OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Aerobic organism

An aerobic organism or aerobe is an organism that can survive and grow in an oxygenated environment. The ability to exhibit aerobic respiration may yield benefits to the aerobic organism, as aerobic respiration yields more energy than anaerobic respiration. Energy production of the cell involves the synthesis of ATP by an enzyme called ATP synthase. In aerobic respiration, ATP synthase is coupled with an electron transport chain in which oxygen acts as a terminal electron acceptor. In July 2020, marine biologists reported that aerobic microorganisms (mainly), in "quasi-suspended animation", were found in organically poor sediments, up to 101.5 million years old, 250 feet below the seafloor in the South Pacific Gyre (SPG) ("the deadest spot in the ocean"), and could be the longest-living life forms ever found.

## Types

* Obligate aerobes need oxygen to grow. In a process known as cellular respiration, these organisms use oxygen to oxidize substrates (for example sugars and fats) and generate energy.
* Facultative anaerobes use oxygen if it is available, but also have anaerobic methods of energy production.
* Microaerophiles require oxygen for energy production, but are harmed by atmospheric concentrations of oxygen (21% O$_2$).
* Aerotolerant anaerobes do not use oxygen but are not harmed by it.
When an organism is able to survive in both oxygen and anaerobic environments, the use of the Pasteur effect can distinguish between facultative anaerobes and aerotolerant organisms. If the organism is using fermentation in an anaerobic environment, the addition of oxygen will cause facultative anaerobes to suspend fermentation and begin using oxygen for respiration. Aerotolerant organisms must continue fermentation in the presence of oxygen. Facultative organisms grow in both oxygen rich media and oxygen free media.

## Aerobic Respiration

Aerobic organisms use a process called aerobic respiration to create ATP from ADP and a phosphate. Glucose (a monosaccharide) is oxidized to power the electron transport chain:
This equation is a summary of what happens in three series of biochemical reactions: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle (also known as the Citric acid cycle), and oxidative phosphorylation.
    C$_6$H$_{12}$O$_6$ + 6 O$_2$ + 38 ADP + 38 phosphate → 6 CO$_2$ + 44 H$_2$O + 38 ATP
In Oxidative phosphorylation, ATP is synthesized from ADP and a phosphate using ATP synthase. ATP synthase is powered by a proton-motive force created by using the energy generated from the electron transport chain. A hydrogen ion (H$^+$) has a positive charge and if separated by a cellular membrane, it creates a difference in charge between the inside and outside of the membrane. Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotes.
Aerobic respiration needs O$_2$ because it acts as the terminal electron acceptor in prokaryotes' electron transport chain. Molecular Oxygen is reduced to water in this process.
# Ashton-on-Ribble

Ashton-on-Ribble is a suburb in the West of Preston, Lancashire, England. The population at the 2021 Census was 8,700. Ashton-on-Ribble was recorded in the Domesday Book.
Ashton-on-Ribble contains the historic Preston Docks, once the largest inland dock in Europe, the site is now largely residential living accommodation and leisure facilities. Ashton Park is within Ashton-on-Ribble, containing Ashton House, built in 1810 by Thomas Starkie Shuttleworth and later the home of Preston banker James Pedder.

## Demographics

The 2011 census records the ward's population at 4,459; in 2001 the recorded population was 4,430. At the 2007 Preston Council election the ward had a valid electorate of 3,104.
From the census results, 67.8% of the population considered themselves Christian.

## Geography

A ward in the western part of Preston, Ashton is largely suburban with large houses bordering the renewed Docklands area. Part of the ward is also made up of terraced housing, predominantly between Lane Ends shopping area and Ashton Park. The railway line from Preston railway station to Blackpool North railway station runs through the ward.

## People

The actor Kenny Baker was a resident of Ashton-on-Ribble.
The footballer Chris Ward was born in Ashton-on-Ribble.
The actress Maggie Ollerenshaw was born in Ashton-on-Ribble.
The historian AJP Taylor lived in Ashton-on Ribble from 1919 to 1929.
# James Isaac

James Isaac (June 5, 1960 – May 6, 2012) was an American film director and visual effects supervisor.

## Career

James Isaac was born June 5, 1960.
Isaac began work in film in the early 1980s creating the creatures in films such as Return of the Jedi and Gremlins. He continued his work into the 1980s with Enemy Mine, House II: The Second Story and DeepStar Six. He made his directorial debut on The Horror Show after the original director left the project a week into shooting.
He also worked with director David Cronenberg on his films The Fly, Naked Lunch and eXistenz. His other 1990s work included being a special effects supervisor for Chris Wales Inc. on Look Who's Talking Too and Virtuosity. He returned to directing in the 2000s, working on Jason X, Skinwalkers and Pig Hunt.
Isaac died of blood cancer on May 6, 2012.

## Select filmography

| Title | Year | Credited as | Credited as | Credited as | Notes | Ref(s) |
| Title | Year | Director | Special effects | Other | Notes | Ref(s) |
| Return of the Jedi | 1983 | | Yes | | Credited as Creature tech. | |
| Gremlins | 1984 | | Yes | | Credited as part of the Creature crew | |
| House II: The Second Story | 1987 | | Yes | | Special effects coordinator | |
| The Kiss | 1988 | | | Yes | Make-up crew | |
| Deepstar Six | 1989 | | Yes | | Credited as Visual effects supervisor | |
| The Horror Show | 1989 | Yes | | | | |
| Arachnophobia | 1990 | | Yes | | | |
| Look Who's Talking Too | 1990 | | Yes | | Credited as the Project Supervisor | |
| eXistenZ | 1999 | | Yes | | Visual and special effects supervisor | |
| Jason X | 2002 | Yes | | Yes | Executive producer | |
| Skinwalkers | 2006 | Yes | | | | |
| Pig Hunt | 2008 | Yes | | Yes | Co-producer; final film | |
| His Name Was Jason: 30 Years of Friday the 13th | 2009 | | | Yes | Documentary film, himself | |
| Crystal Lake Memories: The Complete History of Friday the 13th | 2013 | | | Yes | Documentary film, himself, posthumous role | |
# Golmaal (2012 film)

Golmaal is a 2012 Indian Kannada-language comedy film directed by Pramod Chakravarthy in his directorial debut and starring Vijay Raghavendra and Shubha Poonja.

## Cast

* Vijay Raghavendra as Chakravarthy
* Shubha Poonja as Preethi
* Rangayana Raghu
* Petrol Prasanna
* Tabla Nani
* Sanketh Kashi

## Production

Pramod Chakravarthy previously worked as one of the directors for Sugreeva (2010). he film was initially thought to be a remake of Gol Maal (1979).

## Reception

A critic from Rediff.com gave the film a rating of one out of five stars and wrote that "Golmaal is a sheer waste of time". A critic from IANS opined that "Golmaal is disappointing to the core".
# Joan Gardner (microbiologist)

Joan Forrest Gardner AO (16 June 1918 – 19 November 2013) was an Australian microbiologist who had an extensive career researching and teaching in the areas of disinfection, infection control, and sterilisation.

## Early life and education

Gardner was born in 1918 into a distinguished medical and scientific family. Her uncle was Nobel laureate Howard Florey; her mother, Hilda Josephine Gardner, was a leading bacteriologist, serologist and hematologist in Melbourne; and her father, Jack Gardner, was a physician and army medical officer during World War I.
Gardner attended Tintern Grammar from 1929-1936, then studied at the University of Melbourne from which she graduated with a Bachelor of Science (BSc) and Master of Science (MSc) in microbiology. Following her graduation, she travelled to England to attend the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology at the University of Oxford where she gained her doctorate (DPhil [Oxon]). It was in England that she became interested in the sterilisation of medical equipment, as important advances in the field were being made there.

## Career

Gardner returned to Australia, where she was appointed as a lecturer (later senior lecturer) at the University of Melbourne's Department of Bacteriology. In addition to conducting research in the infection control field, Gardner organized and conducted a series of advanced training courses for infection control nurses and hospital sterilisation staff.
She was a member of several committees for Standards Australia where she developed and contributed to the standards of sterilisers and other related hospital equipment.

## Awards and honours

Gardner was appointed as an Officer of the Order of Australia in the 1992 Queen's Birthday Honours in recognition of service to medicine in the field of sterilisation, disinfection and infection control.
# Spanish Ship Bay, Nova Scotia

Spanish Ship Bay is a small community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in the Municipality of the District of Saint Mary's in Guysborough County.

## Etymology

Spanish Ship Bay is said to have been so named because a Spanish galleon had run aground there, or because a headland nearby is shaped somewhat like a ship.
# FC Trestar Ostankino

FC Trestar Ostankino (Russian: «Трестар» (Останкино)) was a Russian football team from Ostankino, Dmitrovsky District, Moscow Oblast. It played professionally for a single season in the Russian Second Division in 1992.
# 2015 European Athletics U23 Championships – Men's 20 kilometres walk

The men's 20 kilometres walk event at the 2015 European Athletics U23 Championships was held in Tallinn, Estonia, on 10 July.

## Medalists

| Gold | Nikolay Markov Russia |
| Silver | Álvaro Martín Spain |
| Bronze | Pavel Parshin Russia |

## Results
### Final

10 July
| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| | Nikolay Markov | Russia | 1:23:49 | |
| | Álvaro Martín | Spain | 1:24:51 | |
| | Pavel Parshin | Russia | 1:25:26 | |
| 4 | Vito Minei | Italy | 1:25:46 | PB |
| 5 | Francisco José Durán | Spain | 1:26:19 | |
| 6 | Nils Brembach | Germany | 1:26:30 | |
| 7 | Aurélien Quinion | France | 1:26:41 | |
| 8 | Kirill Frolov [Wikidata] | Russia | 1:27:13 | |
| 9 | Michele Antonelli | Italy | 1:27:17 | |
| 10 | Miguel Carvalho | Portugal | 1:28:04 | |
| 11 | Francesco Fortunato | Italy | 1:28:20 | |
| 12 | João Martins | Portugal | 1:29:16 | PB |
| 13 | Jonathan Hilbert | Germany | 1:30:25 | |
| 14 | Sahin Senoduncu | Turkey | 1:30:39 | |
| 15 | Vladyslav Lobchenko | Ukraine | 1:31:34 | |
| 16 | Tomasz Bagdány | Hungary | 1:31:49 | |
| 17 | Peter Tichý | Slovakia | 1:32:08 | |
| 18 | Konstadínos Dedópoulos | Greece | 1:32:28 | |
| 19 | Rui Coelho | Portugal | 1:33:20 | |
| 20 | Normantas Petriša | Lithuania | 1:35:09 | |
| 21 | Mert Atli | Turkey | 1:42:48 | |
| | Miklós Srp | Hungary | DQ | |
| | Marc Tur | Spain | DQ | |
| | Andriy Hrechkovskyy | Ukraine | DQ | |
| | Marius Šavelskis | Lithuania | DNF | |

## Participation

According to an unofficial count, 25 athletes from 12 countries participated in the event.
* France (1)
* Germany (2)
* Greece (1)
* Hungary (2)
* Italy (3)
* Lithuania (2)
* Portugal (3)
* Russia (3)
* Slovakia (1)
* Spain (3)
* Turkey (2)
* Ukraine (2)
# AX (magazine)

AX (アックス) is a Japanese alternative manga magazine. It was first published in 1998 and is released every two months by the publishing house Seirinkogeisha. As of July 2023, 153 issues have been published.
The magazine was founded after the manga magazine Garo faced a crisis in 1996 after editor Katsuichi Nagai's death. Several of Garo's key staff quit their work with the magazine and instead founded AX in 1998. Several of Garo's regular contributors moved to AX instead.
In October 2008, North American publisher Top Shelf announced that it will release a 400-page selection of underground manga stories from the magazine as an anthology called AX Collection, edited by Sean Michael Wilson. The volume was nominated for "Best American Edition of Foreign Material" at the 2011 Harvey Awards.

## Published series

AX has featured manga artists such as Suehiro Maruo, Shintaro Kago, Shinichi Abe, Nishioka Kyoudai, Naoto Yamakawa, Usamaru Furuya, Toshio Saeki, Akino Kondoh [fr], Kotobuki Shiriagari, Yoshihiro Tatsumi, and Toyo Kataoka.
The magazine featured, among others, these series:
* Doing Time by Kazuichi Hanawa (1998-2000)
* Tokyo Zombie by Yusaku Hakanuma (1999)
* Jacaranda by Kotobuki Shiriagari
* Mother Cosmos by Minoru Sugiyama
* Suiton Kikou by Shinya Komatsu (2004)
# Baraat, Töv

Baraat (Mongolian: Бараат) is a bag in Bayan-Önjüül sum of Töv Province in Mongolia. Baraat is former Bayan-Baraat sum center. It is 30 km SE from Bayan-Önjüül sum center.
# Louis, Martin & Michael

Louis, Martin & Michael is a British documentary that was televised on 16 November 2003.
In June 2002, Michael Jackson briefly visited England; with his friend and unofficial spokesman, Uri Geller, Michael visited the Houses of Parliament and Exeter City F.C. Meanwhile, Louis Theroux, interested in collaborating with Michael on a documentary, checked in to a London hotel where Michael was staying in an attempt to get close to him. He tries contacting Uri Geller to arrange a meeting with Michael, only for the phone to go to voice mail. He then writes Michael a letter which he gives to a security guard outside the singer's hotel room. Outside the hotel, Louis meets former child star and friend of Michael, Mark Lester, who played Oliver Twist in the 1968 film. The next morning, Louis sees Jackson fans protesting against Michael's label Sony for the lack of promotion and sales of his recent album, Invincible, and sees Michael drive past on a double-decker tour bus.
After losing out to Martin Bashir for an opportunity to produce an official Michael Jackson documentary, Louis tries his best to obtain an interview with Michael, but cannot. In the process, Louis is seen meeting with Uri Geller and Michael's father Joseph Jackson. Louis is required to pay $5000 to interview Michael's father. The fee was negotiated through a person named Majestik Magnificent, who claims to be Michael Jackson's (and, previously, Muhammad Ali's) personal magician. Majestik participates in the second of two interviews, often prompting Mr. Jackson or interrupting Louis' questions. Majestik's own fee for securing the interview with Joseph was $500.
Louis comments about Michael during the interview to Joseph "He is so much in the public eye, I don't think he has very much left for himself."
Joe Jackson confessed in the documentary to spanking Michael, but denied being abusive. After Theroux asks whether Michael would be happy settling down with a partner, an offended Jackson denies his son is gay, voices his disapproval of homosexuality and ends the interview.
# Sandro Stringari

Sandro Stringari is an Italian theoretical physicist, who has contributed to the theory of quantum many-body physics, including atomic nuclei, quantum liquids and ultra-cold atomic Bose and Fermi gases. He has developed in a systematic way the sum rule approach to the collective behavior of interacting systems.

## Biography

After the studies at the University of Pisa and at the Scuola Normale Superiore Pisa, completed in 1972 and supervised by Bruno Touschek, he moved to Trento and Oxford under the supervision of Renzo Leonardi and David Brink, respectively. In the years 1978/79 and 1985/86, invited by Oriol Bohigas Marti, he has worked at the Institut de Physique Nucleaire in Orsay. In 1990, he became full professor at the University of Trento, where he currently teaches an undergraduate course on quantum mechanics and a graduate course on quantum gases and superfluidity. In 2002, he established in Trento the Center on Bose –Einstein Condensation, founded by the Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia (INFM), and now part of CNR. In the year 2004/2005, invited by Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, he held the European Chair at the Collège de France, in Paris. In 2010, he was recipient of the 5 years ERC Advanced Grant "Quantum Gases beyond equilibrium". Since 2011, he is corresponding member of the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei.

## Main scientific contributions

In the first period of his scientific career Sandro Stringari focused on the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei and on the isospin degree of freedom, developing the innovative sum rule approach to the collective excitations.
Starting from the 80’s he oriented his interests in the direction of atomic clusters and quantum liquids. Major contributions of this period are the study of the evaporation mechanism of helium clusters and the T=0 extension of the Hohenberg-Mermin-Wagner theorem.
His interests in the physics of Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC) started with the workshop on Bose-Einstein Condensation (BEC), known as the "Levico conference", organized in 1993 at Levico. After the first experimental realization of BEC in 1995, he developed the formalism of superfluid hydrodynamics to describe the collective oscillations of a harmonically trapped BECs, providing analytic predictions for their frequencies. This contribution had a major impact on the first generation of experiments on ultra cold quantum gases and influenced an important line of theoretical work. Later contributions to the dynamics of trapped quantum gases, and to their rotational, superfluid and thermodynamic properties are summarized in the review papers on Bose-Einstein condensates and Fermi gases as well as in the book on Bose-Einstein Condensation and Superfluidity written in collaboration with Lev Pitaevskii.
# Fadey Sargsyan

Fadey Sargsyan (Armenian: Ֆադեյ Սարգսյան, September 18, 1923 – January 10, 2010) was an Armenian scientist and politician.
Sargsyan served as the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic from 1977 to 1989.
He was later the President of the Armenian National Academy of Sciences from 1993 to 2006.
# Philip Aukland

Philip Sandvik Aukland (born 30 December 1998) is a Norwegian footballer who plays as a defender for Aalesund.

## Career

Aukland grew up in Søgne and started his youth career in Søgne FK, moving on to larger neighbours IK Start in 2015. While Aukland was assigned with Start, he was never given a chance to play a competitive match, and was loaned out to Arendal in 2018 before moving on to Fram in 2019. One of the first things he accomplished here was to help eliminate Start from the 2019 Norwegian Football Cup. For Fram, he also scored 4 goals. Before the 2019 season was over, he was bought by Fredrikstad FK.
Aukland helped Fredrikstad win promotion to the 2021 1. divisjon, and became one of manager Bjørn Johansen's "trusted players". His first goal for Fredrikstad came in June 2023 against his former club Start, helping to move Fredrikstad to a promotion position in the table. Aukland also scored both an own goal and a goal against Sogndal in September 2023. Fredrikstad won promotion from the 2023 1. divisjon, and Aukland was a regular for the team in the 2024 Eliteserien.
On 13 February 2025, Aukland signed a four-year contract with Aalesund.

## Personal life

Hobbies included tennis and padel.
# Xeromphalina cauticinalis

Xeromphalina cauticinalis is a species of agaric fungus in the family Mycenaceae. Originally described in 1838 by Elias Fries as Marasmius cauticinalis, it was transferred to the genus Xeromphalina by Robert Kühner and René Maire in 1934.
The fruit bodies have convex yellowish caps measuring 0.5–2.5 cm (1⁄4–1 in) in diameter supported by a tough yellow-brown to dark brown stipe that is 2.5–8 cm (1–3+1⁄8 in) long and 0.5–2.5 millimetres (1⁄32–3⁄32 in) thick. The pale yellow gills have a decurrent attachment to the stipe and are somewhat distantly spaced. The spore print is white, while individual spores are elliptical, smooth, amyloid, and measure 4–7 by 2.5–3.5 μm.
It is found in North America, where it fruits from the summer to autumn (later on the West Coast) in conifer debris and sometimes on aspen leaves. The species is regarded as nonpoisonous.
# Barbara Howlett

Barbara Jane Howlett (/ˈhaʊlɪt/) is an Australian fungal plant pathologist.

## Biography

Howlett grew up on a farm, which is a main reason for her interest in agriculture. Howlett received her BSc with honors from the University of Melbourne in 1970, her MSc from the Australian National University in 1973, and her PhD from the University of Melbourne in 1981. She is currently a professor at the University of Melbourne.
In 2011 Howlett led an Australian team of researchers who, along with scientists from the French National Institute for Agricultural Research, sequenced the genome of the blackleg fungus (Leptosphaeria maculans), which attacks canola crops and, in 2003, caused 90% yield losses in parts of Australia. Howlett was able to identify the pathogenicity gene which encodes for isocitrate lyase, an enzyme that is necessary for the fungus to colonize canola. The research saved canola farmers on Eyre Peninsula, South Australia, at least $18 million in 2012.
She was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Microbiology in 2012, and Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science in 2014, which described her as a "leading international fungal plant pathologist". Howlett is currently a member of the National Science and Technology Council of Australia, which provides advice to the federal government, specifically the Prime Minister, on important scientific and technological matters.

## Publications

Howlett has published numerous scholarly works and edited two books:
* Evolution of Virulence in Eukaryotic Microbes (2012)
* Sustainable strategies for managing Brassica napus (oilseed rape) resistance to Leptosphaeria maculans (phoma stem canker) (2006)
# Margit Sielska-Reich

Margit Sielska-Reich (Ukrainian: Марія Сельська, romanized: Mariia Selska; 26 May 1900 – 3 February 1980) was a Polish-Ukrainian painter who worked in Lviv.
The daughter of Laura and Isaak Reich, she began studying painting at the Free Academy of Fine Arts in Lviv with Leonard Podhorodecki, Feliks Michał Wygrzywalski and Edward Pietsch. From 1920 to 1922, she continued her studies at the Academy of Fine Arts in Kraków with Ignacy Pieńkowski, Władysław Jarocki and Henryk Kunzek. From 1925, she studied at the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna and then in Paris in the studios of Fernand Léger and Amédée Ozenfant. Léger's works in particular influenced her painting. In Paris, she met her future husband, a Lviv painter, Roman Sielski. In 1929, she returned with him to Lviv. Together with Roman, she was a co-founder of the Association of Artists and Designers " artes ". From 1930 to 1932, they participated in twelve exhibitions in Lviv, Ternopil, Stanisławów, Warsaw, Kraków and Łódź.
The influence of surrealism appeared in her paintings. She collaborated with the left-wing monthly " Sygnały ". In 1937, she visited Paris again. She spent the period of World War 2 in Lviv. In 1942 she was arrested by the Gestapo, with her father and brother and his wife, and was taken to the Lviv ghetto. She survived hiding in the studio of the painter Sascha Wynnytzky .
After the Second World War, she stayed with her husband in Lviv. She became a member of the art group Tow, and took part in exhibitions in Lviv, Kyiv and Moscow, most of them being portraits and natural landscapes. Most of her works are in Lviv in museums and private collections. Upon her death she was buried in Lyczakowski Cemetery.

## Work

Margit Sielska-Reich specialized in portraiture and painting landscapes. Much of her work was shown in exhibitions, and still is held in them to this day.