# Joe (1970 film)

Joe is a 1970 American drama film written by Norman Wexler and directed by John G. Avildsen. It stars Peter Boyle, Dennis Patrick, and Susan Sarandon in her film debut.
The film follows New York business executive Bill Compton as his life unravels into murderous chaos after he kills his daughter's drug-dealing boyfriend and enters into a peculiar partnership with factory worker Joe, a veteran with racist fantasies of vigilante violence. Their search for Compton's missing daughter leads to a raid on a hippie commune that turns into mass murder where Compton mistakenly shoots his own daughter.
The film's plot coincidentally resembled a real-life mass murder in Detroit, where the killer had killed his own daughter. The real-life killer gained publicity for his actions, and received letters of support from hundreds of parents. The film has received praise for its black comedy-style satire of social class.

## Plot

Advertising executive Bill Compton, his wife Joan, and daughter Melissa are a wealthy family in New York City's Upper East Side. Melissa has been living with her drug-dealing boyfriend. After Melissa overdoses and is sent to a hospital, Compton goes to her boyfriend's apartment to get her belongings. He confronts and kills the boyfriend in a fit of rage. To disguise the act as a robbery, Compton takes a bag full of drugs with him and stashes it in his car. To calm his nerves, he has a drink in a nearby bar, where he hears factory worker Joe Curran ranting about how he hates hippies. Compton blurts out that he just killed one. Joe reacts favorably, but Compton says it was a joke.
A few days later, Joe sees a news report about a drug dealer found slain a few blocks from the bar. He calls Compton and meets him. At first Compton is wary that Joe may be attempting blackmail, but Joe assures him that he admires Compton for killing the drug dealer. As the men drink together, they find a rapport despite Compton's initial unease. A few days later, Compton and his wife have an awkward dinner at Joe's house with his wife, and Joe shows Compton his gun collection.
Melissa escapes from the hospital and returns to the family apartment, where she overhears her parents discussing the murder. She confronts her father saying, "What are you gonna do, kill me too?" Compton tries to restrain her, but she breaks away.
Joe and Compton search for her in the streets and meet a group of hippies at a bar in downtown Manhattan. When Compton tells the hippies he has drugs, they are invited to the hippies' apartment, where they all take drugs and the girls have sex with Compton and Joe. The boys then abscond with Compton's bag of drugs as well as Joe's and Compton's wallets. Joe beats one of the girls until she tells him that their boyfriends often spend time in an upstate commune. Joe and Compton drive to the commune, with Joe bringing rifles. In a confrontation at the commune, Joe starts shooting the hippies and urges Compton to join him. When Compton finally does so, he unwittingly kills his own daughter.

## Cast

* Peter Boyle as Joe Curran
* Dennis Patrick as Bill Compton
* Audrey Caire as Joan Compton
* Susan Sarandon as Melissa Compton
* K Callan as Mary Lou Curran
* Marlene Warfield as Bellevue Nurse
* Patrick McDermott as Frank Russo

## Reception

The film garnered both critical acclaim and box office success. Produced on a budget of only $106,000, it was a sleeper hit and grossed over $19.3 million in the United States and Canada, making it the 13th highest-grossing film of 1970. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, it holds an 82% "Fresh" score based on 11 reviews, with an average rating of 6.6/10.
Variety wrote, "It sounds like heavy stuff, but scripter Norman Wexler has fleshed his serious skeleton with both melodrama plotting that sustains interest and the grittiest, most obscene dialog yet to boom from the silver screen. It works." Howard Thompson of The New York Times wrote, "The sad, disappointing thing about 'Joe' is that a devastating, original idea cynically slopes into a melodramatic, surface fiasco." Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune gave the film three-and-a-half stars out of four and called it "a landmark film because of the issues and social norms it justifies. It is a dramatic, if not always sophisticated, documentary of a growing portion of the national mentality."
Charles Champlin of the Los Angeles Times called it "an immensely sophisticated piece of film-making," adding, "The plot is laced with implausibilities and the movie full of scenes which are heavily contrived but which play well because they are swept along by the plausibility of Joe himself." Gary Arnold of The Washington Post called it "a fascinating, tendentious picture—a topical murder melodrama and social parable, done in that vivid, loaded, paranoid style which seems to have become a tradition in record time but which remains exciting to watch, even if you question the drift and outcome of the parable." Penelope Gilliatt of The New Yorker wrote, "In the end, 'Joe' sells us short. It shows us clashing archetypes, promises us something of large mind, and then stammers platitudes that lead theatrically every which way."
Norman Wexler's screenplay received an Oscar nomination for Best Original Screenplay.

## Legacy

When Boyle saw audience members cheering the violence in Joe, he refused to appear in any other film or television show that glorified violence. This included passing on the role of Jimmy "Popeye" Doyle in The French Connection (1971), which would earn Gene Hackman the Oscar for Best Actor. Boyle nevertheless played a ruthless gangster in 1973's The Friends of Eddie Coyle and in 1974's Crazy Joe (not a sequel), and a not-so-ruthless gangster in the 1984 comedy Johnny Dangerously. He also appeared in the violent 1976 drama Taxi Driver. Joe inspired the creation of other tough, working class characters in '70s films and TV shows, including the character of Archie Bunker on the TV show All in the Family.
In the 1980s, there were rumors that Boyle might appear in a sequel to Joe. Citizen Joe would have followed the titular character as he tried to rebuild his life after spending 10 years in prison, and would have also dealt with his grown children who held more liberal beliefs. Cannon Films periodically took out ads for unmade sequels to the film. Cannon promised Joe II in 1980, and in 1985 announced the coming of Citizen Joe with the tagline, "The times have changed but the man has not...He's back." The film never materialized.
In his 2022 book Cinema Speculation, Quentin Tarantino deemed Joe "a kettle-black comedy about class in America, bordering on satire", while conceding that contemporary viewers may find it controversial to classify the film as such. He recalled that the audience he saw the film with in 1970, in a double feature with Carl Reiner's Where's Poppa?, watched the first section of Joe in silence, only to begin laughing "once Dennis Patrick enters the tavern, and Peter Boyle's Joe enters the movie", having gone from "repulsed repose to outright hilarity". Tarantino observed that "Boyle's comedic performance alleviates the picture's one-note ugliness".

## Real-life parallel

Ten weeks before Joe was released in the United States, a real-life mass murder with similarities to the movie's climactic scenes occurred in Detroit, Michigan. On May 7, 1970, a railroad worker named Arville Douglas Garland entered a university residence and killed his daughter, her boyfriend and two other students.
During pre-trial deliberations, Judge Joseph A. Gillis saw Joe and strongly advised both the prosecution and defense teams to do the same. He then carefully screened each member of the jury pool and excluded any who had seen the movie. He also forbade any seated juror from watching the movie or discussing it with anyone who had seen it. Although he brought with him multiple weapons and extra ammunition, Garland received a light sentence.
Before and after sentencing, Garland received hundreds of letters from parents across the country who expressed sympathy with him. It was also reported that during the first weeks after his sentencing, he received no letters expressing outrage or condemnation of his actions.

## Soundtrack

Credits adapted from LP liner notes.