OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Jeanette Gundel

Jeanette (Kohn) Gundel (July 16, 1942 – November 8, 2019) was an American linguist noted for her work on information structure and pragmatics.

## Academic career

Gundel received her PhD in Linguistics from the University of Texas at Austin, in 1974. Her dissertation, "The Role of Topic and Comment in Linguistic Theory", was published in 1977 by the Indiana University Linguistics Club, and in 1988, in the Outstanding Dissertations in Linguistics Series by Garland.
After having taught at the Ohio State University (1974–1977) and the University of Hawaii at Manoa (1978–1980), Gundel joined the Department of Linguistics at the University of Minnesota in 1980 and became Full Professor there in 1992. She was Head of the academic program in Linguistics from 1999 to 2016, and served as the Director of the Institute of Linguistics from 2010 to 2016. She served as the Director of Graduate Studies in Linguistics from 1991 to 1997 and from 2001 to 2012.

## Research

Gundel's research focused primarily on the interface between linguistic theory and pragmatics. Her work was widely published and widely cited. Her foundational 1993 Language paper with Nancy Hedberg and Ron Zacharski, "Cognitive Status and the Form of Referring Expression in Discourse," established the Givenness Hierarchy, a concept that has become crucial not only in linguistics, but also in the domains of psychology and computer science. This paper was included in The Language Anthology, Volume III, The Best of Language 1986–2016, a compilation of the most influential articles published in the history of the journal.
In addition to her publications as author, Gundel co-edited major volumes on reference, including The Oxford Handbook of Reference, published by Oxford University Press in 2019.
A festschrift in her honor was published by John Benjamins in 2007.

## Selected works

* Fretheim, Thorstein and Jeanette Gundel, eds. 1996. Reference and referent accessibility. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
* Gundel, Jeanette K. 1988. Universals of topic-comment structure. In Studies in Syntactic Typology. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 209–242.
* Gundel, Jeanette K. and Barbara Abbott, eds. 2019. The Oxford Handbook of Reference. Oxford University Press.
* Gundel, Jeanette K. and Thorstein Fretheim. 2003. Information structure. In Handbook of Pragmatics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
* Gundel, Jeanette K. and Thorstein Fretheim. 2006. Topic and focus. In Handbook of Pragmatics. Blackwell Publishing Company, pp. 175–196.
* Gundel, Jeanette K. and Nancy Hedberg, eds. 2008. Reference: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Oxford University Press.
* Gundel, Jeanette K., Nancy Hedberg and Ron Zacharski. 1993. Cognitive status and the form of referring expressions in discourse. Language 69, 274–307.
# Jack Bell (footballer, born 1904)

John Carr Bell (13 January 1904 – 1950) was an English professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper for Sunderland.
# Jack Ellis (footballer, born 1908)

John Ellis (25 January 1908 – 20 January 1994) was an English professional footballer who played in the Football League for Bristol Rovers, Hull City and Wolverhampton Wanderers as a goalkeeper. In 1936, when Luton Town's Joe Payne set a Football League record by scoring 10 goals in a 12–0 win over Bristol Rovers, Ellis was the opposition goalkeeper. He later scouted for Leeds United.

## Personal life

Ellis served as a policeman during the Second World War.

## Career statistics

Appearances and goals by club, season and competition :
| Club | Season | League | League | League | FA Cup | FA Cup | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Hull City | 1938–39 | Third Division North | 32 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 35 | 0 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 32 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 35 | 0 |
* ↑ Appearance in Third Division North Cup

## Honours

Wolverhampton Wanderers
* Football League Second Division: 1931–32
# Shoptiques

Shoptiques is an online marketplace for women’s clothing and home décor. The company was started by Harvard Business School graduate and former Goldman Sachs investment banker Olga Vidisheva. Shoptiques also provides services such as photography, shipping assistance, and digital marketing.

## History

Vidisheva spent her second year of Harvard Business School surveying over 800 boutiques to help her write the business plan for Shoptiques. After graduation, she launched the site in the Spring of 2012 with 25 boutiques on the site.
In November 2014, Shoptiques added its 1,000th boutique to the site. In March 2015, the company released its mobile app.
In July 2020, Olga Vidisheva stepped down from day-to-day operations of the company and Marc Gugliuzza and Elliot Djmal became Co-CEOs.
In January 2023, Shoptiques Business was rebranded as Material and it continues to operate the Shoptiques online marketplace as well as a point of sale system for independent retailers.

## Business Model

Shoptiques generates revenue based on commission, taking a percentage of each sale made on the site. Each boutique curates its own selection of products on the site and customers can purchase products from multiple boutiques with a single checkout experience.
# Janet Fletcher

Janet Fletcher FAHA is an Australian linguist. She completed her BA (with honours) at the University of Queensland in 1981 and then moved to the United Kingdom and received her PhD from the University of Reading in 1989.
Fletcher's research interests include phonetics theory, prosodic phonology, laboratory phonology, and articulatory and acoustic modelling of prosodic effects in various languages, particularly indigenous Australian languages and French.
Fletcher is currently professor of phonetics in the School of Languages and Linguistics, where she is a member of the Research Unit for Indigenous Language in the School of Languages and Linguistics and is a chief investigator in the University of Melbourne node of the Centre of Excellence "Dynamics of Language". She is a fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities.

## Selected publications

* (2014) Fletcher, Janet. 'Intonation and Prosody in Dalabon.' In Jun S (ed), Prosodic Typology II, pp. 252–272. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
* (2011) Tabain. M., J. Fletcher and A. Butcher. 'An EPG study of Palatal Consonants in two Australian languages', Language and Speech, vol. 54, issue 2, pp. 265–282.
* (2010) Fletcher, Janet. 'The Prosody of Speech: Timing and Rhythm,' in W. Hardcastle, J. Laver and F. Gibbon (eds), The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences, pp. 523–602. Wiley-Blackwell Publishing.
* (2007) Yallop, Clark and Janet Fletcher. An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology. Blackwell Publishers.
# Stephen Longstreet

Stephen Longstreet (April 18, 1907 – February 20, 2002) was an American writer and artist.

## Biography

Born Chauncey (later Henri) Weiner (sometimes Wiener), he was known as Stephen Longstreet from 1939. He wrote as Paul Haggard, David Ormsbee and Thomas Burton, and Longstreet, as well as his birth name.
The 1948 Broadway musical High Button Shoes was based on Longstreet's semi-autobiographical 1946 novel, The Sisters Liked Them Handsome.
Under contract at Warner Bros. in the 1940s, Longstreet co-wrote The Jolson Story and Stallion Road, based on his novel of the same name and starring Ronald Reagan. He later collaborated on the script of The Helen Morgan Story, and as a television writer in the 1950s and 1960s he wrote for Playhouse 90.
Longstreet's book, Nell Kimball: Her Life as an American Madam, by herself, is a hoax biography that was partly plagiarized from the works of Herbert Asbury, as was his novel The Wilder Shore from Asbury's The Barbary Coast.
Longstreet's nonfiction works include San Francisco, '49 to '06 and Chicago: 1860 to 1920, as well as A Century on Wheels, The Story of Studebaker and a Jewish cookbook, The Joys of Jewish Cooking, that he wrote with his wife and occasional collaborator, Ethel [Wikidata].
The world of jazz was a constant theme throughout Longstreet's life. A number of his books dealt with jazz, Including Jazz From A to Z: A Graphic Dictionary, his 100th book, published in 1989.
He died on February 20, 2002.
# Sibylla of Conversano

Sibylla of Conversano (d. 18 March 1103) was a wealthy Norman heiress, Duchess of Normandy by marriage to Robert Curthose. She was regent of Normandy during the absence of her spouse.

## Life

She was the daughter of Geoffrey of Brindisi, Count of Conversano, and his wife Sichelgaita of Moulins, and a grandniece of Robert Guiscard.
During the winter of 1096-97 while Robert Curthose was in Apulia awaiting transport on the First Crusade, he probably began negotiations to marry the heiress, Sibyl of Conversano. Orderic Vitalis claims Robert 'fell in love' with Sibyl and further the chronicler called her 'truly good in character' and also wrote she was 'endowed with many virtues and lovable to all who knew her'.
On Robert's return from the Crusade he married Sibylla in Apulia in 1100.
Shortly after returning to Normandy, Robert and Sibylla undertook a pilgrimage to Mont Saint-Michel to give thanks for his safe return from the Crusade.
It is clear that writers of the time were quite taken with Sibylla, praising both her beauty and intelligence.
During Curthose's absence, Robert of Torigni noted that the new duchess administered Normandy better than the duke did. On 25 October 1102, their son was born. He was named William for William, Archbishop of Rouen who presided over his baptism, this according to Orderic. William of Malmesbury suggested he was named after his grandfather, William the Conqueror.
On 18 March 1103, less than six months after the birth of her only child, she died at Rouen, Caux, and was buried, amid universal sorrow, in the cathedral church, Archbishop William Bonne-Ame performing the funeral rites. Sibylla was admired and often praised by chroniclers of the time; William of Malmesbury claims she died as a result of binding her breasts too tightly while both Robert of Torigny and Orderic Vitalis suggest she was murdered by a group of noblewomen led by her husband's mistress, Agnes de Ribemont.

## Issue

Robert and Sibylla had one son:
* William Clito (1102—27 July 1128), Count of Flanders.
# Sredoje Lukić

Sredoje Lukić (born April 5 1961) is a former policeman and participant in the Bosnian War in the Višegrad area.
The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in The Hague sentenced him to 35 years in prison.

## Biography

He was born on April 5, 1961, in the village of Rujišta near Višegrad, to father Đorđe Lukić. He is related to police general Sreten Lukić and Milan Lukić.
He worked as a policeman in Belgrade and joined the Bosnian War as a traffic officer in Višegrad. In April 1992, he joined a paramilitary group, which the ICTY believes, but emphasizes that there is no evidence, was under the command of the Serb Democratic Party. Members of this formation were arrested by the Territorial Defense between April 7 and April 9, 1992. During his time in Bosniak captivity, Lukić was tortured and humiliated, and cigarette butts were extinguished on his body. He was released on April 14 or April 15, 1992.
Sredoje Lukić voluntarily surrendered to the Ministry of Interior in Banja Luka on September 14, 2005.
The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia tried him together with Milan Lukić. In the first-instance judgement from July 30, 2009, he was sentenced to 30 years in prison for acts of cruel treatment, murder, violations of the laws and customs of war, persecution, crimes against humanity, and other inhumane acts. On December 4, 2012, the Appeals Chamber reduced Sredoje Lukić’s sentence to 27 years in prison.
He is serving his prison sentence in a prison in Norway, where he was transferred on August 21, 2013.
# Tom Heasley

Tom Heasley is an American musician, known for his ambient tuba work. Heasley also performs on didjeridu, voice, and electronics.
Where the Earth Meets the Sky, his first album, was released on the Hypnos Recordings ambient label and was mastered by ambient music pioneer Robert Rich. In his 4-star review for AllMusic, Matt Borghi called it "a thoughtful and sonically rich recording." Exclaim! wrote that "the music is suggestive of an eerie, vast, iridescent lunar landscape caught in perpetual twilight, with the singing perhaps adding an extraterrestrial dimension to it."

## Discography

Solo Recordings (Produced by Tom Heasley):
* Where the Earth Meets the Sky (2001 - Hypnos; solo tuba and electronics, real-time improvisations in studio)
* On The Sensations of Tone (2002 - Innova; solo tuba and electronics; live performance in radio station ("Thonis") plus one track ("Prelude") from 'Where the Earth Meets the Sky' sessions)
* Desert Triptych (2005 - Farfield; solo didjeridu, voice & electronics, recorded live in NYC)
Collaborations (Produced by Tom Heasley):
* Passages (2007 - Full Bleed Music; Duo real-time studio improvisations with Toss Panos, drums)
* "Varistar" (2009 - Full Bleed Music; Trio improvisations in studio with Bobby Bradford, cornet and Ken Rosser, guitar)
* "Echoes Of Syros" (2009 - Full Bleed Music; Trio improvisations recorded in performance (Oakland, CA) with Stuart Dempster, trombone and Erik Glick Rieman, rhodes piano)
# Guerrieri

Guerrieri is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Ascenzio Guerrieri (died 1645), Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Castellaneta
* Esteban Guerrieri (born 1985), Argentine racing driver
* Camilla Guerrieri (1628–after 1693), Italian painter
* Gerardo Guerrieri (1920-1986), Italian film director, playwright and screenwriter
* Guido Guerrieri (born 1996), Italian footballer
* Giovanni Francesco Guerrieri (1589–1655), Italian painter
* Lorenza Guerrieri (born 1944), Italian actress
* Romolo Guerrieri (born 1931), Italian film director and screenwriter
* Taylor Guerrieri (born 1992), American professional baseball pitcher
* Veronica Guerrieri, Italian and American economist
* Vittorio Guerrieri (born 1958), Italian actor and voice actor
# Koons Buick, Inc. v. Nigh

Koons Buick Pontiac GMC, Inc. v. Nigh, 543 U.S. 50 (2004), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that Congress's 1995 amendment of the Truth in Lending Act (TILA) left unaltered the prior minimum and maximum limits of $100 and $1000 prescribed for statutory damages awarded to plaintiffs in TILA violation suits involving personal-property loans.
# List of tourist attractions in Surat

Surat is a principal business hub of the Indian state Gujarat, the eighth largest city and ninth largest urban agglomeration. Surat is the 2nd cleanest city of India and fastest growing city of the world. Surat is also famous for its food, besides being the hub of diamonds and textiles in India, and one of the country's oldest cities.
Surat has many Historical monuments and tourist places. Some of them are:

## Historical monuments

* Heritage Square
* British Cemetery of Surat
* Dutch cemetery of Surat

## Forts

* Surat Castle

## Museums

* Saraswati Mandir – a house museum of Gujarati poet Narmad

## Beaches, dams and lakes

* Suvali Beach
* Dumas Beach
* Umbharat Beach
* Ukai Dam
* Gopi Talav

## Amusements, parks and zoos

* Sarthana Nature Park
* Jagdishchandra Bose Aquarium
* Science Centre
* Amaazia

## Libraries

* Andrews Library
* Nanpura Parsi Library
* Kavi Narmad Central Library

## Malls and markets

* Chauta Bazaar
* VR Mall (Virtuous Retail)

## Places of worship
### Temples

* Chintamani Jain Temple
* Shree Shyam Mandir, Surat Dham ambaji Mandir

### Churches

* Anglican Church

## Other points of interest

* Bedkuvadoor
* Bhadbhuja
* Bhagal
* Bhavanivad
* Gaurav Path
* Tapi Riverfront
* Wier-cum causeway
# Oleksandr Yatsenko

Oleksandr Ivanovych Yatsenko (Ukrainian: Олександр Іванович Яценко; born 24 February 1985) is a Ukrainian former football player. He currently works at Helios Kharkiv youth academy. He played as a defender.

## Club career

Yatsenko is a product of the Dynamo Kyiv youth system, and has featured 10 times for their senior team. He went on loan twice; first to Kharkiv in 2005, and in 2007 to Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk for the spring half of the 2006–07 season. In July 2007 he signed a three-year contract with FC Chornomorets Odesa.

## International career

He has represented Ukraine at all levels. He was a semi-finalist at the 2004 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship, and played in the 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship. He captained his team to a silver medal at the 2006 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship. Yatsenko was called up to the 2006 FIFA World Cup Ukraine squad as a replacement for the injured players Serhiy Fedorov and Vyacheslav Shevchuk.
He currently has one cap for the senior Ukraine national football team, in a 1–0 friendly win over Japan on 12 October 2005.
Yatsenko was awarded the Order For Courage by President Viktor Yushchenko for his participation in the 2006 FIFA World Cup finals in Germany.
# 1919 Finnish parliamentary election

Parliamentary elections were held in Finland between 1 and 3 March 1919. The Social Democratic Party emerged as the largest in Parliament with 80 of the 200 seats. Voter turnout was 67%.

## Background

In 1919, Finland was still reeling from the violent and traumatic effects of its Civil War. Many Whites (rightists and centrists) felt that a strong national government was necessary to prevent a new civil war. Some conservatives, especially monarchists, even wondered if Finland should keep its democracy and universal right to vote. For example, Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, in the White Army's victory parade in Helsinki in May 1918, called for giving the leadership of Finland's to a strong leader, free from partisan wrangling.
Liberals, such as the first President Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg, believed that discontent with Finland's political, social and economic order would be removed by making reforms. Monarchists had elected the German Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse as the Finnish king in October 1918, but he had renounced the throne in December 1918, conscious of the problems that Finland would have in its relations with the winners World War I if it had a citizen of the defeated Germany as its king. The republican parties (the Social Democrats, Agrarians and Progressives) disagreed on how much power the president should have. The monarchist parties (the National Coalition Party and the Swedish People's Party of Finland) wanted a strong presidency if there was going to be a republic at all.
In the end, enough Finnish voters sided with the republican parties, which also promised significant social reforms, such as the freeing of tenant farmers and the distribution of excess farmland to them.

## Results

| | Social Democratic Party | 365,046 | 37.98 | 80 | –12 |
| | Agrarian League | 189,297 | 19.70 | 42 | +16 |
| | National Coalition Party | 151,018 | 15.71 | 28 | New |
| | National Progressive Party | 123,090 | 12.81 | 26 | New |
| | Swedish People's Party | 116,582 | 12.13 | 22 | +1 |
| | Christian Workers' Union | 14,718 | 1.53 | 2 | +2 |
| | Others | 1,350 | 0.14 | 0 | – |
| Total | Total | 961,101 | 100.00 | 200 | 0 |
| Valid votes | Valid votes | 961,101 | 99.51 | | |
| Invalid/blank votes | Invalid/blank votes | 4,771 | 0.49 | | |
| Total votes | Total votes | 965,872 | 100.00 | | |
| Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | 1,438,709 | 67.13 | | |
| Source: Nohlen & Stöver ||||||

## Aftermath

On 25 July 1919 Ståhlberg defeated Mannerheim in the presidential elections.
# Kurier Poranny (modern)

Kurier Poranny (Polish pronunciation:, "Morning Courier") is a daily newspaper in Białystok and the Podlaskie region of Poland. It was founded in 1990 (Issue 0 was released on December 21, 1989).
The newspaper was owned by the publishing house Polska Press sp. z o.o, which was taken over by Polish Oil Concern Orlen on March 1, 2021 (its largest shareholder is the State Treasury).
There are two other newspapers in Białystok, Gazeta Współczesna and Teraz Białystok.

## Supplements

Monday: Moje auto (My car) Tuesday: Praca i nauka (Jobs and schools) Wednesday: Mój dom i nieruchomości (My house and properties) Thursday: Weekend (Weekend) Friday: Album Białostocki (Bialystok Album) Saturday: Pupile (Pupils)
# Heike Behrens

Heike Behrens (born 18 January 1962 in Itzehoe, Germany) is a German linguist who is professor of cognitive linguistics and language acquisition at the University of Basel.

## Education, career and honours

Heike Behrens studied German and English at Kiel University, and received her doctorate in general linguistics at the University of Amsterdam in 1993. She worked at the Technical University of Braunschweig (1987-1989), at the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics in Nijmegen (1989-1992), at UC Berkeley (1995-6), at the University of Cologne (1996-8), and at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig (1998-2002). She was then appointed professor of German linguistics at the University of Groningen in 2002, before taking up her current position as professor of cognitive linguistics and language acquisition at the University of Basel in 2005.
From 2009 to 2015 Behrens was a member of the Swiss Science Council. In 2018 she was elected as a member of the Academia Europaea. Since 2022 she has been a corresponding member of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities.

## Research

Behrens' research focuses on first and second language acquisition, linguistic theory, typology and language processing. Her dissertation dealt with the use of verbs by child acquirers of German.

## Selected publications

* Behrens, Heike. 1993. Temporal reference in German child language: Form and function of early verb use. Amsterdam/Zutphen: Koninglijke Wöhrmann.
* Lieven, Elena, Heike Behrens, Jennifer Speares and Michael Tomasello. 2003. Early syntactic creativity: a usage-based approach. Journal of Child Language 30 (2), 333-370. doi:10.1017/S0305000903005592
* Behrens, Heike. 2008. Corpora in language acquisition research: history, methods, perspectives. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. ISBN 9789027234766
* Behrens, Heike. 2009. Konstruktionen im Spracherwerb (Constructions in language acquisition). Zeitschrift für germanistische Linguistik 37, 427–444. doi:10.1515/ZGL.2009.030
* Behrens, Heike, and Stefan Pfänder. 2016. Experience Counts: Frequency Effects in Language. Berlin: De Gruyter. ISBN 9783110343427