# Fauna of Turkey

The fauna of Turkey is abundant and very varied. The wildlife of Turkey includes a great diversity of plants and animals, each suited to its own particular habitat, as it is a large country with many geographic and climatic regions About 1500 species of vertebrates have been recorded in the country and around 19,000 species of invertebrate. The country acts as a crossroads with links to Europe, Asia, and the Near East, and many birds use the country as a staging post during migration.
Turkey has a large range of habitat types and a great faunal diversity. Nearly 1,500 vertebrate species were recorded, of which over 100 species, mostly fish, are endemic. The country is on two major routes used by migratory birds which increase in numbers during spring and autumn. The invertebrate fauna is also very diverse, with about 19,000 species being recorded including 4,000 endemics.

## Overview

Turkey has a large range of habitat types and the diversity of its fauna is very great. There are nearly 1,500 species of vertebrate recorded of which over 100 species, mostly fish, are endemic. The country is on two major routes used by migratory birds which swells the numbers in spring and autumn. The invertebrates are also very diverse, with about 19,000 species being recorded including 4,000 endemics.

## Invertebrates
### Insects

There are over 250 species of ant in Turkey, 48 of which are endemic.

#### Moths
### Arachnids
## Vertebrates
### Amphibians

Twenty-three species are endemic to Turkey.

### Reptiles

Twenty-three species are endemic to Turkey.

### Mammals

Eight species are endemic to Turkey. Many species have declined in numbers, for example chamois, gazelle and mouflon, with shortage of staff to protect them claimed to be a factor. DNA of 15 endangered large mammals will be stored.

### Fish

One hundred sixty-one species of freshwater fish are endemic to Turkey.

## Conservation

Conservation action plans for 100 species are due to be completed by the end of 2019.

## Endangered species

* Mediterranean monk seal (Critically endangered) – less than 500 individuals all around the world
* Northern bald ibis (Critically endangered) – main groups live in Morocco and Turkey
* Asia Minor spiny mouse (Critically endangered)
* Rana holtzi (Toros frog; Critically endangered) – endemic to Turkey
* Pseudophoxinus maeandricus (Sandıklı spring minnow; Critically endangered) – known from a single stream
* Anatolian leopard (Endangered)
* White-headed duck (Endangered)
* Red-breasted goose (Endangered)
* Loggerhead sea turtle (Endangered)
* Great bustard (Vulnerable)
* Dalmatian pelican (Vulnerable)
* Lesser kestrel (Vulnerable)
* Egyptian vulture (Vulnerable)
* Wild goat (Vulnerable)
* Greater spotted eagle (Vulnerable)
* Steppe eagle (Endangered)
* Eastern imperial eagle (Vulnerable)
* Saker falcon (Vulnerable)

## Extinct and locally extinct fauna

The following species and populations have become extinct in Turkey in historical times.
* African darter, due to the drying up of Lake Amik
* Asiatic lion
* Caspian tiger, the last known individual was shot in 1974 in Hakkari Province
* Hydruntine, extinct species of wild ass. Youngest known specimens in Turkey date to the 1st millennium BC.
* Alburnus akili extinct species of fish formerly native to Lake Beyşehir, last seen in 1998, likely became extinct due to the introduction of invasive fish species
* Pseudophoxinus handlirschi extinct fish found in Lake Eğirdir, last seen in the 1980s, likely due to the introduction of invasive zander.
Küre and Kaçkar Mountains National Parks have been suggested for rewilding.