# Wasabi

Wasabi (Japanese: ワサビ, わさび, or 山葵, pronounced) or Japanese horseradish (Eutrema japonicum syn. Wasabia japonica) is a plant of the family Brassicaceae, which also includes horseradish and mustard in other genera. The plant is native to Japan, the Russian Far East including Sakhalin, and the Korean Peninsula.$^{:133}$ It grows naturally along stream beds in mountain river valleys in Japan.
Wasabi is grown for its rhizomes, which are ground into a paste as a pungent condiment for sushi and other foods. It is similar in taste to hot mustard or horseradish rather than chilli peppers, in that it stimulates the nose more than the tongue, but freshly grated wasabi has a subtly distinct flavour.$^{:53}$ The main cultivars in the marketplace are E. japonicum 'Daruma' and 'Mazuma', but there are many others.
The oldest record of wasabi as a food dates to the 8th century AD. The popularity of wasabi in English-speaking countries has coincided with that of sushi, growing steadily from about 1980. Due to constraints that limit the Japanese wasabi plant's mass cultivation and thus increase its price and decrease availability outside Japan, the western horseradish plant is widely used in place of wasabi. This is commonly referred to as "western wasabi" (西洋わさび) in Japan.

## Taxonomy

Siebold named Cochlearia (?) wasabi in 1830, noting its use pro condimento or "as a condiment";$^{:54}$ however, this is a nomen nudum, and the synonym Eutrema wasabi, published by Maximovich in 1873,$^{:283}$ is thus an illegitimate name.$^{:133}$ The wasabi plant was first described by Miquel in 1866, as Lunaria (?) japonica, from the type collected by Siebold in Japan, though the precise type locality was not recorded.$^{:74}$
In 1899 Matsumura erected the genus Wasabia, recognising within it the species Wasabia pungens and Wasabia hederaefolia; these are now regarded as synonyms of Eutrema japonicum.$^{:133}$ In 1912 Matsumura recognised the species Wasabia japonica, treating his earlier Wasabia pungens as a synonym. In 1930, Koidzumi transferred the wasabi plant to the genus Eutrema, the correct name and author citation being Eutrema japonicum (Miq.) Koidz.

## Description

It has large leaves produced from long, thin stalks.$^{:54}$ They are simple and large, 3–6 inches (7.6–15.2 cm) long and 3–6 inches (7.6–15.2 cm) wide with palmate veins.
Wasabi flowers appear in clusters from long stems that bloom from late winter to early spring.

## Culinary uses
### As condiment

Wasabi is mainly used to make wasabi paste, which is a pungent, spicy condiment eaten with foods like sushi. The part used for wasabi paste has been characterized as the rhizome or the stem, or the "rhizome plus the base part of the stem". Stores generally sell only this part of the plant.
The fresh rhizome is grated into a paste, and eaten in small amounts at a time. Traditionally, coarse sharkskin is used to grate the root, but metal graters called oroshigane are used in modern times. Fresh wasabi paste loses its flavor quickly if left uncovered, and so the paste is grated on the spot in some high-end restaurants. Sushi chefs usually put the wasabi between the fish and the rice, to cover the wasabi and preserve its flavour.
Store-bought wasabi paste is usually made from dried wasabi powder, and sold in bottles or squeezable toothpaste-like tubes.
* Wasabi paste on a plate of sushi
* Wasabi paste on a green shiso leaf
* Wasabi in a bowl of noodles, with nameko mushrooms
* Fresh wasabi on display and wasabi being grated
* Tako-wasabi, raw octopus mixed with wasabi
* Itawasa with wasabi
* Wasabi with soba noodles
* A chef grating fresh wasabi root
* Wasabi and metal oroshigane grater
* Bottle of horseradish, artificial flavorings, and wasabi powder

### As flavoring

Wasabi is used to flavor many foods, especially dry snacks. Wasabi-mame (わさび豆, "wasabi bean") are legumes (peanuts, soybeans, or peas) that are roasted or fried and then coated with wasabi powder, and eaten as a snack.

### Others

Fresh wasabi leaves can be eaten raw, having a spicy flavor, but a common side effect is diarrhea. Wasabizuke is made of wasabi leaves pickled in sake lees, and is considered a specialty of Shizuoka Prefecture.

## Surrogates

Wasabi favors growing conditions that restrict its wide cultivation – among other things, it is quite intolerant of direct sunlight, requires an air temperature between 8 and 20 °C (46 and 68 °F), and prefers high humidity in summer. This makes fully satisfying commercial demand impossible for growers, which makes wasabi quite expensive. Therefore, outside Japan, finding real wasabi plants is rare.
A common substitute is a mixture of horseradish, mustard, starch, and green food colouring or spinach powder. Often packages are labelled as wasabi while the ingredients do not include any part of the wasabi plant. The primary difference is colour, with wasabi being naturally green. Fresh horseradish root is described as having a similar (albeit simpler) flavor and texture to that of fresh wasabi.
In Japan, horseradish is referred to as seiyō wasabi (西洋わさび, "western wasabi"). Outside of Japan, where fresh wasabi is hard to obtain, a powdered mixture of horseradish and mustard oil, known as kona wasabi, is used at a majority of sushi restaurants, including reputable ones. In the United States, true wasabi is generally found only at specialty grocers and high-end restaurants.

## Chemistry

The chemical in wasabi that provides its initial pungency is the volatile compound allyl isothiocyanate, which is produced by hydrolysis of allyl glucosinolate, a natural thioglucoside (conjugates of the sugar glucose and sulfur-containing organic compounds); the hydrolysis reaction is catalyzed by myrosinase and occurs when the enzyme is released on cell rupture caused by maceration – e.g., grating – of the plant. The same compound is responsible for the pungency of horseradish and mustard. Allyl isothiocyanate can also be released when the wasabi plants have been damaged because it is being used as a defense mechanism. The sensory neural target of mustard oil is the chemosensory receptor, TRPA1, also known as the wasabi receptor.
The unique flavour of wasabi is a result of complex chemical mixtures from the broken cells of the plant, including those resulting from the hydrolysis of thioglucosides, including sinigrin and other glucosinolates, into glucose and methylthioalkyl isothiocyanates:
* 6-(Methylsulfinyl)hexyl isothiocyanate (6-MITC)
* 7-Methylthioheptyl isothiocyanate
* 8-Methylthiooctyl isothiocyanate
Such isothiocyanates inhibit microbial growth, perhaps with implications for preserving food against spoilage and suppressing oral bacterial growth.
Because the burning sensations of wasabi are not oil-based, they are short-lived compared to the effects of capsaicin in chilli peppers and are washed away with more food or liquid. The sensation is felt primarily in the nasal passage and can be painful depending on the amount consumed. Inhaling or sniffing wasabi vapor has an effect like smelling salts, a property exploited by researchers attempting to create a smoke alarm for the deaf. One deaf subject participating in a test of the prototype awoke within 10 seconds of wasabi vapour sprayed into his sleeping chamber. The 2011 Ig Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to the researchers for determining the ideal density of airborne wasabi to wake people in the event of an emergency.

## Nutritional information

Wasabi is normally consumed in such small quantities that its nutritional value is negligible. The major constituents of raw wasabi root are carbohydrates (23.5%), water (69.1%), fat (0.63%), and protein (4.8%).

## Cultivation

Few places are suitable for large-scale wasabi cultivation, which is difficult even in ideal conditions. In Japan, wasabi is cultivated mainly in these regions:
* Izu Peninsula in Shizuoka Prefecture ("Traditional Wasabi Cultivation in Shizuoka, Japan" is a Globally and Japanese Nationally Important Agricultural Heritage System)
* Nagano Prefecture including the Daio Wasabi Farm in Azumino (a popular tourist attraction and the world's largest commercial wasabi farm)
* Iwate Prefecture
* Shimane Prefecture known as its Hikimi wasabi
2016 wasabi production in Japan (metric tonnes) :
| Prefecture | Cultivated in water | Cultivated in water | Cultivated in soil | Cultivated in soil | Total | Total | Total |
| Prefecture | Stem | Leafstalk | Stem | Leafstalk | Stem | Leafstalk | Total |
| Nagano | 226.9 | 611.4 | 2.7 | 14.7 | 229.6 | 626.1 | 855.7 |
| Iwate | 8.2 | 5.5 | 16.0 | 488.4 | 24.2 | 493.9 | 518.1 |
| Shizuoka | 237.9 | 129.2 | - | 138.1 | 237.9 | 267.3 | 505.2 |
| Kochi | 0.1 | 0.1 | 26.7 | 45.8 | 26.8 | 45.9 | 72.7 |
| Shimane | 3.5 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 42.5 | 5.3 | 44.2 | 49.5 |
| Oita | 0.1 | 0.6 | 38.8 | 9.5 | 38.9 | 10.1 | 49.0 |
| Others | 32.9 | 59.7 | 46.4 | 76.3 | 79.3 | 136.0 | 215.3 |
| Total | 509.6 | 808.2 | 132.4 | 815.3 | 642.0 | 1,623.5 | 2,265.5 |
2009 wasabi production in Japan (metric tonnes) :
| Prefecture | Cultivated in water | Cultivated in water | Cultivated in soil | Cultivated in soil | Total | Total | Total |
| Prefecture | Stem | Leafstalk | Stem | Leafstalk | Stem | Leafstalk | Total |
| Shizuoka | 295.1 | 638.2 | 4.5 | 232.3 | 299.6 | 870.5 | 1,170.1 |
| Nagano | 316.8 | 739.2 | 7.2 | 16.8 | 324.0 | 756.0 | 1,080.0 |
| Iwate | 8.8 | 1.5 | 2.4 | 620.5 | 11.2 | 622.0 | 633.2 |
| Shimane | 2.4 | 10.1 | 9.0 | 113.0 | 11.4 | 123.1 | 134.5 |
| Oita | 0.5 | 8.9 | – | 94.0 | 0.5 | 102.9 | 103.4 |
| Yamaguchi | 2.5 | 2.2 | 22.5 | 54.2 | 25.0 | 56.4 | 81.4 |
| Others | 65.8 | 48.1 | 61.7 | 108.0 | 127.5 | 156.1 | 283.6 |
| Total | 691.9 | 1,448.2 | 107.3 | 1,238.8 | 799.2 | 2,687.0 | 3,486.2 |
Numerous artificial cultivation facilities also exist as far north as Hokkaido and as far south as Kyushu. As the demand for real wasabi is higher than that which can be produced within Japan, Japan imports copious amounts of wasabi from the United States, Canada, Taiwan, South Korea, Pakistan, Thailand and New Zealand. In North America, wasabi is cultivated by a handful of small farmers and companies in the rain forests on the coast of Western Canada, the Oregon Coast, and in areas of the Blue Ridge Mountains in North Carolina and Tennessee. In Europe, wasabi is grown commercially in Iceland, the Netherlands, Hungary, and the UK.
Modern cultivars of wasabi mostly derive from three traditional cultivars, 'Fujidaruma', 'Shimane No. 3' and 'Mazuma'. Sequencing of the chloroplastic genome, which is inherited maternally in wasabi, supports this conclusion.