# Turkish population

The Turkish population refers to the number of ethnic Turkish people in the world. During the Seljuk (1037–1194) and Ottoman (1299–1923) eras, ethnic Turks were settled across the lands conquered by the two empires. In particular, the Turkification of Anatolia (modern Turkey) was the result of the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 and the formation of the Sultanate of Rum. Thereafter, the Ottomans continued Turkish expansion throughout the regions around the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. Consequently, today the Turkish people form a majority in Turkey and Northern Cyprus. There are also significant Turkish minorities who still live in the Balkans, the Caucasus, the Middle East and the Levant, and North Africa.
More recently, the Turkish people have emigrated from their traditional areas of settlement for various reasons, forming a large diaspora. From the mid-twentieth century onwards, unskilled workers from Turkey settled mainly in German and French speaking countries of Western Europe, in contrast, a "brain drain" of skilled workers from Turkey migrated mostly to North America. Moreover, ethnic Turks from other traditional areas of Turkish settlement have emigrated mostly due to political reasons. For example, the Meskhetian Turks were deported to Central Asia from Georgia in 1944; Turkish Cypriots have emigrated mostly as refugees to the English-speaking world during the Cyprus conflict and its immediate aftermath; Cretan Turks have significant populations in the Arab world as a result of being expelled from Greece; etc..

## Traditional areas of Turkish settlement
### Turkish majorities

| Country | Official State census figures | Other estimates | Constitution recognition | See also |
| Turkey | N/A. The Turkish census collects data on country of birth but does not collect data on ethnicity. | 60,000,000 – 65,000,000 | The Turkish language is the official language of the Republic of Turkey, under Article 3 of the 1982 Turkish constitution. | Turkish people |
| Northern Cyprus | 286,257 (2011 Turkish Cypriot census) | 300,000-500,000 (includes Turkish Cypriots and recent Turkish settlers) | According to Article 2(2) of the 1985 constitution of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, which is only recognised by Turkey, the Turkish language is the sole official language of the break-away state. | Turkish Cypriots |

### Turkish "communities"

| Country | Official State census figures | Other estimates | Constitution recognition | See also |
| Cyprus | 1,128 (2011 Cypriot Census) | 2,000 Turkish Cypriots remain in the internationally recognized southern region of the Republic of Cyprus. | Under Article 2 of the Cypriot constitution the Turkish Cypriots, alongside the Greek Cypriots, form one of the two "Communities" in Cyprus. The Turkish Cypriots are therefore recognised as equal participants of the Republic rather than as a minority. Furthermore, under Article 3, the Greek and Turkish languages are the two official languages of Cyprus. Despite President Makarios III's attempt to amend the constitution and the aim to weaken the rights of Turkish Cypriots, under the 1963 Akritas plan, the original 1960 constitution is still legally in force today. | Turkish Cypriots |

### Turkish minorities
#### Turkish minorities in the Balkans

| Country | Official State census figures | Other estimates | Constitutional recognition/Minority status | Further information | Lists of Turks by country |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 267 (1991 Bosnian census) | 50,000 | The Turkish language is officially recognized as a minority language, in accordance with the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, under Article 2, paragraph 2, of the 2010 ratification. | Turks in Bosnia and Herzegovina | |
| Bulgaria | 588,318 (2011 Bulgarian census) | 750,000 | The Bulgarian constitution of 1991 does not mention any ethnic minorities and the Bulgarian language is the sole official language of the State. However, in accordance with Article 36(2), the Turkish minority has the right to study their own language alongside the compulsory study of the Bulgarian language. Moreover, under Article 54(1), the Turkish minority have the right to "develop their culture in accordance with his ethnic identification". | Turks in Bulgaria | List of Bulgarian Turks |
| Croatia | 367 (2011 Croatian census) | 2,000 | The Turks are officially recognised as a minority ethnic group, in accordance with the 2010 Constitution of Croatia. | Turks in Croatia | |
| Greece | 179,895 (1951 Greek census) | 150,000 (80,000 to 130,000 in Western Thrace, 10,000 to 15,000 in Athens, 5,000 in Rhodes and Kos, and 5,000 in Thessaloniki) | The Turks of Western Thrace have protected status to practice their religion and use the Turkish language, in accordance with the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne. However, the other sizeable Turkish minorities in Greece have no official recognition. | Turks in Greece | |
| Kosovo | 18,738 (2011 Kosovar census) | 30,000 to 50,000 | The Turkish language is recognized as an official language in the municipalities of Prizren and Mamusha and has minority status in Gjilan, Pristina, Vushtrri, and Mitrovica. | Turks in Kosovo | |
| Republic of Macedonia | 77,959 (2002 Macedonian census) | 170,000–200,000 | Initially the 1988 draft constitution spoke of the "state of the Macedonian people and the Albanian and Turkish minority". Once the 1991 constitution came into force the Turkish language was used officially where Turks formed a majority in the Centar Župa Municipality and the Plasnica Municipality. Since the 2001 amendment to the constitution, the Turkish language is officially used where Turks form at least 20% of the population and hence it is also an official language of Mavrovo and Rostuša. | Turks in Macedonia | |
| Montenegro | 104 (2011 Montenegrin census). | | | Turks in Montenegro | |
| Romania | 28,226 (2011 Romanian census) | 55,000 to 80,000 | The Turkish language is officially recognized as a minority language, in accordance with the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, under Part III of the 2007 ratification. | Turks in Romania | |
| Serbia | 647 (2011 Serbian census) | | | Turks in Serbia | |
| Total | N/A | 1,300,000 (2011 estimate) | | Turks in the Balkans | |

#### Turkish minorities in the Caucasus

| Country | Official State census figures | Other estimates | Further information |
| Abkhazia | 731 (2011 Abkhazian census) | 15,000 | Turks in Abkhazia |
| Armenia | Turkish minority N/A. Although the Soviet censuses recorded a small number of Turks, 19 in 1970, 28 in 1979, and 13 in 1989, they were not recorded in the 2001 Armenian census. | | Turks in Armenia |
| Azerbaijan | Turkish minority N/A. The 2009 Azerbaijani census recorded 38,000 Turks; however, it does not distinguish between the Turkish minority (descendants of Ottoman settlers who remained in Azerbaijan), Meskhetian Turks who arrived after 1944, and recent Turkish arrivals. | 19,000 (Descendants of Ottomans settlers who remained in Azerbaijan only. This does not include the much larger Meskhetian Turkish and mainland Turkish arrivals who form a part of the diaspora) | Turks in Azerbaijan |
| Georgia | *Pre-World War II: 137,921 (1926 Soviet Census). The Turkish population was not recorded in later censuses; nonetheless, it is estimated that 200,000 Meskhetian Turks were deported to Central Asia in 1944. *Post-World War II: The Meskhetian Turk population in the USSR was published for the first in the 1970 census. However, by this point, the Turkish minority in Georgia had already diminished to several hundred due to the forced deportation of 1944. There were 853 Turks in Georgia in 1970, 917 in 1979, and 1,375 in 1989. *Post-USSR: Although a small number of Meskhetian Turks have returned to Georgia, they were not recorded in the 2002 Georgian census. | 1,500 | Meskhetian Turks |

#### Turkish minorities in the Levant

| Country | Census figures | Alternate estimates | Legal recognition | Further information | Lists of Turks by country |
| Iraq | 567,000 or 9% of the total Iraqi population (1957 census) | 3,000,000 (Iraqi Ministry of Planning estimate, 2013) | In 1925 the Turks were recognised as a constitutive entity of Iraq, alongside the Arabs and Kurds, however, the minority were later denied this status. In 1997 the Iraqi Turkoman Congress adopted a Declaration of Principles, Article Three of which states the following: "The official written language of the Turkomans is Istanbul Turkish, and its alphabet is the new Latin alphabet." | Iraqi Turkmens | List of Iraqi Turks |
| Israel | 55,700 | 280,000 | N/A | Turks in Israel | |
| Jordan | N/A | Turkish minority: Palestinian-Turkish refugees: 55,000 in Irbid 5,000 near Amman 5,000 in El-Sahne 3,000 in El-Reyyan 2,500 in El-Bakaa 1,500 in El-Zerkaa 1,500 in Sahab | N/A | Turks in Jordan | List of Jordanian Turks |
| Lebanon | N/A | 80,000 (plus 125,000 to 150,000 Syrian Turkmen refugees) | N/A | Turks in Lebanon | List of Lebanese Turks |
| Palestine | N/A | est. West Bank: 35,000 to 40,000 total Palestinian-Turkish community: est.400,000 to 500,000 | N/A | Turks in Palestine | |
| Syria | N/A | 500,000–3.5 million | N/A | Syrian Turkmens | List of Syrian Turks |

#### Turkish minorities in North Africa

| Country | Census figures | Alternate estimates | Legal recognition | Further information | Lists of Turks by country |
| Algeria | N/A | 5% to 25% of Algeria's population 600,000 to 2 million up to 9.5 million (including partial Turkish origin) | N/A | Turks in Algeria | List of Algerian Turks |
| Egypt | N/A | 1 to 1.2 million plus 100,000 Cretan Turks | N/A | Turks in Egypt | List of Egyptian Turks |
| Libya | 35,062 or 4.7% of Libya's population (1936 census) | 1,500,000 plus 100,000 Cretan Turks | N/A | Turks in Libya | List of Libyan Turks |
| Tunisia | N/A | up to 25% of Tunisia's population estimates: 500,000-2,000,000 | N/A | Turks in Tunisia | List of Tunisian Turks |

### Other Arab countries

| Country | Census figures | Alternate estimates | Legal recognition | Further information | Lists of Turks by country |
| Saudi Arabia | N/A | 150,000 | N/A | Turks in Saudi Arabia | List of Saudi Arabian Turks |
| Yemen | N/A | 10,000 to 100,000 or more than 200,000 | N/A | Turks in Yemen | List of Yemeni Turks |

## Turkish diasporas
### Central Asia

| Country | Official State census figures | Other estimates | Further information |
| Kazakhstan | 97,015 (2009 Kazakh census) | 150,000)-180,000 (Meskhetian Turks only) | Turks in Kazakhstan |
| Kyrgyzstan | 38,878 (2009 Kyrgyz census) | 50,000 to 70,000 (Meskhetian Turks only) | Turks in Kyrgyzstan |
| Tajikistan | 1,360 (2010 Tajik census) | | Turks in Tajikistan |
| Turkmenistan | 13,000 (2012 Turkmen census) | | Turks in Turkmenistan |
| Uzbekistan | 106,302 (1989 Uzbek census) | 15,000-38,000 (Meskhetian Turks only) | Turks in Uzbekistan |

### Europe

In 2010 Boris Kharkovsky from the Center for Ethnic and Political Science Studies said that there was up to 15 million Turks living in the European Union. According to Dr Araks Pashayan ten million "Euro-Turks" alone were living in Germany, France, the Netherlands and Belgium in 2012. In addition, there are also significant Turkish communities living in Austria, the UK, Switzerland, Italy, Liechtenstein and the Scandinavian countries.
Turks make up the largest ethnic minority group in Austria, Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands.
| Country | State census figures on Turkish ethnicity | Other estimates | Further information | Lists of Turks |
| Austria | N/A The Austrian census does not collect data on ethnicity. | 360,000 (2011 est. by the Initiative Minderheiten) 400,000 (2010 est. by Ariel Muzicant) 500,000 (est. by Andreas Mölzer) | Turks in Austria | List of Austrian Turks |
| Belarus | 55 (1989 Belarusian Census) | | | |
| Belgium | N/A The Belgian census does not collect data on ethnicity. | Over 200,000 (2012 estimate by Professor Raymond Taras) 250,000 (2019 estimate by Dr Altay Manço and Dr Ertugrul Taş) | Turks in Belgium | List of Belgian Turks |
| Czech Republic | | 1,700 | Turks in the Czech Republic | |
| Denmark | N/A The Danish census does not collect data on ethnicity. | 70,000 (2008 estimate by the Danish Broadcasting Corporation) | Turks in Denmark | |
| Estonia | 544 (2011 Estonian census) | | | |
| Finland | | 10,000 (2010 estimate by Professor Zeki Kütük) | Turks in Finland | |
| France | N/A The French census does not collect data on ethnicity. | 1,000,000 (2010 estimate by Dr Jean-Gustave Hentz and Dr Michel Hasselmann) to over 1,000,000 | Turks in France | List of French Turks |
| Germany | N/A The German census does not collect data on ethnicity. | at least 4,000,000 to over 7,000,000 | Turks in Germany | List of German Turks |
| Hungary | 1,565 (2001 Hungarian census) | 2,500 | Turks in Hungary | |
| Iceland | | 68 | | |
| Ireland | N/A The Irish census does not collect data on ethnicity. | 3,000 | Turks in Ireland | |
| Italy | N/A The Italian census does not collect data on ethnicity. | 30,000–50,000 (excluding the Turkish minority in Moena) | Turks in Italy | |
| Latvia | | 142 | lv:Turki Latvijā | |
| Liechtenstein | | 1,000 | Turks in Liechtenstein | |
| Lithuania | | 35 | | |
| Luxembourg | | 450 | | |
| Malta | | 53 | | |
| Moldova | | | Turks in Moldova | |
| Monaco | | 57 | | |
| Netherlands | N/A The Dutch census does not collect data on ethnicity. | 500,000 to 2,000,000 | Turks in the Netherlands | List of Dutch people of Turkish descent |
| Norway | N/A The Norwegian census does not collect data on ethnicity. | 16,000 | Turks in Norway | |
| Poland | | 5,000 (2013 estimate from the Institute of Public Affairs, Poland) | Turks in Poland | |
| Portugal | | 1,363 (excluding naturalized citizens and people of Turkish origin) | | |
| Russia | Recorded 105,058 Turks and 4,825 Meskhetian Turks (2010 Russian census) | 120,000–150,000 | Turks in Russia | |
| Slovakia | | 150 | | |
| Slovenia | 259 (2002 Slovenian census) | | | |
| Spain | N/A The Spanish census does not collect data on ethnicity. | 4,000 | Turks in Spain | |
| Sweden | N/A The Swedish census does not collect data on ethnicity. | 100,000 (2009 estimate by the Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs) 150,000 (2018 estimate by the Swedish Consul General) | Turks in Sweden | |
| Switzerland | N/A The Swiss census does not collect data on ethnicity. | 100,000-120,000 | Turks in Switzerland | List of Swiss Turks |
| Ukraine | 8,844 Turks and 336 Meskhetian Turks (2001 Ukrainian census) | 10,000 (Meskhetian Turks only) | Turks in Ukraine | |
| United Kingdom | N/A | 500,000 (including 300,000–350,000 Turkish Cypriots) | Turks in the United Kingdom | List of British Turks |

### North America

| Country | Official State census figures | Other estimates | Further information | Lists of Turks |
| Canada | 63,955 (2016 Canadian census) | 100,000 (2018 est. by Canadian Ambassador Chris Cooter) Over 100,000 Plus 1,800 Turkish Cypriots | Turkish Canadians | List of Turkish Canadians |
| United States | 230,342 (2016 American Community Survey estimate) | More than 1,000,000 (2012 estimate by the former United States Secretary of Commerce John Bryson) | Turkish Americans | List of Turkish Americans |

### Oceania

| Country | Official State census figures | Other estimates | Further information | Lists of Turks |
| Australia | 66,919 (2011 census) | 150,000 to 200,000 Plus 40,000–120,000 Turkish Cypriots | Turkish Australians | List of Turkish Australians |
| New Zealand | 957 (2013 census) | 2,000–3,000 Plus 1,600 Turkish Cypriots | Turks in New Zealand | |

### Other regions

| Country | Official State census figures | Other estimates | Further information |
| India | N/A. The Indian census collects data on country of birth but does not collect data on ethnicity. but Turk peoples in India Have their organisation to protect their culture, they are mainly reside in the area of west Uttar Pradesh (state) consisting district of Moradabad, Sambhal, Amroha, Rampur, Turks are in majority in Sambhal town about 50%–60% | 2,000 | Turks in India |
| Pakistan | | 400 | Turks in Pakistan |
| Peru | | 12,000 | |
| Brazil | | 6,300 | |

## References and notes

* ↑ "55 milyon kişi 'etnik olarak' Türk". Milliyet. Retrieved 22 November 2015.
* ↑ "Turkey". CIA. Archived from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
* ↑ TRNC State Planning Organization (17 December 2012). "KKTC 2011 Nüfus ve Konut Sayımı" [TRNC 2011 Population and Housing Census] (PDF) (in Turkish). National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2015.
* ↑ "CYPRUS: BRIDGING THE PROPERTY DIVIDE". International Crisis Group. 2010. p. 2. Archived from the original on 3 November 2011.
* ↑ Cole 2011, p. 95.
* ↑ "The Constitution of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 September 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
* ↑ "Population Enumerated with Cypriot Citizenship, By Ethnic/Religious Group, Age and Sex". Republic of Cyprus Statistics Service. 2001. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
* ↑ Hatay, Mete (2007), "Is the Turkish Cypriot Population Shrinking?" (PDF), www.prio.no, International Peace Research Institute, p. 40, ISBN 978-82-7288-244-9, archived from the original (PDF) on 15 May 2011
* ↑ "The Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus" (PDF). Presidency of the Republic of Cyprus. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
* ↑ "Population grouped according to ethnicity, by censuses 1961–1991". Federal Office of Statistics. Archived from the original on 26 September 2011. Retrieved 16 October 2011.
* 1 2 3 4 5 Cole, Jeffrey (2011), Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, pp. 367–368, ISBN 978-1-59884-302-6, Today Turkish/Muslim populations residing in the former European Turkey approximately amounts to 1.3 million, with roughly 50,000 in Bosnia- Herzegovina, 50,000 in Kosovo, 55,000 in Romania, 150,000 in Greece, 200,000 in the Republic of Macedonia, 750,000 in Bulgaria, and the rest living in various Balkan countries. This estimate does not included those citizens of Turkey who work and reside in the Balkans...
* ↑ Minahan, James (1998), Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States, Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 45, ISBN 978-0313306105
* 1 2 "List of declarations made with respect to treaty No. 148". Council of Europe. Archived from the original on 22 May 2012. Retrieved 21 December 2013.
* ↑ "Население по местоживеене, възраст и етническа група" [Population by place of residence, age and ethnic group] (in Bulgarian). Национален статистически институт [National Statistical Institute]. Archived from the original on 15 August 2019. Retrieved 22 November 2015.
* ↑ Schwartz, Herman (2002), The Struggle for Constitutional Justice in Post-Communist Europe, University of Chicago Press, p. 184, ISBN 978-0226741963
* ↑ "Stanovništvo prema narodnosti, popisi 1971. – 2011" (in Croatian). Retrieved 22 November 2015.
* ↑ "Altepe'den Hırvat Müslümanlara moral". Zaman. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013. Retrieved 9 September 2011.
* ↑ Anita Skelin Horvat. "Language Policy in Istria, Croatia –Legislation Regarding Minority Language Use" (PDF) (in Bulgarian). p. 51. Retrieved 22 November 2015.
* ↑ Ortakovski, Vladimir (2000), Minorities in the Balkans, Transnational Publishers, p. 187, ISBN 978-1571051295
* ↑ Clogg, Richard (2002), Minorities in Greece: Aspects of a Plural Society, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, p. xi, ISBN 978-1850657057
* ↑ Trudgill, Peter; Schreier, Daniel (2006), "Greece and Cyprus / Griechenland und Zypern", in Ulrich, Ammon (ed.), Sociolinguistics / Soziolinguistik, Walter de Gruyter, p. 1885, ISBN 978-3110199871
* ↑ "Demographics of Greece". European Union National Languages. Retrieved 19 December 2010.
* ↑ "Western Thrace Turkish Minority" (PDF), www.pekem.org, Western Thrace Minority University Graduates Association, p. 2, July 2009, archived from the original (PDF) on 27 July 2011
* ↑ Ergener, Rashid; Ergener, Resit (2002), About Turkey: Geography, Economy, Politics, Religion, and Culture, Pilgrims Process, p. 106, ISBN 978-0-9710609-6-8
* ↑ Madianou, Mirca (2005), Mediating the nation: news, audiences and the politics of identity, Routledge Cavendish, pp. 36–37, ISBN 978-1-84472-028-6
* 1 2 Pettifer, James; Nazarko, Mentor (2007), Strengthening Religious Tolerance for a Secure Civil Society in Albania and the Southern Balkans, IOS Press, p. 68, ISBN 978-1-58603-779-6
* ↑ Clogg, Richard (2002), Minorities in Greece, Hurst & Co. Publishers, p. 84, ISBN 978-1-85065-706-4
* ↑ Trudgill & Schreier 2006, p. 1886.
* ↑ "Minority Communities in the 2011 Kosovo Census Results: Analysis and Recommendations" (PDF). European Centre for Minority Issues Kosovo. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 January 2014. Retrieved 22 November 2015.
* ↑ "Community Profile: Kosovo Turks", Kosovo Communities Profile 2010, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, 8 February 2011, p. 3.
* ↑ "Community Profile: Turkish Community" (PDF). European Centre for Minority Issues Kosovo. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 April 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
* ↑ Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in the Republic of Macedonia, 2002 (PDF), Republic of Macedonia – State Statistical Office, 2005, p. 34
* ↑ Knowlton, MaryLee (2005), Macedonia, Marshall Cavendish, p. 66, ISBN 978-0-7614-1854-2
* ↑ Abrahams, Fred (1996), A Threat to "Stability": Human Rights Violations in Macedonia, Human Rights Watch, p. 53, ISBN 978-1-56432-170-1
* ↑ Dzankic, Jelena (2016), Citizenship in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia and Montenegro: Effects of Statehood and Identity Challenges, Routledge, p. 81, ISBN 978-1317165798
* ↑ "Population of Montenegro by sex, type of settlement, etnicity, religion and mother tongue, per municipalities" (PDF). Statistical Office of Montenegro. p. 7. Retrieved 21 September 2011.
* ↑ "Privind rezultatele provizorii ale Recensământului Populaţiei şi Locuinţelor – 2011" [Regarding the provisional results of Population and Housing Census - 2011] (PDF) (Press release) (in Romanian). Romania: National Institute of Statistics. 2 February 2012. p. 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 August 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
* ↑ Phinnemore, David (2006), The EU and Romania: accession and beyond, The Federal Trust for Education & Research, p. 157, ISBN 978-1-903403-78-5
* ↑ Constantin, Daniela L.; Goschin, Zizi; Dragusin, Mariana (2008), "Ethnic entrepreneurship as an integration factor in civil society and a gate to religious tolerance. A spotlight on Turkish entrepreneurs in Romania", Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies, 7 (20): 59
* ↑ "Попис становништва, домаћинстава и станова 2011. у Републици Србији: Становништво према националној припадности" [Census of Population, Households and Dwellings 2011 in the Republic of Serbia: Population by National Affiliation] (PDF) (in Serbian). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 August 2013.
* ↑ "Abkhazia Population Censuses (1886–2011)". Retrieved 22 November 2015.
* ↑ Bul Turk. "Abhazya'da Yaşayan Osmanlı Türkleri ilgi bekliyor". Archived from the original on 23 November 2015. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
* 1 2 "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1970 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР" [The 1970 All-Union Census. National composition of the population in the republics of the USSR]. Демоскоп Weekly (in Russian). Retrieved 10 November 2009.
* 1 2 "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1979 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР" [The 1979 All-Union Census. National composition of the population in the republics of the USSR]. Демоскоп Weekly (in Russian). Retrieved 10 November 2009.
* 1 2 3 4 "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР" [The 1989 All-Union Census. National composition of the population in the republics of the USSR]. Демоскоп Weekly (in Russian). Retrieved 10 November 2009.
* ↑ "Population by ethnic groups". The State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
* ↑ Minahan, James (1998), Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States, Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 19, ISBN 978-0313306105, ...numbering about 19,000. The Turks are the remnant of a larger Turkish population that has mostly assimilated into Azeri culture since the seventeenth century, aided by the similarity between the Turkish and Azeri languages and cultures. Many of the Turks came to the region when Azerbaijan formed part of the Turkish Ottoman Empire. Unlike the majority of the Azeris, the Turks are mostly Sunni Muslim.
* 1 2 3 Zisserman-Brodsky, Dina (2003), "The Relevant Nationalities-Basic Facts", Constructing Ethnopolitics in the Soviet Union: Samizdat, Deprivation and the Rise of Ethnic Nationalism, Pelgrave Macmillan, p. 214, ISBN 978-1403973627
* 1 2 3 "Ahıska Türklerinin 70 yıllık sürgünü". Al Jazeera. 2014. Retrieved 5 July 2016.
* 1 2 3 Aydıngün, Ayşegül; Harding, Çiğdem Balım; Hoover, Matthew; Kuznetsov, Igor; Swerdlow, Steve (2006), "Meskhetian Turks: An Introduction to their History, Culture, and Resettlement Experiences" (PDF), www.cal.org, Center for Applied Linguistics, pp. 13–14, archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2007
* ↑ "Turkey and the Iraqi Kurds: Conflict or Cooperation?", Middle East Report N°81 –13 November 2008, International Crisis Group, 2008, archived from the original on 12 January 2011, Turkomans are descendents of Ottoman Empire-era soldiers, traders and civil servants... The 1957 census, Iraq's last reliable count before the overthrow of the monarchy in 1958, put the country's population at 6,300,000 and the Turkoman population at 567,000, about 9 per cent...Subsequent censuses, in 1967, 1977, 1987 and 1997, are all considered highly problematic, due to suspicions of regime manipulation.
* ↑ Knights, Michael (2004), Operation Iraqi Freedom And The New Iraq: Insights And Forecasts, Washington Institute for Near East Policy, p. 262, ISBN 978-0944029930, The 1957 Iraqi census — the last in which the Turkmens were permitted to register — counted 567,000 Turkmens.
* ↑ Taylor, Scott (2004), "Among the Others: Encounters with the Forgotten Turkmen of Iraq", Esprit de Corps, ISBN 978-1-895896-26-8, According to the second census of 1958, the Turkmen registry stood at 567,000...if the Turkmen simply kept pace with the rest of Iraq's birthrate, then they would now account for approximately 2,080,000 of the present 25 million inhabitants. Many Turkmen argue that their birthrate actually exceeds that of most of the other Iraqi ethnic groups. One need only visit the children-filled streets of Tal Afar to believe their claim.
* ↑ Güçlü, Yücel (Winter 2007), "Who Owns Kirkuk? The Turkoman Case" (PDF), Middle East Quarterly: 79, The last reliable census in Iraqi – and the only one in which participants could declare their mother tongue – was in 1957. It found that Turkomans were the third largest ethnicity in Iraq, after Arabs and Kurds. The Turkomans numbered 567,000 out of a total population of 6,300,000.
* ↑ Bassem, Wassim (2016). "Iraq's Turkmens call for independent province". Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 17 October 2016. Turkmens are a mix of Sunnis and Shiites and are the third-largest ethnicity in Iraq after Arabs and Kurds, numbering around 3 million out of the total population of about 34.7 million, according to 2013 data from the Iraqi Ministry of Planning.
* ↑ Triana, María (2017), Managing Diversity in Organizations: A Global Perspective, Taylor & Francis, p. 168, ISBN 978-1317423683, Turkmen, Iraqi citizens of Turkish origin, are the third largest ethnic group in Iraq after Arabs and Kurds, and they are said to number about 3 million of Iraq's 34.7 million citizens according to the Iraqi Ministry of Planning.
* ↑ Stansfield, Gareth (2013). Iraq: People, History, Politics. John Wiley & Sons. p. 72. ISBN 978-0745656212.
* ↑ "Declaration of Principles of the (Iraqi?) Turkman Congress". Türkmeneli İşbirliği ve Kültür Vakfı. Archived from the original on 8 March 2012. Retrieved 25 November 2011.
* ↑ Nissman, David (5 March 1999), "The Iraqi Turkomans: Who They Are and What They Want", Iraq Report, 2 (9)
* ↑ "Jews, by Country of Origin and Age" (PDF). Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
* ↑ "Estimated numbers of Turkish born Jews in Israel". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 14 August 2012.
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 El-Hatip, Alyaa (2014), "Filistin Türkmenlerinin Genel Durumu", Ortadoğu Türkmenlerİ Sempozyumu, ORSAM, p. 96
* ↑ Mustafa Assi (26 October 2011). "Lebanese Turks Seek Political and Social Recognition". Al-Akhbar. Archived from the original on 20 June 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
* ↑ Ahmed, Yusra (2015), "Syrian Turkmen refugees face double suffering in Lebanon", Zaman Al Wasl, retrieved 11 October 2016
* ↑ El-Hatip, Alyaa (2014), "Filistin Türkmenlerinin Genel Durumu", Ortadoğu Türkmenlerİ Sempozyumu, ORSAM, p. 95, Batı Şaria Türkmenlerinin sayısı 35–40 bini bulmaktadır.
* ↑ Kardaş, Şaban (2014), "Takdim", Ortadoğu Türkmenlerİ Sempozyumu, ORSAM, p. 6, Filistin Türkmenlerinin sayısı hakkında sağlıklı bir bilgi bulunmamaktadır. Araplarla iç içe yaşadıkları için bu zor olmakla beraber bazı araştırmacılar şu anda 400–500 bin kişi arasında olduklarını tahmin etmektedir.
* ↑ "Who are the Turkmen in Syria?". BBC News. 2015. There are no reliable population figures, but they are estimated to number between about half a million and 3.5 million.
* ↑ Enab Baladi (2015). "تركمان سوريا والعودة إلى الجذور". رغم غياب الإحصائيات الدقيقة لأعداد التركمان في سوريا، إلى أن أعدادهم تقدر ما بين 750 ألف إلى مليون ونصف تركماني، يتركز معظمهم في المناطق الشمالية مثل حلب، اللاذقية، حمص وحماة، بالإضافة إلى دمشق.
* ↑ Khalifa, Mustafa (2013), The impossible partition of Syria, Arab Reform Initiative, p. 4, Turkmen are the third largest ethnic group in Syria, making up around 4–5% of the population. Some estimations indicate that they are the second biggest group, outnumbering Kurds, drawing on the fact that Turkmen are divided into two groups: the rural Turkmen who make up 30% of the Turkmen in Syria and who have kept their mother tongue, and the urban Turkmen who have become Arabised and no longer speak their mother language.
* ↑ "من هم التركمان في سوريا ؟". BBC Arabic. 2015. وليست هناك إحصائيات دقيقة عن عدد التركمان ، لكن يقدر عددهم بين 1.5 إلى 3.5 مليون .
* 1 2 The Report: Algeria 2008, Oxford Business Group, 2008, p. 10, ISBN 978-1-902339-09-2, ...the Algerian population reached 34.8 million in January 2006...Algerians of Turkish descent still represent 5% of the population and live mainly in the big cities [accounting to 1.74 million]
* 1 2 Hizmetli, Sabri (1953), "Osmanlı Yönetimi Döneminde Tunus ve Cezayir'in Eğitim ve Kültür Tarihine Genel Bir Bakış" (PDF), Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 32: 10, Bunun açık belgelerinden birisi, aradan birbuçuk yüzyıllık sömürgecilik döneminin geçmiş olmasına rağmen, Cezayirli ve Tunusluların 25 %'nin Türk asıllı olduğunu övünerek söylemesi, sosyal ve kültürel hayatta Türk kültürünün varlığını hissettirmeye devam etmesi, halk dilinde binlerce Türkçe kelimenin yaşamasıdir.
* ↑ Cezayir Ülke Raporu 2008, T.R. Algeria Embassy Trade Consultancy, 2008, p. 4, archived from the original on 29 September 2013, Bunun dışında, büyük bir bölümü Tlemcen şehri civarında bulunan ve Osmanlı döneminde buraya gelip yerleşen 600–700 bin Türk kökenli kişinin yaşadığı bilinmektedir. Fransız Büyükelçiliği, kendi kayıtlarına göre bu rakamın 2 milyon civarında olduğunu açıklamaktadır.
* ↑ Özkan, Fadime (2015), Deneme Bir İki, Okur Kitaplığı, p. 475, ISBN 978-6054877942, Cezayir'de Türk rakamlarına göre 600 bin, Fransız rakamlarına göre 2 milyon Türk asıllı Cezayirlinin yaşadığını....
* ↑ "Sosyo-Ekonomik Açıdan Cezayir" (PDF), Gümrük ve Ticaret Bülteni (3), Strateji Geliştirme Daire Başkanlığı: 35, 2010, archived from the original (PDF) on 13 January 2021, retrieved 5 November 2017, Bu sistem ile Osmanlı İmparatorluğunun bu topraklarda hüküm sürdüğü yaklaşık üç yüzyıllık sürede, bir milyon Türk genci Cezayir'e gönderilmiştir. Birçoğu çatışmalar ve savaşlar esnasında ölen bu gençlerden bir bölümünün sağ kalarak soylarını sürdürmekte olduğu düşünülmektedir. Cezayir resmi kaynaklarınca 600–700 bin, Fransız Büyükelçiliği'nce 2 milyon olarak açıklanan Cezayir'deki Türk asıllı vatandaş sayısı, kanaatime göre çok daha fazladır. Zira, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu döneminde gönderilen bir milyon Yeniçeri içerisinden ticaretle uğraşan ve oralardaki bayanlarla evlenerek soyunu devam ettiren çok sayıda gencin mevcut olduğu, bunların da yaklaşık 500 yıl içerisinde çoğaldıkları tahmin edilmektedir. 18. yüzyılda toplam nüfusun içerisinde % 30'luk paya sahip olan Türklerin, günümüzde % 0,2'lik (binde iki) bir paya sahip olması pek açıklayıcı görünmemektedir.
* ↑ "The genetic map of Egypt". National Geographic.
* 1 2 Rippin, Andrew (2008). World Islam: Critical Concepts in Islamic Studies. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415456531.
* ↑ Pan, Chia-Lin (1949), "The Population of Libya", Population Studies, 3 (1): 100–125, doi:10.1080/00324728.1949.10416359
* ↑ "Osmanlı torunları Libya'da dernek kurdu", Milli Gazette, 2015, Actal, "Libya'da 1,5 milyonuz ama komşu ülkelerdekilerle birlikte en az 30 milyon Köroğlu Türkü var. Türkiye de dünya da bilsin istiyoruz, Türkiye yalnız değildir. Köroğluların gücü aynı zamanda Türkiye'nin gücüdür" şeklinde konuştu.
* ↑ Akar, Metin (1993), "Fas Arapçasında Osmanlı Türkçesinden Alınmış Kelimeler", Türklük Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7: 94–95, Günümüzde, Arap dünyasında hâlâ Türk asıllı aileler mevcuttur. Bunların nüfusu Irak'ta 2 milyon, Suriye'de 3.5 milyon, Mısır'da 1.5, Cezayir'de 1 milyon, Tunus'ta 500 bin, Suudî Arabistan'da 150 bin, Libya'da 50 bin, Ürdün'de 60 bin olmak üzere 8.760.000 civarındadır. Bu ailelerin varlığı da Arap lehçelerindeki Türkçe ödünçleşmeleri belki artırmış olabilir.
* ↑ Sertoglu, Sedat (1998), Haftaya Bakış, vol. 7, Bakış Basın Yayın Organizasyon, p. 35, Bugün Tunus'ta Türk kökenli 2 milyon insan yaşadığı bildirilmekte ve Dunlardan 60–70 yaşın üzerindekiler Türkçe bilmektedirler..
* 1 2 Güzel, Hasan Celâl (2016). "Orta Doğuda Türk/Türkmen Varlığı" (PDF). Yeni Turkiye. p. 150. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 October 2016. Retrieved 5 November 2017. Bunların dışında, Suudî Arabistan'da 150 bin Türk nüfusu, Mısır'da 150 bin civarında Ariş Türkleri, Yemen'de en az 200 bin Türk, Ürdün'de çok sayıda Türk asıllı nüfus yaşamaktadır. Mısır nüfusunun üçte birinin, yani 25 milyon nüfusun Türk asıllı olduğu ileri sürülmektedir.
* ↑ Yemen Raporu. Union of NGOs of The Islamic World. 2014. p. 26. Bu noktadan hareketle, bölgede yaklaşık 10 bin ila 100 bin arasında Türk asıllı vatandaş bulunduğu tahmin edilmektedir.
* ↑ Агентство РК по статистике. "ПЕРЕПИСЬ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ КАЗАХСТАН 2009 ГОДА" (PDF). p. 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 December 2019. Retrieved 13 February 2011.
* ↑ Population and Housing Census 2009. Chapter 3.1. Resident population by nationality (PDF) (in Russian), Bishkek: National Committee on Statistics, 2010, retrieved 14 December 2021
* ↑ "Focus on Mesketian Turks". The New Humanitarian. 8 June 2005. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
* ↑ Blacklock 2005, p. 10.
* ↑ "БАРӮЙХАТГИРИИ АҲОЛӢ ВА ФОНДИ МАНЗИЛИ ҶУМҲУРИИ ТОҶИКИСТОН ДАР СОЛИ 2010 / Перепись населения и жилищного фонда Республики Таджикистан 2010 года" [POPULATION CENSUS AND HOUSING FUND THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN IN 2010] (PDF) (in Tajik and Russian). Statistical Agency under the President Republic of Tajikistan. p. 59. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
* ↑ "Национальный и религиозный состав населения Туркменистана сегодня" [National and religious composition of the population of Turkmenistan today]. Asgabat (in Russian). Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
* ↑ Aydıngün, Ayşegül; Harding, Çigğdem Balım; Hoover, Matthew; Kuznetsov, Igor; Swerdlow, Steve (2006), Meskhetian Turks: An Introduction to their History, Culture, and Resettelment Experiences (PDF), Center for Applied Linguistics, p. 23, archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2007
* ↑ Blacklock, Denika (2005), Finding Durable Solutions for the Meskhetians (PDF), European Centre for Minority Issues, p. 8, archived from the original (PDF) on 2 June 2010
* ↑ "52% of Europeans say no to Turkey's EU membership", Aysor, 2010, retrieved 7 November 2020, This is not all of a sudden, says expert at the Center for Ethnic and Political Science Studies, Boris Kharkovsky. "These days, up to 15 million Turks live in the EU countries...
* ↑ Pashayan, Araks (2012), "Integration of Muslims in Europe and the Gülen", in Weller, Paul; Ihsan, Yilmaz (eds.), European Muslims, Civility and Public Life: Perspectives On and From the Gülen Movement, Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 978-1-4411-0207-2, There are around 10 million Euro-Turks living in the European Union countries of Germany, France, the Netherlands and Belgium.
* ↑ "Warum die Türken?" (PDF), Initiative Minderheiten, vol. 78, 2011, Was sind die Gründe für dieses massive Unbehagen angesichts von rund 360.000 Menschen türkischer Herkunft?
* ↑ Weiss, Alexia. "Erheblicher Anstieg antisemitischer Vorfälle in Wien". Jüdische Allgemeine. Retrieved 3 November 2020. Muzicant wandte sich am Donnerstag in einem Brief an alle Gemeindemitglieder. Er sichert darin Hilfe der IKG zu und ruft alle, die Opfer solcher Übergriffe werden, auf, sich bei der Kultusgemeinde zu melden und Anzeige bei der Polizei zu erstatten. »Wir dürfen nicht zulassen, dass der Antisemitismus jetzt auf die 400.000 in Österreich lebenden Türken übergreift.
* ↑ Mölzer, Andreas. "In Österreich leben geschätzte 500.000 Türken, aber kaum mehr als 10–12.000 Slowenen". Archived from the original on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
* ↑ Taras, Raymond (2012), Xenophobia and Islamophobia in Europe, Edinburgh University Press, p. 160, ISBN 978-0748654895, It follows that large Muslim minorities like the Turks – who total over 200,000 in Belgium
* ↑ Manço, Altay; Taş, Ertugrul (2019), "Migrations Matrimoniales: Facteurs de Risque en Sante´ Mentale", The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 64 (6), SAGE Publishing: 444, doi:10.1177/0706743718802800, PMC 6591757, PMID 30380909
* ↑ "Turkey's Political Relations with Czech Republic". Rep. of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2010.
* ↑ Larsen, Nick Aagaard (2008), Tyrkisk afstand fra Islamisk Trossamfund, Danish Broadcasting Corporation, retrieved 1 November 2020, Ud af cirka 200.000 muslimer i Danmark har 70.000 tyrkiske rødder, og de udgør dermed langt den største muslimske indvandrergruppe.
* ↑ "PC0436: POPULATION, 31. DECEMBER 2011 by Place of residence, Command of foreign languages, Sex and Mother tongue". Eesti Statistika 2008. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
* ↑ Kütük, Zeki (2010), Finlandiya'da Yabancı Düşmanlığı, Sosyal Dışlanma ve Türk Diasporası, Türk Asya Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi, retrieved 8 November 2020, Toplam sayılarının 10 000 civarında olduğu tahmin edilen Türklerin...
* ↑ Hentz, Jean-Gustave; Hasselmann, Michel (2010). Transculturalité, religion, traditions autour de la mort en réanimation. Springer-Verlag France. doi:10.1007/978-2-287-99072-4_33. ISBN 978-2-287-99072-4. La France d'aujourd'hui est une société multiculturelle et multiethnique riche de 4,9 millions de migrants représentant environ 8 % de la population du pays. L'immigration massive de populations du sud de l'Europe de culture catholique après la deuxième guerre mondiale a été suivie par l'arrivée de trois millions d'Africains du Nord, d'un million de Turcs et de contingents importants d'Afrique Noire et d'Asie qui ont implanté en France un islam majoritairement sunnite (Maghrébins et Africains de l'Ouest) mais aussi chiite (Pakistanais et Africains de l'Est).
* ↑ Kerdat, Marianne (2019), "Donner une autre image de la Turquie à travers le cinéma", Le Petit Journal, retrieved 22 November 2020, En France, la population franco-turque a dépassé le million.
* 1 2 Gallard, Joseph; Nguyen, Julien (2020), "Il est temps que la France appelle à de véritables sanctions contre le jeu d'Erdogan", Marianne, retrieved 25 November 2020, ... et ce grâce à la nombreuse diaspora turque, en particulier en France et en Allemagne. Ils seraient environ un million dans l'Hexagone, si ce n'est plus...es raisons derrière ne sont pas difficiles à deviner : l'immense population turque en Allemagne, estimée par Merkel elle-même aux alentours de sept millions et qui ne manquerait pas de se faire entendre si l'Allemagne prenait des mesures allant à l'encontre de la Turquie.
* ↑ Nalci, Aris, "An Interview with Garo Yalic, Advisor to Valerie Boyer", Armenian Weekly, retrieved 28 October 2020
* ↑ "2011 YILI DİTİB KADIN KOLLARI GENEL TOPLANTISI PARİS DİTİB'DE YAPILDI" [2011 GENERAL MEETING OF WOMEN'S ARMS HELD IN PARIS] (in Turkish). Fransa Diyanet İşleri Türk İslam Birliği. Archived from the original on 7 January 2012. Retrieved 15 February 2012.
* ↑ Kötter, I; Vonthein, R; Günaydin, I; Müller, C; Kanz, L; Zierhut, M; Stübiger, N (2003), "Behçet's Disease in Patients of German and Turkish Origin- A Comparative Study", in Zouboulis, Christos (ed.), Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, Volume 528, Springer, p. 55, ISBN 978-0-306-47757-7, Today, more than 4 million people of Turkish origin are living in Germany.
* ↑ Feltes, Thomas [in German]; Marquardt, Uwe; Schwarz, Stefan (2013), "Policing in Germany: Developments in the Last 20 Years", in Mesko, Gorazd; Fields, Charles B.; Lobnikar, Branko; Sotlar, Andrej (eds.), Handbook on Policing in Central and Eastern Europe, Springer, p. 93, ISBN 978-1461467205, Approximately four million people with Turkish roots are living in Germany at this time [2013].
* ↑ Curtis, Michael (2013), Jews, Antisemitism, and the Middle East, Transaction Publishers, p. 69, ISBN 978-1412851411, In Germany today about three to four million Turks, about 5 percent of the total population, reside.
* ↑ Weaver-Hightower, Rebecca (2014), "Introduction", in Weaver-Hightower, Rebecca; Hulme, Peter (eds.), Postcolonial Film: History, Empire, Resistance, Routledge, p. 13, ISBN 978-1134747276, By the end of the first decade of the twenty-first century there were around four million people of Turkish descent living in Germany...
* ↑ Rizvi, Kishwar (2015), The Transnational Mosque: Architecture and Historical Memory in the Contemporary Middle East, University of North Carolina Press, p. 36, ISBN 978-1469621173, ...at least 4 million people of Turkish descent living in Germany.
* ↑ Volkan, Vamık (2014), Enemies on the Couch: A Psychopolitical Journey Through War and Peace, Pitchstone Publishing, ISBN 978-1939578112, Today, for example, it is estimated that more than four million Turks and German citizens with part of full Turkish ancestry live in Germany alone.
* ↑ Taras, Raymond (2015), ""Islamophobia never stands still": race, religion, and culture", in Nasar, Meer (ed.), Racialization and Religion: Race, Culture and Difference in the Study of Antisemitism and Islamophobia, Routledge, p. 46, ISBN 978-1317432449, ...about four million Turks are thought to live in Germany.
* ↑ Fernández-Kelly, Patricia (2015), "Assimilation through Transnationalism: A Theoretical Synthesis", in Portes, Alejandro; Fernández-Kelly, Patricia (eds.), The State and the Grassroots: Immigrant Transnational Organizations in Four Continents, Berghahn Books, p. 305, ISBN 978-1782387350, Nearly fifty years later, close to four million Turks and their children continue to reside in the margins of German society
* ↑ Audretsch, David B.; Lehmann, Erik E. (2016), The Seven Secrets of Germany: Economic Resilience in an Era of Global Turbulence, Oxford University Press, p. 130, ISBN 978-0190258696, By 2010 the number of Turkish descent living in Germany had increased to four million.
* ↑ "Immigration and Cultural Issues between Germany and its Turkish Population Remain Complex". Germany.Info. German Missions in the United States. 2011. Archived from the original on 6 January 2012.
* ↑ Szyszkowitz, Tessa (2005), "Germany", in Von Hippel, Karin (ed.), Europe Confronts Terrorism, Palgrave Macmillan, p. 53, ISBN 978-0230524590, A Senior European official in Brussels...remarking...'It is a little late to start the debate about being an immigrant country now, when already seven million Turks live in Germany'.
* ↑ Lacey, James; Murray, Williamson (2013), Moment of Battle: The Twenty Clashes That Changed the World, Random House Publishing Group, p. 79, ISBN 978-0345526991, The current German chancellor, Angela Merkel, recently made world news when she said Germany's Leitkultur (defining culture) needs to be accepted by Germany's seven million Turkish immigrants.
* ↑ Zestos, George K.; Cooke, Rachel N. (2020), Challenges for the EU as Germany Approaches Recession (PDF), Levy Economics Institute, p. 22, Presently (2020) more than seven million Turks live in Germany.
* ↑ Fuller, Graham E. (2020), Is Turkey Out of Control?, Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft, retrieved 5 December 2020, Europe has always been reluctant to accept Turkey into the EU–partly due to a cultural bias against Muslims–despite the some seven million Turks living in Germany today.
* ↑ Callaghan, Louise (2020), "German marines land in a war of words with Turkey over suspected arms smuggling", The Times, retrieved 3 December 2020, An extra dimension in the row is that the warship was from Germany, which, as home to seven million people of Turkish descent, has always paid considerable attention to its relations with Ankara.
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* ↑ Hurriyet. "Macaristan Türk yatırımcı bekliyor". Retrieved 22 June 2016.
* ↑ "Population by origin, citizenship and country of birth". Statistics Iceland. Retrieved 3 June 2010.
* ↑ Lacey, Jonathan (2007), "Exploring the Transnational Engagements of a Turkic Religio-Cultural Community in Ireland" (PDF), www.translocations.ie, p. 2, archived from the original (PDF) on 20 February 2012, retrieved 24 October 2009
* ↑ Çakırer, Yasemin (2009), "Göç Trafiğinde Araftakiler: İtalya'daki Türkler", in Erdoğan, Murat (ed.), Yurtdışındaki Türkler: 50. Yılında Göç ve Uyum, Orion Kitabevi, p. 763, ISBN 978-9944-769-53-2
* ↑ "İtalya'da Türkçe Öğrenimine Talep". Haberler. 3 February 2015. Retrieved 22 November 2015.
* ↑ "İtalya'daki Türk vatandaşları Kovid-19 nedeniyle kayıp vermedi".
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* ↑ Aalberse, Suzanne; Backus, Ad; Muysken, Pieter [in Dutch] (2019), Heritage Languages: A language Contact Approach, John Benjamins Publishing Company, p. 90, ISBN 978-9027261762, the Dutch Turkish community... out of a population that over the years must have numbered half a million.
* ↑ Tocci, Nathalie (2003), EU Accession Dynamics and Conflict Resolution: The Case of Cyprus 1988-2002 (PDF), London School of Economics, p. 232, The Dutch government was concerned about Turkey's reaction to the European Council's conclusions on Cyprus, keeping in mind the presence of two million Turks in Holland and the strong business links with Turkey.
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* ↑ "VERANSTALTUNGEN – PROJEKTE". Türkische Gemeinschaft Schweiz. Retrieved 9 February 2011.
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* ↑ Home Affairs Committee (2011), Implications for the Justice and Home Affairs area of the accession of Turkey to the European Union (PDF), The Stationery Office, p. 38, ISBN 978-0-215-56114-5
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* ↑ "Welcome!". The Federation of Canadian Turkish Associations. Retrieved 13 November 2020. The Federation of Canadian Turkish Associations is an umbrella organization representing 17 member associations from Victoria BC to Quebec, which include approximately 100,000 Canadians of Turkish origin.
* ↑ "Journey to the East: 16th Taste of Asia and Asian Heritage Month Reception May 1st, 2018". Federation of Chinese Canadians in Markham. 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2021. With over 100,000 Turkish Canadians in Canada,...
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* ↑ Remarks at Center for American Progress & Confederation of Businessmen and Industrialists of Turkey (TUSKON) Luncheon, U.S. Department of Commerce, 2012, retrieved 13 November 2020, Here in the U.S., you can see our person-to-person relationships growing stronger each day. You can see it in the 13,000 Turkish students that are studying here in the U.S. You can see it in corporate leaders like Muhtar Kent, the CEO of Coca-Cola, and you can see it in more than one million Turkish-Americans who add to the rich culture and fabric of our country.
* ↑ "Remarks by Commerce Secretary Bryson, April 5, 2012", Foreign Policy Bulletin, 22 (3), Cambridge University Press: 137, 2012
* ↑ "Community Information Summary" (PDF). Australian Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 April 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
* ↑ "Old foes, new friends". Sydney Morning Herald. 23 April 2005. Retrieved 26 December 2008.
* ↑ "Avustralyalı Türkler'den, TRT Türk'e tepki". MİLLİYET HABER – TÜRKİYE'NİN HABER SİTESİ.
* ↑ "Briefing Notes on the Cyprus Issue". TRNC Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
* ↑ "Avustralya'daki Kıbrıslı Türkler ve Temsilcilik..." [Turkish Cypriots and Representatives in Australia...]. Kibris Gazetesi (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
* ↑ "AVUSTURALYA'DA KIBRS TÜRKÜNÜN SESİ" [THE VOICE OF TURKISH CYPRUS IN AUSTRALIA] (in Turkish). BRT. Archived from the original on 23 March 2012. Retrieved 18 July 2011.
* ↑ "2013 Census ethnic group profiles: Turkish". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
* ↑ "How many Turks living in New Zealand?". Pearl of the Islands. Archived from the original on 20 May 2010. Retrieved 29 October 2008.
* ↑ Mehmet Ozkan (2010). "Can the Rise of 'New' Turkey Lead to a 'New' Era in India-Turkey Relations?" (PDF). New Delhi: Institute for Defence Studies & Analyses. p. 10.
* ↑ Dopf, Erwin. "Migraciones europeas minoritarias". www.espejodelperu.com.pe.
* ↑ "Turks".