# John and Benjamin Green

John Green (29 June 1787 – 30 September 1852) and Benjamin Green (1811 – 14 November 1858) were a father and son who worked in partnership as architects in North East England during the early nineteenth century. John, the father was a civil engineer as well as an architect. Although they did carry out some commissions separately, they were given joint credit for many of their projects, and it is difficult to attribute much of their work to a single individual. In general, John Green worked on civil engineering projects, such as road and rail bridges, whereas Benjamin worked on projects that were more purely architectural. Their work was predominantly church and railway architecture, with a sprinkling of public buildings that includes their masterpiece, Newcastle's Theatre Royal.
Drawings by John and Benjamin Green are held by the Laing Art Gallery in Newcastle upon Tyne, in the Northumberland County Archive at Woodhorn, and in the Duke of Northumberland's archive at Alnwick Castle.

## Biographies
### John Green

John Green was born on 29 June 1787 at Newton Fell House, Nafferton, two miles north of Ovington, Northumberland. He was the son of Benjamin Green, a carpenter and maker of agricultural implements. After finishing school, he worked in his father's business. The firm moved to the market town of Corbridge and began general building work with young John concentrating on architectural work. About 1820, John set up business as an architect and civil engineer in nearby Newcastle upon Tyne.
John Green married Jane Stobart in 1805, and they had two sons, John (c.1807–68) and Benjamin (c1811-58), both of whom became architects. Little is known about the career of John, but Benjamin worked in partnership with his father on many projects.
In 1822 John Green designed a new building for the Newcastle Literary and Philosophical Society. The building, which houses the society's substantial library, is still in use today. He also designed a number of farmhouses, being employed on the Beaufront estate near Hexham and also on the Duke of Northumberland's estates.
John Green was principally a civil engineer, and built several road and rail bridges. In 1829–31 he built two wrought-iron suspension bridges crossing the Tyne (at Scotswood) and the Tees (at Whorlton). The bridge at Scotswood was demolished in 1967 but the one at Whorlton still survives. When the High Level Bridge at Newcastle was proposed ten years later, John Green submitted plans, but those of Robert Stephenson were accepted by the York, Newcastle and Berwick Railway. Green also built a number of bridges using an innovative system of laminated timber arches on masonry piers, the Weibeking system, based on the work of Bavarian engineer C.F. Weibeking. The two he built for the Newcastle and North Shields Railway, at the Ouseburn and at Willington Quay remain in use, though the timbers were replaced with wrought iron in a similar lattice pattern in 1869. In 1840 he was elected to the Institution of Civil Engineers, and in 1841 he was awarded the institution's Telford Medal for his work on laminated arch design.
Alongside his railway work, John designed stone bridges for new turnpike roads at Bellingham (Northumberland), Lintzford (Co.Durham), and Blackwell (Co. Durham). These were accompanied by toll houses in his usual plain style.
John Green died in Newcastle on 30 September 1852.

### Benjamin Green

Benjamin Green was a pupil of Augustus Charles Pugin, father of the more famous Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin. In the mid-1830s he became a partner of his father and remained so until the latter's death in 1852. The two partners differed somewhat. John has been described as a 'plain, practical, shrewd man of business' with a 'plain, severe and economical' style, whereas Benjamin was 'an artistic, dashing sort of fellow', with a style that was 'ornamental, florid and costly'.
The Greens worked as railway architects and it is believed that all the main line stations between Newcastle and Berwick upon Tweed were designed by Benjamin. In 2020 Morpeth Station was restored to Green's original designs following a £2.3M investment. They also designed a number of Northumbrian churches, the best examples being at Earsdon and Cambo.
The Green's most important commissions in Newcastle were the Theatre Royal (1836–37) and the column for Grey's Monument (1837–38). Both of these structures were part of the re-development of Newcastle city centre in neo-classical style by Richard Grainger, and both exist today. Although both of the partners were credited with their design, it is believed that Benjamin was the person responsible.
Another well-known structure designed by the Greens is Penshaw Monument (1844). This is a folly standing on Penshaw Hill in County Durham. It was built as a half-sized replica of the renowned Temple of Hephaestus in Athens, and was dedicated to John George Lambton, first Earl of Durham and the first Governor of the Province of Canada. The monument, being built on a hill is visible for miles around and is a famous local landmark. It is now owned by the National Trust.
Benjamin Green survived his father by only six years, and died in a mental home at Dinsdale Park, County Durham on 14 November 1858.

## Major works

Active c.1818 to 1858. Over 100 attributed works, including at least 21 churches and chapels, 35 railway stations, 10 farms, and 8 bridges. Of these about 75% survive.
Styford Hall and Stables, Styford, Northumberland, before 1820 Cresswell House, Cresswell, Northumberland, 1821 (demolished 1931, builder: John Green, architect: John Shaw)
Inn at Thurston (now the Northumberland Arms, Felton), 1820s Scotch Church, Blackett St, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1821 (demolished 1903) Presbyterian Chapel, Newcastle, 1822 (demolished 2011) Literary and Philosophical Society, Newcastle, 1822–1825 East Cocklaw Farm, Wall, Northumberland, 1824 Hallington New Houses Farm, Hallington, Northumberland, 1820s Heckley High House Farm, Alnwick, Northumberland, 1820s Thornborough High Barns Farm, Aydon, Northumberland, 1820s (probable attribution) Thornborough Kiln Farm, Aydon, Northumberland, 1820s Farms on the Beaufront Estate, Corbridge, Northumberland, 1824 St Peter's Church, Falstone, Northumberland, 1824–1825 (burnt 1890, restored 1891) Westgate Hill Cemetery, Newcastle, 1825–1829 (lodge demolished 1970, railings and gates removed, piers and basic layout remains) Ingram Farm,Ingram, Northumberland, 1826 Park Farm, Hulne Park, Alnwick, Northumberland, 1827, and other farms for the Duke of Northumberland, 1820s Whorlton Suspension Bridge, Wycliffe, County Durham, 1829–1831 Hawks Cottages, Gateshead, 1830 (demolished 1960) Scotswood Chain Bridge, Scotswood, Newcastle, 1831, (demolished 1967) Church of St Mary and St Thomas Aquinas, Stella, 1831–1832 Blackwell Bridge, Darlington, 1832 Holy Trinity Church, Usworth, Tyne and Wear 1832 Holy Trinity Church, Washington, Tyne and Wear, 1832 Bellingham Bridge and toll house (Bridge End), Bellingham, Northumberland, 1834 Lintzford Bridge, Gateshead, 1834 Holy Trinity Church, Stockton-On-Tees, 1834–1835 (destroyed by fire 1991, shell survives) Holy Trinity Church, Dalton (near Stamfordham), Northumberland, 1836 Vicarage of St Alban, Earsdon, Tyne and Wear, 1836 Church of St Alban, Earsdon, Tyne and Wear, 1836–1837 St Mary's Roman Catholic Church, Alnwick, Northumberland, (now Bailiffgate Museum) 1836 Church of the Holy Saviour, Newburn, Newcastle, 1836–1837 Poor Law Guardians Hall, North Shields, 1837 Master Mariners Homes, Tynemouth, 1837–1840 Theatre Royal, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1837 1-7 Market Street, Newcastle, 1837 North side of Shakespeare Street, Newcastle, 1837 34-44 Pilgrim Street, Newcastle, 1837 Parish Hall of the Church of the Holy Saviour, Newburn, Newcastle, 1838 Column of Grey's Monument, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1838 Corn Exchange, Groat Market, Newcastle, 1838 (demolished 1974) St Hildas Church, Middlesbrough, 1838 (demolished 1969) Willington Viaduct, Wallsend, 1837–1839 Ouseburn Viaduct, Newcastle, 1837–1839 Skelton Bridge, Nether Poppleton, North Yorkshire (Rail; East Coast Main Line), 1839 Church of the Holy Saviour, Tynemouth, 1839–1841 Newham Barns Farm (Newham Hall), Ellingham, Northumberland, 1840s Ilderton Vicarage, Ilderton, Northumberland, 1841 Streatlam Castle, County Durham, alterations, 1841 (demolished 1959) Streatlam Castle South Lodges, County Durham, 1841 Church of St. Bartholomew, Whittingham, Northumberland, 1840 (rebuilding of mediaeval church) The Red Cottage, Whitburn, Tyne and Wear, 1842 Trustee Savings Bank, Barrington St., South Shields, 1842 Holy Trinity Church, Cambo, Northumberland, 1842 Church of St. Mary, Woodhorn, Northumberland, 1843-4 (rebuilding of mediaeval church) Holy Trinity Church, Horsley-on-Rede, Northumberland, 1844 The Earl of Durham's Monument (Penshaw Monument), Sunderland, 1844 St Edwin's, Coniscliffe, Co. Durham, 1844 (restoration of mediaeval church) 40–44 Moseley Street, Newcastle, 1845 Witham Testimonial Hall, Barnard Castle, County Durham, 1846 Old Railway Station, Tynemouth Rd, Tynemouth 1846–1847 20 stations on the Newcastle and Berwick Railway, Northumberland, 1847 (now the East Coast Main Line): Killingworth (demolished 1973), Cramlington (demolished), Netherton (called Stannington from 1892), Morpeth, Longhirst, Widdrington, Chevington (crossing keeper's cottages only), Acklington, Warkworth, Bilton (called Alnmouth from 1892, demolished), Lesbury, Longhoughton (demolished c. 1968), Little Mill (demolished 1960s), Christon Bank, Fallodon (demolished 1960), Chathill, Newham (crossing keepers' cottages only), Lucker (demolished 1960), Belford, Beal (demolished 1979), Scremerston, Tweedmouth (demolished 1964) Holy Trinity Church, Seghill, Northumberland, 1849 6 stations on the Tweedmouth-Kelso-St Boswells Railway Line, Northumberland/ Borders Region, 1849: Velvet Hall, Norham, Coldstream (demolished), Sunilaws (uncertain attribution), Carham (demolished c.1968), Sprouston
Newcastle Joint Stock Bank, St Nicholas Square, Newcastle, c.1850 Nicholson House (now Carlton House), Mowbray Road, Sunderland, 1850 Bede Tower, Burdon Road, Sunderland, 1851 4 stations on the Alston Branch Railway, Northumberland, 1852: Alston, Featherstone Park, Lambley, Slaggyford St Paul's Church, Elswick, Newcastle, 1854 All Saints Cemetery, Jesmond, Newcastle 1854 Sailor's Home, 11 New Quay, North Shields, 1856 United Free Methodist Church, North Shields, 1857 St Mary the Virgin, Rye Hill, Newcastle, 1858 (demolished 1960s) St Mary the Virgin Almshouses, Rye Hill, Newcastle, 1858 (possible attribution))

## Sources

* Bell, P.W.R. (2018) The Work and Professional Status of John (1787-1852) and Benjamin Green (1813-1858) Architects and Engineers Paper given to the 6th International Congress on Construction History, Brussels, Belgium, accessed 2024-12-8 https://www.academia.edu/108354075/The%20work%20and%20professional%20status%20of%20John%201787%201852%20and%20Benjamin%20Green%201813%2058%20architects%20and%20engineers
* Dobson, H.G. (2006), Men of Merit, ISBN 0-9531840-7-2
* Leach, Peter (2004). "Green, John (1787–1852)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/37484. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
* Grundy, J., McCombie, G., Ryder, P., Welfare, H. & Pevsner, N. (1992) The Buildings of England: Northumberland. ISBN 0 14 0710590
* Skempton, A.W., ed. (2002), A Biographical Dictionary of Civil Engineers in Great Britain and Ireland, vol. 1 (1500–1830), Thomas Telford / Institute of Civil Engineers, GREEN, John (1787–1852), pp.271–2, ISBN 0-7277-2939-X