# Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast

The Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO) was an autonomous oblast within the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic that was created on July 7, 1923. Its capital was the city of Stepanakert. The majority of the population were ethnic Armenians.

## History

The area was disputed between Armenia and Azerbaijan during their short-lived independence from 1918 and 1920. After the Sovietization of Armenia and Azerbaijan, the Kavbiuro organisation decided to keep the area within the Azerbaijan SSR whilst granting it broad regional autonomy. Initially, the principal city of Karabakh, Shusha, and its surrounding villages were to be excluded from the autonomy as they were predominantly Azerbaijani, particularly after the massacre and expulsion of the majority Armenian population of Shusha—this decision was later reversed in 1923 when Shusha was decided to join the NKAO despite protests from Muslim villages who favoured its inclusion into the Kurdistan uezd instead.
On July 7, 1923, Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast was created and the capital was moved to Stepanakert. At the time of its formation, its area was 4,161 km$^2$ (1,607 sq mi). According to the 1926 census, the population of the region was 125,200 people, among whom the Armenians accounted for 89.2 percent. However, by 1989, the share of Armenians dropped to 76.9 percent of the population of the autonomous region. Reasons for this include the policy of Soviet Azerbaijani authorities to settle Azerbaijanis in the region and some out-migration of Karabakh Armenians, as well as the generally higher birthrate among Azerbaijanis than among Armenians.
Although the question of Nagorno-Karabakh's status did not become a major public issue until the mid-1980s, Armenian intellectuals, Soviet Armenian and Karabakh Armenian leadership periodically made appeals to Moscow for the region's transfer to Soviet Armenia. In 1945, the leader of Soviet Armenia Grigory Arutinov appealed to Stalin to attach the region to Soviet Armenia, which was rejected. In 1965, thirteen Karabakh Armenian party officials wrote to Soviet leadership with their grievances about the attitude of Soviet Azerbaijani officials towards the NKAO. Many of these Karabakh Armenian officials were dismissed or moved to Armenia. The rise of Heydar Aliyev to the leadership of the Azerbaijani SSR in 1969 saw increasing attempts to tighten Baku's control over the autonomous region. In 1973–74 Aliyev purged the entire leadership of the NKAO, who were regarded as Armenian nationalists. He appointed Boris Kevorkov, an Armenian from outside Karabakh, as the First Secretary of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast Committee of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan.
In 1977, the prominent Armenian author Sero Khanzadyan wrote an open letter to Leonid Brezhnev calling for Nagorno-Karabakh's annexation to Soviet Armenia.

## Administrative divisions

There were five administrative divisions or raions in the NKAO:
* Mardakert District (NKAO)
* Martuni District (NKAO)
* Shusha District (NKAO)
* Askeran District (NKAO)
* Hadrut District (NKAO)

## Demographics

Historical ethnic composition of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast in 1921–1989 :
| Ethnic group | 1921 | 1921 | 1923 | 1923 | 1925 | 1925 | 1926 | 1926 | 1939 | 1939 | 1959 | 1959 | 1970 | 1970 | 1979 | 1979 | 1989 | 1989 |
| Ethnic group | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % |
| Armenians | 122,715 | 88.62 | 149,600 | 94.8 | 142,470 | 90.28 | 111,694 | 89.24 | 132,800 | 88.04 | 110,053 | 84.39 | 121,068 | 80.54 | 123,076 | 75.89 | 145,450 | 76.92 |
| Azerbaijanis | 15,444 | 11.15 | 7,700 | 4.9 | 15,261 | 9.67 | 12,592 | 10.06 | 14,053 | 9.32 | 17,995 | 13.80 | 27,179 | 18.08 | 37,264 | 22.98 | 40,688 | 21.52 |
| Russians | 307 | 0.22 | 500 | 0.3 | 46 | 0.03 | 596 | 0.48 | 3,174 | 2.10 | 1,790 | 1.37 | 1,310 | 0.87 | 1,265 | 0.78 | 1,922 | 1.02 |
| Ukrainians | 307 | 0.22 | 500 | 0.3 | 30 | 0.02 | 35 | 0.03 | 436 | 0.29 | 238 | 0.18 | 193 | 0.13 | 140 | 0.09 | 416 | 0.22 |
| Belarusians | 307 | 0.22 | 500 | 0.3 | 30 | 0.02 | 12 | 0.01 | 11 | 0.01 | 32 | 0.02 | 35 | 0.02 | 37 | 0.02 | 79 | 0.04 |
| Greeks | 307 | 0.22 | 500 | 0.3 | 30 | 0.02 | 68 | 0.05 | 74 | 0.05 | 67 | 0.05 | 33 | 0.02 | 56 | 0.03 | 72 | 0.04 |
| Tatars | 307 | 0.22 | 500 | 0.3 | 30 | 0.02 | 6 | 0.00 | 29 | 0.02 | 36 | 0.03 | 25 | 0.02 | 41 | 0.03 | 64 | 0.03 |
| Georgians | 307 | 0.22 | 500 | 0.3 | 30 | 0.02 | 5 | 0.00 | 25 | 0.02 | 16 | 0.01 | 22 | 0.01 | 17 | 0.01 | 57 | 0.03 |
| Others | 307 | 0.22 | 500 | 0.3 | 30 | 0.02 | 151 | 0.12 | 235 | 0.16 | 179 | 0.14 | 448 | 0.30 | 285 | 0.18 | 337 | 0.18 |
| TOTAL | 138,466 | 100.00 | 157,800 | 100.0 | 157,807 | 100.00 | 125,159 | 100.00 | 150,837 | 100.00 | 130,406 | 100.00 | 150,313 | 100.00 | 162,181 | 100.00 | 189,085 | 100.00 |

## First Secretaries

The First Secretary of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast Committee of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan was the Communist Party of Azerbaijan's head and highest executive power within the oblast. The position was created in July 1923, and abolished on August 27, 1990. The position of First Secretary was de facto appointed by the Politburo of the Soviet Union or by the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Below is a list of office-holders:
| Name | Term of Office | Term of Office | Lifespan |
| Name | Start | End | Lifespan |
| First Secretaries of the Oblast Committee of the Communist Party ||||
| Sero Manutsyan | July 1923 | December 1923 | |
| Akop Bendzhanyan | December 1923 | April 1924 | |
| Nikolai Sarkisov | April 1924 | October 1924 | |
| Hayk Silanyan | October 1924 | 1925 | ?–1938 |
| Artvazd Saakyants | 1925 | 1929 | 1895–1939 |
| M.K. Danilyan | 1929 | December 1929 | |
| Ashot Karamyan | 1929 | May 1930 | 1898–? |
| ? | May 1930 | 1937 | |
| Mikhail Manukyants | 1937 | 1940 | 1909–1968 |
| ? | 1940 | 1942 | |
| Yegishe Grigoryan | October 1942 | 1946 | 1902–? |
| Tigran Grigoryan | 1946 | ? | |
| Yegishe Grigoryan | 1952 | December 1958 | 1902–? |
| Nikolay Shakhnazarov | December 1958 | October 1962 | 1908– |
| Gurgen Melkumyan | October 1962 | June 1973 | 1915– |
| Boris Kevorkov | June 1973 | February 24, 1988 | 1932–1998 |
| Genrikh Poghosyan | February 24, 1988 | January 20, 1989 | 1931–2000 |
| Vagan Gabrielyan | January 20, 1989 | August 27, 1990 | 1936– |

## Abolition

A conflict between the Armenians in the oblast and the government of the Azerbaijan SSR broke out in 1987. The fighting escalated into the First Nagorno-Karabakh War by the end of 1991. On 26 November 1991, the Supreme Soviet of Azerbaijan abolished the autonomous status of the oblast. Its internal administrative divisions were also abolished, and its territory was split up and redistributed amongst the neighbouring administrative rayons of Khojavend, Tartar, Goranboy, Shusha, and Kalbajar. In response, the majority Armenian population of the oblast declared their independence as the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic which was supported by Armenia.