# Penang ferry service

The Penang ferry service is a public ferry system in the Malaysian state of Penang. It operates within the Penang Strait and connects George Town with mainland Seberang Perai. Managed by the Penang Port Commission (PPC), the service comprises a fleet of four catamarans that operate between the Raja Tun Uda and Sultan Abdul Halim terminals.
Established in 1894 by local entrepreneur Quah Beng Kee and his brothers, the ferry service is the oldest in Malaysia. In 1924, the PPC took over the operation of cross-strait ferry services and the subsequent year saw the introduction of vessels capable of transporting automobiles. This ferry service remained the only transportation link between George Town and the mainland until the completion of the Penang Bridge in 1985.
From 2017 to 2020, the service came under the management of Prasarana Malaysia and was rebranded as Rapid Ferry. However, persistent maintenance issues and an aging fleet led to a brief suspension of the service in 2020. The PPC regained control of the ferry service in 2021 and introduced smaller passenger-only speedboats as a temporary measure. In 2023, the current fleet of four catamarans became operational. Throughout 2024, the ferries recorded a ridership of 2.1 million passengers and 747,785 vehicles.

## History
### Establishment and expansion

The first cross-strait ferry service between George Town and Province Wellesley (now Seberang Perai) was launched in 1894 by local entrepreneur Quah Beng Kee and his brothers. Operating under the Beng Brothers brand, the service utilised small launches to transport passengers from Kedah Pier in George Town to Mitchell Pier at Butterworth. At the time, the fleet consisted of three steamers and seven smaller steam launches. In addition to the ferry service, the Beng Brothers managed transportation routes to various locations, including Teluk Air Tawar, Bagan Ajam, Bagan Luar, Simpang Ampat, Bukit Tambun and Kuala Kurau.
In 1897, Quah Beng Kee acquired his siblings' shares in the Beng Brothers and began operating the ferry service under Guan Lee Hin Steamship Company, which later evolved into the Eastern Shipping Company Limited. The company also expanded its routes to include other parts of British Malaya, as well as Sumatra, Siam and Burma.
In 1914, following the outbreak of World War I, the Straits Settlements government requisitioned all private vessels, including those owned by the Eastern Shipping Company. Apart from the Battle of Penang, the war had a minimal impact in Malaya and the vessels were returned to their owners by the end of the year.
In 1922, the ferry service between the Kedah and Mitchell piers was acquired by the Straits Steamship Company Limited. In December 1924, control of the ferry service was transferred to the Penang Harbour Board (predecessor to the present-day Penang Port Commission). All other local ferry services were discontinued, with the exception of a separate ferry service that transported passengers of the Federated Malay States Railways to Perai.
Mitchell Pier was found to be inadequate in depth during low tide for automobile-carrying ferries, which the harbour board deemed necessary to accommodate the growing use of cars in Malaya at that time. This prompted the construction of new piers at Church Street Ghaut in George Town and Bagan Luar at Butterworth. In 1925, a decked-in lighter, towed by a steam launch, was introduced to facilitate automobile transportation. The trial service proved successful, leading to the construction of a new steam-powered vessel – named the Seberang – by the Singapore Harbour Board (SHB) in the same year. To accommodate increasing ridership, the SHB constructed two additional vessels, the Tanjong and the Kulim, by 1929.
Ridership continued to rise and by 1937, the Seberang was deemed insufficient in size for vehicular traffic. The SHB consequently constructed the Bagan in 1938 to replace the Seberang. In 1939, the three ferries – Tanjong, Kulim and Bagan – recorded a ridership of 1.856 million passengers and 113,000 vehicles.
In December 1941, during the Japanese invasion of Malaya, the British scuttled the Kulim in the Penang Strait to prevent its use by Japanese forces. The Tanjong, which had suffered engine damage, was sunk by gunfire. The Bagan was put to use for the evacuation of Europeans to Singapore and subsequently to Sumatra. The vessel was seized by the Imperial Japanese Navy during the final leg of its journey and subsequently used to support the conquest of the Dutch East Indies.

### Post-war restoration

Under Japanese occupation, Penang had no effective ferry service. The Japanese operated an irregular service using a wooden vessel for passengers and decked-in lighters towed by launches for vehicles. After Japan's defeat in 1945, the British Military Administration reinstated the ferry service, temporarily deploying four Z-type tank landing crafts acquired from the British Army. The following year, the Penang Harbour Board was reconstituted and the Bagan was returned to Penang, resuming cross-strait services. Two of the landing crafts were modified and renamed the Senangin and the Lidah, while the other two, renamed the Talang and the Tenggiri, were refitted with a new passenger deck to enhance passenger comfort.
In 1946, the ferry service recorded a ridership of approximately 247,000 passengers. By 1956, ridership had increased nearly threefold, reaching about 711,000 passengers. In 1951, the harbour board proposed an increase in service frequency to one ferry every 15 minutes. To facilitate a comprehensive overhaul of the ferry service, the harbour board engaged consulting engineers Bruce White, Wolfe Barry & Partners from London in 1953. The resulting study recommended replacing the existing fleet with a new generation of ferries designed for enhanced capacity, power and maneuverability, with separate decks for passengers and vehicles. Additionally, the study advised the construction of new terminals, each designed with double berths to increase service frequency.
In 1955, contracts were awarded for the construction of new double-ended ferries featuring end-loading capabilities for vehicular embarkation and disembarkation. The contract for a single prototype was awarded to the SHB, while Cheoy Lee Shipyard in Hong Kong received a contract for four additional vessels. The SHB-built prototype, named Pulau Pinang, commenced service in 1957. It had a weight of 180 tonnes and was equipped with a cycloidal propulsion system, while retaining the older side-loading capability that was compatible with existing piers until new ferry terminals were completed.
The four ferries constructed in Hong Kong – named Pulau Aman, Pulau Langkawi, Pulau Tioman and Pulau Pangkor – were launched into service in 1959. Later that year, the new terminals – Raja Tun Uda in George Town and Sultan Abdul Halim at Butterworth – were inaugurated by Malaya's Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman.

### Decline

In post-independence Penang, the ferry service maintained its role as the only mode of cross-strait transportation between George Town and Seberang Perai. A total of 15 vessels were commissioned between 1959 and 2002. The overreliance on ferries resulted in traffic congestion at the ferry terminals. In the 1970s, Malaysian Prime Minister Abdul Razak Hussein mooted the construction of a bridge linking Penang Island to the mainland. The Penang Bridge was opened to traffic in 1985. Following its opening, vehicular traffic shifted to the bridge, which led to a decrease in demand for the ferry service.
In 1988, a pedestrian bridge at the Sultan Abdul Halim terminal collapsed due to overcrowding, killing 32 passengers. This incident adversely affected the reputation of the ferry service, which was also plagued by an aging fleet, rising maintenance costs and a scarcity of spare parts from Europe. By the 2010s, the Penang Port Commission (PPC) reported annual losses amounting to tens of millions of ringgit, with the ferry service requiring RM22 million yearly to sustain daily operations.
In 2017, Prasarana Malaysia, the operator of the Rapid Penang public bus service, acquired the ferry service and terminals from the PPC. The service was subsequently rebranded as Rapid Ferry. However, the rebranding did not address persistent maintenance issues. By 2020, only two ferries remained in operation and mechanical failures became frequent, resulting in numerous service disruptions. At the end of 2020, all ferries, except for Pulau Angsa, were retired from service. On 1 January 2021, the PPC reabsorbed the ferry service.

### Revival

As the PPC reassumed management of the ferry service in 2021, speedboats were introduced as a temporary measure while new catamarans were being constructed. The last of the older fleet, Pulau Angsa, remained in service transporting motorcyclists and bicycles, but was decommissioned later that year and subsequently acquired by the Penang state government. In August 2023, four new catamarans, built in Vietnam, were introduced into service, replacing the speedboats that had been in use since 2021. Unlike the older automobile-carrying ferries, the catamarans were designed specifically to transport motorcycles and bicycles, in addition to passengers on foot.

## Ferry fleet

The four catamarans in the current fleet are named after coastal suburbs and areas in Penang.

### Current

| Deck configuration | Name | Year in service | Deadweight tonnage | IMO ship identification number |
| Passenger, motorcycles and bicycles | Teluk Bahang | 2023 | 150 | 9977610 |
| Passenger, motorcycles and bicycles | Teluk Duyung | 2023 | 150 | 9977646 |
| Passenger, motorcycles and bicycles | Teluk Kumbar | 2023 | 150 | 9977622 |
| Passenger, motorcycles and bicycles | Teluk Kampi | 2023 | 150 | 9977634 |

### Retired

| Upper deck configuration | Name | Year in service | Deadweight tonnage | IMO ship identification number | Remark |
| Passenger | Seberang | 1925 | N/A | N/A | Replaced by Bagan in 1938 and subsequently sold off. |
| Passenger | Kulim | 1929 | N/A | N/A | Scuttled in the Penang Strait during the Japanese invasion of 1941. |
| Passenger | Tanjong | 1929 | N/A | N/A | Sunk by gunfire in the Penang Strait during the Japanese invasion of 1941. |
| Mixed | Bagan | 1938 | N/A | N/A | Seized by the Imperial Japanese Navy in 1941, returned to service in 1946. |
| Mixed | Pulau Pinang | 1957 | N/A | | Sold and repurposed as KMP Aeng Mas in the Madura Strait. |
| Mixed | Pulau Aman | 1959 | 139 | 5286831 | Destroyed in a fire in Johor in 2003. |
| Mixed | Pulau Langkawi | 1959 | 139 | 5286867 | |
| Mixed | Pulau Pangkor | 1959 | 139 | 5286893 | |
| Mixed | Pulau Tioman | 1959 | 139 | 5287017 | |
| Mixed | Pulau Lumut | 1965 | 139 | 6422913 | Last spotted at Sepanggar in Kota Kinabalu as of 2018. |
| Mixed | Pulau Redang | 1971 | 139 | 7030470 | |
| Passenger | Pulau Labuan | 1971 | 139 | 7038408 | |
| Mixed | Pulau Undan | 1975 | 262 | 734724 | To be scrapped as of 2024. |
| Mixed | Pulau Rawa | 1975 | 262 | 7343736 | Scrapped in the Perak River. |
| Mixed | Pulau Talang Talang | 1975 | 262 | 7343748 | In dry dock in Manjung as of 2024; to be scrapped. |
| Mixed | Pulau Rimau | 1980 | 100 | 7911076 | Converted into a restaurant sited near Queensbay Mall. |
| Mixed | Pulau Angsa | 1981 | 100 | 8010491 | Acquired by the Penang state government in 2021. |
| Mixed | Pulau Kapas | 1981 | 280 | 8101082 | Sunk at the Sultan Abdul Halim Terminal in 2024. |
| Vehicle | Pulau Payar | 2002 | 440 | 9254393 | In storage; to be repurposed into a restaurant. |
| Vehicle | Pulau Pinang | 2002 | 440 | 9275244 | Towed to Swettenham Pier as of 2024, to be converted into a museum. |
| Passenger | Kenangan 1,2 and 3 | 1999 | 156 | 8958784 | Replaced by present-day catamarans in 2023. |

## Operational statistics

Annual ridership of the Penang ferry service :
| Year | Lorries | Cars | Motorcycles | Bicycles | Foot passengers |
| 2018 | 19,351 | 475,933 | 835,322 | 12,263 | 1,383,581 |
| 2019 | 12,517 | 498,922 | 765,725 | 11,964 | 1,536,373 |
| 2020 | 5,821 | 226,695 | 418,326 | 10,871 | 625,926 |
| 2021 | 0 | 0 | 302,423 | 5,998 | 499,408 |
| 2022 | 0 | 0 | 359,972 | 6,216 | 1,182,150 |
| 2023 | 0 | 0 | 303,789 | 7,860 | 1,900,009 |
| 2024 | 0 | 0 | 737,132 | 10,653 | 2,125,834 |