# Hong Yi

Hong Yi (23 October 1880 – 13 October 1942; Chinese: 弘一; pinyin: Hóngyī; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Hông-it, also romanized Hong-it), or Yan Yin (Chinese: 演音; pinyin: Yǎnyīn; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Ián-im), born Li Shutong (李叔同 and 李漱筒) was a Chinese artist, musician, art teacher, and Buddhist monk. He also went by the names Wen Tao, Guang Hou, and Shu Tong, but was most commonly known by his Buddhist name, Hong Yi (Hokkien Hong-it).

## Life

He was born in Tianjin to a banking family originating in Hongtong County, Shanxi, that migrated to Tianjin in the Ming Dynasty, though his mother was from Pinghu, Zhejiang province.
In 1898 Li moved to Shanghai and joined the "Shanghai Painting and Calligraphy Association", and the "Shanghai Scholarly Society" while he was attending the Nanyang Public School (later became Jiaotong University). In 1905 Li went to Japan to study at Tokyo School of Fine Art in Ueno Park where he specialized in Western painting and music, and met a lover by the name of Yukiko who was to become his concubine. In 1910 Li returned to China and was appointed to Tianjin's Beiyang Advanced Industry School. The next year he was appointed as a music teacher in a girls' school in Shanghai. He went to Hangzhou in 1912 and became a lecturer in the Zhejiang Secondary Normal College (now Hangzhou Normal University). He taught not only Western painting and music but also art history. By 1915 Jiang Qian hired him as a teacher at Nanjing Higher Normal School (renamed in 1949 to Nanjing University), where he taught painting and music. He also taught at Zhejiang Secondary Normal School (浙江兩級師範學堂), the predecessor of the famous Hangzhou High School.
During these later years, Li's reputation grew, as he became the first Chinese educator to use nude models in his painting classes, not to mention as the first teacher of Western music in China. Some of the students, like Singapore artist Chen Wen Hsi (陳文希) whom he personally groomed, went on to become accomplished masters of the arts in their later days. Li Shutong himself was also an accomplished composer and lyricist. Many of his compositions are still remembered and performed today.
In 1916 Li became a Buddhist. After spending another year in spiritual retreat, Li chose to be ordained as a monk, and thus began a holistic life dedicated to propagating Buddhism and its code of conduct. After becoming a monk he practised only calligraphy, developing a simple and unadorned, yet unique style, which was treasured by everyone who received a sample. He became known to all as Master Hong Yi. In 1942, Master Hong Yi died peacefully at the age of 61 in Quanzhou, Fujian Province. Li is one of the three great poetic monks in the late Qing Dynasty.(others for Su Manshu, Shi Jingan).

## Commemorations and exhibitions

Beijing-based progressive-metal rock band the Tang Dynasty recorded a rock-version of Master Hong Yi's famous romantic ballad, the Farewell song in their second album Epic.
A special 130th anniversary celebration of Master Hong Yi showcasing his calligraphy and painting works took place in 2010 in Shanghai, partly sponsored by the Pinghu Municipal Government, and attended by a granddaughter of Hong Yi.

## Important works
### Publications

* A Graphical Explanation of the Bhikhhu's Precepts in Dharmagupta Vinaya (Chinese: 四分律比丘戒相表記A Graphical Explanation of the Bhikhhu's Precepts in Dharmagupta Vinaya [zh])
* The Guide to the Nanshan Vinaya for Lay Buddhists (Chinese: 南山律在家備覽)

### Collections

* Happy Stones
* Li Shutong's Seals

### Articles

* How to Paint (Chinese: 圖畫修得法)
* An Introduction to Watercolors (Chinese: 水彩畫法說略)

### Lyrics

* Song: Song Bie Ge (Farewell Song) (Chinese: 送别歌)

### Music

* Song: Childhood memories (Chinese: 憶兒時)
* Song: Song of Spring Sightseeing (Chinese: 春游曲)
* Song: Song of Three Jewels (Buddhist Refuge), Taixu lyrics (Chinese: zh:三寶歌)