# List of caliphs

A caliph is the supreme religious and political leader of an Islamic state known as the caliphate. Caliphs (also known as 'Khalifas') led the Muslim Ummah as political successors to the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and widely-recognised caliphates have existed in various forms for most of Islamic history.
The first caliphate, the Rashidun Caliphate, was ruled by the four Rashidun caliphs (Arabic: الخلفاء الراشدون, lit. 'Rightly Guided Caliphs'), Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman and Ali, who are considered by Sunni Muslims to have been the most virtuous and pure caliphs. They were chosen by popular acclamation or by a small committee, in contrast with the following caliphates, which were mostly hereditary. On the other hand, Shiites only recognise Ali and consider the first three caliphs to be usurpers.
The Rashidun caliphate ended with the First Fitna, which transferred authority to the Umayyad dynasty that presided over the Umayyad Caliphate, the largest caliphate and the last one to actively rule the entire Muslim world.
The Abbasid Revolution overthrew the Ummayads and instituted the Abbasid dynasty which ruled over the Abbasid Caliphate. The Abbassid Caliphate was initially strong and united, but gradually fractured into several states whose rulers only paid lip service to the caliph in Baghdad. There were also rivals to the Abbasids who claimed the caliphates for themselves, such as the Isma'ili Shia Fatimids, the Sunni Ummayyads in Córdoba and the Almohads, who followed their own doctrine. When Baghdad fell to the Mongols, the Abbassid family relocated to Cairo, where they continued to claim caliphal authority, but had no political power, and actual authority was in the hands of the Mamluk Sultanate.
After the Ottoman conquest of Egypt, the Abbasid caliph Al-Mutawakkil III was taken to Constantinople, where he surrendered the caliphate to the Ottoman Sultan Selim I. The caliphate then remained in the House of Osman until after the First World War. The Ottoman Sultanate was abolished in 1922 by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. The head of the House of Osman, Abdülmecid II, retained the title of caliph for two more years, after which the caliphate was abolished in 1924.
In March 1924, when the Ottoman Caliphate was abolished, Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz proclaimed himself Caliph. In October 1924, facing defeat by Ibn Saud, he abdicated and was succeeded as king by his eldest son Ali bin Hussein. After Hejaz was subsequently completely conquered by the Ibn Saud-Wahhabi armies of the Ikhwan, on 23 December 1925, Hussein surrendered to the Saudis, bringing the Kingdom of Hejaz, the Sharifate of Mecca and the Sharifian Caliphate to an end.

## Rashidun Caliphate (632–661)

| Name (in Arabic) | Born (CE) | Reigned from (CE) | Reigned until (CE) | Died | Relationship with Muhammad | House |
| Abu Bakr (أبو بكر الصديق) | 573 | 8 June 632 | 23 August 634 | 23 August 634 | Father of Aisha, Muhammad's wife | Banu Taim |
| Umar (عمر بن الخطاب) | 584 | 23 August 634 | c. 6 November 644 (assassinated by Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz) | c. 6 November 644 (assassinated by Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz) | Father of Hafsa, Muhammad's wife | Banu Adi |
| Uthman (عثمان بن عفان) | 579 | 6 November 644 | 17 June 656 (assassinated at the end of a siege upon his house; see First Fitna) | 17 June 656 (assassinated at the end of a siege upon his house; see First Fitna) | Husband of Muhammad's daughters, Ruqayya and later Umm Kulthum, and grandson of Muhammad's paternal aunt | Banu Umayya |
| Ali (علي بن أبي طالب) | 601 | 17 June 656 | 28 January 661 (assassinated while praying in the Mosque of Kufa; see First Fitna) | 28 January 661 (assassinated while praying in the Mosque of Kufa; see First Fitna) | Muhammad's cousin, and husband of Fatima, Muhammad's daughter, and Umama bint Abi al-As, Muhammad's granddaughter | Banu Hashim |

## Umayyad Caliphate (661–750)

| Name | Born | Reigned from | Reigned until | Died | Relation with predecessor |
| Mu'awiya I | 602 | 661 | 29 April or 1 May 680 | 29 April or 1 May 680 | Son of Abu Sufyan |
| Yazid I | 647 | 680 | 11 November 683 | 11 November 683 | Son of Mu'awiya I |
| Mu'awiya II | 664 | November 683 | 684 | 684 | Son of Yazid I |
| Marwan I | 623–626 | 684 | 7 May 685 | 7 May 685 | Son of Al-Hakam ibn Abi al-As |
| Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan | 646 | 685 | 8 October 705 | 8 October 705 | Son of Marwan I |
| Al-Walid I | 668 | October 705 | 23 February 715 | 23 February 715 | Son of Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan |
| Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik | 674 | February 715 | 22 September 717 | 22 September 717 | Son of Abd al-Malik Brother of al-Walid I |
| Umar II | 2 November 682 | September 717 | February 720 | February 720 | Nephew of Abd al-Malik First cousin of Al-Walid I and Sulayman Great-grandson of Umar through a maternal line |
| Yazid II | 687 | 10 February 720 | 26 January 724 | 26 January 724 | Son of Abd al-Malik Brother of al-Walid I and Sulayman |
| Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik | 691 | 26 January 724 | 6 February 743 | 6 February 743 | Son of Abd al-Malik Brother of al-Walid I, Sulayman and Yazid II |
| Al-Walid II | 709 | 6 February 743 | 17 April 744 (assassinated) | 17 April 744 (assassinated) | Son of Yazid II |
| Yazid III | 701 | 17 April 744 | 3/4 October 744 | 3/4 October 744 | Son of Al-Walid I |
| Ibrahim ibn al-Walid | | 744 (few weeks) | 744 (few weeks) | 25 January 750 (executed) | Son of Al-Walid I |
| Marwan II | 691 | 744 | 6 August 750 (killed) | 6 August 750 (killed) | Nephew of Abd al-Malik Cousin of Al-Walid I, Sulayman, Umar II, Yazid II and Hisham. |

## Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258)

| Regnal name | Personal name | Born | Reigned from | Reigned until | Died | Parents |
| Al-Saffāḥ | Abul-'Abbās 'Abdallah | 721 | 25 January 750 | 10 June 754 | 10 June 754 | Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Abdallah Rayta bint Ubaydallah al-Harsia |
| Al-Mansur | Abu Ja'far 'Abdallah | 714 | 10 June 754 | 775 | 775 | Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Abdallah Sallamah |
| Al-Mahdi | Abu 'Abdallah Muhammad | 744/745 | 775 | 4 August 785 | 4 August 785 | Al-Mansur, Abbasid Caliph Arwa bint Mansur al-Himyari |
| Al-Hadi | Abu Muhammad Musa | 764 | August 785 | 14 September 786 | 14 September 786 | Al-Mahdi, Abbasid Caliph Al-Khayzuran bint 'Atta |
| Al-Rashid | Harun | 763/766 | 14 September 786 | 24 March 809 | 24 March 809 | Al-Mahdi, Abbasid Caliph Al-Khayzuran bint 'Atta |
| Al-Amin | Muhammad | 787 | March 809 | 24/25 September 813 | 24/25 September 813 | Harun ar-Rashid, Abbasid Caliph Zubaidah bint Ja`far ibn al-Mansur |
| Al-Ma'mun | Abu al-Abbas 'Abdallah | 13/14 September 786 | September 813 | 9 August 833 | 9 August 833 | Harun ar-Rashid, Abbasid Caliph Marajil |
| Al-Mu'tasim | Abū Ishaq Muhammad | October 796 | 9 August 833 | 5 January 842 | 5 January 842 | Harun ar-Rashid, Abbasid Caliph Maridah bint Shabib |
| Al-Wathiq | Abu Ja'far Harun | 811–813 | 5 January 842 | 10 August 847 | 10 August 847 | Al-Mu'tasim, Abbasid Caliph Umm Harun Qaratis |
| Al-Mutawakkil | Ja'far | February/March 822 | 10 August 847 | 11 December 861 (assassinated) | 11 December 861 (assassinated) | Al-Mu'tasim, Abbasid Caliph Umm Ja'far Shuja |
| Al-Muntasir | Abu Ja'far Muhammad | November 837 | 861 | 7 or 8 June 862 | 7 or 8 June 862 | Al-Mutawakkil, Abbasid Caliph Hubshiya, a Greek concubine |
| Al-Musta'in | Ahmad | 836 | 862 | 866 (executed) | 866 (executed) | Muhammad ibn al-Mu'tasim, Abbasid prince Makhariq (concubine) |
| Al-Mu'tazz | Abū ʿAbd allāh Muhammad | 847 | 866 | 869 | 869 | Al-Mutawakkil, Abbasid Caliph Qabiha |
| Al-Muhtadi | Abū Isḥāq Muḥammad | | 869 | 21 June 870 | 21 June 870 | Al-Wathiq, Abbasid Caliph Qurb (greek concubine) |
| Al-Mu'tamid | Abu’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad | 842 | 21 June 870 | 15 October 892 | 15 October 892 | Al-Mutawakkil, Abbasid Caliph Fityan |
| Al-Mu'tadid | Abu'l-'Abbas Ahmad | 854/861 | October 892 | 5 April 902 | 5 April 902 | Al-Muwaffaq, Abbasid prince and Commander-in-chief Dirar |
| Al-Muktafi | Abu Muhammad ʿAlî | 877/878 | 5 April 902 | 13 August 908 | 13 August 908 | Al-Mu'tadid, Abbasid Caliph Jijak |
| Al-Muqtadir | Abu al-Fadl Ja'far | 895 | 13 August 908 | 929 | 31 October 932 (killed) | Al-Mu'tadid, Abbasid Caliph Shaghab |
| Al-Qahir | Abu Mansur Muhammad | 899 | 929 | 929 | 950 | Al-Mu'tadid, Abbasid Caliph Fitnah |
| Al-Muqtadir | Abu al-Fadl Ja'far | 895 | 929 | 31 October 932 (killed) | 31 October 932 (killed) | Al-Mu'tadid, Abbasid Caliph Shaghab |
| Al-Qahir | Abu Mansur Muhammad | 899 | 31 October 932 | 934 | 950 | Al-Mu'tadid, Abbasid Caliph Fitnah |
| Al-Radi | Abu al-'Abbas Muhammad | December 909 | 934 | 23 December 940 | 23 December 940 | Al-Muqtadir, Abbasid Caliph Zalum |
| Al-Muttaqi | Abu Ishaq Ibrahim | 908 | 940 | 944 | July 968 | Al-Muqtadir, Abbasid Caliph Khalub also known as Zuhra |
| Al-Mustakfi | Abu’l-Qasim 'Abdallah | 905 | September 944 | January 946 | September/October 949 | Al-Muktafi, Abbasid Caliph Ghusn, Greek concubine |
| Al-Muti | Abu al-Qasim al-Faḍl | 914 | January 946 | 5 August 974 | 12 October 974 | Al-Muqtadir, Abbasid Caliph Mash'ala |
| Al-Ta'i' | Abd al-Karīm | 932 | 974 | 991 | 3 August 1003 | Al-Muti, Abbasid Caliph Utb (Greek concubine) |
| Al-Qadir | Abu'l-Abbas Ahmad ibn Ishaq ibn al-Muqtadir | 947 | 1 November 991 | 29 November 1031 | 29 November 1031 | Ishaq ibn al-Muqtadir, Abbasid prince Dimna |
| Al-Qa'im | Abu Ja'far Abdallah | 1001 | 29 November 1031 | 2 April 1075 | 2 April 1075 | Al-Qadir, Abbasid Caliph Badr al-Dija also known as Qatr al-Nida |
| Al-Muqtadi | Abū'l-Qāsim ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muhammad ibn al-Qa'im | 1056 | 2 April 1075 | February 1094 | February 1094 | Muhammad ibn al-Qa'im Abbasid prince, Urjuman, (Armenian concubine) |
| Al-Mustazhir | Abū l-ʿAbbās Ahmad | April/May 1078 | February 1094 | 6 August 1118 | 6 August 1118 | Al-Muqtadi, Abbasid Caliph Taif al-Afwah (Egyptian) |
| Al-Mustarshid | Abū'l-Manṣūr al-Faḍl | April/May 1092 | 6 August 1118 | 29 August 1135 | 29 August 1135 | Al-Mustazhir, Abbasid Caliph Lubaba |
| Al-Rashid Billah | Abu Jaʿfar Manṣūr | 1109 | 29 August 1135 | 1136 | 6 June 1138 (killed by Hashshashins) | Al-Mustarshid, Abbasid Caliph Khushf |
| Al-Muqtafi | Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad | 9 March 1096 | 1136 | 12 March 1160 | 12 March 1160 | Al-Mustazhir, Abbasid Caliph Ashin Umm Muhammad |
| Al-Mustanjid | Abū'l-Muẓaffar Yūsuf | 1124 | 12 March 1160 | 20 December 1170 | 20 December 1170 | Al-Muqtafi, Abbasid Caliph Thawus |
| Al-Mustadi | Hassan | 1142 | 20 December 1170 | 30 March 1180 | 30 March 1180 | Al-Mustanjid, Abbasid Caliph Ghadha |
| Al-Nasir | Abu'l-ʿAbbās Ahmad | 6 August 1158 | 2 March 1180 | 4 October 1225 | 4 October 1225 | Al-Mustadi, Abbasid Caliph Sayyida Zumurrud |
| Al-Zahir | Abu Nasr Muhammad | 1176 | 5 October 1225 | 11 July 1226 | 11 July 1226 | Al-Nasir, Abbasid Caliph Asma |
| Al-Mustansir | Abû Ja`far al-Manṣūr | 17 February 1192 | 11 July 1226 | 2 December 1242 | 2 December 1242 | Az-Zahir, Abbasid Caliph Zahra |
| Al-Musta'sim | Abu Ahmad Abdallah | 1213 | 2 December 1242 | 20 February 1258 | 20 February 1258 | Al-Mustansir, Abbasid Caliph Hajir |
During the later period of Abbasid rule, Muslim rulers began using other titles, such as Amir al-umara and Sultan.

## Fatimid Caliphate (909–1171)

| Regnal name | Personal name | Born | Reigned from | Reigned until | Died | Parents |
| al-Mahdi Billah | Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Ḥusayn | 874 | 27 August 909 | 4 March 934 | 4 March 934 | Abd Allah al-Radi |
| al-Qāʾim bi-Amr Allāh | Abū al-Qāsim Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh | 893 | 4 March 934 | 17 May 946 | 17 May 946 | Abd Allah al-Mahdi Billah |
| al-Mansur Billah | Abu Tahir Isma'il | 914 | 17 May 946 | 18 March 953 | 18 March 953 | al-Qa'im Karima |
| al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah | Abu Tamim Ma'ad al-Muizz li-Din Allah | 931 | 19 March 953 | 21 December 975 | 21 December 975 | al-Mansur Billah |
| al-Aziz Billah | Abu al-Mansur Nizar | 955 | 18 December 975 | 13 October 996 | 13 October 996 | al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah Al-Sayyida al-Mu'iziyya |
| al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah | Abū ʿAlī al-Manṣūr | 985 | 14 October 996 | 13 February 1021 | 13 February 1021 | al-Aziz Billah as-Sayyidah al-'Azīziyyah |
| al-Zahir li-I'zaz Din Allah | Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥākim | 1005 | 28 March 1021 | 13 June 1036 | 13 June 1036 | al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah |
| al-Mustansir Billah | Abū Tamīm Maʿad al-Mustanṣir biʾllāh | 1029 | 13 June 1036 | 29 December 1094 | 29 December 1094 | al-Zahir li-I'zaz Din Allah Rasad |
| al-Musta'li Billah | Abū al-Qāsim Aḥmad ibn al-Mustanṣir | 1074 | 29/30 December 1094 | 11/12 December 1101 | 11/12 December 1101 | al-Mustansir Billah |
| al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah | Abū ʿAlī al-Manṣūr ibn al-Mustaʿlī | 1096 | 11 December 1101 | 7 October 1130 | 7 October 1130 | al-Musta'li |
| al-Hafiz li-Din Allah | Abūʾl-Maymūn ʿAbd al-Majīd ibn Muḥammad ibn al-Mustanṣir | 1074/5 or 1075/6 | 23 January 1132 | 10 October 1149 | 10 October 1149 | Abu'l-Qasim Muhammad ibn al-Mustansir Billah |
| al-Ẓāfir bi-Aʿdāʾ Allāh | Abū al-Manṣūr Ismāʿīl ibn al-Ḥāfiẓ | 1133 | 10 October 1149 | 1 or 15 April 1154 | 1 or 15 April 1154 | al-Hafiz |
| al-Fa'iz bi-Nasr Allah | Abūʾl-Qāsim ʿĪsā ibn al-Ẓāfir | 1149 | 16 April 1154 | 22 July 1160 | 22 July 1160 | al-Zafir |
| al-ʿĀḍid li-Dīn Allāh | Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh ibn Yūsuf | 1151 | 23 July 1160 | 13 September 1171 | 13 September 1171 | Yusuf ibn al-Hafiz li-Din Allah |

## Mamluk Abbasid dynasty (1261–1517)

The Cairo Abbasids were largely ceremonial Caliphs under the patronage of the Mamluk Sultanate that existed after the takeover of the Ayyubid dynasty.
| Regnal name | Personal name | Reign | Parents |
| Al-Mustansir | Abu al-Qasim Ahmad | 13 June 1261 – 28 November 1261 | Az-Zahir |
| Al-Hakim I | Abu 'Abdullah Muhammad | 16 November 1262 – 19 January 1302 | Abu 'Ali al-Hasan |
| Al-Mustakfi I | Abu ar-Rabi' Sulaiman | 20 January 1302 – February 1340 | Al-Hakim I |
| Al-Wathiq I | Abu Ishaq Ibrahim | February 1340 – 17 June 1341 | Muhammad, son of Al-Hakim I |
| Al-Hakim II | Abu al-'Abbas Ahmad | 1341–1352 | Al-Mustakfi I |
| Al-Mu'tadid I | Abu Bakr | 1352–1362 | Al-Mustakfi I |
| Al-Mutawakkil I | Abu 'Abdillah Muhammad | 1362–1377 | Al-Mu'tadid I |
| Al-Musta’sim | Abu Yahya Zakariya | 1377 | Al-Wathiq I |
| Al-Mutawakkil I | Abu 'Abdillah Muhammad | 1377–1383 | Al-Mu'tadid I |
| Al-Wathiq II | 'Umar | September 1383 – 13 November 1386 | Al-Wathiq I |
| Al-Musta'sim | Abu Yahya Zakariya | 1386–1389 | Al-Wathiq I |
| Al-Mutawakkil I | Abu 'Abdillah Muhammad | 1389 – 9 January 1406 | Al-Mu'tadid I |
| Al-Musta'in | Abu al-Fadl al-'Abbas | 22 January 1406 – 9 March 1414 | Al-Mutawakkil I Bay Khatun |
| Al-Mu'tadid II | Abu al-Fath Dawud | 1414–1441 | Al-Mutawakkil I Kazal |
| Al-Mustakfi II | Abu ar-Rabi' Sulayman | 1441 – 29 January 1451 | Al-Mutawakkil I |
| Al-Qa'im | Abu Al-Baqa Hamzah | 1451–1455 | Al-Mutawakkil I |
| Al-Mustanjid | Abu al-Mahasin Yusuf | 1455 – 7 April 1479 | Al-Mutawakkil I |
| Al-Mutawakkil II | Abu al-'Izz 'Abdul 'Aziz | 5 April 1479 – 27 September 1497 | Ya'qub bin Al-Mutawakkil I Haj al-Malik |
| Al-Mustamsik | Abu as-Sabr | 1497–1508 | Al-Mutawakkil II |
| Al-Mutawakkil III | Muhammad | 1508–1516 | Al-Mustamsik |
| Al-Mustamsik | Abu as-Sabr | 1516–1517 | Al-Mutawakkil II |
| Al-Mutawakkil III | Muhammad | 1517 | Al-Mustamsik |

## Ottoman Caliphate (1517–1924)

The head of the Ottoman dynasty was just entitled Sultan originally, but soon it started accumulating titles assumed from subjected peoples. Murad I (reigned 1362–1389) was the first Ottoman claimant to the title of Caliph; claimed the title after conquering Edirne.
| Tughra | Name | Reign | Parents |
| Tughra of Selim I | Selim I | 1517 – 21 September 1520 | Bayezid II Gülbahar Hatun |
| Tughra of Suleiman I | Suleiman I | 30 September 1520 – 6 or 7 September 1566 | Selim I Hafsa Sultan |
| Tughra of Selim II | Selim II | 29 September 1566 – 21 December 1574 | Suleiman I Hürrem Sultan |
| Tughra of Murad III | Murad III | 22 December 1574 – 16 January 1595 | Selim II Nurbanu Sultan |
| Tughra of Mehmed III | Mehmed III | 27 January 1595 – 20 or 21 December 1603 | Murad III Safiye Sultan |
| Tughra of Ahmed I | Ahmed I | 21 December 1603 – 22 November 1617 | Mehmed III Handan Sultan |
| Tughra of Mustafa I | Mustafa I | 22 November 1617 – 26 February 1618 | Mehmed III Halime Sultan |
| Tughra of Osman II | Osman II | 26 February 1618 – 19 May 1622 | Ahmed I Mahfiruz Hatun |
| Tughra of Mustafa I | Mustafa I | 20 May 1622 – 10 September 1623 | Mehmed III Halime Sultan |
| Tughra of Murad IV | Murad IV | 10 September 1623 – 8 or 9 February 1640 | Ahmed I Kösem Sultan |
| Tughra of Ibrahim | Ibrahim | 9 February 1640 – 8 August 1648 | Ahmed I Kösem Sultan |
| Tughra of Mehmed IV | Mehmed IV | 8 August 1648 – 8 November 1687 | Ibrahim Turhan Sultan |
| Tughra of Suleiman II | Suleiman II | 8 November 1687 – 22 June 1691 | Ibrahim Aşub Sultan |
| Tughra of Ahmed II | Ahmed II | 22 June 1691 – 6 February 1695 | Ibrahim Muazzez Sultan |
| Tughra of Mustafa II | Mustafa II | 6 February 1695 – 22 August 1703 | Mehmed IV Gülnuş Sultan |
| Tughra of Ahmed III | Ahmed III | 22 August 1703 – 1 or 2 October 1730 | Mehmed IV Gülnuş Sultan |
| Tughra of Mahmud I | Mahmud I | 2 October 1730 – 13 December 1754 | Mustafa II Saliha Sultan |
| Tughra of Osman III | Osman III | 13 December 1754 – 29 or 30 October 1757 | Mustafa II Şehsuvar Sultan |
| Tughra of Mustafa III | Mustafa III | 30 October 1757 – 21 January 1774 | Ahmed III Mihrişah Kadın |
| Tughra of Abdülhamid I | Abdul Hamid I | 21 January 1774 – 6 or 7 April 1789 | Son of Ahmed III Şermi Kadın |
| Tughra of Selim III | Selim III | 7 April 1789 – 29 May 1807 | Mustafa III Mihrişah Sultan |
| Tughra of Mustafa IV | Mustafa IV | 29 May 1807 – 28 July 1808 | Abdul Hamid I Sineperver Sultan |
| Tughra of Mahmud II | Mahmud II | 28 July 1808 – 1 July 1839 | Abdul Hamid I Nakşidil Sultan |
| Tughra of Abdülmecid I | Abdulmejid I | 1 July 1839 – 25 June 1861 | Mahmud II Bezmiâlem Sultan |
| Tughra of Abdulaziz | Abdulaziz | 25 June 1861 – 30 May 1876 | Mahmud II Pertevniyal Sultan |
| Tughra of Murad V | Murad V | 30 May 1876 – 31 August 1876 | Abdulmejid I Şevkefza Kadın |
| Tughra of Abdülhamid II | Abdul Hamid II | 31 August 1876 – 27 April 1909 | Abdulmejid I Tirimüjgan Kadın |
| Tughra of Mehmed V | Mehmed V | 27 April 1909 – 3 July 1918 | Abdulmejid I Gülcemal Kadın |
| Tughra of Mehmed VI | Mehmed VI | 4 July 1918 – 1 November 1922 | Abdulmejid I Gülüstü Hanım |
| — | Abdulmejid II | 18 November 1922 – 3 March 1924 | Abdulaziz Hayranidil Kadın; |
The Office of the Ottoman Caliphate was transferred to the Grand National Assembly of Turkey which dissolved the office on March 3, 1924, in keeping with the policies of secularism that were adopted in the early years of the Republic of Turkey by its President Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. After the abolition of the Caliphate, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey founded the Presidency of Religious Affairs as the new highest Islamic religious authority in the country.

## Other caliphates
### Hasan ibn Ali's Caliphate (661)

After Ali was killed, the governor of Syria Mu'awiya led his army toward Kufa, where Ali's son Hasan ibn Ali had been nominated as Ali's successor. Mu'awiya successfully bribed Ubayd Allah ibn Abbas, the commander of Hasan's vanguard, to desert his post, and sent envoys to negotiate with Hasan. In return for a financial settlement, Hasan abdicated and Mu'awiya entered Kufa in July or September 661 and was recognized as caliph. This year is considered by a number of the early Muslim sources as 'the year of unity' and is generally regarded as the start of Mu'awiya's caliphate. Hasan abdicated as caliph after ruling for six or seven months.
| Calligraphic/Coin | Name (and titles) | Birth | Reigned from | Reigned until | Death | Relationship with Muhammad (or previous Caliph) | Parents | House |
| | Hasan ibn Ali (حسن بن علي) Ahl al-Bayt Al-Mujtaba | 624 | 661 (six or seven months) | 661 (six or seven months) | 670 | Grandson of Muhammad Son of 'Ali ibn Abi Talib | 'Ali ibn Abi-Talib, fourth Rashidun Caliph and first Imam of Shia Islam Fatimah, daughter of Muhammad and his first wife Khadijah | Banu Hashim |

### Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr's Caliphate (684–692)

Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, a grandson of the first caliph Abu Bakar and a nephew of Aisha, the third wife of Muhammad, led an uprising against the Umayyad Caliphate in 684 AD. He was proclaimed caliph in Mecca. He ruled Mecca and Medina, the most important places in Islam, for about eight years; outlasting three Ummayad rulers: Yazid ibn Muawiyah, Muawiyah ibn Yazid, and Marwan ibn Al-Hakam. Islamic scholars consider him to be the rightful caliph instead of Marwan ibn Al-Hakam. He was eventually defeated and killed in Mecca in 692 AD after a six-month siege by general Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf.
| Coin | Name (and titles) | Birth | Reigned from | Reigned until | Death | Parents | House |
| | Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr (عبد الله ابن الزبير) | May, 624 AD | November 683 AD | November 692 AD | November 692 AD | al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam Asma bint Abi Bakr, | Banu Asad |

### Talib al-Haqq (747–748)

| Calligraphic/Coin | Name (and titles) | Birth | Reigned from | Reigned until | Death | Parents | House |
| | Talib al-Haqq (طالب الحق) | 709 | 745 | 748 | 749 | | |

### Caliphate of Córdoba (929–1031)

(Not universally accepted; actual authority confined to Spain and parts of Maghreb)
| Name | Reign | Parents |
| Abd-ar-Rahman III | 929–961 | Muhammad ibn Abdullah son of the Emir of Córdoba Abdullah ibn Muhammad al-Umawi Muzna |
| Al-Hakam II | 961–976 | Abd-ar-Rahman III Murjan |
| Hisham II al-Hakam | 976–1009 | Al-Hakam II Subh |
| Muhammad II | 1009 | Hisham bin Abd al-Jabbar bin Abd ar-Rahman III, grandson of Abd ar-Rahman III Muzna |
| Sulayman ibn al-Hakam | 1009–1010 | Al-Hakam bin Sulayman bin Abd ar-Rahman III, grandson of Abd ar-Rahman III Thabiya |
| Hisham II al-Hakam | 1010–1013 | Al-Hakam II Subh |
| Sulayman ibn al-Hakam | 1013–1016 | Al-Hakam bin Sulayman bin Abd ar-Rahman III, grandson of Abd ar-Rahman III Thabiya |
| Abd ar-Rahman IV | 1021–1022 | Mohammed, grandson of Abd ar-Rahman III |
| Abd ar-Rahman V | 1022–1023 | Hisham bin Abd al-Jabbar bin Abd ar-Rahman III, grandson of Abd ar-Rahman III Ghala |
| Muhammad III | 1023–1024 | Abd ar-Rahman bin Ubayd Allah bin Abd ar-Rahman III, grandson of Abd ar-Rahman III Hawra |
| Hisham III | 1027–1031 | Muhammad bin 'Abd al-Malik bin Abd ar-Rahman III, grandson of Abd ar-Rahman III 'Ateb |

### Almohad Caliphate (1145–1269)

(Not widely accepted, actual dominions were parts of North Africa and Iberia)
* Abd al-Mu'min 1130–1163
* Abu Ya'qub Yusuf I 1163–1184
* Abu Yusuf Ya'qub 'al-Mansur' 1184–1199
* Muhammad al-Nasir 1199–1213
* Abu Ya'qub Yusuf II 'al-Mustansir' 1213–1224
* Abu Muhammad Abd al-Wahid I 'al-Makhlu' 1224
* Abdallah al-Adil 1224–1227
* Yahya 'al-Mutasim' 1227–1229
* Abu al-Ala Idris I al-Ma'mun, 1229–1232
* Abu Muhammad Abd al-Wahid II 'al-Rashid' 1232–1242
* Abu al-Hassan Ali 'al-Said' 1242–1248
* Abu Hafs Umar 'al-Murtada', 1248–1266
* Abu al-Ula (Abu Dabbus) Idris II 'al-Wathiq' 1266–1269
Almohad family tree :
| | | | | | | | | | | | | Ali al-Kumi | Ali al-Kumi | Ali al-Kumi | Ali al-Kumi | Ali al-Kumi | Ali al-Kumi | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | Abd al-Mu'min (1) | Abd al-Mu'min (1) | Abd al-Mu'min (1) | Abd al-Mu'min (1) | Abd al-Mu'min (1) | Abd al-Mu'min (1) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Muhammad | Muhammad | Muhammad | Muhammad | Muhammad | Muhammad | Abu Yaqub Yusuf I (2) | Abu Yaqub Yusuf I (2) | Abu Yaqub Yusuf I (2) | Abu Yaqub Yusuf I (2) | Abu Yaqub Yusuf I (2) | Abu Yaqub Yusuf I (2) | Abu al-Hassan Ali | Abu al-Hassan Ali | Abu al-Hassan Ali | Abu al-Hassan Ali | Abu al-Hassan Ali | Abu al-Hassan Ali | Abu Zayd Abd al-Rahman | Abu Zayd Abd al-Rahman | Abu Zayd Abd al-Rahman | Abu Zayd Abd al-Rahman | Abu Zayd Abd al-Rahman | Abu Zayd Abd al-Rahman | Abu Zakariya Abd al-Rahman | Abu Zakariya Abd al-Rahman | Abu Zakariya Abd al-Rahman | Abu Zakariya Abd al-Rahman | Abu Zakariya Abd al-Rahman | Abu Zakariya Abd al-Rahman | Abu Abd al-Rahman Yaqub | Abu Abd al-Rahman Yaqub | Abu Abd al-Rahman Yaqub | Abu Abd al-Rahman Yaqub | Abu Abd al-Rahman Yaqub | Abu Abd al-Rahman Yaqub | Abu Ibrahim Ismail | Abu Ibrahim Ismail | Abu Ibrahim Ismail | Abu Ibrahim Ismail | Abu Ibrahim Ismail | Abu Ibrahim Ismail | Abu Said Uthman | Abu Said Uthman | Abu Said Uthman | Abu Said Uthman | Abu Said Uthman | Abu Said Uthman | Abu Ali al-Hussein | Abu Ali al-Hussein | Abu Ali al-Hussein | Abu Ali al-Hussein | Abu Ali al-Hussein | Abu Ali al-Hussein | Abu Muhammad Abd Allah | Abu Muhammad Abd Allah | Abu Muhammad Abd Allah | Abu Muhammad Abd Allah | Abu Muhammad Abd Allah | Abu Muhammad Abd Allah | Abu Musa Isa | Abu Musa Isa | Abu Musa Isa | Abu Musa Isa | Abu Musa Isa | Abu Musa Isa | Abu Ishaq Ibrahim | Abu Ishaq Ibrahim | Abu Ishaq Ibrahim | Abu Ishaq Ibrahim | Abu Ishaq Ibrahim | Abu Ishaq Ibrahim | Abu al-Rabi Sulayman | Abu al-Rabi Sulayman | Abu al-Rabi Sulayman | Abu al-Rabi Sulayman | Abu al-Rabi Sulayman | Abu al-Rabi Sulayman | Abu Imran Musa | Abu Imran Musa | Abu Imran Musa | Abu Imran Musa | Abu Imran Musa | Abu Imran Musa | Abu Hafs Umar | Abu Hafs Umar | Abu Hafs Umar | Abu Hafs Umar | Abu Hafs Umar | Abu Hafs Umar |
| Abu Yusuf Yaqub 'al-Mansur' (3) | Abu Yusuf Yaqub 'al-Mansur' (3) | Abu Yusuf Yaqub 'al-Mansur' (3) | Abu Yusuf Yaqub 'al-Mansur' (3) | Abu Yusuf Yaqub 'al-Mansur' (3) | Abu Yusuf Yaqub 'al-Mansur' (3) | Abu al-Ula Idris the Old | Abu al-Ula Idris the Old | Abu al-Ula Idris the Old | Abu al-Ula Idris the Old | Abu al-Ula Idris the Old | Abu al-Ula Idris the Old | Abu Yahya | Abu Yahya | Abu Yahya | Abu Yahya | Abu Yahya | Abu Yahya | Abu Ishaq Ibrahim | Abu Ishaq Ibrahim | Abu Ishaq Ibrahim | Abu Ishaq Ibrahim | Abu Ishaq Ibrahim | Abu Ishaq Ibrahim | Abu Hafs Umar 'al-Rashid' | Abu Hafs Umar 'al-Rashid' | Abu Hafs Umar 'al-Rashid' | Abu Hafs Umar 'al-Rashid' | Abu Hafs Umar 'al-Rashid' | Abu Hafs Umar 'al-Rashid' | Abu Zayd Muhammad | Abu Zayd Muhammad | Abu Zayd Muhammad | Abu Zayd Muhammad | Abu Zayd Muhammad | Abu Zayd Muhammad | Abu Muhammad Abd al-Wahid I 'al-Makhlu' (6) | Abu Muhammad Abd al-Wahid I 'al-Makhlu' (6) | Abu Muhammad Abd al-Wahid I 'al-Makhlu' (6) | Abu Muhammad Abd al-Wahid I 'al-Makhlu' (6) | Abu Muhammad Abd al-Wahid I 'al-Makhlu' (6) | Abu Muhammad Abd al-Wahid I 'al-Makhlu' (6) | | | | | | | Abu Ibrahim Ishaq 'al-Tahir' | Abu Ibrahim Ishaq 'al-Tahir' | Abu Ibrahim Ishaq 'al-Tahir' | Abu Ibrahim Ishaq 'al-Tahir' | Abu Ibrahim Ishaq 'al-Tahir' | Abu Ibrahim Ishaq 'al-Tahir' | | | | | | | Abu Zayd Abd al-Rahman | Abu Zayd Abd al-Rahman | Abu Zayd Abd al-Rahman | Abu Zayd Abd al-Rahman | Abu Zayd Abd al-Rahman | Abu Zayd Abd al-Rahman | Abu Zakariya Yahya | Abu Zakariya Yahya | Abu Zakariya Yahya | Abu Zakariya Yahya | Abu Zakariya Yahya | Abu Zakariya Yahya | Abu al-Hassan Ali | Abu al-Hassan Ali | Abu al-Hassan Ali | Abu al-Hassan Ali | Abu al-Hassan Ali | Abu al-Hassan Ali | Abu Yusuf Yaqub | Abu Yusuf Yaqub | Abu Yusuf Yaqub | Abu Yusuf Yaqub | Abu Yusuf Yaqub | Abu Yusuf Yaqub | Abu al-Rabi Sulayman | Abu al-Rabi Sulayman | Abu al-Rabi Sulayman | Abu al-Rabi Sulayman | Abu al-Rabi Sulayman | Abu al-Rabi Sulayman | Abu Abd Allah Muhammad | Abu Abd Allah Muhammad | Abu Abd Allah Muhammad | Abu Abd Allah Muhammad | Abu Abd Allah Muhammad | Abu Abd Allah Muhammad |
| Muhammad al-Nasir (4) | Muhammad al-Nasir (4) | Muhammad al-Nasir (4) | Muhammad al-Nasir (4) | Muhammad al-Nasir (4) | Muhammad al-Nasir (4) | Abdallah al-Adil (7) | Abdallah al-Adil (7) | Abdallah al-Adil (7) | Abdallah al-Adil (7) | Abdallah al-Adil (7) | Abdallah al-Adil (7) | Abu Muhammad Said | Abu Muhammad Said | Abu Muhammad Said | Abu Muhammad Said | Abu Muhammad Said | Abu Muhammad Said | Abu Musa | Abu Musa | Abu Musa | Abu Musa | Abu Musa | Abu Musa | Ibrahim | Ibrahim | Ibrahim | Ibrahim | Ibrahim | Ibrahim | Abu Said | Abu Said | Abu Said | Abu Said | Abu Said | Abu Said | Abu al-Ala Idris I 'al-Ma'mun' (9) | Abu al-Ala Idris I 'al-Ma'mun' (9) | Abu al-Ala Idris I 'al-Ma'mun' (9) | Abu al-Ala Idris I 'al-Ma'mun' (9) | Abu al-Ala Idris I 'al-Ma'mun' (9) | Abu al-Ala Idris I 'al-Ma'mun' (9) | | | | | | | Abu Hafs Umar 'al-Murtada' (12) | Abu Hafs Umar 'al-Murtada' (12) | Abu Hafs Umar 'al-Murtada' (12) | Abu Hafs Umar 'al-Murtada' (12) | Abu Hafs Umar 'al-Murtada' (12) | Abu Hafs Umar 'al-Murtada' (12) | Abu Zayd | Abu Zayd | Abu Zayd | Abu Zayd | Abu Zayd | Abu Zayd | Abu Ishaq | Abu Ishaq | Abu Ishaq | Abu Ishaq | Abu Ishaq | Abu Ishaq | | | | | | | Abu Dabbus Idris II 'al-Wathiq' (13) | Abu Dabbus Idris II 'al-Wathiq' (13) | Abu Dabbus Idris II 'al-Wathiq' (13) | Abu Dabbus Idris II 'al-Wathiq' (13) | Abu Dabbus Idris II 'al-Wathiq' (13) | Abu Dabbus Idris II 'al-Wathiq' (13) | Abu Ali | Abu Ali | Abu Ali | Abu Ali | Abu Ali | Abu Ali | Abd Allah 'al-Bayyansi' | Abd Allah 'al-Bayyansi' | Abd Allah 'al-Bayyansi' | Abd Allah 'al-Bayyansi' | Abd Allah 'al-Bayyansi' | Abd Allah 'al-Bayyansi' | Abu Zayd | Abu Zayd | Abu Zayd | Abu Zayd | Abu Zayd | Abu Zayd |
| Yahya 'al'Mutasim' (8) | Yahya 'al'Mutasim' (8) | Yahya 'al'Mutasim' (8) | Yahya 'al'Mutasim' (8) | Yahya 'al'Mutasim' (8) | Yahya 'al'Mutasim' (8) | Musa | Musa | Musa | Musa | Musa | Musa | Zakariya | Zakariya | Zakariya | Zakariya | Zakariya | Zakariya | Ali | Ali | Ali | Ali | Ali | Ali | Yusuf II 'al'Mustansir' (5) | Yusuf II 'al'Mustansir' (5) | Yusuf II 'al'Mustansir' (5) | Yusuf II 'al'Mustansir' (5) | Yusuf II 'al'Mustansir' (5) | Yusuf II 'al'Mustansir' (5) | | | | | | | Abu al-Hassan Ali 'al-Said' (11) | Abu al-Hassan Ali 'al-Said' (11) | Abu al-Hassan Ali 'al-Said' (11) | Abu al-Hassan Ali 'al-Said' (11) | Abu al-Hassan Ali 'al-Said' (11) | Abu al-Hassan Ali 'al-Said' (11) | Abu Muhammad Abd al-Wahid II 'al-Rashid' (10) | Abu Muhammad Abd al-Wahid II 'al-Rashid' (10) | Abu Muhammad Abd al-Wahid II 'al-Rashid' (10) | Abu Muhammad Abd al-Wahid II 'al-Rashid' (10) | Abu Muhammad Abd al-Wahid II 'al-Rashid' (10) | Abu Muhammad Abd al-Wahid II 'al-Rashid' (10) |

### Hafsid Caliphate (1249–1574)

The Hafsids claimed their descent from Rashidun caliph Omar. After the fall of Baghdad, Marinid sultan Abu Yusuf Yaqub and Sharif of Mecca Abu Numayy recognized the Hafsids in 1258 and 1259 respectively.
| Name | Born | Reigned from | Reigned until | Died | Parents |
| Muhammad I al-Mustansir | c. 1228 | c. 1249 | c. 1277 | c. 1277 | Abu Zakariya Yahya |
| Yahya II al-Wathiq | | c. 1277 | 1279 | 1279 | Muhammad I al-Mustansir |
| Abu Hafs Umar bin Yahya | | 1284 | 1295 | 1295 | Abu Zakariya Yahya Zabya |
| Abu Asida Muhammad II | 1279 | 1295 | 1309 | 1309 | Yahya II al-Wathiq (posthumous) |
| Abu Yahya Abu Bakr ash-Shahid | | 1309 | 1309 | 1309 | Abu Zakariya Yahya Zabya |
| Abu Yahya Abu Bakr ash-Shahid | | 1309 | 1309 | 1309 | Abu Zakariya Yahya Zabya |
| Abu-l-Baqa Khalid An-Nasr | | 1309 | 1311 | 1311 | Abu Zakariyya Yahya III, grandson of Abu Zakariya Yahya |
| Abd al-Wahid Zakariya ibn al-Lihyani | 1253 | 1311 | 1317 | 1326 | |
| Abu Darba Muhammad Al-Mustansir | | 1317 | 1318 | 1323 | Abd al-Wahid Zakariya ibn al-Lihyani |
| Abu Yahya Abu Bakr II | | 1318 | 1346 | 1346 | Abu Zakariyya Yahya III, grandson of Abu Zakariya Yahya |
| Abu Hafs Umar II | | 1346 | 1347 | 1347 | Abu Yahya Abu Bakr II |
| Abu al-Abbas Ahmad al-Fadl al-Mutawakkil | | 1350 | 1350 | 1350 | Abu Yahya Abu Bakr II |
| Abu Ishaq Ibrahim II | 1336 | 1350 | 1369 | 1369 | Abu Yahya Abu Bakr II |
| Abu-l-Baqa Khalid II | c. 1358 | 1369 | 1371 | 1371 | Abu Ishaq Ibrahim II |
| Abu al-Abbas Ahmad II | 1329 | 1370 | 1394 | 1394 | Abu Abdullah Muhammad, son of Abu Yahya Abu Bakr II |
| Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz II | 1361 | 1394 | 1434 | 1434 | Abu al-Abbas Ahmad II |
| Abu Abd-Allah Muhammad al-Muntasir | | 1434 | 1435 | 1435 | Abu Abdallah Muhammad al-Mansour, son of Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz II |
| Abu 'Amr 'Uthman | 1419 | 1435 | 1488 | 1488 | Abu Abdallah Muhammad al-Mansour, son of Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz II |
| Abu-Zakariya Yahya II | | 1488 | 1489 | 1489 | Mas'ud, son of Abu 'Amr 'Uthman |
| Abd-al-Mumin ibn Ibrahim | | 1489 | 1490 | 1490 | Abu Salim Ibrahim, son of Abu 'Amr 'Uthman |
| Abu Yahya Zakariya | 1472 | 1490 | 1494 | 1494 | son of Abu-Zakariya Yahya II |
| Abu Abdallah Muhammad IV al-Mutawakkil | | 1494 | 1526 | 1526 | Abu Muhammad Hasan, son of Mas'ud |
| Abu Abdallah Muhammad V al-Hasan | | 1526 | 1543 | 1549 | Abu Abdallah Muhammad IV al-Mutawakkil |
| Abu al-Abbas Ahmad III | 1500 | 1543 | 1569 | 1575 | Abu Abdallah Muhammad V al-Hasan |
| Abu Abdallah Muhammad VI ibn al-Hasan | | 1573 | 1574 | 1594 | Abu Abdallah Muhammad V al-Hasan |

### Bornu and Songhai Empires (15th/16th century)

Several rulers of West Africa adopted the title of Caliph. Mai Ali Ghaji ibn Dunama was the first ruler of Bornu Empire to assume the title. Askia Mohammad I of Songhai Empire also assumed the title around the same time.

### Indian caliphates (late medieval/early modern)

Since the 12th century, despite the South Asian domination of numerous Muslim empires, kingdoms and sultanates, Islamic caliphates were not fully attempted to be established across the Indian subcontinent. However, under the sharia based reigns of Sunni emperors such as Alauddin Khalji, Mughal Empire's Aurangzeb, and Mysore's rulers Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan, absolute forms of caliphates clearly appeared. These largely impacted the French-Italian emperor Napoleone Bonaparte and soldiers of the British Empire.

### Sokoto Caliphate (1804–1903)

(Not widely accepted, actual dominions were parts of West Africa)
Established by Tariqa Islamic scholar and religious leader Usman dan Fodio through the Fulani War (alternatively known as the Fulani Jihad), which sought to reduce the influence of pre-Islamic religious practices and spread a more vigorous form of Islam through the auspices of a Caliphate.

### Ahmadiyya Caliphate (1908–present)

The Khalīfatul Masīh (Arabic: خليفة المسيح; Urdu: خلیفہ المسیح; English: Successor of the Messiah), sometimes simply referred to as Khalifah (i.e. Caliph, successor), is the elected spiritual and organizational leader of the worldwide Ahmadiyya Muslim Community and is the successor of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, who had taken the titles of Mahdi and Messiah of Islam. The Caliph is believed to be divinely guided and is also referred to by members of current Khalifatul Masih is Mirza Masroor Ahmad.
After the death of Ghulam Ahmad, his successors directed the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community from Qadian in Punjab, British India, which remained the headquarters of the community until 1947 with the independence of Pakistan. From this time on, the headquarters moved to and remained in Rabwah, a town built on land bought in Pakistan by the community in 1948. In 1984, Ordinance XX was promulgated by the government of Pakistan which rendered the Khalifatul Masih unable to perform his duties and put the very institution in jeopardy. Due to these circumstances, Khalifatul Masih IV left Pakistan and migrated to London, England, provisionally moving the headquarters to the Fazl Mosque.

### Sharifian Caliphate (1924–1925)

An attempt at restoring the caliphal office and style following the abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate was made by Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz and Sharif of Mecca, who assumed both on 11 March 1924 and held them until 3 October 1924, when he passed the kingship to his son Ali bin Hussein, who did not adopted the caliphal office and style. Like the Fatimid caliphs, he was a descendant of Muhammad through a grandson of Hasan ibn Ali. Hussein's claim for caliphate was not accepted by the Wahhabi and Salafi movements, and in 1925 he was driven from Hejaz by the forces of Ibn Saud as an outcome of the Second Saudi-Hashemite War. He continued to use the title of caliph during his remaining life in exile, until his death in 1931.
| Image | Name | Reign | Parents |
| | Hussein bin Ali | 3 March 1924 – 19 December 1925 (as reigning caliph)/4 June 1931 (as titular caliph in the exile) | Ali bin Muhammad Salah Bani-Shahar |

### Islamic State (2014–present)

On 29 June 2014, the Islamic State, more commonly known as ISIS, proclaimed the return of the Islamic caliphate, with Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi as its first caliph and Amir al-Mu'minin. The caliphate's claimed territory at its peak controlled 12 million people. At its height, ISIS ruled territories in various countries including Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Nigeria, Libya, the Philippines, Afghanistan, Congo, Yemen, and the Sinai region in Egypt, in addition to running guerrilla cells in many other countries.
In 2014–15, dozens of Salafi Jihadi groups and scholars around the world pledged allegiance to ISIS-claimed Caliphate.
On 10 April 2018, during a rally of U.S. President Donald Trump in Elkhart, Indiana in support of Mike Braun’s bid for the US Senate, Vice President Mike Pence referred to ISIS as a Caliphate, claiming "ISIS is on the run, their Caliphate has crumbled, and we will soon drive them out of existence once and for all."
ISIS severely degraded in operational capability, subscribers and territorial control during the military intervention in Iraq and Syria by the U.S.-led Global Coalition to Defeat Daesh, and in Syria by the Russian military intervention.
As of early 2022, ISIS occupies some territory in Nigeria and has 3 million people under its rule; and also it continues to maintain control over some rural uninhabited areas in both Iraq and Syria
| No. | Caliph | Date of birth | Reigned from | Reigned until |
| 1 | Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi | 28 July 1971 | 29 June 2014 | 27 October 2019 |
| 2 | Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi | 1/5 October 1976 | 31 October 2019 | 3 February 2022 |
| 3 | Abu al-Hasan al-Hashimi al-Qurashi | Unknown | 10 March 2022 | 15 October 2022 |
| 4 | Abu al-Hussein al-Husseini al-Qurashi | Unknown | 30 November 2022 | 29 April 2023 |
| 5 | Abu Hafs al-Hashimi al-Qurashi | Unknown | 3 August 2023 | Present |