# Ungava Peninsula

The Ungava Peninsula (/ʊŋˈɡeɪvə, -ˈɡɑː-/), officially Péninsule d'Ungava (French pronunciation:), is the far northwestern part of the Labrador Peninsula of the province of Quebec, Canada. Bounded by Hudson Bay to the west, Hudson Strait to the north, and Ungava Bay to the east, it covers about 252,000 km$^2$ (97,000 sq mi). Its northernmost point is Cape Wolstenholme, which is also the northernmost point of Quebec. The peninsula is also part of the Canadian Shield, and consists entirely of treeless tundra dissected by large numbers of rivers and glacial lakes, flowing generally east–west in a parallel fashion. The peninsula was not deglaciated until 6,500 years ago (11,500 years after the Last Glacial Maximum) and is believed to have been the prehistoric centre from which the vast Laurentide Ice Sheet spread over most of North America during the last glacial epoch.
The Unavuk Peninsula is part of the Nunavik proposed autonomous area of Quebec.

## Demographics

The Ungava Peninsula has an estimated population of 10,000 inhabitants. These are 90% Inuit, and live in 12 villages spread along the coast. The largest village, Kuujjuaq, is the capital of the Kativik Regional Government, which includes all of the peninsula. The peninsula's offshore islands are part of the Nunavut Territory. The region is accessible by air services, with links to southern Québec, and seasonal shipping when sea-ice breaks up. Thick permafrost prevents the use of conventional building techniques in some areas.

## Geology

The Ungava Peninsula is situated on the northeast portion of the Canadian Shield where the Rae Province connects with the Superior Province. The region is composed of Archean rocks (ca. 2.7–2.9 Ga) from the Douglas Harbour Domain (see Superior Craton). The Archean rocks are overlain by Paleoproterozoic supracrustal sequences (ca. 1.8–2.1 Ga) and intruded by Paleoproterozoic diabase dykes (ca. 2.0–2.2 Ga). The supracrustal rocks comprise nappes that form part of the Ungava and Labrador troughs. In the zone east of the Labrador Trough axis, the Paleoproterozoic deformation reworked the Archean rocks of the Douglas Harbour Domain, as well as the Paleoproterozoic diabase dykes. The metamorphic conditions which parallel the deformation increase from west to east and from middle amphibolite to granulite facies. U–Pb isotope analyses of zircon yield secondary ages around 1790 Ma. These results are interpreted as the age of metamorphism and indicate a reactivation of the northeastern margin of the Superior Province during a Paleoproterozoic tectono-metamorphic event, resulting from probable continental collision. (Madore, 2001). Pingualuit impact crater is located on the peninsula.

## Fauna

The Ungava brown bear, an extinct population of the grizzly bear, is named after this peninsula.

## Climate

The climate is extremely cold (Dfc in the Köppen climate classification) because the Labrador Current keeps the region (and all of northern Québec) colder in the summer than other regions at comparable latitudes:
Climate data for Kuujjuaq (Kuujjuaq Airport) WMO ID: 71906; coordinates 58°06′N 68°25′W﻿ / ﻿58.100°N 68.417°W﻿ / 58.100; -68.417﻿ (Kuujjuaq Airport); elevation: 39.9 m (131 ft); 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1947–present :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high humidex | 5.0 | 6.3 | 11.7 | 17.9 | 27.5 | 38.9 | 37.9 | 33.2 | 32.2 | 20.4 | 10.3 | 5.8 | 38.9 |
| Record high °C (°F) | 5.6 (42.1) | 7.8 (46.0) | 12.1 (53.8) | 19.2 (66.6) | 31.1 (88.0) | 33.1 (91.6) | 34.3 (93.7) | 30.7 (87.3) | 28.3 (82.9) | 20.0 (68.0) | 10.2 (50.4) | 8.3 (46.9) | 34.3 (93.7) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −18.9 (−2.0) | −18.1 (−0.6) | −11.3 (11.7) | −3.2 (26.2) | 5.7 (42.3) | 13.2 (55.8) | 18.1 (64.6) | 16.8 (62.2) | 10.6 (51.1) | 3.8 (38.8) | −3.9 (25.0) | −12.2 (10.0) | 0.1 (32.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −23.3 (−9.9) | −23.1 (−9.6) | −16.9 (1.6) | −8.4 (16.9) | 1.2 (34.2) | 7.8 (46.0) | 12.5 (54.5) | 11.8 (53.2) | 6.7 (44.1) | 0.8 (33.4) | −7.2 (19.0) | −16.2 (2.8) | −4.5 (23.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −27.7 (−17.9) | −28.0 (−18.4) | −22.5 (−8.5) | −13.4 (7.9) | −3.3 (26.1) | 2.4 (36.3) | 6.9 (44.4) | 6.6 (43.9) | 2.8 (37.0) | −2.1 (28.2) | −10.5 (13.1) | −20.2 (−4.4) | −9.1 (15.6) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −49.8 (−57.6) | −43.9 (−47.0) | −43.9 (−47.0) | −34.1 (−29.4) | −24.7 (−12.5) | −8.3 (17.1) | −1.6 (29.1) | −1.7 (28.9) | −7.8 (18.0) | −20.0 (−4.0) | −31.1 (−24.0) | −43.9 (−47.0) | −49.8 (−57.6) |
| Record low wind chill | −60.4 | −58.0 | −55.3 | −45.6 | −30.6 | −13.2 | −5.7 | −6.5 | −11.9 | −32.9 | −42.8 | −56.3 | −60.4 |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 30.7 (1.21) | 29.3 (1.15) | 31.6 (1.24) | 27.4 (1.08) | 31.5 (1.24) | 51.1 (2.01) | 75.2 (2.96) | 75.9 (2.99) | 87.8 (3.46) | 57.0 (2.24) | 43.8 (1.72) | 36.9 (1.45) | 578.2 (22.76) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.3 (0.01) | 0.2 (0.01) | 3.6 (0.14) | 13.5 (0.53) | 47.8 (1.88) | 75.3 (2.96) | 75.8 (2.98) | 84.9 (3.34) | 34.8 (1.37) | 5.1 (0.20) | 1.8 (0.07) | 343.2 (13.51) |
| Average snowfall cm (inches) | 30.6 (12.0) | 29.2 (11.5) | 31.6 (12.4) | 23.3 (9.2) | 18.3 (7.2) | 4.3 (1.7) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 2.9 (1.1) | 21.3 (8.4) | 38.9 (15.3) | 35.1 (13.8) | 235.4 (92.7) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 15.7 | 12.9 | 14.8 | 12.0 | 12.5 | 13.3 | 15.6 | 18.3 | 19.9 | 18.3 | 17.6 | 15.5 | 186.1 |
| Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 0.12 | 0.15 | 0.42 | 1.8 | 6.5 | 12.5 | 15.3 | 18.3 | 19.2 | 10.6 | 2.6 | 0.92 | 88.3 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) | 15.6 | 12.9 | 14.7 | 10.9 | 8.2 | 2.5 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 1.9 | 11.1 | 16.9 | 19.2 | 109.8 |
| Average relative humidity (%) (at 1500 LST) | 66.2 | 61.3 | 61.9 | 65.1 | 62.8 | 58.9 | 59.3 | 63.6 | 68.0 | 73.5 | 77.7 | 73.4 | 66.0 |
| Average dew point °C (°F) | −24.9 (−12.8) | −23.6 (−10.5) | −18.3 (−0.9) | −9.8 (14.4) | −2.1 (28.2) | 2.7 (36.9) | 7.1 (44.8) | 7.0 (44.6) | 2.4 (36.3) | −2.5 (27.5) | −9.2 (15.4) | −20.1 (−4.2) | −7.6 (18.3) |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 62.7 | 108.3 | 163.8 | 197.2 | 137.8 | 180.1 | 197.2 | 166.6 | 99.1 | 48.8 | 51.7 | 53.5 | 1,467.2 |
| Source: Environment and Climate Change Canada (sun 1951–1980) (dew point at 1300 LST 1951–1980) (July maximum) ||||||||||||||