OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# York, Hull and East and West Yorkshire Junction Railway

The York, Hull and East and West Yorkshire Junction Railway was a proposed railway line, promoted in the mid 1840s, intended to connect York to the East Riding of Yorkshire, England.
The line was not built, instead an alternative proposal, the York and North Midland Railway's York to Beverley Line gained parliamentary approval in 1846, and was opened in two sections in 1847 and 1865.

## History

The railway line, proposed during the Railway Mania, planned to connect to the proposed Leeds and York Railway at York, and serve destinations in the eastern Vale of York and East Riding of Yorkshire. From York the line was to run east to Pocklington, Market Weighton, and Beverley, then by the east side of the River Hull via Weel and Stoneferry south to the new East Docks (Victoria Dock) in Kingston upon Hull. Branches from the line were planned to Selby via Holme upon Spalding Moor from Market Weighton; to Driffield from Holme upon Spalding Moor via a crossing of the Yorkshire Wolds in the vicinity of Nunburnholme and Warter; and a branch to Hornsea running eastwards from a junction off the main line near Weel.
The York, Hull and East and West Yorkshire Junction Railway Company was provisionally registered in 1845, and the line, together with the Leeds and York Railway was supported by the Manchester and Leeds Railway.
The route invaded an area which at that time was exclusively served by the York and North Midland Railway (Y&NMR), and passed through an area which had already been surveyed for a railway by the Y&NMR. In an attempt to preserve its monopoly, in 1845, the Y&NMR began proceedings for bills before parliament for equivalent lines between York, Market Weighton and Beverley; Market Weighton and Selby; Market Weighton and Driffield (as a line from junctions at Goodmanham and Cranswick); and to Hornsea from a junction at Leconfield; The York and Hull company also initiated its bill in 1845, with the line from York to Hull, and its branches to Hornsea, Driffield and Selby.
The Manchester and Leeds company were persuaded to withdraw their support from the rival scheme in exchange for an agreement to make them joint lessors of the Hull and Selby Railway. The Y&NMR's parliamentary proposals were successful, resulting in the York and North Midland Railway (East Riding Branches) (No. 1) Act 1846 (9 & 10 Vict. c. lxv), which enabled the construction of line from York to Beverley, opened to Market Weighton in 1847, the remainder being completed in 1865. A second act in 1846 enabled the construction of the Selby to Market Weighton Line.
# Pedro Caravana

Pedro Filipe Neto da Silva Caravana (born 4 November 1974) is a Portuguese judoka.

## Achievements

| Year | Tournament | Place | Weight class |
| 1999 | European Judo Championships | 5th | Extra lightweight (60 kg) |
| 1997 | European Judo Championships | 3rd | Extra lightweight (60 kg) |
# Nina Franke

Nina Franke (born 2002) is a Dutch sprinter and hurdler. She was runner-up in the 400 metres hurdles at the Dutch Athletics Championships in 2024 and a gold medalist at the 2025 European Athletics Indoor Championships in the women's 4 × 400 metres relay.

## Career

She is from Heesch, North Brabant. She competes in both sprint and hurdles events. She finished second in the 400 metres hurdles at the Dutch Athletics Championships in Hengelo in June 2024.
She finished fourth at the Dutch Indoor Athletics Championships 400 metres race in February 2025 with a big personal record of 52.38 seconds. She had previously ran a personal best of 52.85 seconds to qualify for the final. She was selected for the 2025 European Athletics Indoor Championships in Apeldoorn. She ran as part of the victorious Dutch women’s 4x400 metres relay team alongside Lieke Klaver, Femke Bol and Cathelijn Peeters, although there the Netherlands were briefly disqualified for Peeters exchange block on British runner Amber Anning, they were reinstated on appeal.
# Thomas W. Gilligan

Thomas W. Gilligan (born August 21, 1954) is an American economist who was the Tad and Dianne Taube Director of the Hoover Institution at Stanford University from 2015 to 2020. Prior to taking over as head of the Stanford-based think tank, he served as dean of the McCombs School of Business at The University of Texas at Austin. Gilligan previously held a variety of positions at the University of Southern California from 1987 until 2008.

## Early life and education

Thomas W. Gilligan was born in San Diego, California and spent his childhood years moving from base to base along the West Coast and Hawaii. In his teens, Gilligan's family moved to Oklahoma, where he completed high school. After high school, Gilligan joined the United States Air Force where after 10 months of learning the Russian language, Gilligan intercepted communications while flying reconnaissance missions over the Soviet Union. After four-years in the Air Force, Gilligan enrolled and graduated in three years from the University of Oklahoma After graduation, Gilligan attended graduate school at Washington University in St. Louis on a fellowship program. Before completing his PhD under Barry R. Weingast at Washington University, Gilligan was a staff economist on the Council of Economic Advisers under President Ronald Reagan from 1982–1983.
Gilligan is married to Christie Skinner. The couple has three children.

## Teaching career

After graduation from Washington University, Gilligan was Assistant Professor of Economics and taught undergraduate and PhD level courses in economics and political economy at the California Institute of Technology until 1987. For the next two decades, Gilligan taught a variety of courses and held multiple positions at the Marshall School of Business of the University of Southern California until becoming dean at the McCombs School of Business. At the Marshall School, Gilligan was the interim dean for over a year from February 2006 until James G. Ellis replaced him in April 2007. Also, Gilligan was a visiting professor from the late-1980s until the mid-1990s at the Stanford Graduate School of Business and Kellogg School of Management.

### McCombs School of Business

After a nationwide search, Gilligan was appointed dean of the McCombs School of Business at The University of Texas at Austin in 2008. Gilligan followed George W. Gau after six years in the previous position.

### The Hoover Institution

Thomas Gilligan began his tenure as the director of the Hoover Institution in September 2015. Gilligan stepped down from the position in September 2020.

## Business career

Gilligan served on the board of directors of Southwest Airlines until 2018.
# Hortense Haudebourt-Lescot

Hortense Haudebourt-Lescot, born Antoinette Cécile Hortense Viel (14 December 1784 – 2 January 1845), was a French painter, mainly of genre and historical scenes.

## Biography

She was born in Paris to Jean-Baptiste Viel, a perfumer, and his wife Cécile, née Lejeune. Her mother became a widow two years later and remarried; to Jean-Louis Lescot, a pharmacist.
At the age of seven, she began her studies with Guillaume Guillon-Lethière, a popular history painter and family friend. When he was appointed director of the French Academy in Rome in 1807, she and several other artists followed him. They arrived in 1808, and she remained until 1816. There she depicted the customs and costumes of Italian peasants in great detail, which influenced much of her later work. During this time, she began signing her works with the name "Lescot".
Beginning in 1811, she sent her paintings to Paris, to be exhibited at the Salon. Her work attracted the attention of the Duchess of Berry who, in 1816, appointed her to be her personal painter. In 1820, she married the architect Louis-Pierre Haudebourt (1788–1849), with whom she had a son. Their home became a gathering place for the artistic and literary elite.
As a teacher, Haudebourt-Lescot's pupils included the painters Herminie Déhérain and Marie-Ernestine Serret.
She died in Paris on 2 January 1845. Her works may be seen at the Louvre Museum, the Musée des Augustins in Toulouse, and at the Musée Jean de La Fontaine.
# Patrick F. McManus House

The Patrick F. McManus House (also known as the Hiram Colver House) was built sometime between 1853 and 1855 by sutler and prospector Patrick F. McManus. McManus was one of the first of a group of white men in 1853 to reach what is now called Crater Lake as part of the Hillman group of prospectors. It sits on the Corner of 1st and Church Streets in Phoenix, Oregon and was built on the corner of one of the first donation land claims in the area belonging to Samuel Colver. McManus sold the home back to the Colver family in about 1857 for the use of the widow and children of Samuels deceased brother Hiram. Patrick F. McManus then went on the gold strike in Yreka, California, served as a sutler during the Modoc War and was killed in the Yreka area while driving a team and hauling mail.
The home was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978, through the research of Barbara Bateman. It was included in the Historic American Buildings Survey in 1934, done during the Works Progress Administration. Photos and detailed drawings are stored in the Library of Congress
# Roatan coral snake

The Roatán coral snake (Micrurus ruatanus) also known as Coral de la Isle de Roatán or Coral Roatanense in Spanish is a critically endangered species of elapid snake, endemic to the island of Roatán off of the coast of Honduras. There are no recognized subspecies.
# Famennian

The Famennian is the later of two faunal stages in the Late Devonian epoch. The most recent estimate for its duration is that it lasted from around 371.1 to 359.3 million years ago. An earlier 2012 estimate, still used by the International Commission on Stratigraphy, is that it lasted from 372.15 million years ago to 358.86 million years ago. It was preceded by the Frasnian stage and followed by the Tournaisian stage.

## Major events

In the seas, a novel major group of ammonoid cephalopods called clymeniids appeared, underwent tremendous diversification and spread worldwide, then just as suddenly went extinct.
The beginning of the Famennian is marked by the final stages of a major extinction event, the Kellwasser Event, which is the largest component of the Late Devonian mass extinction. The end of the Famennian experiences a smaller but still quite severe extinction event, the Hangenberg Event. A brief episode of glaciation, possibly linked to the Hangenberg event, occurred during the late Famennian, the first in a series of short glaciations that preceded the Late Palaeozoic ice age of the Carboniferous and Permian periods.

## Subdivisions

The International Commission on Stratigraphy divides the Famennian into four informal substages based primarily on conodont zonation. The Famennian corresponds to four historical subdivisions in German stratigraphy: the Nehdenian, Hembergian, Dasbergian, and Wocklumian (from oldest to youngest). However, these are based solely on ammonoid zonation and do not precisely correspond to the informal ICS subdivisions. The Uppermost Famennian substage (approximating the Wocklumian) is also known as the Strunian in the Ardennes region.
North American subdivisions of the Famennian include the Chautauquan, Canadaway, Conneaut, Conneautan, Conewango and Conewangan.

## Name and definition

The Famennian Stage was proposed in 1855 by Belgian geologist André Hubert Dumont and was accepted for the upper stage of the Upper Devonian by the Subcommission on Devonian Stratigraphy in 1981. It is named after Famenne, a natural region in southern Belgium. The lower GSSP, ratified in 1993, is located within the Coumiac Formation near Cessenon in southern France.
Since 2017, the base of the Famennian has been defined by a distinctive turnover of conodonts, particularly the last appearance of Palmatolepis bogartensis, the first appearance of Palmatolepis subperlobata, and an increase in the abundance of Palmatolepis ultima. It was previously defined by the start of the Palmatolepis triangularis conodont zone, but later studies showed that P. triangularis first appeared slightly later than the main conodont turnover in the GSSP.
A 2012 ICS timescale based on rough radioisotopic records estimated the Famennian began around 372.2 ± 1.6 Ma, and ended at 358.9 ± 0.4 Ma. In 2020 this was revised to a start at 371.1 ± 1.1 Ma and an end at 359.3 ± 0.3 Ma.
# Hermetia amboyna

Hermetia amboyna is a species of soldier fly in the family Stratiomyidae.

## Distribution

Maluku Islands.
# Gabriella Charlton

Gabriella Natalie Charlton (born 18 December 1998) is an Indian actress and television personality who works in Tamil-language television and film. She has appeared on the reality dance television series Jodi Junior and appeared on the sixth season of Jodi Number One, which she won. In 2020, she was a contestant on the fourth season of the reality series Bigg Boss Tamil.

## Career

Gabriella began her career in television at the age of nine, by appearing in Jodi Junior, a dance reality show broadcast on STAR Vijay. She also appeared as Gaby in 7aam Vaguppu C Pirivu, a Tamil soap opera about school children, that aired on STAR Vijay. She also appeared on the sixth season of Star Vijay's reality dance series Jodi Number One, which she won.
Gabriella Charlton appeared as Sumi in the romantic thriller film 3, and later as Riya in Chennaiyil Oru Naal. She also portrayed Rashitha in Appa. She was a finalist in Bigg Boss Season 4. And in Eeramana Rojaave 2 as a main lead

## Filmography

| Year | Film | Role(s) | Notes |
| 2012 | 3 | Sumi | Debut Film; Child Artist |
| 2013 | Chennaiyil Oru Naal | Riya | |
| 2016 | Appa | Rashitha Bhanu | Lead Role |
| 2025 | Varunan † | TBA | |

## Television

| Year | Series/Shows | Role | Notes |
| 2009 | Jodi Number One Junior | Contestant | Reality Dance Competition; Winner |
| 2012 | 7aam Vaguppu C Pirivu | Gaby | TV series |
| 2013-2014 | Jodi Number One Season 6 | Contestant | Reality Dance Competition; Winner |
| 2015 | Genes Season 2 | Participant | |
| 2020-2021 | Bigg Boss Tamil Season 4 | Contestant | Walked, On Day 102 With Cash Prize 5 Lakhs |
| 2021 | BB Jodigal Season 1 | Contestant | Reality Dance Competition; Runner Up |
| 2021 | Raja Rani 2 | Herself | Guest appearance,TV series |
| 2022–2023 | Eeramana Rojave 2 | Kavya Parthiban | Lead, TV series |
| 2022 | Oo Solriya Oo Oohm Solriya | Herself | Participant |
| 2024-present | Marumagal | Aathirai | Lead, TV series |
# Diboron tetrachloride

Diboron tetrachloride is a tetrahalodiborane chemical compound with the formula B$_2$Cl$_4$. It is a colorless liquid.

## Synthesis

The modern synthesis involves dechlorination of boron trichloride using copper.
It can also be formed by the electrical discharge procedure of boron trichloride at low temperatures:
    BCl$_3$ → BCl$_2$ + Cl
    Cl + Hg (electrode) → Hg$_2$Cl$_2$ or HgCl$_2$
    2 BCl$_2$ → B$_2$Cl$_4$
The most efficient synthesis technique uses no dechlorinating metal, instead passing radio-frequency AC current through gaseous boron trichloride.

## Reactions

The compound is used as a reagent for the synthesis of organoboron compounds. For instance, diboron tetrachloride adds to ethylene:
    CH$_2$=CH$_2$ + B$_2$Cl$_4$ → Cl$_2$B–CH$_2$–CH$_2$–BCl$_2$
Diboron tetrachloride absorbs hydrogen quickly at room temperature:
    3 B$_2$Cl$_4$ + 3 H$_2$ → B$_2$H$_6$ + 4 BCl$_3$
With boranes, it replaces a hydrogen to form dichloroborane(3) and a polyhedral dichloroborane. Heat induces disproportionation back to boron trichloride and a polyhedral boron(I) chloride.
# Isak Bjerkebo

Isak Bjerkebo (born 19 January 2003) is a Swedish footballer who plays as a forward for IK Sirius in Allsvenskan.
He hails from Stoby, Hässleholm Municipality, and started his youth career with Hässleholms IF. Bjerkebo then joined Malmö FF at the age of 13, successively playing for their U15, U17, U19 and U21 teams. Among others, he played and scored several goals in the 2021–22 UEFA Youth League group stage, lastly on away ground against Juventus. For Sweden's youth national teams, Bjerkebo was selected for Sweden U16 in 2019, appearing in 7 matches and scoring 1 goal.
In the summer of 2022, Bjerkebo started his senior career when Allsvenskan team Kalmar FF managed to sign him. He made his Allsvenskan debut in July 2022. Despite scoring his first Allsvenskan goal a month later, he did not became a regular in Kalmar's team. As playing time waned significantly in 2023, Bjerkebo was loaned to Superettan team Skövde AIK in the summer. He continued in Superettan's Varbergs BoIS from 2024, taking the same path as former Skövde manager Tobias Linderoth. The 2024 Superettan campaign became successful for Bjerkebo as he scored 11 league goals.
After starting the 2025 season playing for Varberg in the 2024-25 Svenska cupen, he was picked up by IK Sirius, thus returning to Allsvenskan.
# Pace count beads

Pace count beads, pacer beads or ranger beads are a manual counting tool used to keep track of distance traveled through a pace count. It is used in military land navigation or orienteering. A typical example for military use is keeping track of distance traveled during a foot patrol.

## Description

The tool is usually constructed using a set of 13 beads on a length of cord. The beads are divided into two sections, separated by a knot. Nine beads are used in the lower section, and four (or in some cases more) beads are used in the upper section. There is often a loop in the upper end, making it possible to attach the tool to the user's gear with a simple Larks head hitch.

## Usage

The beads can be used to count paces or a distance calculated from the number of paces. Both methods require the user to know the relationship between the paces walked, and the distance traveled. There are two main ways to use the beads. One is to represent the distance a person has walked, and the other is to represent the distance they need to walk. In the latter, beads may be used to count down the distance to a destination.

### Counting paces

As users walk, they typically slide one bead on the cord for every ten paces taken. On the tenth pace, the user slides a bead in the lower section towards the knot. After the 90th pace, all nine beads are against the knot. On the 100th pace, all nine beads in the lower section are returned away from the knot, and a bead from the upper section is slid upwards, away from the knot.
In this manner, the user calculates the distance traveled by keeping track of the paces taken. To use this method, the user must know the length of their pace to calculate the distance accurately traveled. Also, the number of paces to be walked must be precalculated (example: 2,112 paces= one mile, based on a 30-inch pace), and then the distance traveled has to be calculated from the walked paces.

### Distance walked

For every 100 meters the user walks, one of the lower beads is pulled down. When the ninth of the lower beads is pulled, the user has walked 900 meters. When the user has walked 1000 meters, one of the upper beads is pulled down, and all the lower beads are pulled back up.
Using this method, the user must know the number of paces walked in 100 meters. An experienced user can also adapt the pace count for each hundred meter depending on the terrain. When using this method, the user does not have to calculate distance from the number of paces.
This method can, of course, be used for non-metric distances as well, though with the beads arranged in a different manner.
# Philippine Skating Union

The Philippine Skating Union (PhSU) is the sports governing body of the Philippines for figure skating and short track speedskating. PhSU was granted provisional membership on June 13, 2004 by the International Skating Union. Full membership was granted upon the completion of an Olympic sized skating rink at the SM Mall of Asia. It is a National Sports Association duly recognized by the Philippine Sports Commission and the Philippine Olympic Committee. PhSU was originally established as the Ice Skating Institute of the Philippines.

## Tournaments

* Philippine Figure Skating Championships
* Philippine Open Short Track Championships
# Nick Stevens (American football)

Nick Stevens (born January 31, 1995) is a former American football quarterback. He played college football at Colorado State, where he was the starting quarterback from 2015 to 2017. He was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Denver Broncos in 2018.

## Career

Stevens attended Vista Murrieta High School in Murrieta, California and played college football at Colorado State University. After redshirting his first year at Colorado State in 2013, he played in five games as Garrett Grayson's backup in 2014, and made his official debut with the team in a win against the UC Davis Aggies. He also threw his first touchdown pass against the Tulsa Golden Hurricane. With Garrett Grayson leaving, he became the starter in 2015. He ran for his first rushing touchdown of his career against the Utah State Aggies. In a win over the UNLV Rebels, he completed a 69 yard touchdown pass to Steven Walker. He passed for 264 yards and a touchdown with 16 completions in a win against the New Mexico Lobos, securing bowl eligibility for the season. In the Arizona Bowl against in-conference rivals Nevada Wolf Pack, he threw for 310 yards, and also had a rushing touchdown in the win. In the 2016 season, he was named honorable mention All-Mountain West by vote of coaches and media, and was also named to Phil Steele's All-MW third team. He played in 10 games and started 7, throwing for 1,936 yards and 19 touchdowns with 5 interceptions. He threw for 374 yards against the Air Force Falcons on November 12. In the Famous Idaho Potato Bowl against the Idaho Vandals, he threw for a career high 445 yards and 5 touchdowns, but also threw 2 interceptions in the 61-50 shootout loss. The 2017 season was the best of his career, as he threw for 3,799 yards and 29 touchdowns. He passed for 334 yards and 3 touchdowns in a win over the Oregon State Beavers. He threw for 300 yards for the fifth time in the 2017 season against the Nevada Wolf Pack. He also threw for a 76 yard touchdown against the Hawaii Rainbow Warriors. Stevens finished his career with 8,554 yards, 70 touchdowns and 27 interceptions.
Before the 2018 NFL Draft, Stevens worked out with the Green Bay Packers as a Quarterback.
After going undrafted in the 2018 NFL draft, Stevens signed with the Denver Broncos. The Broncos released him in June 2018.