# 1979 Rhodesian general election

General elections were held in Rhodesia in April 1979, the first where the majority black population elected the majority of seats in parliament. The elections were held following the Internal Settlement negotiated by the Rhodesian Front government of Ian Smith and were intended to provide a peaceful transition to majority rule on terms not harmful to White Rhodesians. In accordance with the Internal Settlement, on 1 June, Rhodesia officially became the nation of Zimbabwe Rhodesia, under the government of the United African National Council elected in the 1979 elections. The Internal Settlement was not approved internationally but the incoming government under Bishop Abel Muzorewa did decide to participate in the Lancaster House talks which led to the end of the dispute and the creation of Zimbabwe.

## Electoral system

Under the agreement of 1978, the new Zimbabwe Rhodesia House of Assembly was to consist of 100 members. 20 were to be elected on the old roll with property, income and education qualifications, which most black citizens did not meet, and which was previously used to elect the majority of the Rhodesia House of Assembly. 72 seats were elected by the "Common Roll" which every adult in the country had a vote. Owing to the lack of an electoral roll, voters were instead marked with ink on their fingers to stop multiple voting. Once the 92 members had been elected, they assembled to vote for eight White non-constituency members. All the candidates for these posts were members of the Rhodesian Front.
The 20 White Roll members were elected from new constituencies made up of combinations of the previous constituencies. The Common Roll members were elected by province using a closed list system. It was intended to set up a full electoral register and institute single-member constituencies for future elections.
* Rural constituencies.
* Constituencies in Salisbury.
* Constituencies in Bulawayo.

## Campaign

The main question in the election campaign was how many Africans would vote in the common roll election. The Patriotic Front parties, Zimbabwe African National Union and Zimbabwe African People's Union, pledged to disrupt the election and called for a boycott. By 1979, all of Rhodesia apart from the central area between Salisbury and Bulawayo was under a form of martial law due to attacks by the Patriotic Front's armies, the Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA) and Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA).
In the event the turnout was quite respectable in Mashonaland, although somewhat depressed in Manicaland and Victoria. In Matabeleland South, where ZIPRA was strongest, the turnout was lowest.

## Conduct

Neither the nine-member Freedom House observer team or any other international observer teams reported any 'serious irregularities surrounding the counting or tabulation of the poll.' The subsequent Freedom House report noted that all major parties which wished to participate were free to nominate candidates and that any pressures to vote for a particular party 'did not affect the final returns sufficiently to discredit the general results of the elections.' The report concluded that, although the election was not 'fully democratic', 'Rhodesia had never had so inclusive and free an election'.

## Results

| Party | Party | Common roll | Common roll | Common roll | White roll | White roll | White roll | Seats | Seats |
| Party | Party | Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | Appointed | Total |
| | United African National Council | 1,212,639 | 67.27 | 51 | | | | 0 | 51 |
| | Zimbabwe African National Union – Ndonga | 262,928 | 14.58 | 12 | | | | 0 | 12 |
| | United National Federal Party | 194,446 | 10.79 | 9 | | | | 0 | 9 |
| | Zimbabwe United People's Organisation | 114,570 | 6.36 | 0 | | | | 0 | 0 |
| | National Democratic Union | 18,175 | 1.01 | 0 | | | | 0 | 0 |
| | Rhodesian Front | | | | 11,613 | 81.98 | 20 | 8 | 28 |
| | Independent | | | | 2,552 | 18.02 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Total | Total | 1,802,758 | 100.00 | 72 | 14,165 | 100.00 | 20 | 8 | 100 |
| Valid votes | Valid votes | 1,802,758 | 96.45 | | | | | | |
| Invalid/blank votes | Invalid/blank votes | 66,319 | 3.55 | | | | | | |
| Total votes | Total votes | 1,869,077 | 100.00 | | | | | | |
| Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | 2,900,000 | 64.45 | | | | | | |
| Source: African Elections Database, Freedom House ||||||||||

### Common roll

Polling day was 21 April 1979.
| Province | Est. electorate | NDU | NDU | NDU | UANC | UANC | UANC | UNFP | UNFP | UNFP | ZANU | ZANU | ZANU | ZUPO | ZUPO | ZUPO |
| Province | Est. electorate | Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats |
| Manicaland (10) | 402,700 | – | – | – | 97,994 | 53.7 | 6 | 8,398 | 4.6 | – | 69,136 | 37.9 | 4 | 7,115 | 3.9 | – |
| Mashonaland Central (5) | 187,800 | – | – | – | 138,360 | 80.7 | 5 | 9,598 | 5.6 | – | 16,968 | 9.9 | – | 6,582 | 3.8 | – |
| Mashonaland East (15) | 588,300 | 18,175 | 3.3 | – | 428,599 | 78.2 | 15 | 20,292 | 3.7 | – | 39,461 | 7.2 | – | 41,767 | 7.6 | – |
| Mashonaland West (6) | 264,300 | – | – | – | 245,737 | 83.4 | 6 | 12,941 | 4.4 | – | 24,682 | 8.4 | – | 11,228 | 3.8 | – |
| Matabeleland North (10) | 383,400 | – | – | – | 79,108 | 40.8 | 5 | 75,350 | 38.9 | 4 | 22,242 | 11.5 | 1 | 16,985 | 8.8 | – |
| Matabeleland South (5) | 191,200 | – | – | – | 10,318 | 20.0 | 1 | 30,318 | 58.9 | 3 | 7,365 | 14.3 | 1 | 3,502 | 6.8 | – |
| Midlands (11) | 419,600 | – | – | – | 137,120 | 60.6 | 7 | 24,006 | 10.6 | 1 | 47,525 | 21.0 | 3 | 17,551 | 7.8 | – |
| Victoria (10) | 388,900 | – | – | – | 75,403 | 56.1 | 6 | 13,543 | 10.1 | 1 | 35,549 | 26.5 | 3 | 9,840 | 7.3 | – |

#### Candidates and elected members

| NDU | UANC | UNFP | ZANU | ZUPO |
| MANICALAND PROVINCE |||||
| | 1. Edward Stewart Mazaiwana | 1. A. Siwellah | 1. Rev. Ndabaningi Sithole | 1. P. Ndoro |
| | 2. David Charles Zvinaiye Mukome | 2. C. Jenah | 2. Noel Mukono | 2. P. Mubekati |
| | 3. Simpson Victor Mtambenengwe | 3. G. Gwenzi | 3. David Zamchiya | 3. T. Makunde |
| | 4. Elijah Smile Magavan Nyandoro | 4. L. Chiyangwa | 4. Arnold Sawanha | 4. N. Chingomo |
| | 5. John Moses Chirimbani | 5. E. Matsika | 5. D. Charangwa | 5. L. Mufararipwa |
| | 6. Maxwell Pfereyegota Chambara | 6. K. Dhlamini | 6. [C. Chiremba (deceased)] | 6. J. Tandi |
| | 7. John Zwenhamo Ruredzo | 7. J. Manjengwa | 7. Miss Vesta Saungweme | 7. A. Katso |
| | 8. P. Chakaza | 8. A. Moyo | 8. R. Chikosi | 8. R. Hlatiwayo |
| | 9. M. Chingwara | 9. T. Meda | 9. W. Chadokwa | 9. D. Jamela |
| | 10. Kagoro Felix Kadzombe | 10. J. Dhliwayo | 10. Mrs S. Nduku | 10. Mrs P. Nyahe |
| MASHONALAND CENTRAL PROVINCE |||||
| | 1. Mucheki Kachidzwa | 1. R. Madanire | 1. Dr N. Munyoro | 1. N. Mutuma |
| | 2. Reki Mashayamombe | 2. D. Panashe | 2. E. Charirye | 2. S. Chimanikire |
| | 3. Micheck Nyika Chagadama | 3. A. Nyandoro | 3. L. Masawi | 3. K. Chitsike |
| | 4. Actor Mupinyuri | 4. R. Chiwaridza | 4. C. Katsande | 4. S. Chipiro |
| | 5. Terrence Mashambanhaka | 5. B. Chasi | 5. B. Gambanga | 5. S. Moyo |
| MASHONALAND EAST PROVINCE |||||
| 1. Henry Chihota | 1. Abel Muzorewa | 1. Kingdom Sithole | 1. Joel Mandaza | 1. Leonard Mapuranga |
| 2. James Clever Mavunga Shereni | 2. Silas Mundawarara | 2. Ben Chanetsa | 2. Dr Joseph Gopo | 2. Alice Chinamora |
| 3. Rosten Gore | 3. Simon Chivaware Paraffin* | 3. Cyril Kachidza | 3. Abel Rumano | 3. Patrick Bwanya |
| 4. X. Mutendere | 4. Claudius Nhongonhema | 4. Robert Kachindamoto | 4. Dr Willie Nduka | 4. Walter Gawe |
| 5. W. Chitongo | 5. George Bodzo Nyandoro | 5. Fibion Munyuki | 5. Absolom Ndoro | 5. Mrs Stella Musarira |
| 6. D. Madamombe | 6. Ben Kuda Taputsa Mutasa | 6. Dominic Machaka | 6. Benjamini Muvuti | 6. Rogers Rutsito |
| 7. K. Muswe | 7. Enoch Dumbutshena* | 7. Marshall Mukono | 7. Mrs Evelyn Sithole | 7. Kenneth Dhluni |
| 8. L. Marufu | 8. Dennis Nyamuswa | 8. Patrick Zemura** | 8. Mrs Siphikelelo Chizengeni | 8. Samuel Goredema |
| 9. J. Munda | 9. Beatrice Manyara Mutasa | 9. Mrs Sheila Tamuka | 9. Kesiwe Malindi | 9. Lewis Msengezi |
| 10. P. Mavunga | 10. Rev. Farai David Muzorewa | 10. Nimrod Ndhlela | 10. Davison Sambo | 10. Canaan Gomwe |
| 11. Mrs. H. Shereni | 11. Essiah Zhuwarara* | 11. M. Chingate | 11. Tennyson Magura | 11. Joseph Chipiro |
| 12. Mrs L. Mzinyani | 12. Lazarus Mtungwazi | 12. Dexter Sibanda | 12. Stephen Marara | 12. Phillip Munzwa |
| 13. Aaron Rusike | 13. Raymond Chikarara Nyaude Madzima | 13. Dickson Moyo | 13. Douglas Mudzi | 13. Sidney Musoni |
| 14. Miss P. Matanda | 14. Evelyn Joyce Shava* | 14. Gilbert Moyo | 14. Moses Zhanje | 14. Stephen Gumbe |
| 15. D. Chitunda | 15. Avis Chikwana | 15. Stephen Kazingizi** | 15. Nassan Nengere | 15. Samuel Mavani |
| MASHONALAND WEST PROVINCE |||||
| | 1. Titus Garikayi Mukarati | 1. S. Mazibananga | 1. P. Mhlanga | 1. G. Magaramombe |
| | 2. Ronald Takawira Sadomba | 2. T. Kasvinga | 2. Mrs I. Chitate | 2. S. Nyamweda |
| | 3. Josiah Zinanga Mudzengi | 3. D. Ngondo | 3. N. Bangajena | 3. B. Nyandoro |
| | 4. Stanlake J. W. T. Samkange* | 4. Patrick Tozivepi** | 4. N. Mutandiwa | 4. A. Mudenda |
| | 5. Boniface Mhariwa Gumbo* | 5. F. Musiwa | 5. S. Mariga | 5. S. Chirenda |
| | 6. James Chikerema* | 6. Charles Zviyambwa** | 6. Mrs R. Mombeshore | 6. S. Mangwiro |
| MATABELELAND NORTH PROVINCE |||||
| | 1. Ernest Bulle | 1. Lwazi Joel Mahlangu | 1. Phineas Sithole | 1. A. Mgutshini |
| | 2. Walter Nqabeni Mthimkhulu | 2. Peter Nkomo | 2. Zachariah Tongai Chigumira | 2. T. Madhana |
| | 3. David Murambiwa Mutasa | 3. M. Nyathi | 3. R. Zemura | 3. E. Chiwunye |
| | 4. Morgan Kugaraunzwana Machiya | 4. Brown Luza | 4. J. Ngaliwe | 4. R. Gunyela |
| | 5. Gerald Mthimkhulu | 5. Geshom Maplanka | 5. J. Ndebele | 5. T. Thebe |
| | 6. Abel Chimombe | 6. T. Ncube | 6. Mrs H. Zwambila | 6. W. Mapukanka |
| | 7. M. Tshuma | 7. Lot Enoch Dewa | 7. E. Ncube | 7. D. Mangena |
| | 8. Mrs Gladys Tiriboyi | 8. A. Mpofu | 8. G. Ncube | 8. A. Khumalo |
| | 9. P. Zumbika | 9. E. Mkandla | 9. L. Dlodlo | 9. L. Moyo |
| | 10. A. Mutasa | 10. A.M. Mpofu | 10. S. Dube | 10. S. Jubane |
| MATABELELAND SOUTH PROVINCE |||||
| | 1. Joel Madewe Sigola | 1. Zephania Bafana | 1. Abraham Mazwi Khumalo | 1. G. Dewa |
| | 2. J. Tarugarira | 2. Robert Siyoka | 2. T. Mbuya | 2. E. Maposa |
| | 3. K. Nyabadzu | 3. Timoth Ndlovu | 3. P. Mpofu | 3. H. Dube |
| | 4. I. Ngulube | 4. S. Noko | 4. C. Malikongwa | 4. J. Bango |
| | 5. P. Maphosa | 5. E. Velile | 5. R. Simbi | 5. G. Ncube |
| MIDLANDS PROVINCE |||||
| | 1. Misheck Hove | 1. Elijah Mukuchambano | 1. James Dzvova | 1. M. Malumisa |
| | 2. Chris Mbanga | 2. A. Gwemende | 2. Edward Chitate | 2. Philip Elijah Chigogo |
| | 3. Joseph Jumo Bheka | 3. J. Dondo | 3. William Kambasha | 3. P. Chirinda |
| | 4. Lewis Bonda Gumbo | 4. S. Shama | 4. C. Mutambisi | 4. J. Maziwisa |
| | 5. John Kingston Nyahwata | 5. G. Tshuma | 5. J. Nyaguse | 5. L. Nhamo |
| | 6. Edmund Macheka | 6. K. Dube | 6. B. Magaisa | 6. A. Tafirenyika |
| | 7. John Karimanzira Kokera | 7. F. Ngulube | 7. U. Gokwe | 7. S. Hove |
| | 8. Abraham Chirwa | 8. N. Dhlamini | 8. V. Mashita | 8. S. Sibanda |
| | 9. F. Mutiti | 9. N. Ndhlovu | 9. Mrs O. Chidzongwa | 9. Chingona |
| | 10. W. Mugabiri | 10. M. Moyo | 10. J. Sithole | 10. M. Chibvute |
| | 11. S. Makura | 11. S. Mbambo | 11. L. Mambo | |
| VICTORIA PROVINCE |||||
| | 1. Francis John Zindoga | 1. Peter Munyaradzi Mandaza | 1. Leonard Nyemba | 1. E. Badza |
| | 2. Smollie Poshi Mugudubi | 2. J. Chikukwa | 2. Edward Watungwa | 2. D. Gurajena |
| | 3. Christopher Donald Sakala | 3. P. Makoni | 3. Julius Chimedza | 3. John Hungwe |
| | 4. Herbert Zimuto | 4. C. Marezva | 4. S. Mangwengwe | 4. B. Mazungunye |
| | 5. David Munandi | 5. G. Dziwa | 5. V. Chikukutu | 5. H. Makoni |
| | 6. John Lewis Mashakada | 6. E. Maphosa | 6. J. Hlalsi | 6. W. Mukaganwi |
| | 7. J. Maswoswe | 7. D. Mandishora | 7. L. Shinya | 7. J. Tagwireyi |
| | 8. G. Sadomba | 8. L. Sithole | 8. A. Mashiri | 8. T. Sithole |
| | 9. J. Muchineripi | 9. Mrs J. Sibanda | 9. Mrs E. Masangu | 9. R. Mhungu |
| | 10. B. Basera | 10. D. Makotere | 10. C. Marozva | 10. J. Masvinga |
* – Subsequently, formed the Zimbabwe Democratic Party (see below)
** – These candidates had resigned from the United National Federal Party and joined the Zimbabwe United Peoples' Organisation after nominations had closed. It was ruled that their candidatures stood.

### White roll

Polling day was 10 April 1979.
| Constituency | Candidate | Party | Votes |
| AVONDALE | John Landau | RF | unopposed |
| BORROWDALE | Hilary Squires | RF | unopposed |
| BULAWAYO CENTRAL | Paddy Shields | RF | unopposed |
| BULAWAYO NORTH | Denis Walker | RF | unopposed |
| BULAWAYO SOUTH | Wally Stuttaford | RF | 4,140 |
| BULAWAYO SOUTH | Francis Robert Bertrand | Ind | 500 |
| BULAWAYO SOUTH | Jan (John) Francis Betch | Ind | 57 |
| CENTRAL | Rowan Cronjé | RF | unopposed |
| EASTERN | Desmond Butler | RF | 2,538 |
| EASTERN | John Constantinos Kircos | Ind | 485 |
| GATOOMA/HARTLEY | P. K. van der Byl | RF | unopposed |
| HATFIELD | Richard Cartwright | RF | 2,672 |
| HATFIELD | Charles James Britton | Ind | 334 |
| HATFIELD | Neville Ronald Arthur Skeates | Ind | 314 |
| HIGHLANDS | Mark Partridge | RF | unopposed |
| KOPJE | Dennis Divaris | RF | 2,263 |
| KOPJE | Mrs. Esther Rawson | Ind | 834 |
| KOPJE | Leslie Thomas Hayes | Ind | 28 |
| LUNDI | Theunis de Klerk | RF | unopposed |
| MAKONI | Jacobus Phillipus du Plessis | RF | unopposed |
| MARLBOROUGH | William Michie Irvine | RF | unopposed |
| MAZOE/MTOKO | Cecil Millar | RF | unopposed |
| MIDLANDS | Henry Swan Elsworth | RF | unopposed |
| MOUNT PLEASANT | Chris Andersen | RF | unopposed |
| NORTHERN | Esmond Micklem | RF | unopposed |
| SOUTHERN | Ian Smith | RF | unopposed |
| WESTERN | Alec Moseley | RF | unopposed |

### White non-constituency members

Polling day was 7 May 1979. Eight seats were up for election.
| Rank | Party | Votes |
| 1 | Trevor Duncan Dollar | 71 |
| 2 | Derek Foxon Gawler | 63 |
| 3 | Wing-Commander Frederick Roy Simmonds | 62 |
| 4 | André Sothern Holland | 60 |
| 5 | Denys Sinclair Parkin | 58 |
| 6 | Bertram Ankers | 53 |
| 7 | Charles McKenzie Scott | 52 |
| 8 | Stanley Norman Eastwood | 46 |
| 9= | Arthur Denis Crook | 20 |
| 9= | Wing-Commander Robert Gaunt | 20 |
| 11 | Donald Galbraith Goddard | 17 |
| 12 | Reginald Reed Beaver | 15 |
| 13 | John Cornelius Gleig | 12 |
| 14 | Air Marshal Archibald Wilson | 11 |
| 15 | Jack Mussett | 10 |
| 16 | Albertus Herman du Toit | 9 |

## Reactions

The United Nations Security Council passed several resolutions against the "illegal" election, including Resolution 445 and Resolution 448, both of which argued that the election was not representative of the Zimbabwean people and was designed to entrench white minority rule. In these resolutions, the UN declared the results of the election null and void.

## Aftermath
### Changes during the Assembly

John Moses Chirimbani (UANC, Manicaland) was elected as the Speaker of the House of Assembly on 8 May 1979, and therefore an ex officio member. On 25 May, John Zwenhamo Ruredzo was appointed to replace him.
Robert Siyoka (UNFP, Matabeleland South) resigned, and was replaced by Sami Thomani Siyoka on 28 June 1979.
On 25 June 1979 James Chikerema led a group of eight elected UANC members in resigning from the party, and on 29 June seven of the eight formed the Zimbabwe Democratic Party. Actor Mupinyuri (UANC, Mashonaland Central) rejoined the UANC shortly after resigning from it. The seven who joined are denoted by asterisks in the lists above. A questionable wording in the electoral law led to the UANC taking legal action to disqualify the seven on the grounds that they had to keep their membership of the party to remain members of the Assembly, but Chikerema was successful in defending the right to break away.
Hilary Gwyn Squires resigned in June 1979, moving to South Africa to take up a legal career. David Colville Smith was returned unopposed as Rhodesian Front candidate for Borrowdale constituency on 24 July 1979.
Terrence Mashambanhaka (UANC, Mashonaland Central) was murdered on 16 September 1979 after being lured to an ambush at 'peace talks' with ZANLA forces. Abel Muringazuwa Madombwe was appointed to the Assembly to replace him on 27 November 1979.
Theunis de Klerk (RF, Lundi) was killed in a rocket attack on his home on 20 September 1979. Donald Galbraith Goddard was returned unopposed to follow him on 30 November 1979.

## Sources

* Rhodesia Government Gazette (candidates for White Roll constituencies; elected MPs)
* The Herald (common roll constituencies and election results)