# Betty Ross

Elizabeth "Betty" Ross (later Talbot and then Banner) is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby, the character first appeared in The Incredible Hulk #1 (1962) as a romantic interest of the Hulk (Dr. Bruce Banner). She is the daughter of General Thaddeus E. "Thunderbolt" Ross. Over the years, the character has undergone multiple transformations, including the Harpy and Red She-Hulk.
The character was portrayed by Jennifer Connelly in Hulk (2003). The character has also appeared in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) portrayed by Liv Tyler in the films The Incredible Hulk (2008) and Captain America: Brave New World (2025). An alternate version appeared in the Disney+ animated series What If...? (2021) voiced by Stephanie Panisello.

## Publication history

Betty Ross debuted in The Incredible Hulk #1 (May 1962) by writer Stan Lee and artist Jack Kirby. She was an on-and-off again supporting character in the Hulk's various series for decades, serving as his longest-running love interest. In 1989, Betty Ross Banner received an entry in The Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe Update '89 #1.
Stan Lee originally portrayed Betty Ross as a strong willed and independent-minded, yet conventionally polite woman. Mid-1980s The Incredible Hulk writer/artist John Byrne portrayed her as more wilful and confrontational, characterizations which would remain in place during Peter David's long run as the series' writer. Betty has a miscarriage in The Incredible Hulk vol. 2 #360. Though this occurred during David's run on the series, the issue was instead written by editor Bob Harras. David recalled, "The reason I refused to do it was because Betty was really losing her child to editorial fiat. It was decided by the powers-that-be that Betty and Bruce were not to become parents because that would make the characters seem ‘too old’ to the younger readers. My run on the book almost ended with that issue; I nearly walked over it. But there were so many stories I still wanted to tell that ultimately I stayed with it, even though I fumed about it for quite a while."
In Hulk vol. 2 #15 (September 2009), she appears for the first time as Red She-Hulk, who was created by writer Jeph Loeb and artist Ed McGuinness. Loeb said, "We've been very careful with the creation of this character. We wanted to make sure she didn't come off as silly—my memory of the introduction to [the original] She-Hulk—before anyone had read a page. But the character was a completely different take on the Hulk, a Hulk we'd never seen before. Jen [Walters] is a wonderful character. Our intention is [that] Red She-Hulk will make an equally important impression on the Marvel Universe [sic]."
Red She-Hulk is also present in the "Chaos War" and "Fear Itself" storylines in 2010 and 2011 respectively. Red She-Hulk becomes a member of the superhero team the Defenders in The Defenders vol. 4 #1 (December 2011) by writer Matt Fraction and artist Terry Dodson. Fraction said, "The way I write her is somewhere between Indiana Jones and Johnny Knoxville; after a lifetime of being fought over and treated like a human football, she's [now] seven foot tall and 62-52-62 or whatever and bulletproof. She goes around leaving these Betty-shaped holes in the wall." The series was discontinued in November 2012, after 12 issues.
In October 2012, as part of Marvel NOW!, Hulk was retitled Red She-Hulk starting with issue #58 by writer Jeff Parker and artist Carlo Pagulayan. About the series Parker said, "She's become convinced of a threat to humanity which is essentially, all people like her. She's conflicted over losing her own human side, and she's acting out on a large scale based on that. But the thing is she may well be right."

## Fictional character biography
### Early history

The only daughter of General Thaddeus E. "Thunderbolt" Ross, Betty spent her formative years firmly under her father's strict supervision. After her mother died during Betty's teenage years, she was sent away to boarding school. After graduating, the introverted young woman returned to her father's side while he was in charge of a top-secret project to create a new type of weapon involving gamma radiation, known as the Gamma Bomb. The head scientist on the project was Bruce Banner. Betty was immediately captivated by Banner's intellect and soft-spoken manner. However, less than an hour after their first meeting, Banner is caught in a test detonation of the Gamma Bomb and becomes the Hulk. Banner's efforts to keep his condition a secret from Betty only serve to alienate her from him. She is then romantically pursued by Major Glenn Talbot, the new aide attached to her father's Hulkbuster task force.
After his dual identity becomes public knowledge, Banner becomes a hunted fugitive. With the help of Reed Richards, Banner becomes able to gain control of his transformation, is eventually pardoned, and later proposes to Betty. During the wedding ceremony, the Hulk's archenemy the Leader causes Banner to transform back into the Hulk, and Banner once again becomes a fugitive. General Ross is seriously injured when the Hulk runs amok while battling the Rhino, and Talbot promises Betty that the Hulk would pay for it.
As a result of the failed wedding and Banner's relapse into the Hulk, Betty suffers a nervous breakdown and is hospitalized. In an effort by the Sandman to rid himself of his glass like form, the Sandman orders Dr. Marquand to provide him with a patient with the same blood type as him which turns out to be Betty Ross. As the result of the blood transfusion, the Sandman reverts to his previous form, yet Betty receives the glass properties, which Sandman surmises would eventually kill her. Betty's father recruits Dr. Leonard Samson to reverse the effect by siphoning the Hulk's gamma and psionic energies to simultaneously cure Bruce and Betty. The result would have permanently cured both of them, if not for Bruce purposefully re-exposing himself to the siphoned Gamma energy, as a means to combat Samson who had also done so, and was subsequently flirting with Betty. This ended in Hulk defeating Samson, yet later on Samson would pursue the Hulk.
Finding him in the aftermath of a battle as the Hulk, Betty hears Banner mumble, "Jarella... my love..." After Banner seemingly disappears from Earth, Betty accepts a marriage proposal from Glenn Talbot. While Betty and Talbot are on their honeymoon, her father is captured and sent to a Soviet prison. Talbot takes part in a successful rescue mission, but is captured in the process, held prisoner by the Gremlin at Bitterfrost (a top secret Soviet installation in Siberia), and believed dead.

### Becoming the Harpy

The villain MODOK kidnaps Betty and subjects her to gamma radiation, at a higher level than Banner had been subjected to, transforming her into a bird hybrid creature called the Harpy. MODOK tells the Harpy where to find the Hulk and she flies off in search of him. She ambushes him and, after a lengthy fight, knocks him out with her hellbolts. Before she can take the Hulk back to MODOK, however, they are abducted by the Bi-Beast to his city in the sky. Banner agrees to repair the machines that cause the city to float in exchange for permission to use the advanced equipment to cure Betty. MODOK comes to the island and instigates a fight just as Banner starts the equipment. Banner, nonetheless, escapes the collapsing city with a now-cured Betty.

### Return

Talbot is eventually rescued by General Ross, Clay Quartermain, and the Hulk. During his time in captivity by the Gremlin, Talbot was made into a mindless husk. To unblock Talbot's mind, Doc Samson has the Hulk (who was, at that time, Banner's mind controlling the Hulk's body) unblock what was keeping him in a mindless state. The process is, ultimately, a success. However, the Talbots' marriage later becomes strained.
When General Ross suffers a nervous breakdown, Talbot returns to the military as a Colonel and it is revealed that he had fired a ray gun that sent the Hulk to the Sub-Atomic universe after the Hulk stormed into Gamma Base, looking for Jarella. This incident proves to be the last straw in Talbot's already deteriorating relationship with Betty, and their marriage later ends in divorce. Blaming the failure of his marriage on Banner, whom he also tried to have court-martialed, Talbot steals the War Wagon prototype and dies in Japan while trying to destroy the Hulk. Betty admits to Rick Jones afterwards that she had never stopped loving Banner all the while she was married to Talbot.
When Betty learns that her father had conspired with MODOK to kill the Hulk, she accuses him of treason. Realizing Betty was right, Ross nearly commits suicide and then disappears.
Banner again achieves a state in which he can control his transformations and maintain his mind while in the form of the Hulk. But Betty is upset because she wants Banner to be rid of the Hulk, not to control him, and leaves him once again. When Doctor Strange banishes Hulk to the Crossroads, an alternative reality/inter-dimensional portal, Betty begins dating a man named Ramon. Upon learning that the Hulk had been sighted on Earth once again, Betty leaves Ramon and returns to Gamma Base, where the Hulk is subjected to a process that splits Banner and the Hulk into separate entities. Believing himself finally cured, Banner proposes to Betty, and she accepts. Betty's father appears at the wedding, armed with a gun and demanding that the marriage not take place before shooting Rick Jones, who tries to stop him. Betty confronts her father, accusing him of domineering her throughout her life, as well as calling him out on his hostility towards Banner over the years, and cows him into surrendering the gun. Finally, Banner and Betty are pronounced husband and wife.
However, Banner begins dying as a result of being separated from the Hulk. The two are secretly merged once more. Betty soon discovers this. General Ross later dies before his daughter's eyes, sacrificing his life to destroy an unnamed mutant that nearly killed both Betty and Banner seeking a strong host to whom to be parasitically linked.
Betty becomes distraught on learning that Banner had sometimes consciously triggered his transformation in the past and is willing to become the Hulk to deal with menacing threats. Betty leaves her husband and returns to Ramon, but then changes her mind and abandons Ramon as well. She is then captured by the Leader, who sets her free after learning that she is pregnant with Banner's child, but after being tormented with terrible nightmares by the demons Nightmare and D'Spayre, Betty loses her unborn baby.
She is eventually reunited with Banner, but soon afterward the Hulk is seemingly killed in an explosion at Gammatown. Believing Banner and the Hulk dead, Betty leaves for New York City, where she eventually begins training to become a nun. Betty spends some months in a convent to recover from the ordeal, but eventually reunites with Banner. They spend years living together as fugitives until the Hulk's enemy the Abomination uses his own blood to poison Betty, which would appear to be the work of the Hulk himself. Betty is placed in cryogenic suspension by her father.
In a later story arc, Betty is seemingly revived by the Leader, undergoes surgery which considerably alters her appearance, is granted superhuman strength, and adopts the alias "Mr. Blue". However, this is later revealed to be a hallucination created by Nightmare.

### Becoming the Red She-Hulk

During the "Fall of the Hulks" storyline, Betty Ross is revealed to have been resurrected by the Leader and MODOK at the urgings of Thunderbolt Ross. She also underwent the same process that had turned her father into the Red Hulk, which granted her superhuman physical power. The now-villainous Doc Samson also helps the Leader brainwash Betty into an extremely confused and aggressive state. Ross' allies, aware of his intentions to betray them, send Betty, as the "Red She-Hulk", to help assassinate her father, who is hunting Domino, after she witnesses him transform from his human form. Their encounter ends with the Red She-Hulk kicking the Red Hulk off the Empire State Building.
After Ross fakes his own death, Betty also appears as herself at his "funeral", accompanied by a Life Model Decoy of Glenn Talbot to constantly monitor and control her, and expresses distrust of Bruce due to his recent marriage to Caiera on Sakaar and his subsequent attack on Manhattan.
During the "World War Hulks" storyline, after Skaar stabs her with his sword, the Red She-Hulk reverts to her human form, exposing her true identity. Betty explains how she was brought back to life, and asks that Bruce allow her to die. But when Samson arrives, Betty's anger at his betrayal transforms her back into the Red She-Hulk, thus healing her injuries. Now once again in control of her own mind, Betty (as the Red She-Hulk) helps Bruce/the Hulk to reconcile with his son Skaar. When Bruce gains the upper hand in the ensuing final battle against Ross, Betty becomes worried for her father, which, combined with her heightened aggression when transformed, leads to conflict with the original She-Hulk, who prevails. After Ross is defeated and imprisoned, Betty convinces Bruce to grant her father an opportunity for rehabilitation and redemption.
In the aftermath of the Leader's attempted takeover, Betty tells Bruce that they are no longer married, since she was declared legally dead and everyone else knows that Bruce had married Caiera. But in the last series, the Hulk family defeats Fin Fang Foom. Afterwards, Betty and Bruce resume their romantic relationship, but it gets shaky as Bruce becomes obsessed with regaining the power of the Hulk.
During the "Fear Itself" storyline, the Red She-Hulk travelled to Brazil, along with Spider-Woman, Ms. Marvel, and the Protector, to fight the Hulk, who was transformed into Nul: Breaker of Worlds. She later receives an enchanted Asgardian sword from Iron Man and joins the heroes in the final battle against the Serpent and his forces. After the battle, the Stark-Asgardian weapons were returned to Asgard to be melted down, but the Red She-Hulk kept her sword.
Following the "Original Sin" storyline, the Hulk persona emerges as the result of an attempt to assassinate Bruce and efforts to save his life using the Extremis virus. This new Hulk, calling himself "Doc Green", decides that gamma-powered superhumans are a threat to humanity that must be eliminated, with Betty being among his victims.
During the "Civil War II" storyline, Betty Ross was among those who learned about Bruce Banner's death and attended his funeral.

### Becoming the Harpy again

In The Immortal Hulk, Bruce Banner visits Betty after his resurrection and explains that he had not contacted her for months due to emotional turmoil. As they talked, they were being watched by Bushwacker, an agent of the U.S. Hulk Operations, who had orders to monitor Bruce and possibly kill him. Though the Bushwacker was ordered by General Reginald Fortean not to shoot, he ignored the order and fired his gun. However, he unintentionally hit Betty in the head. Bruce transformed into the Hulk and went after the Bushwacker, but the Hulk was held off by Doc Samson, allowing the Bushwacker to escape. When the Hulk and Samson returned to her house, her body was missing. It was later revealed that she was transformed into a red version of the Harpy.

## Powers and abilities
### The Harpy

As the Harpy, Betty had superhuman strength, stamina, speed and durability with which were even enough to fight the Hulk. She also had big bird-like wings from her back that she used to fly at high speeds through the air and perform aerial attacks. In addition, she could project blasts of nuclear energy she called "hellbolts" from her hands and had razor-sharp talons which were strong enough to cut through metal or carry heavy objects.

### The Red She-Hulk

As the Red She-Hulk, Betty possesses immense superhuman strength, speed, stamina, and durability, and a healing factor that allows her to easily survive what would normally be fatal injuries to humans, such as stab wounds to the leg and abdomen by Wolverine's claws. Similar to her ex-husband, Betty's strength level is so vast that it warps the laws of physics even further than standard for other characters in the same fictional continuity; for example, allowing her to punch her way through dimensional barriers between different universes. However, she was defeated easily by the original She-Hulk, mainly due to her lack of experience. She shares the Red Hulk's ability to absorb energy, such as the gamma radiation from other gamma mutates, thereby reverting those beings to human form, and at least temporarily boosting herself. According to Banner, there were plans to remove this ability through the same process that removed the Red Hulk's based on the fact that this ability would eventually kill her. Also like her father, the Red She-Hulk has yellow blood, produces yellow energy from her eyes when angry, and can discharge energy by touch. The Red She-Hulk can be returned to human form if she is suddenly startled or frightened, though she can revert to her Red She-Hulk form at will. As the Red She-Hulk, she still maintains control of her humanity, though if extremely angered she can become "pure Hulk", further increasing her strength, but losing control of her mind.
The Red She-Hulk carries a great sword that she affectionately calls her "big ass sword". The sword, forged by Tony Stark, is made of Stark Industries repulsor technology and enchanted uru metal from Asgard and was first given to the Red She-Hulk during the "Fear Itself" storyline, along with similar weapons given to other heroes to defeat Cul "the Serpent", Odin's long-forgotten brother. While the other weapons are eventually returned and melted at the end of the storyline, the Red She-Hulk manages to hold on to hers. The sword is later taken by a massive global machine called "the Terranometer" during the Hell Hath No Fury story arc and is held there until the Red She-Hulk is able to stop the U.S. government from inadvertently creating a dystopian future in which gamma-enhanced super-soldiers take over Earth.

## Reception
### Accolades

* In 2020, Scary Mommy included Betty Ross in their "Looking For A Role Model? These 195+ Marvel Female Characters Are Truly Heroic" list.
* In 2022, Screen Rant included Betty Ross in their "10 Best Female Superheroes & Villains Like She-Hulk" list.
* In 2023, CBR.com ranked Betty Ross 5th in their "10 Greatest Hulk Allies In Marvel Comics" list.

## Other versions
### Heroes Reborn

An alternate universe variant of Betty Ross from a pocket universe created by Franklin Richards appears in Heroes Reborn. This version is the head of security for Stark International.

### House of M

An alternate universe variant of Betty Ross from Earth-58163 appears in House of M. This version is married to Glenn Talbot.

### Ultimate Marvel

An alternate universe variant of Betty Ross from Earth-1610 appears in the Ultimate Marvel imprint. This version is the Ultimates' public relations officer. She later becomes She-Hulk using a serum created by Jennifer Walters and is imprisoned by S.H.I.E.L.D., who work to help her control her powers.

## In other media
### Television

* Betty Ross appears in "The Incredible Hulk" segment of The Marvel Super Heroes, voiced by Maxine Miller.
* Betty Ross appears in The Incredible Hulk (1982), voiced by B. J. Ward.
* Betty Ross appears in The Incredible Hulk (1996), voiced initially by Genie Francis and subsequently by Philece Sampler.
* Betty Ross appears in the Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. episode "Banner Day", voiced by Misty Lee.

### Film

* Betty Ross appears in Hulk (2003), portrayed by Jennifer Connelly as an adult and by Rhiannon Leigh Wryn as a child. This version is Bruce Banner's friend and colleague at Berkeley and an ex-lover of Glenn Talbot.
* The Ultimate Marvel incarnation of Betty Ross appears in Ultimate Avengers and Ultimate Avengers 2, voiced by Nan McNamara.
* Betty Ross appears in Next Avengers: Heroes of Tomorrow, voiced by Nicole Oliver.
* Betty Ross appears in Hulk vs. Thor, voiced again by Nicole Oliver.
* Betty Ross as Red She-Hulk appears in Lego Marvel Avengers: Code Red, voiced by Laura Post.

#### Marvel Cinematic Universe

Betty Ross appears in media set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), portrayed by Liv Tyler.
* Ross first appears in The Incredible Hulk (2008). This version is a cellular biologist who works at Culver University who, along with Bruce Banner, were recruited by the U.S. Army for secret bio-tech force enhancement research that would go on to turn Banner into the Hulk.
* An alternate universe variant of Ross appears in the What If...? (2021) episode "What If... the World Lost Its Mightiest Heroes?," voiced by Stephanie Panisello.
* Ross appears in Captain America: Brave New World (2025).

### Video games

* Betty Ross appears in Hulk (2003), voiced by Katie Bennison.
* Betty Ross appears in The Incredible Hulk (2008), voiced by Liv Tyler.
* Betty Ross's Red She-Hulk and She-Hulk forms appear as alternate skins for She-Hulk in Marvel vs. Capcom 3: Fate of Two Worlds and Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3.
* Betty Ross as Red She-Hulk appears as a playable character in Marvel Super Hero Squad Online, voiced by Grey DeLisle.
* Betty Ross as Red She-Hulk appears as a playable character in Marvel Avengers Alliance.
* Betty Ross as Red She-Hulk appears in Lego Marvel's Avengers and Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2.
* Betty Ross as Red She-Hulk appears as a playable character in Marvel: Future Fight.

### Miscellaneous

Betty Ross appears in Ultimate Wolverine vs. Hulk, voiced by Heather Doerksen.

## Collected editions

| Title | Material collected | Publication date | ISBN |
| She-Hulks: Hunt for the Intelligencia | She-Hulks #1-4 and material from She-Hulk Sensational #1 | June 2011 | 978-0785150008 |
| Red She-Hulk Vol. 1: Hell Hath No Fury | Red She-Hulk #58–62 | April 2013 | 978-0785165316 |
| Red She-Hulk Vol. 2: Route 616 | Red She-Hulk #63–67 | September 2013 | 978-0785184461 |