# American Abstract Artists

American Abstract Artists (AAA) was founded in 1937 in New York City, to promote and foster public understanding of abstract art. American Abstract Artists exhibitions, publications, and lectures helped to establish the organization as a major forum for the exchange and discussion of ideas, and for presenting abstract art to a broader public. The American Abstract Artists group contributed to the development and acceptance of abstract art in the United States and has a historic role in its avant-garde. It is one of the few artists' organizations to survive from the Great Depression and continue into the 21st century.

## History

During the 1930s, abstract art was viewed with critical opposition and there was little support from art galleries and museums. The American Abstract Artists group was established as a forum for discussion and debate of abstract art and to provide exhibition opportunities when few other possibilities existed. In late 1935 and early 1936 a small group of artists, who would become founding members of AAA, had sporadic informal meetings in their studios about exhibiting abstract art. This culminated in November 1936 at a larger meeting in Harry Holtzman's loft where he was seeking support for an abstract artist cooperative and workshop but the idea was not accepted among the attendees. However Holtzman's organization of the November meeting was crucial in bringing together many of the painters and sculptors who would establish AAA the following year. On January 15, 1937 the artists met and decided they would create a group named American Abstract Artists. The American Abstract Artists General Prospectus was issued in January 29, 1937 founding the organization. It outlined the purpose of AAA and the importance of exhibitions in promoting the growth and acceptance of abstract art in the United States.
Under the heading General Purpose, the American Abstract Artists General Prospectus (1937) says "Our purpose is to unite American 'abstract' artists, (1) to bring before the public their individual works, (2) to foster public appreciation of this direction and painting and sculpture, (3) to afford each artist the opportunity of developing his own work by becoming familiar with the efforts of others, by recognizing differences as well as those elements he may have in common with them." The prospectus also proposes "that the most direct approach to our objective is the exhibition of our work." The American artists that embraced abstraction in the face of prevailing styles of realism and who banded together in New York to form AAA in 1937, sought to educate the American public about abstract art, promote solidarity among abstract artists, and explore new exhibition possibilities.
American Abstract Artists General Prospectus grouped members into two tiers: Membership and Associate Membership. Associate Members did not exhibit but were sympathetic to the organizations goals. As an example of how the membership process worked, Charmion von Wiegand became an associate member of the American Abstract Artists in 1941 at AAA Founder Carl Holty's recommendation, then a full member in 1947, began exhibiting with AAA in 1948, and was its president from 1951 to 1953. The prospectus did not place limitations upon its members showing with other groups. Other 1930s Depression Era artist run organizations included AAA members: Sculptors Guild (Louise Bourgeois, Ibram Lassaw, José Ruiz de Rivera, Louis Schanker, Wilfred Zogbaum), The Ten also known as The Ten Whitney Dissenters (Ilya Bolotowsky, Louis Schanker, Karl Knaths, Ralph Rosenberg), Artists Union (Byron Browne, Balcomb Greene, Gertrude Greene, Ibram Lassaw, Michael Loew) and American Artists' Congress (Ilya Bolotowsky, Byron Browne, Werner Drewes, Carl Holty, Irene Rice Pereira).
AAA held its inaugural exhibition in 1937 at the Squibb Gallery in New York City. This was the most extensive and widely attended exhibition of American abstract painting outside of a museum during the 1930s. Two years earlier the Whitney Museum of American Art held an exhibit, "Abstract Painting in America," from February 12 - March 22, 1935, with 65 abstract artists working in the United States including future AAA founders and members Byron Browne, Werner Drewes, Balcomb Greene, Karl Knaths, Irene Rice Pereira, and Louis Schanker. The majority of AAA worked in either a Cubist inspired idiom, a geometric style with biomorphic forms or Neoplasticism, and the group officially rejected Expressionism and Surrealism. Ibram Lassaw was the only sculptor to be represented in the first AAA exhibit. For the 1937 exhibition AAA produced its first print portfolio of original zinc plate lithographs, instead of documenting the exhibit with a catalog. George L. K. Morris, an exhibitor and founding member of the AAA, purchased 10 pieces from the show. Morris had established the Gallery of Living Art in 1927, a public collection of modern art in New York City. Future exhibitions and publications would establish AAA as a major forum for the discussion and presentation of new abstract and non-objective art. Over the next few years Morris and his wife Suzy Frelinghuysen, who joined AAA, collected artwork by 25 members of the American Abstract Artists group.
There was extensive hostile criticism of AAA exhibits in New York City newspapers and art magazines of the time. The most influential critics dismissed American abstract art as too European and therefore "un-American", a term that meant suspected of having communist ties. The Communist Party in the United States and USSR viewed art as a weapon in class struggle and fascism. Radicalization of the unemployed American artist became a major factor in the life of New Deal artists, especially in New York City. Radical artists had been joining the Communist Party for years and forming their own organizations. In the 1930s American Abstract Artists was divided on political grounds with disagreements among Communist Party members who demanded AAA advocate political positions. Some artists who joined AAA were interested in Trotskyism, and there was turbulence between the group's Trotskyist and Stalinist members. Lee Krasner's beliefs as a Trotskyite landed her in jail where she met AAA founding member Mercedes Carles Matter, through her Lee Krasner joined the AAA. AAA founders Balcomb and Gertrude Greene were heavily involved in political activism to promote mainstream acceptance of abstract art within the anti-Stalinist left. Communists opposed fascism, believed in the idea that art was a weapon in the war against it and "abstract art was seen as a threat to the rise of fascism and Nazism in Europe." American Abstract Artists declared for its annual in March 1942 that it is a "privilege and necessity" to make and exhibit abstract art as an affront to fascism. The National Socialists forced Bauhaus teachers, including Josef Albers and László Moholy-Nagy, to expatriate from Germany and immigrate to the United States where they continued teaching and influenced a group of artists in New York City who formed the American Abstract Artists, which Albers and Moholy-Nagy joined.
Artist run organizations like the Artists Union and American Artists' Congress, which included AAA members, were involved with the Communist Party USA. Art Front was a magazine published by the Artists Union in New York. The first two Artists Union presidents would become American Abstract Artists founders and future AAA founding and early members were Editors-in-Chief and on the Business Staff of Art Front. Art Front had a proletariat political viewpoint where the artist was a worker "like a machinist, bricklayer or cobbler in the industrial sphere." "National Organization" was permanent feature of the magazine for "organizing artists groups on an economic basis" as a labor movement. The argument of class struggle was that the government should eliminate the dependence of American artists (the worker or proletariat) from the caprice of private patronage (the bourgeoisie). In an Art Front review of AAA's first exhibit Jacob Kainen wrote that dictates of the market conspired against abstract artists in the United States and it is natural they band together in mutual defense. Artists organized as cultural workers used militant trade union tactics like picketing and confrontations with the police which contributed to their solidarity. On December 1, 1936 the Artists Union held a sit-in turned riot at the Federal Art Project offices where the police arrested 219 artists protesting WPA layoffs. American Abstract Artists would do the same issuing its own publications in protest and demonstrate as well. Lee Krasner as a board member of the Artists Union worked with American Abstract Artists to fight for fair pay of artists' work.
American abstract art was struggling to win acceptance and AAA personified this. The 1938 Yearbook addressed criticisms levied against abstract art by the press and public. It also featured essays related to principles behind and the practice of making abstract art. In 1940, AAA printed a broadside titled "How Modern is the Museum of Modern Art?" which was handed out at their protest of the Italian Masters exhibit in front of MoMA. AAA questioned MoMA's stated commitment to modern and contemporary art when it was actually exhibiting Italian Renaissance artwork. At the time the Museum of Modern Art also had a policy of featuring European abstraction while endorsing American regionalism and scene painting. This policy helped entrench the notion that abstraction was foreign to the American experience. Esphyr Slobodkina, a founding member and future president of the American Abstract Artists Group, described the Museum of Modern Art as a shameful display of "snobbish discrimination" that preferred to exhibit "gilt-edged, 100% secure, thoroughly documented and world renowned exponents of foreign abstract art." However, out of the fifty-two AAA members listed on the broadside distributed at the MoMA protest, eighteen had exhibited at the Museum of Modern Art including George L.K. Morris who had been a member of the museum's board of advisors.
In 1940 AAA also produced a 12-page pamphlet: "The Art Critics – ! How Do They Serve the Public? What Do They Say? How Much Do They Know? Let's Look at the Record." The AAA publication quoted critics, highlighting misstatements and contradictions in the press. The pamphlet excoriated notable New York Herald Tribune critic Royal Cortissoz for his rigid loyalty to traditionalism, his patent distaste for abstract and modern art, and generally for what the pamphlet regarded as his "resistance to knowledge". It also characterized the aesthetic vacillations of Thomas Craven, critic of the New York American, as opportunistic. In 1936, Craven labeled Picasso's work "Bohemian infantilism". The ensuing years would see a growing public appreciation for abstract art until, in 1939, the critic made an about-face and lauded Picasso for his "unrivaled inventiveness". The pamphlet applauded Henry McBride of the New York Sun and Robert Coates of The New Yorker for their critical efforts regarding abstract art. "The Art Critics" showed the lack of knowledge the critics from New York City newspapers and art publications had about developments in 20th-century art. Controversy persisted and in a 1979 New York Times exhibition review Hilton Kramer asserted that "The truth is, a group like the American Abstract Artists no longer has any serious function to perform, and its continued existence is little more than an act of nostalgia... Surely it is time to disband."
The picketing, broadside and brochure in 1940 were a game of positioning the organization in opposition to an art institution and established critics as part of a self-conscious process to legitimizing an avant-garde. AAA combated prevailing hostile attitudes toward abstraction and prepared the way for its acceptance after World War II. AAA was a precursor to abstract expressionism by helping abstract art discover its identity in the United States. However American Abstract Artists included many but did not represent all early American artists working abstractly such as those in Stieglitz Group like Arthur Dove, Marsden Hartley and John Marin. Marin was credited with influencing Abstract Expressionists. San Francisco Bay Area Abstract Expressionists were also not in AAA like Clyfford Still, Jay DeFeo and Frank Lobdell. In the 1940s Clyfford Still was teaching at California School of Fine Arts, later renamed San Francisco Art Institute. He had his first museum show at the San Francisco Museum of Fine Arts in 1943.
During the 1920s and 1930s many European artist immigrants settled in New York and joined AAA: Josef Albers, Ilya Bolotowsky, Giorgio Cavallon, Fritz Glarner, Ibram Lassaw, Fernand Léger, László Moholy-Nagy, and Piet Mondrian and Hans Richter. Jean Xceron was in the inner circle of Abstraction-Création, moved to New York City in 1937 and joined American Abstract Artists who welcomed him as a leading Parisian artist. This created a paradox for the group, AAA secured prestige by increasing the group's international character with its European expatriate modern masters but was then seen as not "American" enough to represent the United States. The exhibitions, organization and its strict geometrical style no longer functioned as an avant-garde influence in New York City. During the early 1940s the New York School gained momentum and throughout the mid-1940s and 1950s Abstract Expressionism dominated the American avant-garde. The AAA was influential for a few years, from 1937 to 1940, setting the trend at the moment before the center of the art world shifted from Paris to New York after World War II. Though some members of American Abstract Artists rose to fame and international recognition in the following decades, the membership represented the interwar generation with all the doubts and inner turmoil of that time. As an egalitarian artist run organization, AAA was serious about its professional goal of gaining acceptance of abstraction but applied minimal standards in selecting applicants based on the quality of their work for membership. Founding member Alice Trumbull Mason wrote in a letter to the AAA membership dated May 23, 1944: "it has become apparent that, as public interest in abstract art has increased the members have shown less and less interest in furthering the aims for which the group was founded. This year indeed many, as far as the group is concerned, have ceased to function entirely." Carl Holty recommended the group disband as AAA had served its purpose which was to show abstract artists who were not being shown. By the spring of 1947 only 14 out of 39 founding members remained to take part in the AAA 11th annual exhibit at the Riverside Museum. In the fall of 1949 The Club became the major forum for discussion of the avant-garde and abstraction in New York City, which included some of the AAA members. American Abstract Artists continued its mandate as an advocate for abstract art.
American Abstract Artists exists today despite never disbanding, the association was most active from 1936 to 1941. AAA was founded during a very political time but is no longer politically engaged and doesn't host annual membership exhibitions any more. In a 2019 interview AAA affirmed that the key to its future is diversity, equity and inclusion in demographics, artistic disciplines and expanding with satellite chapters in other regions outside of New York City. Traditionally American Abstract Artists has always been a New York based group rarely opening its circle to artists beyond New York City. To date the organization has produced over 75 exhibitions of its membership in museums and galleries across the United States. AAA has published 5 Journals, in addition to brochures, books, catalogs, and has hosted critical panels and symposia. AAA distributes its published materials internationally to cultural organizations. The most recent journal Past/Present: American Abstract Artists Members Honor Their Predecessors is a nostalgic look back where "current members were asked to write about a deceased member they admired or who had influenced them" examining their personal history. American Abstract Artist produces print portfolios by its membership. AAA print portfolios are in the collections of the Whitney Museum of American Art, Museum of Modern Art, Tate in London, and the Archives of American Art. Early members included Josef Albers, Willem de Kooning, Lee Krasner, Jackson Pollock, David Smith, John Ferren, I. Rice Pereira, Ad Reinhardt and Clement Greenberg. Ferren, a California native, was one of the few AAA members to reach artistic maturity in Paris.
In 2014 Harry Holtzman and George L.K. Morris, founding members of the American Abstract Artists were paired in an intimate 2-person exhibit, curated by Kinney Frelinghuysen and Madalena Holtzman, designed to evoke an informal conversation between the two artists. This exhibition marked the beginning of a collaboration between the Estates of George L.K. Morris and Harry Holtzman, with support of the Netherlands Institute for Art History. The collaboration aimed at sharing, editing and exhibiting new historical materials related and connected to the world of abstract art of the seminal period of the 1930s and 1940s in Europe and in the USA. For this reason the first show also presented the works of other European protagonists of the time like Jean Hélion, Cesar Domela, and Ben Nicholson. A project duly enlarged and curated evolved into a wider exhibition initiative.
American Abstract Artists was one of a number of Great Depression Era artist run organizations in the United States, others included Artists Union, American Artists' Congress, American Artists School, John Reed Club, The Ten, Federation of Modern Painters and Sculptors, Harlem Artists Guild, Sculptors Guild, Artists' Committee of Action and Unemployed Artists Group.

## Founding members

Several different versions of the founding of American Abstract Artists exist. Each early member remembers a different story about the events preceding the founding of American Abstract Artists. In the beginning they weren't sure if they should be an informal discussion group concerned with the problems in their work, an exhibition society or a group focused on teaching. At one early meeting George McNeil was tasked with making a list of forty present and future members so the group could procure all four floors of the Municipal Art Gallery in New York City to exhibit. Failing to reach the required number of names he was authorized to use fictitious ones. Arshile Gorky attended early meetings and was instrumental in founding the AAA but never formally joined the organization.
The following 39 artists, who participated in the first AAA exhibit in 1937, are considered founding members. (Richard Taylor was included in the Present Membership list in the American Abstract Artists General Prospectus from January 1937 but was not on the membership list for the inaugural exhibition at Squibb Gallery April 3–17, 1937.)
* Josef Albers
* Rosalind Bengelsdorf
* Ilya Bolotowsky
* Harry Bowden
* Byron Browne
* Jeanne Carles (also called Mercedes Carles, later Mercedes Matter)
* Giorgio Cavallon
* Arthur N. Christie
* Anna Cohen
* Burgoyne Diller
* Werner Drewes
* Herzl Emanuel
* Robert Foster
* Balcomb Greene
* Gertrude Greene
* Hananiah Harari
* Carl Holty
* Harry Holtzman
* Ray Kaiser
* Frederick Kann
* Paul Kelpe
* Marie Kennedy
* Leo Lances
* Ibram Lassaw
* Agnes Lyall
* Alice Trumbull Mason
* Mercedes Matter (formerly Jeanne Carles)
* George McNeil
* George L. K. Morris
* John Opper
* Ralph Rosenborg
* Louis Schanker
* Charles Green Shaw
* Esphyr Slobodkina
* Albert Swinden
* Rupert D. Turnbull
* Vaclav Vytlacil
* Rudolph Weisenborn
* Frederick J. Whiteman
* Wilfrid Zogbaum
The idea for the organization was conceived in 1934 when Katherine Sophie Dreier, who founded the Society of Independent Artists with Marcel Duchamp, Man Ray and others, contacted Burgoyne Diller about forming a group of abstract artists for an exhibition and to produce portfolio of their work. A group assembled and would become the American Abstract Artists with its first exhibit in 1937 accompanied by the AAA 1937 portfolio of lithographs.
In 1935, four friends, Rosalind Bengelsdorf, Byron Browne, Albert Swinden, and Ibram Lassaw, met in Bengelsdorf's 230 Wooster Street studio to discuss organizing an exhibit of abstract artists they knew in New York City which would become the inaugural AAA exhibition at Squibb Galleries.
Rosalind Bengelsdorf's account lists 9 founders detailed as a "small group of abstract artists who met at Ibram Lassaw's studio at 232 Wooster Street, New York, early in 1936. The gathering consisted roughly of Byron Browne, Gertrude and Balcomb Greene, Harry Holtzman, George McNeil, Albert Swiden, Lassaw, Burgoyne Diller, and myself. It was on this occasion we decided to form a cooperative exhibition society. Therefore this association became the first actual meeting of the American Abstract Artists, and we were, in fact, its founders."
The AAA General Prospectus from January 29, 1937 lists 28 artists: "The present membership (January, 1937) of American Abstract Artists consists of the following names: George McNeil, Jeanne Carles, A. N. Christie, C. R. Holty, Harry Holtzman, Marie Kennedy, Ray Kaiser, W. M. Zogbaum, Ibram Lassaw, Gertrude Peter Greene, Byron Browne, Rosalind Bengelsdorf, George L. K. Morris, Vaclav Vyrlacil, Paul Kelpe, Balcomb Greene, R. D. Turnbull, Frederick J. Whiteman, John Opper, Albert Swinden, lIya Bolotowsky, George Cavallon, Leo Lances, Alice Mason, Esphyr Slobodkina, Werner Drewes, Richard Taylor, Josef Albers." This published membership list of 28 artists existed months before the list for the first exhibit in April 1937 with 39 founding members, showing a discrepancy or another version of the founding. Some accounts list these 28 artists as the charter or founding members of American Abstract Artists.

## Geometric style

In the 1930s, Paris was the center of geometric abstraction that came out of Synthetic Cubism, Cercle et Carré, and Abstraction-Création. The start of World War II caused the focus of geometric abstraction to shift to New York City and the American Abstract Artists group. At its founding in 1937 AAA was tolerant and diverse in the types of abstract artwork created by the membership: biomorphic, cubist, and geometric. There was debate that AAA should have a definitive definition of abstract art but the membership could never agree. Instead the group focused on the difference between abstraction based on observation of the natural world and non-objective work which used non-referential invented forms generally involving geometric abstraction.
The geometric faction influenced the membership's work and the organization's policies, and by the late 1930s the AAA was a bastion of geometric abstraction. In a review in The New Yorker of the 1939 Annual Exhibit, Robert Coates said "the trend of the group is toward the purest of 'pure' abstraction, in which all recognizable symbols are abandoned in favor of strict geometric form." For the 1939 AAA Annual Exhibit, expressionist abstract art was eliminated by the exhibition committee during the selection and hanging of work for the show, a change from the group's original character and policies. In a Smithsonian Archives of American Art interview Ad Reinhardt discusses censorship in American Abstract Artists exhibits during the late 1930s when some members insisted on strict purity and urged that painters like Irene Rice Pereira, Louis Schanker and Byron Browne not be shown in the AAA exhibitions describing their shapes as gimmickry. Founder Jeanne Carles paintings took a different direction in abstraction from the group as well. Her work was reproduced in the 1938 Yearbook but she was excluded from the 1939 Yearbook even though she was listed as a member in the publication.
Piet Mondrian had a strong influence on the membership and Ilya Bolotowsky, Harry Holtzman, Burgoyne Diller, Alice Trumbull Mason and Charmion von Wiegand incorporated Mondrian's Neoplasticism into their painting further embeding AAA's aesthetic in geometric abstraction. The push for a geometric aesthetic continued with Paul Kelpe who was a founder, secretary, treasurer, and a controversial member. He was asked to resign his membership because his abstract shapes, inspired by Wassily Kandinsky and El Lissitzky, appeared to float illusionistically in three-dimensional space making his paintings too representational for the AAA. During the 1940s some members left the cooperative, including founders Rosalind Bengelsdorf and Ray Kaiser, because the organization abandoned a broad interpretation of abstraction for strict geometry.
The AAA helped abstract art gain acceptance among critics and audiences in the United States but only embraced a certain type of abstraction, work with a dynamic geometric clarity. AAA's members based their ideology and visual language on European modern art, specifically Cubism, Neoplasticism, and Constructivism. Clement Greenberg stated in 'American Type' Painting that Abstract Expressionism was the first manifestation of American art to draw serious attention in the United States and Europe, attacking the expendable conventions of art and influencing the avant-garde. With the popularity of abstract expressionism after World War II there was a dichotomy between geometric and gestural abstraction, which the group saw as American Abstract Artists vs. Abstract Expressionists. AAA preceded but ignored the rise of the "New York School" of Abstract Expressionism. The group remained separate from it, promoting pure geometric abstraction within AAA's ranks, and set itself apart from discussions about and reactions against Abstract Expressionism which included Post-Painterly Abstraction in the 1960s. The American Abstract Artists worked to develop a utopian vision of universal harmony using geometry and nonobjective art based on order and stability, free from references to the real world.

## Footnotes

* ↑ "American Abstract Artists, New York, New York". EIN Tax ID. Archived from the original on February 12, 2024. Retrieved February 12, 2024.
* ↑ Knott, Robert and J. Donald Nichols (1998). American Abstract Art of the 1930's and 1940's: the J. Donald Nichols Collection. Winston-Salem, North Carolina: Harry N. Abrams, Inc. p. 13. ISBN 0810963752.
* ↑ Dabrowski, Magdalena (October 2004). "Geometric Abstraction – Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History". The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Archived from the original on October 3, 2023. Retrieved January 21, 2023.
* ↑ "Ralph Rosenborg, 79, Abstract Painter, Dies". The New York Times. October 27, 1992. p. Section B, p. 7. Archived from the original on October 19, 2023. Retrieved January 21, 2023.
* ↑ "'Second Show in Special Series Opens at the Museum of Modern Art.' Museum of Modern Art, Press release. April 25, 1961. p. 1" (PDF). Museum of Modern Art. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 13, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2024.
* ↑ Wolff, Robert Jay (1972). "On the Relevance of Abstract Art: A Memoir". Leonardo. 5 (Winter 1972): 20. doi:10.2307/1572467. JSTOR 1572467.
* 1 2 3 Pioneers of Abstract Art: American Abstract Artists, 1936–1996, exhibition catalog. Sidney Mishkin Gallery, Baruch College, 1996. Text by Sandra Kraskin. p. 5.
* ↑ Pioneers of Abstract Art: American Abstract Artists, 1936–1996, Sandra Kraskin. p.p. 5, 9.
* 1 2 3 Mecklenburg, Virginia M. (1989). The Patricia and Phillip Frost Collection: American Abstraction 1930–1945. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. p. 11. ISBN 0874747171.
* 1 2 Larsen, Susan C (1974). "The American Abstract Artists: A Documentary History 1936–1941". Archives of American Art Journal. 14 (1): 2–3. doi:10.1086/aaa.14.1.1556919.
* ↑ Dabrowski, Magdalena (1985). Contrasts of Form : Geometric Abstract Art, 1910-1980: from the Collection of the Museum of Modern Art, including the Riklis Collection of McCrory Corporation (see The Paris–New York Connection 1930-1959). New York: The Museum of Modern Art. p. 155. ISBN 0870702874.
* ↑ "About Harry Holtzman | Harry Holtzman (see Early life)". Harry Holtzman. Archived from the original on May 20, 2023. Retrieved January 14, 2024.
* ↑ "Tamara Abstraction – Works – Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (see Description)". Museum of Fine Arts Boston. Archived from the original on September 13, 2022. Retrieved January 14, 2024.
* ↑ "Burgoyne Diller | Untitled | Smithsonian American Art Museum". Smithsonian American Art Museum. Archived from the original on March 18, 2023. Retrieved January 14, 2024.
* 1 2 3 4 Larsen, Susan C. "The American Abstract Artists: A Documentary History 1936–1941", Archives of American Art Journal, Vol. 14, No. 1 (1974), p. 3.
* 1 2 3 4 5 American Abstract Artists General Prospectus (pamphlet). New York, NY: American Abstract Artists. January 1937.
* ↑ Snyder, Gary (1995). American Abstract Art (exhibition catalog September 8 –October 28, 1995). New York: Snyder Fine Art. p. 3.
* 1 2 3 Embick, Lucy. "The Expressionist Current in New York's Avant-Garde, 1935–1940: The Paintings of 'The Ten'" (PDF). The Rutgers Art Review. V (Spring 1984): 60. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 19, 2024.
* ↑ Lane, John R. and Susan C. Larsen (1984). Abstract Painting and Sculpture in America, 1927–1944. Pittsburgh and New York: Museum of Art, Carnegie Institute and H.M. Abrams. p. 36. ISBN 0810918056.
* ↑ "Charmion von Wiegand Collage 264 The Mountain Way". Swann Auction Galleries. Archived from the original on April 10, 2024. Retrieved April 10, 2024.
* ↑ "Charmion Von Wiegand". Smithsonian American Art Museum. Archived from the original on May 29, 2023. Retrieved April 10, 2024.
* ↑ Sculptors Guild Currently 80 (PDF). New York City: Sculptors Guild and Westbeth Gallery. 2017. pp. 76–78. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 29, 2023. Retrieved January 23, 2024.
* ↑ Weiss, Jeffrey S and John Gage (1998). Mark Rothko (2nd print ed.). Washington : National Gallery of Art; New Haven, Conn. : Yale University Press: National Gallery of Art (U.S.); Whitney Museum of American Art; Musée d'art moderne de la ville de Paris. p. 336. ISBN 0300075057.
* ↑ "Byron Browne – Smithsonian American Art Museum (see More Information – Artists Biography)". Smithsonian American Art Museum. Archived from the original on September 22, 2023. Retrieved January 24, 2024.
* 1 2 Hemingway, Andrew (2002). Artists on the Left: American Artists and the Communist Movement, 1926–1956. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 85. ISBN 0300092202.
* ↑ Hemingway, Andrew (2002). Artists on the Left: American Artists and the Communist Movement, 1926–1956. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 129. ISBN 0300092202.
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Past Members – American Abstract Artists". American Abstract Artists. Archived from the original on October 19, 2023. Retrieved January 24, 2024.
* ↑ Abstract Painting in America, exhibition catalog. New York: Whitney Museum of American Art, 1935. Introduction by Stuart Davis. Exhibition dates February 12 - March 22, 1935. pp 3-10.
* ↑ Marter, Joan M. (2011). The Grove Encyclopedia of American Art, Volume 1. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 89. ISBN 9780195335798.
* ↑ Anderson, Wayne (Summer 1967). "American Sculpture: The Situation in the Fifties". Artforum. p. 63. Archived from the original on November 5, 2023. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
* 1 2 "A Collection of 'Unseen' Abstract Art Goes on View". The Berkshire Eagle. July 10, 2019. Archived from the original on August 14, 2022. Retrieved February 17, 2022.
* ↑ "Albert E. Gallatin". The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Archived from the original on June 1, 2023. Retrieved February 17, 2024.
* ↑ American Abstract Artists, The Language of Abstraction, exhibition catalog. Betty Parsons Gallery, Marilyn Pearl Gallery, 1979. Text by Susan Larson. p. 2.
* ↑ Hemingway, Andrew (2002). Artists on the Left: American Artists and the Communist Movement, 1926-1956. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 29. ISBN 0300092202.
* 1 2 McCarthy, David (2015). American Artists Against War, 1935–2010. Oakland, CA: University of California Press. p. 17. ISBN 9780520286702.
* ↑ Kalfatovic, Martin R. (1994). The New Deal Fine Arts Projects : A Bibliography, 1933–1992. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press. pp. lvii–lviii. ISBN 0810827492.
* ↑ Mecklenburg, Virginia M. (1989). The Patricia and Phillip Frost Collection: American Abstraction 1930–1945. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. p. 20. ISBN 0874747171.
* ↑ Guilbaut, Serge and Thomas Repensek. "The New Adventures of the Avant-Garde in America: Greenberg, Pollock, or from Trotskyism to the New Liberalism of the 'Vital Center'". October. 15 (Winter 1980): 66. JSTOR 778453.
* 1 2 Agee, William and Carl Holty. "Oral history interview with Carl Holty, 1964 Dec. 8". Smithsonian Archives of American Art. p. 13. Archived from the original on December 27, 2020. Retrieved February 7, 2024.
* ↑ Holden, J. Z. (February 2, 2009). "Lee Krasner: Recollections, Cultural Context and New Perspectives". Hamptons.com. Archived from the original on February 3, 2009.
* ↑ Gabriel, Mary (2018). Ninth Street Women. New York: Little, Brown and Company. p. 32. ISBN 9780316226196.
* ↑ Greene, Balcomb. "Congressmen – Flowers – Clench". Partisan Review. 4 (3): 39, 40.
* ↑ J, Annie (March 5, 2017). "Working Artists: Balcomb and Gertrude Greene". Reading Partisan Review: 1930s–1970s. Archived from the original on February 9, 2023. Retrieved March 30, 2024.
* ↑ "Balcomb Greene". RoGallery. Archived from the original on June 8, 2023. Retrieved March 30, 2024.
* 1 2 "Past/Present: American Abstract Artists Members Honor Their Predecessors". American Abstract Artists Journal. 6: 12. 2023.
* ↑ Gabriel, Mary (2018). Ninth Street Women. New York: Little, Brown and Company. p. 98. ISBN 9780316226196.
* ↑ "Sensory Overload". Milwaukee Art Museum (MAM). Archived from the original on September 23, 2023. Retrieved April 22, 2024.
* ↑ "Josef Albers Paintings, Bio, Ideas". TheArtStory. Archived from the original on March 6, 2024. Retrieved April 22, 2024.
* ↑ "László Moholy-Nagy Art, Bio, Ideas". TheArtStory. Archived from the original on February 23, 2024. Retrieved April 23, 2024.
* ↑ Hemingway, Andrew (2002). Artists on the Left: American Artists and the Communist Movement, 1926–1956. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp. Artists Union: pp. 85, 149. American Artists' Congress: pp. 123–124, 129. ISBN 0300092202.
* ↑ Monroe, Gerald M. (1974). "Artists As Militant Trade Union Workers during the Great Depression". Archives of American Art Journal. 4 (1): 7–10. doi:10.1086/aaa.14.1.1556920. JSTOR 1556920.
* ↑ "Staff listing". Art Front (December 1936). New York: 3.
* ↑ "Staff listing". Art Front (April 1936). New York: 3.
* ↑ Weber, Max. "The Artist and His Audience". Art Front (May 1936). New York: 8.
* ↑ Hemingway, Andrew (2002). Artists on the Left: American Artists and the Communist Movement, 1926–1956. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 41. ISBN 0300092202.
* ↑ "National Organization". Art Front (April 1936). New York: 2 (also in the other issues).
* ↑ Kallir, Jane (April 20, 2017). "A weapon in the class struggle: American artists and the Communist Party". Culture Matters. Archived from the original on February 9, 2023. Retrieved February 18, 2024.
* ↑ Kainen, Jacob (May 1937). "Exhibitions – American Abstract Artists". Art Front. 3 (4): 25, 26.
* 1 2 Compagnon, Madeleine (October 5, 2020). "How the Artists Union Shook Up the New Deal". JSTOR Daily. Archived from the original on May 19, 2023. Retrieved January 31, 2024.
* ↑ "Relief Riots". Art Digest. 11 (December 15, 1936): 13.
* 1 2 Larsen, Susan C. "The American Abstract Artists: A Documentary History 1936–1941", pp. 4, 6.
* ↑ Hammer, Isabelle (October 11, 2019). "Radical and Controversial: The Paintings of Abstract Expressionism". Schirn Mag. Archived from the original on December 18, 2022. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
* 1 2 Meier, Allison (November 10, 2017). "Revisiting MoMA's Controversial 1940 Italian Renaissance Blockbuster". Hyperallergic. Archived from the original on September 22, 2023. Retrieved March 26, 2024.
* ↑ Pioneers of Abstract Art: American Abstract Artists, 1936–1996, Sandra Kraskin. p. 11.
* ↑ Kane, Lauren (May 1, 2019). "How Not to Be Forgotten". The Paris Review. Archived from the original on December 5, 2023. Retrieved October 6, 2024.
* ↑ "Artists Denounce Modern Museum". The New York Times. April 17, 1940. p. 23.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
* ↑ "The Art Critics —! | American Abstract Artists Brochure 1940". Archived from the original on June 20, 2011. Retrieved March 27, 2011.
* ↑ "Dictionary of Art Historians".
* ↑ Larsen, Susan C. "The American Abstract Artists: A Documentary History 1936–1941", pp. 6, 7.
* ↑ "Kramer, Hilton. "Art View." The New York Times. July 8, 1979, Section D, p. 25". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 3, 2024. Retrieved January 22, 2024.
* ↑ Corris, Michael (May 29, 2011). "The Poverty of Poetry Julia Bryan-Wilson, Art Workers: Radical Practice in the Vietnam War Era". Art Journal Open. Archived from the original on June 3, 2023. Retrieved March 16, 2024.
* ↑ Larsen, Susan C. "The American Abstract Artists: A Documentary History 1936–1941", p. 7.
* ↑ "Alfred Stieglitz and His Circle, National Gallery of Art". National Gallery of Art. Archived from the original on January 3, 2024. Retrieved January 22, 2024.
* ↑ Schwendener, Martha (October 26, 2006), "Art in Review: John Marin", The New York Times.
* ↑ "Susan Landauer, The San Francisco School of Abstract Expressionism, University of California Press, 1996. Introduction by Dore Ashton. Still: p. 5, DeFeo: p. 165, Lobell: p. 141".
* ↑ Susan Landauer, The San Francisco School of Abstract Expressionism, University of California Press, 1996. Introduction by Dore Ashton. p.5, 52–54. University of California Press. 1996. ISBN 978-0-520-08611-1.
* ↑ "Clyfford Still and the San Francisco Scene, 1946–1950". Clyfford Still Museum. Archived from the original on January 3, 2024. Retrieved January 22, 2024.
* ↑ Kraskin, Sandra (1996). Pioneers of Abstract Art: American Abstract Artists, 1936–1996, exhibition catalog. New York, NY: Sidney Mishkin Gallery, Baruch College. p. 18.
* ↑ Kraskin, Sandra (1997). Alumni Collect: Twentieth-Century Masterpieces from the Collections of Baruch College Alumni, exhibition catalog. New York: Sidney Mishkin Gallery, Baruch College. p. 14.
* ↑ "About the Artist: Jean Xceron". Peyton Wright Gallery. Archived from the original on March 3, 2024. Retrieved July 21, 2024.
* ↑ Kraskin, Sandra (1996). Pioneers of Abstract Art: American Abstract Artists, 1936–1996, exhibition catalog. New York, NY: Sidney Mishkin Gallery, Baruch College. p. 20.
* ↑ Kraskin, Sandra (1996). Pioneers of Abstract Art: American Abstract Artists, 1936–1996, exhibition catalog. New York, NY: Sidney Mishkin Gallery, Baruch College. pp. 20–21.
* 1 2 3 Pioneers of Abstract Art: American Abstract Artists, 1936–1996, Sandra Kraskin. p. 25.
* ↑ Seibert, Elke (2019). "'First Surrealists Were Cavemen': The American Abstract Artists and Their Appropriation of Prehistoric Rock Pictures in 1937". Getty Research Journal. 11. University of Chicago Press: 31, 35.
* ↑ Walch, Peter (1977). "American Abstract Artists". Art Journal. 37 (Fall 1977): 47. doi:10.1080/00043249.1977.10793396. JSTOR 776069.
* 1 2 Pioneers of Abstract Art: American Abstract Artists, 1936–1996, Sandra Kraskin. New York: Sidney Mishkin Gallery, Baruch College and The City University of New York, 1996. pp. 19–20.
* ↑ "Sandler, Irving. "The Club: How the artists of the New School found their first audience-themselves." Artforum, September 1965, pages 27–31". September 1965.
* ↑ "Winchell, Louisa. "When 'the Club' Ruled the Art World from East 8th Street," Off the Grid – Village Preservation Blog. Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation. April 3, 2019". April 3, 2019.
* ↑ Patterson, Jody. "Modernism for the Masses: Painters, Politics, and Public Murals in New Deal New York." (PhD dissertation, University of London, 2009), p. 119, OCLC Number / Unique Identifier: 1006192586.
* ↑ Kraskin, Sandra (1994). Reclaiming Artists of the New York School: Toward a More Inclusive View of the 1950s (exhibition catalog). New York: Sidney Mishkin Gallery, Baruch College, City University of New York. p. 6. ASIN B001PNWUTU.
* 1 2 3 Phillip, Barcio (April 24, 2019). "Diversity is Key to the Future of American Abstract Artists (interview)". Ideel Art. Archived from the original on March 21, 2023. Retrieved February 19, 2024.
* ↑ DiGiovanna, Rebecca (2018). Blurring Boundaries: The Women of AAA (exhibition catalog). Knoxville, TN: Ewing Gallery of Art and Architecture, University of Tennessee, Knoxville. pp. 4–6.
* ↑ Wilk, Deborah (June 27, 2007). "Studio City". Chicago. Archived from the original on January 30, 2023. Retrieved September 28, 2024.
* ↑ Continuum: In Celebration of the 70th Anniversary of AAA, exhibition press release. St. Peter's College Art Gallery, O'Toole Library, Jersey City, NJ (March 21 – April 25, 2007).
* ↑ "Tate – American Abstract Artists". Tate – Art Term – American Abstract Artists (AAA). Lists members: Albers, de Kooning, Krasner, Pollock and Smith. Archived from the original on January 1, 2024. Retrieved January 22, 2024.
* ↑ "A dictionary of modern and contemporary art". Chilvers, Ian and John Glaves-Smith. "American Abstract Artists (AAA)." Oxford Dictionary of Modern and Contemporary Art. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2nd ed., 2009. p. 20. (lists members: Albers, de Kooning, Pollock, Smith and several others).
* ↑ "Galaxy, 1947 by Jackson Pollock". Jackson Pollock. Website cites Clement Greenberg's review of the 1947 American Abstract Artists annual exhibition. Lists Pollock as an AAA member. Archived from the original on January 6, 2024. Retrieved January 22, 2024.
* ↑ "Jean Hélion – Standing Figure [states that de Kooning was member along with Hélion]". Metropolitan Museum of Art. Archived from the original on June 6, 2023. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
* ↑ "Elderfield, John. "American Geometric Abstraction in the Late Thirties." Artforum, Dec. 1972, 35–42".
* ↑ Rose, Barbara (1975). American Art Since 1900 (lists AAA members: Albers, Ferren, Krasner, de Kooning, Pereira, Reinhardt, Smith) (2nd ed.). New York: Praeger Publishers. p. 122. ISBN 0275716503.
* ↑ Wilkin, Karen (2015). The Onward of Art. New York: 1285 Avenue of the Americas Art Gallery. p. 11. ISBN 9780997207200.
* ↑ "John Ferren – Smithsonian American Art Museum". Smithsonian American Art Museum. Archived from the original on January 7, 2024. Retrieved January 7, 2024.
* ↑ "Pioneers of American Modernism: George LK Morris – Harry Holtzman". MondrianTrust.com. Retrieved July 7, 2020.
* ↑ "Mondriaan – News". Archived from the original on July 26, 2014. Retrieved July 21, 2014.
* ↑ "Pioneers of American Modernism – Points of Contact". Frelinghuysen Morris House & Studio. Archived from the original on August 9, 2014. Retrieved July 21, 2014.
* ↑ Hemingway, Andrew (2002). Artists on the Left: American Artists and the Communist Movement, 1926–1956. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp. Artist Union: 86, American Artists' Congress: 125, American Artists School: 132, John Reed Club: 47. ISBN 0300092202.
* ↑ "About". Federation of Modern Painters & Sculptors. Archived from the original on September 29, 2023. Retrieved January 26, 2024.
* ↑ Patton, Sharon F. (1998). African-American Art. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 147. ISBN 0192842544.
* ↑ "About SG – Sculptors Guild". Sculptors Guild. Archived from the original on June 28, 2023. Retrieved January 26, 2024.
* ↑ "Biographical Note | A Finding Aid to the Hugo Gellert papers, 1916–1986". Smithsonian Archives of American Art. Archived from the original on June 5, 2023. Retrieved February 3, 2024.
* ↑ Spender, Matthew (2000). From a High Place: A Life of Arshile Gorky (1st paperback ed.). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. p. 388. ISBN 0520225481.
* ↑ Spender, Matthew (2000). From a High Place: A Life of Arshile Gorky (1st paperback ed.). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. p. 158. ISBN 0520225481.
* ↑ Spender, Matthew (2000). From a High Place: A Life of Arshile Gorky (1st paperback ed.). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. p. 162. ISBN 0520225481.
* ↑ Mecklenburg, Virginia M. (1989). The Patricia and Phillip Frost Collection: American Abstraction 1930–1945. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. p. 21. ISBN 0874747171.
* ↑ Larsen, Susan C (1974). "The American Abstract Artists: A Documentary History 1936–1941". Archives of American Art Journal. 14 (1): 2–7. doi:10.1086/aaa.14.1.1556919.
* 1 2 "Founding Members". American Abstract Artists. Archived from the original on May 19, 2020. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
* ↑ "Membership List, from the portfolio American Abstract Artists 1937". Smithsonian American Art Museum. Archived from the original on September 27, 2022. Retrieved January 24, 2024.
* ↑ Jewell, Edward Alden (April 6, 1937). "Abstract Artists Open Show Today: They Arrange 'Demonstration of Revolt Against Literary Subject-Paintings'". The New York Times. p. 21. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
* ↑ Knott, Robert (1998). American Abstract Art of the 1930'S And 1940'S: The J. Donald Nichols Collection (1st ed.). New York: Harry N. Abrams Inc. p. 181. ISBN 0810963752.
* ↑ "Katherine S. Dreier". The Guggenheim Museums and Foundation. Archived from the original on February 16, 2024. Retrieved March 22, 2024.
* 1 2 O'Connor, Francis V. (1973). Art for the Millions. Greenwich, CT: New York Graphic Society. p. 228. ISBN 9780821204399.
* ↑ Dabrowski, Magdalena (October 2004). "Geometric Abstraction – Essay". The Metropolitan Museum of Art – Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Archived from the original on April 5, 2024. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
* ↑ Kraskin, Sandra (1996). Pioneers of Abstract Art: American Abstract Artists, 1936–1996, exhibition catalog. New York, NY: Sidney Mishkin Gallery, Baruch College. pp. 14, 15.
* ↑ Auping, Michael (1989). Abstraction, Geometry, Painting: Selected Geometric Abstract Painting in America Since 1945. New York: Harry N. Abrams and Albright-Knox Art Gallery. pp. 27, 28. ISBN 0810910276.
* ↑ Auping, Michael (1989). Abstraction, Geometry, Painting: Selected Geometric Abstract Painting in America Since 1945. New York: Harry N. Abrams and Albright-Knox Art Gallery. p. 31. ISBN 0810910276.
* ↑ Coates, Robert (March 1939). "The Art Galleries: Abstractionists and What About Them?". The New Yorker. p. 57.
* ↑ Larsen, Susan C. "The American Abstract Artists: A Documentary History 1936–1941". Archives of American Art Journal. 14 (1): 5.
* ↑ Phillips, Harlan. "Oral history interview with Ad Reinhardt, circa 1964". Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on October 23, 2023. Retrieved April 11, 2024.
* ↑ American Abstract Artists 1938 Yearbook. New York: American Abstract Artists. 1938. p. 39.
* ↑ Marter, Joan (2007). "Negotiating Abstraction: Lee Krasner, Mercedes Carles Matter and the Hofmann Years". Woman's Art Journal. 28 (2): 37. JSTOR 20358129.
* ↑ Kraskin, Sandra (1996). Pioneers of Abstract Art: American Abstract Artists, 1936–1996, exhibition catalog. New York: Sidney Mishkin Gallery, Baruch College. pp. 14, 18, 19.
* ↑ Marter, Joan M. (2011). The Grove Encyclopedia of American Art, Volume 3. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 26, 27. ISBN 9780195335798.
* ↑ Friedman, Bernard. "Paul Kelpe – Artists". Modernism in the New City – Chicago Artists, 1920-1950. Archived from the original on September 29, 2022. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
* ↑ "Luce Foundation Center for American Art – Paul Kelpe". Smithsonian American Art Museum. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved April 4, 2024.
* ↑ "Boldness Knew No Limits: Women and the Emergence of American Abstraction". whitney.org. Retrieved May 11, 2024.
* ↑ "AAA Stands for American Abstract Artists". Ideelart. March 28, 2016. Archived from the original on December 9, 2023. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
* ↑ "American Abstract Artists 1930s and 1940s". Michael Rosenfeld Gallery. Archived from the original on December 10, 2023. Retrieved April 22, 2024.
* ↑ Greenberg, Clement (1961). "'American Type' Painting," in Art and Culture: Critical Essays. Boston: Beacon Press (published 1965). p. 209. ISBN 0807066818.
* ↑ Auping, Michael (1989). Abstraction, Geometry, Painting: Selected Geometric Abstract Painting in America Since 1945. New York: Harry N. Abrams and Albright-Knox Art Gallery. p. 89. ISBN 0810910276.
* ↑ Rickey, George (1967). Constructivism: Origins and Evolution (2nd ed.). New York: George Braziller, Inc (published 1969). pp. 65, 66. ISBN 9780807613818.
* ↑ Arnason, H.H.; Prather, Marla F. (1998). "19 – Abstract Expressionism and the New American Art". History of Modern Art (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall and Harry N. Abrams. p. 437. ISBN 0131830562.
* ↑ Lewes, Carol (August 10, 1999). "The American Century Art & Culture 1900-2000". The Newtown Bee. Archived from the original on April 24, 2024. Retrieved April 24, 2024.