# Mizo language

Mizo is a Tibeto-Burman language spoken mainly in the Indian state of Mizoram, where it is the official language and lingua franca. It is the mother tongue of the Mizo people and some members of the Mizo diaspora. Other than Mizoram, it is also spoken in Meghalaya, Manipur, Tripura, and Assam states of India, Sagaing Region and Chin State in Myanmar, and Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh. It is mainly based on the Lusei dialect but it has also derived many words from its surrounding Mizo clans such as Hmar, Pawi, etc.
The language is also known as Duhlian and Lushai, a colonial term, as the Duhlian people were the first among the Mizo people to be encountered by the British in the course of their colonial expansion.

## Classification

Mizo is related to the other languages of the Sino-Tibetan language family. The Kuki-Chin-Mizo languages (which native Mizo speakers call Zohnahthlâk ṭawngho/Mizo ṭawngho) have a substantial number of words in common.

## Phonology
### Vowels
#### Monophthongs

Mizo has eight tones and intonations for each of the vowels a, aw, e, i and u, four of which are reduced tones and the other four long tones. The vowel o has only three tones, all of them of the reduced type. The vowels can be represented as follows:
| | Front | Central | Back |
| Close | i [i], [ɨ], [iː] | | u [u], [ʊ], [ʊː] |
| Mid | e [e], [ɛ], [ɛː] | | aw [o], [ɔ], [ɔː] |
| Open | a [ʌ], [a], [ɑ], [ɑː], [ä] | a [ʌ], [a], [ɑ], [ɑː], [ä] | a [ʌ], [a], [ɑ], [ɑː], [ä] |

#### Diphthongs

| Starting with a | Starting with e | Starting with i | Starting with u |
| ai (/aɪ̯/, /ɑːi/ or /ai/) | ei (/eɪ̯/, /ɛi/ or /ɛɪ̯/) | ia (/ɪə̯/ /ɪa/, /ja/ or /ɪa̭/) | ua (/u̯a/ or /ua̭/) |
| au (/aʊ̯/, /ɑːʊ̯/) | eu (/ɛu/, /eʊ/ or /eʊ̯/) | iu (/ɪʊ̯/ or /iw/) | ui (/ɥi/ or /ʔwi/) |

#### Triphthongs

Mizo has the following triphthongs:
* iai, as in iai, piai
* iau as in riau ruau, tiau tuau etc.
* uai, as in uai, zuai, tuai, vuai
* uau, as in riau ruau, tiau tuau, suau suau

### Consonants

Mizo has the following consonants, with the first symbol being its orthographical form and the second one its representation in the IPA:
| | | Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Alveolar | Velar | Glottal |
| | | Labial | Dental | central | lateral | Velar | Glottal |
| Plosive/ Affricate | voiceless | p [p] | t [t] | ch [t͡s] | tl [t͡l] | k [k] | h [ʔ]$^1$ |
| Plosive/ Affricate | aspirated | ph [pʰ] | th [tʰ] | chh [t͡sʰ], [tʃʰ] | thl [t͡lʰ] | kh [kʰ] | |
| Plosive/ Affricate | voiced | b [b] | d [d] | | | | |
| Plosive/ Affricate | flap | | | ṭ [t͡ɾ] | | | |
| Plosive/ Affricate | aspirated flap | | | ṭh [t͡ɾʰ] | | | |
| Fricative | voiceless | f [f] | s [s] | | | | h [h] |
| Fricative | voiced | v [v] | z [z] | | | | |
| Sonorant | plain | m [m] | n [n] | r [r] | l [l] | ng [ŋ] | |
| Sonorant | aspirated | hm [ʰm] | hn [ʰn] | hr [ʰr] | hl [ʰl] | ngh [ʰŋ] | |
| Sonorant | glottalised$^1$ | | | rh [rʔ] | lh [lʔ] | | |
* The glottal and glottalised consonants appear only in final position.

### Tone

Because differences in pitch and pitch contour can change the meanings of words, Mizo is a tonal language. Tone systems have developed independently in many daughter languages, largely by simplifications in the set of possible syllable-final and syllable-initial consonants. Typically, a distinction between voiceless and voiced initial consonants is replaced by a distinction between high and low tone, and falling and rising tones developed from syllable-final h and glottal stop, which themselves often reflect earlier consonants.
The eight tones and intonations that the vowel a (and the vowels aw, e, i, u, which constitutes all the tones in Mizo) can have are shown by the letter sequence p-a-n-g, as follows:
* long high tone: páng as in páng là (which has the same intonation as sáng in the sentence Thingküng sáng tak kan huanah a ding).
* long low tone: pàng as in Tui a kawt pàng pâng mai (which has the same intonation as vàng in the word vànglaini).
* peaking tone: pâng as in Tui a kawt pàng pâng mai (which has the same intonation as thlûk in I hla phuah thlûk chu a va mawi ve).
* dipping tone: päng as in Tuibur a hmuam päng mai (which has the same intonation as säm in Kan huan ka säm vêl mai mai).
* short rising tone: pǎng as in naupǎng (which has the same intonation as thǎng in Kan huanah thǎng ka kam).
* short falling tone: pȧng as in I va inkhuih pȧng ve? (which has the same intonation as pȧn in I lam ka rawn pȧn )
* short mid tone: pang as in A dik lo nghâl pang (which has the same tone as man in Sazu ka man )
* short low tone: pạng as in I pạng a sá a nih kha (which has the same tone as chạl in I chạlah thosí a fù ).
Notation of vowels with intonation :
| Short tones | Short tones | Short tones | Short tones | Long tones | Long tones | Long tones | Long tones |
| mid | rising | falling | low | peaking | high | dipping | low |
| a | (ǎ / ă) / ả | (ȧ / ã) / ą | ạ | â | á | ä | à |
| o | (ǒ / ŏ) / ỏ / (ó) | | ọ / (ò) | | | | |
| aw | (ǎw / ăw) / ảw | (ȧw / ãw) / ąw | ạw | âw | áw | äw | àw |
| u | (ǔ / ŭ) / ủ | (ů / ũ) / ų | ụ | û | ú | ü | ù |
| e | (ě / ĕ) / ẻ | (ė / ẽ) / ę | ẹ | ê | é | ë | è |
| i | (ǐ / ĭ) / ỉ | (ĩ) / į | ị | î | í | ï | ì |
Note that the exact orthography of tones with diacritics is still not standardised (notably for differentiating the four short tones with confusive or conflicting choices of diacritics) except for the differentiation of long tones by using the circumflex from short tones. As well, the need of at least seven diacritics may cause complications to design easy keyboard layouts, even if they use dead keys and even if not all basic Latin letters are needed for Mizo itself, and so publications may represent the short tones using digrams (e.g. by appending some apostrophe or glottal letter) to reduce the number of diacritics needed to only four (those used now for the long tones) on only two dead keys.

## Grammar
### Verbs
#### Conjugation

In Mizo verb tense is indicated by the aspect and the addition of particles, such as:
* ang (simple future),
* tawh (simple past and past perfect),
* mék (progressive tenses, present and past),
* dáwn (simple future),
* dáwn mék (near future),

#### Modification of verbs

Mizo gerunds and past participles are formed by a change in word ending called tihdanglamna.
Examples of tihdanglamna :
| verb | modified form |
| ziak, 'to write' | ziah, 'writing, written' |
| tât, 'to whet' | tah, 'whetting, whetted' |
| mà, 'to divorce' | mâk, 'divorcing, divorced' |

### Nouns

Mizo nouns undergo declension into cases.
Mizo noun declension :
| nominative/accusative | genitive | ergative | instrumental |
| nụlá, 'the girl' | nụla, 'the girl's' | nụláịn, 'by the girl' | nụláin, 'by means of the girl' |
| tǔi | tǔi | tuiịn | tuiin |
| Thangạ (a proper noun) | Thanga | Thangȧ'n | Thangạ-in/Thangạ hmangin |
Nouns are pluralised by suffixing -te, -ho, -teho or -hote.
Pluralisation examples :
| singular | plural |
| mipa, 'man' | mipate, mipaho, 'men' |
| naupang, 'child' | naupangte, naupangho, 'children' |

### Pronouns

All Mizo pronouns occur in two forms, namely in free form and clitic form and are declined into cases.
Mizo pronouns :
| | nominative | genitive | accusative | ergative |
| clitic forms | ka, 'I' | ka, 'my, mine' | mi, min, 'me' | keima'n, 'by me' |
| clitic forms | kan, 'we' | kan, 'our, ours' | min, 'us' | keimahnin, 'by us' |
| clitic forms | i, 'you (singular)' | i, 'your, yours' | che, 'you' | nangma'n, 'by you' |
| clitic forms | in, 'you (plural)' | in, 'your, yours' | che u, 'you' | nangmahnin, 'by you' |
| clitic forms | a, 'he, she, it' | a, 'his, hers, its' | amah, 'him, her, it' | ama'n, 'by him, by her, by it' |
| clitic forms | an, 'they' | an, 'their, theirs' | anmahni, 'them' | anmahni'n, 'by them' |
| free forms | kei, 'I' | keima, 'my, mine' | keimah, 'me' | keima'n, 'by me' |
| free forms | keimah, 'we' | keima, 'our, ours' | keimah, keimah min, 'us' | keima'n, 'by us' |
| free forms | keini, 'you (singular)' | keini, 'your, yours' | keini min, 'you' | keini'n, 'by you' |
| free forms | keimahni, 'you (plural)' | keimahni, 'your, yours' | keimahni min, 'you' | keimahni'n, 'by you' |
| free forms | anni, 'he, she, it' | anni, 'his, hers, its' | anni, 'him, her, it' | anni'n, 'by him, by her, by it' |
| free forms | anmahni, 'they' | anmahni, 'their, theirs' | anmahni, 'them' | anmahni'n, 'by them' |

### Negation

For declarative sentences, negation is achieved by adding the particle lo (not) at the end of a sentence:
| Sentence | Negation |
| Lala a lo kal Lala is coming/Lala came | Lala a lo kal lo Lala did not come |
| Pathumin paruk a sem thei Three divides six | Pathumin paruk a sem thei lo Three does not divide six |

### Cardinal numbers

* (pa)khat, 'one'
* (pa)hnih, 'two'
* (pa)thum, 'three'
* (pa)li, 'four'
* (pa)ngá, 'five'
* (pa)ruk, 'six'
* (pa)sarih, 'seven'
* (pa)riat, 'eight'
* (pa)kua, 'nine'
* sàwm, 'ten'
* sàwmpakhat, 'eleven'
* sàwmpakua, 'nineteen'
* sawmhnih, 'twenty'
* sawmthum, 'thirty'
* sawmküa, 'ninety'
* zà, 'one hundred'
* zangá, 'five hundred'
* säng(khat), 'one thousand'
* sïng(khat), 'ten thousand'
* nûaih(khat), 'one hundred thousand'
* maktadûaih, 'one million'
* vaibelchhia, 'ten million'
* vaibelchhetak, 'one hundred million'
* tlûklehdingäwn, 'one billion'

## Writing system

The Mizo alphabet is based on the Roman alphabet and has 25 letters.
| Letter | a | aw | b | ch | d | e | f | g | ng | h | i | j | k |
| Name | listen | listen | listen | listen | listen | listen | listen | listen | listen | listen | listen | listen | listen |
| Letter | l | m | n | o | p | r | s | t | ṭ | u | v | z |
| Name | listen | listen | listen | listen | listen | listen | listen | listen | listen | listen | listen | listen |
In its current form, it was devised by the first Christian missionaries of Mizoram, J. H. Lorrain and F. W. Savidge, based on the Hunterian system of transliteration.
A circumflex ^ was later added to the vowels to indicate long vowels, viz., Â, Ê, Î, Ô, Û, which were insufficient to fully express Mizo tone. Recently, a leading newspaper in Mizoram, Vanglaini, the magazine Kristian Ṭhalai, and other publishers began using Á, À, Ä, É, È, Ë, Í, Ì, Ï, Ó, Ò, Ö, Ú, Ù, Ü to indicate the long intonations and tones. However, this does not differentiate the different intonations that short tones can have.

## Sample texts

The following is a sample text in Mizo of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:
Mizo: Mi zawng zawng hi zalèna piang kan ni a, zahawmna leh dikna chanvoah intluk tlâng vek kan ni. Chhia leh ṭha hriatna fîm neia siam kan nih avangin kan mihring puite chungah inunauna thinlung kan pu tlat tur a ni.
English: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience. Therefore, they should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

## Literature

Mizo has a thriving literature, which has both written and oral traditions. It has undergone a considerable change in the 20th century.
The Mizoram Press Information Bureau lists some twenty Mizo daily newspapers just in Aizawl city, as of March 2013.