# Florida's 1st congressional district

Florida's 1st congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Florida, covering the state's western Panhandle. It includes all of Escambia, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa counties, and portions of Walton county. The district is anchored in Pensacola and also includes the large military bedroom communities and tourist destinations of Navarre and Fort Walton Beach and stretches along the Emerald Coast. The district was previously represented by Republican Matt Gaetz. With a Cook Partisan Voting Index rating of R+19, it is the most Republican district in Florida.

## Characteristics

The district encompasses the western part of the Florida Panhandle, in the extreme western portion of the state, stretching from Pensacola and the Alabama border east to include Walton, Holmes, and Washington counties.
Most of the territory now in the 1st District had been the 3rd District from 1903 to 1963; however, it has been numbered as the 1st District since then. It cast aside its Democratic roots far sooner than most of the other areas of the state. It has not supported a Democrat for president since John F. Kennedy in 1960. In 1964, Republican Barry Goldwater carried the district by such a large margin that it nearly pushed Florida's electoral votes into the Republican column. It has continued to vote for Republicans by very wide margins, with the only exception being 1976, where Gerald Ford won a narrow 50–49 victory over Jimmy Carter. Nonetheless, it usually continued to elect conservative Democrats at the state and local level, even in years when Republican presidential candidates won the district handily. Well into the 1980s, the district's congressmen and state lawmakers only faced "sacrificial lamb" Republican challengers on the occasions they faced any opposition at all. For example, Democratic incumbent Earl Hutto was unopposed for reelection in 1984 even as Ronald Reagan won the district with over 70 percent of the vote. As late as 1992, Democratic senator Bob Graham easily carried the district with 54 percent of the vote—more than double Bill Clinton's total in the district.
This changed with the Republican Revolution of 1994. That year, Joe Scarborough became the first Republican to represent the Panhandle since Reconstruction. This change was more a result of eight-term incumbent Hutto retiring than of a Republican upsurge. It had been taken for granted that Hutto would be succeeded by a Republican once he retired, particularly after he was nearly defeated in 1990 and 1992. Republicans had also swept most of the district's overlapping state legislative seats. It is currently considered the most Republican district in Florida, and no Democratic candidate has won more than 40 percent of the vote since Hutto's retirement. John McCain received 67% of the vote in this district in 2008, and Mitt Romney and Donald Trump respectively carried it by similar margins in 2012 and 2016.
The district's conservatism is not limited to national politics. Since 1994, Republicans have dominated elections at the state and local levels. Graham is the last Democrat to have won it in a statewide race. In much of the district, there are now no elected Democrats above the county level.
The area comprising the 1st District has maintained a large military presence ever since John Quincy Adams persuaded Spain to sell Florida to the United States in 1819, in part to gain a deepwater port at Pensacola. The U.S. Air Force also has a large presence in Eglin Air Force Base, which is economically important to the district. Slightly under 14,000 people are employed at the base, which is one of the largest air bases in the world and has approximately 100,000 square miles (260,000 km$^2$) of airspace stretching over the Gulf of Mexico to the Florida Keys. Hurlburt Field is an auxiliary field at Eglin AFB and is the location of the Air Force Special Operations Command. Eglin AFB spreads over three counties. Pensacola Naval Air Station was the first Navy base devoted to the specific purpose of aviation, and is the home of the Blue Angels. Saufley Field, used for training, is slightly north of Pensacola NAS.
A large number of veterans who retire relocate to this district. Tourism, particularly in Navarre, Pensacola Beach, and Destin, is a major economic activity.

## Recent election results

| Year | Office | Results |
| 2008 | President | McCain 67% - 32% |
| 2010 | Senate | Rubio 65% - 13% |
| 2010 | Governor | Scott 68% - 32% |
| 2010 | Attorney General | Bondi 68% - 25% |
| 2010 | Chief Financial Officer | Atwater 68% - 25% |
| 2012 | President | Romney 69% - 31% |
| 2012 | Senate | Mack IV 63% - 37% |
| 2014 | Governor | Scott 73% - 27% |
| 2016 | President | Trump 66% - 28% |
| 2016 | Senate | Rubio 70% - 26% |
| 2018 | Senate | Scott 67% - 32% |
| 2018 | Governor | DeSantis 67% - 32% |
| 2018 | Attorney General | Moody 69% - 29% |
| 2018 | Chief Financial Officer | Patronis 69% - 31% |
| 2020 | President | Trump 65% - 33% |
| 2022 | Senate | Rubio 72% - 27% |
| 2022 | Governor | DeSantis 73% - 26% |
| 2022 | Attorney General | Moody 74% - 26% |
| 2022 | Chief Financial Officer | Patronis 73% - 27% |
| 2024 | President | Trump 68% - 31% |
| 2024 | Senate | Scott 69% - 29% |

## Composition

For the 118th and successive Congresses (based on redistricting following the 2020 census), the district contains all or portions of the following counties and communities:
Escambia County (13)
    All 13 communities
Okaloosa County (14)
    All 14 communities
Santa Rosa County (33)
    All 33 communities
Walton County (3)
    Freeport, Miramar Beach, Paxton

## List of members representing the district

| Member (Residence) | Party | Years | Cong ress | Electoral history | District location |
| District created March 4, 1875 ||||||
| William J. Purman (Tallahassee) | Republican | March 4, 1875 – March 3, 1877 | 44th | Elected in 1874. Lost re-election. | 1875-1883 [data missing] |
| Robert H. M. Davidson (Quincy) | Democratic | March 4, 1877 – March 3, 1891 | 45th 46th 47th 48th 49th 50th 51st | Elected in 1876. Re-elected in 1878. Re-elected in 1880. Re-elected in 1882. Re-elected in 1884. Re-elected in 1886. Re-elected in 1888. Lost re-election. | 1875-1883 [data missing] |
| Robert H. M. Davidson (Quincy) | Democratic | March 4, 1877 – March 3, 1891 | 45th 46th 47th 48th 49th 50th 51st | Elected in 1876. Re-elected in 1878. Re-elected in 1880. Re-elected in 1882. Re-elected in 1884. Re-elected in 1886. Re-elected in 1888. Lost re-election. | 1883-1893 [data missing] |
| Stephen R. Mallory (Pensacola) | Democratic | March 4, 1891 – March 3, 1895 | 52nd 53rd | Elected in 1890. Re-elected in 1892. Retired. | 1883-1893 [data missing] |
| Stephen R. Mallory (Pensacola) | Democratic | March 4, 1891 – March 3, 1895 | 52nd 53rd | Elected in 1890. Re-elected in 1892. Retired. | 1893-1903 [data missing] |
| Stephen M. Sparkman (Tampa) | Democratic | March 4, 1895 – March 3, 1917 | 54th 55th 56th 57th 58th 59th 60th 61st 62nd 63rd 64th | Elected in 1894. Re-elected in 1896. Re-elected in 1898. Re-elected in 1900. Re-elected in 1902. Re-elected in 1904. Re-elected in 1906. Re-elected in 1908. Re-elected in 1910. Re-elected in 1912. Re-elected in 1914. Retired. | 1893-1903 [data missing] |
| Stephen M. Sparkman (Tampa) | Democratic | March 4, 1895 – March 3, 1917 | 54th 55th 56th 57th 58th 59th 60th 61st 62nd 63rd 64th | Elected in 1894. Re-elected in 1896. Re-elected in 1898. Re-elected in 1900. Re-elected in 1902. Re-elected in 1904. Re-elected in 1906. Re-elected in 1908. Re-elected in 1910. Re-elected in 1912. Re-elected in 1914. Retired. | 1903-1913 [data missing] |
| Stephen M. Sparkman (Tampa) | Democratic | March 4, 1895 – March 3, 1917 | 54th 55th 56th 57th 58th 59th 60th 61st 62nd 63rd 64th | Elected in 1894. Re-elected in 1896. Re-elected in 1898. Re-elected in 1900. Re-elected in 1902. Re-elected in 1904. Re-elected in 1906. Re-elected in 1908. Re-elected in 1910. Re-elected in 1912. Re-elected in 1914. Retired. | 1913-1933 [data missing] |
| Herbert J. Drane (Lakeland) | Democratic | March 4, 1917 – March 3, 1933 | 65th 66th 67th 68th 69th 70th 71st 72nd | Elected in 1916. Re-elected in 1918. Re-elected in 1920. Re-elected in 1922. Re-elected in 1924. Re-elected in 1926. Re-elected in 1928. Re-elected in 1930. Lost renomination. | 1913-1933 [data missing] |
| J. Hardin Peterson (Lakeland) | Democratic | March 4, 1933 – January 3, 1951 | 73rd 74th 75th 76th 77th 78th 79th 80th 81st | Elected in 1932. Re-elected in 1934. Re-elected in 1936. Re-elected in 1938. Re-elected in 1940. Re-elected in 1942. Re-elected in 1944. Re-elected in 1946. Re-elected in 1948. Retired. | 1933-1943 [data missing] |
| J. Hardin Peterson (Lakeland) | Democratic | March 4, 1933 – January 3, 1951 | 73rd 74th 75th 76th 77th 78th 79th 80th 81st | Elected in 1932. Re-elected in 1934. Re-elected in 1936. Re-elected in 1938. Re-elected in 1940. Re-elected in 1942. Re-elected in 1944. Re-elected in 1946. Re-elected in 1948. Retired. | 1943-1953 [data missing] |
| Chester B. McMullen (Clearwater) | Democratic | January 3, 1951 – January 3, 1953 | 82nd | Elected in 1950. Retired. | 1943-1953 [data missing] |
| Courtney W. Campbell (Clearwater) | Democratic | January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1955 | 83rd | Elected in 1952. Lost re-election. | 1953-1963 [data missing] |
| William C. Cramer (St. Petersburg) | Republican | January 3, 1955 – January 3, 1963 | 84th 85th 86th 87th | Elected in 1954. Re-elected in 1956. Re-elected in 1958. Re-elected in 1960. Redistricted to the 12th district. | 1953-1963 [data missing] |
| Bob Sikes (Crestview) | Democratic | January 3, 1963 – January 3, 1979 | 88th 89th 90th 91st 92nd 93rd 94th 95th | Redistricted from the 3rd district and re-elected in 1962. Re-elected in 1964. Re-elected in 1966. Re-elected in 1968. Re-elected in 1970. Re-elected in 1972. Re-elected in 1974. Re-elected in 1976. Retired. | 1963-1973 [data missing] |
| Bob Sikes (Crestview) | Democratic | January 3, 1963 – January 3, 1979 | 88th 89th 90th 91st 92nd 93rd 94th 95th | Redistricted from the 3rd district and re-elected in 1962. Re-elected in 1964. Re-elected in 1966. Re-elected in 1968. Re-elected in 1970. Re-elected in 1972. Re-elected in 1974. Re-elected in 1976. Retired. | 1973-1983 [data missing] |
| Earl Hutto (Pensacola) | Democratic | January 3, 1979 – January 3, 1995 | 96th 97th 98th 99th 100th 101st 102nd 103rd | Elected in 1978. Re-elected in 1980. Re-elected in 1982. Re-elected in 1984. Re-elected in 1986. Re-elected in 1988. Re-elected in 1990. Re-elected in 1992. Retired. | 1973-1983 [data missing] |
| Earl Hutto (Pensacola) | Democratic | January 3, 1979 – January 3, 1995 | 96th 97th 98th 99th 100th 101st 102nd 103rd | Elected in 1978. Re-elected in 1980. Re-elected in 1982. Re-elected in 1984. Re-elected in 1986. Re-elected in 1988. Re-elected in 1990. Re-elected in 1992. Retired. | 1983-1993 [data missing] |
| Earl Hutto (Pensacola) | Democratic | January 3, 1979 – January 3, 1995 | 96th 97th 98th 99th 100th 101st 102nd 103rd | Elected in 1978. Re-elected in 1980. Re-elected in 1982. Re-elected in 1984. Re-elected in 1986. Re-elected in 1988. Re-elected in 1990. Re-elected in 1992. Retired. | 1993-2003 [data missing] |
| Joe Scarborough (Pensacola) | Republican | January 3, 1995 – September 5, 2001 | 104th 105th 106th 107th | Elected in 1994. Re-elected in 1996. Re-elected in 1998. Re-elected in 2000. Resigned. | 1993-2003 [data missing] |
| Vacant | Vacant | September 5, 2001 – October 16, 2001 | 107th | | 1993-2003 [data missing] |
| Jeff Miller (Chumuckla) | Republican | October 16, 2001 – January 3, 2017 | 107th 108th 109th 110th 111th 112th 113th 114th | Elected to finish Scarborough's term. Re-elected in 2002. Re-elected in 2004. Re-elected in 2006. Re-elected in 2008. Re-elected in 2010. Re-elected in 2012. Re-elected in 2014. Retired. | 1993-2003 [data missing] |
| Jeff Miller (Chumuckla) | Republican | October 16, 2001 – January 3, 2017 | 107th 108th 109th 110th 111th 112th 113th 114th | Elected to finish Scarborough's term. Re-elected in 2002. Re-elected in 2004. Re-elected in 2006. Re-elected in 2008. Re-elected in 2010. Re-elected in 2012. Re-elected in 2014. Retired. | 2003-2013 |
| Jeff Miller (Chumuckla) | Republican | October 16, 2001 – January 3, 2017 | 107th 108th 109th 110th 111th 112th 113th 114th | Elected to finish Scarborough's term. Re-elected in 2002. Re-elected in 2004. Re-elected in 2006. Re-elected in 2008. Re-elected in 2010. Re-elected in 2012. Re-elected in 2014. Retired. | 2013–2023 |
| Matt Gaetz (Niceville) | Republican | January 3, 2017 – November 13, 2024 | 115th 116th 117th 118th | Elected in 2016. Re-elected in 2018. Re-elected in 2020. Re-elected in 2022. Re-elected in 2024, but resigned in expectation of nomination as US Attorney General. | 2013–2023 |
| Matt Gaetz (Niceville) | Republican | January 3, 2017 – November 13, 2024 | 115th 116th 117th 118th | Elected in 2016. Re-elected in 2018. Re-elected in 2020. Re-elected in 2022. Re-elected in 2024, but resigned in expectation of nomination as US Attorney General. | 2023–present |
| Vacant | Vacant | November 13, 2024 – present | 118th 119th | Gaetz withdrew from consideration as Attorney General but declined to be seated. | 2023–present |

## Recent election results
### 2001 (special)

Florida's 1st congressional district special election, 2001 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Republican | Jeff Miller | 53,547 | 65.68 |
| | Democratic | Steve Briese | 22,695 | 27.99 |
| | Independent | John G. Ralls Jr. | 5,115 | 6.31 |
| | Write-ins | | 14 | 0.02 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 81,071 | 100.00 |
| | Republican hold | Republican hold | Republican hold | Republican hold |

### 2002

Florida's 1st Congressional District election (2002) :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Republican | Jeff Miller (incumbent) | 152,635 | 75% |
| | Democratic | Bert Oram | 51,972 | 25% |
| | No party | Others | 19 | 0.01 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 204,626 | 100% |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | | |
| | Republican hold | Republican hold | Republican hold | Republican hold |

### 2004

Florida's 1st Congressional District election (2004) :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Republican | Jeff Miller (incumbent) | 236,604 | 77% |
| | Democratic | Mark S. Coutu | 72,506 | 23% |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 309,110 | 100% |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | | |
| | Republican hold | Republican hold | Republican hold | Republican hold |

### 2006

Florida's 1st Congressional District election (2006) :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Republican | Jeff Miller (incumbent) | 135,786 | 69% |
| | No party | Joe Roberts | 62,340 | 31% |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 198,126 | 100% |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | | |
| | Republican hold | Republican hold | Republican hold | Republican hold |

### 2008

Florida's 1st Congressional District election (2008) :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Republican | Jeff Miller (incumbent) | 232,559 | 70% |
| | Democratic | James E. Bryan | 98,797 | 30% |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 331,356 | 100% |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | | |
| | Republican hold | Republican hold | Republican hold | Republican hold |

### 2010

Florida's 1st Congressional District election (2010) :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Republican | Jeff Miller (incumbent) | 170,821 | 80% |
| | Independent | Joe Cantrell | 23,250 | 11% |
| | Independent | John E. Krause | 18,253 | 9% |
| | No party | Others | 1,202 | 0.56% |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 213,526 | 100% |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | | |
| | Republican hold | Republican hold | Republican hold | Republican hold |

### 2012

Florida's 1st Congressional District election (2012) :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Republican | Jeff Miller (incumbent) | 238,440 | 70% |
| | Democratic | James E. Bryan | 92,961 | 27% |
| | Libertarian | Calen Fretts | 11,176 | 3% |
| | No party | William Cleave Drummond II | 17 | 0.0% |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 342,594 | 100% |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | | |
| | Republican hold | Republican hold | Republican hold | Republican hold |

### 2014

Florida's 1st Congressional District election (2014) :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Republican | Jeff Miller (incumbent) | 165,086 | 70% |
| | Democratic | James E. Bryan | 54,976 | 23% |
| | No party | Mark Wichern | 15,281 | 7% |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 235,343 | 100% |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | | |
| | Republican hold | Republican hold | Republican hold | Republican hold |

### 2016

Florida's 1st Congressional District election (2016) :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Republican | Matt Gaetz | 255,107 | 69% |
| | Democratic | Steven Specht | 114,079 | 31% |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 369,186 | 100% |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | | |
| | Republican hold | Republican hold | Republican hold | Republican hold |

### 2018

Florida's 1st Congressional District election (2018) :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Republican | Matt Gaetz (incumbent) | 216,189 | 67.06% |
| | Democratic | Jennifer M. Zimmerman | 106,199 | 32.94% |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 322,388 | 100% |
| | Republican hold | Republican hold | Republican hold | Republican hold |

### 2020

2020 United States House of Representatives elections in Florida :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Republican | Matt Gaetz (incumbent) | 283,352 | 64.61% |
| | Democratic | Phil Ehr | 149,172 | 34.01% |
| | Independent | Albert Oram | 6,038 | 1.38% |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 438,532 | 100.0 |
| | Republican hold | Republican hold | Republican hold | Republican hold |

### 2022

2022 United States House of Representatives elections in Florida :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Republican | Matt Gaetz (incumbent) | 197,349 | 67.86% |
| | Democratic | Rebekah Jones | 93,467 | 32.13% |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 290,816 | 100.0 |
| | Republican hold | Republican hold | Republican hold | Republican hold |

### 2024

2024 United States House of Representatives elections in Florida :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Republican | Matt Gaetz (incumbent) | 274,023 | 66.00% |
| | Democratic | Gay Valimont | 140,881 | 34.0% |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 414,904 | 100.0 |
| | Republican hold | Republican hold | Republican hold | Republican hold |