# Swainson's thrush

Swainson's thrush (Catharus ustulatus), also called olive-backed thrush and russet-backed thrush and salmonberry bird is a medium-sized thrush. It is a member of genus Catharus and is typical of it in terms of its subdued coloration and beautiful, ascending flute-like voice. Swainson's thrush was named after William Swainson, an English ornithologist.

## Etymology

The genus name Catharus comes from the Ancient Greek katharos, "pure or clean" and refers to the plumage of the orange-billed nightingale-thrush C. aurantiirostris. The specific ustulatus is Latin for "burnt", from urere, "to burn".

## Habitat

The breeding habitat of Swainson's thrush is coniferous woods with dense undergrowth across Canada, Alaska, and the northern United States; also, deciduous wooded areas on the Pacific coast of North America.

## Range and distribution

These birds migrate to southern Mexico and as far south as Argentina. The coastal subspecies migrate down the Pacific coast of North America and winter from Mexico to Costa Rica, whereas the continental birds migrate eastwards within North America (a substantial detour) and then travel southwards via Florida to winter from Panama to Bolivia. Swainson's thrush is a very rare vagrant to western Europe. It has also occurred as a vagrant in northeast Asia.

## Threats

This species may be displaced by the hermit thrush where their ranges overlap. Possibly, the latter species adapts more readily to human encroachment upon its habitat. At least in the winter quarters, Swainson's thrush tends to keep away from areas of human construction and other activity.

## Description

This species is 16–20 cm (6.3–7.9 in) in length. The wingspan averages at 30 cm (12 in) and the wing chord is 8.7–10.5 cm (3.4–4.1 in). The bill measures 1.5–1.9 cm (0.59–0.75 in) in length and the tarsus is 2.5 to 3.1 cm (0.98 to 1.22 in) long. This species' body mass can range from 23 to 45 g (0.81 to 1.59 oz). This thrush has the white-dark-white underwing pattern characteristic of Catharus thrushes. Adults are brown on the upperparts. The underparts are white with brown on the flanks; the breast is lighter brown with darker spots. They have pink legs and a light brown eye ring. Birds in the east are more olive-brown on the upperparts; western birds are more reddish brown. This bird's song is a hurried series of flute-like tones spiralling upwards.

## Diet

They forage on the forest floor, also in trees. Swainson's thrushes mainly eat insects, fruits and berries. They make a cup nest on a horizontal tree branch.
Its song is said by local tribes to make salmonberries ripen, including the Saanich people who claim the bird says, "xwexwelexwelexwelexwesh!" meaning "ripen, ripen, ripen, ripen!" A similar belief appears among the Tlingit, Haida, Haisla, Oweekeno, Kwakwaka'wakw, Nuu-Chah-Nulth, Ditidaht, Sḵwx̱wú7mesh, and the Straits Salish people.

## Subspecies

Four subspecies are recognised, Cathartus ustulatus alame, C. u. swainsoni, C. u. ustulatus and C. u. oedicus. Subspecies Cathartus ustulatus alame and C. u. swainsoni summer east of the British Columbian Coast Mountains, the Cascades and the Sierra Nevada, and C. u. ustulatus and C. u. oedicus summer west of these ranges. There is a small area of overlap in the Coast Mountains. Recent molecular systematics work confirms that these two pairs of subspecies form two genetically distinct clades, referred to as the continental and coastal clades, which diverged during the Late Pleistocene era, probably about 10,000 years ago as the last ice age came to its end and habitats shifted across North America.
The genetic differences between the subspecies, and the circuitous migratory route of the continental birds, strongly suggest that these species underwent a rapid range expansion following the end of the last ice age, with populations originally summering in the south-east of North America expanding their ranges northwards and westwards as the ice retreated. Details of the molecular genetic analysis support the hypothesis of rapid expansion of both coastal and continental populations. The current migratory routes of the continental birds, especially the western populations, are not optimal in ecological terms, and presumably represent an inherited, historical route pattern that has not yet adapted to the birds' modern population locations.
These results notwithstanding, analysis of mtDNA cytochrome b and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 as well as nuclear β-fibrinogen intron 7 sequence data shows that Swainson's thrush is the most ancient North American species of its genus; it is not closely related to other Catharus and the outward similarities with the other North American species are due to convergent evolution.

## Gallery

* Swainson's thrush on South Padre Island, Texas
* On South Padre Island, Texas
* A Swainson's thrush in British Columbia

## Footnotes

* ↑ BirdLife International (2018). "Catharus ustulatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T103881682A132046297. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T103881682A132046297.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
* ↑ Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 94, 397. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
* ↑ Brazil, Mark (2009) Birds of East Asia ISBN 978-0-7136-7040-0 page 402
* ↑ "Swainson's Thrush".
* ↑ "eNature: FieldGuides: Species Detail". Archived from the original on 2012-03-05.
* ↑ Thrushes by Peter Clement. Princeton University Press (2001), ISBN 978-0-691-08852-5
* ↑ Wiley, S.; Kannan, R.; James, D.; Deshwal, A. (2015). "Foraging behavior of Swainson's thrushes (Catharus ustulatus) during spring migration through Arkansas". Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science. 69. doi:10.54119/jaas.2015.6917.
* ↑ Out of the wide range of fruit eaten by this bird, those of Cymbopetalum mayanum (Annonaceae) and especially Trophis racemosa (Moraceae) are well-liked whenever available in the winter quarters. However, they are generally not taken from feeders or disturbed habitat: Foster (2007)
* ↑ Joseph, Leigh (24 April 2017). "The Gifts of Yetwánaý (Salmon Berry)". Leigh Joseph (Styawat), Ethnobotanist. Retrieved 2023-04-08.
* ↑ Ruegg & Smith (2002)
* ↑ Winker & Pruett (2006)