# Outline of economics

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to economics. Economics is a branch of science that analyzes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. It aims to explain how economies work and how agents (people) respond to incentives.
Economics is a behavioral science (a scientific discipline that focuses on the study of human behavior) as well as a social science (a scientific discipline that explores aspects of human society).

## Branches of economics

* Macroeconomics – branch of economics dealing with the performance, structure, behavior, and decision-making of an economy as a whole, rather than individual markets.
* Microeconomics – branch of economics that studies the behavior of individuals and firms in making decisions regarding the allocation of limited resources.

### Subdisciplines of economics

* Agricultural economics – applied field of economics concerned with the application of economic theory in optimizing the production and distribution of food and fiber products.
* Attention economics – approach to the management of information that treats human attention as a scarce commodity and applies economic theory to solve various information management problems
* Behavioral economics – study of the psychological (e.g. cognitive, behavioral, affective, social) factors involved in the decisions of individuals or institutions, and how these decisions deviate from those implied by traditional economic theory.
* Classical economics – theory of market economies as largely self-regulating systems, governed by natural laws of production and exchange
* Comparative economic systems – sub-classification of economics dealing with the comparative study of different systems of economic organization, such as capitalism, socialism, feudalism and the mixed economy.
* Contract theory – how economic actors can and do construct contractual arrangements, generally in the presence of information asymmetry
* Cultural economics – branch of economics that studies the relation of culture to economic outcomes.
* Demographic economics – application of economic analysis to demography, the study of human populations, including size, growth, density, distribution, and vital statistics.
* Development economics – branch of economics that deals with economic aspects of the development process in low- and middle- income countries
* Ecological economics – transdisciplinary and interdisciplinary field of academic research addressing the interdependence and coevolution of human economies and natural ecosystems, both intertemporally and spatially.
* Econometrics – application of statistical methods to economic data in order to give empirical content to economic relationships.
* Economic anthropology – field that attempts to explain human economic behavior in its widest historic, geographic and cultural scope, an amalgamation of economics and anthropology.
* Economic development – process by which the economic well-being and quality of life of a nation, region, local community, or an individual are improved according to targeted goals and objectives.
* Economic geography – subfield of human geography that studies economic activity and factors affecting it. It can also be considered a subfield or method in economics.
* Economic history – study of history using methodological tools from economics or with a special attention to economic phenomena.
* Economic sociology – study of the social cause and effect of various economic phenomena
* Economics of marriage – economic analysis of household formation and break up, of production and distribution decisions within the household.
* Education economics – study of economic issues relating to education, including the demand for education, the financing and provision of education, and the comparative efficiency of various educational programs and policies.
* Energy economics – broad scientific subject area which includes topics related to supply and use of energy in societies.
* Engineering economics – subset of economics concerned with the use and application of economic principles in the analysis of engineering decisions.
* Entrepreneurial economics – field of study that focuses on the study of entrepreneur and entrepreneurship within the economy.
* Environmental economics –sub-field of economics concerned with environmental issues.
* Family economics – applies economic concepts such as production, division of labor, distribution, and decision making to the family.
* Feminist economics –critical study of economics and economies, with a focus on gender-aware and inclusive economic inquiry and policy analysis
* Financial economics –branch of economics characterized by a "concentration on monetary activities", in which "money of one type or another is likely to appear on both sides of a trade"
* Georgism –economic ideology holding that people should own the value that they produce themselves, while the economic rent derived from land—including from all natural resources, the commons, and urban locations—should belong equally to all members of society.
* Green economics –economy that aims at reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities, and that aims for sustainable development without degrading the environment.
* Health economics –branch of economics concerned with issues related to efficiency, effectiveness, value and behavior in the production and consumption of health and healthcare.
* Heterodox economics –schools of economic thought which are not commonly perceived as belonging to mainstream economics.
* Humanistic economics pattern of economic thought which argue for "persons-first" economic theories as opposed to mainstream economic theories which are understood as often emphasizing financial gain over human well-being.
* Industrial organization –field that builds on the theory of the firm by examining the structure of (and, therefore, the boundaries between) firms and markets.
* Information economics –branch of microeconomics that studies how information and information systems affect an economy and economic decisions.
* International economics – concerned with the effects upon economic activity from international differences in productive resources and consumer preferences and the international institutions that affect them.
* Institutional economics – focuses on understanding the role of the evolutionary process and the role of institutions in shaping economic behavior.
* Labor economics – studies the functioning and dynamics of the markets for wage labour
* Law and economics – application of microeconomic theory to the analysis of law.
* Managerial economics – branch of economics involving the application of economic methods in the organizational decision-making process.
* Mathematical economics – application of mathematical methods to represent theories and analyze problems in economics.
* Monetary economics – branch of economics that studies the different theories of money
* Public finance – study of finance within government and role of the government in the economy
* Public economics – study of government policy through the lens of economic efficiency and equity.
* Real estate economics – application of economic techniques to real estate markets.
* Regional economics – economic advantage of a geographical location and human activities of greatest height to contribute maximally to the general growth and prosperity of the region.
* Regional science – field of economics concerned with analytical approaches to problems that are related specifically to regional and international issues.
* Resource economics – deals with the supply, demand, and allocation of the Earth's natural resources.
* Rural economics – study of rural economies, including both agricultural and non-agricultural industries
* Socialist economics – economic theories, practices and norms of hypothetical and existing socialist economic systems.
* Urban economics – economic study of urban areas; as such, it involves using the tools of economics to analyze urban issues such as crime, education, public transit, housing, and local government finance.
* Welfare economics – field of economics that applies microeconomic techniques to evaluate the overall well-being (welfare) of a society.

### Methodologies or approaches

* Behavioural economics – study of the psychological (e.g. cognitive, behavioral, affective, social) factors involved in the decisions of individuals or institutions, and how these decisions deviate from those implied by traditional economic theory.
* Classical economics – theory of market economies as largely self-regulating systems, governed by natural laws of production and exchange
* Computational economics – interdisciplinary research discipline that combines methods in computational science and economics to solve complex economic problems.
* Econometrics – application of statistical methods to economic data in order to give empirical content to economic relationships.
* Evolutionary economics – school of economic thought that treats economic development as a process rather than an equilibrium and emphasizes change (qualitative, organisational, and structural), innovation, complex interdependencies, self-evolving systems, and limited rationality as the drivers of economic evolution.
* Experimental economics – application of experimental methods to study economic questions
* Praxeology (used by the Austrian School) – theory of human action, based on the notion that humans engage in purposeful behavior, contrary to reflexive behavior and other unintentional behavior.
* Social psychology – scientific study of how thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others.

### Interdisciplinary fields involving economics

* Bioeconomics (fisheries) – a model which combines biological characteristics of the fish stock (such as growth rate and carrying capacity) with economic information about the fishery (such as costs and revenue) to describe the fishing system.
* Constitutional economics – a research program in economics and constitutionalism that has been described as explaining the choice "of alternative sets of legal-institutional-constitutional rules that constrain the choices and activities of economic and political agents".
* Econophysics – non-orthodox (in economics) interdisciplinary research field, applying theories and methods originally developed by physicists in order to solve problems in economics,
* Neuroeconomics – interdisciplinary field that seeks to explain human decision-making, the ability to process multiple alternatives and to follow through on a plan of action and studies how economic behavior can shape our understanding of the brain, and how neuroscientific discoveries can guide models of economics.
* Political economy – branch of political science and economics studying economic systems (e.g. markets and national economies) and their governance by political systems (e.g. law, institutions, and government)
* Socioeconomics – branch of economics that focuses on the interrelationship between economic activity and social behavior.
* Thermoeconomics – heterodox economics that applies the laws of statistical mechanics to economic theory
* Transport economics – branch of economics that deals with the allocation of resources within the transport sector.

## Types of economies

Economy – system of human activities related to the production, distribution, exchange, and consumption of goods and services of a country or other area.

### Economies, by political & social ideological structure

* Economic ideology – set of views forming the basis of an ideology on how the economy should run.
** Capitalist economy – economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit.
** Planned economy – type of economic system where investment, production and the allocation of capital goods takes place according to economy-wide economic plans and production plans.
** Consumer economy – economy driven by consumer spending as a high percent of its gross domestic product (GDP), as opposed to other major components of GDP (gross private domestic investment, government spending, and imports netted against exports).
*** Consumerism – social and economic order in which the aspirations of many individuals include the acquisition of goods and services beyond those necessary for survival or traditional displays of status.
** Corporate economy – political system of interest representation and policymaking whereby corporate groups, such as agricultural, labour, military, business, scientific, or guild associations, come together and negotiate contracts or policy (collective bargaining) on the basis of their common interests.
** Fascist economy – so-called economic system in fascism that is distinct from those advocated by other ideologies, comprising essential characteristics that fascist nations shared. Historians and other scholars disagree on the question of whether a specifically fascist type of economic policy can be said to exist.
** Laissez-faire – type of economic system in which transactions between private groups of people are free from any form of economic interventionism (such as subsidies or regulations).
** Mercantilism – nationalist economic policy that is designed to maximize the exports and minimize the imports of an economy.
** Natural economy – type of economy in which money is not used in the transfer of resources among people.
** Primitive communism – gift economies of hunter-gatherers throughout history, where resources and property hunted or gathered are shared with all members of a group in accordance with individual needs
** Social market economy – socioeconomic model combining a free-market capitalist economic system alongside social policies and enough regulation to establish both fair competition within the market and generally a welfare state.
** Socialist economy – economic system is characterized by social ownership and operation of the means of production.

### Economies, by scope

* Anglo-Saxon economy – a regulated market-based economic model practiced in Anglosphere countries such as the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, New Zealand, Australia and Ireland.
* American School – macroeconomic philosophy that dominated United States national policies from the time of the American Civil War until the mid-20th century, characterised by protectionism, government investment in infrastructure, and a national bank that promotes the growth of productive enterprises rather than speculation.
* Hunter-gatherer economy – economic systems of societies that rely on hunting wild animals and gathering wild plants for sustenance.
* Information economy – economy with an increased emphasis on informational activities and information industry, where information is valued as a capital good.
* New industrial economy – socioeconomic classification for a subset of developing countries whose economic growth is much higher than that of other developing countries; and where the social consequences of industrialization, such as urbanization, are reorganizing society.
* Palace economy – system of economic organization in which a substantial share of the wealth flows into the control of a centralized administration, the palace, and out from there to the general population.
* Plantation economy – economy based on agricultural mass production, usually of a few commodity crops, grown on large farms worked by laborers or slaves
* Token economy – system that rewards people for desired behaviors with tokens, which can be exchanged for rewards. It's a behavior therapy technique that's based on operant conditioning.
* Traditional economy – an economic system based on customs, traditions, and beliefs passed down through generations.
* Transition economy – economy which is changing from a centrally planned economy to a market economy.
* World economy – economy of all humans in the world, referring to the global economic system, which includes all economic activities conducted both within and between nations, including production, consumption, economic management, work in general, financial transactions and trade of goods and services.

### Economies, by regulation

* Closed economy – an economic system of self-sufficiency and limited trade with outside world.
* Dual economy – existence of two separate economic sectors within one country, divided by different levels of development, technology, and different patterns of demand.
* Gift economy – system of exchange where valuables are not sold, but rather given without an explicit agreement for immediate or future rewards.
* Informal economy – part of any economy that is neither taxed nor monitored by any form of government.
* Market economy – economic system in which the decisions regarding investment, production, and distribution to the consumers are guided by the price signals created by the forces of supply and demand.
* Mixed economy economic system that includes both elements associated with capitalism, such as private businesses, and with socialism, such as nationalized government services.
* Open economy – economy in which both domestic and international entities participate in the trade of goods and services.
* Participatory economy economic system based on participatory decision making as the primary economic mechanism for allocation in society.
* Planned economy – economic system where investment, production and the allocation of capital goods takes place according to economy-wide economic plans and production plans.
* Subsistence economy – economy directed to basic subsistence (the provision of food, clothing and shelter) rather than to the market.
* Underground economy – economic activities that circumvent, escape, or are excluded from the institutional system of rules, rights, regulations, and enforcement penalties that govern formal agents engaged in production and exchange.
* Virtual economy – emergent economy existing in a virtual world, usually exchanging virtual goods in the context of an online game, particularly in massively multiplayer online games (MMOs).

## Economic elements
### Economic activities

* Business – any activity or enterprise entered into for profit.
** Business cycle – intervals of general expansion followed by recession in economic performance.
* Collective action – action taken together by a group of people whose goal is to enhance their condition and achieve a common objective.
* Commerce – organized system of activities, functions, procedures and institutions that directly or indirectly contribute to the smooth, unhindered large-scale distribution and transfer (exchange through buying and selling) of goods and services at the right time, place, quantity, quality and price through various channels among the original producers and the final consumers within local, regional, national or international economies.
* Competition – different economic firms in contention to obtain goods that are limited by varying the elements of the marketing mix: price, product, promotion and place.
* Consumption – use of resources to fulfill present needs and desires
* Distribution – the way total output, income, or wealth is distributed among individuals or among the factors of production (such as labour, land, and capital).
* Employment – relationship between two parties regulating the provision of paid labour services.
* Entrepreneurship – creation or extraction of economic value in ways that generally entail beyond the minimal amount of risk
* Export – a good produced in one country that is sold into another country or a service provided in one country for a national or resident of another country.
* Finance – monetary resources and to the study and discipline of money, currency, assets and liabilities.
* Government spending – all government consumption, investment, and transfer payments.
* Import – part of the International Trade which involves buying and receiving of goods or services produced in another country.
* Investment – commitment of resources to achieve later benefits
* Mergers and acquisitions – business transactions in which the ownership of companies, business organizations, or their operating units are transferred to or consolidated with another company or business organization.
* Pricing – process whereby a business sets and displays the price at which it will sell its products and services and may be part of the business's marketing plan.
** Geographical pricing – practice of modifying a basic list price based on the geographical location of the buyer.
* Production – process of combining various inputs, both material (such as metal, wood, glass, or plastics) and immaterial (such as plans, or knowledge) in order to create output.
* Trade – the transfer of goods and services from one person or entity to another, often in exchange for money.
** Balance of trade – difference between the monetary value of a nation's exports and imports of goods over a certain time period.
** Fair trade – arrangement designed to help producers in developing countries achieve sustainable and equitable trade relationships.
** Free trade – trade policy that does not restrict imports or exports.
** International trade – exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or territories
** Safe trade
** Tax – mandatory financial charge or levy imposed on an individual or legal entity by a governmental organization to support government spending and public expenditures collectively or to regulate and reduce negative externalities.
** Terms of trade – relative price of exports in terms of imports, defined as the ratio of export prices to import prices
** Trade bloc – intergovernmental agreement, often part of a regional intergovernmental organization, where barriers to trade (tariffs and others) are reduced or eliminated among the participating states.
** Trade pact – wide-ranging taxes, tariff and trade treaty that often includes investment guarantees.
** Trade route – logistical network identified as a series of pathways and stoppages used for the commercial transport of cargo.

### Economic forces

* Aggregate demand – total demand for final goods and services in an economy at a given time.
* Aggregate supply – total supply of goods and services that firms in a national economy plan on selling during a specific time period.
* Deflation – decrease in the general price level of goods and services.
* Economic activity (see above)
* Economies of agglomeration – how urban agglomeration occurs in locations where cost savings can naturally arise.
* Economies of scale – cost advantages that enterprises obtain due to their scale of operation, and are typically measured by the amount of output produced per unit of cost (production cost) .
* Economies of scope – cost savings formed by broadening production/services through diversified products.
* Incentive – anything that persuade a person or organization[2] to alter their behavior to produce the desired outcome.
* Inflation – general increase in the prices of goods and services in an economy
** Hyperinflation – very high and typically accelerating inflation. It quickly erodes the real value of the local currency, as the prices of all goods increase.
* Invisible hand – the incentives which free markets sometimes create for self-interested people to accidentally act in the public interest, even when this is not something they intended.
* Preference – preference refers to an order by which an agent, while in search of an "optimal choice", ranks alternatives based on their respective utility.
* Profit motive – motivation of firms that operate so as to maximize their profits.

#### Economic problems

* Depression – period of carried long-term economic downturn that is the result of lowered economic activity in one or more major national economies
* Financial crisis – situations in which some financial assets suddenly lose a large part of their nominal value.
* Hyperinflation – very high and typically accelerating inflation.
* Poverty – condition in which an individual lacks the financial resources and essentials for a basic standard of living.
* Recession – business cycle contraction that occurs when there is a period of broad decline in economic activity.
** List of recessions
* Stagflation – combination of high inflation, stagnant economic growth, and elevated unemployment.
* Unemployment – proportion of people above a specified age (usually 15)[2] not being in paid employment or self-employment but currently available for work during the reference period

#### Trends and influences

* Decentralization – process by which the activities of an organization, particularly those related to planning and decision-making, are distributed or delegated away from a central, authoritative location or group and given to smaller factions within it.
* Globalization – widespread international movement of goods, capital, services, technology and information.
* Industrialisation – period of social and economic change that transforms a human group from an agrarian society into an industrial society, involving an extensive reorganisation of an economy for the purpose of manufacturing.
* Internationalization – process of increasing involvement of enterprises in international markets,

### Economic measures

* Consumer price index
* Economic indicator
* Human Development Index
* Measures of national income and output
** Gross domestic product
*** Natural gross domestic product
** Gross national product
** National income
** Net national income
* Poverty level
* Standard of living
* UN Human Development Index
* Value
** Cost-of-production theory of value
** Labor theory of value
** Surplus value
** Time value of money
** Value added
** Value of Earth
** Value of life
* Measuring well-being
* Working time

### Economic participants

* Employer
* Employee
* Entrepreneur
* Central bank
* Reproductive labor

### Economic politics

* Antitrust
* Cartel
* Government-granted monopoly
* Reaganomics
* Taxation
** Income tax
** Land value tax
** Sales tax
** Tariff
** Tax, tariff and trade
** Value-added tax

#### Economic policy

Economic policy
* Agricultural policy
* Fiscal policy
* Incomes policy
** Price controls
*** Price ceiling
**** Rent control
*** Price floor
**** Minimum wage
* Industrial policy
* Infrastructure-based development
* Investment policy
* Monetary policy
** Disinflation
** Inflation targeting
** Monetary hawk and dove
** Monetary reform
** Quantitative easing
** Reflation
* Policy mix – combination of a country's monetary policy and fiscal policy. These two channels influence growth and employment, and are generally determined by the central bank and the government (e.g., the United States Congress) respectively.
* Stabilization policy
* Tax policy

### Infrastructure

Infrastructure

### Markets

Market

#### Types of markets

* Black market
* Commodity markets
* Financial market
** Bond market
** Money market
** Spot market
** Secondary market
** Third market
** Fourth market
** Stock market
* Free market
* Labor market
* Mass market
* Media market
* Regulated market

#### Aspects of markets

* Market failure
* Market power
* Market share
* Market structure
* Market system
* Market transparency
* Market trend
* Market dominance

#### Market forms

Market form
* Perfect competition, in which the market consists of a very large number of firms producing a homogeneous product.
* Monopolistic competition, also called competitive market, where there are a large number of independent firms which have a very small proportion of the market share.
* Monopoly, where there is only one provider of a product or service.
* Monopsony, when there is only one buyer in a market.
* Natural monopoly, a monopoly in which economies of scale cause efficiency to increase continuously with the size of the firm.
* Oligopoly, in which a market is dominated by a small number of firms which own more than 40% of the market share.
* Oligopsony, a market dominated by many sellers and a few buyers.

#### Market-oriented activities

* Market analysis
* Marketing
** Market segmentation
* Market intelligence
* Market research

### Money

Money
* Currency
** Community currency
** Dollar
** Local currency
** Petrocurrency
** Reserve currency
** Time-based currency
** Yen
** United States dollar
* Monetary reform
* Monetary system
* Money supply

### Resources

Resource

#### Resource management

Resource management
* Natural resource management
* Resource allocation

#### Factors of production

Factors of production

##### Land

Land
* Natural resources

##### Labor

* Division of labour
* Workplace

##### Capital

Capital
* Capital asset
* Capital intensity
* Financial capital
* Human capital
* Individual capital
* Natural capital
* Social capital
* Wealth

## Economic theory

* Consumer theory
* Efficiency wage hypothesis
* Efficient market hypothesis
* Marginalism
* Prospect theory
* Public choice theory
* Rational choice theory

### Economic ideologies

* Consumerism – social and economic order in which the aspirations of many individuals include the acquisition of goods and services beyond those necessary for survival or traditional displays of status.
* Monetarism –school of thought in monetary economics that emphasizes the role of policy-makers in controlling the amount of money in circulation.
* Productivism –belief that measurable productivity and growth are the purpose of human organization (e.g., work), and that "more production is necessarily good"
* Utilitarianism – family of normative ethical theories that prescribe actions that maximize happiness and well-being for the affected individuals.

## History of economics
### History of economic thought

History of economic thought
* Ancient economic thought
** Aristotle
*** Nicomachean Ethics
* Economics of the Age of Enlightenment
* Mercantilism
** British Enlightenment
*** John Locke
*** Dudley North
*** David Hume
** French Enlightenment: Physiocracy
*** François Quesnay
**** Tableau économique
**** Anne Robert Jacques Turgot
**** Reflections on the Formation and Distribution of Wealth
* Classical economics, political economy
** Adam Smith
*** The Wealth of Nations
** David Ricardo
* Socialist economics
** Marxian economics
*** Labour theory of value
** Anarchist economics
* Austrian School of Economics
** Carl Menger
** Friedrich von Hayek
** Ludwig von Mises
* Neoclassical economics
** Léon Walras
** John Bates Clark
** Alfred Marshall
* Keynesian economics
** John Maynard Keynes
*** Cambridge capital controversy
* Neo-Keynesian economics
** Paul Samuelson
** John Hicks (economist)
*** Neoclassical synthesis
* Post-Keynesian economics
** Hyman Minsky
** Joan Robinson
** Michał Kalecki
* New Keynesian economics
* Chicago school of economics
** Milton Friedman
*** Monetarism

### Economic history

Economic history
* Economic events
** Economic history of the world
*** Economics in the Middle Ages: feudalism and manorialism
*** Economics of the Renaissance: mercantilism
*** Industrial Revolution
*** Economic history of World War I
** Nixon shock
* Economic history by region
** Economic history of Africa
*** Economic history of Morocco
*** Economic history of Nigeria
*** Economic history of Somalia
*** Economic history of South Africa
*** Economic history of Zimbabwe
** Economic history of the Arab world
** Economic history of Asia
*** Economic history of Cambodia
*** Economic history of China
**** Economic history of China before 1912
**** Economic history of China (1912–1949)
**** Economic history of China (1949–present)
**** Economic history of the Republic of China
*** Economic history of India
*** Economic history of Indonesia
*** Economic history of Iran
*** Economic history of Japan
*** Economic history of Malaysia
*** Economic history of Pakistan
*** Economic history of Taiwan
*** Economic history of Turkey
**** Economic history of the Ottoman Empire
*** Economic history of Vietnam
*** Economic history of the Philippines
** Economic history of Australia
** Economic history of Europe
*** Economic history of France
*** Economic history of Germany
**** Economic history of the German reunification
*** Economic history of Greece and the Greek world
*** Economic history of Iceland
*** Economic history of Ireland
*** Economic history of Italy
*** Economic history of Portugal
*** Economic history of Scotland
*** Economic history of Spain
*** Economic history of Sweden
*** Economic history of Venice
*** Economic history of the Netherlands (1500–1815)
*** Economic history of the Republic of Ireland
*** Economic history of the Russian Federation
*** Economic history of the United Kingdom
** Economic history of North America
*** Economic history of Canada
*** Economic history of Mexico
*** Economic history of the United States
** Economic history of Central America
*** Economic history of Nicaragua
** Economic history of South America
*** Economic history of Argentina
*** Economic history of Brazil
*** Economic history of Chile
*** Economic history of Colombia
*** Economic history of Ecuador
*** Economic history of Peru
* Economic history by subject
** History of banking
** History of money
** History of stock markets

## General economic concepts

* Ricardian economics
* Keynesian economics
* Classical economics
* Neo-Keynesian economics
* Neoclassical economics
* New classical economics
* New Keynesian economics
* Participatory economics
* Home economics
* Goods
** Complement good
** Coordination good
** Free goods
** Inferior goods
** Normal goods
** Public good
** Substitute good
* isms
** Capitalism
*** Natural Capitalism
** Economic subjectivism
** Socialism
* Modern portfolio theory
* Game theory
* Human development theory
* Production theory basics
* Time preference theory of interest
* Agent
* Arbitrage
* Big Mac Index
* Big push model
* Cash crop
* Canadian and American economies compared
* Catch-up effect
* Chicago school
* Collusion
* Commodity
* Comparative advantage
* Competitive advantage
* complementarity
* Consumer and producer surplus
* Cost
** Cost-benefit analysis
** Cost-of-living index
* Debt
* Devaluation
* Disposable income
* Economic
** Economic data
** Economic efficiency
** Economic growth
** Economic globalization
** Economic profits
** Economic modeling
** Economic reports
** Economic sector
** Economic system
* Ecosystem services
* Elasticity
* Environmental finance
* Euro
* Event study
* Experience economy
* Externality
* Factor price equalization
* Federal Reserve
* Financial instruments
* Fiscal neutrality
* Full-reserve banking
* General equilibrium
* Gold standard
* Import substitution
* Income
* Income elasticity of demand
* Income velocity of money
* Induced demand
* Industrial organization
* Input-output model
* Interest
* Keynes, John Maynard
* Knowledge-based economy
* Laissez-faire
* Land
* Living wage
* Local purchasing
* Lorenz curve
* Marginal Revolution
* Means of production
* Mental accounting
* Menu costs
* Missing market
* Model - economics
* Model - macroeconomics
* Monopoly profit
* Moral hazard
* Moral purchasing
* Multiplier (economics)
* Neo-classical growth model
* Network effect
* Network externality
* Operations research
* Opportunity cost
* Output
* Parable of the broken window
* Pareto efficiency
* Price
* Price discrimination
* Price elasticity of demand
* Price points
* Outline of industrial organization
* Production function
* Productivity
* Profit (economics)
* Profit maximization
* Public bad
* Public debt
* Purchasing power parity
* Rahn curve
* Rate of return pricing
* Rational expectations
* Rational pricing
* Real business cycle
* Real versus nominal in economics
* Regression analysis
* Returns to scale
* Risk premium
* Saving
* Scarcity
* Seven-generation sustainability
* Slavery
* Social cost
* Social credit
* Social welfare
* Stock exchange
* Subsidy
** Corporate welfare
* Subsistence agriculture
* Sunk cost
* Supply and demand
* Supply-side economics
* Sustainable competitive advantage
* Sustainable development
* Sweatshop
* Technostructure
* The Theory of Moral Sentiments by Adam Smith
* Transaction cost
* Triple bottom line
* Trust
* Utility
* Utility maximization problem
* Uneconomic growth
* U.S. public debt
* Virtuous circle and vicious circle
* Wage rate
* X-efficiency
* Yield
* Zero sum game

## Economics organizations

* American Economic Association
* American Institute for Economic Research
* American Law and Economics Association
* Association for Comparative Economic Studies
* Association for Evolutionary Economics
* Association for Social Economics
* Canadian Economics Association
* Centre for Economic Policy Research
* China Center for Economic Research
* Eastern Economic Association
* Econometric Society
* European Economic Association
* International Association for Feminist Economics
* International Economic Association
* Latin American and Caribbean Economic Association
* National Association for Business Economics
* National Bureau of Economic Research
* Royal Economic Society
* Southern Economic Association
* Western Economic Association International

## Economics publications

* List of economics journals
* List of important publications in economics

## Persons influential in the field of economics

* List of economists

### Nobel Memorial Prize–winning economic historians

* Milton Friedman won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1976 for "his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy".
* Robert Fogel and Douglass North won the Nobel Memorial Prize in 1993 for "having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change".
* Merton Miller, who started his academic career teaching economic history at the LSE, won the Nobel Memorial Prize in 1990 with Harry Markowitz and William F. Sharpe.

#### Other notable economic historians

* Moses Abramovitz
* T. S. Ashton
* Roger E. Backhouse
* Correlli Barnett
* Jörg Baten
* Maxine Berg
* Ben Bernanke
* Fernand Braudel
* Rondo Cameron
* Sydney Checkland
* Carlo M. Cipolla
* Gregory Clark
* Thomas C. Cochran
* Nicholas Crafts
* Louis Cullen
* Peter Davies
* Brad DeLong
* Barry Eichengreen
* Stanley Engerman
* Charles Feinstein
* Niall Ferguson
* Ronald Findlay
* Roderick Floud
* Claudia Goldin
* John Habakkuk
* Earl J. Hamilton
* Eli Heckscher
* Eric Hobsbawm
* Leo Huberman
* Thomas M. Humphrey
* Harold James
* Ibn Khaldun
* Charles P. Kindleberger
* John Komlos
* Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie
* David Laidler
* David Landes
* Tim Leunig
* Friedrich List
* Robert Sabatino Lopez
* Angus Maddison
* Karl Marx
* Peter Mathias
* Ellen McArthur
* Deirdre McCloskey
* Joel Mokyr
* Cormac Ó Gráda
* Henri Pirenne
* Karl Polanyi
* Erik S. Reinert
* Christina Romer
* W. W. Rostow
* Murray Rothbard
* Larry Schweikart
* Ram Sharan Sharma
* Adam Smith
* Anna Jacobson Schwartz
* Robert Skidelsky
* Graeme Snooks
* R. H. Tawney
* Peter Temin
* Richard Timberlake
* Adam Tooze
* Eberhard Wächtler
* Jeffrey Williamson
* Tony Wrigley