.
Similarly, in the theories where the effects of quantum mechanics are irrelevant, the value of Planck constant (h) can be neglected. For example, setting h → 0 in the commutation relation of quantum mechanics, the uncertainty in the simultaneous measurement of two conjugate variables tends to zero, approximating quantum mechanics with classical mechanics.

## In popular culture

* George Gamow chose "C. G. H." as the initials of his fictitious character, Mr C. G. H. Tompkins.
# Deddeh

Deddeh, Deddé, (Arabic: دده) is a village in the Koura District of Lebanon. It is located 295 metres above sea level and has an area of 7.1 square kilometres (2.75 sq mi). The villagers are Greek Orthodox Christian and Sunni Muslim. The town had a population of 985 in 1953, but today, there are 3993 residents in Deddeh. In the last municipal elections of 2004, Deddeh counted 5457 registered voters of which 3444 actually voted.

## Demographics

In 2014, Christians made up 56.85% and Muslims made up 42.73% of registered voters in Deddeh. 51.85% of the voters were Greek Orthodox and 41.06% were Sunni Muslims.
# Qamar Aden Ali

Qamar Aden Ali (Somali: Qamar Aadan Cali, Arabic: قمر آدم علي) (b. 19 September 1957 – d. 3 December 2009) was a Somali lawyer and politician. She was assassinated whilst serving as the Minister of Health in the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia.

## Biography

Qamar was born on 19 September 1957 in a small village outside of Mogadishu, the capital of Somalia. She was the third of 11 children. Qamar spent her childhood in Mogadishu, where she also went to school and graduated from college. She subsequently moved abroad to East Germany to study political science, and later studied law in England. She eventually passed the bar as a lawyer and became a British citizen. In the mid-1990s, Qamar returned to her native Somalia, where she later joined the nation's Transitional Federal Government. From 2007 until her death, she served as the national Minister of Health.

## Assassination

On 3 December 2009, Qamar, along with Minister of Education Ahmed Abdulahi Waayeel and Minister of Higher Education Ibrahim Hassan Addow, was killed in a suicide bombing at the Hotel Shamo in Mogadishu. They had been attending a Benadir University graduation ceremony, while the male bomber had passed through security dressed as a woman in an Islamic veil. The bombing was subsequently called a "national disaster" by President Sharif Sheikh Ahmed.
Qamar spoke to her brother, Mohamed Aden Ali, several hours before the attack. She had been attempting to convince him to return to Somalia for the new doctors programme. Following her death, he decided to continue Qamar's plans, saying "The legacy of my sister will go on, we will not stop. Let them know: The people of Somalia, they are ready to die, they are courageous people. We will never stop to give service to our people."

## Legacy

There is a school named in her honour and this was to be renovated in 2018 as announced by the Somali Minister Deqa Yasin in November 2018.
# Egerton, Nova Scotia

Egerton is a small community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in Pictou County. A railway line operated by Cape Breton and Central Nova Scotia Railway and formerly by Canadian National Railway passes through Egerton.
# Pine Point, Minnesota

Pine Point is a census-designated place (CDP) in Becker County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 338 at the 2010 census.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 4.1 square miles (11 km$^2$), of which 3.6 square miles (9.3 km$^2$) is land and 0.5 square miles (1.3 km$^2$) (12.65%) is water.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 337 people, 100 households, and 88 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 29.0 inhabitants per square mile (11.2/km$^2$). There were 110 housing units at an average density of 9.5/sq mi (3.7/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the CDP was 5.64% White, 93.47% Native American, and 0.89% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.30% of the population.
There were 100 households, out of which 57.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 23.0% were married couples living together, 51.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 12.0% were non-families. 9.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 2.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.37 and the average family size was 3.31.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 46.0% under the age of 18, 8.3% from 18 to 24, 26.4% from 25 to 44, 13.4% from 45 to 64, and 5.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 21 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.2 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $16,607, and the median income for a family was $16,000. Males had a median income of $28,958 versus $27,857 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $8,290. About 41.9% of families and 42.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 52.4% of those under age 18 and 50.0% of those age 65 or over.

## In Popular Culture

The 2016 documentary The Seventh Fire concerned a Native American gang based in Pine Point.
# Sublime (song)

"Sublime" is the second song released by Australian musical duo Shakaya from their self-titled debut album (2002). It reached number 19 on the Australian Singles Chart.

## Track listings

* Original single
* "Sublime"
* "Sublime" (House mix)
* "Sublime" (Sam Gee Clubb mix)
* "Sublime" (Smoooth mix)
* "Stop Calling Me" (Grooove mix)
* "Sublime" / "Stop Calling Me"
* "Sublime"
* "Stop Calling Me"
* "Stop Calling Me" (House mix, Mobin Master & Dj Hess)
* "Stop Calling Me" (Nurban mix, New Breed)
* "Stop Calling Me" (Gomez mix)

## Charts

| Chart (2002) | Peak position |
| Australia (ARIA) | 19 |
# Richard Edgcumbe (died 1639)

Sir Richard Edgcumbe (circa 1570 – 23 March 1639) of Mount Edgcumbe and of Cotehele in the parish of Calstock, both in Cornwall, was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1586 and 1629.

## Origins

He was the eldest son and heir of Peter Edgcumbe of Mount Edgcumbe and Cotehele, Lord Lieutenant of Cornwall and a Member of Parliament by his wife Margaret Luttrell, a daughter of Sir Andrew Luttrell, feudal baron of Dunster, of Dunster Castle in Somerset.

## Career

He was a student of Middle Temple in 1585. In 1586, Edgcumbe was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for Liskeard while his father was steward of the town. In 1589, he was elected MP for Totnes. He was elected MP for Grampound in 1593. He was knighted in 1603 and succeeded to the estates on the death of his father in 1608. In 1614, he was elected MP for Bodmin in the Addled Parliament. He was elected MP for Grampound again in 1624 for the Happy Parliament. In 1628, he was elected MP for Bossiney and sat until 1629, when King Charles decided to rule without parliament for eleven years.

## Marriages and children

He married twice:
* Firstly, in 1602, to Anne Carey, a daughter of Sir George Carey (c. 1541-1616) of Cockington in the parish of Tor Mohun in Devon, Lord Deputy of Ireland, without issue;
* Secondly, in 1608, he married Mary Coteele, daughter of Sir Thomas Coteele of London, by whom he had three sons including:
** Piers Edgcumbe.

## Death and burial

Edgcumbe died on 23 March 1639 at the age of about 68.