# Mehri language

Mehri (Mehri: مهريّت, romanized: Mahrīyyt) is the most spoken of the Eastern South Semitic or Modern South Arabian languages (ESSLs), a subgroup of the Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic family. It is spoken by the Mehri tribes, who inhabit isolated areas of the eastern part of Yemen, western Oman, particularly the Al Mahrah Governorate, with a small number in Saudi Arabia near the Yemeni and Omani borders. Up to the 19th century, speakers lived as far north as the central part of Oman.
Mehri and its sister languages were spoken in the southern Arabian Peninsula before the spread of Arabic along with Islam in the 7th century CE. Today it is also spoken by Mehri residents in Qatar and the United Arab Emirates, as well as in Kuwait by guest workers originally from Yemen, as well as nationals with a Yemeni heritage.
Given the dominance of Arabic in the region over the past 1400 years and the frequent bilingualism with Arabic among Mehri speakers, Mehri is at some risk of extinction. It is primarily a spoken language, with little existing vernacular literature and almost no literacy in written Mehri among native speakers.

## Dialects

Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Hamdani noted that "the Mahri speak a barbarous tongue like foreigners". Elsewhere, Hamdani showed extensive knowledge of Arabian dialects, each of which was rated in its distance from classical Arabic.
Today, Mehri exists in two main dialects, Yemeni Mehri (also known as Southern Mehri) and Omani Mehri (also known as Dhofari Mehri and Nagd Mehri). Omani Mehri is spoken by a smaller population and shows no significant variation within itself, but Yemeni Mehri is further divided into western and eastern dialects.

## Phonology

Unlike other ESSLs, Mehri 'emphatic' consonants are not simply ejectives. They may also be pharyngealized, as in Arabic, so it is possible for Mehri to attest to a transition from proto-Semitic ejective consonants to the pharyngealized emphatics that are found in many Semitic languages.
The consonant inventory is as follows:
| | | Labial | Coronal | Coronal | Coronal | Coronal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal |
| | | Labial | laminal | lateral | sibilant | palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal |
| Nasal | Nasal | m | n | | | | | | | |
| Occlusive | voiced | b~pʼ | d | | | (dʒ~tʃʼ) | ɡ | | | |
| Occlusive | voiceless | | t | | | | k | | | ʔ |
| Occlusive | emphatic | | tˁ~tʼ | | | | kʼ | | | |
| Continuant | voiced | | ð | | z | | ɣ~ʁ | ɣ~ʁ | ʕ | |
| Continuant | voiceless | f | θ | ɬ̠ | s | ʃ | x~χ | x~χ | ħ | h |
| Continuant | emphatic | | θ̬ˁ~θʼ | ɬ̬ˁ~ɬ̠ʼ | s̬ˁ~sʼ | ʃ̬ˁ~ʃʼ | | | | |
| Rhotic | Rhotic | | r~ɾ | | | | | | | |
| Semivowel | Semivowel | w | | l | | | j | | | |
* /ɡ/ can be realized as an affricate [dʒ] or palatal plosive [ɟ] in the Yemeni dialect.
* Mahriyōt dialect in Hawf and younger generation of al-Rubūʕah have <ḏ̣> as [ʫ̪ˁ], women speakers of the dialects tend to use an affricate which is sometimes pronounced as voiceless [t͡ʪ].
The vowel inventory is as follows:
| | Front | Central | Back |
| Close | iː | | uː |
| Mid | eː | ə | oː |
| Mid | ɛ ɛː | ə | |
| Open | | a aː | |
Voiced obstruents, or at least voiced stops, devoice in pausa. In this position, both the voiced and emphatic stops are ejective, losing the three-way contrast (/kʼ/ is ejective in all positions). Elsewhere, the emphatic and (optionally) the voiced stops are pharyngealized. Emphatic (but not voiced) fricatives have a similar pattern, and in non-pre-pausal position they are partially voiced.
The difference in place of the laterals is not clear. It may be that the approximant is denti-alveolar, like the alveolar occlusives, and the lateral fricatives apical, or it may be that the latter are palato-alveolar or alveolo-palatal. The fricatives are typically transcribed ś, etc.
/dʒ/ is only in Arabic loans. It is not clear if the rhotic is a trill or a tap.

## Morphology

The following are the personal pronouns of Mehri:
| | | Singular | Dual | Plural |
| 1st person | 1st person | hōh | kīh | nḥah |
| 2nd person | MASC | hēt | tīh | tām |
| 2nd person | FEM | hīt | tīh | tān |
| 3rd person | MASC | hēh | hīh | hām |
| 3rd person | FEM | sēh | hīh | sān |
The following are the possessive suffix versions of those pronouns:
| | | Singular | Dual | Plural |
| 1st person | 1st person | -ī | -kī | -(a)n |
| 2nd person | MASC | -(a)k | -kī | -kam |
| 2nd person | FEM | -(a)š | -kī | -kan |
| 3rd person | MASC | -(a)h | -hī | -ham |
| 3rd person | FEM | -(a)s | -hī | -san |
The independent pronouns can also be placed after the genitive exponent (ð-) to convert them into possessive pronouns ("mine" etc).

## Writing system

Mehri, like other Modern South Arabian languages, possesses a rich oral tradition, but not a written one. There exist two main approaches to writing the language: using the standard Arabic alphabet or using a modified Arabic alphabet that contains additional letters to represent sounds unique to Mehri.
The most common approach is using the unmodified Arabic alphabet. However, standard Arabic’s deficiencies with respect to ESS result in this approach representing multiple phonemes with the same letters. (Note that, in both Arabic and modified Arabic systems, the vowels are not explicitly differentiated, but are differentiated by the readers through context.)
The modified Arabic alphabet has a few systems, none of which is standardized. The most commonly used modified Arabic additional letters as documented in use (e.g., in text messages, email, etc.) by the Modern South Arabian Languages Centre at the University of Leeds; a proposed set of additional letters for the Arabic alphabet to adapt it to be able to be a good systemic for writing ESS languages (including Mehri) by that same centre; and a separate set of additional letters proposed by Almahrah.net for the same purpose are given (along with IPA phonetic transcription and Romanizations) in the columns of the table below.
| Romanization | IPA | Workaround letters | Leeds proposed letters | Almahrah.net proposed letters |
| ś | ɬ | ث‎ | پ‎ | ڛ‎ |
| ṣ̌ | ʃˤ | ض‎ | ڞ‎ | ڞ‎ |
| ṯ̣ / ḏ̣ | θ̬ˤ~θʼ | ظ‎ | ڟ‎ | ڟ‎ |
| ź | ɬ̬ˤ~ɬ̠ʼ~ʒ | ذ‎ | چ‎ / ڌ‎ | چ‎ |
| g | ɡ | ج‎ | ج‎ | ج‎ |
| ḳ | kʼ | ق‎ | ق‎ | ق‎ |
| ē / ɛ̄ | ɛ(ː) | ي‎ | ي‎ | ێ‎ |