OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Cochrane v. Deener

Cochrane v. Deener, 94 U.S. 780 (1876), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that a process transforming grain meal into purified flour was patentable. This decision provided significant guidance on the patentability of processes and helped to shape the understanding of what constitutes a patentable invention in the United States.
In this case, the plaintiff, Cochrane, alleged that Deener infringed on his patented process for manufacturing purified flour. Deener argued that the patent was invalid because the process was not a patentable subject matter. The case ultimately reached the Supreme Court, which was tasked with determining whether the process in question was eligible for patent protection.
Justice Bradley, writing for the majority, established the principle that a process could be patentable if it involved a transformation or reduction of an article to a different state or thing. The Court found that Cochrane's process, which involved the application of mechanical and chemical operations to remove impurities from grain meal and produce purified flour, met this requirement.
The Court's decision in Cochrane v. Deener clarified the scope of patentable subject matter, specifically with regard to processes. By establishing that processes involving transformations of matter were eligible for patent protection, the Court significantly expanded the range of innovations that could be patented. This case remains an important precedent in the field of patent law and serves as a foundational example of the patentability of processes.
# Ateloglutus ruficornis

Ateloglutus ruficornis is a species of fly in the family Tachinidae.

## Distribution

Chile, Argentina.
# Soup for One (song)

"Soup for One" is a song performed by the band Chic. The song is written in A minor and is featured on the soundtrack album Soup for One. The song went to No. 14 on the Billboard Soul singles chart and No. 80 on the Hot 100.

## Samples

In 2000, it was sampled by French house duo Modjo for their single "Lady (Hear Me Tonight)". Since 2011, Chic added the song to their concert setlist, which is performed as a mash-up song with "Soup for One".

## Track listings
### US Mirage 7", WTG 4032 (1982)

* A. "Soup for One" (edit) - 3:08
* B. "Burn Hard" (edit) - 3:39

### US Mirage 12", DM 4827 (1982)

* A. "Soup for One" (extended) - 7:58
* B. "Burn Hard" (album version) - 5:12
# West Northfield, Nova Scotia

West Northfield is a community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in the Lunenburg Municipal District of Lunenburg County. It lies in a drumlinized area along the LaHave River. The loam-textured podzolic soils tend to be strongly acidic and stony. A favorable drainage and moisture-holding capacity makes them suitable for agriculture and forestry. A Christmas tree industry has developed around the community in recent years.
44°26′27.64″N 64°34′38.87″W﻿ / ﻿44.4410111°N 64.5774639°W﻿ / 44.4410111; -64.5774639﻿ (West Northfield, Nova Scotia)
# Slovak Association for Dynamic Shooting

The Slovak Association for Dynamic Shooting, Slovak Slovenskej Asociácie Dynamickej Streľby (SADS), is the Slovak association for practical shooting under the International Practical Shooting Confederation.
# Cole v. City of La Grange

Cole v. City of La Grange, 113 U.S. 1 (1885), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the court ruled on the use of eminent domain to benefit a private corporation.

## Background

The city of La Grange attempted to use eminent domain to condemn property for the benefit of La Grange Iron and Steel Company to expand that served no public benefit.

## Decision

The Court held that the Missouri legislature could not authorize La Grange to issue bonds to assist corporations in their private business.

## Citation in future cases

The case was cited in the dissenting opinion of Justice Thomas in Kelo v. City of New London, 545 U.S. 469 (2005).
# James R. Powell (physicist)

James R. Powell was an American physicist, notable – together with Gordon Danby – for his work on superconducting maglev, for which he shared the Franklin Institute "Medal 2000 for Engineering". He was a director of the MAGLEV 2000 of Florida Corporation and Danby Powell Maglev Technology Corporation. He received his BS in chemical engineering in 1953 from Carnegie Institute of Technology (now Carnegie Mellon University) and his Sc.D. in nuclear engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1958. He joined Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) in 1956, where he became a tenured senior nuclear engineer. He retired in late 1996. Powell died on May 23, 2019.
His inventions, including the inductive levitation and stabilization guideway, null flux geometry, and linear synchronous motor for vehicle propulsion, are the basis for the 500-kilometer (300-mile) Tokyo-to-Nagoya maglev route planned to be operational 2027. He also has worked on pebble-bed nuclear reactor. He was a lead developer of the StarTram proposal.
# Goel

Goel or Goyal (alternative transliterations of Hindi गोयलl) is a surname of Indian origin. It may refer to:

## Goel

* Adarsh Kumar Goel (born 1953), Indian judge
* Anita Goel, American physicist, physician, and scientist
* Aseem Goel, Indian politician
* Ashok Goel, professor of computer science
* Atul Kumar Goel, Indian businessman
* Charti Lal Goel (1927–2016), Indian politician
* David Goel (born 1970), American hedge fund manager
* Devendra Goel (1919–1979), Indian film director and producer
* Goel Ratzon (born 1950), Israeli polygamist
* Karan Goel, Indian cricket player
* Lalit Goel (born 1960)
* Lalit Kumar Goel (born 1960)
* Malaika Goel (born 1997), Indian shooter
* Manish Goel, Indian film and television actor
* Manju Goel (born 1945), Indian judge
* Mukul Goel, Indian civil servant
* Nitin Goel (born 1969), Indian cricket player
* Piyush Goel (born 1967), Indian author
* Prabhu Goel (born 1949), Indian-American researcher
* Prem Shanker Goel, Indian space scientist
* Rajat Goel (born 1993), Indian cricket player
* Rajinder Goel (1942–2020), Indian cricket player
* Rajiv Goel, American executive
* Ram Niwas Goel, Indian politician
* Ritika Goel, Canadian writer
* Rohtas Goel (born 1962)
* Samant Goel, Indian civil servant
* Sanket Goel (born 1977)
* Seema Goel, Canadian artist
* Shiv Charan Goel, Indian politician
* Shyam Goel, Indian script writer
* Sita Ram Goel (1921–2003), Indian historian, religious and political activist, writer, and publisher in the late twentieth
* Surendra Prakash Goel (1946–2020), Indian politician
* Suresh Goel (1943–1978)
* Surily Goel, Indian fashion designer
* Swati Goel
* Trilok Chandra Goel (born 1938), Indian surgeon
* Veena Goel (born 1981), American writer
* Vijay Goel (politician) (born 1954), Indian politician
* Vijay K. Goel, American engineer
* Vipul Goel (born 1972), Indian politician
* Vivek Goel

## Goyal

* Naresh Goyal
* Piyush Goyal

## Other

* Goel (Judaism)
# Arur Singh Shergill

Arur Singh Shergill (1865 – 1926) was a Sikh magistrate and civil judge who served as the manager of Darbar Sahib and the Akal Takht, as a sarbarah appointed by the British Raj from 1902 to 1920.

## Early life and career

Arur Singh Shergill was born in Naushehra Nangli, Amritsar, British India to a Sikh family of Shergill clan in 1865. His father Deputy Inspector Harnam Singh died when he was four years of age. Being a minor, his property was brought under the Court of Wards to be administered by Gulab Singh Bhagowalia and Ajit Singh Attari till 1885. He was educated at the Government High School in Amritsar.
In 1888, Shergill became an honorary magistrate of second class with powers over 133 villages of Kathu Nangal police station. Later he became a magistrate of first class in 1907 for the same district. He was also the honorary civil judge in Amritsar.

## Sarbarah

Shergill was appointed a sarbarah to manage Darbar Sahib and the Akal Takht on 1 July 1902. He was appointed by Esquire Maclagan, Deputy Commissioner of Amritsar, to replace Colonel Jawala Singh. In the first week of May 1905, Shergill removed idols from the Darbar Sahib and prohibited the entry of Brahmins within the premises.
Subsequent to the Jallianwala Bagh massacre on 13 April 1919, Shergill honored Reginald Dyer, the general who ordered the massacre. He thanked Dyer for their protection of the Darbar Sahib complex. Shergill's maternal grandson, a pro-Khalistan leader Simranjit Singh Mann, the president of Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar) apologised in 2001 for the honour given to Dyer by his maternal grandfather. Mann also justified Shergill's decision in 2022 by saying, "he did it to save the Golden Temple from bombing on the advice of then principal of Khalsa College G. A. Wathen."
After being pressured by the Sikhs to resign, Shergill gave his resignation on 29 August 1920.

## Honours

A Companion (CIE) in 1913 and a Knight Grand Commander (GCIE) in 1921, two classes of the Order of the Indian Empire were awarded to Shergill.
# Ex parte Jackson

Ex parte Jackson, 96 U.S. 727 (1878), was a United States Supreme Court ex parte decision. The case decided that the United States Post Office may open and inspect mail to limit the transmission of circulars on lotteries. It also extended Fourth Amendment protections to private letters, holding that letters and sealed packages sent through the mail required warrants to be searched through.
# Giana Romanova

Giana Romanova (born 10 March 1954) is a retired female middle-distance runner who represented the USSR in the 1970s. She set her personal best in the women's 1500 metres (3:59.01) on 3 September 1978 at the European Championships in Prague, Czechoslovakia, winning the gold medal.
# Sam Jones (photographer)

Sam Jones is an American photographer and film director. His portraits – of such subjects as U.S. President Barack Obama, Sandra Bullock, George Clooney, Bob Dylan, Kristen Stewart, Robert Downey Jr., Amy Adams and Jack Nicholson – have appeared on the covers of Vanity Fair, Rolling Stone, Esquire, GQ, Time, Entertainment Weekly and Men's Journal.
Jones's photos have received awards from American Photography and an Eisie award from Communication Arts and Life magazine. His image of the Marina City towers in Chicago on the cover of the 2002 Wilco album Yankee Hotel Foxtrot was included in the book The Greatest Album Covers of All Time.
His achievements as a documentarian include I Am Trying to Break Your Heart: A Film About Wilco in 2002, which began as a film about the making of Yankee Hotel Foxtrot but wound up chronicling the major-label pressures and internal drama the band was experiencing at the time. A collection of his candid celebrity portraiture, The Here And Now: The Photographs of Sam Jones, was published in 2007 by HarperCollins. Other published works include Non-Fiction, a collection of cinematic portraits; and Some Where Else, a photographic and musical collaboration with musician Blake Mills in 2015.
Jones has created national commercials for Skype, Sonos, Canon, Target, Dove and others. His music video for Foo Fighters' "Walk" won the Best Rock Video of the Year award at the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards. He has also directed videos for Mumford and Sons, Tom Petty, and John Mayer, among many others; including his multi-award-winning interactive video for Cold War Kids' "I've Seen Enough".
In 2013, Jones launched Off Camera with Sam Jones on DirecTV's Audience Network, which ran for 218 episodes through the end of 2019. The hourlong show featured long-form conversational interviews with artists, actors, and musicians including Robert Downey Jr., Sarah Silverman, Dave Grohl, Laura Dern, Tony Hawk, Matt Damon and Will Ferrell.
In 2014, Jones directed the feature-length Showtime documentary Lost Songs: The Basement Tapes Continued, which reexamines the creative output of Bob Dylan during the Basement Tapes era and documents new recordings of newly discovered Dylan lyrics from 1966-67 by Elvis Costello, Rhiannon Giddens and others at the Capitol Records Studios. The film features Bob Dylan as narrator, and the project, with a resultant album of the songs, has been termed a collaboration between contemporary musical artists and a 26-year-old Dylan.
Jones's work for television also includes directing episodes of the Bill Lawrence-created shows Cougar Town, Ted Lasso and Bad Monkey; as well as the HBO series Music Box and Smartless: On the Road, and the documentary Tony Hawk: Until the Wheels Fall Off.

## Selected works

* I Am Trying to Break Your Heart: A Film About Wilco (2002).
* Jones, Sam (2007). The Here And Now: The Photographs of Sam Jones. New York: HarperEntertainment. ISBN 978-0-06-134812-9.
* Off Camera with Sam Jones, series on DirecTV (2013-2019).
* Jones, Sam (2015). Some Where Else. Santa Monica, CA: Beware Doll. ISBN 978-0-692-35344-8.
# Head v. Amoskeag Manufacturing Co.

Head v. Amoskeag Mfg. Co., 113 U.S. 9 (1885), was a U.S. Supreme Court case considering whether a dam constructed on privately owned land served a public purpose and whether having the owner of the dam compensate any adjacent landowner was a legal form of eminent domain.

## Background

The state of New Hampshire passed a General Mills Act in 1868 which established a permitting process for companies to build dams on non-navigable waterways so long as they compensated any adjacent landowners for flooded property. The Amoskeag Manufacturing Company dammed the Merrimack River at Amoskeag Falls for the purpose of powering their cotton mills. This had the inadvertent result of flooding Head's land along the river for which he was offered compensation.
Head sued claiming the benefit to the company was not a public purpose and that the Equal Protection Clause was being violated because the rights of a major employer was outweighing those of a smaller landowner. When the New Hampshire Supreme Court ruled that the dam was legal, Head appealed to the federal courts for a writ of error to reverse the judgment.

## Decision

Justice Horace Gray, delivered the opinion of the court that regulating riparian water rights was clearly within the purview of the state, that similar regulations were used in other states, that similar laws in New Hampshire went back to 1718, and that the remedy for any financial loss showed that due process of law was being preserved. The court did not find the equal protection claims compelling. Therefore, the court ruled in favor of the Amoskeag Manufacturing Company.
There were no concurring or dissenting opinions but Justice Samuel Blatchford did not participate in the case.
# Whiteside, Nova Scotia

Whiteside is a small rural community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in Richmond, Subd. B in Richmond County on Cape Breton Island .
# Philippe Biamby

Philippe Biamby (September 21, 1952 – December 13, 2008) was a member of the Haitian Armed Forces High Command, Chief of Staff of the Haitian Army and deputy of Raoul Cédras during the Haitian junta of 1991 to 1994.

## Early years

Philippe Biamby is a son of Ketly Biamby and Pierre Biamby, an important official of the Duvalier Era.
He received infantry training at Fort Benning, Georgia, between 1980 and 1985.
Biamby in 1989 was expelled from the army after participating in a coup attempt against Prosper Avril. After the coup failed, he fled to the Dominican Republic and later traveled to the United States, where was he arrested for immigration charges.

## Haitian Junta

Biamby as Army Chief of Staff, helped topple Jean-Bertrand Aristide during 1991 Coup.
During military junta, was member of Haitian Armed Forces High Command and right-hand man of Raoul Cédras. He was described as a hard-line anti-American.

## Later life

With the arrival of American forces in Haiti in September 1994, Biamby fled to Panama, where he was granted political asylum. A 1998 extradition request from Haiti was not granted.
Philippe Biamby was indicted in 2000 for his connection to the Raboteau massacre and sentenced in absentia by a Haitian court on November 16, 2000, to life imprisonment.
He died on December 13, 2008, because of cancer
# El Salvador Practical Shooting Association

El Salvador Practical Shooting Association, Spanish Asociacion Salvadoreña de Tiro Práctico, is the Salvadoran association for practical shooting under the International Practical Shooting Confederation.
# Edgardo Ortuño

Edgardo Ortuño (born 10 June 1970 in Montevideo) is a Uruguayan history teacher, politician and activist. A member of the ruling left-wing Broad Front, in the 2000s he was the first Afro-Uruguayan elected representative.
During the second presidency of Tabaré Vázquez, Ortuño was an interim Minister of Industries. Since 1 March 2025, he is the current Minister of Environment in the cabinet of Yamandú Orsi.
# Carlos Javier Ortiz

Carlos Javier Ortiz is an American director, cinematographer and photographer.
Ortiz works with photography, experimental documentary films and text, projection projects and specializes in long-term documentaries that focus on urban life, gun violence, race, poverty and marginalized communities. Ortiz collaborates with his subjects by asking them to share their personal narratives and testimonials. His projects are collected and published and is exhibited internationally in galleries and museums.
His work is in collections including the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture in New York City, the Museum of Contemporary Photography, the George Eastman Museum in Rochester, New York and the Library of Congress in D.C.. His work has appeared in: The Atlantic, The New York Times, Newsweek, The Washington Post, Time, NPR, The Guardian, and Stern. He was a staff photographer for "Chicago In The Year 2000", a yearlong project. In 2016 his film We All We Got won best documentary short at the 2016 Crested Butte Film Festival.

## Life and work

He lives between Chicago and Oakland, California. Oritz is an adjunct lecturer at UC Berkeley and is represented by Jenkins Johnson Gallery, (San Francisco/New York).
Ortiz is working on a cross-cultural youth violence project, which documents adolescents in Chicago, and Guatemala. In 2011 he received the Open Society Institute Audience Engagement Grant.

## Awards

* 2006 The Chicago Community Arts Assistance Grant
* 2009 Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights: Photography Award
* 2011 The Chicago Community Arts Assistance Grant
* 2011 Richard H. Driehaus Foundation Arts & Culture
* 2011 Open Society Foundation Audience Engagement Grant
* 2012 The California Endowment Fellowship
* 2013 Artist Fellowship Illinois Arts Council
* 2013 Pulitzer Center Grant
* 2015 BMRC Fellow The University of Chicago

## Publications

* We All We Got. New York, NY: Red Hook Editions, 2014. ISBN 978-1-941703-00-7.

## Collections

* 2004 Detroit Institute of Arts Detroit, MI
* 2008 Museum of Contemporary Photography Chicago, IL
* 2008 Library of Congress Washington, D.C.
* 2013 International Museum of Photography Rochester, NY
* 2014 Permanent Collection Open Society Foundation New York, NY
* 2014 Worcester Art Museum in Massachusetts Worcester, MA
* 2015 Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture New York, NY

## Solo exhibitions

* 2009 Violent Realities, Gun Violence in the Americas Gage Gallery, Chicago, IL
* 2011 Too Young to Die Loyola University Chicago, School of Communication Gallery, Chicago, IL
* 2012 Migrant Workers Leica Gallery, Cologne, Germany
* 2014 David Weinberg Gallery, Chicago, IL
* 2015 We All We Got, Bronx Documentary Center

## Group exhibitions

* 2012 50 States and the Poor, American Poverty Project Group Exhibition
* 2012 Occupy This Katzen Arts Center, American University Museum, Washington, D.C.
* 2013 Fields/Contre-Champs, Group Exhibition GwinZegal, France
* 2014 Guns Without Borders Worcester Art Museum, Worcester, MA
# Belén López Peiró

Belén López Peiró (born February 24, 1992, in Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina) is an Argentine book writer and columnist. Signed to Libros Penguin, she is best known for her 2018 release, "Por Que Volvías Cada Verano?" ("Why Did You Return Every Summer?") in which she detailed the sexual abuse she allegedly survived.
López Peiró is also a columnist for El País, a Spaniard newspaper with a nationwide reach in her adopted country of Spain.

## Early life

López Peiró was born in 1992, the daughter of a journalist mother. By some accounts, she spent a mostly happy childhood, until the rapes and sexual molestation by her uncle-in-law allegedly started taking place after she turned 13.
López Peiró visited her aunt in the city of Santa Lucia, in Argentina, during summers. It was while there, that the rapes of her by her uncle in law, a policeman by the name of Claudio Sarlo, the city's sheriff, allegedly took place. According to López Peiró, this situation took place from the time she was 13, until she was 17.
Eventually, she became a student at the Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), from where she graduated with a degree in communication sciences. She also studied journalism at the Taller Escuela Agencia (TEA). At the UBA, she was a student of well-known writer Gabriela Cabezon Camara.

## Career

By 2014, López Peiró worked as an editor for a newspaper in Argentina, when she figured that many of the stories she came across as an editor reminded her of her own.
Her first book, "Por qué volvías cada verano?", was published by Spain's Editorial Las Afueras on November 16, 2020. That book was also published in Portuguese, Italian and French. Her second book, titled "Donde no Hago Pie" ("Where I Would Not Go To") was released on March 1, 2021, by Publicadora Lumen. Both books deal directly with the sexual abuse she was allegedly subjected to.

## Uncle in law's trial

During 2014, López Peiró accused sheriff Sarlo of rape. The case took eight years to be decided, but on December 19, 2022, it went to court. Five days later, on December 24, Sarlo was declared guilty. He was then sentenced to ten years in jail.

## Books impact on women

López Peiró's book "Porque Volvias Cada Verano?" and her activism inspired Brazilian actress Thelma Fardin and others, such as Gianella Neyra, to speak about their own abuse cases. In Fardin's case, she accused her countryman, actor Juan Darthes, of sexual abuse towards Fardin.

## Personal life

Belén López Peiró lives in Barcelona, Spain.
# Bartel H. Reinheimer

Bartel Hilen Reinheimer (April 6, 1889 – November 12, 1949) was second bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Rochester, serving from 1938 to 1949.

## Early life and education

Reinheimer was born on April 6, 1889, in Sandusky, Ohio, the son of Alfred Reinheimer and Beatrice Savanack. He studied at Kenyon College, from where he graduated with a Bachelor of Science in 1911. The same college also awarded him a Doctor of Divinity in 1931. He studied at Bexley Hall from where he graduated with a Bachelor of Divinity in 1914. He was awarded a Doctor of Laws by Hobart College in 1936.

## Ordination

Reinheimer was ordained deacon in 1914 and priest in 1915. He served as deacon and later priest-in-charge at St Mark's Church in Shelby, Ohio, between 1914 and 1916. Later he became curate of Christ Church in Dayton, Ohio, and in 1918 rector of the same church where he remained till 1921. He served as Executive secretary and Archdeacon of Southern Ohio between 1921 and 1931. In 1931 he became the National secretary of the Field Department of the Episcopal Church.

## Bishop

Reinheimer was elected Coadjutor Bishop of Rochester in 1936 and was consecrated on March 4, 1936, by Presiding Bishop James De Wolf Perry. In 1938 he succeeded as Bishop of Rochester. During his episcopate he also served as trustee and honorary chancellor of the Colleges of the Seneca. He was also president of the Province of New York and New Jersey in Episcopal Church between 1947 and 1949. He was also a trustee of the University of Rochester. Reinheimer died in office on November 12, 1949.

## Family

Reinheimer married Helen Marie Smith on August 31, 1914, and together had three sons, Frederick Smith Reinheimer (March 9, 1916 – October 2, 1990), John Bartel Reinheimer (January 2, 1918 – April 16, 2000) and Philip Reese Reinheimer (January 1923 – January 14, 1940).