# Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

Alfred (Alfred Ernest Albert; 6 August 1844 – 30 July 1900) was sovereign Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha from 22 August 1893 until his death in 1900. He was the second son and fourth child of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. He was known as the Duke of Edinburgh from 1866 until he succeeded his paternal uncle Ernest II as the reigning Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in the German Empire.

## Early life

Prince Alfred was born on 6 August 1844 at Windsor Castle to the reigning British monarch, Queen Victoria, and her husband, Prince Albert, the second son of Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Nicknamed Affie, he was second in the line of succession to the British throne behind his elder brother, Albert Edward, Prince of Wales.
Alfred was baptised by the Archbishop of Canterbury, William Howley, at the Private Chapel in Windsor Castle on 6 September 1844. His godparents were his mother's first cousin, Prince George of Cambridge (represented by his father, the Duke of Cambridge); his paternal aunt, the Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (represented by Alfred's maternal grandmother, the Duchess of Kent); and his maternal uncle, the Prince of Leiningen (represented by the Duke of Wellington, Conservative Leader in the Lords).
Alfred remained second in line to the British throne from his birth until January 1864, when his older brother Albert Edward and sister-in-law Alexandra had their first child, Prince Albert Victor. Alfred became third in line to the throne and, as Albert Edward and Alexandra continued to have children, Alfred was further demoted in the order of succession.

## Entering the Royal Navy

In 1856, when he reached age 12, it was decided that Prince Alfred, in accordance with his own wishes, should enter the Royal Navy. A separate establishment was assigned to him, with Lieutenant J.C. Cowell, RE, as governor. He passed a special entrance examination in July 1858, and was appointed as a naval cadet in HMS Euryalus at the age of 14.
In July 1860, while on this ship, Alfred paid an official visit to the Cape Colony, and made a very favourable impression both on the colonials and on the native chiefs. He took part in a hunt at Hartebeeste-Hoek, resulting in the slaughter of large numbers of game animals.
Following the expulsion of King Otto of Greece in 1862, Prince Alfred was chosen to succeed him, but the British government blocked plans for him to ascend the Greek throne, largely because of the Queen's opposition to the idea. She and her late husband had made plans for him to succeed to the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg.
Prince Alfred remained in the navy, and was promoted to lieutenant on 24 February 1863, serving under his half-cousin Count Gleichen on the corvette HMS Racoon. Gleichen's son recalled his father as saying that "the Prince, although shaping well as a sailor, was of a somewhat wayward disposition at that period, and his high spirits more than once led him into minor troubles with the authorities." He was promoted to captain on 23 February 1866 and was appointed to the command of the frigate HMS Galatea in January 1867. Lord Charles Beresford described him as having "a great natural ability for handling a fleet" and noted that he "would have made a first-class fighting admiral."

## Duke of Edinburgh

In the Queen's Birthday Honours on 24 May 1866, Alfred was created Duke of Edinburgh, Earl of Ulster, and Earl of Kent with an annuity of £15,000 granted by Parliament. He took his seat in the House of Lords on 8 June.
While still in command of the Galatea, the Duke of Edinburgh started from Plymouth on 24 January 1867 for his voyage around the world. On 7 June 1867, he left Gibraltar, reached the Cape of Good Hope on 24 July, on 5 August 1867 the island of Tristan da Cunha, and paid a royal visit to Cape Town on 24 August 1867 after landing at Simon's Town a while earlier. He landed at Glenelg, South Australia, on 31 October 1867.
Being the first member of the royal family to visit Australia, Alfred was received with great enthusiasm. During his stay of nearly five months he visited Adelaide, Melbourne, Sydney, Brisbane and Tasmania. Several institutions, including Prince Alfred College, The Alfred Hospital, and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital were named in his honour.
On 12 March 1868, on his second visit to Sydney, Alfred was invited by Sir William Manning, President of the Sydney Sailors' Home, to picnic at the beachfront suburb of Clontarf to raise funds for the home. At the function, he was wounded in the back by a revolver fired by Henry James O'Farrell. The shot, fired at point-blank range, ricocheted off one of the metal clips on Alfred's trouser braces, narrowly missing his spine. He was tended to for the next two weeks by six nurses, trained by Florence Nightingale and led by Matron Lucy Osburn, who had just arrived in Australia in February 1868.
In the violent struggle during which Alfred was shot, William Vial had managed to wrest the gun away from O'Farrell until bystanders assisted. Vial, a master of a Masonic Lodge, had helped to organise the picnic in honour of the Duke's visit and was presented with a gold watch for securing Alfred's life. Another bystander, George Thorne, was wounded in the foot by O'Farrell's second shot. O'Farrell was arrested at the scene, quickly tried, convicted and hanged on 21 April 1868.
On the evening of 23 March 1868, the most influential people of Sydney voted for a memorial building to be erected, "to raise a permanent and substantial monument in testimony of the heartfelt gratitude of the community at the recovery of HRH". This led to a public subscription which paid for the construction of Royal Prince Alfred Hospital.
Alfred soon recovered from his injury and was able to resume command of his ship and return home in early April 1868. He reached Spithead on 26 June 1868, after an absence of seventeen months.
Alfred visited Hawaii in 1869 and spent time with the royal family there, where he was presented with leis upon his arrival. He was also the first member of the royal family to visit New Zealand, arriving in 1869 on HMS Galatea, where he spent a month living in Pakuranga. He also became the first European prince to visit Japan and on 4 September 1869, he was received at an audience by the teenaged Emperor Meiji in Tokyo.
The Duke's next voyage was to India, where he arrived in December 1869, and Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), which he visited the following year. In both countries and at Hong Kong, which he visited on the way, he was the first British prince to set foot in the country. The native rulers of India vied with one another in the magnificence of their entertainments during the stay of three months. In Ceylon a reception was given for him, by the request of the British, by Charles Henry de Soysa, the richest man in Ceylon, at his private residence which was consequently renamed, by permission, Alfred House. Alfred reportedly ate off gold plates with gold cutlery inlaid with jewels.

## Potential matches

In 1862, Queen Victoria wrote to Victoria, Princess Royal, that she wanted Alfred to marry Princess Dagmar of Denmark. She wrote: "I hear that the Emperor of Russia has not given up his intention of asking for Alix or Dagmar for his son. I should be very sorry if any thing were decided for Dagmar before you had seen her, as it would be one chance less for Affie." However, she decided against the match because of Germany's anger towards Denmark over the disputed territories of Schleswig-Holstein, especially since Alfred was the heir to Coburg. She wrote to Princess Victoria: "Respecting Dagmar, I do not wish her to be kept for Affie. Let the Emperor have her."
Dagmar was initially engaged to Tsarevich Nicholas; however, he died on 22 April 1865 in the presence of his parents, brothers, and Dagmar. His last wish was that Dagmar would marry his younger brother, the future Alexander III. Alexander and Dagmar did marry; therefore, she became Empress of Russia.
The Queen considered Grand Duchess Olga Constantinovna of Russia as a potential wife for Alfred. She wrote to Princess Victoria, "It is a great pity that Sanny's charming daughter is a Greek [Orthodox]– she would do so well". In 1867, Queen Victoria told Victoria, Princess Royal that "I had thought and hoped at one time for dear little Olga, who is now to marry King George".

## Marriage

During a visit to his sister Alice in August 1868, Alfred met Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia, then fourteen years old. Princess Alice was married to Maria Alexandrovna's first cousin. The Grand Duchess was visiting her maternal relatives, the Princes of Battenberg, at Jugenheim.
On 23 January 1874, the Duke of Edinburgh married Maria Alexandrovna, the second (and only surviving) daughter of Emperor Alexander II of Russia and his first wife Princess Marie of Hesse and by Rhine, daughter of Louis II, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine and Princess Wilhelmine of Baden, at the Winter Palace, St Petersburg. To commemorate the occasion, the English bakery Peek Freans made the now internationally popular Marie biscuit, with the Duchess' name imprinted on its top.
The Duke and Duchess of Edinburgh made their public entry into London on 12 March. The marriage, however, was not a happy one, and the bride was thought haughty by London Society. She was surprised to discover that she had to yield precedence to the Princess of Wales and all of Queen Victoria's daughters and demanded that she take precedence before the Princess of Wales (the future Queen Alexandra) because she considered the Princess of Wales's family (the Danish royal family) to be inferior to her own. Queen Victoria refused this demand, yet granted her precedence immediately after the Princess of Wales. Her father gave her the then-staggering sum of £100,000 as a dowry, plus an annual allowance of £32,000.

## Flag rank

Alfred was stationed in Malta for several years and his third child, Victoria Melita, was born there in 1876. Alfred's last command prior to promotion to flag rank would be as captain of HMS Black Prince in 1878, when he represented the Crown during the installation of John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne, as Governor General of Canada. Alfred was subsequently promoted rear-admiral upon his return to London and relief on 30 December 1878, becoming admiral superintendent of naval reserves, raising his flag aboard the corvette HMS Penelope in November 1879. Promoted to vice-admiral on 10 November 1882, he was given command of the Channel Squadron, with his flag aboard the armoured ship HMS Minotaur, in December 1883. He became Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Fleet, with his flag aboard the armoured ship HMS Alexandra, in March 1886, and having been promoted to admiral on 18 October 1887, he went on to be Commander-in-Chief, Plymouth in August 1890. He was promoted to Admiral of the Fleet on 3 June 1893.
Percy Scott wrote in his memoirs that "as a Commander-in-Chief, the Duke of Edinburgh had, in my humble opinion, no equal. He handled a fleet magnificently, and introduced many improvement in signals and manoeuvring." He "took a great interest in gunnery." "The prettiest ship I have ever seen was the [Duke of Edinburgh's flagship] HMS Alexandra. I was informed that £2,000 had been spent by the officers on her decoration."
Alfred was very fond of music and took a prominent part in establishing the Royal College of Music, created in 1882. He was a keen violinist, but had little skill. At a dinner party given by one of his brothers, he was persuaded to play. Sir Henry Ponsonby wrote: 'Fiddle out of tune and noise abominable.'

## Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

On the death of his uncle, Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, on 22 August 1893, the duchy fell to the Duke of Edinburgh since his elder brother, the Prince of Wales, had renounced his right to the succession before he married. Alfred thereupon surrendered his British allowance of £15,000 a year and his seats in the House of Lords and the Privy Council, but he retained the £10,000 granted on his marriage to maintain Clarence House as his London residence. At first regarded with some coldness in the Duchy as a "foreigner", he gradually gained popularity. By the time of his death in 1900, he had generally won the good opinion of his subjects.
Alfred and Maria's only son, Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, became involved in a scandal involving his mistress and apparently shot himself in January 1899, in the midst of his parents' twenty-fifth wedding anniversary celebrations at the Schloss Friedenstein in Gotha. He survived, and his embarrassed mother sent him off to Meran to recover. However, he died there two weeks later, on 6 February. His father was devastated.$^{:11}$

## Death

Alfred died of throat cancer on 30 July 1900 in a lodge adjacent to Schloss Rosenau, the ducal summer residence just north of Coburg. He was buried at the ducal family's mausoleum in the Friedhof am Glockenberg [de] in Coburg.$^{:47}$ As his younger brother, Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn and nephew Prince Arthur, had renounced their succession rights to the ducal throne, Alfred was succeeded by his nephew, Prince Charles Edward, Duke of Albany (1884–1954), the posthumous son of his youngest brother, Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany.
He was survived by his mother, Victoria, who had already outlived two of her children, Alice and Leopold. She died six months later. Victoria dedicated a memorial in the form of a Celtic cross to Alfred in the grounds of Balmoral Castle which was erected shortly before her death.
Alfred was a keen collector of glass and ceramic ware, and after his death his widow gave his collection, valued at half a million marks, to the Veste Coburg, the enormous fortress on a hill top above Coburg.

## Legacy
### Australia

Royal Prince Alfred Hospital in Sydney, The Alfred Hospital in Melbourne, Prince Alfred College in Adelaide, Prince Alfred Park in Sydney, Prince Alfred Square in Parramatta, and the Royal Prince Alfred Yacht Club, now in the Sydney suburb of Newport, are named in his honour.
The Alfred Hall in Ballarat was built in 1867 for his visit, and one of the city's suburbs was renamed Alfredton. Many streets, avenues, roads, halls, parks and schools bear his name in other parts of Australia. He laid the corner stones of new town halls in the two biggest cities, Sydney and Melbourne, and those buildings continue in use today.

### Barbados

Prince Alfred Street in Bridgetown, the capital of Barbados, was named in his honour. It begins at the junction with Chapel Street and proceeds southward until reaching a car park along the Constitution river in the vicinity of the former James Fort.

### Canada

Prince Alfred Bay, Nunavut, was named in his honour, as was Cape Prince Alfred in the North West Territories. Two islands in Ontario are named for Prince Alfred, one in the St Lawrence River near Brockville, and the other in Lake Nipigon north of Thunder Bay. The Prince Alfred Arch, a monument in Tangier, Nova Scotia, marks the spot Prince Alfred visited in 1861.

### New Zealand

The name of the small township of Alfredton (near Eketāhuna in the lower North Island of New Zealand) honours the Prince. Alfred Street in central Auckland was named in his honour. The Bay of Plenty settlement of Galatea is named after his ship. Mt Alfred in Wellington - adjacent to Mount Victoria named after his mother and Mt Albert after his father - is named after him.

### South Africa

Prince Alfred sailed into Port Elizabeth on 6 August 1860 as a midshipman on HMS Euryalus and celebrated his 16th birthday among its citizens. Seven years later he sailed into Simon's Town as the Captain of HMS Galatea. In Port Elizabeth there is a Prince Alfred's Terrace. The Alfred Rowing Club was established in 1864 and was housed under the pier at Table Bay. It was named after Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, who visited the Cape in 1860. It is the oldest organised sporting club in South Africa. The opening ceremony of the South African Library was performed by Prince Alfred in 1860. An impressive portrait of the Prince hangs in the main reading room.
Port Alfred, on the Kowie River in the Eastern Cape, was originally known as Port Frances after the daughter-in-law of the Governor of Cape Colony, Lord Charles Somerset. Of all the passes built in South Africa by the famous Andrew Geddes Bain and his son, Thomas, Prince Alfred's Pass remains, for many people, a favourite because of its lavish variety winding through some of the world's most unspoiled scenery.
In Simon's Town, the Prince Alfred Hotel was built in 1802 and renamed after the prince visited Cape Province in 1868. For more than two centuries Simon's Town has been an important naval base and harbour (first for the Royal Navy and now the South African Navy). The former hotel now houses the Backpackers' Hostel, opposite the harbour in the main street. In Cape Town during his visit in 1868, Prince Alfred ceremonially tipped the first load of rock to commence the building of the Breakwater. This was built by convict labour and formed the protective seawall for the new Cape Town Harbour, now redeveloped as the Victoria & Alfred Waterfront and a popular tourist and shopping destination.
A Prince Alfred Street can be found in Pietermaritzburg, Queenstown, Grahamstown and Caledon. The Port Elizabeth Chapter of the Memorable Order of Tin Hats, a veterans association, is known as the Prince Alfred Shellhole. Prince Alfred Hamlet, a small town in the Western Cape province, is named after Alfred.

### United Kingdom

One of the stamp collectors in the British royal family, Prince Alfred won election as honorary president of The Philatelic Society, London in 1890. He may have inspired his nephew George V, who benefited after the Prince of Wales (later Edward VII) bought his brother Prince Alfred's collection. The merging of Alfred's and George's collections gave birth to the Royal Philatelic Collection.
Edinburgh of the Seven Seas, the settlement on Tristan da Cunha, a British Overseas territory, was named after Alfred after he visited the remote islands in 1867 while Duke of Edinburgh.
Manta alfredi is commonly known as Prince Alfred's manta ray.

## Honours and arms
### Honours
#### British honours

* KG: Royal Knight Companion of the Garter, 10 June 1863
* KT: Extra Knight of the Thistle, 15 October 1864
* KP: Knight of St. Patrick, 14 May 1880
* GCB: Knight Grand Cross of the Bath (military), 25 May 1889
* GCSI: Knight Grand Commander of the Star of India, 7 February 1870
* GCMG: Knight Grand Cross of St Michael and St George, 29 June 1869
* GCIE: Knight Grand Commander of the Indian Empire, 21 June 1887
* GCVO: Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order, 24 May 1899
* PC: Privy Counsellor, 1866–1893
* KStJ: Knight of Justice of St. John, 27 March 1896
* ADC: Personal aide-de-camp to Queen Victoria, 9 December 1882

#### Foreign honours

* Kingdom of Portugal:
** Grand Cross of the Tower and Sword, 25 November 1858
** Grand Cross of the Sash of the Two Orders, 7 November 1889; Three Orders, 28 February 1894
* Ernestine duchies: Grand Cross of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order, June 1863; Joint Grand Master, 22 August 1893
* Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold (military), 15 August 1863
* Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach: Grand Cross of the White Falcon, 4 May 1864
* Kingdom of Prussia:
** Knight of the Black Eagle, 7 May 1864; with Collar, 1883
** Grand Commander's Cross of the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, 5 December 1878
** Knight of Justice of the Johanniter Order, 1883
* Grand Duchy of Hesse:
** Grand Cross of the Ludwig Order, 15 May 1864
** Grand Cross of the Merit Order of Philip the Magnanimous, with Swords, 6 June 1865
** Knight of the Golden Lion, with Collar, 12 January 1894
* Russian Empire:
** Knight of St. Andrew, May 1865
** Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky, May 1865
** Knight of the White Eagle, May 1865
** Knight of St. Anna, 1st Class, May 1865
** Knight of St. Stanislaus, 1st Class, May 1865
* Nassau: Knight of the Gold Lion of Nassau, July 1865
* Kingdom of Hawaii: Grand Cross of the Order of Kamehameha I, 1865
* Baden:
** Knight of the House Order of Fidelity, 1865
** Grand Cross of the Zähringer Lion, 1865
* French Empire: Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour, June 1867
* Empire of Brazil: Grand Cross of the Southern Cross, 15 July 1867
* Kingdom of Saxony: Knight of the Rue Crown, 15 July 1867
* Mecklenburg: Grand Cross of the Wendish Crown, with Crown in Ore and Diamonds, 28 June 1868
* Austria-Hungary: Grand Cross of the Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen, 1874
* Denmark: Knight of the Elephant, 4 July 1875
* Principality of Serbia: Grand Cross of the Cross of Takovo
* Sweden-Norway: Knight of the Seraphim, 24 May 1881
* Netherlands: Grand Cross of the Netherlands Lion, 1 May 1882
* Württemberg: Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown, 1883
* Ottoman Empire: Order of Osmanieh, Special Class in Diamonds, 1886
* Kingdom of Italy:
** Knight of the Annunciation, 8 June 1887
** Grand Cross of Saints Maurice and Lazarus, 8 June 1887
* Spain:
** Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III, 9 July 1887
** Knight of the Golden Fleece, 17 June 1888

### Arms

Prince Alfred gained use of the royal arms of the United Kingdom, charged with an inescutcheon of the shield of the Duchy of Saxony, representing his paternal arms, the whole differenced by a label argent of three points, the outer points bearing anchors azure, and the inner a cross gules. When he became the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, his Saxon arms were his British arms inverted, as follows: the ducal arms of Saxony charged with an inescutcheon of the royal arms of the United Kingdom differenced with a label argent of three points, the outer points bearing anchors azure, and the inner a cross gules.
| Prince Alfred's coat of arms as a British prince | Prince Alfred's heraldic shield as a British prince | Alfred's arms as Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha | Heraldic shield as Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha |

## Issue

| Name | Birth | Death | Notes |
| Prince Alfred | 15 October 1874 | 6 February 1899 | Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha from 22 August 1893 |
| Princess Marie | 29 October 1875 | 18 July 1938 | married, 10 January 1893, King Ferdinand I of Romania (1865–1927); had issue |
| Princess Victoria Melita | 25 November 1876 | 2 March 1936 | married (1), 19 April 1894, Ernst Ludwig, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine; had issue; divorced 21 December 1901 (2) 8 October 1905, Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich of Russia; had issue |
| Princess Alexandra | 1 September 1878 | 16 April 1942 | married, 20 April 1896, Ernst II, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg; had issue |
| Unnamed son | 13 October 1879 | 13 October 1879 | stillborn |
| Princess Beatrice | 20 April 1884 | 13 July 1966 | married, 15 July 1909, Infante Alfonso, Duke of Galliera; had issue |

## Archives

Alfred's letters to his third daughter, Alexandra, (as well as her sisters) are preserved in the Hohenlohe Central Archive (Hohenlohe-Zentralarchiv Neuenstein) in Neuenstein Castle in the town of Neuenstein, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

## Ancestry

Ancestors of Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha :

## Footnotes

* ↑ "No. 20382". The London Gazette. 10 September 1844. p. 3149.
* ↑ Courtney, Nicholas; Foreword by Prince Andrew, Duke of York (2004). The Queen's Stamps: The Authorized History of the Royal Philatelic Collection. London: Methuen. p. 27. ISBN 0-413-77228-4. ...he set his heart from an early age on the Royal Navy with 'a passion which we, as his parents, believe not to have a right to subdue'
* ↑ Harley, Simon. "Alfred Ernest Albert, Third Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha". The Dreadnought Project. Retrieved 7 August 2021.
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Barwick, George Frederick (1911). "Alfred Ernest Albert". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 584.
* ↑ "Progress of His Royal Highness, Prince Alfred Ernest Albert, through the Cape Colony, British Kaffraria, the Orange Free State, and Port Natal in the year 1860"
* 1 2 Heathcote, p. 9.
* ↑ Gleichen, Lord Edward (1932). A Guardsman's Memories. William Blackwood & Sons Ltd. p. 1.
* 1 2 Julia P. Gelardi, From Splendor to Revolution, p.32
* ↑ "No. 23119". The London Gazette. 25 May 1866. p. 3127.
* ↑ Bob Nicholson (24 April 2023). "Killing Victoria". BBC Sounds (Podcast). BBC. Event occurs at 0:00-0:30. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
* 1 2 "Emily Nuttall Thorne – 'Clontarf', an account of the attempted assassination of Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, at Clontarf on 12 March 1868". diary. State Library of NSW. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
* ↑ Vial, William. "Gold Watch presented by the Duke of Edinburgh". Realia. State Library of NSW. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
* ↑ La Roche, Alan (2011). Grey's Folly: A History of Howick, Pakuranga, Bucklands-Eastern Beaches, East Tamaki, Whitford, Beachlands and Maraetai. Auckland: Tui Vale Productions. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-473-18547-3. OCLC 1135039710. Wikidata Q118286377.
* ↑ "The First Royal Visitor to Japan". Royal Collection Trust. Retrieved 24 June 2024.
* ↑ Prins, Stephen. "The day the Queen came to Queen's Road". Sunday Times. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
* ↑ Boyle, Richard. "A right royal tour". Sunday Times. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
* ↑ Amerasinghe, Dr. A.R.B. "Bagatelle Road – will it be gone with the wind?". Sunday Times (Sri Lanka). Retrieved 5 November 2015.
* ↑ Julia P. Gelardi, From Splendor to Revolution, p.23
* ↑ Julia P. Gelardi, From Splendor to Revolution, p. 32
* ↑ Abrash, A Curious Royal Romance, p. 389
* ↑ Van der Kiste, The Romanovs 1818–1959, p. 58
* 1 2 Sullivan, A Fatal Passion, p. 13
* ↑ Papi, Jewels of the Romanovs: Family & Court, p. 93
* ↑ La Tienda. "2-Pack Maria Cookies by Cuetera". Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 9 November 2007.
* ↑ Van der Kiste, John. The Romanovs 1818–1959. Sutton Publishing, 1999. p.64. ISBN 0-7509-2275-3.
* 1 2 3 4 Heathcote, p. 10.
* ↑ "No. 25749". The London Gazette. 21 October 1887. p. 5653.
* ↑ Fifty Years in the Royal Navy, p. 61.
* ↑ Fifty Years in the Royal Navy, p. 61. In those days "the Admiralty did not supply sufficient paint or cleaning material for keeping the ship up to the required standard, the officers had to find the money for buying the necessary housemaiding material."
* ↑ Kenneth Rose: King George V. Macmillan, 1983.
* ↑ "Right Honourable no more". BBC News.
* ↑ Laß, Heiko; Seidel, Catrin; Krischke, Roland (2011). Schloss Friedenstein in Gotha mit Park (German). Stiftung Thüringer Schlösser und Gärten. ISBN 978-3-422-023437.
* ↑ Klüglein, Norbert (1991). Coburg Stadt und Land (German). Verkehrsverein Coburg.
* ↑ Historic Environment Scotland. "Balmoral Castle, Duke of Saxe-Coburg Gotha Memorial Cross (Category C Listed Building) (LB51471)". Retrieved 20 April 2023.
* ↑ "Alfred Hall". City of Ballarat. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
* ↑ McKinlay, Brian (1970). The first Royal Tour 1867-1868 (First ed.). Adelaide: Rigby. p. 193. ISBN 0851790887.
* ↑ "Countdown To A Republic: Royal Place Names". www.nationnews.com. 29 November 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
* ↑ "Prince Alfred Arch". Historical Marker Database. Retrieved 25 October 2021.
* ↑ Reed, Alexander Wyclif (1975). Place Names of New Zealand. A. H. & A. W. Reed. p. 9. ISBN 9780589009335. Retrieved 31 July 2013. After Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, the second son of Queen Victoria. The Duke visited New Zealand in 1869 as a post captain in HMS Galatea, and twice in 1870.
* ↑ "Prince Alfred's Guard ceremony at newly-refurbished memorial". The Herald Online. Archived from the original on 15 November 2008.
* ↑ "Welcome to the Alfred Rowing Club site". Archived from the original on 16 April 2013. Retrieved 5 November 2008.
* ↑ The Commodore: Business Accommodation, Cape Town, South Africa(Legacy Hotels & Resorts International) Archived 4 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine
* ↑ "Prince Alfred Pass". The Whale Rally. Archived from the original on 12 June 2009.
* ↑ "Prince Alfred Shellhole". Memorable Order of Tin Hats. Archived from the original on 15 May 2008.
* ↑ Courtney, Nicholas (2004). The Queen's Stamps. ISBN 0-413-77228-4, pp. 28–29.
* ↑ "Animal Species: More information about Manta Rays". Archived from the original on 18 March 2009. Retrieved 25 February 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
* 1 2 Cokayne, G. E. (1890), Gibbs, Vicary (ed.), The complete peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, vol. 3, London: St Catherine's Press, p. 234
* 1 2 "Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh & Saxe-Coburg Gotha (1844–1900)". Archived from the original on 3 January 2008. Retrieved 29 September 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
* ↑ Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) The Knights of England, I, London, p. 62
* ↑ Shaw, p. 85
* ↑ Shaw, p. 104
* ↑ Shaw, p. 199
* ↑ Shaw, p. 309
* ↑ Shaw, p. 336
* ↑ Shaw, p. 401
* ↑ Shaw, p. 418
* ↑ "No. 26725". The London Gazette. 27 March 1896. p. 1960.
* ↑ "Page 6321 | Issue 25176, 12 December 1882 | London Gazette | The Gazette". www.thegazette.co.uk.
* ↑ Bragança, Jose Vicente de (2014). "Agraciamentos Portugueses Aos Príncipes da Casa Saxe-Coburgo-Gota" [Portuguese Honours awarded to Princes of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]. Pro Phalaris (in Portuguese). 9–10: 13. Archived from the original on 27 May 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
* ↑ Staatshandbücher für das Herzogtums Sachsen-Altenburg (1869), "Herzogliche Sachsen-Ernestinischer Hausorden" p. 18
* ↑ "Liste des Membres de l'Ordre de Léopold", Almanach Royal Officiel (in French), 1864, p. 51 – via Archives de Bruxelles
* ↑ Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach (1869), "Großherzogliche Hausorden" p. 15 Archived 8 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine
* ↑ "Königlich Preussische Ordensliste", Preussische Ordens-Liste (in German), 1, Berlin: 6, 935, 1007, 1886 – via hathitrust.org
* ↑ Großherzoglich Hessische Ordensliste (in German), Darmstadt: Staatsverlag, 1898, pp. 4, 6, 33 – via hathitrust.org
* ↑ Sergey Semenovich Levin (2003). "Lists of Knights and Ladies". Order of the Holy Apostle Andrew the First-called (1699–1917). Order of the Holy Great Martyr Catherine (1714–1917). Moscow.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* ↑ Staats- und Adreß-Handbuch des Herzogthums Nassau (1866), "Herzogliche Orden" p. 9
* ↑ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden (1869), "Großherzogliche Orden" p. 55
* ↑ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch ... Baden (1868), "Großherzogliche Orden" p. 65
* ↑ M. & B. Wattel (2009). Les Grand'Croix de la Légion d'honneur de 1805 à nos jours. Titulaires français et étrangers. Paris: Archives & Culture. p. 460. ISBN 978-2-35077-135-9.
* ↑ Justus Perthes, Almanach de Gotha (1899) pp. 106–107
* ↑ "A Szent István Rend tagjai" Archived 22 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine
* ↑ Jørgen Pedersen (2009). Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009 (in Danish). Syddansk Universitetsforlag. p. 286. ISBN 978-87-7674-434-2.
* ↑ Acović, Dragomir (2012). Slava i čast: Odlikovanja među Srbima, Srbi među odlikovanjima. Belgrade: Službeni Glasnik. p. 607.
* ↑ Sveriges statskalender (PDF) (in Swedish), 1891, p. 388, retrieved 8 March 2021 – via gupea.ub.gu.se
* ↑ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Württemberg (1896), "Königliche Orden" p. 28
* ↑ Italia : Ministero dell'interno (1898). Calendario generale del Regno d'Italia. Unione tipografico-editrice. p. 54.
* ↑ "Real y distinguida orden de Carlos III", Guóa Oficial de España (in Spanish), 1900, p. 174, retrieved 4 March 2019
* ↑ "Caballeros de la insigne orden del toisón de oro", Guóa Oficial de España (in Spanish), 1900, p. 167, retrieved 4 March 2019
* ↑ "Briefe an Alexandra und ihre Geschwister von ihren Eltern Herzog Alfred (1844-1900) und Herzogin Marie (1853-1920) von Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha, 1886-1893".
* ↑ "Briefe an Alexandra von ihrem Vater Herzog Alfred von Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha, 1894-1900".