# Local Water Done Well

Local Water Done Well is the Sixth National Government's policy to address New Zealand's water infrastructural challenges. It is the successor to the previous Sixth Labour Government's controversial Three Waters programme. The policy focuses on local ownership and decision-making over the delivery of water services while meeting economic, environmental and water quality regulatory requirements.
Local Water Done Well consists of three laws repealing the previous Three Waters legislation; establishing the framework and preliminary arrangements for the new water services system; and establishing the endurance settings of the water services system. The repeal legislation passed on 14 February 2024 while a legislation establishing the framework of the council-owned new water services system passed into law on 28 August 2024.

## Background

As of December 2024, water services in New Zealand are provided by 64 local councils and council-controlled organisations (CCOs), three regional councils, three government departments and the New Zealand Defence Force. Key issues facing water service providers have included high operational and maintenance costs, chemical and E. coli contamination.
On 28 January 2020, the Minister of Local Government, Nanaia Mahuta, released Cabinet papers and minutes setting out intentions for reform of service delivery and funding arrangements for the three waters services nationwide. The Cabinet paper identified affordability and capability as two key challenges facing New Zealand's three waters service delivery infrastructure. The paper proposed transferring control and administration of three waters provision services from local councils to a new entity that would focus on the provision of water services. The Government indicated that it would work with local government bodies to explore options for transitioning councils to new service delivery arrangements and investigate opportunities for collaborative approaches to water service delivery.
On 27 October 2021, Mahuta confirmed that the Government would proceed with its "Three Waters reform programme" to transfer management of storm water, drinking water and wastewater to four new entities by July 2024. Under a co-governance structure, these entities would be managed by independent boards jointly elected by a group set up by councils and Māori iwi (tribes). These proposed reforms were criticised by several local council leaders including Mayor of Auckland Phil Goff, Mayor of Christchurch Lianne Dalziel, Mayor of Wellington Andy Foster, and the opposition National and ACT parties. By contrast, Ngāi Tahu's Te Maire Tau, the co-chair of Te Kura Taka Pini (the tribe's freshwater group), welcomed the Three Water reforms, saying they would improve water services and environmental outcomes.
From November 2021, a working group of mayors and Māori representatives reviewed issues of representation, governance and accountability, and reported back in March 2022 with 47 recommendations. In April 2022, the government accepted 44 of the recommendations. Key changes to the original proposals included providing shareholdings for councils in the four new water entities, and increased legislative protection against future privatisation of the water assets. The Water Services Entities Act 2022 was passed in December 2022.
In mid-April 2023, the Labour Government announced a major overhaul of its Three Waters reform programme, renaming it the Water Services Reform Programme. The proposed four water services entities were expanded into ten entities but would retain the same split co-governance structure consisting of representatives of local councils and mana whenua representatives. On 16 August 2023, Parliament passed the Water Services Entities Amendment Act, which implemented these changes into law but delayed the creation of the water services entities until 2026. On 23 August 2023, Parliament passed two further Three Waters bills into law: the Water Services Economic Efficiency and Consumer Protection Act 2023 and Water Services Legislation Act 2023. The third bill gave the Commerce Commission oversight over the water services entities' quality and efficiency while the fourth bill outlined the duties, functions and powers of the proposed water services entities.
While in opposition, the National Party campaigned on repealing Labour's Three Waters reforms and introducing its own "Local Water Done Well" policy. Under this plan, local councils would retain control over drinking water, stormwater and wastewater albeit with stronger government oversight, stricter water quality standards, and a requirement for councils to investment in the maintenance and replacement of water infrastructure. During the 2023 New Zealand general election held on 14 October 2023, Labour lost its parliamentary majority with Prime Minister Chris Hipkins conceding defeat. The National Party led by Christopher Luxon subsequently formed a coalition government with the support of ACT and New Zealand First. The National-led coalition government identified repealing the Three Waters reforms as part of its 100-day plan.

## Launch and legislative framework

The Local Water Done Well policy consists of three stages: repealing the previous Labour Government's Three Waters legislation; passing the Local Government (Water Services Preliminary Arrangements) Act 2024 to establish the framework and preliminary arrangements for the new water services system; and passing the Local Government (Water Services) Bill to establish the endurance settings, structural and operational arrangements, and regulatory backstop powers for the new water services system.
On 12 February 2024, Transport Minister Simeon Brown announced that the Government would create a "Technical Advisory Group" (TAG) to develop two "Local Water Done Well" laws by mid-2025 that would allow local councils to voluntarily establish their own water management groupings and council-controlled organisations along the lines of Wellington Water and Auckland's Watercare Services. The Technical Advisory Group's membership consisted of Castalia Limited's managing director Andreas Heuser (Chair), New Zealand Infrastructure Commission director and former Watercare chief executive Raveen Jaduram, Porirua City Council chief executive Wendy Walker, Chapman Tripp partner Mark Reese, and Whangārei District Council chief executive Simon Weston.

### Water Services Acts Repeal Act 2024

On 14 February 2024, the Sixth National Government passed the Water Services Acts Repeal Act 2024 which repealed Labour's Three Waters programme under urgency. The repeal legislation was supported by National, ACT and New Zealand First but was opposed by the opposition Labour, the Green parties and Te Pāti Māori. The Government also unveiled details of the Local Water Done Well policy, reiterating it would maintain local councils' ownership of water assets.

### Local Government (Water Services Preliminary Arrangements) Act 2024

In 8 August 2024, Brown announced that council-controlled organisations would be able to borrow money for water infrastructure from the Local Government Funding Agency. The Government also introduced its first Local Water Done Well bill, the Local Government (Water Services Preliminary Arrangements) Act 2024. Under the legislation, local councils would have a year to develop plans for funding water, wastewater and stormwater services that they need and ensuring their financial sustainability. On 28 August, this bill passed its third reading in Parliament. Under the new legislation, water services regulator Taumata Arowai no longer has to consider Te Mana o te Wai and National Policy Statement for Freshwater Management when setting their wastewater standards. The bill was supported by the governing coalition parties but was opposed by the opposition Labour, Green and Māori parties. It received royal assent on 2 September 2024.
Under the Local Government (Water Services Preliminary Arrangements) Act 2024 (Act), all local councils need to produce a Water Service Delivery Plan (WSDP) to deliver "financially sustainable" water services by September 2025. A WSDP can be developed by either a local council or in collaboration with other councils. Water services can either be provided by a council-controlled organisation (CCO) or through a joint arrangement. The Commerce Commission will "economically regulate" the local councils through information disclosure requirements.

### Local Government (Water Services) Bill

On 17 December 2024, the Local Government (Water Services) Bill passed its first reading. The bill proposes a new framework for water services delivery; gives the Commerce Commission economic regulatory and consumer protection powers over water services; and changes to the water quality regulatory framework and Taumata Arowai (Water Services Authority). The Bill was referred to the Finance and Expenditure Committee, with public submissions on the legislation being held until 23 February 2025.
Other key provisions of the Local Government (Water Services) Bill include designating income generated by water organisations as tax exempt under the Income Tax Act 2007; creating a new framework for water service bylaws and their enforcement under the Local Government Act 2002; streamlining the process for accessing land for water services to match those for other utility providers; amends the Water Services Act 2021 and Resource Management Act 1991 to introduce national standards for wastewater and stormwater; and repeals references to the Treaty of Waitangi in the Water Services Act 2021 and Taumata Arowai – the Water Services Regulator Act 2020 in favour of consulting Māori perspectives.

## Responses
### Local councils

In early May 2024 Mayor of Auckland Wayne Brown and Simeon Brown jointly announced that Auckland would avoid a 25.8 percent rates increase as part of the Government's Local Water Done Well plan.
In May 2024, the Wellington City Council (WCC) reached a memorandum of understanding with nine other councils in the Wellington region to work together on exploring the creation of a regional water services organisation. By 11 December 2024, the various Wellington local councils had developed three options in consultation with elected members and local iwi (Māori tribes). The first option was a regional three-waters council-controlled organisation (CCO) working in conjunction with the Upper Hutt City, Hutt City, Porirua City and Greater Wellington Regional Councils. The second option was a WCC-run council controlled organisation while the third option was to continue the status quo of the WCC allowing outside contractors to manage its water assets and services.
In October 2024, Mayor of Central Otago Tamah Alley and Mayor of Gore Ben Bell urged local councils to develop a unified approach towards delivering local water services. The Central Otago District Council also contracted consultant company Morrison Low to develop a business case exploring regional delivery models including maintaining the status quo of running an in-house business unit, creating a specialised council-controlled organisation and a joint asset-owning entity in the Otago and Southland Regions.
By 10 December 2024, Tauranga City Council had developed an indicative business case exploring options for delivering water services including creating a council-controlled organisation either alone or in coordination with another council.
By mid-December 2024, Newsroom reported that many local councils were exploring options for providing water services while managing costs and chemical and E. coli contamination issues. Several councils have proposed creating their own water CCOs while others have proposed working with other councils to provide water services. Notable councils opting to provide their own water services have included the Ashburton District Council, the Auckland Council, Christchurch and Invercargill City Councils. Councils considering merging their water services with other councils have included the Nelson, Tasman, the Ruapehu, the Rangitīkei, Whanganui, the Horowhenua, Kapiti, Palmerston North and Manawatū, Central Otago, Waitaki, Gore and Clutha councils.
On 11 February 2025, the Hamilton City Council expressed concerns that the Government's Local Government Water Services Bill would override Treaty of Waitangi settlement obligations and would make it harder to protect the Waikato river. In mid-February 2025, the Christchurch City Council released its interim business case, which came up with three proposals. These included retaining an in-house delivery model, creating a council-controlled organisation or a council-controlled organisation managing water supply and waste water.

### Government departments

On 23 August, the New Zealand Treasury released its regulatory impact statement on the Local Waters Done Well legislation. It expressed concerned that the New Zealand Government had "limited consultation and engagement" with key stakeholders on the development of its policies including water services sector organisations, local councils, Māori iwi (tribes) and hapū (subgroups) and other interest groups. Treasury officials warned that inadequate consultation would affect the development and implementation of water policies.