# Mường language

Mường (Muong: thiếng Mươ̒ng ; Vietnamese: tiếng Mường) is a group of dialects spoken by the Mường people of Vietnam. They are in the Austroasiatic language family and closely related to Vietnamese. According to Phan (2012), the Mường dialects are not a single language, or even most closely related to each other, but rather are an ethnically defined and paraphyletic taxon.
Mường dialects are primarily spoken in mountainous regions of the northern Vietnamese provinces of Hòa Bình, Thanh Hóa, Vĩnh Phúc, Yên Bái, Sơn La, and Ninh Bình.
Mường has all six tones of Vietnamese; however, the nặng (heavy) tone is present only in Phú Thọ and Thanh Hóa provinces while in Hòa Bình Province, it is merged with the sắc (sharp) tone.

## Writing system

Mường had no written form until Western academics in the 20th century developed a provisional alphabet based on a modified Vietnamese alphabet, including additional consonants like w and allowing different consonant pairs and final consonants than Vietnamese.
In September 2016, the People's Committee of Hòa Bình Province adopted resolution 2295/QĐ-UBND, specifying a new Mường alphabet to be used in instruction within the province. The alphabet consists of 28 letters and four tone marks. The provincial Communist Party of Vietnam newspaper, Hòa Bình điện tử (Muong: Wa̒ Bi̒nh diê̠n tứ) began publishing its electronic edition in Mường in addition to Vietnamese and English, surprising some readers with the unusual orthography.
The alphabet is as follows:
A, Ă, Â, B, C, D, Đ, E, Ê, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, O, Ô, Ơ, P, Q, R, T, U, Ư, V, W, X, Y
The letters F, J, S, and Z are only used in loanwords.

## Phonology
### Consonant inventory

The following table details the consonants of those dialects that show a full voiced-voiceless distinction in the stops (being Mường Bi, Mường Thành, Mường Động, and Ba Trại). The spelling is given in italics.
    Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal Nasal m /m/ n /n/ nh /ɲ/ ng /ŋ/ Stop voiceless p /p/ t /t/ ch /c/ c /k/ aspirated ph /pʰ/ th /tʰ/ kh /kʰ/ voiced b /b/ đ /d/ g /ɡ ~ ɣ/ Fricative voiceless x /s/ h /h/ voiced v/w/o/u /β/ d/gi/i/y /z ~ j/ Lateral l, tl /l, tl ~ kl/
The Mường Vang dialect completely lacks the distinction between the voiced and unvoiced stop pairs /p b/, /t d/, /k ɡ/, having only the voiceless one of each pair. The Mường Khói and Mường Ống dialects have the full voiceless series, but lack /ɡ/ among the voiced stops. The Thạch Sơn dialect on the other hand lacks /p/.
Furthermore, the Mường Khói dialect lacks the aspirated alveolar /tʰ/, but has a /hr/ instead. This dialect is also described as having the labio-velars /kʷ/ and /kʷʰ/.
All of these consonants can appear syllable-initially. At the end of syllables only the nasals /m n ɲ ŋ/, the voiceless stops /p t c k/, the lateral /l/, and the glides /j w/ occur. Of these phonemes, the palatals /c ɲ/ have been analysed as glide + velar /ʲk ʲŋ/. Furthermore, the distribution of syllable-final /c ɲ l/ seems to be more restricted than the distribution of the other final consonants.

### Vowel inventory

The vowel inventory is given in the following table. It appears to be quite uniform among the different dialects. Two of the vowels (/ɤ/ and /a/) can be long or short.
    Front Back unrounded rounded Close i /i/ ư /ɯ/ u /u/ Mid ê /e/ ơ, â /ɤː, ɤ/ ô /o/ Open e /ɛ/ a, ă /aː, a/ o /ɔ/
Apart from these monophthongs, there are also three diphthongs /iə, ɯə, uə/.

### Tone

All Mường dialects are tonal. The Kim Thương dialect (Phú Thọ province) has been the object of an experimental phonetic study.

## Vocabulary

| English | Mường | Vietnamese | Proto-Vietic | Other languages | Khmer | Proto-Mon-Khmer | Other languages |
| zero | không | không | | from Middle Chinese 空 | sony សូន្យ | | from Sanskrit शून्य (śūnya, “zero”) |
| one | mốch, môch | một | *moːc | | muŏy មួយ | *muuj ~ *muəj ~ *muuɲ | |
| two | hal | hai | *haːr | | pir ពីរ | *ɓaar | |
| three | pa | ba | *pa | | bĕi បី | *piʔ | |
| four | pổn | bốn | *poːnʔ | | buŏn បួន | *punʔ | |
| five | đằm, đăm | năm | *ɗam | | pram ប្រាំ | *pɗam | |
| six | khảu | sáu | *p-ruːʔ | | prămmuŏy ប្រាំមួយ | | |
| seven | páy | bảy | *pəs | | prămpir ប្រាំពីរ | | |
| eight | thảm | tám | *saːmʔ | | prămbĕi ប្រាំបី | | |
| nine | chỉn | chín | *ciːnʔ | | prămbuŏn ប្រាំបួន | | |
| ten | mườl | mười | *maːl | | dáb ដប់ | | from Old Chinese 十 (*di̯əp) |
| hundred | tlăm | trăm | *k-lam | | muŏy rôy មួយរយ | | from Thai, ร้อย (roi) |
| water | đác | nước (dialects include nác) | *ɗaːk | | tɨk ទឹក | *ɗaːk | |
| language | thiểng | tiếng | | from Old Chinese 聲 | phiəsaa ភាសា | | from Sanskrit भाषा (bhāṣā) |
| river | không | sông | *k-roːŋ | | tŭənlei ទន្លេ (kŭənlɔɔng គន្លង) | *d(n)liʔ | |
| sky | tlời | trời (Middle Vietnamese: blời) | *b-ləːj | | meik មេឃ | | From Sanskrit मेघ (megha, “cloud”) |
| moon | tlăng | trăng (Middle Vietnamese: blăng) | *b-laŋ | | look khae លោកខែ | | From Sanskrit लोक (loka, “world”) and Proto-Mon-Khmer *khəjʔ (“moon; month”) |
| bird | chim | chim | *-ciːm | | baksəy បក្សី | | From Sanskrit पक्षि (pakṣi) |
| forest | rầng | rừng | *k-rəŋ | | prɨy ព្រៃ | *briiʔ | |
* Note two different romanisations are used to show Khmer here. (UNGEGN and Wiktionary Transcription)

### Comparison of Mường and Vietnamese sentences

| Mường | Vietnamese |
| Cải tlỗng chăng bong, lòng chăng yểng. | Cái bụng không vâng, lòng không theo. |
| Nả tang chái tlốc. | Nó đang chải đầu. |
| Tlước ăn chay khau ăn nhúc. | Trước ăn chay sau ăn thịt. |
| Ho là thôn mễ Tử. | Tôi là cháu bà Tự. |
* "Cải tlỗng chăng bong, lòng chăng yểng." - Mường uses chăng for 'no', it is cognate with Vietnamese chăng and chẳng (extant and widely understood as a negation word in Vietnamese, but rarely used except in poetic contexts).
* "Nả tang chái tlốc." - Mường uses tlốc for 'head', it is cognate with Vietnamese trốc, it was formerly the primary word for head, but has been displaced with đầu (頭).
* "Tlước ăn chay khau ăn nhúc." - Mường uses nhúc (肉) for 'meat', Vietnamese uses a native word for 'meat', thịt. It is cognate with Mường thit 'uncommon word for meat'.
* "Ho là thôn mễ Tử." - Mường uses thôn (孫) for 'grandchild', Vietnamese uses a native word for 'grandchild', cháu. It is cognate with Mường chảu 'son-in-law'.