OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Lowenfield v. Phelps

Lowenfield v. Phelps, 484 U.S. 231 (1988), is a United States Supreme Court case. The Court held that the two jury polls and the supplemental charge did not unlawfully pressure the jury to give a death sentence. The Court also stated that the death sentence does not violate the Eighth Amendment. This is simply because the single statutory "aggravating circumstance" found by the jury duplicates an element of the underlying offense of first-degree murder.

## Background

In 1984, Leslie Lowenfield, a Guyanese immigrant welder, was convicted of the 1982 killing of his girlfriend, a sheriff's deputy, and four members of her family, including a 4-year-old girl.

## Opinion of the court

The court, in an opinion by Chief Justice Rehnquist, held that the trial judge's polling of the jury and supplemental Allen instruction did not coerce the jury to return a verdict of guilty. The Court also rejected a challenge that Louisiana's death penalty statute did not sufficiently narrow the category of defendants who are eligible for the death penalty. The aggravating circumstance in the case, intentionally killing more than one person was found by the jury in the guilt phase after returning three first-degree murder verdicts.

## Subsequent developments

Lowenfield was executed by electric chair on April 13, 1988, at the age of 34.
# Flashed face distortion effect

The flashed face distortion effect is a visual illusion involving the fast-paced presentation of eye-aligned faces. Faces appear grotesquely transformed while the viewer focuses on the cross midway between them. As with many scientific discoveries, the phenomenon was first observed by chance. The effect has been applied to Hollywood celebrities, and won 2nd Place in the 8th Annual Best Illusion of the Year Contest held in 2012 under the aegis of the Vision Sciences Society. The phenomenon, which has gone viral on YouTube, also represents an example of scientific phenomenology which outstrips (in this case) neurological theory. According to Susanna Martinez-Conde, president of the Neural Correlate Society, which hosts the competition:
   These are the best illusions of the year, so they’re very new by definition. You’re going to know the phenomenology first, and the neural underpinnings second. Typically, we don’t know why these illusions work in the brain. We may have theories, but the experiments have not been done, because it’s too early.
A 2019 paper in Scientific Reports found that the effect is equally strong when the faces are upside down. This suggests that the effect is independent of the face perception functionality of the human brain, which tends to react much stronger to right-side up faces than to inverted faces.
# Angus MacLennan

Angus MacLennan (May 3, 1844 – August 27, 1908) was a Canadian politician.
Born in Dunvegan, Inverness County, on Nova Scotia's Cape Breton Island, MacLennan was the Liberal Member of Parliament for the House of Commons of Canada riding of Inverness from 1896 to 1908.
Angus MacLennan was the youngest of the ten children of John MacLennan, an early settler from Kintail Scotland. MacLennan taught at local district schools to earn money for his medical studies. He eventually graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1871, and practiced medicine for over 30 years in Inverness County, maintaining the practice throughout his political career. His extended family over the years now resides in Tyne Valley, Prince Edward Island and Mainland Nova Scotia.
During his time as an MP, he was instrumental in bringing the railway to the west side of Cape Breton Island, thereby spurring the growth of Inverness as a coal-exporting boom town in the first quarter of the 20th century.
MacLennan represented Inverness (as a Conservative) for one term in the Nova Scotia legislature (1882-1886).
A strong supporter of Sir Wilfrid Laurier, he was defeated in his first campaign as a Liberal in 1891, elected in the Laurier landslide of 1896, and re-elected in 1900 and 1904. He died of a stroke on August 27, 1908, in Chéticamp, Cape Breton, while campaigning for a fourth term in the 1908 federal election.

## Sources

* MacMillan, C.L., Memoirs of a Cape Breton Doctor, Toronto, McClelland and Stewart, 1973.
* MacDougall, J.L., "History of Inverness County" (facsimile edition), Belleville, Ontario, Mika Publishing, 1972. (originally published in Truro, N.S., 1922)
# USS Stepping Stones

USS Stepping Stones was a steamer purchased by the Union Navy during the early part of the American Civil War.
She was used by the Union Navy first as a dispatch boat, and also as a gunboat assigned to patrol Confederate waterways.

## Built in New York City in 1861

Stepping Stones—a wooden ferryboat built at New York City in 1861—was purchased by the Navy at New York on 30 September 1861, and was commissioned on or before 21 October 1861.

## Civil War operations
### Assigned Potomac River operations

The ferryboat departed New York City on 21 October, served briefly at Hampton Roads, Virginia, reached the Washington Navy Yard on 5 November, and was promptly placed in service as a dispatch boat in the Potomac Flotilla. These first few weeks of her service typified her fortunes throughout the Civil War.
Her services were wanted both in the Potomac Flotilla and in the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron for service along the west coast of the Chesapeake Bay and on the rivers—roughly parallel to the Potomac—which drain Tidewater Virginia. As a result, the ferry was shuttled between the two commands as ground operations ebbed and flowed over the Virginia farmlands which separated Washington, D.C., and Virginia.
When assigned to the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron, the ship was moved from the James, to the York, or to the Rappahannock River as demanded by the military situation ashore.

### Operations on the James River in Virginia

Highlights of Stepping Stones' service were the operations on the James in July 1862 to help protect General George B. McClellan's beleaguered army at Harrison's Landing.
During 1863 She was stationed in the Nansemond River and participated in the Siege of Suffolk (VA) undertaken by Longstreet's Corps. One notable event was rescuing, under heavy fire, of USS Mount Washington when that ship had been grounded and disabled during and engagement with an earth works near Suffolk, Virginia. Later, after running the same battery, she made two landings against the earth works; which fell in an assault by Union Army units supported by the Stepping Stones' boat howitzers. Also notable is her participation in a mid-April 1864 Army-Navy expedition up the Nansemond River.
In May 1864, she became part of a torpedo sweeping (mine sweeping) and patrol force on the James.

### Capturing Confederate blockade runners

On 9 November, she captured two blockade-running sloops, Reliance and Little Elmer, in Mobjack Bay.
In March 1865, less than a month before Robert E. Lee surrendered, Stepping Stones was in a naval expedition up Mattox Creek to Colonial Beach, Virginia, where the Union ships attacked a supply base for Confederate guerrillas operating on the peninsula between that river and the Potomac River.

## Post-war decommissioning, sale and subsequent civilian career

After the war ended, Stepping Stones was decommissioned at the Washington Navy Yard on 23 June 1865 and was sold on 12 July 1865 to W. D. Wallach. Redocumented as Cambridge on 27 July 1865, the steamer was reduced to a barge on 2 August 1871 and soon disappeared from maritime records.
# Elbee Airlines

Elbee Airlines was India's first all-cargo airline based in Mumbai, India. Elbee Airlines was started as a wholly owned subsidiary of Elbee Services, one of India's largest express logistics company that itself closed down in 2002. It operated domestic cargo services until July 1998. It became operational in June 1995 having acquired an air-taxi-operator's certificate from the Directorate General of Civil Aviation to operate four Fokkers on domestic routes. The Airline planned a 57 million dollar fleet renewal in 1996, by bringing in three Boeing 727 and three McDonnell Douglas DC-10 freighters to add to its three Fokker F27s. However, after its freighter Fokker 27 crashed in 1997, business never returned to normalcy and the airline ceased operations by July 1998.

## Destinations

Elbee operated freight services to the following destinations:

### India

* Delhi - Indira Gandhi International Airport
* Bengaluru - Bengaluru International Airport
* Mumbai - Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport base
* Chennai - Chennai International Airport

## Fleet

The fleet consisted of three Fokker 27 turboprop aircraft (in cargo configuration).
| Registration | From | To |
| VT-SSA | Busy Bee | Crashed off the coast of Mumbai in 1997 |
| VT-SSB | Busy Bee | Stored at Chennai Airport. |
| VT-SSC | Busy Bee | Scrapped at Mumbai Airport in 2007 |

## Accidents and incidents

VT-SSA, operating cargo flight on the Mumbai-Bangalore sector, crashed into the Arabian Sea off the Coast of Mumbai on 3 July 1997. The aircraft was destroyed on impact and both crew members died. Severe weather conditions encountered soon after take-off were said to be responsible for the accident.
# Fatmawati Soekarno Airport

Fatmawati Soekarno Airport (IATA: BKS, ICAO: WIGG), formerly Padang Kemiling Airport, is an airport in Bengkulu, a city in the Bengkulu province of Indonesia. It is named after Fatmawati Soekarno (1923–1980), the First Lady of Indonesia, married to Soekarno, the first President of Indonesia who was born in the town. The airport is 14 km from downtown of the city.

## Facilities

At present the airport has a 2,500 m x 45 m runway with an asphalt surface. It was managed by the UPT Directorate General of Transportation, which is transferred to Angkasa Pura II. The largest types of aircraft that can operate at this airport are Airbus A320, A321 and Boeing 737.
Construction of a new terminal in two stages is being undertaken to anticipate the movement of 5.6 million passengers, and to operate as an international airport.

## Airlines and destinations

| Airlines | Destinations |
| Batik Air | Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta |
| Citilink | Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta |
| Garuda Indonesia | Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta |
| Lion Air | Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta |
| Super Air Jet | Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta |
| Susi Air | Enggano, Mukomuko, Pagar Alam, Krui |
| Wings Air | Bandar Lampung, Mukomuko, Padang (all resumes 26 March 2025) |

## Statistics

Frequency of domestic flights at Fatmawati Soekarno Airport :
| Rank | Destinations | Frequency (weekly) | Airline(s) |
| 1 | Soekarno–Hatta International Airport, Cengkareng - Banten | 49 | Citilink, Garuda Indonesia, Lion Air, Super Air Jet |
| 2 | Hang Nadim International Airport, Batam - Riau Islands | 2 | Super Air Jet |
| 3 | Mukomuko Airport, Mukomuko - Bengkulu | 2 | Susi Air |
| 4 | Enggano Airport, Enggano Island - North Bengkulu | 1 | Susi Air |
# Rafał Augustyn (race walker)

Rafał Augustyn (born 14 May 1984, in Dębica near Mielec) is a Polish race walker.

## Achievements

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| Representing Poland ||||||
| 2003 | European Race Walking Cup | Cheboksary, Russia | 9th | 10 km walk | 42:56 |
| 2003 | European Junior Championships | Tampere, Finland | — | 10,000 m walk | DNF |
| 2004 | World Race Walking Cup | Naumburg, Germany | — | 50 km walk | DNF |
| 2005 | European Race Walking Cup | Miskolc, Hungary | — | 20 km walk | DQ |
| 2005 | European U23 Championships | Erfurt, Germany | 4th | 20 km walk | 1:25:01 |
| 2005 | Universiade | Izmir, Turkey | 13th | 20 km walk | 1:30:56 |
| 2006 | World Race Walking Cup | A Coruña, Spain | 26th | 20 km walk | 1:23:16 |
| 2007 | European Race Walking Cup | Royal Leamington Spa, United Kingdom | 16th | 20 km walk | 1:22:08 |
| 2007 | Universiade | Bangkok, Thailand | 15th | 20 km walk | 1:31:46 |
| 2007 | World Championships | Osaka, Japan | 26th | 20 km walk | 1:27:54 |
| 2008 | World Race Walking Cup | Cheboksary, Russia | 55th | 20 km walk | 1:25:45 |
| 2008 | Olympic Games | Beijing, China | 29th | 20 km walk | 1:24:25 |
| 2009 | European Race Walking Cup | Metz, France | 7th | 20 km walk | 1:26:06 |
| 2009 | European Race Walking Cup | Metz, France | 3rd | Team – 20 km | 40 pts |
| 2009 | Universiade | Belgrade, Serbia | 8th | 20 km walk | 1:23:00 |
| 2009 | World Championships | Berlin, Germany | 22nd | 50 km walk | 3:58:30 |
| 2010 | World Race Walking Cup | Chihuahua, Mexico | 16th | 20 km walk | 1:25:28 |
| 2010 | European Championships | Barcelona, Spain | 10th | 20 km walk | 1:22:40 |
| 2011 | European Race Walking Cup | Olhão, Portugal | 6th | 50 km walk | 3:54:38 |
| 2011 | European Race Walking Cup | Olhão, Portugal | 2nd | Team – 50 km | 17 pts |
| 2011 | World Championships | Daegu, South Korea | 24th | 20 km walk | 1:24:47 |
| 2012 | World Race Walking Cup | Saransk, Russia | 9th | 50 km walk | 3:49:53 |
| 2012 | Olympic Games | London, United Kingdom | 29th | 20 km walk | 1:23:17 |
| 2013 | European Race Walking Cup | Dudince, Slovakia | 8th | 20 km walk | 1:23:16 |
| 2013 | European Race Walking Cup | Dudince, Slovakia | 3rd | Team – 20 km | 44 pts |
| 2013 | World Championships | Moscow, Russia | 19th | 20 km walk | 1:24:03 |
| 2014 | World Race Walking Cup | Taicang, China | 56th | 20 km walk | 1:23:53 |
| 2014 | European Championships | Zürich, Switzerland | 9th | 50 km walk | 3:48:15 |
| 2015 | European Race Walking Cup | Murcia, Spain | 17th | 20 km walk | 1:23:59 |
| 2015 | World Championships | Beijing, China | 28th | 50 km walk | 3:57:30 |

## Personal bests

Outdoor
* 3000 m walk – 11:17.82 (Sosnowiec 2011)
* 5000 m walk – 19:26.55 (Kraków 2011)
* 10,000 m walk – 40:37.73 (Warsaw 2006)
* 10 km walk – 39:47 (Kraków 2010)
* 20 km walk – 1:20:53 (Zaniemyśl 2012)
* 50 km walk – 3:43:55 (Dudince 2015)
Indoor
* 5000 m walk – 19:16.51 (Sopot 2014)
# Nikkey Shimbun

The Nikkey Shimbun (ニッケイ新聞, Nikkei Shinbun) or the Jornal do Nikkey was a Japanese language newspaper published in Liberdade, São Paulo, Brazil. It was one of two Japanese newspapers published in that city, the other being the São Paulo Shimbun. On December 18, 2021, the newspaper printed its last edition.
The newspaper distributed the Prêmio Paulista de Esporte along with the Jornal Nikkei.
Before its discontinuation, the newspaper's president was Raul Takaki (高木 ラウル, Takaki Rauru) and the editor-in-chief was Masayuki Fukuzawa.

## History

The newspaper was founded in 1998 as a merger between the Diário Nippak and the Jornal Paulista. The former, headed by Toshihiko "Kan-chan" Nakabayashi (died in 1992 at 77 years of age), was founded in 1949 and the latter was founded in 1947.
The Nikkey Shimbun stated in 2013 that it has a daily run of 10,000 copies.
Due to a decline in readership, the newspaper ceased publication in December 2021. Six of its Japanese-language reporters, including editor Masayuki Fukuzawa, joined the Diário Brasil Nippou, a news website established in January 2022 to serve the Brazilian Nikkei community. The website has faced financial challenges and has turned to donations and the printing of special editions to survive.

## Jornal Nippak

Due to the aging of the immigrant Japanese community, the newspaper launched a weekly Portuguese edition, the Jornal Nippak, initially to reach children of Japanese immigrants. As of 2013 the chief editor is Aldo Shiguti. By the time the Jornal Nippak had been launched, there was already a Portuguese website. Raul Takaki stated that even though the Portuguese website existed, and that the other Japanese newspaper in the city also had one, the Nikkey Shimbun felt a need to make a Nissei-oriented daughter publication. Shiguti stated that Brazilians interested in Japanese culture have also bought copies of the Portuguese edition.
# Nebula (astrology platform)

Nebula is an astrology and psychic guidance platform released by OBRIO. Nebula was the top astrology app in the USA in summer 2020 and became the global leader by summer 2021.
Nebula is available for free on iOS, Android, and the Web.

## History

Nebula app was founded by Alex Fedorov, a CEO of Ukrainian startup OBRIO, in May 2019. The first version of Nebula was released for iOS.
In July 2020, the Android version was presented. After seeing a great demand for personalized astrology content and psychic readings in a mobile application, Nebula team decided to expand to the Web and become more accessible to users on different platforms. Therefore, in January 2021, Nebula unveiled the web version's MVP.
Nebula offers two main features: daily affirmations and horoscope predictions based on users' birth charts, including their zodiac compatibility overview and guidance based on lunar phases. The other one is a marketplace where users can connect with over 250 global psychics and spiritual advisors. The advisors specialize in various fields, such as Western and Vedic astrology, Tarot readings, numerology, palmistry, and aura scanning. Before joining Nebula, all advisors undergo a thorough three-step recruitment process to ensure their expertise.
According to Sensor Tower, in the summer of 2020, Nebula became the most downloaded astrology app in the USA, and in the summer of 2021, it became a worldwide leader.
In 2022, Nebula partnered with celebrity psychological astrologer and author Dr. Jennifer Freed to create Relationship Check-In, a tool designed to enhance couples' intimacy. Relationship Check-In is based on the psychological principles of healthy relationships and an astrological understanding of elements.
# Hull Public Schools

Hull Public Schools is a school district in Hull, Massachusetts. It has two schools: Jacobs Elementary School and Hull High School. Hull Public schools closed the Memorial Middle School in 2024 and relocated grades 6 and 7 to the Elementary school and grade 8 to the High School. The building formerly known as the Memorial Middle School is going to be retrofitted to hold the Town of Hull Public Offices with a date TBD.
In 2009, the district was experiencing a budget shortfall due to difficulties in the economy. That year the district ended middle school Spanish, but the district added back Spanish instruction the following year. As of 2015 Spanish remains the sole foreign language offered by the district. That year Kathleen Tyrell, the superintendent, stated that the district does not have enough financial power to offer any foreign languages other than Spanish.
# Mireles v. Waco

Mireles v. Waco, 502 U.S. 9 (1991), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the court held that a state judge is absolutely immune to liability for acts committed while presiding over their court.

## Description

When a defense lawyer failed to appear for a scheduled hearing, the judge not only issued a bench warrant for his arrest, but instructed the police sent to arrest him to "rough him up a little" to teach him not to skip court dates. Although this was entirely unprofessional and possibly criminal, the judge was held, by the Supreme Court, to have absolute immunity from a lawsuit arising from the resulting beating, because the misbehavior occurred entirely within his activities as a judge presiding over a court.
Stevens dissented because he did not believe that ordering police officers to use excessive force was a judicial act. Justices Scalia and Kennedy dissented because the case did not receive briefing and argument before the decision; additionally, they believed the situation was so rare that a Supreme Court decision on the subject was unnecessary.
# Melanie Münch

Melanie Münch (born 8 April 1981), better known by the stage name Mell, is a German singer, best known for being the lead singer of dance group Groove Coverage.

## Life

Mell was born in Munich, Germany on 8 April 1981. She later moved to Ingolstadt.

### Singing

According to her autobiography, Mell first developed a passion for singing when she was in elementary school. She enjoyed singing her favorite songs far more than doing her math homework, much to the dismay of her family and friends. After two years of classical Vocal-Coaching, she met the Groove Coverage Producers Axel Konrad, Ole Wierk, and her (according to present knowledge) husband Taly at a Karaoke-Bar in Ingolstadt (Bavaria), and was invited to sing and produce "Moonlight Shadow". She is perhaps most famous for her vocals on the Groove Coverage cover of "Moonlight Shadow".

### Pregnancy

While she was pregnant with her second child until summer 2003 was replaced by Verena Rehm in music videos, singles, and album covers.
# Live at Five (Sky News programme)

Sky News at Five (formerly Live at Five) and Sky News at Six were the titles of Sky News' authoritative hour-long evening news round-ups, beginning at 5pm and 6pm, British time.

## Format

Until October 2016, the slot was anchored by Jeremy Thompson on weekdays, providing a round-up of all the day's events and coverage of any late-breaking news. The programme ran until 6:30pm (7pm on Fridays), although the 6-7pm hour was known as Sky News at Six. The programme was branded Live at Five from the channel's launch in 1989 until April 2011, when a change in branding policy was introduced, and the majority of Sky News output was rebranded as simply Sky News. In October 2016, the programme was axed as part of a schedule change.

## Rivals

The programme's main rival was BBC News at Five, anchored by Huw Edwards on BBC News. Channel 5 also aired 5 News at 5 - their main news programme - at the same time.

## Presenters

| Dates | Presenter One | Presenter Two | Weekend Presenter |
| March 1999 – September 2001 | Jeremy Thompson | Kay Burley | Various |
| September 2001 - September 2002 | Jeremy Thompson | Natasha Kaplinsky | Various |
| September 2002 – October 2005 | Jeremy Thompson | Anna Botting | Various |
| October 2005 – October 2007 | Jeremy Thompson | | Various |
| October 2007 - July 2016 | Jeremy Thompson | | Andrew Wilson |
| July 2016 - October 2016 | Jeremy Thompson | | Various |
* This article relating to a non-fiction television series in the United Kingdom is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# John Sedgwick Cowper

John Sedgwick Cowper (June 12, 1876 – July 10, 1947) was an English-born journalist, newspaper editor, woodworker and political figure in British Columbia. He represented Vancouver City from 1916 to 1920 in the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia as a Liberal.

## Biography

John Sedgwick Cowper was born on June 12, 1876, in Liverpool, the son of a naval officer, and was educated there. Cowper married Eleanor Radcliffe in May 1898 and they had four daughters. They came to Canada in 1901. From 1905 to 1910, Cowper worked for The Globe in Toronto. In 1911, he moved to Prince Rupert, British Columbia, and became editor of the Prince Rupert Daily News. In 1916, he moved to Vancouver. In 1924, he began working for the Saturday Tribune there. Cowper also served as editor of The Vancouver Daily World and worked on newspapers in Regina and Edmonton. He died at his home on Read Island.
| Preceded byM. A. Macdonald (Lib.) C. E. Tisdall (Cons.) G. A. McGuire (Cons.) W. J. Bowser (Cons.) A. H. B. MacGowan (Cons.) | MLA of Vancouver City 1916-1920 With: M. A. Macdonald (Lib.) (1916-20) R. Smith (Lib.) (1916-17) J. W. D. Farris (Lib.) (1916-20) W. J. Bowser (Cons.) (1916-20) J. S. Cowper (Lib.) (1916-20) M. E. Smith (Lib.) (1918-20) | Succeeded byM. A. Macdonald (Lib.) M. E. Smith (Lib.) I. A. Mackenzie (Lib.) J. W. D. Farris (Lib.) W. J. Bowser (Cons.) J. Ramsay (Lib.) |