# Communist Party of India (Marxist), Kerala

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The Communist Party of India (Marxist), Kerala or CPI(M) Kerala is the Kerala state wing of CPIM. It is responsible for organizing and coordinating the party's activities and campaigns within the state, as well as selecting candidates for local, state, and national elections. Currently, it is the governing party in the Kerala Legislative Assembly and has significant representation of the state in Rajya Sabha. The CPIM currently leads the LDF alliance.

## History
### Background

In July 1937, a clandestine meeting was held at Calicut. Five persons were present at the meeting, P. Krishna Pillai, K. Damodaran, E.M.S. Namboodiripad, N. C. Sekhar and S.V. Ghate. The first four were members of the Congress Socialist Party (CSP) in Kerala. The Communist Party of India in Kerala was formed on 31 December 1939 with the Pinarayi Conference.
In 1946, Punnapra-Vayalar uprising was a mass communist movement against C. P. Ramaswami Iyer, the Diwan (Head) of Travancore in Alappuzha. The revolt was due to over 21,000 peasants died in Cherthala taluk alone during the Famine (1939–43). This led to a war between the Travancore police and people. Over 400 people were killed. After the killings, many people around the areas turned into communists.
In 1957 Kerala Assembly election the Communist Party of India (CPI) was elected to rule the state government of Kerala under E. M. S. Namboodiripad only to have the government dismissed and President's Rule declared in 1959 following the Vimochana Samaram. In 1964, in conjunction with the widening rift between China and the Soviet Union, a large leftist faction of the CPI leadership, based predominantly in Kerala and West Bengal, split from the party to form the Communist Party of India (Marxist), or CPI (M). In Kerala, the CPI (M) in coalition with other parties wrested control from the Congress and its allies (frequently including the CPI) in 1967, in 1980, and in 1987. Support for the CPI (M) in Kerala in general elections has ranged from 19 percent to 26 percent, but the party has never won more than nine of Kerala's twenty seats in Parliament.

### Formation of CPI(M) in Kerala

After the CPI split in 1964, prominent communist leader in Kerala E.M.S. Namboodiripad, A. K. Gopalan and K. R. Gouri Amma stood with the Communist Party of India (Marxist). One year after the split, in the 1965 elections CPI(M) which was splinter faction of CPI, emerged as the largest party in the assembly with 40 seats. Where CPI settled with 3 seats only. However no single party could form a ministry commanding majority and hence this election is considered abortive. President's rule was invoked for the fourth time.
In the 1967 Kerala assembly election both communist parties - CPI (M) and CPI - along with smaller parties including SSP and Muslim League contested this election as a United Front. A total of seven parties contested in the front, and the front was known as Saptakakshi Munnani. The CPI(M) led front won the election with a record 113 seats out of 133 seats and formed the government under E.M.S. Namboodiripad. After 2 years of the government, due to continuous problems between CPI and CPI(M) many ministers from the smaller parties resigned eventually, and many parties subsequently left the front owing to the loss of majority the Second Namboodiripad ministry was dissolved in 1969.

### Emergency rule in Kerala

During the emergency rule, when communists in Kerala were organising the political activities from different hide-outs, many CPI(M) members and leaders including current chief minister of Kerala Pinarayi Vijayan was imprisoned for one and a half years. He was arrested and tortured by police. After his release, Pinarayi Vijayan reached the Kerala Legislative Assembly and made an impassionate speech against senior Congress leader K. Karunakaran holding up the blood-stained shirt he wore when in police custody, causing serious embarrassment to the then C. Achutha Menon government. Hundreds of Communists, whether from the CPI(M), other Marxist parties, or the Naxalites, were arrested during the Emergency. Some were tortured or, as in the case of the Kerala student P. Rajan, killed.

### Formation of Left Democratic Front alliance

In the late 1970s and early 1980s, two main pre-poll political alliances were formed: the Left Democratic Front (LDF), led by the Communist Party of India (Marxist) and Communist Party of India and the United Democratic Front (UDF), led by the Indian National Congress.

### Nayanar Era (1980 - 2001)

Since the formation of the alliance in 1980, E. K. Nayanar has led the party and alliance for two decades and has also became the longest-served Chief Minister of Kerala. The CPI(M) led alliance has won every alternate election in 1980 election, 1987 election and 1996 election since the formation led by Nayanar. In this period Kerala saw several progressive reforms, especially in the Land Reforms and Labour Welfare sectors. The Kerala Coir workers Welfare Fund Act, 1987, The Kerala Khadi Workers’ Welfare Fund Act, 1989, The Kerala Abkari Workers Welfare Fund Act, 1989, The Kerala Construction workers’ Welfare Fund Act, 1989 and the Kerala Ration Dealer’s Welfare Fund Act 1998.

## Timeline

* 1925 - Workers and Peasants Party formed which later helped to form Communist Party of India.
* 1925 - Communist Party of India founded in Kanpur on 26 December 1925.
* 1931 - Communist League formed for propaganda for organising a trade union in Trivandrum, Kerala, in 1931
* 1934 - Formation of Congress Socialist Party (CSP) in Kerala, as part of the Popular Front strategy of the ComIntern.
* 1935 - All India member of Communist Party of India, P. Sundarayya met members of CSP Kerala unit leaders P. Krishna Pillai and E.M.S. Namboodiripad in Madras.
* 1937 - A meeting was held in Calicut between P. Krishna Pillai, E.M.S. Namboodiripad, A. K. Gopalan, K. Damodaran, N. C. Sekhar and S.V. Ghate whom were members of Congress Socialist Party (CSP)
* 1939-40 - Split in Congress. Communist Party of India walked away with the entire Kerala Congress unit.
* 1940 - Formation of Communist Party of India in Kerala
* 1946 - Punnapra-Vayalar Revolt, was a mass communist movement against C. P. Ramaswami Iyer, the Diwan (Head) of Travancore
* 1947 - India gains independence from British Raj.
* 1952 - In the 1952 Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly election, Communist Party of India was banned to contest election.
* 1956 - Kerala state was formed comprising South Canara (Kasaragod region), Malabar, Cochin, and Travancore.
* 1957 - First Kerala Legislative assembly election was held in Kerala, the election led to the formation of first democratically elected communist government in India and first state to elect a Non-Congress party in the country. E.M.S. Namboodiripad sworn in as first chief minister of Kerala.
* 1959 - Dismissal of government following Liberation Struggle.
* 1963 - Split in leadership of Communist Party of India (CPI).
* 1964 - Formation of Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M)).
* 1967 - CPI(M) led United Front Alliance won the Forth Kerala Legislative assembly election with over 113 of 133 seats. The alliance included CPI and Muslim League.
* 1980 - Formation of CPI(M) led Left Democratic Front (LDF) alliance.

### Recent State Conferences and major events

* 1985 Ernakulam conference - alternative document and ouster of M. V. Raghavan
* 1988 Alappuzha conference - V. S. Achuthanandan re-elected as state secretary
* 1991 Kozhikode conference - V. S. Achuthanandan loses to E. K. Nayanar by 2 votes
* 1995 Kollam conference - downslide to VS faction
* 1998 Palakkad conference - comeback of VS and ouster of CITU lobby including M. M. Lawrence, V. B. Cheriyan, K. N. Raveendranath, Appukkutan Vallikunnu
* 2002 Kannur conference - start of the VS vs PV feud that shall continue until VS's retirement from active politics after 2015
* 2005 Malappuram conference
* 2008 Kottayam conference - paramountcy of PV faction
* 2012 Thiruvananthapuram conference
* 2015 Alappuzha conference - VS walks out

## Structure and composition
### List of state secretaries of CPI(M) Kerala

| No. | Secretary (Birth–Death) | Term | Total Years as secretary |
| 1 | C.H. Kanaran (1909–1972) | 1964–1972 | 8 Years |
| 2 | E. K. Nayanar (1919–2004) | 1972–1980 | 8 Years |
| 3 | V. S. Achuthanandan (1923–) | 1980–1992 | 12 Years |
| 4 | E. K. Nayanar (1919–2004) | 1992–1996 | 4 Years |
| 5 | Chadayan Govindan (1929–1998) | 1996-1998 | 2 Years |
| 6 | Pinarayi Vijayan (1945–) | 25 September 1998 – 23 February 2015 | 17 Years |
| 7 | Kodiyeri Balakrishnan (1953–2022) | 23 February 2015 – 28 August 2022 | 7 Years |
| 8 | M. V. Govindan (1953–) | 31 August 2022–present | Incumbent |

### List of Polit Bureau members from CPI(M) Kerala

| No. | Name | Period |
| 1 | E. M. S. Namboodiripad | 1964 - 1998 |
| 2 | A. K. Gopalan | 1964 - 1977 |
| 3 | E. Balanandan | 1978 - 2005 |
| 4 | V. S. Achuthanandan | 1986 - 2009 |
| 5 | E. K. Nayanar | 1992 - 2004 |
| 6 | S. Ramachandran Pillai | 1992 - 2022 |
| 7 | Pinarayi Vijayan | 1998–present |
| 8 | Kodiyeri Balakrishnan | 2008 - 2022 |
| 9 | M. A. Baby | 2012–present |
| 10 | M. V. Govindan | 2022–present |
| 11 | A. Vijayaraghavan | 2022–present |

### Current State Secretariat Leaders

Source:
| No. | Leader's name | Born (Age) |
| 1 | Pinarayi Vijayan | (1945-05-24) 24 May 1945 (age 79) |
| 2 | M. V. Jayarajan | 1960 |
| 3 | K. K. Shailaja | |
| 4 | E. P. Jayarajan | (1950-05-28) 28 May 1950 (age 74) |
| 5 | T. P. Ramakrishnan | (1950-06-15) 15 June 1950 (age 74) |
| 6 | T. M. Thomas Isaac | (1952-09-26) 26 September 1952 (age 72) |
| 7 | M. V. Govindan | (1953-04-23) 23 April 1953 (age 71) |
| 8 | V. N. Vasavan | (1954-03-03) 3 March 1954 (age 71) |
| 9 | K. N. Balagopal | (1963-07-28) 28 July 1963 (age 61) |
| 10 | Saji Cherian | (1965-05-28) 28 May 1965 (age 59) |
| 11 | P. Rajeeve | (1968-05-13) 13 May 1968 (age 56) |
| 12 | P. K. Biju | (1974-04-03) 3 April 1974 (age 50) |
| 13 | P. A. Mohammed Riyas | (1976-05-18) 18 May 1976 (age 48) |
| 14 | CN Mohanan | |
| 15 | M. Swaraj | (1979-05-27) 27 May 1979 (age 45) |
| 16 | Puthalath Dineshan | |
| 17 | KK Jayachandran | |

### Principal mass organisations

| No. | Organisation Name | Association for | President |
| 1 | Democratic Youth Federation of India (DYFI) | Youth | V. Vaseef |
| 2 | Students' Federation of India (SFI) | Students | Anushree |
| 3 | Centre of Indian Trade Unions (CITU) | Trade union | Elamaram Kareem |
| 4 | All India Democratic Women's Association (AIDWA) | Women | P. K. Sreemathy |
| 5 | Balasangham | Children | Arya Rajendran |
| 6 | Bank Employees Federation of India (BEFI) | Bank | C. J. Nandakumar |
| 7 | Adivasi Kshema Samithi (AKS) | Tribal | K. C. Kunhiraman |
| 8 | All India Agricultural Workers Union | Agricultural Workers | A. Vijayaraghavan |
| 9 | All India Kisan Sabha | Farmers | Valsan Panoli |
| 10 | Coffee Farmers’ Federation of India | Coffee Farmers | M. M. Mani |
| 11 | Purogama Kalasahitya Sangham | Writers and Artists | Shaji N. Karun |
| 12 | Kerala NGO Union (NGOU) | Non Gazetted Officers | M. V. Sashidharan |
| 12 | Kerala Gazetted Officers' Association (KGOA) | Gazetted Officers | Dr. M. A. Nazer |
| 13 | Association of Kerala Govt. College Teachers (AKGCT) | Govt. College Teachers | Prof. (Dr.) Manoj N. |
| 14 | All Kerala Private College Teachers' Association (AKPCT) | Private College Teachers' Association | Nisanth A |
| 15 | Kerala School Teachers Association (KSTA) | School Teachers | |

### District Secretaries

| No. | District | District Secretary |
| 1 | Thiruvananthapuram | V. Joy |
| 2 | Kollam | S. Vasudevan |
| 3 | Alappuzha | R. Naser |
| 4 | Pathanamthitta | Raju Abraham |
| 5 | Kottayam | A. V. Rasal |
| 6 | Idukki | C.V. Varghese |
| 7 | Ernakulam | C. V. Mohanan |
| 8 | Thrissur | M. M. Varghese |
| 9 | Palakkad | E.N. Suresh Babu |
| 10 | Malappuram | E.V. Mohan Das |
| 11 | Kozhikode | P. Mohanan Master |
| 12 | Wayanad | P. Gagarin |
| 13 | Kannur | M. V. Jayarajan |
| 14 | Kasaragod | M. Rajagopalan |

## List of Chief Ministers from CPI(M)

| № | Portrait | Name Ministry (Year) | Length of term | Length of term |
| № | Portrait | Name Ministry (Year) | Longest continuous term | Total years of premiership |
| 1 | | E. M. S. Namboodiripad 1st Namboodiripad (1957–1959) 2nd Namboodiripad (1967–1969) | 2 years, 240 days | 4 years 357 days |
| 2 | | E. K. Nayanar 1st Nayanar (1980–1981) 2nd Nayanar (1987–1991) 3rd Nayanar (1996–2001) | 5 years, 27 days | 11 years, 10 days |
| 3 | | V. S. Achuthanandan Achuthanandan (2006–2011) | 4 years, 364 days | 4 years, 364 days |
| 4 | | Pinarayi Vijayan 1st Pinarayi (2016–2021) 2nd Pinarayi (2021–present) | 8 years, 288 days | 8 years, 288 days |

## Kerala Assembly election results

Kerala Assembly Election Results :
| Year | Party leader | Overall votes | % of overall votes | Total seats | seats won/ seats contensted | Change in seats | Outcome |
| As Communist Party of India ||||||||
| 1957 | E. M. S. Namboodiripad | 2,059,547 | 35.28% | 126 | 60 / 101 | new | Government |
| 1960 | E. M. S. Namboodiripad | 3,171,732 | 39.14% | 126 | 29 / 108 | 20 | Opposition |
| As Communist Party of India (Marxist) ||||||||
| 1965 | E. M. S. Namboodiripad | 1,257,869 | 19.87% | 133 | 40 / 73 | new | No Result |
| 1967 | E. M. S. Namboodiripad | 1,476,456 | 23.51% | 133 | 52 / 59 | 12 | Government |
| 1970 | E. M. S. Namboodiripad | N/A | N/A | 133 | 29 / 70 | 23 | Opposition |
| 1977 | E. M. S. Namboodiripad | 1,946,051 | 22.2 % | 140 | 17 / 68 | 12 | Opposition |
| 1980 | E. K. Nayanar | 1,846,312 | 19.4% | 140 | 35 / 50 | 18 | Government |
| 1982 | E. K. Nayanar | 1,798,198 | 18.8% | 140 | 28 / 51 | 7 | Opposition |
| 1987 | E. K. Nayanar | 2,912,999 | 22.8 % | 140 | 38 / 70 | 10 | Government |
| 1991 | E. K. Nayanar | 3,129,523 | 22.1 % | 140 | 28 / 65 | 10 | Opposition |
| 1996 | V. S. Achuthanandan | 3,078,723 | 21.6 % | 140 | 40 / 62 | 12 | Government |
| 2001 | V. S. Achuthanandan | 3,361,827 | 21.4 % | 140 | 24 / 65 | 16 | Opposition |
| 2006 | V. S. Achuthanandan | 4,732,381 | 30.4 % | 140 | 61 / 85 | 37 | Government |
| 2011 | V. S. Achuthanandan | 4,921,354 | 28.2 % | 140 | 44 / 84 | 17 | Opposition |
| 2016 | Pinarayi Vijayan | 5,365,472 | 26.7 % | 140 | 58 / 84 | 14 | Government |
| 2021 | Pinarayi Vijayan | 5,288,502 | 25.5 % | 140 | 62 / 75 | 4 | Government |

## Loksabha election results of CPI (M) in Kerala

Performance of Communist Party of India (Marxist), Kerala in Loksabha elections :
| Year | Legislature | Party State Secretary | Total constituencies | Seats won / contested | Change in seats | Total votes | Per. of votes | Change in vote % |
| 1967 | 4th Lok Sabha | C. H. Kanaran | 19 | 9 / 9 | New | 1,540,027 | 24.6 % | New |
| 1971 | 5th Lok Sabha | C. H. Kanaran | 19 | 2 / 11 | 7 | 1,711,442 | 26.2 % | 1.60% |
| 1977 | 6th Lok Sabha | E. K. Nayanar | 20 | 0 / 9 | 2 | 1,800,193 | 20.3 % | 5.90% |
| 1980 | 7th Lok Sabha | E. K. Nayanar | 20 | 7 / 8 | 7 | 1,754,387 | 21.5 % | 1.20% |
| 1984 | 8th Lok Sabha | V. S. Achuthanandan | 20 | 1 / 10 | 6 | 2,425,965 | 22.3 % | 0.80% |
| 1989 | 9th Lok Sabha | V. S. Achuthanandan | 20 | 2 / 10 | 1 | 3,411,227 | 22.9 % | 0.70% |
| 1991 | 10th Lok Sabha | V. S. Achuthanandan | 20 | 3 / 9 | 1 | 2,952,043 | 20.7 % | 2.20% |
| 1996 | 11th Lok Sabha | Chadayan Govindan | 20 | 5 / 9 | 2 | 3,044,369 | 21.2 % | 0.50% |
| 1998 | 12th Lok Sabha | Pinarayi Vijayan | 20 | 6 / 9 | 1 | 3,121,636 | 21.0 % | 0.20% |
| 1999 | 13th Lok Sabha | Pinarayi Vijayan | 20 | 8 / 12 | 2 | 4,290,986 | 27.9 % | 6.90% |
| 2004 | 14th Lok Sabha | Pinarayi Vijayan | 20 | 12 / 13 | 4 | 4,754,567 | 31.5 % | 3.60% |
| 2009 | 15th Lok Sabha | Pinarayi Vijayan | 20 | 4 / 14 | 8 | 4,887,333 | 30.5 % | 1.00% |
| 2014 | 16th Lok Sabha | Pinarayi Vijayan | 20 | 5 / 10 | 1 | 3,880,655 | 21.8 % | 8.70% |
| 2019 | 17th Lok Sabha | Kodiyeri Balakrishnan | 20 | 1 / 14 | 4 | 5,266,510 | 26.0 % | 4.20% |
| 2024 | 18th Lok Sabha | M. V. Govindan | 20 | 1 / 15 | | 5,161,034 | 26.0 % | |

## List of elected members

| Sl.no | Constituency | Name of the elected MLA | Party affiliation |
| Kasaragod district ||||
| 1 | Udma | C. H. Kunhambu | CPI(M) |
| 2 | Thrikaripur | M. Rajagopalan | CPI(M) |
| Kannur district ||||
| 3 | Payyanur | T. I. Madusoodhanan | CPI(M) |
| 4 | Kalliasseri | M.Vijin | CPI(M) |
| 5 | Taliparamba | M.V Govindan Master | CPI(M) |
| 6 | Dharmadom | Pinarayi Vijayan | CPI(M) |
| 7 | Thalassery | A. N. Shamseer | CPI(M) |
| 8 | Mattanur | K. K. Shailaja | CPI(M) |
| 9 | Azhikode | K.V Sumesh | CPI(M) |
| Wayanad district ||||
| 10 | Mananthavady | O. R. Kelu | CPI(M) |
| Kozhikode district ||||
| 11 | Koyilandy | Kanathil Jameela | CPI(M) |
| 12 | Perambra | T. P. Ramakrishnan | CPI(M) |
| 13 | Balussery | K.M Sachin Dev | CPI(M) |
| 14 | Kozhikode North | Thottathil Raveendran | CPI(M) |
| 15 | Beypore | P.A Muhammed Riyas | CPI(M) |
| 16 | Thiruvambady | Linto Joseph | CPI(M) |
| 17 | Kuttiyadi | K.P Kunhammad Kutty | CPI(M) |
| Malappuram district ||||
| 18 | Ponnani | P.Nandakumar | CPI(M) |
| Palakkad district ||||
| 19 | Shornur | P Mammikutty | CPI(M) |
| 20 | Ottapalam | K.Premkumar | CPI(M) |
| 21 | Kongad | K.Shanthakumari | CPI(M) |
| 22 | Malampuzha | A Prabhakaran | CPI(M) |
| 23 | Tarur | P.P Sumod | CPI(M) |
| 24 | Nenmara | K. Babu | CPI(M) |
| 25 | Alathur | K. D. Prasenan | CPI(M) |
| 26 | Thrithala | M.B Rajesh | CPI(M) |
| Thrissur district ||||
| 27 | Chelakkara | K Radhakrishnan | CPI(M) |
| 28 | Wadakkanchery | Xavier Chittilappilly | CPI(M) |
| 29 | Kunnamkulam | A. C. Moideen | CPI(M) |
| 30 | Guruvayur | N.K Akbar | CPI(M) |
| 31 | Manalur | Murali Perunelli | CPI(M) |
| 32 | Irinjalakuda | R Bindhu | CPI(M) |
| 33 | Puthukkad | K.K Ramachandran | CPI(M) |
| Ernakulam district ||||
| 34 | Vypeen | K.N Unnikrishnan | CPI(M) |
| 35 | Kalamasseri | P.Rajeev | CPI(M) |
| 36 | Kochi | K. J. Maxi | CPI(M) |
| 37 | Kothamangalam | Antony John | CPI(M) |
| 38 | Kunnathunadu | P.V Sreenijan | CPI(M) |
| Idukki district ||||
| 39 | Devikulam | A Raja | CPI(M) |
| 40 | Udumbanchola | M. M. Mani | CPI(M) |
| Kottayam district ||||
| 41 | Ettumanoor | V.N Vasavan | CPI(M) |
| Alappuzha district ||||
| 42 | Alappuzha | P. P. Chitharanjan | CPI(M) |
| 43 | Ambalappuzha | H.Salam | CPI(M) |
| 44 | Kayamkulam | Prathiba Hari | CPI(M) |
| 45 | Mavelikkara | M.S Arunkumar | CPI(M) |
| 46 | Chengannur | Saji Cherian | CPI(M) |
| 47 | Aroor | Dhaleema Jojo | CPI(M) |
| Pathanamthitta district ||||
| 48 | Aranmula | Veena George | CPI(M) |
| 49 | Konni | K. U. Jenish Kumar | CPI(M) |
| Kollam district ||||
| 50 | Kottarakkara | K.N Balagopal | CPI(M) |
| 51 | Kollam | M. Mukesh | CPI(M) |
| 52 | Eravipuram | M. Noushad | CPI(M) |
| Thiruvananthapuram district ||||
| 53 | Varkala | V. Joy | CPI(M) |
| 54 | Aruvikkara | G.Stephen | CPI(M) |
| 55 | Nemam | V.Shivankutty | CPI(M) |
| 56 | Attingal | O.S Ambika | CPI(M) |
| 57 | Vamanapuram | D. K. Murali | CPI(M) |
| 58 | Kazhakoottam | Kadakampally Surendran | CPI(M) |
| 59 | Vattiyoorkavu | V. K. Prasanth | CPI(M) |
| 60 | Parassala | C. K. Hareendran | CPI(M) |
| 61 | Kattakkada | I. B. Sathish | CPI(M) |
| 62 | Neyyattinkara | K. A. Ansalan | CPI(M) |

### Rajya Sabha

| # | Name | Party | Term Start | Term End |
| 1 | A. A. Rahim | CPM | 03-Apr-2022 | 03-Apr-2028 |
| 2 | V. Sivadasan | CPM | 24-Apr-2021 | 23-Apr-2027 |
| 3 | John Brittas | CPM | 24-Apr-2021 | 23-Apr-2027 |

### Lok Sabha

| # | Constituency | Name | Party | Party |
| 1 | Alathur | K.Radhakrishnan | | CPI(M) |