OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Tom Perlmutter

Tom Perlmutter (born September 6, 1948) is a Canadian film and digital media writer and producer who was the 15th Government Film Commissioner and Chairperson of the National Film Board of Canada, from May 17, 2007, to December 31, 2013.

## NFB career

During his tenure as NFB commissioner, Perlmutter spearheaded the move by Canada's public producer into digital media production and mobile platforms, and developed its NFB.ca online screening room. He reallocated 20% of the NFB's production budget to interactive media and committed the NFB to digitizing 60% of its most popular films over a five-year period. Perlmutter also started the NFB's Digital Studios, focusing on interactive works, based in Vancouver (for English-language works) and Montreal (for French productions).
He had been appointed to the post by Canadian Heritage Minister Bev Oda, and began serving his first term on May 17, 2007. On May 8, 2012, Heritage Minister James Moore announced that Perlmutter was reappointed to the post of commissioner for a second term, until 2017. In his statement, Moore cited Perlmutter's "wealth of experience and leadership... [h]is dedication to the film industry and his commitment to the NFB's digitization initiative" as reasons for the reappointment. On December 10, 2013, the NFB announced that Perlmutter would step down as NFB head to advise and write about the impact of technology on content creation and the challenges facing the public sector in the 21st century. On February 27, 2014, the NFB announced that Perlmutter's employment had ended and he was no longer with the organization in any capacity.
Perlmutter had previously served as its head of the NFB's English Program since 2001. During his time as head of English Program, he led one the NFB's first forays into mobile content, with its 2006 series Shorts in Motion.

## Pre-NFB

Prior to joining the NFB, his private sector film experience included serving as the founding head of documentaries at Barna-Alper Productions.
A former writer and editor of the trade magazine Cinema Canada, Perlmutter had also served as executive director of the Alliance for Children and Television and as head of development at CineNova Productions in Toronto. In 2000, he cofounded the Toronto-based Primitive Entertainment.

## Early life and education

Perlmutter was born on September 6, 1948, in Hungary. He arrived in Montreal with his mother at age four, after a brief time in Israel. He has an MBA from the University of Toronto. He also attended Oxford University and spent a decade working in Britain in publishing before returning to Canada to work in documentary film.
# Gypsy scale

The term Gypsy scale refers to one of several musical scales named after their support of and association with Romani or "Gypsy" music, the latter being considered derogatory.
* Double harmonic scale (major), the fifth mode of Hungarian minor, or Double Harmonic minor, scale, also known as the Byzantine scale.
* Hungarian minor scale, minor scale with raised fourth and seventh degrees, also known as Double Harmonic minor scale.
* Phrygian dominant scale, also known as Freygish or Jewish scale; Spanish Gypsy or Spanish Phrygian scale.
# 25th parallel south

Download coordinates as:
* KML
* GPX (all coordinates)
* GPX (primary coordinates)
* GPX (secondary coordinates)
The 25th parallel south is a circle of latitude that is 25 degrees south of the Earth's equatorial plane, just south of the Tropic of Capricorn. It crosses the Atlantic Ocean, Africa, the Indian Ocean, Australasia, the Pacific Ocean and South America.

## Around the world

Starting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 25° south passes through:
    Coordinates Country, territory or ocean Notes 25°0′S 0°0′E﻿ / ﻿25.000°S 0.000°E﻿ / -25.000; 0.000﻿ (Prime Meridian) Atlantic Ocean 25°0′S 14°50′E﻿ / ﻿25.000°S 14.833°E﻿ / -25.000; 14.833﻿ (Namibia)  Namibia 25°0′S 20°0′E﻿ / ﻿25.000°S 20.000°E﻿ / -25.000; 20.000﻿ (South Africa)  South Africa Northern Cape: Northernmost tip in Kalahari 25°0′S 20°20′E﻿ / ﻿25.000°S 20.333°E﻿ / -25.000; 20.333﻿ (Botswana)  Botswana 25°0′S 25°50′E﻿ / ﻿25.000°S 25.833°E﻿ / -25.000; 25.833﻿ (South Africa)  South Africa North West Limpopo Mpumalanga 25°0′S 32°2′E﻿ / ﻿25.000°S 32.033°E﻿ / -25.000; 32.033﻿ (Mozambique)  Mozambique 25°0′S 34°4′E﻿ / ﻿25.000°S 34.067°E﻿ / -25.000; 34.067﻿ (Indian Ocean) Indian Ocean Mozambique Channel 25°0′S 44°2′E﻿ / ﻿25.000°S 44.033°E﻿ / -25.000; 44.033﻿ (Madagascar)  Madagascar 25°0′S 47°0′E﻿ / ﻿25.000°S 47.000°E﻿ / -25.000; 47.000﻿ (Indian Ocean) Indian Ocean 25°0′S 113°7′E﻿ / ﻿25.000°S 113.117°E﻿ / -25.000; 113.117﻿ (Australia)  Australia Western Australia - Dorre Island 25°0′S 113°7′E﻿ / ﻿25.000°S 113.117°E﻿ / -25.000; 113.117﻿ (Indian Ocean) Indian Ocean Geographe Channel 25°0′S 113°39′E﻿ / ﻿25.000°S 113.650°E﻿ / -25.000; 113.650﻿ (Australia)  Australia Western Australia Northern Territory Queensland 25°0′S 152°30′E﻿ / ﻿25.000°S 152.500°E﻿ / -25.000; 152.500﻿ (Coral Sea) Pacific Ocean Coral Sea 25°0′S 153°13′E﻿ / ﻿25.000°S 153.217°E﻿ / -25.000; 153.217﻿ (Australia)  Australia Queensland - Fraser Island 25°0′S 153°21′E﻿ / ﻿25.000°S 153.350°E﻿ / -25.000; 153.350﻿ (Coral Sea) Pacific Ocean Coral Sea 25°0′S 164°55′E﻿ / ﻿25.000°S 164.917°E﻿ / -25.000; 164.917﻿ (Pacific Ocean) Passing just north of Pitcairn Island 25°0′S 70°28′W﻿ / ﻿25.000°S 70.467°W﻿ / -25.000; -70.467﻿ (Chile)  Chile 25°0′S 68°24′W﻿ / ﻿25.000°S 68.400°W﻿ / -25.000; -68.400﻿ (Argentina)  Argentina 25°0′S 58°8′W﻿ / ﻿25.000°S 58.133°W﻿ / -25.000; -58.133﻿ (Paraguay)  Paraguay 25°0′S 54°27′W﻿ / ﻿25.000°S 54.450°W﻿ / -25.000; -54.450﻿ (Brazil)  Brazil Paraná - for about 15 km; passing just north of Curitiba São Paulo - for about 20 km 25°0′S 47°52′W﻿ / ﻿25.000°S 47.867°W﻿ / -25.000; -47.867﻿ (Atlantic Ocean) Atlantic Ocean
# Antonio Imerti

Antonio Imerti (Italian pronunciation:; born on 22 August 1946, in Villa San Giovanni), also known as Nano feroce ("fierce dwarf"), is an Italian criminal and a member of the 'Ndrangheta, the Calabrian mafia. He was born in Villa San Giovanni and controlled the Fiumara di Muro neighbourhood in Reggio Calabria.

## Life as a fugitive

He was one of the protagonists in the Second 'Ndrangheta war which raged from 1985 to 1991 between the Condello-Imerti clan and the De Stefano-Tegano clan, which left 621 deaths. His marriage in 1983 with Giuseppina Condello – the sister of the Condello brothers, underbosses of Paolo De Stefano – triggered the conflict. The De Stefano clan feared the new alliance might challenge their power base. The conflict exploded in 1985, two years after the marriage and saw practically all the 'ndrine in the city of Reggio Calabria grouped into either one of two opposing factions.
The war started with a failed bomb attack on Antonio Imerti on 11 October 1985, which left three of his bodyguards dead. Two days later, his rival Paolo De Stefano was killed and suspicion fell on Imerti as the one who ordered the killing.

## Disappearance and capture

Imerti escaped a second bomb attack on 7 July 1986, and subsequently became a fugitive. He was arrested on 23 March 1993, in Reggio Calabria, together with his brother-in-law Pasquale Condello. Newspaper reports mentioned that Condello might have surpassed his former boss – and there had been speculation that Condello might have killed Imerti when they both were still fugitives. However, although the speculation proved to be false, Imerti's power had declined because of his opposition to a 'pax mafiosa' to end the war between the opposing clans in Reggio Calabria.
# Biliary reflux

Biliary reflux, also called bile reflux, duodenogastroesophageal reflux (DGER) or duodenogastric reflux, is a condition that occurs when bile and/or other contents like bicarbonate and pancreatic enzymes flow upward (refluxes) from the duodenum into the stomach and esophagus.
Biliary reflux can be confused with acid reflux, also known as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). While bile reflux involves fluid from the small intestine flowing into the stomach and esophagus, acid reflux is the backflow of stomach acid into the esophagus. These conditions are often related, and differentiating between the two can be difficult.
Bile is a digestive fluid made by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and discharged into the duodenum after food is ingested to aid in the digestion of fat. Normally, the pyloric sphincter prevents bile from entering the stomach. When the pyloric sphincter is damaged or fails to work correctly, bile can enter the stomach and then be transported into the esophagus as in gastric reflux. The presence of small amounts of bile in the stomach is relatively common and usually asymptomatic, but excessive refluxed bile causes irritation and inflammation. Bile reflux has been associated with gastric cancer, chemical gastritis and the development of ulcers.

## Symptoms and signs

* Frequent heartburn
* Pain in the upper part of the abdomen
* Vomiting and/or regurgitating bile
* Hypersalivation
Bile reflux can be asymptomatic when lying down or after eating, as bile reflux occurs physiologically.

## Diagnosis

Bile reflux is usually associated with:
* Erosive esophagitis
* Barrett's esophagus

## Management

Ursodeoxycholic acid is an adequate treatment of bile reflux gastritis. The dosage is usually of: Adult(body-weight 47kg and above): 250mg once daily for 10-14 days, dose to be taken at bedtime.

### Surgery

Biliary reflux may also be treated surgically, if medications are ineffective or if precancerous tissue is present in the esophagus.

## Epidemiology

Obesity is an independent risk factor for development of bile reflux. Bile reflux is very infrequent in healthy individuals.
Bile acids are frequently present in the gastroesophageal refluxate, and thus can cause inflammatory and neoplastic changes in the upper aerodigestive tract. Bile reflux appears to be a causal factor in human hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. In a mouse study it was shown that acidic bile refluxate causes oxidative DNA damage leading to progressive mutagenic effects and hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinogenesis.
# O with circumflex (Cyrillic)

The Cyrillic script :
Slavic letters :
| А | А̂ | А̄ | Ӑ | Ӓ | Б | В | Г |
| Ґ | Д | Ђ | Ѓ | Е | Е̂ | Е̄ | Ё |
| Є | Є́ | Ж | З | З́ | Ѕ | И | І |
| І́ | Ї | Ꙇ | И̂ | Ӣ | Й | Ӥ | Ј |
| К | Л | Љ | М | Н | Њ | О | О̂ |
| О̄ | Ӧ | П | Р | С | С́ | Т | Ћ |
| Ќ | У | У̂ | Ӯ | Ў | Ӱ | Ф | Х |
| Ц | Ч | Џ | Ш | Щ | Ꙏ | Ъ | Ы |
| Ь | Э | Ю | Я | ʼ | ˮ | | |
Non-Slavic letters :
| А̊ | А̃ | Ӓ̄ | Ӕ | Ә | Ә̃ | Ӛ | В̌ |
| Ԝ | Г̑ | Г̇ | Г̣ | Г̌ | Г̂ | Г̆ | Г̈ |
| Г̊ | Ҕ | Ғ | | Ӻ | Ғ̌ | Ғ̊ | Ӷ |
| Г̡ | Д́ | Д̌ | Д̈ | Д̣ | Д̆ | Ӗ | Е̃ |
| Ё̄ | Є̈ | Ԑ | Ԑ̈ | Җ | Ӝ | Ӂ | Ж̣ |
| Ҙ | Ӟ | З̌ | З̣ | З̆ | Ӡ | И̃ | И̇ |
| Ҋ | Қ | Ӄ | Ҡ | Ҟ | Ҝ | К̣ | К̊ |
| Қ̊ | Ԛ | ᴫ | Л́ | Ӆ | Ԯ | Ԓ | Л̈ |
| Ӎ | ᵸ | Н́ | Ӊ | Ң | Ԩ | Ӈ | Ҥ |
| О̆ | О̃ | Ӧ̄ | Ө | Ө̄ | Ө́ | Ө̆ | Ӫ |
| Ԥ | П̈ | Р̌ | Ҏ | С̌ | Ҫ | С̣ | С̱ |
| Т́ | Т̈ | Т̌ | Т̇ | Т̣ | Ҭ | Ᲊ | У̃ |
| У̌ | Ӳ | У̊ | Ӱ̄ | Ұ | Ү | Ү́ | Х̣ |
| Х̱ | Х̮ | Х̑ | Х̌ | Ҳ | Ӽ | Х̊ | Ӿ |
| Ӿ̊ | Һ | Һ̈ | Ԧ | Ц̌ | Ц̈ | Ҵ | Ҷ |
| Ҷ̣ | Ӵ | Ӌ | | Ҹ | Ч̇ | Ч̣ | Ҽ |
| Ҿ | Ш̣ | ꚜ | Ы̆ | Ы̄ | Ӹ | ꚝ | Ҍ |
| Ҩ | Э̄ | Э̇ | Ӭ | Ӭ́ | Ӭ̄ | Ю̆ | Ю̈ |
| Ю̄ | Я̆ | Я̄ | Я̈ | Ӏ | | | |
Archaic or unused letters :
А̨Б̀Б̣Б̱В̀Г̀Г̧Г̄Г̓Г̆Ҕ̀Ҕ̆ԀД̓Д̀Д̨ԂꚀꙢЕ̇Е̨Ж̀Ж̑ꙂꙄЏ̆ꚄꚄ̆ꙀЗ̀З̑ԄԆꚈԪꚂꚔІ̂І̣І̨Ј̵Ј̃ꙈК̓К̀К̆Ӄ̆К̑К̇К̈К̄ԞК̂Л̀ԠꙤԈЛ̑Л̇ԔМ̀М̃ꙦН̀Н̄Н̧Н̃ԊԢН̡ѺꙨꙪꙬꙮꚘꚚП̓П̀П́ҦП̧П̑ҀԚ̆Р́Р̀Р̃ԖС̀С̈ԌҪ̓Т̓Т̀ԎТ̑ꚊТ̧ꚌꚌ̆ѸꙊУ̇У̨ꙋ́Ф̑Ф̓Х́Х̀Х̆Х̇Х̧Х̾Х̓һ̱ѠꙌѼѾꙠЦ̀Ц́Ц̓ꚎꚎ̆ꚐЧ́Ч̀Ч̆Ч̑Ч̓ԬꚒꚆꚆ̆Ҽ̆Ш̀Ш̆Ш̑Щ̆ꚖꚖ̆Ъ̄Ъ̈Ъ̈̄ꙐЫ̂Ы̃ѢѢ́Ѣ̈Ѣ̆ꙒЭ̨Э̂ꙔЮ̂ꙖЯ̈Я̂Я̨ԘѤѦꙘѪꙚѨꙜѬѮѰѲѴѶꙞ :
List of Cyrillic letters
List of Cyrillic multigraphs :
vte :
O with circumflex (О̂ о̂; О̂ о̂) is a character in the Cyrillic alphabet. The letter was created and in the most common version of the Udege language's alphabet, the Khabarovsk version, used for the northern dialects. This letter has also been used historically in the Ukrainian language, and in some 19th-century publications in the Karelian language.

## Usage

* M. O. Maksymovych proposed new letters for usage in the Ukrainian alphabet, based on the etymological principles of spelling to preserve the old writing of Ukrainian. His orthography is known as Maksymovychivka [uk]. Of the letters proposed, О̂ was one of them.
* It is formally used in the Rusyn language.
* It was also used in Polish Cyrillic in the 1860s.
* It is also used in some dialects of some South Slavic languages such as Bulgarian and Serbian.
* It was also used in a 1820 publication in Tver Karelian.
* In the northern dialects of Udege, the letter represents a glottalized [o].

## Related letters

* O o : Latin letter O
* Ô ô : Latin letter Ô - a letter in Slovak and Vietnamese
* О о : Cyrillic letter О
# Ludvig Manderström

Christofer Rutger Ludvig Manderström (22 January 1806 – 18 August 1873) was the Swedish–Norwegian prime minister of foreign affairs between 1858 and 1868.
He was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1848, and of the Swedish Academy (seat number 15) in 1852.
# Yates City, Illinois

Yates City is a village in Knox County, Illinois, United States. The population was 642 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Galesburg Micropolitan Statistical Area.

## History

Yates City was named after Yates County, New York.

## Notable people

* Clinton L. Ewing, Illinois state legislator, businessman, farmer, born in Yates City
* Owen B. West, Republican member of Illinois House of Representatives from 1915 to 1927, businessman, farmer, and former mayor of Yates City
* Bradley Wrage, 4th place in the 2012 State Farm MVC Outdoor Track & Field Championships clocking in at 9:14.31 in the 3000 meters steeplechase. Yates City hosted a celebration for Bradley's feat with a 1.5 mile parade of tractors.

## Geography

Yates City is in southeastern Knox County. Illinois Route 8 passes through the center of the village, leading east 2.5 miles (4.0 km) to Elmwood and west 7 miles (11 km) to Illinois Route 97 near Maquon. Galesburg, the Knox county seat, is 25 miles (40 km) northwest of Yates City.
According to the 2010 census, Yates City has a total area of 0.52 square miles (1.35 km$^2$), all land.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 725 people, 299 households, and 209 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,235.2 inhabitants per square mile (476.9/km$^2$). There were 322 housing units at an average density of 548.6 per square mile (211.8/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the village was 98.90% White, 0.41% African American, 0.14% Native American, 0.28% from other races, and 0.28% from two or more races.
There were 299 households, out of which 28.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.2% were married couples living together, 6.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.1% were non-families. 27.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 2.95.
In the village, the population was spread out, with 23.9% under the age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 28.1% from 25 to 44, 22.1% from 45 to 64, and 18.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.1 males.
The median income for a household in the village was $37,344, and the median income for a family was $42,679. Males had a median income of $33,625 versus $20,956 for females. The per capita income for the village was $18,036. About 6.0% of families and 8.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.1% of those under age 18 and 11.7% of those age 65 or over.
# Francis Asbury Baker

Francis Asbury Baker (March 30, 1820 – April 4, 1865) was an American Catholic priest, missionary, and social worker, known as one of the founders of the Paulist Fathers in 1858.

## Life

Francis Asbury Baker was born in Baltimore, Maryland on March 30, 1820, the son Samuel Baker, a prominent physician and University of Maryland Professor of Medicine. His paternal grandfather, William Baker was a German immigrant; his paternal grandmother, a woman of Irish origin. William Baker was a successful merchant. His maternal grandfather, John Dickins, was an English Methodist preacher, who died in Philadelphia during a yellow fever outbreak. His maternal uncle was Secretary of the United States Senate, Asbury Dickins.
Dr. Baker was a great admirer of Francis Asbury, a popular Methodist bishop at that time, and named his son after his friend. Francis Baker graduated from Princeton University in 1839, and was ordained an Episcopal priest in 1846. He was assigned at first as an assistant at St. Paul's Episcopal Church (Baltimore, Maryland), and six years later was named rector of St. Luke's Church (Baltimore, Maryland), where he became known as an eloquent preacher.
Baker had great respect for the ideals held by John Henry Newman. His encounters with then Redemptorist Father Augustine Hewit and Archbishop Francis Patrick Kenrick of Baltimore as well as the intellectual ferment fostered by the Oxford Movement persuaded Baker to become Catholic in 1853, a conversion that created considerable stir at the time. He then changed his name to Francis Aloysius, in honor of Francis de Sales and St. Aloysius. He was ordained a Redemptorist Priest three years later. The Redemptorists presented week-long missions so that regular parish members and especially the poor could receive the religious instructions given by these traveling preachers.
Father Baker worked closely with Father Isaac Hecker on his missions and so after Hecker's expulsion from the Redemptorists and subsequent permission to found the Missionary Society of St. Paul the Apostle, granted by Pope Pius IX, Baker joined fellow missionaries Isaac Hecker, Augustine Hewit, Clarence Walworth, and George Deshon in leaving the Redemptorists to found the new society.
Father Baker divided his time as a Paulist between assisting at St. Paul the Apostle parish in New York City and giving missions throughout the eastern states. Baker was a zealous and effective missionary. The strain of both tasks took its toll on Baker's fragile health and as early as 1861 he was forced to slow his activities because of throat ailments. THis was further complicated by pneumonia. In early 1865 Baker contracted typhoid fever from his work with New York's poor and due in part to his already fragile health. He soon after died quietly surrounded by family and friends at the age of 45 just seven years after the founding of the Paulists.
He is buried at Old St. Patrick's Cathedral in New York.
# Matilde, Argentina

Matilde is a town in the Las Colonias Department of Santa Fe Province, Argentina.

## History

The settlement of Plaza Matilde [es] was established in 1879. In 1889, when the railway line from Buenos Aires to Santa Fe was being built, the train station was built three kilometers to the east of the settlement. This shifted population growth to near the train station, as it became the most important center in the area. On 20 September 1890, the first train passed through Estación Matilde. This date came to be known as the founding day of the present-day town based at the now-defunct station.
# Beiping–Hankou Railway Operation

The Beiping–Hankou Railway Operation (Japanese: 京漢線作戦; Mid August – Dec. 1937) was a follow-up to the Battle of Beiping–Tianjin of the Japanese army in North China at the beginning of the 2nd Sino-Japanese War, fought simultaneously with Tianjin–Pukou Railway Operation. The attack was not authorized by the Imperial General Headquarters. The Japanese advanced to the south along the Beiping–Hankou Railway until the Yellow River, capturing Linfen along the way. After the Imperial General Headquarters wrestled control over troops from local commanders, the majority of participating Japanese units were transferred to participate in the concurrent Battle of Taiyuan. These units were replaced by newly formed 108th and 109th divisions.

## Operations

In September after securing Beijing and its surrounding area the Japanese army moved south in 2 armies. Their main objective was to secure the major cities and the railway lines connecting them.

### Battle of Baoding

Japanese forces approached Baoding, which boasted a sixty-foot wall, two successive moats, and considerable amounts of barbed wire. If properly defended, the city could have held for weeks. Instead, it fell in a single day. The Japanese, as was to become commonplace, committed atrocities within the city after its fall. Acts of rape and murder were committed at the medical college of the city, which was burned, with many of its faculty thrown into the blazing fires.

## Aftermath

After the stalemate at Yellow River from December 1937 to March 1938, the fighting resumed resulting in Battle of Xuzhou.
# Thomas Bradshaw (MP)

Thomas Bradshaw (1733–1774) was a British civil servant and politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1767 and 1774.

## Early life

Bradshaw was born. 25 January 1733 in humble circumstances and became clerk to a contractor for forage. Around 1757, he obtained a post as Clerk in the War Office. He married Elizabeth Wilson, daughter of Robert Wilson, of Woodford, Essex and merchant of London, in November 1757. Elizabeth's sister had married Anthony Chamier who also became a public official at the War Office. In 1759 Bradshaw was promoted to first clerk at the War Office where he served under Lord Barrington. When Barrington became Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1761, he took Bradshaw to the Treasury as chief clerk in December 1761. In February 1763 Bradshaw became commissioner of taxes. As an important civil servant, he became connected with several influential politicians, including the Duke of Grafton. When Grafton was first lord of the Treasury, he appointed Bradshaw Secretary to the Treasury in August 1767.

## Political career

Grafton brought Bradshaw into the House of Commons as Member of Parliament for Harwich, a Government borough, at a by-election on 30 November 1767. Bradshaw helped Grafton with the 1768 general election and was returned himself unopposed as MP for Saltash. From then on he acted mainly as Grafton's confidential man of business in both public and private matters. He acted as Grafton's go-between with Lord North, and when Grafton wanted to divorce his duchess sought evidence of her adultery.
When Grafton resigned in January 1770 he obtained for Bradshaw the reversion for two lives of the office of auditor general of the plantations worth upwards of £2500 a year, and a pension of £1500 a year until the post became vacant. Bradshaw remained at the Treasury, at the request of Grafton and North to induct John Robinson into his duties. In April 1772 Bradshaw was made a Lord of the Admiralty but when he stood for re-election at Saltash was defeated. He was then returned on petition on 8 June 1772. He was returned unopposed for Saltash at the 1774 general election, shortly before his death. He is not known to have participated in parliamentary debates.

## Later life and legacy

Bradshaw was noted for his “unbounded extravagance” and a “gay and social disposition”. He died on 6 November 1774, by one account from a fever and by another by shooting himself because he was burdened with debts. His will provided for his family on the strength of the auditorship-general of the plantations, but he never reached that office because it was only held only in reversion. His widow was given a secret service pension of £500 a year, and his two younger sons and daughter were given pensions of £100 a year. Bradshaw's son Robert Haldane Bradshaw was also a public servant and politician.
# MP:WSP

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