OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Pasadena City Board of Education v. Spangler

Pasadena City Board of Education v. Spangler, 427 U.S. 424 (1976), was a United States Supreme Court case.

## Parties and litigants

Phil C. Neal argued the cause for petitioners; with him on the briefs were Lee G. Paul, Peter D. Collisson, Robert G. Lane, Philip B. Kurland, and Alan L. Unikel.
Fred Okrand argued the cause and filed a brief for respondents Spangler et al. Solicitor General Bork argued the cause for the United States. With him on the brief were Assistant Attorney General Pottinger, Deputy Solicitor General Wallace, and Brian K. Landsberg.
Raymond B. Witt, Jr., filed a brief for the Board of Education of Chattanooga, Tenn., as amicus curiae. [427 U.S. 424, 427]
# Michael Bavaro

Michael Bavaro is an American filmmaker.
In 2010 Bavaro made a one-hour documentary film about the original Filene's Basement in Boston titled, "Voices from the Basement." It premiered on May 10, 2010 in the rooftop ballroom of the Omni Parker House in Boston..
   Filmmaker Michael Bavaro was one of those kids who watched Rex Trailer on TV, thought it was real and never forgot the memory of its magic. "I grew up in Milford, Massachusetts and Boomtown was one of my first memories," he recalls. "I really believed it was the Wild West." He credits the show with sparking his interest in film and television.
# ʻŌmaʻo, Hawaii

ʻŌmaʻo (literally, "green" in Hawaiian) is a census-designated place (CDP) in Kauaʻi County, Hawaiʻi, United States. The population was 1,346 at the 2020 census.

## Geography

ʻŌmaʻo is located on the south side of the island of Kauai at 21°55′11″N 159°28′54″W﻿ / ﻿21.91972°N 159.48167°W﻿ / 21.91972; -159.48167 (21.919852, -159.481689). It is bordered to the west by Lawai and to the southeast by Koloa. Hawaii Route 50 passes through the north side of the community, leading northeast 9 miles (14 km) to Lihue and west 8 miles (13 km) to Hanapepe.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the Omao CDP has a total area of 1.3 square miles (3.3 km$^2$), of which 0.02 square miles (0.05 km$^2$), or 1.43%, are water.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,221 people, 392 households, and 297 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 1,018.9 inhabitants per square mile (393.4/km$^2$). There were 422 housing units at an average density of 352.1 per square mile (135.9/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the CDP was 39.6% White, 0.2% African American, 0.9% Native American, 28.5% Asian, 5.7% Pacific Islander, 1.3% from other races, and 23.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 12.9% of the population.
There were 392 households, out of which 38.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.7% were married couples living together, 10.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.2% were non-families. 17.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.97 and the average family size was 3.36.
In the CDP the population was spread out, with 26.2% under the age of 18, 6.2% from 18 to 24, 29.1% from 25 to 44, 23.6% from 45 to 64, and 14.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 104.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.3 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $53,750, and the median income for a family was $61,042. Males had a median income of $30,300 versus $27,647 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $20,175. About 6.0% of families and 10.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.0% of those under age 18 and 20.0% of those age 65 or over.
# Rodney Glasgow Jr.

Rodney Glasgow Jr. (born 23 October 1992) is an American-British basketball player for the Sheffield Sharks of the British Basketball League (BBL). After graduating from the Virginia Military Institute, he went on to play professionally in Europe.

## College career

Glasgow Jr. played college basketball with the Virginia Military Institute Keydets. During his senior year, he averaged 18.8 points, 4.1 rebounds and 5.8 assists per game.

## Playing career

Glasgow's first professional stop was with the BBC Monthey in the Swiss Basketball League where he averaged 15.2 points and 4.7 assists per game. The following season he appeared in 19 games for Leuven Bears in the Belgian Pro Basketball League, averaging 11.1 points and 2.5 assists.
From 2017 to 2019, Glasgow Jr. played for BC Prievidza in the Slovak Basketball League.
In 2019, Glasgow Jr. signed with Newcastle Eagles of the British Basketball League. On 15 March 2020, he helped the Eagles win the BBL Trophy after beating Solent Kestrels in the cup final.
In August 2020, Glasgow Jr. signed with Úrvalsdeild karla club Njarðvík. For the season he averaged 13.0 points and team leading 5.2 assists per game, helping Njarðvík rallying at the season end, winning their last three games and staving off relegation.

## Personal life

Glasgow's father is from the British Virgin Islands.
# 2008 St. Louis Film Critics Association Awards

5th SLGFCA Awards
December 15, 2008
Best Film:
The Curious Case of Benjamin Button
Best Director:
Danny Boyle Slumdog Millionaire
The 5th St. Louis Film Critics Association Awards were awarded on December 15, 2008.

## Winners and nominees
### Best Actor

* Sean Penn – Milk as Harvey Milk
** Frank Langella – Frost/Nixon
** Richard Jenkins – The Visitor
** Mickey Rourke – The Wrestler
** Leonardo DiCaprio – Revolutionary Road

### Best Actress

* Kate Winslet – Revolutionary Road as April Wheeler and The Reader as Hanna Schmidtz
** Angelina Jolie – Changeling
** Cate Blanchett – The Curious Case of Benjamin Button
** Anne Hathaway – Rachel Getting Married

### Best Animated Film

* WALL-E
** Kung Fu Panda
** Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa
** Bolt
** Chicago 10
** Waltz With Bashir

### Best cinematography

* Australia – Mandy Walker
** The Curious Case of Benjamin Button – Claudio Miranda
** The Dark Knight – Wally Pfister
** Revolutionary Road – Roger Deakins
** Slumdog Millionaire – Anthony Dod Mantle
** Milk – Harris Savides

### Best Director

* Danny Boyle – Slumdog Millionaire
** Ron Howard – Frost/Nixon
** David Fincher – The Curious Case of BenjaminButton
** Gus Van Sant – Milk
** Christopher Nolan – The Dark Knight

### Best Documentary Film

* Man on Wire
** Body of War
** Pray the Devil Back to Hell
** Shine a Light
** Standard Operating Procedure

### Best Film

* The Curious Case of Benjamin Button
** Milk
** Slumdog Millionaire
** The Dark Knight
** Frost/Nixon

### Best Film – Comedy

* Burn After Reading
** Zack and Miri Make a Porno
** Tropic Thunder
** Forgetting Sarah Marshall
** Role Models

### Best Foreign Language Film

* Slumdog Millionaire • India/UK/United States
** Let the Right One In • Sweden
** The Class • France
** I've Loved You So Long • France
** Tell No One • France

### Best Music

* The Visitor
** Gran Torino
** WALL-E
** Cadillac Records
** The Dark Knight

### Best Screenplay

* Frost/Nixon – Peter Morgan
** The Curious Case of Benjamin Button – Eric Roth and Robin Swicord
** Gran Torino – Nick Schenk
** Slumdog Millionaire – Simon Beaufoy
** Milk – Dustin Lance Black

### Best Supporting Actor

* Heath Ledger – The Dark Knight as The Joker posthumous win
** Josh Brolin – Milk
** Robert Downey Jr. – Tropic Thunder
** Michael Shannon – Revolutionary Road
** Jeffrey Wright – Cadillac Records
** John Malkovich – Burn After Reading

### Best Supporting Actress

* Viola Davis – Doubt as Mrs. Miller
** Taraji P. Henson – The Curious Case of Benjamin Button
** Penélope Cruz – Vicky Cristina Barcelona
** Marisa Tomei – The Wrestler
** Frances McDormand – Burn After Reading
** Amy Adams – Doubt

### Best Visual Effects

* The Dark Knight
** The Curious Case of Benjamin Button
** Iron Man
** Speed Racer
** WALL-E
** Synecdoche, New York

### Most Original, Innovative or Creative Film

* The Curious Case of Benjamin Button
** Wall-E
** Speed Racer
** Waltz With Bashir
** Slumdog Millionaire
** Synecdoche, New York
# Maceral

A maceral is a component, organic in origin, of coal or oil shale. The term 'maceral' in reference to coal is analogous to the use of the term 'mineral' in reference to igneous or metamorphic rocks. Examples of macerals are inertinite, vitrinite, and liptinite.

## Inertinite

Inertinite is considered to be the equivalent of charcoal and degraded plant material. It is highly oxidised in nature and may be said to be burnt. A large portion of South Africa's coal reserves consist of inertinite.

## Vitrinite

Vitrinite is shiny, glass-like material that is considered to be composed of cellular plant material such as roots, bark, plant stems and tree trunks. Vitrinite macerals when observed under the microscope show a boxlike, cellular structure, often with oblong voids and cavities which are likely the remains of plant stems. This has a high calorific value (24 - 28 MJ/kg) and a large proportion of volatile matter (24 - 30%). It often occurs interbanded or interlaminated with inertinite and can be recognised as bright bands.

## Liptinite

Liptinite macerals are considered to be produced from decayed leaf matter, spores, pollen and algal matter. Resins and plant waxes can also be part of liptinite macerals. Liptinite macerals tend to retain their original plant form, i.e., they resemble plant fossils. These are hydrogen rich and have the highest calorific values of all coal macerals.
Macerals of liptinite are sporinite, cutinite, resinite, alginite (telalginite and lamalginite), liptodetrinite, fluorinite, and bituminite.

## Nature of macerals

Macerals are considered to be dehydrogenated plant fragments. Evidence for this includes remnant pollen spores, fossilised leaves, remnant cellular structure and similar. In rare cases, maceral and fossilised pollen can be found in terrestrial sedimentary rocks.
Maceral maturity can be estimated by vitrinite reflectance. This gives information on the carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen composition of the coal, and determines the type of coal: lignite, bituminous coal, or anthracite.
Macerals found in kerogen source rocks are often observed under the microscope to determine the kerogen maturity of the sedimentary formations. This is a vital component of oil and gas exploration.
Macerals are observed under the petrographic microscope under reflected light. Coal fragments must be extremely highly polished down to less than half a micrometre before they can be observed under the microscope.
# Michael Echeruo

Michael Joseph Chukwudalu Echeruo (born March 14, 1937) is a Nigerian academic, professor and literary critic from Umunumo, Ehime-Mbano LGA, Imo State in the southeastern region of Nigeria. He is the William Safire Professor of Modern Letters in the English Department at Syracuse University since 1990.

## Biography

Echeruo was educated at the University College, Ibadan, Oyo State (now the University of Ibadan) from 1955 to 1960 and was contemporaries with a few notable writers and poets from the college, such as Christopher Okigbo. He earned his Master's and Ph D degrees from Cornell University, Ithaca, New York in 1963 and 1965 respectively. There he was a member of the Telluride House. One of the most versatile of African critics, he has published on English Elizabethan and Jacobean Drama and on the modern English novel. Echeruo was primarily notable as a critic of western writers on Africa, as he viewed himself and his contemporaries as writers fighting for an African viewpoint instead of a western viewpoint on the continent. He is best known in poetry for his collection of poems, Mortality (1968); in cultural history for his pioneering study of Victorian Lagos and in lexicography for his Dictionary of the Igbo Language (Yale 1998). He is currently William Safire Professor of Modern Letters in the English Department of Syracuse University. He serves currently as a member of the Modern Language Association of America (MLA) Committee of the New variourum Shakespeare.

## Selected publications

* Victorian Lagos: aspects of nineteenth century Lagos life. Macmillan.
* Igbo-English Dictionary: A Comprehensive Dictionary of the Igbo Language with an English-Igbo Index.
* The dramatic limits of Igbo ritual. (1973) Research in African Literatures, 21-31.
* An African diaspora: The ontological project. The African Diaspora.
* Joyce Cary and the novel of Africa. London: Longman.
* Echeruo, M. J. (1979). A matter of identity. Culture Division, Ministry of Information, Culture, Youth & Sports.
* Echeruo, M. J. (1992). Edward W. Blyden, WEB Du Bois, and the ‘color complex’. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 30(4), 669-684.
* WEB Du Bois, and the ‘color complex’. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 30(4), 669-684.
* Echeruo, M. J. (1962). Concert and theatre in late nineteenth century Lagos. Nigeria Magazine, 74, 68-74.
* The intellectual context of nineteenth‐century Lagos life
* Traditional and borrowed elements in Nigerian Poetry. Nigeria Magazine, 89(1966), 142-155.
# Israel Frenkel

Israel Frenkel (Hebrew: ישראל פרענקעל; 18 September 1853 – 1890) was a Polish-Jewish Hebraist, translator, and educator.

## Biography

Frenkel was born in Radom, Poland in 1853. His mother, Neḥama née Potashnik, was a descendant of Yaakov Yitzḥak of Lublin, and his father, Shraga Frenkel, came from a scholarly Hasidic family.
He studied Talmudic literature under Rabbi Samuel Mohilever, at the same time studying Hebrew, German, and French. An early member of the Hibbat Zion movement, Frenkel became close friends with Mohilever, as well as with Haim Yehiel Bornstein [Wikidata] and Nahum Sokolow. he founded a Talmud Torah in Radom in 1882, which emphasized the study of both Judaic and secular subjects.
His translations into Hebrew include Gotthold Ephraim Lessing's drama Miss Sara Sampson, under the title Sara bat Shimshon (Warsaw, 1887); the songs in metric verse in David Radner's translation of Schiller's Wilhelm Tell (Vilna, 1878); and Stanisław Gabriel Kozłowski [Wikidata]'s drama Esterka, under the title Masʾa Ester (Warsaw, 1889), the heroine of which is Esterka, the mythical Jewish mistress of Casimir III the Great. Frenkel was also regular contributor to Ha-Tsfira, Ha-Shaḥar, Ha-Melitz, Ha-Maggid, and other Maskilic publications.
He died at age 37 during the 1889–1890 flu pandemic. His son Yechiel Frenkel would become a prominent writer and Zionist activist.

## Partial bibliography

* Kozłowski, Stanisław Gabriel (1889). "Masʾa Ester: ḥizayon be-shesh maʿarkhot yesodoto be-divrei ha-yamim me-et ha-sofer ha-polani Kozlovski" [Esther’s Burden: A spectacle in six acts, based on the history by the Polish writer Kozłowski]. Ha-Asif (in Hebrew). 5. Translated by Frenkel, Israel: 1–108.
* Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim (1887). Sara bat Shimshon [Miss Sara Sampson]. Translated by Frenkel, Israel. Warsaw.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
# Jorge Alberto del Río

Jorge Alberto del Río Salas (born 30 October 1918, date of death unknown) was an Argentine sailor. Born in Buenos Aires, he competed at four Olympics between 1948 and 1964.
Salas won silver at age 46 at the 1960 Olympics in the Mixed Three Person Keelboat (Dragon class), with Héctor Calegaris and his cousin Jorge Alberto Salas Chávez. His team had come fourth in the same event eight years earlier.
Salas is related to the Sieburger sailing clan by marriage. He married Marylin Sieburger – the daughter of Enrique Sieburger, Sr., sister of Carlos and Enrique Sieburger, Jr., cousin of Roberto Sieburger, and niece of Julio Sieburger. Their son Sandro del Río Sieburger is a national Cadet class sailing champion and marathon runner. Salas is deceased.
# Cosima Spender

Cosima Spender (born in Siena, Italy) is an Anglo-Italian film director, producer and writer who has worked in varying capacities on Dolce Vita Africana (2008 director and producer), Without Gorky (2011 director and writer) and Palio (2015 writer and director). Palio won the best documentary editing award at the 2015 Tribeca Film Festival.
Spender was born in Italy but moved to England when she was fourteen. She received a degree in Anthropology and Art History at the School of Oriental and African Studies. She then went on to enroll in the post-graduate documentary directing course at the National Film and Television School also in England.
Spender is married to and sometimes collaborates with the film editor Valerio Bonelli.
Her father, Matthew Spender, is son of the poet Stephen Spender and pianist Natasha Spender; her mother, Maro, is daughter of the Armenian artist Arshile Gorky.
# Jens Ludwig

Jens Ludwig (born 30 August 1977) is the lead guitarist and co-founder of the German power metal band Edguy. Jens has played nearly all the band's lead parts and guitar solos since their inception and is the only member of the current line-up other than Tobias Sammet to have any songwriting credits. He also contributed lead guitar work for Sammet's Avantasia side project, on both The Metal Opera and The Metal Opera Part II. In 2021, Ludwig and vocalist Nando Fernandes formed a new band, The Grandmaster. He has an endorsement with Gibson guitars, Marshall amplifiers, Ernie Ball - Strings Music Man (company), Vox (musical equipment) Amps, Shure mics & wireless equipment, Kemper Profiling Amps and others.

## Discography
### Avantasia

* The Metal Opera (2001)
* The Metal Opera Part II (2002)

### Morrigan

* Forgoden Art (1999)

### The Grandmaster

* Skywards (2021)
# Perez v. Campbell

Perez v. Campbell, 402 U.S. 637 (1971), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that Arizona's law suspending a driver's license was unconstitutional due to its conflict with the federal Bankruptcy Act under the Supremacy Clause of the Constitution.

## Background

The plaintiffs, Mr. Adolfo and Mrs. Emma Perez, were licensed uninsured motorists in the state of Arizona. Insurance was not required under Arizona law. Mr. Perez was involved in a traffic accident and, unable to pay the associated costs, soon filed for bankruptcy. Arizona, under its financial responsibility laws, withdrew the Perez' licenses, and the couple filed suit in district court, where their claim was denied. The Perez family's appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit was denied, and they subsequently appealed to the United States Supreme Court, which granted certiorari.

## Opinion of the Court

Justice White delivered the five-justice majority opinion, which held that the Motor Vehicle Safety Responsibility Act interfered with the purpose of the Bankruptcy Act § 17, a purpose which included giving those exiting bankruptcy the chance for a "clear field for future effort, unhampered by ... pre-existing debt."
This decision overruled precedent in Keeler v. Department of Public Safety, 269 US 153 (1962) and Reitz v. Mealey, 314 US 33 (1941), stating that those rulings "have no authoritative effect to the extent they are inconsistent with the controlling principle that state legislation that frustrates the full effectiveness of federal law is invalidated by the Supremacy Clause.", and was seen as reinforcing "the Hines test", the rule specified for identifying Supremacy Clause violations in Hines v. Davidowitz (1941).
Justice Blackmun, writing for a four-member minority, concurring in part and dissenting in part, would have upheld Keeler and Reitz, suggesting that the primary purpose of the Arizona law was not bankruptcy, but motorist responsibility.
# Itô–Nisio theorem

The Itô-Nisio theorem is a theorem from probability theory that characterizes convergence in Banach spaces. The theorem shows the equivalence of the different types of convergence for sums of independent and symmetric random variables in Banach spaces. The Itô-Nisio theorem leads to a generalization of Wiener's construction of the Brownian motion. The symmetry of the distribution in the theorem is needed in infinite spaces.
The theorem was proven by Japanese mathematicians Kiyoshi Itô and Makiko Nisio [d] in 1968.

## Statement

Let $(E,\|\cdot \|)$ be a real separable Banach space with the norm induced topology, we use the Borel σ-algebra and denote the dual space as $E^{*}$. Let $\langle z,S\rangle :=_{E^{*}}\langle z,S\rangle _{E}$ be the dual pairing and $i$ is the imaginary unit. Let
* $X_{1},\dots ,X_{n}$ be independent and symmetric $E$-valued random variables defined on the same probability space
* $S_{n}=\sum _{i=1}^{n}X_{n}$
* $\mu _{n}$ be the probability measure of $S_{n}$
* $S$ some $E$-valued random variable.
The following is equivalent$^{:40}$
* $S_{n}\to S$ converges almost surely.
* $S_{n}\to S$ converges in probability.
* $\mu _{n}$ converges to $\mu$ in the Lévy–Prokhorov metric.
* $\{\mu _{n}\}$ is uniformly tight.
* $\langle z,S_{n}\rangle \to \langle z,S\rangle$ in probability for every $z\in E^{*}$.
* There exist a probability measure $\mu$ on $E$ such that for every $z\in E^{*}$
       $\mathbb {E} [e^{i\langle z,S_{n}\rangle }]\to \int _{E}e^{i\langle z,x\rangle }\mu (\mathrm {d} x).$
Remarks: Since $E$ is separable point $3$ (i.e. convergence in the Lévy–Prokhorov metric) is the same as convergence in distribution $\mu _{n}\implies \mu$. If we remove the symmetric distribution condition:
* in a finite-dimensional setting equivalence is true for all except point $4$ (i.e. the uniform tighness of $\{\mu _{n}\}$),
* in an infinite-dimensional setting $1\iff 2\iff 3$ is true but $6\implies 3$ does not always hold.$^{:37}$

## Literature

* Pap, Gyula; Heyer, Herbert (2010). Structural Aspects in the Theory of Probability. Singapore: World Scientific. p. 79.