# Government of Nepal

The Government of Nepal (Nepali: नेपाल सरकार) is the federal executive authority of Nepal. Prior to the abolition of the Nepalese monarchy in 2006, it was officially known as His Majesty's Government.
The head of state is the president and the prime minister holds the position of the head of executive. The role of president is largely ceremonial as the functioning of the government is managed entirely by the prime minister, who is appointed by the Parliament. The heads of constitutional bodies are appointed by the president on the recommendation of Constitutional Council, with the exception of the attorney general, who is appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister.

## History
### Old Bharadari government

The character of government in Kingdom of Nepal was driven from consultative state capacity of the previous Gorkha hill principality, known as Bharadar. These Bharadars were not drawn from high caste and politically influential families. For instance; Thar Ghan aristocratic group in the earlier Gorkha hill principality. Bharadars formed a consultative body in the kingdom for the most important functions of the state as councillors, ministers and diplomats. There was no one single successful coalition government as court politics were driven from large factional rivalries, consecutive conspiracies and ostracization of opponent Bharadar families through assassination rather than legal expulsion. Another reason was the minority of the reigning King between 1777 and 1847 that led to establishment of anarchial rule. The government was stated to have been controlled by regents, Mukhtiyars and alliance of political faction with strong fundamental support. In the end of the 18th century, the central politics was regularly dominated by two notable political factions: Thapas and Pandes. As per historians and contemporary writer Francis Hamilton, the government of Nepal comprised
* 1 Chautariya
* 4 Kajis
* 4 Sirdar/Sardars
* 2 Subedars
* 1 Khazanchi
* 1 Kapardar.
As for Regmi states, the government of Nepal comprised
* 4 Chautariyas
* 4 Kajis
* 4 Sirdar/Sardars. Later, the number varied after King Rana Bahadur Shah abdicated his throne to minor son in 1799. There were 95 Bharadars as per the copper inscription of King Rana Bahadur Shah.
In 1794, King Rana Bahadur Shah came of age and his first act was to re-constitute the government such that his uncle, Prince Bahadur Shah of Nepal, had no official part to play. Rana Bahadur appointed Kirtiman Singh Basnyat as Chief (Mul) Kaji among the newly appointed four Kajis though Damodar Pande was the most influential Kaji. Kirtiman had succeeded Abhiman Singh Basnyat as Chief Kaji while Prince Bahadur Shah was succeeded as Chief (Mul) Chautariya by Prince Ranodyot Shah, then heir apparent of King Rana Bahadur Shah by a Chhetri Queen Subarna Prabha Devi. Kajis had held the administrative and executive powers of nation after the fall of Chief Chautariya Prince Bahadur Shah in 1794. Later, Kirtiman Singh was secretly assassinated on 28 September 1801, by the supporters of Raj Rajeshwari Devi and his brother Bakhtawar Singh Basnyat, was then given the post of Chief (Mul) Kaji. Later Damodar Pande was appointed by Queen Rajrajeshwari as Chief Kaji. When the exiled abdicated King Rana Bahadur Shah prepared his return in 1804, he arrested many government officials including then Chief Kaji Damodar Pande and sacked the reigning government. He took over the administration of Nepal by assuming the position of Mukhtiyar (chief authority). A new government was constituted with favoring officials. Bhimsen Thapa was made a second kaji; Ranajit Pande, who was the father-in-law of Bhimsen's brother, was made the Mul (Chief) Kaji; Sher Bahadur Shah, Rana Bahadur's half-brother, was made the Mul (Chief) Chautariya; while Rangnath Paudel was made the Raj Guru (royal spiritual preceptor). Later in April 1806, tensions arose between Chief Chautariya Sher Bahadur Shah and Mukhtiyar Rana Bahadur Shah on the night of 25 April 1806 during a meeting at Tribhuvan Khawas's house where around 10 pm, Sher Bahadur in desperation drew a sword and killed Rana Bahadur Shah before being cut down by nearby courtiers, Bam Shah and Bal Narsingh Kunwar, also allies of Bhimsen. The assassination of Rana Bahadur Shah triggered a great massacre in Bhandarkhal (a royal garden east of Kathmandu Durbar) and at the bank of Bishnumati river after which Kaji Bhimsen killed 55 senior officials to benefit from the chaos. He was declared Mukhtiyar (Chief Authority) of Nepal and led the new government from a royal mandate of minor King Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah.
Mukhtiyars ruled over the executive and administrative functions of the state until its replacement by British conventional prime minister in 1843 conferred upon then ruling Mukhtiyar Mathabar Singh Thapa.

### Ideals of the old Bharadari government

The policies of the old Bharadari governments were derived from ancient Hindu texts as Dharmashastra and Manusmriti. The King was considered as an incarnation of Lord Vishnu and was the chief authority over legislative, judiciary and executive functions. The judiciary functions were decided on the principles of Hindu Dharma codes of conduct. The king had full rights to expel any person who offended the country and also pardon the offenders and grant return to the country. The government on practicality was not an absolute monarchy due to the dominance of Nepalese political clans making the Shah monarch a puppet ruler. These basic Hindu templates provide the evidence that Nepal was administered as a Hindu state.

## Structure
### Head of State

* President : Ram Chandra Paudel
* Vice President : Ram Sahaya Yadav

### Executive

* Prime Minister : KP Sharma Oli
* Chief Secretary : Lila Devi Gadtaula

### Legislative

* Speaker of House of Representatives : Dev Raj Ghimire
* Chairman of National Assembly : Narayan Prasad Dahal

### Judiciary

* Chief Justice of the Supreme Court: Bishowambhar Prasad Shrestha
* Judges of the Supreme Court of Nepal

## Government agencies in Nepal
### Ministries

Current cabinet : Fourth Oli cabinet Date of formation : 15 July 2024
| S. No | Ministry | Ministry | Minister | Political | Political | Assumed office | Left office | Website |
| S. No | English | Nepali | Minister | Party | Party | | Assumed office | Left office | Website |
| Prime Minister |||||||||
| 1. | Office of the Prime Minister and Council of Ministers | प्रधानमन्त्री तथा मन्त्रिपरिषद्को कार्यालय | KP Sharma Oli | | CPN (UML) | 15 July 2024 | Incumbent | Official website |
| Deputy Prime Minister |||||||||
| 2. | Deputy Prime Minister Ministry of Urban Development | उप- प्रधान एवं सहरी विकास मन्त्रालय | Prakash Man Singh | | Nepali Congress | 15 July 2024 | Incumbent | Official website |
| 3. | Deputy Prime Minister Ministry of Finance | उप- प्रधान एवं अर्थ मन्त्रालय | Bishnu Prasad Paudel | | CPN (UML) | 15 July 2024 | Incumbent | Official website |
| Cabinet Ministers |||||||||
| 4. | Ministry of Information and Communications | सञ्‍चार तथा सूचना प्रविधि मन्त्रालय | Prithvi Subba Gurung | | CPN (UML) | 15 July 2024 | Incumbent | Official website |
| 5. | Ministry of Home Affairs | गृह मन्त्रालय | Ramesh Lekhak | | Nepali Congress | 15 July 2024 | Incumbent | Official website |
| 6. | Ministry of Labour, Employment and Social Security | श्रम, रोजगार तथा सामाजिक सुरक्षा मन्त्रालय | Sharat Singh Bhandari | | Loktantrik Samajwadi | 15 July 2024 | Incumbent | Official website |
| 7. | Ministry of Foreign Affairs | परराष्ट्र मन्त्रालय | Arzu Rana Deuba | | Nepali Congress | 15 July 2024 | Incumbent | Official website |
| 8. | Ministry of Water Supply | खानेपानी मन्त्रालय | Pradeep Yadav | | People's Socialist Party | 15 July 2024 | Incumbent | Official website |
| 9. | Ministry of Land Management, Cooperatives and Poverty Alleviation | भूमि व्यवस्था, सहकारी तथा गरिबी निवारण मन्त्रालय | Balaram Adhikari | | CPN (UML) | 15 July 2024 | Incumbent | Official website |
| 10. | Ministry of Industry, Commerce and Supplies | उद्योग, वाणिज्य तथा आपूर्ति मन्त्रालय | Damodar Bhandari | | CPN (UML) | 15 July 2024 | Incumbent | Official website |
| 11. | Ministry of Women, Children and Senior Citizen | महिला, बालबालिका तथा ज्येष्ठ नागरिक मन्त्रालय | Nawal Kishor Sah | | People's Socialist Party | 15 July 2024 | Incumbent | Official website |
| 12. | Ministry of Physical Infrastructure and Transportation | भौतिक पूर्वाधार तथा यातायात मन्त्रालय | Devendra Dahal | | CPN (UML) | 15 July 2024 | Incumbent | Official website |
| 13. | Ministry of Youth and Sports | युवा तथा खेलकुद मन्त्रालय | Teju Lal Chaudhary | | Nepali Congress | 15 July 2024 | Incumbent | Official website |
| 14. | Ministry of Health and Population | स्वास्थ्य तथा जनसङ्ख्या मन्त्रालय | Pradip Paudel | | Nepali Congress | 15 July 2024 | Incumbent | Official website |
| 15. | Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs | कानुन, न्याय तथा संसदीय मामिला मन्त्रालय | Ajay Chaurasiya | | Nepali Congress | 15 July 2024 | Incumbent | Official website |
| 16. | Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation | संस्कृति, पर्यटन तथा नागरिक उड्डयन मन्त्रालय | Badri Pandey | | Nepali Congress | 15 July 2024 | Incumbent | Official website |
| 17. | Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development | कृषि तथा पशुपंक्षी विकास मन्त्रालय | Ram Nath Adhikari | | Nepali Congress | 15 July 2024 | Incumbent | Official website |
| 18. | Ministry of Education, Science and Technology | शिक्षा, विज्ञान तथा प्रविधि मन्त्रालय | Bidya Bhattarai | | CPN (UML) | 15 July 2024 | Incumbent | Official website |
| 19. | Ministry of Defence | रक्षा मन्त्रालय | Manbir Rai | | CPN (UML) | 15 July 2024 | Incumbent | Official website |
| 20. | Ministry of Energy, Water Resources and Irrigation | उर्जा, जलश्रोत तथा सिँचाइ मन्त्रालय | Deepak Khadka | | Nepali Congress | 15 July 2024 | Incumbent | Official website |
| 21. | Ministry of Federal Affairs and General Administration | सङ्घीय मामिला तथा सामान्य प्रशासन मन्त्रालय | Raj Kumar Gupta | | CPN (UML) | 15 July 2024 | Incumbent | Official website |
| 22. | Ministry of Forests and Environment | वन तथा वातावरण मन्त्रालय | Aain Bahadur Shahi Thakuri | | Nepali Congress | 15 July 2024 | Incumbent | Official website |
| Source: |||||||||

### Constitutional bodies

| Constitutional body | Head of constitutional body | Head of constitutional body |
| Constitutional body | Position/Title | Name |
| Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority | Chief Commissioner | Prem Kumar Rai |
| Office of The Attorney General | Attorney General | Dinmani Pokharel |
| Office of the Auditor General | Auditor General | Tanka Mani Sharma (Dangal) |
| Election Commission | Chief Election Commission | Dinesh Thapaliya |
| Public Service Commission | Chairman | Madhav Prasad Regmi |
| National Women Commission | Chairperson | Kamala Kumari Parajuli |
| National Human Rights Commission | Chairman | Top Bahadur Magar |
| National Natural Resources and Fiscal Commission | Chairman | Balananda Poudel |

### Security services

| Security Service | Head of agency | Head of agency |
| Security Service | Position/Title | Current Head |
| Nepal Army | Chief of Army Staff (प्रधान सेनापति) | Gen. Prabhu Ram Sharma |
| Nepal Police | Inspector General (प्रहरी महानिरीक्षक) | Basanta Bahadur Kunwar |
| Armed Police Force | Inspector General (सशस्त्र प्रहरी महानिरीक्षक) | Raju Aryal |
| National Investigation Department | Chief Investigation Director | Hutaraj Thapa |

## International organisation participation

United Nations, UNDP Nepal, SAARC, ESCAP, FAO, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IMF, IMO, Interpol, UNCTAD, UNESCO, WHO, WTO, BIMSTEC.