OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 2024 Nevada wildfires

The 2024 Nevada wildfire season was a series of wildfires that burned throughout the U.S. state of Nevada during 2024.
Predictions for the 2024 fire season made by the National Interagency Fire Center forecast above average wildfire potential in the northern portion of the state through September and average wildfire potential throughout most of the rest of Nevada.

## Season background

The typical fire season in Nevada lasts from May to October, the time when vegetation is the driest. However, the timing varies every year based on a number of other factors, including if there is hot, dry weather, the amount of dry vegetation, and when there are more natural causes possible, such as lightning. The peak time of the season is also determined by these factors.

## Summary

In prior years, there had been above-average snow packs (especially in Western Nevada), which had hindered fire activity in previous years. However, this led to an abundance of cheat grass, which dies off right before the fire season. This gave the wildfires in 2024 fuel that can allowed them to spread very quickly and ignite easier. Several months were abnormally warm and dry, particularly July to September. Drought was getting worse throughout these months, and July was the hottest month in Reno ever recorded. There was little precipitation throughout these months, as well.
This season included the Davis Fire, which burned south of Reno near New Washoe City in Davis Creek Regional Park. Strong winds in aided the fire’s rapid growth, and erratic winds on September 11 resulted in a particularly dangerous situation to be issued. This was because there was a chance the fire could’ve made an extreme northwards spread and destroyed hundreds of structures. The fire destroyed fourteen structures and twenty-two outbuildings and prompted evacuations for New Washoe City and Southwest Reno.

## List of wildfires

The following is a list of fires that burned more than 1,000 acres (400 ha), or produced significant structural damage or casualties.
| Name | County | Acres | Start date | Containment date | Notes |
| Pizona | Mineral | 2,160 | June 26 | July 5 | Lighting-caused |
| Yellow Peak | Washoe | 1,262 | June 26 | July 2 | |
| Wilder | Humboldt | 17,275 | July 7 | July 14 | |
| North Creek | White Pine | 1,100 | July 7 | July 14 | |
| Twin | Eureka | 6,325 | July 16 | July 18 | |
| Whisky Canyon | Lander | 1,246 | July 22 | July 25 | |
| Stockade Canyon | Washoe | 18,168 | July 24 | August 13 | |
| Able Flat | Humboldt | 997 | July 24 | July 25 | |
| Broom Canyon | Nye, White Pine | 8,217 | July 29 | 2024 | Started by lightning. |
| Hobson | White Pine | 1,080 | August 18 | August 23 | |
| Raglan | Humboldt | 1,787 | August 20 | September 2 | |
| Range 77 | Nye | 7,876 | August 22 | August 25 | |
| Davis | Washoe | 5,824 | September 7 | September 25 | 14 structures impacted. Evacuations forced in New Washoe City and Southwest Reno. |
| Castle Ridge | Elko | 25,885 | October 6 | October 19 | |
# Alexandru Tăutu

Alexandru Tăutu was a Romanian bobsledder who competed in the 1930s. At the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, he was listed in the four-man event, but did not compete. Tăutu is deceased.
# Cadmium fluoride

Cadmium fluoride (CdF$_2$) is a mostly water-insoluble source of cadmium used in oxygen-sensitive applications, such as the production of metallic alloys. In extremely low concentrations (ppm), this and other fluoride compounds are used in limited medical treatment protocols. Fluoride compounds also have significant uses in synthetic organic chemistry. The standard enthalpy has been found to be −167.39 kcal. mole$^{−1}$ and the Gibbs energy of formation has been found to be −155.4 kcal. mole$^{−1}$, and the heat of sublimation was determined to be 76 kcal. mole$^{−1}$.

## Preparation

Cadmium fluoride is prepared by the reaction of gaseous fluorine or hydrogen fluoride with cadmium metal or its salts, such as the chloride, oxide, or sulfate.
It may also be obtained by dissolving cadmium carbonate in 40% hydrofluoric acid solution, evaporating the solution and drying in a vacuum at 150 °C.
Another method of preparing it is to mix cadmium chloride and ammonium fluoride solutions, followed by crystallization. The insoluble cadmium fluoride is filtered from solution.
Cadmium fluoride has also been prepared by reacting fluorine with cadmium sulfide. This reaction happens very quickly and forms nearly pure fluoride at much lower temperatures than other reactions used.

## Uses
### Electronic conductor

CdF$_2$ can be transformed into an electronic conductor when doped with certain rare earth elements or yttrium and treated with cadmium vapor under high temperature conditions. This process creates blue crystals with varying absorption coefficients depending on the concentrations of the dopant. A proposed mechanism explains that the conductivity of these crystals can be explained by a reaction of Cd atoms with Interstitial F$^−$ ions. This creates more CdF$_2$ molecules and releases electrons which are weakly bonded to trivalent dopant ions resulting in n-type conductivity and a hydrogenic donor level.

## Safety

Cadmium fluoride, like all cadmium compounds, is toxic and should be used with care.
Cadmium fluoride can cause potential health issues if it is not handled properly. It can cause irritation to the skin and the eyes, so gloves and protective eyewear are advised. The MSDS, or Material Safety Data Sheet, also includes warnings for ingestion and inhalation. Under acidic conditions, at high temperatures, and in moist environments, hydrogen fluoride and cadmium vapors may be released into the air. Inhalation may cause irritation of the respiratory system as well as congestion, fluorosis, and even pulmonary edema in extreme cases. Cadmium fluoride also has the same potential hazards caused by cadmium and fluoride.
# Nurul Islam Nahid

Nurul Islam Nahid (Bengali: নুরুল ইসলাম নাহিদ; born 5 July 1945) is a Bangladeshi politician and author. He served as a member of the Bangladeshi Parliament from the Sylhet-6 constituency for 15 years, being elected in 1996, 2008, 2014, and 2018. He was also the country's minister of education from 2014 to 2018.

## Early life and education

Nurul Islam Nahid was born on 5 July 1945, to a Bengali Muslim family in the village of Kashba in Beanibazar, Sylhet District. His education began at the Kashba Primary School. He then enrolled at the Panchakhanda Hargovind High School, from which he received his Matriculation in 1961.
His political career began whilst he was studying at the Murari Chand College in Sylhet, and continued at the University of Dhaka. He was elected as the president of the Bangladesh Student Union in 1970, and was a founding president of Jubo Union in 1976.

## Career

During the time of the agitation against Ayub Khan, Nahid was active in the student movements against military rule in Pakistan and the mass upsurge of 1966. Nahid became general secretary of the Communist Party of Bangladesh in 1991. He joined the Awami League in 1994, becoming a member of the Bangladesh Parliament (1996–2001).
Nahid served as the vice-president of the 38th session of UNESCO General Conference for the term of 2015 to 2017.
# Rappel rack

Rappel racks, also known as abseil racks, are a type of descender. They are often used in caving, where they are valued for their versatility and excellent friction control. Though similar designs have been in use since at least 1876, the modern rack was developed independently by both John Cole and Warren Lewis, who both released their designs in 1969. The basic design used in modern racks remains much the same as the ones designed in1969.

## Uses and operation

Racks are favored by many American cavers for the excellent friction control and heat dissipation they offer. They have several advantages over bobbins, which include the aforementioned heat dissipation, as well as the ability to use them with more than one rope at a time, and over a larger distribution of pitch lengths.
Racks function by holding the rope in-between metal bars to create friction. A hand held on the rope beneath the device, in conjunctions with control of the distance between bars, controls the rate of descent.
Racks carry a set of safety risks that aren't associated with other styles of descender. The most dangerous of these is the "suicide rig", a configuration that will cause the bars to pop off of the rope, and potentially allow the user to fall. This occurs when the rope is threaded in such a way that the rope forces the bars open, instead of holding them closed.

## Variations

Racks have several major variations.
* Whaletails are a type of rack that lacks control of the brake bars, but have excellent heat dissipation. They were developed in 1969, but largely failed to catch on after some early accidents.
* Micro-racks are smaller versions of standard racks, and often feature one or two hyperbars so the user can add additional friction for slower descent. These have gained much popularity in the United States, as they weigh less than a standard rack while providing many of the same benefits.
# Enkilum Chandrike

Enkilum Chandrike is a 2023 Indian Malayalam-language film directed by Adithyan Chandrashekar and produced by Vijay Babu under the banner of Friday Film House. It features Suraj Venjaramoodu, Basil Joseph, Saiju Kurup, Ashwin Vijayan, Niranjana Anoop and Tanvi Ram as the main leads. The film was released on 17 February 2023.

## Cast

* Suraj Venjaramoodu as Pavithran
* Basil Joseph as Kiran
* Saiju Kurup as Abhi, Chandrika's one-side love interest
* Niranjana Anoop as Chandrika, Sujina's younger sister
* Tanvi Ram as Sujina, Pavithran's love interest and Chandrika's elder sister
* Aswin Vijayan as Amal
* Rajesh Sharma as Ravindran
* Abhiram Radhakrishnan as Bibeesh
* Maniyanpilla Raju as Shambu
* Unni Raja as Photographer
* Neeraj Madhav as Abhishek, Chandrika's real love interest(Cameo Appearance)

## Production

The film is the first feature film for director Adithyan Chandrashekar. The title was announced in November 2022. The production company announced that the film would be released on 10 February 2023, then postponing it to 17 February to coincide with other releases on that date. The trailer was released on 4 February 2023.

## Release

The film was released in theatres on 17 February 2023. The digital rights were acquired by ManoramaMAX, and it started streaming on the platform and also via Amazon Prime Video Channels on 1 April 2023.

## Reception

The film received mixed responses upon release. Anna Mathews critic of The Times of India gave 3 out of 5 stars, calling it a "Mild entertainer". S.R. Praveen from The Hindu wrote that "The humour falls flat in this old-fashioned tale" India Today gave it 3 stars out of 5 and stated that "It's more about love and friendship in general, but Adithyan Chadrashekar and Arjun Narayanan have given us a film that we can enjoy and leave the theatre smiling.

## Box office

According to Times of India, the film collected Rs 1.67 crores at the box office.
# NFL Honors

The NFL Honors is an annual awards presentation in the National Football League (NFL). From 2012 to 2021, it was held on the day before the Super Bowl. Since 2022, the ceremony is held on the Thursday before the Super Bowl, in the game's host city. The presentation was pre-recorded for same-day broadcast from 2012 to 2020.

## Categories and awards
### Associated Press (AP)

* Most Valuable Player
* Offensive Player of the Year
* Defensive Player of the Year
* Offensive Rookie of the Year
* Defensive Rookie of the Year
* Comeback Player of the Year
* Coach of the Year
* Assistant Coach of the Year

### Other

* Walter Payton NFL Man of the Year
* Moment of the Year
* Salute to Service Award
* Art Rooney Award
* Deacon Jones Award
* Jim Brown Award
* Don Shula NFL High School Coach of the Year

### Former

* Madden Most Valuable Protectors award (2011–2012)
* Greatness on the Road award (2011–2017)
* Built Ford Tough Offensive Line of the Year (2016–2018)

## List of ceremonies

List of NFL Honors :
| Ceremony | Date | MVP winner | Network | Host | Venue |
| 1st | February 4, 2012 | Aaron Rodgers | NBC | Alec Baldwin | Murat Theatre (Indianapolis) |
| 2nd | February 2, 2013 | Adrian Peterson | CBS | Alec Baldwin | Mahalia Jackson Theater (New Orleans) |
| 3rd | February 1, 2014 | Peyton Manning | Fox | Alec Baldwin | Radio City Music Hall (New York City) |
| 4th | January 31, 2015 | Aaron Rodgers | NBC | Seth Meyers | Phoenix Symphony Hall (Phoenix) |
| 5th | February 6, 2016 | Cam Newton | CBS | Conan O'Brien | Bill Graham Civic Auditorium (San Francisco) |
| 6th | February 4, 2017 | Matt Ryan | Fox | Keegan-Michael Key | Wortham Theater (Houston) |
| 7th | February 3, 2018 | Tom Brady | NBC | Rob Riggle | Northrop Auditorium (Minneapolis) |
| 8th | February 2, 2019 | Patrick Mahomes | CBS | Steve Harvey | Fox Theatre (Atlanta) |
| 9th | February 1, 2020 | Lamar Jackson | Fox | Steve Harvey | Adrienne Arsht Center (Miami) |
| 10th | February 6, 2021 | Aaron Rodgers | CBS | Steve Harvey | Straz Center (Tampa) SoFi Stadium (Inglewood) |
| 11th | February 10, 2022 | Aaron Rodgers | ABC | Keegan-Michael Key | YouTube Theater (Inglewood) |
| 12th | February 9, 2023 | Patrick Mahomes | NBC | Kelly Clarkson | Symphony Hall (Phoenix) |
| 13th | February 8, 2024 | Lamar Jackson | CBS | Keegan-Michael Key | Resorts World Theatre (Las Vegas) |
| 14th | February 6, 2025 | Josh Allen | Fox | Snoop Dogg | Saenger Theater (New Orleans) |
# Sidney Goodall Francis

Brigadier General Sidney Goodall Francis DSO & Bar (1874–1955) was a senior British Army officer during the First World War.

## Biography

Born on 24 December 1874, Sidney Goodall Francis was educated at Bedford School. He received his first commission as a second lieutenant in the West Yorkshire Regiment in 1895, served during the Second Boer War, between 1899 and 1902, and received the Distinguished Service Order in 1900. He was promoted to the rank of captain in 1904, serving on the North West Frontier and during the Mohmand Expedition of 1908. He served during the First World War, was promoted to the rank of major in 1915, to the rank of lieutenant colonel in 1916, and to the rank of brigadier general in 1917. He received a second Distinguished Service Order in 1918. He was appointed commanding officer of the 1st Battalion, Royal Berkshire Regiment, in 1920.
Brigadier General Sidney Goodall Francis retired from the British Army in 1925 and died in Sway, Hampshire, on 29 March 1955, aged 80.
# Thank You Hashem

Thank You Hashem (often abbreviated as TYH) is a grassroots movement within the Jewish community that encourages the expression of gratitude toward God (Hashem) in everyday life. It emphasizes recognizing the blessings in all circumstances and has grown to influence cultural, musical, and digital expressions of Jewish spirituality.

## History

The origins of Thank You Hashem date back to 2018 in Tzfat, Israel, when a casual expression of gratitude was overheard and subsequently embraced by a group of friends. Inspired by the simplicity and authenticity of saying "Thank You Hashem," these individuals sought to spread this message of gratitude more widely. Later that same year, a significant milestone was reached when the movement's founders composed a song titled "Hapa'am Odeh Es Hashem" in celebration of a friend's fourth child. The song quickly resonated with many and was widely shared on social media, serving as a catalyst for the rapid growth of the movement.

## Philosophy and core beliefs

At the heart of Thank You Hashem is the philosophy that gratitude is a transformative practice. The movement encourages individuals to consciously acknowledge both everyday blessings and significant life events as gifts from Hashem. This perspective is seen as a way to foster personal resilience, spiritual mindfulness, and a deeper connection to one's faith. Advocates assert that regular expressions of gratitude can lead to enhanced emotional well-being and a more positive outlook on life.

## Cultural impact

Thank You Hashem has expanded well beyond its original geographic roots, evolving into a global phenomenon. It has been embraced by Jewish communities in the United States, Canada, Israel, Argentina, Mexico, the Netherlands, and beyond. The movement's influence is evident in various forms of cultural expression, including art, literature, and music, where the simple act of saying "Thank You Hashem" serves as a reminder of divine benevolence and hope.

## Media and collaborations

Media exposure has played a key role in amplifying the message of Thank You Hashem. In March 2025, the movement gained notable attention when renowned Jewish music star Avraham Fried collaborated on a Purim song titled "Layehudim." The collaboration included distinctive visual elements—such as unique costumes and energetic choreography—that underscored the movement's message while connecting it to contemporary Jewish musical traditions.

## Digital presence

The movement has cultivated a robust digital presence through social media channels and video platforms. Its official YouTube channel and other online media outlets serve as repositories for music videos, personal testimonials, and other forms of content that promote its message of gratitude. This online engagement has enabled Thank You Hashem to build an international community and to disseminate its practices widely among younger generations.
# Pterotaenia fasciata

Pterotaenia fasciata is a species of ulidiid or picture-winged fly in the genus Pterotaenia of the family Ulidiidae.

## Distribution

Bolivia, Uruguay, Argentina, Chile.
# Arab Uruguayans

Arab Uruguayans (Arabic: عرب أوروغواي) are residents or citizens of Uruguay of Arab ethnicity, whose ancestry predominantly traces back to any of various waves of immigrants from the Arab world, especially Lebanon and Syria.

## Overview

Arab Uruguayans originated mainly from what is now Lebanon (of which there may be over 50,000 descendants); a notable trend was immigration during Ottoman times; for this reason, Arab Uruguayans are traditionally (and wrongly) denominated "turcos" (Turks). There are also individuals from other Arab countries such as Egypt, Syria, Morocco and Palestine.
Most Uruguayans of Arabic descent are Christians (Maronites), with some Muslim minorities. There was also a small influx of Arab Jews, who have since lost their Arab cultural identity.
Arab Uruguayans are among the smallest Arab diaspora groups in the world. There are some 500 Arab-speaking people in the border towns of Chuy and Rivera.
Lately there are two noticeable trends:
* Syrian refugees who flee from the Syrian Civil War,
* Arab investors interested in Uruguay, who created the Uruguayan-Arab Chamber (in cooperation with the Gulf Cooperation Council).

## Notable people

* Alberto Abdala, Vice President of Uruguay 1967-1972, of Lebanese descent
* Washington Abdala, lawyer and politician, President of the Chamber of Deputies (2000), of Lebanese descent
* Hebert Abimorad, journalist and poet of Lebanese descent
* Matías Abisab, footballer
* Alejandro Apud, football manager
* Cacho de la Cruz, entertainer, of Moroccan descent
* Amir Hamed, writer and translator, of Syrian descent
* Christian Mirza, academic, of Egyptian descent
* Jorge Nasser, musician, of Lebanese descent
* Amin Niffouri, politician, of Syrian descent
# Bo Seo

Bo H. Seo is a South Korean-Australian journalist, author, and two time world debating champion, having won both the World Universities Debating Championship in 2016 and the World Schools Debating Championships in 2013. Seo is the author of Good Arguments, a book about how skills transferred from debating can be applied to public discourse and personal relationships.

## Early life

Seo moved with his family from South Korea to Australia when he was 8 years old. At the time, he spoke very little English. He graduated from Barker College in Sydney in 2012.

## Career

Before studying at Harvard, he won the World Schools Debating Championships (WSDC) in 2013 while competing for Australia. While studying for his undergraduate degree at Harvard University, he won the 2016 Thessaloniki World Universities Debating Championship (WUDC) with his partner Fanele Mashwama, and he would go on to serve as coach for both the Harvard College Debating Union and Australian debate team. He subsequently earned a masters in public policy from Tsinghua University as a Schwarzman scholar. In 2018, he became a trainee journalist at Australian Financial Review. In 2022, he published his first book, Good Arguments: What the art of debating can teach us about listening better and disagreeing well.
# Hernán Téllez

Hernán Téllez was a Chilean swimmer. He competed in the men's 400 metre freestyle event at the 1928 Summer Olympics. Téllez is deceased.
# Katharina Günther-Wünsch

Katharina Günther-Wünsch (born April 3, 1983, in Dresden) is a German politician. She is a member of the CDU (Christian Democratic Union). Since April 2023, she has been serving as the Senator for Education, Youth, and Family of the State of Berlin in the Wegner Senate and, as of May 5, 2023, has been the President of the Conference of Ministers of Education.

## Life
### Education and career

Katharina Günther-Wünsch grew up in Dresden Mockritz as the daughter of a police officer and a medical assistant, alongside her three siblings. After graduating from Annen-Gymnasium in Dresden in 2001, she initially studied Human medicine until 2006, then pursued Chemistry, Mathematics, and History for high school teaching at the Dresden University of Technology until 2010. From February 2007 to May 2007, she taught at the Deutsche Höhere Privatschule Windhoek in Namibia and South Africa. Between 2010 and 2012, she completed her teaching internship at Wilhelm-von-Siemens-Gymnasium in Dresden. Starting in 2013, she served as a high school teacher at Walter-Gropius-Schule in Berlin-Neukölln, becoming the deputy headteacher there from 2017 to 2021 (from 2018, holding the position of senior school director).

### Politics

Since 2013, Günther-Wünsch has been involved in Berlin's municipal politics, actively supporting the CDU district association Wuhletal. Since 2016, she has served as the deputy chairperson of the CDU local association Kaulsdorf-Mahlsdorf and has been a member of the District Assembly (BVV) of Marzahn-Hellersdorf. She was deputy faction leader for the CDU faction in the BVV and was a member of the Education, Youth Welfare, and Equality committees.
In 2021, the CDU district association Wuhletal nominated Günther-Wünsch for a direct mandate in the Marzahn-Hellersdorf 5 constituency, placing her third on the district list for the Berlin state election. She secured the direct mandate with 33.7 percent of the votes and entered the Berlin House of Representatives. There, Günther-Wünsch serves on the committees for Education, Youth, and Family, Environment, Consumer Protection, and Climate Protection, as well as Sports. She was an assessor in the Presidium of the Berlin House of Representatives and was the education policy spokesperson for the CDU parliamentary group in the House of Representatives. In the repeat election of 2023, she successfully defended her seat in the House of Representatives.
On April 27, 2023, she was appointed Senator for Education, Youth, and Family in the Wegner senate.
Additionally, she served as an assessor in the State Executive Committee of the CDU Berlin for some time.
# Strumiany, Masovian Voivodeship

Strumiany is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Baranów, within Grodzisk Mazowiecki County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) north-west of Baranów, 16 km (10 mi) north-west of Grodzisk Mazowiecki, and 41 km (25 mi) west of Warsaw.