# Gold Dagger

The CWA Gold Dagger is an award given annually by the Crime Writers' Association of the United Kingdom since 1960 for the best crime novel of the year.
From 1955 to 1959, the organization named their top honor as the Crossed Red Herring Award. From 1995 to 2002 the award acquired sponsorship from Macallan and was known as the Macallan Gold Dagger.
In 2006, because of new sponsorship from the Duncan Lawrie Bank, the award was officially renamed as the Duncan Lawrie Dagger, and gained a prize fund of £20,000. It was the biggest crime-fiction award in the world in monetary terms. In 2008, Duncan Lawrie Bank withdrew its sponsorship of the awards. As a result, the top prize is again called the Gold Dagger without a monetary award.
From 1969 to 2005, a Silver Dagger was awarded to the runner-up. When Duncan Lawrie acquired sponsorship, this award was dropped. After the sponsorship was withdrawn, this award was not reinstated.
Since its inception, the award has been given to 57 writers. Ruth Rendell has won the award a record four times, including two awards for the novels A Fatal Inversion and King Solomon's Carpet, published under the pseudonym Barbara Vine; this makes her the only writer who has won the award under different names. Rendell and James Lee Burke were nominated a record five times, and they were surpassed only by Mick Herron with six. Abir Mukherjee is the most nominated author in this category without a single win (4 nominations).
The Crime Writers' Association also awards the CWA Gold Dagger for Non-Fiction and several other "Dagger" awards.

## Winners

Winners and, where known, shortlisted titles for each year:

### 1950s

| Year | Author | Work |
| Crossed Red Herring Award |||
| 1955 | Winston Graham ‡ | The Little Walls |
| 1955 | Lee Howard | Blind Date |
| 1955 | Ngaio Marsh | Scales of Justice |
| 1955 | Margot Bennett | The Man Who Didn't Fly |
| 1956 | Edward Grierson ‡ | The Second Man |
| 1956 | Sarah Gainham | Time Right Deadly |
| 1956 | Arthur Upfield | Man of Two Tribes |
| 1956 | J. J. Marric | Gideon's Week |
| 1957 | Julian Symons ‡ | The Colour of Murder |
| 1957 | Ngaio Marsh | Off with His Head |
| 1957 | George Milner | Your Money or Your Life |
| 1957 | Douglas Rutherford | The Long Echo |
| 1958 | Margot Bennett ‡ | Someone from the Past |
| 1958 | Margery Allingham | Hide My Eyes |
| 1958 | James Byrom | Or Be He Dead |
| 1958 | John Sherwood | Undiplomatic Exit |
| 1959 | Eric Ambler ‡ | Passage of Arms |
| 1959 | James Mitchell | A Way Back |
| 1959 | Menna Gallie | Strike for a Kingdom |

### 1960s

| Year | Author | Work |
| Gold Dagger |||
| 1960 | Lionel Davidson ‡ | The Night of Wenceslas |
| 1960 | Mary Stewart | My Brother Michael |
| 1960 | Julian Symons | The Progress of a Crime |
| 1961 | Mary Kelly ‡ | The Spoilt Kill |
| 1961 | John le Carré | Call for the Dead |
| 1961 | Allan Prior | One Way |
| 1962 | Joan Fleming ‡ | When I Grow Rich |
| 1962 | Eric Ambler | The Light of Day |
| 1962 | Colin Watson | Hopjoy Was Here |
| 1963 | John le Carré ‡ | The Spy Who Came in from the Cold |
| 1963 | Nicolas Freeling | Gun Before Butter |
| 1963 | William Haggard | The High Wire |
| 1964 | H. R. F. Keating ‡ | The Perfect Murder |
| 1964 | Gavin Lyall | The Most Dangerous Game |
| 1964 | Ross Macdonald | The Chill |
| 1964 | Patricia Highsmith | The Two Faces of January |
| 1965 | Ross Macdonald ‡ | The Far Side of the Dollar |
| 1965 | Dick Francis | For Kicks |
| 1965 | Emma Lathen | Accounting for Murder |
| 1965 | Gavin Lyall | Midnight Plus One |
| 1966 | Lionel Davidson ‡ | A Long Way to Shiloh |
| 1966 | John Bingham | The Double Agent |
| 1966 | John Ball | In the Heat of the Night |
| 1967 | Emma Lathen ‡ | Murder Against the Grain |
| 1967 | Colin Watson | Lonely Heart 4122 |
| 1967 | Eric Ambler | Dirty Story |
| 1968 | Peter Dickinson ‡ | Skin Deep |
| 1968 | Nicholas Blake | The Private Wound |
| 1968 | Sébastien Japrisot | The Lady in the Car with Glasses and a Gun |
| 1969 | Peter Dickinson ‡ | A Pride of Heroes |
| 1969 | Francis Clifford | Another Way of Dying |
| 1969 | Rex Stout | The Father Hunt |

### 1970s

| Year | Author | Work |
| 1970 | Joan Fleming ‡ | Young Man I Think You're Dying |
| 1970 | Anthony Price | The Labyrinth Makers |
| 1971 | James H. McClure ‡ | The Steam Pig |
| 1971 | P. D. James | Shroud for a Nightingale |
| 1972 | Eric Ambler ‡ | The Levanter |
| 1972 | Victor Canning | The Rainbird Pattern |
| 1973 | Robert Littell ‡ | The Defection of A.J. Lewinter |
| 1973 | Gwendoline Butler | A Coffin for Pandora |
| 1974 | Anthony Price ‡ | Other Paths to Glory |
| 1974 | Francis Clifford | The Grosvenor Square Goodbye |
| 1975 | Nicholas Meyer ‡ | The Seven-Per-Cent Solution |
| 1975 | P. D. James | The Black Tower |
| 1976 | Ruth Rendell ‡ | A Demon in My View |
| 1976 | James H. McClure | Rogue Eagle |
| 1977 | John le Carré ‡ | The Honourable Schoolboy |
| 1977 | William McIlvanney | Laidlaw |
| 1978 | Lionel Davidson ‡ | The Chelsea Murders |
| 1978 | Peter Lovesey | Waxwork |
| 1979 | Dick Francis ‡ | Whip Hand |
| 1979 | Colin Dexter | Service of All the Dead |

### 1980s

| Year | Author | Work |
| 1980 | H. R. F. Keating ‡ | The Murder of the Maharaja |
| 1980 | Ellis Peters | Monk's Hood |
| 1981 | Martin Cruz Smith ‡ | Gorky Park |
| 1981 | Colin Dexter | The Dead of Jericho |
| 1982 | Peter Lovesey ‡ | The False Inspector Dew |
| 1982 | S. T. Haymon | Ritual Murder |
| 1983 | John Hutton ‡ | Accidental Crimes |
| 1983 | William McIlvanney | The Papers of Tony Vietch |
| 1984 | B. M. Gill ‡ | The Twelfth Juror |
| 1984 | Ruth Rendell | The Tree of Hands |
| 1985 | Paula Gosling ‡ | Monkey Puzzle |
| 1985 | Dorothy Simpson | Last Seen Alive |
| 1985 | Andrew Taylor | Our Father's Lies |
| 1985 | Jill Paton Walsh | A Piece of Justice |
| 1986 | Ruth Rendell ‡ | Live Flesh |
| 1986 | P. D. James | A Taste for Death |
| 1987 | Barbara Vine ‡ | A Fatal Inversion |
| 1987 | Scott Turow | Presumed Innocent |
| 1987 | Liza Cody | Under Contract |
| 1988 | Michael Dibdin ‡ | Ratking |
| 1988 | Sara Paretsky | Toxic Shock |
| 1989 | Colin Dexter ‡ | The Wench Is Dead |
| 1989 | Desmond Lowden | The Shadow Run |

### 1990s

| Year | Author | Work |
| 1990 | Reginald Hill ‡ | Bones and Silence |
| 1990 | Mike Phillips | The Late Candidate |
| 1990 | John Harvey | Rough Treatment |
| 1991 | Barbara Vine ‡ | King Solomon's Carpet |
| 1991 | Frances Fyfield | Deep Sleep |
| 1991 | Janet Neel | Death of a Partner |
| 1991 | Michael Dibdin | Dirty Tricks |
| 1992 | Colin Dexter ‡ | The Way Through the Woods |
| 1992 | Liza Cody | Bucket Nut |
| 1993 | Patricia Cornwell ‡ | Cruel and Unusual |
| 1993 | Sarah Dunant | Fatlands |
| 1993 | Robert Richardson | The Hand of Strange Children |
| 1993 | Janet Neel | Death Among the Dons |
| 1994 | Minette Walters ‡ | The Scold's Bridle |
| 1994 | Peter Høeg | Miss Smilla's Feeling for Snow |
| 1994 | Val McDermid | Crack Down |
| 1994 | Sara Paretsky | Tunnel Vision |
| 1995 | Val McDermid ‡ | The Mermaids Singing |
| 1995 | Peter Lovesey | The Summons |
| 1995 | Elizabeth Ironside | Death in the Garden |
| 1995 | Minette Walters | The Dark Room |
| 1996 | Ben Elton ‡ | Popcorn |
| 1996 | Peter Lovesey | Bloodhounds |
| 1996 | Jessica Mann | A Private Enquiry |
| 1997 | Ian Rankin ‡ | Black and Blue |
| 1997 | Janet Evanovich | Three to Get Deadly |
| 1997 | Frank Lean | The Reluctant Investigator |
| 1998 | James Lee Burke ‡ | Sunset Limited |
| 1998 | Nicholas Blincoe | Manchester Slingback |
| 1998 | Michael Dibdin | A Long Finish |
| 1998 | Geoffrey Archer | Fire Hawk |
| 1998 | Reginald Hill | On Beulah Height |
| 1998 | George Pelecanos | King Suckerman |
| 1999 | Robert Wilson ‡ | A Small Death in Lisbon |
| 1999 | Adrian Mathews | Vienna Blood |
| 1999 | Val McDermid | A Place of Execution |
| 1999 | Ian Rankin | Dead Souls |
| 1999 | Michael Connelly | Angels Flight |
| 1999 | Denise Danks | Phreak |
| 1999 | Frances Fyfield | Staring at the Light |

### 2000s

| Year | Author | Work |
| 2000 | Jonathan Lethem ‡ | Motherless Brooklyn |
| 2000 | Donna Leon | Friends in High Places |
| 2000 | James Lee Burke | Purple Cane Road |
| 2000 | Eliot Pattison | The Skull Mantra |
| 2000 | Lucy Wadham | Lost |
| 2000 | Martin Cruz Smith | Havana Bay |
| 2001 | Henning Mankell ‡ | Sidetracked |
| 2001 | Giles Blunt | Forty Words for Sorrow |
| 2001 | Stephen Booth | Dancing with the Virgins |
| 2001 | Denise Danks | Baby Love |
| 2001 | George Pelecanos | Right as Rain |
| 2001 | Scott Phillips | The Ice Harvest |
| 2002 | José Carlos Somoza ‡ | The Athenian Murders |
| 2002 | James Crumley | The Final Country |
| 2002 | Mark Billingham | Scaredy Cat |
| 2002 | James Lee Burke | Jolie Blon's Bounce |
| 2002 | Michael Connelly | City of Bones |
| 2002 | Minette Walters | Acid Row |
| 2003 | Minette Walters ‡ | Fox Evil |
| 2003 | Morag Joss | Half-Broken Things |
| 2003 | Boris Akunin | The Winter Queen |
| 2003 | Robert Littell | The Company |
| 2003 | Carlo Lucarelli | Almost Blue |
| 2003 | Robert Wilson | The Blind Man of Seville |
| 2004 | Sara Paretsky ‡ | Blacklist |
| 2004 | John Harvey | Flesh and Blood |
| 2004 | Mo Hayder | Tokyo |
| 2004 | Val McDermid | The Torment of Others |
| 2004 | James W. Nichol | Midnight Cab |
| 2004 | Laura Wilson | The Lover |
| 2005 | Arnaldur Indriðason ‡ | Silence of the Grave |
| 2005 | Barbara Nadel | Deadly Web |
| 2005 | Karin Fossum | Calling Out for You |
| 2005 | Friedrich Glauser | In Matto's Realm |
| 2005 | Carl Hiaasen | Skinny Dip |
| 2005 | Fred Vargas | Seeking Whom He May Devour |
| Duncan Lawrie Dagger |||
| 2006 | Ann Cleeves ‡ | Raven Black |
| 2006 | Simon Beckett | The Chemistry of Death |
| 2006 | Thomas H. Cook | Red Leaves |
| 2006 | Frances Fyfield | Safer Than Houses |
| 2006 | Bill James | Wolves of Memory |
| 2006 | Laura Wilson | A Thousand Lies |
| 2007 | Peter Temple ‡ | The Broken Shore |
| 2007 | Giles Blunt | The Fields of Grief |
| 2007 | James Lee Burke | Pegasus Descending |
| 2007 | Gillian Flynn | Sharp Objects |
| 2007 | Craig Russell | Brother Grimm |
| 2007 | C. J. Sansom | Sovereign |
| 2008 | Frances Fyfield ‡ | Blood from Stone |
| 2008 | James Lee Burke | The Tin Roof Blowdown |
| 2008 | Colin Cotterill | The Coroner's Lunch |
| 2008 | Steve Hamilton | Night Work |
| 2008 | Laura Lippman | What the Dead Know |
| 2008 | R. N. Morris | A Vengeful Longing |
| Gold Dagger |||
| 2009 | William Brodrick ‡ | A Whispered Name |
| 2009 | Kate Atkinson | When Will There Be Good News? |
| 2009 | Mark Billingham | In the Dark |
| 2009 | Lawrence Block | Hit and Run |
| 2009 | M. R. Hall | The Coroner |
| 2009 | Gene Kerrigan | Dark Times in the City |

### 2010s

| Year | Author | Work |
| 2010 | Belinda Bauer ‡ | Blacklands |
| 2010 | S. J. Bolton | Blood Harvest |
| 2010 | George Pelecanos | The Way Home |
| 2010 | Karen Campbell | Shadowplay |
| 2011 | Tom Franklin ‡ | Crooked Letter, Crooked Letter |
| 2011 | Steve Hamilton | The Lock Artist |
| 2011 | A. D. Miller | Snowdrops |
| 2011 | Denise Mina | The End of the Wasp Season |
| 2012 | Gene Kerrigan ‡ | The Rage |
| 2012 | N. J. Cooper | Vengeance in Mind |
| 2012 | M. R. Hall | The Flight |
| 2012 | Chris Womersley | Bereft |
| 2013 | Mick Herron ‡ | Dead Lions |
| 2013 | Belinda Bauer | Rubbernecker |
| 2013 | Lauren Beukes | The Shining Girls |
| 2013 | Becky Masterman | Rage Against the Dying |
| 2014 | Wiley Cash ‡ | This Dark Road to Mercy |
| 2014 | Paula Daly | Keep Your Friends Close |
| 2014 | Paul Mendelson | The First Rule of Survival |
| 2014 | Louise Penny | How the Light Gets In |
| 2015 | Michael Robotham ‡ | Life or Death |
| 2015 | Belinda Bauer | The Shut Eye |
| 2015 | James Carlos Blake | The Rules of Wolfe |
| 2015 | Robert Galbraith | The Silkworm |
| 2015 | Sam Hawken | Missing |
| 2015 | Stephen King | Mr. Mercedes |
| 2015 | Attica Locke | Pleasantville |
| 2016 | Bill Beverly ‡ | Dodgers |
| 2016 | Chris Brookmyre | Black Widow |
| 2016 | Denise Mina | Blood Salt Water |
| 2016 | Mick Herron | Real Tigers |
| 2017 | Jane Harper ‡ | The Dry |
| 2017 | Belinda Bauer | The Beautiful Dead |
| 2017 | Ray Celestin | Dead Man's Blues |
| 2017 | Mick Herron | Spook Street |
| 2017 | Derek B. Miller | The Girl in Green |
| 2017 | Abir Mukherjee | A Rising Man |
| 2018 | Steve Cavanagh ‡ | The Liar |
| 2018 | Mick Herron | London Rules |
| 2018 | Dennis Lehane | Since We Fell |
| 2018 | Attica Locke | Bluebird, Bluebird |
| 2018 | Abir Mukherjee | A Necessary Evil |
| 2018 | Emma Viskic | Resurrection Bay |
| 2019 | M. W. Craven ‡ | The Puppet Show |
| 2019 | Claire Askew | All the Hidden Truths |
| 2019 | Christobel Kent | What We Did |
| 2019 | Donna Leon | Unto Us a Son Is Given |
| 2019 | Derek B. Miller | American by Day |
| 2019 | Benjamin Wood | A Station on the Path to Somewhere Better |

### 2020s

| Year | Author | Work |
| 2020 | Michael Robotham ‡ | Good Girl Bad Girl |
| 2020 | Claire Askew | What You Pay For |
| 2020 | Lou Berney | November Road |
| 2020 | John Fairfax | Forced Confessions |
| 2020 | Mick Herron | Joe Country |
| 2020 | Abir Mukherjee | Death in the East |
| 2021 | Chris Whitaker ‡ | We Begin at the End |
| 2021 | S. A. Cosby | Blacktop Wasteland |
| 2021 | Ben Creed | City of Ghosts |
| 2021 | Nicci French | House of Correction |
| 2021 | Robert Galbraith | Troubled Blood |
| 2021 | Elly Griffiths | The Postscript Murders |
| 2021 | Thomas Mullen | Midnight Atlanta |
| 2022 | Ray Celestin ‡ | Sunset Swing |
| 2022 | Jacqueline Bublitz | Before You Knew My Name |
| 2022 | S. A. Cosby | Razorblade Tears |
| 2022 | John Hart | The Unwilling |
| 2022 | Abir Mukherjee | The Shadows of Men |
| 2022 | William Shaw | The Trawlerman |
| 2023 | George Dawes Green ‡ | The Kingdoms of Savannah |
| 2023 | Vaseem Khan | The Lost Man of Bombay |
| 2023 | Simon Mason | A Killing in November |
| 2023 | Anna Mazzola | The Clockwork Girl |
| 2023 | WC Ryan | The Winter Guest |
| 2023 | Simon Van der Velde | The Silent Brother |
| 2024 | Una Mannion ‡ | Tell Me What I Am |
| 2024 | Nilanjana Roy | Black River |
| 2024 | Jesse Sutanto | Vera Wong’s Unsolicited Advice for Murderers |
| 2024 | Maz Evans | Over My Dead Body |
| 2024 | Mick Herron | The Secret Hours |
| 2024 | Dennis Lehane | Small Mercies |

## Multiple awards and nominations
### Gold Dagger

| Wins | Author | Nominations |
| 4 | Ruth Rendell | 5 |
| 2 | Eric Ambler | 4 |
| 2 | Colin Dexter | 4 |
| 2 | Minette Walters | 4 |
| 2 | John le Carré | 3 |
| 2 | Lionel Davidson | 2 |
| 2 | Peter Dickinson | 2 |
| 2 | Joan Fleming | 2 |
| 2 | H. R. F. Keating | 2 |
| 2 | Michael Robotham | 2 |
| Nominations | Author |
| 6 | Mick Herron |
| 5 | James Lee Burke |
| 5 | Ruth Rendell |
| 4 | Eric Ambler |
| 4 | Belinda Bauer |
| 4 | Colin Dexter |
| 4 | Frances Fyfield |
| 4 | Peter Lovesey |
| 4 | Val McDermid |
| 4 | Abir Mukherjee |
| 4 | Minette Walters |
| 3 | John le Carré |
| 3 | Michael Dibdin |
| 3 | P. D. James |
| 3 | Sara Paretsky |
| 3 | George Pelecanos |
| 2 | Claire Askew |
| 2 | Margot Bennett |
| 2 | Mark Billingham |
| 2 | Francis Clifford |
| 2 | Liza Cody |
| 2 | Michael Connelly |
| 2 | S. A. Cosby |
| 2 | Denise Danks |
| 2 | Lionel Davidson |
| 2 | Peter Dickinson |
| 2 | Joan Fleming |
| 2 | Dick Francis |
| 2 | Robert Galbraith |
| 2 | M. R. Hall |
| 2 | Steve Hamilton |
| 2 | Reginald Hill |
| 2 | H. R. F. Keating |
| 2 | Emma Lathen |
| 2 | Donna Leon |
| 2 | Gavin Lyall |
| 2 | Ross Macdonald |
| 2 | Ngaio Marsh |
| 2 | James H. McClure |
| 2 | William McIlvanney |
| 2 | Derek B. Miller |
| 2 | Denise Mina |
| 2 | Janet Neel |
| 2 | Anthony Price |
| 2 | Ian Rankin |
| 2 | Michael Robotham |
| 2 | Martin Cruz Smith |
| 2 | Julian Symons |
| 2 | Colin Watson |
| 2 | Laura Wilson |
| 2 | Robert Wilson |

### Silver Dagger

| Wins | Author | Nominations |
| 3 | Peter Lovesey | 4 |
| 3 | P. D. James | 3 |
| 2 | Colin Dexter | 4 |
| 2 | Francis Clifford | 2 |
| 2 | William McIlvanney | 2 |

### Gold and Silver Daggers wins

The following individuals received both Gold and Silver Dagger awards:
* Colin Dexter
* James H. McClure
* Sara Paretsky
* Anthony Price
* Peter Lovesey
* Ruth Rendell

## Records

* Ngaio Marsh was the first writer to receive more than one nomination.
* Ross Macdonald was the first writer to receive two consecutive nominations
* Peter Dickinson is the first writer to receive two Gold Daggers. He and Ruth Rendell are the only ones to win in this category two years in a row.
* Joan Fleming is the first female to win two awards.
* Anthony Price is the first writer to win both the Gold and Silver Daggers.
* P.D. James and Peter Lovesey win a record three Silver Daggers. James also won the most Silver Daggers as the author who never won a Gold Dagger.
* Colin Dexter is the only writer to win both two Silver and two Gold Daggers.
* Ruth Rendell has won the Gold Dagger a record four times. She is also the only one to win the award under different names.
* Mick Herron have the most nominations with 6.
* Mick Herron has the most consecutive nominations (3).
* Abir Mukherjee has the most nominations without a win (4).