OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Davis v. Bandemer

Davis v. Bandemer, 478 U.S. 109 (1986), is a case in which the United States Supreme Court held that claims of partisan gerrymandering were justiciable, but failed to agree on a clear standard for the judicial review of the class of claims of a political nature to which such cases belong. The decision was later limited with respect to many of the elements directly involving issues of redistricting and political gerrymandering, but was somewhat broadened with respect to less significant ancillary procedural issues. Democrats had won 51.9% of the votes, but only 43/100 seats. Democrats sued on basis of one man, one vote, however, California Democrats supported the Indiana GOP's plan.
The National Republican Committee filed an amicus brief in support of the Indiana Democrats, Democrats in the California house and senate filed briefs supporting the Republican redistricting plan.

## Background

Democrats in the state of Indiana challenged the state's 1981 state apportionment scheme for Indiana General Assembly districts because of political gerrymandering. The Democrats argued that "the apportionment unconstitutionally diluted their votes in important districts, violating their rights." Indiana Democrats used the elections of November 1982 as proof that the new plan violated the 14th amendment due to voter dilution. In both the House and the Senate Democrats won the majority of votes, but failed to have a majority of candidates win. The District Court ruled in favor of the Democrats, throwing out the old plan and calling for the creation of a new one.

## Decision

The Supreme Court ruled on two separate issues, first whether gerrymandering claims are justiciable and secondly, if the 1981 Indiana Reapportionment Plan was an infraction on citizen's rights to equal representation which was protected by the 14th Amendment. The Court ruled 6-3 that federal courts can determine cases of partisan gerrymandering as worthy of intervention, but they also ruled 7-2 that Indiana's plan was constitutional under the Equal Protection Clause.
# Gustaf Unonius

Gustaf Elias Marius Unonius also referred to as Gustav Unonius, Gustave Unonius, Gustavus Unonius, or Gustov Unonius (25 August 1810 – 14 October 1902) was a pioneer and priest in the American Midwest. Unonius served as a catalyst for early Scandinavian emigration to the Upper Midwest.

## Background

Unonius was born of Swedish parents in Helsinki (Swedish: Helsingfors) in the Grand Duchy of Finland, then part of the Russian Empire. His family moved to Sweden when he was a child. In 1830, he graduated from Uppsala University in Sweden and from the Uppsala law department in 1833. In 1841 Unonius emigrated to the United States, settling in Waukesha County, Wisconsin on a lake now called Pine Lake in the village of Chenequa, Wisconsin.

## Nya Uppsala

Unonius was founder of the early Swedish-American immigrant settlement known as the Pine Lake Settlement or New Upsala, (Swedish:Nya Uppsala). The settlement was near what is now the town of Merton, Wisconsin. Unonius' letters to Swedish, Danish and Finnish newspapers about pioneer life in America sparked a wave of immigration by Scandinavians to the Midwest. While living in Waukesha County, Unonius befriended James Lloyd Breck, one of the founders of the Episcopal seminary Nashotah House.

## Priesthood

In 1845, Gustaf Unonius became the first graduate of Nashotah House and was ordained to the Diaconate by Bishop Jackson Kemper. He was later ordained as a priest in The Episcopal Church, continuing to commute from the Pine Lake Settlement for several years. In 1848, Unonius moved to Manitowoc, Wisconsin and became the first Rector of St. James' Episcopal Church. In 1849, he founded the Swedish Episcopal Church of St. Ansgarius in Chicago, Illinois.

## Return to Sweden

Unonius returned to Sweden in 1858, having lived in the United States for 17 years. The stories of his travels to the United States and the trials and tribulations of life on the frontier were the subject of his two-volume memoirs, published in 1862. A partial translation of his memoirs, A Pioneer in Northwest America 1841-1858: The Memoirs of Gustaf Unonius, was published in 1960 for the Swedish Pioneer Historical Society by the University of Minnesota Press.

## Selected works

* Haandbog for den Hell. allmindelige Kirkes Bekjendere (1846)
* Reply to A Letter of Bp. Chase to the Members of the PEC (1851)
* Minnen från en sjuttonårig vistelse i Nordvestra Amerika (1862) Volume one Volume two
* Mormonismen: Dess Uprinnelse, Utveckling Och Bekännelse (1883)
* Bihang till Minnen från en sjuttonårig vistelse i Nordvestra Amerika (1896)
# Hussein Abdul-Raof

Hussein Abdul-Raof is a professor of linguistics and translation studies at Taibah University in Saudi Arabia. His works focus on Arabic and Qur'anic linguistics and rhetoric, as well as Qur'anic studies and textual analysis of the Qur'an.

## Works

* Qur'anic Semantics: Corpus and Lexical Behavior, (2023)
* An Introduction to Arabic Translation: Translator Training and Translation Practice (2022)
* Stylistics: Arabic and English Rhetorical and Linguistic Analysis (2020)
* Text Linguistics of Qur'anic Discourse: An Analysis (2018)
* New Horizons in Qur'anic Linguistics: A Syntactic, Semantic and Stylistic Analysis (2017)
* Introduction to Linguistics: For Students of English as a Foreign Language (2014)
* Semantics: A Coursebook for Students of English as a Foreign Language (2014)
* Theological Approaches to Qur'anic Exegesis: A Practical Comparative-Contrastive Analysis (2012)
* Schools of Qur'anic Exegesis: Genesis and Development (2010)
* Arabic Rhetoric: A Pragmatic Analysis (2006)
* Consonance in the Qur'an (2005)
* Qur'anic Stylistics: A Linguistic Analysis (2004)
* Arabic stylistics (2001)
* Qur'an Translation: Discourse, Texture and Exegesis (2001)
* Subject, Theme and Agent in Modern Standard Arabic (1998)
# Akbarpur Junction railway station

Akbarpur Junction railway station is a junction station between Lucknow, Ayodhya, and Varanasi. It serves Akbarpur city. Railway stations near Akbarpur are Shahganj Junction (SHG), Jaunpur Junction (JNU), Goshainganj (GGJ), Malipur (MLPR) and Bilwai (BWI). This station is under Redevelopment.
Station consist of double line electrified track.
Akbarpur junction to Goshaiganj railway station doubling and electrification completed on 25 July 2022.
Jaunpur to Tanda NTPC doubling and electrification is scheduled to be completed by December 2022.
A passenger train from Tanda to varanasi junction via akbarpur junction is scheduled to be operational after doubling and electrification will complete.

## Tanda track

A single track line from NTPC Tanda via Tanda City joins the main line at Akbarpur railway station. The Tanda track is exclusively operated by goods trains that supply coal and other goods to Tanda City and Tanda Thermal Power Plant. A service for passenger trains from Akbarpur Junction to Tanda City is under consideration.
# Detlef Knorrek

Detlef Knorrek (born 6 July 1965) is a German judoka. He competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics and the 1996 Summer Olympics. Detlef Knorrek won the Goodwill Games in Seattle in 1990 and 1994. He competed at Olympic Games and won bronze at the European Championships in 1991 in Prague U95kg. Knorrek won the World Cups in Munich, Basel and Rome. Bronze at the TIVP in 1992 and 1993. World team silver in 1994.
# Balanus glandula

Balanus glandula (commonly known as the North American acorn barnacle or common acorn barnacle) is one of the most common barnacle species on the Pacific coast of North America, distributed from the U.S. state of Alaska to Bahía de San Quintín near San Quintín, Baja California. They are commonly found in the upper intertidal zone on mussels, rocks and pier pilings. They can obtain oxygen from both water and air.
This acorn barnacle is a moderate-sized one with a diameter of up to 22 mm (0.9 in). The shell is formed by overlapping plates and has a calcareous basis. It has more the shape of a cylinder than the shape of a cone. The white operculum has heavily ridged walls. It can live up to ten years.
It has been intensely studied in recent years as a model species for linking physical oceanography and population genetics (or phylogeography) surveys. This species was introduced to the shores of Argentina in the 1960s, and has become an invasive species, displacing other barnacles and mussels.
# Dunlop v. Bachowski

Dunlop v. Bachowski, 421 U.S. 560 (1975), is a unanimous decision of the Supreme Court of the United States which held that the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959 gives federal courts jurisdiction to review decisions of the United States Department of Labor to proceed (or not) with prosecutions under the Act. In this case, there was a disputed election within the United Steelworkers. The Court declined to authorize a jury-type trial into the reasons for the department's decisions, and instead held that court may only review the department's rationales under the "arbitrary and capricious" test.
# Masoud Hajji-Zavareh

Masoud Hajji-Zavareh (Persian: مسعود حجی زواره, born May 16, 1988, in Kermanshah, Iran) is an Iranian taekwondo practitioner. He won the gold medal in the lightweight division (74 kg) at the 2014 Asian Games in Incheon, South Korea.
# Ema Fujisawa

Ema Fujisawa (藤澤 恵麻, Fujisawa Ema, born December 26, 1982, in Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan) is a Japanese model and actress represented by Seventh Avenue. She is nicknamed Ema-chan (えまちゃん).
Fujisawa is an exclusive model for non-no and More.

## Filmography
### Dramas

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 2004 | Tenka | Tenka Sato | Lead role; Asadora |
| 2005 | Yonimo Kimyōna Monogatari | | |
| 2005 | Hichō e, Soshite Mada Minu Ko e | Kiyoko Sawamura | |
| 2007 | Kinpachi-sensei | Kaori Tachibana | |
| 2010 | Veterinarian Dolittle | Rumi Fudo | |
| 2011 | Fortissimo: Mataauhi no Tame ni | Misora Tojo | Lead role |
| 2011 | Runaway: Aisuru Kiminotameni | Misaki Kubo | |
| 2012 | Nōhime | Iwamuro | |
| 2012 | Yonimo Kimyōna Monogatari '12 Aki no Tokubetsu-hen | Yoko Yoki | |
| 2012 | Hatsukoi | Momoko Sakai | |
| 2013 | Tantei Susumu Samonji | Yuri Goto | |
| 2013 | Miss Pilot | Kanako Saegusa | |
| 2014 | Watashi to Iu Unmei ni Tsuite | Arisa Otsubo | |
| 2014 | Mitsuhiko Asami Series | Hisayo Hotta | |
| 2014 | Sanuki Udon Yūshi-ka | Yukari Ando | |
| 2014 | Misa Yamamura Suspense: Kariya Keibu Series | Rena Mizuguchi | |
| 2015 | Hotel Concierge | Mika Onodera | Episode 7 |
| 2015 | Watashi wa Daikō-ya! | Kaori Koyanagi | |
| 2016 | Kinpika | Akemi | Episode 3 |
| 2019 | Natsuzora | Pregnant woman | Asadora |

### Films

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 2005 | Kidan | Satomi Saeki | Lead role |
| 2006 | Love Com | Risa Koizumi | Lead role |
| 2006 | Udon | Udon store customer | |
| 2007 | Hareta hi wa Toshokan e Ikou | | |
| 2008 | Kekkon Shiyōyo | Shiori Katori | |
| 2008 | Junon Renai Shōsetsu | | |
| 2008 | Tengoku wa Mada Tōku | | |
| 2009 | Goemon | Okichi | |
| 2025 | Seppuku: The Sun Goes Down | | |

### Stage

| Year | Title |
| 2007 | Shachō Hōrō-ki |
| 2009 | Kagotsurube |
| 2015 | Rōdoku Geki Watashi no Atama no Naka no Keshigomu |

### Variety

| Year | Title | Network | Notes |
| 2004 | Studio Park Kara Konnichiwa | NHK G TV | |
| 2006 | World Bazaar 21 | BS Fuji | Narrator |
| 2006 | Waratte Iitomo! | Fuji TV | |
| 2006 | Crayon Shin-chan | TV Asahi | Voice |
| 2008 | Hanamaru Market | TBS | |
| 2008 | Gout Temps Nouveau | KTV | |
| 2008 | Show Pan | Fuji TV | |
| 2008 | Bakushō Red Carpet | Fuji TV | |
| 2009 | Katopan | Fuji TV | |
| 2010 | King's Brunch | TBS | |
| 2011 | Himitsu no Kenmin Show | YTV | |
| 2012 | Shumi no Engei Yasai no Jikan | NHK E TV | |
| 2013 | Nep League | Fuji TV | |

### Advertisements

| Year | Title |
| 2002 | Shueisha non-no |
| 2005 | Onward Kashiyama Kumikyoku |
| 2005 | Kirin Beverage Koiwai Dairy Products |
| 2011 | P&G Pantene |

### Photo books

| Year | Title | Notes |
| 2004 | Fujisawa Ema | |

### Magazines

| Year | Title | Notes | Ref. |
| 2001 | non-no | Exclusive model | |
| 2010 | More | Exclusive model | |
# Type 98 Ta-Se

The experimental Type 98 Ta-Se was a Japanese self-propelled anti-aircraft gun using a Type 98 20 mm anti-aircraft gun. It used the chassis of the Type 98 Ke-Ni light tank. It did not enter production.

## Development

During development of the AA gun tank, the Imperial Japanese Army experimented with various configurations. This single gun prototype was designated the Type 98 Ta-Se self-propelled anti-aircraft gun. Initial development began in November 1941. The name was taken from taikū ('anti-air') sensha ('tank'). The conventional turret was removed from the hull and a new open-top cylindrical shaped turret was installed. It was equipped with a single converted Type 98 20 mm AA machine cannon. During trials, it was determined that the chassis used for the Ta-Se was too small to be a stable "firing platform". It did not enter production.

## Gallery

* Front view of Type 98 Ta-Se
* Side angle view of Type 98 Ta-Se

## Twin gun version

After the Type 98 Ta-Se SPAAG was abandoned, a second prototype version, known as the Type 98 20 mm AAG tank was produced using the Type 98 chassis. The gun tank was equipped with a modified twin Type 2 20 mm AA machine cannon mounted on a raised platform with a gun shield. It also did not enter mass production after testing.

## Prior single AA gun tank

Prior to the Type 98 Ta-Se, an earlier prototype was produced that was known as the experimental Type 97 Ki-To self-propelled anti-aircraft gun. The original Type 97 Te-Ke tankette turret was removed, and a single Type 98 20 mm AA machine cannon was mounted on the modified chassis without a protective gun shield. It did not enter production.
# Kim Myhr

Kim Myhr (born 17 December 1981 in Trondheim, Norway) is a Norwegian guitarist and composer in the field of experimental music.

## Career

Kim Myhr (born 1981) is an active voice of the creative music scene in Norway, both as a composer and as a guitarist, with frequent performances throughout Europe, Australia, Asia and North- as well as South-America.
As a composer, Myhr wrote "stems and cages" for the Trondheim Jazz Orchestra in 2009, a large ensemble including Sidsel Endresen, Christian Wallumrød, Jim Denley among others. The music was released on the CD "stems and cages" in 2010. Kim wrote a second piece for the orchestra for the 2012 Ultima festival called "In the end his voice will be the sound of paper", this time featuring the voice of Jenny Hval. Myhr works frequently with dance, notably writing music for productions by Italian choreographer Francesco Scavetta, and in 2014 a new collaboration with dancer Orfee Schuijt.
Myhr's first solo record "All your limbs singing" was released March 2014. His solo music explores the acoustic possibilities of the 12-string guitar, and can remind the listener of early music of Ligeti and of Morton Feldman, but it also contains an energy and simplicity similar to American folk music.
Myhr is also one third of MURAL, a trio with Australian wind player Jim Denley and percussionist Ingar Zach. They have worked together since 2007, and have released two CDs; Nectars of Emergence (2010) and "Live at the Rothko Chapel" (2011). The latter is a documentation of a continuing relationship with the Rothko Chapel in Houston.

## Honors

* 2008: JazZtipend at the Moldejazz

## Discography
### Solo

* 2016: Bloom (Hubro)
* 2017: You I Me (Hubro)

#### With Burkhard Beins, Kari Rønnekleiv and Nils Ostendorf

* 2011: Live at Ringve Museum Trondheim 2011 (Audition)
* 2014: All Your Limbs Singing (Sofa)

#### With Trondheim Jazz Orchestra featuring Jenny Hval

* 2016: In The End His Voice Will Be The Sound Of Paper (Hubro)

### Collaborations
#### Within 'Spin Ensemble' including Nils Ostendorf, Philippe Lauzier, Martin Taxt and Toma Gouband

* 2005: Spin Ensemble (Spin)

#### With Philippe Lauzier, Pierre-Yves Martel and Martin Tétreault

* 2008: Disparation De L'Usine Éphémere (Ambiances Magnétiques)

#### With Jim Denley

* 2009: Systems Realignment (either/OAR)

#### With Jim Denley, Philippe Lauzier, Pierre-Yves Martel and Éric Normand

* 2010: Transition De Phase (Tour De Bras)

#### With Trondheim Jazz Orchestra

* 2010: Stems And Cages (MNJ)

#### Within 'Mural' including Ingar Zach and Jim Denley

* 2010: Nectars of Emergence (Sofa)
* 2011: Live at the Rothko Chapel (Rothko Chapel Productions)

#### Within 'Silencers' including Toma Gouband, Benoît Delbecq and Nils Ostendorf

* 2011: Balance Des Blancs (Sofa)

#### Within 'Muringa' including Klaus Ellerhusen Holm, Tor Haugerud & Martin Taxt

* 2012: The Unknown Knowns (Sofa)
# Exxon Corp. v. Governor of Maryland

Exxon Corp. v. Governor of Maryland, 437 U.S. 117 (1978), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States upheld a Maryland law prohibiting oil producers and refiners from operating service stations within its borders. The challengers, including Exxon, claimed that the law violated the Dormant Commerce Clause. Justice Stevens wrote for the majority, which disagreed with Exxon et al.: "Since Maryland's entire gasoline supply flows in interstate commerce and since there are no local producers or refiners, such claims of disparate treatment between interstate and local commerce would be meritless." Exxon challenged the Maryland statute in Circuit Court which ruled the statute invalid. The Maryland Court of Appeals reversed the ruling.

## Background

Maryland found that companies controlling both the production and distribution of oil were receiving preferential treatment from oil refineries through favorable purchasing rates. To combat this type of business, Maryland passed a law that prohibited producers or refiners from operating gasoline stations in Maryland, and required producers and refiners extend temporary price cuts to the stations they supplied.

## Questions before the Court

(1) Does Maryland's statute prohibiting the control of both the production and distribution of oil violate the Due Process and Commerce Clauses of the Constitution?
(2) Does Maryland's statute conflict with the Robinson-Patman Act?

## The Decision of the Court

In a 7-1 decision in favor of the defendant, Justice Stevens wrote for the majority. The Court held that the statute passed by Maryland does not (1) discriminate against interstate dealers (2) prohibit the flow of interstate goods (3) place added cost on them (4) or distinguish between in-state or out-of-state retailers. The absence of any of these factors fully distinguishes this case from Hunt v. Washington Apple Commission. The Court held that the regulation was constitutional despite huge extraterritorial effects of the regulation, less burdensome options available to the state, and no legitimate state interest apart from a desire for cheaper oil. This case is an exception to the rules set forth in Pike v. Bruce Church, Inc.. Justice Blackmun, with the only vote in favor of Exxon, wrote the dissenting opinion for the court.
# Hedy Iracema-Brügelmann

Hedy Iracema-Brügelmann (1879–1941) was a German operatic soprano of Brazilian birth. In 1916, she was awarded the Charlottenkreuz.

## Professional career

Born Hedwig Hänsel in Porto Alegre, Iracema Brügelmann was the daughter of German parents who had emigrated to Brazil. She later married the merchant and bank director Theodor Brügelmann who was the grandson of industrial pioneer Johann Gottfried Brügelmann. Their son, Hermann Brügelmann [Wikidata], became a notable politician. Her adopted artist name, Iracema, is an anagram of the word America.
Iracema-Brügelmann studied singing at the Cologne Conservatory. On the advice of composer/conductor Max von Schillings she chose a career in the theatre, after already having established herself as a concert singer. She made her debut at the Hofoper in Stuttgart in 1910 as Elisabeth in Wagner's Tannhäuser. In 1913, she made a guest appearance at the Royal Opera House in Covent Garden as the Marshallin in Richard Strauss' Der Rosenkavalier, a role she also sang at the Zurich Opera in 1917. On 26 September 1915, she sang the title-role in the world premiere performance of Max von Schillings' opera Mona Lisa, a role she also sang in Amsterdam in 1916.
She was a member of the Vienna State Opera from 1917 until 1920, and from 1920 until 1926 she worked at the Badisches Staatstheater Karlsruhe. She had to end her professional singing career due to health problems. After retiring from the stage, she worked as a singing teacher in Karlsruhe. She died in that city in 1941.
# Hartley Mauditt

Hartley Mauditt is 2.6 miles (4.2 km) southeast of the town of Alton, and 1.2 miles (1.9 km) south of the village of East Worldham. It is on the west side of the parish of Worldham, in the East Hampshire district of the county of Hampshire. The nearest railway station is Alton.
It is now classified as an abandoned village and former civil parish, and appears to have been less inhabited since the 18th century, except for a few cottages and some larger houses. In 1931 the whole parish (larger than the village) had a population of 102.

## Geography

Hartley Mauditt is mainly agricultural of some 1,400 acres (570 ha) with several farms.
The medieval village was larger than present housing which now consists of the parish church of St Leonard and a few houses to the north of the church. These include a 17th-century thatched cottage, a rectory, and a house which was the village school on the parish boundary adjoining West Worldham.

## History

Hartley Mauditt was first documented in the Domesday Book as "Herlege" (meaning hartland or woodland); "Hartley" signifies a pasture for deer. The manor had been granted to William de Maldoit (by corruption rendered Mauditt) by William the Conqueror. Later, it was in the possession of John of Gaunt, the Duchy of Lancaster, the Crown, and then in 1603 to Nicholas Steward (1547-1633). In 1790, the 4th Baronet of Hartley Mauditt, Sir Simeon Henry Stuart, sold the manor to Henry Bilson-Legge. Bilson-Lagge's son son pulled down the manor house in 1798, presumably because it was in a poor state and would have been expensive to re-furbish. After the demolition of the manor house, the village declined. Today, the church is one of the few remaining buildings.
On 1 April 1932 the parish was incorporated into the larger parish of Worldham.

## Parish church

St Leonard's church is a remaining building from the pre-18th century village. It is on the West side of a lake, as seen in the picture.
# Festival Unruhr

Festival Unruhr is a theatre festival in Germany.
# Sultanpur Junction railway station

Sultanpur Junction railway station is a largest and most important railway station in Sultanpur district, Uttar Pradesh. Its code is SLN. It serves Sultanpur city. The station consists of four platforms. The main line of the Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway from Lucknow to Rae Bareli, Varanasi, Faizabad, Jaunpur, Mughal Sarai and Allahabad serves the south-western portion.

## Trains

Some of the trains that runs from Sultanpur are:
* Lucknow–Mau Express
* Ghazipur City–Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra Weekly Express
* Upper India Express
* Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Sultanpur Express
* Mahamana Express
* Suhaildev Superfast Express
* Begampura Express
* Himgiri Superfast Express
* Akal Takht Express
* Indore–Patna Express
* Marudhar Express (via Sultanpur)
* Dr. Ambedkar Nagar–Kamakhya Weekly Express
* Varanasi–Sultanpur Passenger
* Howrah–Amritsar Express
* Patliputra–Chandigarh Superfast Express
* Manwar Sangam Express
* Saryu Express