OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Methylcyclohexane

Methylcyclohexane (cyclohexylmethane) is an organic compound with the molecular formula is CH$_3$C$_6$H$_{11}$. Classified as saturated hydrocarbon, it is a colourless liquid with a faint odor.
Methylcyclohexane is used as a solvent. It is mainly converted in naphtha reformers to toluene. A special use is in PF-1 priming fluid in cruise missiles to aid engine start-up when they run on special nonvolatile jet fuel like JP-10. Methylcyclohexane is also used in some correction fluids (such as White-Out) as a solvent.

## History

While researching hydrogenation of arenes with hydroiodic acid in 1876 as part of his doctoral dissertation, Felix Wreden [ru] first prepared the hydrocarbon from toluene. He determined its boiling point to be 97°C, its density at 20°C to by 0.76 g/cc and named it hexahydrotoluene. It was soon identified in oil from Baku and obtained by other synthetic methods.

## Production and use

Most methylcyclohexane is extracted from petroleum but it can be also produced by catalytic hydrogenation of toluene:
    CH$_3$C$_6$H$_5$ + 3 H$_2$ → CH$_3$C$_6$H$_{11}$
The hydrocarbon is a minor component of automobile fuel, with its share in US gasoline varying between 0.3 and 1.7% in early 1990s and 0.1 to 1% in 2011. Its research and motor octane numbers are 75 and 71 respectively.
As a component of a mixture, it is usually dehydrogenated to toluene, which increases the octane rating of gasoline.
    The conversion of methylcyclohexane to toluene is a classic aromatization reaction. This platinum (Pt)-catalyzed process is practiced on scale in the production of gasoline from petroleum.
It is also one of a host of substances in jet fuel surrogate blends, e.g., for Jet A fuel.

### Solvent

Methylcyclohexane is used as an organic solvent, with properties similar to related saturated hydrocarbons such as heptane. It is also a solvent in many types of correction fluids.

## Structure

Methylcyclohexane is a monosubstituted cyclohexane because it has one branching via the attachment of one methyl group on one carbon of the cyclohexane ring. Like all cyclohexanes, it can interconvert rapidly between two chair conformers. The lowest energy form of this monosubstituted methylcyclohexane occurs when the methyl group occupies an equatorial rather than an axial position. This equilibrium is embodied in the concept of A value. In the axial position, the methyl group experiences steric crowding (steric strain) because of the presence of axial hydrogen atoms on the same side of the ring (known as the 1,3-diaxial interactions). There are two such interactions, with each pairwise methyl/hydrogen combination contributing approximately 7.61 kJ/mol of strain energy. The equatorial conformation experiences no such interaction, and so it is the energetically favored conformation.

## Flammability and toxicity

Methylcyclohexane is flammable.
Furthermore, it is considered "very toxic to aquatic life". Note, while methylcyclohexane is a substructure of 4-methylcyclohexanemethanol (MCHM), it is distinct in its physical, chemical, and biological (ecologic, metabolic, and toxicologic) properties.
# Mark Mercer

Mark Kenneth Mercer (born May 22, 1954) is an American former professional baseball pitcher from Fort Bragg, North Carolina. He appeared in seven games in Major League Baseball for the 1981 Texas Rangers.
Mercer was drafted by the Pittsburgh Pirates in the 1st round of the secondary phase of the 1973 amateur draft out of Hill College. He was released by the Pirates during spring training in 1976. He left professional baseball for two full seasons before signing with the Rangers prior to the 1978 season.
# George M. Skurla

George Martin Skurla (July 2, 1921 – September 2, 2001) graduated from University of Michigan in 1944 and was an aeronautical engineer with Grumman Corporation. He began his career as an apprentice engineer, rising through the ranks and in 1965 becoming Director of Operations at the Kennedy Space Center. He was responsible for overseeing the production of the Lunar Modules for the Apollo Program. In June 1973, he oversaw operations for the design and production of the F-14 Tomcat and A-6 Intruder aircraft. He was elected president of Grumman Corporation in 1985 and retired the next year after 42 years with Grumman Corporation. He died from pneumonia in Melbourne, Florida at Holmes Regional Medical Center at age 80. At Florida Institute of Technology in Melbourne, Florida, the aeronautics building is named after him, where he served on the Board of Trustees. Skurla is of Croatian descent.
# Blechnum appendiculatum

Blechnum appendiculatum is a fern in the family Blechnaceae. It is commonly known as hammock fern, sinkhole fern, and New World midsorus fern. Its native range is from the southern United States through Mexico, the Caribbean and Central America to western South America. It grows in rocky hammocks and moist forests.
# Trine Strand

Trine Beate Strand (born 18 December 1972) is a Norwegian sport wrestler.
She won a bronze medal at the 1989 World Wrestling Championships in Martigny, and a silver medal at the 1993 World Wrestling Championships in Stavern.
# Stoughton High School

Stoughton High School (SHS) is a public high school the town of Stoughton, Massachusetts, United States. It serves students in grades 9 to 12 and is a part of Stoughton Public Schools. It has around an average of 300 students per grade level. It is located on 232 Pearl Street in Stoughton, Massachusetts. The principal is Juliette Miller. SHS is known for their award-winning marching band and color guard, known as the Marching Black Knights.

## History

Originally built in 1923, Stoughton High School had multiple additions before being completely rebuilt. (https://compass.vertexeng.com/projects/stoughton-high-school/)
The Stoughton High School Building Committee voted on Thursday, November 12, 2015 to recommend to the Massachusetts School Building Authority (MSBA) that the Town construct option C2A, to build a new Stoughton High School. The preliminary cost analysis for the total project is estimated to be $126,137,847. The projected state reimbursement is estimated at $54,598,291. The Town’s protected share of the cost is estimated to be $71,539,557.

## Sports

The Stoughton High School mascot is the Black Knights and the colors are orange and black.
Fall sports at Stoughton High School include football, marching band, volleyball, cross country, soccer, golf, field hockey, and cheerleading. Winter sports include boys basketball, girls basketball, swimming, indoor track and field, ice hockey, wrestling, and cheerleading. Spring sports include lacrosse, softball, baseball, track and field, and tennis.

## Notable alumni

* Gerard O'Neill, 1960, journalist
* Paula J. Olsiewski, biochemist
* Bruce Douglass, 1971, former professional golfer
* Robert Lanza, 1974, scientist
* Darin Jordan, 1983, former NFL player
* Lori McKenna, c. 1986, folk singer/songwriter
* Ed McGuinness, comic book artist
* Ryan LaCasse, c. 2001, former NFL player
* Kenny Wormald, 2002, professional dancer
* Fred Richard, c. 2022, American Olympian
# El Valle Field

El Valle Airport is located in El Valle, a town in the Hato Mayor province of the Dominican Republic. It is an alternative for Sabana de la Mar Airport, and serves as a Domestic airport without regular scheduled services.
# Kangley, Illinois

Kangley is a village in LaSalle County, Illinois, United States. The population was 235 at the 2020 census, down from 251 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Ottawa Micropolitan Statistical Area. It is a part of the geographic region known as Streatorland.

## Geography

Kangley occupies a bluff on the west side of the Vermilion River, which flows northwest to the Illinois River at LaSalle. It is 3 miles (5 km) northwest of the city of Streator.
According to the 2010 census, Kangley has a total area of 0.26 square miles (0.67 km$^2$), all land.

## Demographics

As of the 2020 census there were 235 people, 120 households, and 79 families residing in the village. The population density was 900.38 inhabitants per square mile (347.64/km$^2$). There were 106 housing units at an average density of 406.13 per square mile (156.81/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the village was 91.06% White, 1.70% African American, 0.43% Asian, 2.98% from other races, and 3.83% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.38% of the population.
There were 120 households, out of which 15.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.00% were married couples living together, 12.50% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.17% were non-families. 25.83% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.17% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.33 and the average family size was 2.03.
The village's age distribution consisted of 12.7% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 12.2% from 25 to 44, 30.3% from 45 to 64, and 36.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 58.8 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.4 males.
The median income for a household in the village was $52,857, and the median income for a family was $68,750. Males had a median income of $41,250 versus $27,292 for females. The per capita income for the village was $30,513. About 16.5% of families and 21.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 51.7% of those under age 18 and 8.9% of those age 65 or over.
# Rabi crop

Rabi crops or the rabi harvest, also known as winter crops, are agricultural crops that are sown in winter and harvested in the spring in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Complementary to the rabi crop is the kharif crop, which is grown after the rabi and zaid crops are harvested one after another respectively.
The word rabi was borrowed from Persian: ربيع, romanized: rabī, lit. 'spring'.

## Etymology

The words kharif and rabi have their origins in Arabic. These came to be used in India with the ascent of the Mughal empire in the Indian subcontinent and have been widely used ever since. The term is derived from the Arabic word for "spring", which is used in the Indian subcontinent, where it is the spring harvest (also known as the "winter crop").

## Rabi season in India

Rabi crops are sown around mid-November, preferably after the monsoon rains are over, and harvesting begins in April / May. The crops are grown either with rainwater that has percolated into the ground or using irrigation. Good rain in winter spoils rabi crops but is good for kharif crops.
The major rabi crop in India is wheat, followed by barley, mustard, sesame and peas. Peas are harvested early, as they are ready early: Indian markets are flooded with green peas from January to March, peaking in February.
Many crops are cultivated in both kharif and rabi seasons. The crops produced in India are seasonal and highly dependent on these two monsoons. The table below contains a list of differences between the three cropping seasons in India.
The Indian government also offers Minimum Support Price for these crops, so that the farmers can benefit from the harvest.

## Common rabi crops
### Cereals

* barley
* oat (Avena sativa)
* Wheat

### Fruits

List as follows. These are rabi harvests rather than crops as that term is usually applied to annuals and not perennials:
* banana
* ber
* date
* grape
* grape fruit
* guava
* kinnow
* lemon
* lime
* mandarin orange
* mangoes
* mulberries
* orange

### Legumes / lentils (dal)

* chickpea
* kulthi (horse gram)
* lobias
* masoor
* pigeon pea

### Seed plants

* alfalfa (also known as lucerne, Medicago sativa)
* coriander (Coriandrum sativum, L)
* cumin (Cuminum cyminum, L)
* fenugreek (Trigonella foenumgraecum, L)
* linseed
* mustard (Brassica juncea L.)
* isabgol (Plantago ovata)
* sunflower
* Bengal gram
* red gram
* black pepper

### Vegetables

* bean
* beetroot (chukunder)
* brinjal (baingan)
* broccoli (hari gobhi)
* cabbage (patta gobhi)
* capsicum (shimla mirch)
* carrot (gajar)
* cauliflowers (gobhi)
* chickpea (also known as gram, Cicer arientinum) (channa)
* fenugreek (methi)
* garlic (lehsun)
* lady finger (bhendi)
* lettuce (salad gobhi)
* pea (mattar)
* onion (Allium cepa, L.) (pyaj)
* potato (Solanum tuberosum) (urulai kizhangu) (aloo)
* radish (mooli)
* spinach (palak)
* sweet potato (shakarkandi)
* tomato (Solanum lycopersiucum, L) (tamatar) (thakkali)
* turnip (shalgum)

### Others

* tobacco
# Joe and Caspar Hit the Road

Joe and Caspar Hit the Road is a 2015 British comedy documentary film directed by Brian Klein and starring British YouTubers Caspar Lee and Joe Sugg.
The film follows Lee and Sugg (playing fictionalised versions of themselves) going on a road trip around Europe without any electronics or money. The couple take up a number of jobs, including learning to be gondoliers in Venice, working as deckhands on a super yacht in Antibes, working at Italian football club AC Milan and performing on Barcelona's Las Ramblas.

## Release

Distribution rights to the film were held by BBC Worldwide. The film had its red carpet premiere in their home country, the United Kingdom, at the Empire, Leicester Square on 22 November 2015, a day before it was released on DVD in selected countries. The film was also available on Amazon, iTunes, and Tesco.
The film was also shown on British television channel E4, in two parts on 25 April and 1 May 2016.

## Sequel

A sequel Joe & Caspar Hit the Road USA was released to DVD in November 2016.
# Janjgir–Champa district

Janjgir–Champa district is a district in the Indian state of Chhattisgarh. The district's headquarters, Janjgir, is the city of Maharaja Jajawalya Dev of the Kalachuri dynasty. Champa is the city named after Raja Veer bahadur's Horse called "Champak". Earlier a part of the Bilaspur district, Jangir-Champa was carved out in 1998 to a separate district of its own. Inhabitants are generally migrants from nearby villages.
The present collector of Janjgir-Champa is Shri Jitendra Kumar Shukla.

## History

The Janjgir–Champa district, which is best known as the heart of Chhattisgarh because of its central location in state, was established on 25 May 1998. The Vishnu Mandir of the district reflects its golden past. Janjgir- Champa is also a place where one can find a number of temples having very versatile history. On August 15, 2021 then Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh announced new districts in state, one of which would the Newly formed district of Sakti which was carved by taking many villages and cities out of Janjgir Champa district.

## Economy

KSK Energy Venture (6 x 600 MW) is one of the major thermal power plant of the district.

## Demographics

Religions in Janjgir-Champa district (2011) :
| Religion | Religion | Percent | Percent |
| Hinduism | Hinduism | 98.44% | 98.44% |
| Islam | Islam | 1.04% | 1.04% |
| Other or not stated | Other or not stated | 0.52% | 0.52% |
| Distribution of religions |||||
According to the 2011 census, Janjgir–Champa has a population of 1,619,707, roughly equal to the nation of Guinea-Bissau or the US state of Idaho. This denotes it as the 308th largest district (out of 640) in India. The district has a population density of 421 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,090/sq mi). Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 23.01%. Janjgir–Champa has a sex ratio of 991 females for every 1,000 males, and a literacy rate of 73.7%.
After bifurcation, the district had a population of 966,671, of which 163,553 (16.92%) live in urban areas. Janjgir-Champa has a sex ratio of 973 females per 1000 males. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 249,522 (25.81%) and 82,900 (8.58%) of the population respectively.
* Chhattisgarhi (94.16%)
* Hindi (4.3%)
* Others (1.54%)
At the time of the 2011 Census of India, 94.16% of the population in the district spoke Chhattisgarhi, and 4.30% Hindi as their first language.
# Drummond, Maryland

Drummond is a village and special taxing district in Montgomery County, Maryland, United States.
Founded in 1903 and chartered in 1916, the village contains the area along about one-third of Drummond Avenue between Wisconsin Avenue and Little Falls Stream Valley Park.
The population was 120 as of 1990. There are 43 homes in the village.
The village is governed by a three-member Citizens' Committee.
# Going Wrong (song)

"Going Wrong" is a song by Dutch disc jockey and record producer Armin van Buuren and German disc jockey and record producer DJ Shah. It features vocals and lyrics from British singer Chris Jones. The song was released in the Netherlands by Armind and Shah-Music on 7 April 2008 as the first single from van Buuren's third studio album Imagine and as the third single from Shah's studio album Songbook.
The song has been performed live by van Buuren, Shah on keyboards and Jones for vocals during the Armin Only: Imagine tout shows in Europe, America and Australia. The first performance of the song was played on 19 April 2008 in Utrecht, in the Netherlands, in front of 20,000 fans.

## Music video

A music video to accompany the release of "Going Wrong" was first released onto YouTube on 9 April 2009.

## Track listing

* Netherlands – Armada – Digital download / CD (ARMA129)
* "Going Wrong" (Armin van Buuren's Radio Edit) – 3:35
* "Going Wrong" (Armin van Buuren's Extended Mix) – 6:00
* "Going Wrong" (Armin van Buuren's Universal Religion Mix) – 7:04
* United States – Ultra – Digital download / CD (UL1721)
* "Going Wrong" (Armin van Buuren's Radio Edit) – 3:32
* "Going Wrong" (Original Mix) – 8:19
* "Going Wrong" (Album Mix) – 4:44
* "Going Wrong" (Armin van Buuren's Extended Mix) – 5:59
* "Going Wrong" (Armin van Buuren's Universal Religion Mix) – 7:04
* "Going Wrong" (DJ Shah's Magic Island Mix) – 8:52
* "Going Wrong" (Acoustic Mix) – 4:13
* Netherlands – Armind – Digital download / 12" (ARMD1052)
* "Going Wrong" (Armin van Buuren's Extended Mix) – 5:58
* "Going Wrong" (Armin van Buuren's Universal Religion) – 7:04
* "Going Wrong" (DJ Shah's Magic Island Mix) – 8:51
* France – Vector – Digital download (VECTOR017)
* "Going Wrong" (Armin van Buuren's Radio Edit) – 3:32
* "Going Wrong" (Armin van Buuren's Extended Mix) – 5:58
* "Going Wrong" (Armin van Buuren's Universal Religion Mix) – 9:21
* "Going Wrong" (Album Mix) – 4:43
* "Going Wrong" (Acoustic Mix) – 4:12
* "Going Wrong" (Original Mix) – 8:18
* "Going Wrong" (DJ Shah's Magic Island Mix) – 8:51

## Charts

| Chart (2008) | Peak position |
| Canada (Canadian Hot 100) | 88 |
| Netherlands (Dutch Top 40) | 22 |
| Netherlands (Single Top 100) | 5 |
| Portugal (AFP) | 30 |
| US Dance/Mix Show Airplay (Billboard) | 22 |
# Gail's

Gail's (styled "GAIL's") is an American-owned bakery and coffee shop chain headquartered in London, England.

## History

The bakery opened its first shop on Hampstead High Street in 2005 and its 100th in East Sheen in 2022.
In 2021, all Gail's branches were within a 55-mile (90-kilometre) radius of its central bakery and kitchen in Hendon. It subsequently expanded to Altrincham, Chester, Didsbury, Knutsford, Manchester, and Wilmslow.
In 2021, Bain Capital, an American private investment firm based in Boston, Massachusetts, acquired a majority stake in Gail's bakery through a £200 million investment.
In March 2025, it was reported that there were 170 outlets, with a further 40 planned to open that year.

## Initiatives

Gail's has launched various initiatives to reduce food waste, such as selling a sourdough loaf made partially from leftover bread. It partnered with Neighbourly to distribute surplus food in 2023.

## Controversies
### Twice-baked pastries

In August 2024, some customers criticised Gail's for selling their leftover "twice-baked" chocolate and almond croissants and indeed their almond croissants for £1 more than their fresh counterparts. The day-old pastries are "soaked in demerara syrup and topped with [their] homemade frangipane spread, alongside crunchy almonds." Gail's market their twice-baked pastries as part of their "Waste Not" range, with the objective being to combat food waste. Another customer stated that it is "standard" for how almond croissants are made.

### Prospective bakery opening

In August 2024, residents of Walthamstow Village petitioned to "prevent Gail’s from establishing a store on [its] high street." The village is known for its antiques shop, its tapas deli, and its independent cafés. The petition originator said the brand brought "a risk of overshadowing our much-loved local stores" and that the residents should "together safeguard the soul of our beloved neighbourhood."

## In politics

"Does it have a Gail's?" became a political bellwether for the Liberal Democrats in the lead up to the 2024 general election. The political party received their best-ever general election result by "ruthlessly targeting" Conservative constituencies. One metric was the "Does it have a Gail's?" question.

## Awards

In 2024, Gail's won the Best Coffee Shop/Café Group award at the MCA Hospitality Awards.
# 1903 in Italy

The following events occurred in the year 1903 in Italy.

## Kingdom of Italy

* Monarch – Victor Emmanuel III (1900–1946)
* Prime Minister –
** Giuseppe Zanardelli (1901–1903)
** Giovanni Giolitti (1903–1905)
* Population – 33,004,000

## Events

The year is marked by the return of Giovanni Giolitti as Prime Minister. He will dominate Italian politics until World War I, a period known as the Giolittian Era in which Italy experienced an industrial expansion, the rise of organised labour and the emergence of an active Catholic political movement.

### February

* February 13 – Venezuelan crisis. After agreeing to arbitration in Washington, Britain, Germany and Italy reach a settlement with Venezuela, resulting in the Washington Protocols. The naval blockade that began in December 1902 will be lifted, and Venezuela commit 30% of its customs duties to settling claims.

### June

* June 13 – Prime Minister Giuseppe Zanardelli resigns after losing a vote in the Italian Chamber of Deputies. However, after several attempts the Cabinet is reconstructed. The Interior Minister Giovanni Giolitti is replaced.

### July

* July 31 – Start of the Papal conclave after the death of the 93-year-old Pope Leo XIII. Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto was elected on August 4 as Pope Pius X. Pius X's papacy would feature vigorous condemnation of what he termed 'modernists' and 'relativists' whom he regarded as dangers to the Catholic faith (see for example his Oath Against Modernism).

### October

* October 21 – Due to ill health Prime Minister Giuseppe Zanardelli resigns.

### November

* November 3 – Giovanni Giolitti forms a new Cabinet.

## Births

* January 9 – Gioacchino Colombo, Italian automobile engine designer for Alfa Romeo and Ferrari (d. 1988)
* February 16 – Beniamino Segre, Italian mathematician (d. 1977)
* February 26 – Giulio Natta, Italian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1979)
* March 18 – Galeazzo Ciano, Italian diplomat and Foreign Minister of Fascist Italy 1936–1943 (d. 1944)
* July 16 – Adalberto Libera, Italian Modernist architect (d. 1963)
* September 13, Leopoldo Rubinacci, Italian politician, lawyer and trade unionist (d. 1969)

## Deaths

* July 20 – Pope Leo XIII, Italian Roman Catholic Pope (b. 1810)
* December 26 – Giuseppe Zanardelli, Italian politician and Prime Minister (b. 1826)