OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Thus (company)

Thus was a telecommunications provider operating in the United Kingdom based in Glasgow, Scotland. The company was once listed on the London Stock Exchange and became a subsidiary of Cable & Wireless Worldwide (CWW). Following the acquisition of Cable & Wireless Worldwide by Vodafone in July 2012, the company was gradually integrated into Vodafone. This was completed on 1 April 2013.

## History

The company was founded in 1994 as Scottish Power Telecommunications Holdings Ltd (trading as Scottish Telecom), an offshoot of the energy company ScottishPower. In 1998 the company acquired Demon Internet. Rod Matthews, who had founded the business, remained as Chief Executive until 1999.
On 4 October 1999 Scottish Telecom announced their new name "thus".
A short while later in 1999, the newly named Thus PLC listed on the London Stock Exchange.
In 2002 it was demerged from Scottish Power in a deal which effectively wiped out the majority of the company's debts, placing the company on a sound financial footing.
In August 2004 it sold its call centre operation to Response Handling Ltd and in 2006 it acquired Your Communications and Legend Communications.
On 28 May 2008 Cable & Wireless plc announced their intention to purchase the company with an offer of 165p per share: this first offer was rejected on 6 June 2008. On 30 June 2008, Cable & Wireless announced that it had acquired a 29.9% stake in Thus and tabled an improved offer of £329 million, or 180p per share. On 1 October 2008, Cable & Wireless completed the takeover of Thus: the company became known as "Thus, a Cable & Wireless business".

## Operations

The company supplied some services (most notably Internet services) to small businesses. Many of its major customers had their business transferred to Cable & Wireless Worldwide.
# Saudi Electricity Company

Saudi Electricity Company (Arabic: الشركة السعودية للكهرباء; SEC) is the Saudi electric energy company. It enjoys a near monopoly on the generation, transmission and distribution of electric power in Saudi Arabia through 45 power generation plants in the country. In 2019, SEC was ranked by Forbes as the 5th largest company in the Kingdom, and the 578th worldwide, with total annual sales of $17.1 billion .

## History

The company was formed in 2000 by Order of the Council of Ministers through a merger of existing regional electricity companies in the Central, Eastern, Western and Southern regions into a single joint stock company.
In 2009, the Electricity and Co-generation Regulatory Authority (ECRA) announced its intention to split the company into four generation companies and separate transmission and distribution companies to encourage competition in the domestic utilities sector. A transmission company – National Grid SA – was established in 2012 to operate the National Grid SA.
In 2014, ECRA was said to have hired advisors on the break-up of the company. ECRA also confirmed the new generation companies will be open to foreign investment.
The company is 81.24 percent owned by the government, both directly (74.31%) and through Saudi Aramco (6.93%).
In 2015, SEC, Taqnia Energy and King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST) agreed to collaborate to build and operate the first standalone solar power station in the country.
For the first six months of 2022, net profit fell 6.6% to SAR7 million, while total comprehensive income slipped 0.14% to SAR7.7 million.
# Alexander ALX500

The Alexander ALX500 (later known as the TransBus ALX500) was a low-floor double-decker bus body built by Alexander in Falkirk, Scotland between 1997 and 2002.
The Alexander ALX500 was fitted to Dennis Trident 3 and Volvo Super Olympian chassis (they could be distinguished by the design of the engine compartment: with round indicators for Dennis and square indicators for Volvo), and came in lengths of 10.6, 11.3 and 12 metres (35, 37 and 40 foot). The ALX500-bodied buses were sold new to Citybus, Kowloon Motor Bus, Long Win Bus, New World First Bus and Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation in Hong Kong. Due to the climate there, all of them were fitted with air conditioning systems, and as a result lacked a rear window on the lower deck. The extra length of the buses mean the seating capacities were near the 100 mark for the 12.0 metre variant.
Alexander built three prototype ALX500 bodies for prototype Trident 3 chassis in 1997, with the first finished in February 1997. Production of the ALX500 body was started later in the same year, with two examples exhibited in Coach & Bus '97 in Birmingham; but there were some minor changes in appearance, for example the exit door was moved rearward (for 12.0 metre variant only). In 1999, a facelifted version of the ALX500, which more resembled the Alexander ALX400 in appearance was introduced, the first of these bodies were fitted to the first batch of Super Olympians for Kowloon Motor Bus and New World First Bus.
When TransBus International was formed in 2001, the Alexander ALX500 body replaced the standard height, right hand drive version of the Duple Metsec DM5000 body (built for the Dennis Trident 3) which was duplicated with the ALX500 design. In late 2002, the ALX500 body was superseded by the TransBus Enviro500.
All Alexander ALX500 bodied buses are progressively retired by March 2023.
# Robert A. Heinlein Award

The Robert A. Heinlein Award was established by the Heinlein Society in 2003 "for outstanding published works in science fiction and technical writings to inspire the human exploration of space". It is named for renowned science fiction author Robert A. Heinlein and is administered by the Baltimore Science Fiction Society. It is generally given annually to one or more recipients.
The Robert A. Heinlein Award is a sterling silver medallion bearing the image of Robert A. Heinlein, as depicted by artist Arlin Robbins. The medallion is matched with a red-white-blue lanyard.

## Winners

Award winners :
| Year | Winner(s) |
| 2003 | Michael Flynn Virginia Heinlein |
| 2004 | Arthur C. Clarke |
| 2005 | Larry Niven Jerry Pournelle |
| 2006 | Greg Bear Jack Williamson |
| 2007 | Anne McCaffrey Elizabeth Moon |
| 2008 | Ben Bova Spider Robinson |
| 2009 | Joe Haldeman John Varley |
| 2010 | not awarded |
| 2011 | Connie Willis |
| 2012 | Stanley Schmidt |
| 2013 | Allen Steele Yoji Kondo |
| 2014 | Geoffrey A. Landis |
| 2015 | Jack McDevitt |
| 2016 | Kim Stanley Robinson |
| 2017 | Robert J. Sawyer |
| 2018 | Neal Stephenson |
| 2019 | Gregory Benford |
| 2020 | Vernor Vinge |
| 2021 | C. J. Cherryh |
| 2022 | David Gerrold |
| 2023 | John Scalzi |
| 2024 | Tom Doherty |
| 2025 | Sharon Lee |
# V. V. Ramasamy Nadar

V. V. Ramasamy Nadar was a politician and social activist from the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. He hailed from Virudhunagar. He was an active advocate of Self-respect movements in ranks with Periyar E. V. Ramasamy and exemplified it in his own life by refusing to allow a purohit to perform wedding rituals in 1919.
# East Point, British Indian Ocean Territory

East Point is an abandoned settlement on the east of the atoll of Diego Garcia in the British Indian Ocean Territory. It was the largest civilian settlement in the archipelago, and served as the administrative capital until the depopulation of the territory.
The settlement contained a church, cemetery, school, sanatorium in addition to senior management housing. The settlement also contained a post office, which became the plantation warden's office.

## History

The settlement was one of four founded during the French rule. Originally named Pointe de l'Est, it originally served as a coconut plantation.
Diego Garcia was ceded to the United Kingdom after the Napoleonic wars as part of the Treaty of Paris (1814).

### During World War II

In 1942, the British opened RAF Station Diego Garcia and established an advanced flying boat unit at the East Point Plantation, staffed and equipped by No 205 and No 240 Squadrons, then stationed on Ceylon. Both Catalina and Sunderland aircraft were flown during the course of World War II in search of Japanese and German submarines and surface raiders. At Cannon Point, six naval guns were installed by a Royal Marines detachment. In February 1942, the mission was to protect the small Royal Navy base and Royal Air Force station located on the island from Japanese attack. They were later occupied by Mauritian and Indian Coastal Artillery troops. Following the conclusion of hostilities, the station was closed on 30 April 1946.

### After abandonment

Originally, the British Representative resided in East Point, however later moved to the US Base.
Today, the settlement lies in the eastern restricted zone of the island.
# Special Constables Act 1923

The Special Constables Act 1923 (13 & 14 Geo. 5. c. 11); long title An Act to make perpetual, subject to an amendment, the Special Constables Act, 1914; to provide for the employment of special constables in connection with Naval, Military and Air Force yards and stations; and to remove certain limitations on the appointment of special constables in Scotland. was a British act of Parliament passed in 1923. It made permanent an earlier act on special constables passed in 1914. Words and sections from the Act were repealed by the Police (Scotland) Act 1956 and the Police Act 1964 and – though it has not been repealed in its entirety – none of its Sections are now in effect.
Its section 1 effectively repealed the phrase "during the present war" from the Special Constables Act 1914 and the reference to that act in the First Schedule to the War Emergency Laws (Continuance) Act, 1920, though in both respects it exempted Northern Ireland. Its Section 2 set up a procedure whereby any Orders in Council made under the 1914 Act as modified by the 1923 Act would be put before "both Houses of Parliament as soon as may be after it is made". A member of either House then had 21 sitting days after that date to lay an address before the Crown for the repeal of any regulations made by that Order in Council. Such regulations would be made void "without prejudice to the validity of any proceedings which may in the meantime have been taken thereunder or to the making of any new regulations provided that Orders in Council under the said Act shall not be deemed to be statutory rules within the meaning of section one of the Rules Publication Act, 1893."
Its section 3 replaced Metropolitan Police policing of dockyards and military bases with special constables, to be nominated by the Admiralty, Army Council or Air Council and confirmed by two justices of the peace (England and Wales), magistrates of a burgh (Scotland) or standing joint committee of a county (Scotland), with all the same powers Metropolitan Police constables had had in those places under the Metropolitan Police Act 1860 or the Metropolitan Police (Employment in Scotland) Act, 1914. Such special constables remained under the control of the department which had nominated them, which also had power to suspend or terminate their appointment as a special constable. This led to the establishment of the Royal Marine Police, the Army Department Constabulary and the Air Ministry Constabulary over the course of the 1920s - these were later all subsumed into the Ministry of Defence Police.
Its section 4 applied Section 96 of the Burgh Police (Scotland) Act 1892 (55 & 56 Vict. c. 55) and its extension by the Special Constables (Scotland) Act 1914 to the 1923 act, but set the age as between 20 and 50 rather than those two acts' 26 and over. Its Section 5 set its short title as "Special Constables Act, 1923, and the Special Constables Act, 1914".
# BAE Batterien

52°27′27″N 13°31′42″E﻿ / ﻿52.45750°N 13.52833°E﻿ / 52.45750; 13.52833
BAE Batterien GmbH is a producer of lead acid batteries for automotive and industrial applications and is headquartered in Germany since 1899.

## Overview

The company is selling its batteries worldwide for the use in photovoltaic (solar-power related), telecommunication systems, electric utilities, railroads, uninterruptible power supply (UPS) and motive-power applications including lift trucks, forklift trucks, high-rack stackers, etc.
# Fleet Readiness Center Mid-Atlantic

Fleet Readiness Center Mid-Atlantic (FRCMA) is an American naval aviation maintenance and repair facility headquartered on board NAS Oceana. It is one of 6 main subsidiaries of the Fleet Readiness Centers. FRCMA currently has nearly 2,500 sailors, marines and civilian workers.

## Services

Fleet Readiness Center Mid-Atlantic performs scheduled maintenance inspection and repair, unscheduled emergency in-service repair, structural and electronic system modifications on numerous carrier based aircraft.
The FRCMA Staff is located in Hangar 200. FRCMA also consists of five different sites: FRCMA Det Oceana, FRCMA Det Norfolk, FRCMA Det Patuxent River, Voyage Repair Team (VRT) Norfolk and Mayport, and FRCMA Aircraft Department (Oceana and Norfolk). These sites support the F/A-18, E-2, C-2, H-60, CH-46, AH-1, UH-1, EA-6B and H-53 aircraft/helicopters, ground support equipment, associated F-414, T-56, T-700, T-400, T-64 engine models, and ARLE.

## Innovation

A FRCMA sailor won Athena Project DC, a yearly competition to test the most innovative, time saving and cost saving projects to help the Navy's goals.
# Jordi Galí

Jordi Galí (born January 4, 1961) is a Spanish macroeconomist who is regarded as one of the main figures in New Keynesian macroeconomics today. He is a Senior Researcher at the Centre de Recerca en Economia Internacional (CREI), a Professor at Universitat Pompeu Fabra and a Research Professor at the Barcelona School of Economics. After obtaining his doctorate from MIT in 1989 under the supervision of Olivier Blanchard, he held faculty positions at Columbia University and New York University before moving to Barcelona.

## Research contributions

Galí's research centers on the causes of business cycles and on optimal monetary policy, especially through the lens of time series analysis. His studies with Richard Clarida and Mark Gertler suggest that monetary policy in many countries today resembles the Taylor rule, whereas the policy makers of the 1970s failed to follow the Taylor rule.
Another theme of Galí's research is how central banks should set interest rates. In some of the simplest New Keynesian macroeconomic models, stabilizing the inflation rate stabilizes the output gap too. If this property were roughly true in reality, it would permit central bankers to pursue a simplified Taylor rule focused only on inflation stabilization, with no need to consider output growth. Jordi Galí and Olivier Blanchard have called this property the 'divine coincidence', and have argued that in more realistic models which include additional frictions, it no longer holds. Instead, models with additional frictions (such as frictional unemployment) imply a tradeoff between stabilizing inflation and stabilizing the output gap.
Galí is perhaps best known for providing time series evidence that improvements in labour productivity cause employment to decrease. This finding contradicts the predictions of some well-known real business cycle models promoted by the New Classical macroeconomic school, but is (according to Galí) consistent with many New Keynesian models. However, the statistical methods ('structural vector autoregressions') on which this finding is based remain controversial.
Galí is the most cited author of Journal of Monetary Economics and European Economic Review.

## Books

In 2008, Princeton University Press published Galí's monograph Monetary Policy, Inflation, and the Business Cycle. The book provides an introduction to New Keynesian DSGE models, and analyzes the implications of those models for monetary policy. It is written at a level intended for introductory graduate courses in macroeconomics. A second edition was published in 2015.

## Awards

In 2005, Galí received the Yrjö Jahnsson Award of the European Economic Association, of which he is also a fellow, in recognition of his work on New Keynesian macroeconomics. He shared the prize with Timothy Besley of the London School of Economics. Thomson Reuters lists him among the 'citation laureates' who are likely future winners of the Nobel Prize in Economics. For 2024 he was awarded the BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award in the category of "Economics and Finance".
He was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 2012.
# Nikolay Glazkov

Nikolay Ivanovich Glazkov (Russian: Николай Иванович Глазков, IPA: ; 30 January 1919 – 1 October 1979) was a Soviet Russian poet who coined the term samizdat.

## Life

Glazkov was born in the village of Lyskovo, in what is now Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Russia. His father was a lawyer and his mother was a teacher of German language. The family moved to Moscow in 1923. Glazkov began writing poetry at a very early age. As a student, he attended the literature faculty of Moscow State Pedagogical University. In 1938 his father was repressed during the Great Purge, and in 1940 Glazkov was thrown out of university as a relative of an enemy of the people. Soon afterwards, however, he was allowed to attend Maxim Gorky Literature Institute, from which he graduated in 1942. Upon graduation he worked as a village teacher, but in 1944 he returned to Moscow. He worked odd jobs such as loading trucks and sawing lumber, all the while publishing poetry both officially and unofficially. Parodying the ceremonious names of the official printing organs of the Soviet Union, he printed his poetry under the publishing house name of Samsebyaizdat (which literally translates as something like self-publishing house). This is later shortened to samizdat, a term now known to any student of Soviet literature.
Through the 1950s and 1960s, Glazkov continued to be published with and without the consent of the Soviet authorities. He made a cameo appearance as the peasant in the hot air balloon at the beginning of Tarkovsky's 1966 film Andrei Rublev. He died on 1 October 1979 in Moscow.

## Work and reputation

There are many facets to Glazkov's extremely prodigious poetic output. On one hand, he was known for neologisms and clever use of the Russian language to make seemingly impossible rhymes. In this, he was sometimes seen (as he himself asserted) as a follower of Velimir Khlebnikov. He was also noted for his lighthearted jokey verse, such as a retelling of Edgar Allan Poe's "The Raven" where the narrator, after being made quite gloomy by the raven's predictions of woe decides to test him by asking whether he knows any cities in Chile. He is also somewhat of an alternative cult figure, both for his short, humorous-philosophical poetry and his relationship with the Soviet regime. Since much of his best poetry was indeed samizdat, his poems have been retold, rearranged and worked their way into the national consciousness.
He was also known to have issued poems that were deliberately badly written, ostentatiously rhyming Communism and socialism any chance he could get, or "censoring" his own poems. He would also translate poetry from nearly every language, often showing off with disrespect of the original work such as sticking in parts of other poems in the middle. Glazkov himself is a frequent personage in his poetry, where he is often (partially ironically) treated as an amazing genius.
# Izee, Oregon

Izee is an unincorporated community in Grant County, Oregon, United States. Its post office operated from November 6, 1889, to July 31, 1954, and the first postmaster was Carlos W. Bonham. Located on the South Fork John Day River, Izee is a ranching community and was so named because a rancher there branded his cattle with the letters I. Z. The schoolhouse and grange building still stand as of 2019.
# Fredrik von Otter

Fredrik Wilhelm von Otter (11 April 1833 – 9 March 1910) was a Swedish friherre (aristocrat), naval officer and politician who was Prime Minister of Sweden from 1900 to 1902.

## Life and work

Otter was born on the Fimmersta estate (Töreboda Municipality) in Västergötland and belonged to the wealthy and aristocratic von Otter family. He entered the Royal Swedish Navy as second lieutenant at the age of 17, but remained without promotion for a long time. Meanwhile, he served in the British Royal Navy from 1857 to 1861, participating in campaigns against pirates in the South China Sea, and took part in one of Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld's North Pole expeditions in 1868, as commander of the expedition ship Sofia. He was promoted to commander and made aide-de-camp of Crown Prince Oscar, the Duke of Östergötland, in 1872 and remained so after the prince's accession to the throne as Oscar II in 1873.
In 1874 he was promoted to captain and appointed Ministry for Naval Affairs in the cabinet, succeeding Major General Baron Abraham Leijonhufvud. He remained in this position until the resignation of the De Geer cabinet in 1880, after which he was appointed director of the naval shipyard in Karlskrona. He was made a Commodore in 1884, a vice admiral in 1892 and admiral in 1900.
He also represented Blekinge County in the parliamentary First Chamber 1891–1899, and Karlskrona in the Second Chamber 1900–1902.
After the resignation of Erik Gustaf Boström in 1900, Otter was offered the premiership by the king and formed a cabinet which would remain in office for two years. As Prime Minister he was responsible for carrying through the remodelling of the military system and the final abolition of the allotment system introduced by Charles XI more than 200 years earlier. In connection with the new military organization, a progressive taxation system was introduced. After the end of that parliamentary session in July 1902, Otter resigned and was succeeded by his predecessor Boström.

## Personal life

On 7 October 1863 in Stockholm, von Otter married Mathilda Dahlström (23 January 1841 – 24 June 1926), the daughter of county governor Jacob Axel Dahlström [sv] and Christina Hagerman.

## Dates of rank

* 21 December 1850 – Sekundlöjtnant
* 15 June 1858 – Premiärlöjtnant
* 1 October 1866 – Lieutenant
* 5 April 1872 – Lieutenant commander
* ? – Commander
* 23 December 1874 – Captain
* 12 September 1884 – Rear admiral
* 16 December 1892 – Vice admiral
* 8 September 1900 – Admiral

## Honours

* Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences (1874)
* Member of the Royal Swedish Society of Naval Sciences (1865)
* Honorary member of the Royal Swedish Society of Naval Sciences (1875)
# Hipposcarus harid

Hipposcarus harid, the Longnose parrotfish or Candelamoa parrotfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a parrotfish from the family Scaridae found on coral reefs of Indian Ocean and the Red Sea.

## Distribution

Hipposcarus harid is found in the western Indian Ocean from the Red Sea south to the Mozambique Channel, including Madagascar, the Seychelles and east to Sri Lanka, the Maldives and the Chagos Islands.

## Habitat and biology

Hipposcarus harid occurs in coastal regions and is associated with coral reefs and reef flats. This species forms harems comprising a terminal phase, or male, individual and numerous initial phase individuals. It will also form large schools for foraging. H. harid is a protogynous hermaphrodite in which there are two distinct phases, an initial phase which includes females and primary, that is males which were born male, and a terminal phase, the secondary males transformed from females. It is an oviparous species in which the male and female form pairs for mating. It feeds on benthic algae.

## Human usage

Hipposcarus harid is caught with nets and other artisanal gear, the catch is maistly marketed fresh. Each year in April these fish aggregate in a shallow lagoon in the Farasan Islands in the southern Red Sea. The reason for this aggregation is unknown but the local people celebrate a festival, called Hareed, catching the fish for prizes. Almost all the fish are caught but the aggregation returns each year. Evidence for the consumption and trade of this species, among other parrotfishes native to the Red Sea, goes back to at least the Byzantine period.