OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Penrose triangle

The Penrose triangle, also known as the Penrose tribar, the impossible tribar, or the impossible triangle, is a triangular impossible object, an optical illusion consisting of an object which can be depicted in a perspective drawing. It cannot exist as a solid object in ordinary three-dimensional Euclidean space, although its surface can be embedded isometrically (bent but not stretched) in five-dimensional Euclidean space. It was first created by the Swedish artist Oscar Reutersvärd in 1934. Independently from Reutersvärd, the triangle was devised and popularized in the 1950s by psychiatrist Lionel Penrose and his son, the mathematician and Nobel Prize laureate Roger Penrose, who described it as "impossibility in its purest form". It is featured prominently in the works of artist M. C. Escher, whose earlier depictions of impossible objects partly inspired it.

## Description

The tribar/triangle appears to be a solid object, made of three straight beams of square cross-section which meet pairwise at right angles at the vertices of the triangle they form. The beams may be broken, forming cubes or cuboids.
This combination of properties cannot be realized by any three-dimensional object in ordinary Euclidean space. Such an object can exist in certain Euclidean 3-manifolds. A surface with the same geodesic distances as the depicted surface of the tribar, but without its flat shape and right angles, are to be preserved, can also exist in 5-dimensional Euclidean space, which is the lowest-dimensional Euclidean space within which this surface can be isometrically embedded. There also exist three-dimensional solid shapes each of which, when viewed from a certain angle, appears the same as the 2-dimensional depiction of the Penrose triangle on this page (such as – for example – the adjacent image depicting a sculpture in Perth, Australia). The term "Penrose Triangle" can refer to the 2-dimensional depiction or the impossible object itself.
If a line is traced around the Penrose triangle, a 4-loop Möbius strip is formed.

## Depictions

M.C. Escher's lithograph Waterfall (1961) depicts a watercourse that flows in a zigzag along the long sides of two elongated Penrose triangles, so that it ends up two stories higher than it began. The resulting waterfall, forming the short sides of both triangles, drives a water wheel. Escher points out that in order to keep the wheel turning, some water must occasionally be added to compensate for evaporation. A third Penrose triangle lies between the other two, formed by two segments of waterway and a support tower.

### Sculptures

* Impossible triangle sculpture as an optical illusion, East Perth, Western Australia
* Impossible Triangle sculpture, Gotschuchen, Austria
* Real Penrose Triangle, Stainless Steel, by W.A.Stanggaßinger, Wasserburg am Inn, Germany. This type of impossible triangle was first created in 1969 by the Soviet kinetic artist Vyacheslav Koleichuk.
# Héctor Martínez Colón

Héctor Martínez Colón was a Puerto Rican politician. He served as member of the Senate of Puerto Rico for the District of Ponce from 1969 to 1973. Martínez also served as part of the Puerto Rico House of Representatives.

## Background

Martínez entered the University of Puerto Rico, where he graduated with honors with a Bachelor of Arts degree, concentrating in Economics and Psychology. He then continued advanced studies until he graduated as a lawyer from the University of Puerto Rico School of Law. He established his legal practice in Ponce. He was married to Persi Maldonado. They have five children together. The youngest, Héctor Martínez Maldonado, served as senator also, from 2005 to 2011 when he was convicted for several charges of corruption.

## Death

Martínez Colón died on April 16, 1991, in Ponce, after battling cancer that had afflicted him since 1980.
# Jane's Combat Simulations

Jane's Combat Simulations was a brand of combat flight simulators and naval warfare games published for DOS and Windows by Electronic Arts from 1995 to 2000, and later by other companies under license by Jane's Information Group. It is named after editor and publisher of military reference books Fred T. Jane.

## Development

Electronic Arts' license was announced in 1995 and intended to lend authenticity and accuracy to EA's growing line of combat games. The Jane's brand was initially applied to games derived from EA's 1994 release U.S. Navy Fighters, including Jane's ATF: Advanced Tactical Fighters, an updated version of the original game called Jane's US Navy Fighters 97, and the compilation Jane's Fighters Anthology.
Other titles would be developed by studios owned or affiliated with Electronic Arts, with EA Baltimore developing titles focusing on specific jet fighters, Origin Systems featuring Longbow helicopters, Sonalysts creating naval combat titles, and Pixel Multimedia developing titles revolving around the IAF and USAF.
The creative leads behind the Jane's Combat Simulations line were Andy Hollis and Paul Grace, designers who previously worked on games such as F-19 Stealth Fighter and Chuck Yeager's Advanced Flight Trainer.
Development of the game Jane's Attack Squadron began at Looking Glass Studios unrelated to the Jane's brand with the title Flight Combat, but would be renamed after publishing was picked up by Electronic Arts in 1998. The game was plagued with development issues and ultimately cancelled, but after the bankruptcy of Looking Glass Studios, the unfinished game would be acquired and completed by Mad Doc Software. Xicat Interactive acquired the Jane's license after it expired at EA, publishing the game for Mad Doc in 2002.
The last game to bear the Jane's brand, JASF: Jane's Advanced Strike Fighters, was an arcade-style flight simulator developed by Trickstar Games and published by Maximum Family Games in 2011.

## Games

* U.S. Navy Fighters (1994) DOS
** Marine Fighters expansion (1995) DOS
** U.S. Navy Fighters Gold (1995) Windows
** Jane's US Navy Fighters 97 (1996) Windows
* Jane's ATF: Advanced Tactical Fighters (1996) DOS
** NATO Fighters expansion (1996) DOS
** Jane's Advanced Tactical Fighters Gold (1997) Windows
* Jane's AH-64D Longbow (1996) DOS
** Flash Point Korea expansion (1996) DOS
** Jane's Longbow Gold (1997) DOS, Windows
* Jane's 688(i) Hunter/Killer (1997) Windows
* Jane's Longbow 2 (1997) Windows
* Jane's WWII Fighters (1998) Windows
* Jane's F-15 (1998) Windows
* Jane's IAF: Israeli Air Force (1998) Windows
* Jane's Fleet Command (1999) Windows
* Jane's USAF (1999) Windows
* Jane's F/A-18 (2000) Windows

## Collections

* Jane's Fighters Anthology (1997) Windows
* Jane's Longbow Anthology (1998) DOS, Windows
* Jane's Attack Pack (1998) DOS, Windows - ATF, USNF'97, and Longbow
* Jane's Air Superiority Collection (2000) Windows - F-15, IAF, and USAF
* Jane's Naval Warfare Collection (2000) Windows - 688(i), F/A-18, and Fleet Command

## Games by other developers

* Jane's Attack Squadron (2002) Windows
* JASF: Jane's Advanced Strike Fighters (2011) Windows
# Torsten Albig

Torsten Albig (born 25 May 1963) is a German politician from the Social Democratic Party of Germany. From 2012 until 2017 he served as the 13th Minister President of Schleswig-Holstein.

## Early life and education

Albig grew up in Ostholstein and Bielefeld. After graduating from high school in 1982, he first studied history and social sciences at the University of Bielefeld but later changed to law.

## Political career
### Lord Mayor of Kiel, 2009–2012

From 2009 to 2012 Albig was the Lord Mayor of Kiel, the state capital of Schleswig-Holstein.

### Minister-President of Schleswig-Holstein, 2012–2017

Torsten Albig was appointed candidate for Minister-President, representing his party, the SPD, in 2011 after a member's decision. At the election in 2012, the SPD achieved 30.4% of the votes, not enough to beat the ruling CDU that got 30.8% of the popular vote. Both the SPD and CDU achieved 22 seats each, and the election result made it possible for Albig to form a coalition government with the participation of the Green Party and the SSW, which is a regional party representing the Danish and Frisian minorities. The three parties had a narrow majority in the Landtag of Schleswig-Holstein with 35 of 69 seats. At the appointment in parliament though, he got 37 of 69 possible votes. The new-formed government of Schleswig-Holstein consisting of the SPD, The Green Party and the SSW had never been seen before in German history.
Albig succeeded Peter Harry Carstensen in the position as Minister-President of Schleswig-Holstein.
Albig served as an SPD delegate to the Federal Convention for the purpose of electing the President of Germany in 2012 and 2017. Together with Doris Ahnen, Martin Dulig, Heiko Maas and Manuela Schwesig, he co-chaired the SPD’s national convention in Leipzig in 2013.
In the negotiations to form a Grand Coalition of Chancellor Angela Merkel's Christian Democrats (CDU together with the Bavarian CSU) and the SPD following the 2013 federal elections, Albig was part of the SPD delegation in the working group on transport, building and infrastructure, led by Peter Ramsauer and Florian Pronold.
In 2015, Albig – alongside First Mayor of Hamburg Olaf Scholz – negotiated a restructuring deal with the European Commission that allowed the German regional lender HSH Nordbank to offload €6.2 billion in troubled assets – mainly non-performing ship loans – onto its government majority owners and avoid being shut down, saving around 2,500 jobs.

## Life after politics

From 2018 to 2021, Albig worked as Vice President Corporate Representation of Deutsche Post in Brussels. Since 2023, he has been responsible for external affairs at Philip Morris International's German subsidiary.

## Other activities

* HSH Nordbank Art Foundation, vice chairman of the board of trustees
* Schleswig-Holstein Musik Festival, chairman of the board of trustees (-2017)
* University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, ex-officio chairman of the board of trustees (-2017)
* Förde Sparkasse, ex-officio member of the supervisory board (2008–2010)

## Personal life

Albig is married and has two children.
# Trigonopterus fuscipes

Trigonopterus fuscipes is a species of flightless weevil in the genus Trigonopterus from Indonesia.

## Description

The species is endemic to Sulawesi in Indonesia. The species was described in May 2019.
# Patrick J. Burke

Patrick J Burke (c. 1835 – unknown) was a farrier in the United States Army who received the Medal of Honor for his actions during the Indian Wars.

## Early life

Patrick was born in Kilkenny, Ireland, in about 1835. Little is recorded about his life, but it is known that he was a farrier with the US Army’s 8th Cavalry and his actions from the 13 August to 31 October 1868, earned him the Medal of Honor. The citation reads:

## Medal of Honor

Rank and organization: Private, Company B, 8th US Cavalry. Place and date: Near The Black Mountains, Arizona Territory, August 13 – October 31, 1868. Birth: Kilkenny, Ireland. Date of issue: July 24, 1869.
Citation:
   Bravery in scouts and actions against Indians

## Later life

Records show Patrick began a second enlistment in the US Army on 29 January 1872, at Santa Fe, New Mexico, but was discharged due to disability on 15 November 1872. There is no recorded death date or place of burial for Patrick.
# Haberma

Haberma is genus of small mangrove or terrestrial crabs, typically less than 1 centimetre (0.4 in) across the carapace.
The genus was established by Ng and Schubart in 2002 with the discovery of the species Haberma nanum in Singapore. A second species, Haberma kamora, was discovered in Papua. Most recently, Haberma tingkok was discovered in Hong Kong. The genus is distinguished by the first two pairs of the male ambulatory legs, which have characteristic subchelate dactyli and propodi.

## Species

* Haberma kamora
* Haberma nanum
* Haberma tingkok
# Jan Šebek

Jan Šebek (born 31 March 1991, Czech pronunciation:) is a Czech football player. He is a goalkeeper who is currently a free agent. He has played for the national youth teams of the Czech Republic.

## Career
### Chelsea

Jan Šebek joined Chelsea in 2009, joining up with countryman Petr Čech and signing a two-year professional contract. He had previously had 2 trials; one in 2007 and the other in 2009. Carlo Ancelotti was convinced of his talents after he kept a clean sheet against the Arsenal Reserves on trial in 2009. At the ended of the 2009/2010 season, he ended up in goal for the reserves with Rhys Taylor injured but he made just two appearances. At the age of 20, Šebek left Chelsea and returned to the Czech Republic, signing a three-year deal with FK Baumit Jablonec.
# 2013 Siberia Cup

The 2013 Siberia Cup was a professional tennis tournament played on hard courts. It was the first edition of the tournament which was part of the 2013 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Tyumen, Russia between 18 and 24 November 2013.

## Singles main-draw entrants
### Seeds

| Country | Player | Rank$^1$ | Seed |
| RUS | Teymuraz Gabashvili | 84 | 1 |
| RUS | Evgeny Donskoy | 94 | 2 |
| KAZ | Andrey Golubev | 100 | 3 |
| RUS | Andrey Kuznetsov | 146 | 4 |
| UKR | Illya Marchenko | 156 | 5 |
| MDA | Radu Albot | 171 | 6 |
| RUS | Konstantin Kravchuk | 182 | 7 |
| RUS | Alexander Kudryavtsev | 258 | 8 |
* $^1$ Rankings are as of November 11, 2013.

### Other entrants

The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
* Richard Muzaev
* Dmitri Perevoshchikov
* Stanislav Vovk
* Robert Ziganshin
The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
* Anton Galkin
* Denis Matsukevich
* Valery Rudnev
* Dzmitry Zhyrmont

## Champions
### Singles

* Andrey Golubev def. Andrey Kuznetsov, 6–4, 6–3

### Doubles

* Sergey Betov / Aliaksandr Bury def. Ivan Anikanov / Ante Pavić, 6–4, 6–2
# Stefan Mappus

Stefan Mappus (born 4 April 1966) is a German politician from the Christian Democratic Union (CDU). He was the 8th Minister President of the state of Baden-Württemberg from 2010 to 2011 and chairman of the CDU Baden-Württemberg from 2009 to 2011.
After losing the 2011 Baden-Württemberg state election Mappus announced his resignation of the party chair. Currently, he is a Member of the Board of Advisors of the Global Panel Foundation.

## EnBW affair

The public prosecutor's office in Stuttgart opened an investigation on 11 July 2012 against prime minister Stefan Mappus, several other ministers and Dirk Notheis, former head of Morgan Stanley Germany, in connection with the state's controversial purchase of a stake in utility Energie Baden-Wuerttemberg. Morgan Stanley's German operations, headed by Notheis, in 2010 advised Baden-Württemberg on the purchase of a roughly 45% stake in EnBW from French state-controlled utility Électricité de France for nearly 4.7 billion euros (about $5.77 billion) valuing the asset at a multiple of 6x operating profits. Also advising was Stuttgart law firm Gleiss Lutz. The transaction was signed four weeks after a decision by the German federal parliament to extend the maturities of existing nuclear power plants for another ten years on top of their existing license. Four months after the transaction, on 15 March 2011, the accident in a nuclear power plant in Fukushima/Japan happened, resulting in the decision by the Federal government to phase out nuclear generation, which adversely affected EnBW and its value. In addition to several fairness opinions as to the valuation of EnBW provided to the stakeholders at the time of the transaction, in total seven reviews over the EnBW share valuation were conducted over the process of the investigation. The dominating majority of reviews came to the conclusion that the price paid for the EnBW shares was fair. A review conducted by Professor Wolfgang Ballwieser deviated from the valuation consensus, however fell into great controversy after a material miscalculation of approximately €1b was discovered in Ballwieser's valuation.
The investigation was withdrawn by the State Attorney in October 2014 without any obligations at all to Mappus and the other individuals. Stefan Mappus and all others were cleared and informed in letters addressed to their respective lawyers dated 29 October 2014, in which they were also granted the right to make claims for damages.

## Personal life

Mappus is a Protestant and comes from a shoemaker-family in Mühlacker-Enzberg. Since 2001 he is married to in Kleve born Susanne Verweyen-Mappus, they have two sons and live in Pforzheim.
# Alliance for American Manufacturing

The Alliance for American Manufacturing or AAM is a non-profit, non-partisan partnership founded by American manufacturers and the United Steelworkers in 2007. Among its missions is "to explore common solutions to challenging public policy topics such as job creation, infrastructure investment, international trade, and global competitiveness." The organizations motto is "The blueprint for the future was built by AAM."
AAM is based in Washington D.C., where it maintains lobby and research operation including a national field staff. The organization works to promote strong Buy American provisions both federally and locally, advocates for fair trade and works to revitalize industry through a long-term national manufacturing strategy. AAM conducts research, public education, advocacy, strategic communications, and coalition building around the issues affecting America's manufacturing sector.
On April 14, 2008, both Senator Barack Obama and Senator Hillary Clinton spoke to the AAM's national convention being held at the David L. Lawrence Convention Center in Pittsburgh.
In June 2019, the president of the organization was Scott Paul.
In 2025, the organization was described by Bloomberg as providing some of the "most vocal outside intellectual support" for US President Donald Trump's tariff program, and as having "strong links" to the US steel industry.
# 2025 Perm Krai gubernatorial election

The 2025 Perm Krai gubernatorial election will take place on 14 September 2025, on common election day. Incumbent Governor of Perm Krai Dmitry Makhonin is running for a second term in office.

## Background

Then-Federal Antimonopoly Service department head Dmitry Makhonin was appointed acting Governor of Perm Krai in February 2020, replacing first-term incumbent Maxim Reshetnikov, who was appointed Minister of Economic Development of Russia. Makhonin ran for a full term as an Independent with the support from United Russia and won the election with 75.69% of the vote.
In 2021 Makhonin agreed to lead United Russia for the upcoming Russian legislative election in Perm Krai as well as Legislative Assembly of Perm Krai election, however, after the election Makhonin declined to take both seats and remained governor. In November 2023 Makhonin officially joined United Russia and became secretary of the party regional office.
In March 2025 Governor Makhonin had a meeting with President Vladimir Putin, however, the governor did not announce his intentions regarding next gubernatorial term in the publicly available part of the meeting. The next day Kremlin Press Secretary Dmitry Peskov clarified that Makhonin intended to run for a second term in office and was endorsed by Putin.

## Candidates

In Perm Krai candidates for Governor of Perm Krai can be nominated by registered political parties or by self-nomination. Candidate for Governor of Perm Krai should be a Russian citizen and at least 30 years old. Candidates for Governor of Perm Krai should not have a foreign citizenship or residence permit. Each candidate in order to be registered is required to collect at least 6% of signatures of members and heads of municipalities. In addition, self-nominated candidates should collect 1% of signatures of Perm Krai residents. Also gubernatorial candidates present 3 candidacies to the Federation Council and election winner later appoints one of the presented candidates.

### Publicly expressed interest

* Dmitry Makhonin (United Russia), incumbent Governor of Perm Krai (2020–present)

### Potential

* Ksenia Aytakova (CPRF), Deputy Chairwoman of the Legislative Assembly of Perm Krai (2021–present), Member of the Legislative Assembly (2011–present), 2020 gubernatorial candidate
* Anna Baranova (CPRF), Member of Legislative Assembly of Perm Krai (2021–present)
* Maria Drobot (CPRF), Member of State Duma (2021–present)
# Timothy Messer-Kruse

Timothy F. Messer-Kruse (born (1963-03-13)March 13, 1963) is an American historian who specializes in American labor history. His research into the 1886 Haymarket affair led him to reappraise the conventional narrative that the trial was a miscarriage of justice, arguing to the contrary it was fairly conducted by standards of the era. He has also written on banking history and race relations in the United States.

## Life and career

Messer-Kruse attended University of Wisconsin-Madison, where he received his bachelor's degree in History & South Asian Studies in 1988, his master's degree in U.S. History in 1990, and his doctorate in 1994. In 1995 he was appointed Assistant Professor of Labor History at University of Toledo, becoming an Associate Professor in 2000 and Associate Director of the Humanities 2000 Program in 2002. In 2003 he was named Chair of the department. In 2006, he was appointed Professor of History and Chair of the Department of Ethnic Studies at Bowling Green State University.
In the early 2000s Messer-Kruse was prompted to study the original court documents from the Haymarket affair trials. Despite the prevailing belief that little or no evidence was presented at trial, he noted that evidence had been presented over the course of six weeks. He published his findings in books and academic papers including The Haymarket Conspiracy. Messer-Kruse and editors of Wikipedia were subsequently involved in a conflict over the content and editing procedure of the Wikipedia article on the Haymarket affair. In 2012, Messer-Kruse described his experiences in the Chronicle of Higher Education, on the NPR podcast On The Media, in The Atlantic, and on National Public Radio. In 2023, Messer-Kruse was added to TPUSA's Professor Watchlist.

## Publications

* The Yankee International: Marxism and the American Reform Tradition, 1848-1876. University of North Carolina Press, 1998.
* Banksters, Bosses and Smart Money. Ohio State University Press, 2005.
* Race Relations in the United States, 1980-2000. Greenwood Press, 2008.
* The Trial of the Haymarket Anarchists: Terrorism and Justice in the Gilded Age. Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.
* The Haymarket Conspiracy: Transatlantic Anarchist Networks. University of Illinois Press, 2012.
* The Patriots' Dilemma: White Abolitionism and Black Banishment in the Founding of the United States of America, 2024
# José Turra

José Turra was a Chilean boxer. He competed in the men's flyweight event at the 1928 Summer Olympics. At the 1928 Summer Olympics, he lost to Nikolaos Fexis of Greece. Turra is deceased.