# Al-Ula

AlUla (Arabic: ٱلْعُلَا, romanized: al-ʿUlā) is an ancient Arabian oasis city located in Medina Province, Saudi Arabia. Situated in the Hejaz, a region that features prominently in the history of Islam as well as several pre-Islamic Semitic civilizations, AlUla was a market city on the historic incense route that linked India and the Persian Gulf to the Levant and Europe.
From an archaeological perspective, the immediate vicinity contains a unique concentration of precious artifacts, including well-preserved ancient stone inscriptions that illustrate the development of the Arabic language, and a concentration of rock dwellings and tombs that date from the Nabatean and Dedanite periods that coincided with Greco-Roman influence during classical antiquity. Saudi Arabia's first UNESCO World Heritage Site, Hegra (also known as al-Hijr, or Mada'in Ṣalih), is located 22 km (14 miles) north of the city, in AlUla governorate. Built more than 2,000 years ago by the Nabataeans, Hegra is often compared with its sister city of Petra, in Jordan. Meanwhile, the ancient walled oasis city of AlUla, locally known as al-Dirah, situated near the oasis's palm grove that allowed for its settlement, contains a dense cluster of mudbrick and stone houses. AlUla was also the capital of the ancient Lihyanites (Dedanites).
Today, the city of AlUla is within the Governorate of AlUla, one of seven constituent counties of Medina province. The city is located 110 km (68 miles) southwest of Tayma and 300 km (190 miles) north of Medina. The city (municipality) covers 2,391 square kilometres (923 sq mi), and has a population of 60,103 as of 2022. In addition to the ancient old town al-Dīrah, a more recent historical and adjacent settlement, al-Judaydah, displaying the settlement patterns of Arabic-Islamic urbanism, remains occupied and is currently experiencing a redesign. Since the 1980s, the oasis of AlUla has experienced significant agricultural and urban growth. Since then, the settled Bedouins have been added to the population of Sedentary people and, as in the rest of the kingdom, a large population of immigrant workers.
The area is also known for its striking landscape of rocks, canyons, and wadis, and the contrast between these dry surroundings and the lush, palm-filled oases near the city's centre. The oasis of AlUla was once a key stop on the Hejaz Railway, linking Damascus to Medina.

## History

The oasis of AlUla has had permanent human settlement since 5000 BCE, through the Bronze Age.
The walled city of AlUla was founded as an oasis in the desert valley, with fertile soil and plenty of water. It was located along Incense trade route, the network of routes that facilitated the trading of spices, silk and other luxury items through the Kingdom of Aksum, Arabia, Egypt, and India. The oasis of AlUla stands on the site of the Biblical city of Dedan but was founded with the ancient North Arabian kingdom of Lihyan, which ruled from the 5th to 2nd century BCE.
The older history of the oasis has been divided into several phases. The Dedanite kingdom spans the 7th and 6th centuries BCE. Dedan is mentioned in the Harran Stela. In these it is told how Nabonidus, last ruler of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, made a military campaign to northern Arabia in 552 BCE or somewhat later, conquering Tayma, Dedan, and Yathrib (now Medina). It is thought that around the turn of the 5th century BCE, the kingdom became hereditary.
The next four hundred years, until around 100 BCE, was the period of Lihyanite kingdom. The Nabataeans were also the lords of the region at least until 106 CE, when the Roman Empire conquered and annexed it in their Arabia Petraea province.
Al-Mabiyat, some 20 km (12 miles) away near Mughayrah became the next commercial centre of the region. It thrived from around 650 CE until it declined at some time before 1230. In the 13th century, the old city of AlUla, locally known as al-Dīrah, was built, and many stones of the old Dedanite and Lihyanite ruins were reused. The oasis of AlUla now became the major settlement of the region again until modern times. Between 1901 and 1908 the Ottomans built the Hejaz railway in order to link Damascus to Medina. The railway had main stations in both Madā'in Ṣaliḥ (Hegra) and AlUla, where a line was built through the western part of al-Khuraybah, some 12 km (7.5 miles) to the north of the old medieval town, which is believed to be the site of the old Dedanite and Lihyanite town that is still standing there despite being in bad shape.
In the 20th century, the new town centre was established beside the old town, and eventually, the people left the old buildings. The last family is said to have gone in 1983, while the last service in the old mosque was held in 1985. Both the ruins of the medieval town al-Dīrah and the site of the Liyhanite settlement now lie within the limits of the modern town.
The most detailed study of the area was made by the French priests Antonin Jaussen and Raphaël Savignac, who visited the area three times, in 1907, 1908 and 1910. They studied the remains at Hegra and Dedan and collected a large number of Lihyanite, Minaean, Thamudic, and Nabataean inscriptions. Accordingly, it was their work that came to constitute the basis for all further study and research in the area's history.
The first European traveller of modern times to describe the town was Charles Doughty in 1876. Charles Huber [Wikidata] was in AlUla in 1881–1882. He returned in 1883 accompanied by Julius Euting. In 1968 a team of archaeologists from the University of London investigated 15 inscriptions.
The vertical sandstone cliffs surrounding the valley provide ample surfaces for rock art, making the governorate one of the richer petroglyph regions in the Kingdom. Ar-Ruzeiqiah is a mountain in the southern part of the governorate, with a large petroglyph panel displaying hundreds of images, including depictions of hunting scenes with humans and a variety of animals. Ibex are the most common species but camels, horses and other species can also be found. Mount Ikma also has a large façade with scenes, strange symbols, and inscriptions.

### Timeline

Here is the sequence of historical events and the ancient evidence found in the AlUla governorate:
| History | Evidence |
| Bronze Age | Bronze Age evidence in Al-Hijr Archaeological site – Tumulus tombs dates C14 2113/1892 BC |
| Ancient North Arabian Kingdoms (DEDAN) | Capital city Water management and development of agriculture (date palm introduced) Prosperity from incense trade to Mesopotamia Ancient North Arabian scripts (Jabal Ikma) |
| Nabataean Kingdom (Hegra) | Functioned as the southern capital Intricate carved tomb facades Water management Prosperity from incense trade to the Mediterranean |
| Roman presence | Fort at Hegra Southernmost limit of Roman Empire |
| Islamic period (QURH, AlUla) | Prosperity from trade and pilgrimage Water management |
| Ottoman presence | Hijaz railway with several halts in the region to modernize pilgrim travel Forts to protect pilgrim travel |

## Administration

There are four major municipalities in the Governorate of AlUla: AlUla, the capital lying to the southwest (population 5,426); Mughayrāʾ (Arabic: مُغِيْرَاء) to the southeast (population 8,952); Abu Raku, to the north (population 2,678); and al-Ḥijr to the northeast (population 1,707).

### Heritage Village

AlUla Heritage Village, also known as Al-Dīrah, is the traditional Arabian village to which people of the oasis moved some eight centuries ago and inhabited until the 20th century. It was built on a higher part of the valley in order to be clear of the floods that can occur during the rainy season. At its maximum expansion the town contained more than 1000 houses, which were built adjacent to one another, thereby forming a wall around the town to defend the population. On the west of the town, at the bottom of the cliff, is the old souq, which has been renovated.

### Royal Commission for AlUla

The importance of AlUla as an archaeological and historic site led to the establishment of The Royal Commission for AlUla (RCU) in July 2017, the aim of which is to develop and promote AlUla as an international tourism destination. Moreover, the commission develops the plans for heritage conservation and preservation. The Royal commission for AlUla, along with AlUla Development Company, have taken various development projects in the region, including the five districts planned for AlUla by 2030. The five districts include: AlUla old town, Dadan, Jabal Ikmah, Nabataeane Horizen, and Hegra Historical City. These five districts are part of a larger development plan for AlUla that further aims to transform the city into a world-class tourist destination while also preserving its cultural and historical heritage.

### Development plan

To promote tourism and gain more attraction, the Royal Commission on AlUla is training 200 young Saudis on an ambitious project where tourists will explore the area's cultural treasures. Recruited from the AlUla region, the 200 young people (all high-school age or in their first year as university students, and split equally between boys and girls) are in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia being trained in hospitality, learning new languages, studying farming and water technology, and researching the cultural, social and natural history of their home region.
In January 2023, the Public Investment Fund launched AlUla Development Company, a hospitality and real estate developer which aims to turn AlUla into a global tourist destination.

### AlUla International Airport

AlUla International Airport was a crucial part of the development strategy of the Royal Commission for AlUla (RCU), which envisioned making it a global destination for culture and tourism. In March 2021, the airport was approved to receive international flights, along with an increased capacity of receiving 15 commercial flights at a time. The capacity was increased from 100,000 to 400,000 passengers per year.

## Tourism

The Saudi Arabian government is collaborating with experts from around the world on the AlUla development. In April 2018 it signed a 10-year deal with France that included provisions for hotels, transport infrastructure and a world-class culture and art museum. Since 2021, the Royal Commission of AlUla has been running SME accelerator in collaboration with AstroLabs to ensure growth of the local tourism ecosystem. With this program, the region has set out on an ambitious mission to welcome 2 million tourists and contribute SAR 120Bn to the national GDP by 2030.
A major integrated archaeological survey of AlUla valley and beyond was launched by the commission, charged with protecting and regenerating the north-western region. While a conservation and development plan was established, some of the sites including the World Heritage Site of Madā'in Ṣaliḥ were closed to the public, but have been open since 2020 for visitors.
With the easing of visa process for international travelers, AlUla attracts more tourists from abroad. Its most popular sites are: AlUla Old town, Oasis Heritage Trail, Hegra UNESCO Heritage Site, Dadan, Jabal Ikmah, Jabal AlFil (Elephant Rock), Harrarat Viewpoint or Maraya. Travelers from around the world can also enjoy numerous of activities such as stargazing, desert dune bashing, desert campaign, hiking, biking, rock climbing, via ferrata and others.

### Accommodation in AlUla

As the tourism infrastructure, aiming at tourism de luxe, is still being developed in AlUla, finding an affordable accommodation can be a challenge during high season. Tourists have a variety of options ranging from camping sites, holiday homes (apartments or chalets) to luxury resorts. As of 2023, AlUla is home to 10 luxury resorts and accommodations available for visitors of the old city.

### "Winter at Tantora" festival

Winter at Tantora was a traditional celebration to mark the start of the 40-day winter growing season. The name of the festival, 'Tantora', is inspired by a sundial located in the old town of AlUla, which has been in use by the locals as a marker for the changing of the seasons. On 20 December 2018, the first "Winter at Tantora" started with a series of different themed weekend events including music, arts, entertainment, and cultural events. The concerts were performed in Maraya Concert Hall, which was newly constructed for this purpose, and whose external walls are covered with mirrors, maraya being the Arabic word for 'mirrors'. A second edition of Winter at Tantora Festival was held on 19 December 2019, and included performances by Omar Khairat, EBI "Ebrahim hamedi", Andrea Bocelli, Yanni, Enrique Iglesias, and Lionel Richie.
On 26 December 2019, Maraya Concert Hall set a Guinness World Record for the largest mirrored building in the world, in which it was covered by 9,740 square metres (104,800 sq ft) of mirrored façade.

### Azimuth Festival

As part of the "Winter at Tantora" festival, Saudi Arabia hosted a three-day festival of music, art and food. Held between 5–7 March 2020, the Azimuth Festival was an event that brought the east and west together at AlUla. It marked performances from artists like the Chainsmokers, Jean-Michel Jarre, Tinie Tempah and others. The event took place at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, and so received only little publicity.

### Persian Night in Saudi Arabia's AlUla

From 6 to 7 March 2020, a large concert of Iranian singers was held at the winter celebration of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in the city of AlUla. Ebi, Leila Forouhar, Shahram Shabpareh, Shadmehr Aghili, Andy (Andranik Madadian), Arash and Sasy were present at the concert.

### AlUla Vision

On 11 February 2019, Saudi Arabia's Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman launched the AlUla vision which features a resort and nature reserve called Sharaan. The vision also includes the establishment of the Global Fund for the protection and revitalization of the Arabian leopard. Al Ula provides an opportunity for numerous international companies to benefit from the ambitious plans. Some notable companies are already working on and benefiting from the AlUla project: AECOM, JAL International, Nesma & Partners, Alstom, KUN Investment Holding and others.

## Climate

Climate data for AlUla (Prince Abdul Majeed bin Abdulaziz International Airport) (1991–2020) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 25.8 (78.4) | 30.3 (86.5) | 34.7 (94.5) | 38.4 (101.1) | 41.4 (106.5) | 47.0 (116.6) | 47.5 (117.5) | 44.8 (112.6) | 43.8 (110.8) | 40.2 (104.4) | 34.4 (93.9) | 28.2 (82.8) | 47.5 (117.5) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 20.0 (68.0) | 24.3 (75.7) | 28.6 (83.5) | 33.3 (91.9) | 38.5 (101.3) | 41.3 (106.3) | 43.0 (109.4) | 42.1 (107.8) | 42.0 (107.6) | 36.9 (98.4) | 28.3 (82.9) | 24.4 (75.9) | 33.6 (92.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 13.4 (56.1) | 17.2 (63.0) | 22.0 (71.6) | 26.1 (79.0) | 31.3 (88.3) | 34.5 (94.1) | 36.1 (97.0) | 35.1 (95.2) | 35.5 (95.9) | 30.0 (86.0) | 22.0 (71.6) | 17.7 (63.9) | 26.8 (80.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 6.3 (43.3) | 9.3 (48.7) | 15.3 (59.5) | 19.0 (66.2) | 23.7 (74.7) | 27.0 (80.6) | 29.3 (84.7) | 28.1 (82.6) | 27.7 (81.9) | 21.4 (70.5) | 16.1 (61.0) | 11.9 (53.4) | 19.6 (67.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 2.0 (35.6) | 4.0 (39.2) | 10.2 (50.4) | 12.7 (54.9) | 18.8 (65.8) | 20.6 (69.1) | 24.2 (75.6) | 24.7 (76.5) | 20.1 (68.2) | 17.6 (63.7) | 9.0 (48.2) | 8.7 (47.7) | 2.0 (35.6) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 3.7 (0.15) | 0.0 (0.0) | 19.0 (0.75) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 1.5 (0.06) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.5 (0.02) | 0.0 (0.0) | 26.3 (1.04) | 9.9 (0.39) | 60.9 (2.40) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 1.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.0 | 1.0 | 5.0 |
| Source: NOAA ||||||||||||||

## Gallery

* Hegra Roman inscription dedicated to Emperor Marcus Aurelius
* Two colossal statues from the sanctuary of Dadān/al-Khuraybah, possibly figurative representations of Lihyanite kings
* Petroglyphs with human figures, ostriches and dogs
* Rock pool at Banyan Tree AlUla