# General Tinio

General Tinio, formerly known as Papaya, officially the Municipality of General Tinio (Tagalog: Bayan ng Heneral Tinio, Ilocano: Ili ti Heneral Tinio), is a municipality in the province of Nueva Ecija, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 55,925 people.
Due to its river boundaries, streams, thick vegetation, rolling hills and mountains, the town served as a tactical rallying point for various resistance movements throughout its history - starting with the Katipunan during the Philippine Revolution, followed by Filipino insurgents during the American period, the Hukbalahap during the Japanese occupation, and later, communist rebels. It was renamed in 1957 to honor General Manuel Tinio y Bundoc, the youngest general of the revolution. Historical significance is given locally toward its contributions for independence.
It is traversed by several rivers and streams including the Rio Chico River. The town's hilly terrain and dense wild vegetation made it a natural strategic refuge for insurgents resisting colonization during the Spanish, American, Japanese occupations, and other rebel groups. These geographical barriers allowed insurgents to rest and regroup, contributing to the absence of major battles within the town.
The town has since developed into a thriving agricultural hub known for its rich cultural festivals - like the Kalamay Festival - and natural attractions like Minalungao National Park. The town's inspiring history, resilient leaders, and strong sense of community across its barangays continue to shape its legacy and drive its progress.

## History
### Pre-colonial and Early Settlement: Foundations of Identity

The area now known as General Tinio has a long history of human settlement, predating the arrival of foreign colonizers. The indigenous Dumagat people of the Sierra Madre, are known to have connections to the first wave of human settlers in the country. Over time, a settlement inhabited and formed a community which is now living in the tribal area of Barangay Palale. Even as late as the 1920's people register their nationalities, not as Filipinos, but as Negritos.
The rugged terrain, interspersed with rivers and streams, provided a rich environment with abundant resources and natural defenses, allowing the Dumagat to preserve their unique culture and practices over generations.
Possible evidence of early human activity in the area, including the discovery of unique stone tools from the Lower Paleolithic age, may indicate that this land has an even earlier history of human presence with a high ingenuity and adaptation of their time. These tools suggest that early settlers were skilled and resourceful, utilizing advanced techniques uncommon in other parts of the Asia.
From these pre-colonial times up to the arrival of Magellan in Homonhon Island in Eastern Samar in 1521, settlers from the Tagalog (Taga-ilog) regions slowly moved in but mostly stayed along the rivers, establishing small communities that evolved into sitios and barrios. These early settlements eventually grew into three foundational towns: Rio Chico, Papaya, and Pias, which later formed the town of Papaya.

### Catholic Spanish Rule: Conquest by Faith and Sword

The origins of Papaya, now General Tinio, are deeply intertwined with the Catholic Church, whose influence shaped the town’s early development. Papaya was initially a sitio of Barrio Mapisong, itself part of the larger town of Old Gapan, which was established in 1595 under the provincial jurisdiction of Pampanga. Gapan served as an important ecclesiastical hub, and Papaya's early history reflects its status within the Catholic Church's expansive reach in Nueva Ecija.
Papaya’s association with Gapan as a visita (chapel) was confirmed in the 1850 Diccionario Geográfico - Estadístico - Histórico de las Islas Filipinas, published in Madrid by Fr. Manuel Buzeta and Felipe Bravo. This document lists Papaya as a subordinate church of Gapan, highlighting its role as part of the ecclesiastical territory of what is now the National Shrine of La Virgen Divina Pastora, a minor basilica. This historical connection underscores the pivotal role of the Catholic Church in the spiritual and administrative life of Papaya, providing both religious guidance and a framework for governance.
The Sto. Cristo Church in Papaya, established during the Spanish colonial period, stands as a significant historical landmark of the town. One of its most notable artifacts is a church bell inscribed with "En Donación de Los del Barrio de Papaya Año 1875" (Donated by those from the Neighborhood of Papaya in 1875) marking its long-standing presence in the community. The church was originally built at the site tied to the legendary origin of Papaya, where guardias civiles from San Isidro are said to have discovered a papaya tree, inspiring the town's name. As the settlement grew, the Sto. Cristo Church became a spiritual and social hub, playing a central role in the development of the community. In 2002, the church was replaced by the Sto. Niño Diocesan School, which now serves as a primary school for children, continuing the legacy of the site as a place for growth and learning.
Near the Sto. Cristo Church, the town center developed with the establishment of key institutions such as the municipal hall, which housed the police station, court, and municipal legislature. This centralization of governance reflected the influence of the Catholic Church in organizing communities during the Spanish colonial period. The church’s presence not only fostered religious devotion but also helped establish Papaya’s identity as a distinct community.
In 1848, territorial boundaries were redrawn, transferring Papaya and its surrounding areas from Pampanga to Nueva Ecija. It is probably the same time when the legend of the origin of Papaya was created. This shift further aligned Papaya with the administrative and religious systems of the province. These early developments set the stage for Papaya’s eventual emergence as an independent municipality from 1917 to 1921, with the Catholic Church’s enduring legacy evident in the town’s foundational structures and cultural life.

#### Papaya - a Sitio in Gapan, Pampanga

Papaya's earliest reference comes from the 1850 Diccionario Geográfico, Estadístico, Histórico de las Islas Filipinas, published in Madrid by Fr. Manuel Buzeta and Felipe Bravo, which mentions Papaya as a visita de Gapan. This highlights its early integration into the Spanish ecclesiastical and administrative network, reflecting its importance as a budding community during Spanish rule.
The 1875 inscription on a church bell in the town center, marking it as "Barrio de Papaya," further confirms its historical inclusion within Gapan’s ecclesiastical territory. This underscores the central role of the Catholic Church in Papaya's development and identity.
Another notable historical reference is found in the biography of Katipunero and Comandante Mamerto Padolina, who was born in Papaya in 1845. His life and contributions provide further context to Papaya's role during the latter part of Spanish colonization and the revolutionary period.
Historically, Gapan's jurisdiction extended over a vast area, encompassing several towns that eventually became independent municipalities. These include General Tinio (formerly Papaya), Peñaranda, San Leonardo, Santa Rosa, San Isidro, and San Antonio in Nueva Ecija, as well as San Miguel in Bulacan. Each of these towns developed unique identities while retaining cultural and historical ties to their origin in Gapan.
Gapan and its former territories share rich cultural traditions, exemplified by festivals such as the Arakyo, a dramatized reenactment of Queen Helena’s search for the Holy Cross, and the Sto. Niño Festival in many previous parts of the Old Gapan, a vibrant celebration of the child Jesus. The Kalamay Festival in General Tinio, San Leonardo and of the Barangays of Cabanatuan celebrate its famed rice-based delicacy, further highlighting the region's agricultural heritage and culinary traditions. These festivals reflect the enduring cultural connections among these towns and their shared Spanish colonial heritage.

#### Papaya as a Meeting Point

According to the account of Cenon Monasterial, retired Division Superintendent of Schools on The History and Cultural Life of Papaya, Nueva Ecija, the most plausible origin of the name Papaya was during the Spanish colonial period, the area was largely a wilderness, occasionally patrolled by Spanish soldiers from their base in San Isidro (about 1852). Amidst this vast landscape, a Papaya tree became a guiding landmark—a waypoint among the patrolling soldiers. This tree stood where the old Sto. Cristo Catholic Church was located (and currently the Sto. Niño Diocesan School) and ultimately gave the place its original name: Papaya.
Gapan Church is one of the oldest in the Philippines, and is now declared a minor basilica. The founding of the Gapan Church by the Order of St. Augustine, just 24 years after the Battle of Bangkusay and 74 years after Spain's arrival in Cebu in 1521, highlights the pivotal role that religious orders played in shaping not only the socio-political landscape but also settlement patterns and cultural evolution in the region.
Almost 250 years later, in 1848, the redrawing of territorial boundaries transferred sitio Papaya in the town of Gapan and its surrounding areas from Pampanga to Nueva Ecija, reshaping its political affiliation. In May 1851, Mapisong was elevated to town status by a Royal Decree, becoming Peñaranda, and Papaya subsequently became one of its barrios. The establishment of churches and the evolution of political boundaries, coupled with the unique geographical features of the region—rivers, mountain ranges, and fertile plains—not only influenced the governance and administrative development of the area but also shaped the culture, practices, and beliefs of the people. The natural landscape played a significant role in the way the communities adapted, leading to the development of resilient agricultural practices and strong communal traditions.

### American colonial government and the Thomasites

Following the 1898 Treaty of Paris and the Battle of Manila Bay, the United States moved swiftly to solidify its control over the Philippines, aiming to capture President Emilio Aguinaldo and establish civil governance. This led to the formation of the Taft Commission or Second Philippine Commission (1900), which became the first legislative body of the Philippines. The subsequent enactment of several laws—such as Act 82 (The Municipal Code, January 1901), Act 83 (The Provincial Government Act, February 1901), and Act 136 (An Act Providing for the Organization of Courts in the Philippine Islands, June 1901)—laid the foundation for the administrative structure that would shape the country during the American colonial period. By June 11, 1901, Nueva Ecija's provincial government had been brought under American control, with Epifanio De Los Santos appointed as its first governor.
Despite the establishment of the American colonial government, local resistance remained fierce. General Urbano Lacuna, a native of Peñaranda, led the fight against the Americans alongside other courageous locals, including Commandant Mamerto Padolina, and Tenientes Jose Bulacan, Pedro Gonzales, Juan Calma, Juanso Padolina, etc. These freedom fighters fought against the advancing American forces and their ruthless allies, the Macabebes, a group known for their allegiance to foreign invaders.

#### The Role of the Macabebes

According to the History and the Cultural Life of Papaya from the National Historical Commission and the biography of Mamerto Padolina, the Macabebes were Filipinos who served as collaborators to both the Spanish and American colonizers. During the Spanish colonial period, they aided the Guardia Civil in persecuting insurgents and were notorious for their harsh methods, including torture and looting. The mountainous areas like Pias served as refuge for many residents, who hid there in fear of the Macabebes' brutal tactics.
During the American occupation, the Macabebes continued their allegiance to foreign powers and acted as a formidable force against Filipino resistance. Their terror extended to the people of Barrio Rio Chico and beyond, where they looted properties, violated women, and punished those who refused compliance. News of their atrocities caused women and children to flee into the wilderness, seeking safety from the Macabebes' relentless aggression. Despite the overwhelming odds, Filipino patriots continued their resistance, keeping alive the spirit of defiance against foreign rule.
This chapter in the history of General Tinio, formerly Papaya, exemplifies the resilience and bravery of its people in the face of foreign oppression. Their sacrifices and unwavering spirit in defending their land remain an important part of the town's legacy.

### Establishment as a municipality

On June 11, 1901, the civil government of Nueva Ecija was re-established. Starting in 1903, the province underwent reorganization process, municipalities were reduced and new ones were created. On March 10, 1917, by virtue of Act No. 2711, Barrio Papaya was listed among the 27 municipalities of Nueva Ecija. However, the true formation of the independent municipality occurred on October 14, 1920, when Governor-General Francis Burton Harrison issued Executive Order No. 30, officially separating Barrio Papaya, along with Barrio Rio Chico and Barrio Pias, from the town of Peñaranda. This separation became effective on January 1, 1921, marking the beginning of Papaya as an independent municipality.
Papaya achieved its status as an independent municipality in 1921 through the concerted efforts of key local figures. Among them was Francisco Padolina, a respected leader and community elder. Francisco Padolina’s advocacy for local autonomy and his efforts in organizing the people of Papaya during the Spanish colonial period earned him recognition as one of the town’s early founders. His vision for Papaya’s independence was also championed by his son, Comandante Mamerto Padolina, a dedicated Katipunero who played a pivotal role in the Philippine Revolution and the Philippine-American War. Born in sitio Papaya, Mamerto Padolina became a key figure in the region, contributing to the recapture of San Isidro, now celebrated as the Unang Sigaw ng Himagsikan. His leadership and influence in Peñaranda and its surrounding areas were instrumental in mobilizing support for Papaya’s separation as a town.
Another pivotal figure was Juez (Judge) Segundo Bernardo, who served as the municipal president of Peñaranda from 1913 to 1919. His leadership and advocacy were instrumental in the administrative processes leading to Papaya's establishment as a separate town. He later became a Juez de Policia or Justice of the Peace of Papaya from 1928 to 1934.
The collaborative efforts of these leaders—Francisco Padolina, Mamerto Padolina, and Segundo Bernardo—culminated in the creation of the municipality of Papaya, which later became known as General Tinio, paving the way for its growth and development as an independent community.

### Sitio Papaya

Papaya became the administrative center of the newly formed town, largely due to its strategic location and historical significance as a meeting point for the locals and visitors. It has become known as Poblacion or Bayan. It developed into the hub of governance and commerce for the municipality.
Spanish Colonial Period ( - 1898) :
| Cabesa de Barrio | Term |
| Martin Maducdoc | |
| Fabian Pajarillaga | |
| Juan Pajarillaga | |
| Gregorio Oltiveros | |
| Anastacio Paras | |
| Basillio Pajarillaga | |
| Ignacio Paras | |
| Eugenio Paras | |
| Anastacio Bote | |
| Eustaquio Bote | |
| Juan Bolisay | |
| Catalino Bolisay | |
| Crisostomo Bal | |
| Antonio Quijano | |
| Pedro Bautista | |
| Damaso Bautista | |
| Elino Ramos | |
| Antero Ramos | |
| Pedro Gonzales | |
| Tomas Manuel | |
| Aniceto Ronquillo | |
| Martin Ramos | |
| Bibiano Oltiveros | |
| Alejandro Pajarillaga | |
| Pio Maducdoc | |
| Jose Ronquillo | |
| Juanso Padolina | |
| Esteban Bote | |
| Gregorio Aves | |
| Corneliio Paras | |
| Gaspar Padolina | |
| Miguel Bernardo | |
| Bienvenido Bulacan | |
| Jose Ronquillo | |
| Pedro Pajarillaga | |
| Telesforo Bal | |
| Cosme Bal | |
| Pruto Ramos | |
| Leon Ramos | |
| Engracio Padolina | |
| Pedro Ramos | |
| Timoteo Bulacan | |
| Buenaventura Rivera | |
| Basilio Buenavides | |
| Silverio Manuel | |
| Moises Bolisay | |
| Florentino Ramos | |
| Tiniente | Term |
| Mamerto Ramos Padolina | 1896 -1898 |
| American Colonial Period (1898 - 1935) ||
| Mamerto Ramos Padolina | 1898 -1901 |
| Anacleto Bote | 1901-1906 |
| Julian Maducdoc | 1906 -1911 |
| Jose Bulacan | 1911 -1916 |
| Arcadio Bote | 1916 -1920 |

### Sitio Rio Chico

Rio Chico, previously known as Ilog na Munti, played an equally important role in the formation of the town. The name Rio Chico, meaning "small river," was given by Spanish soldiers who were impressed by the small river that ran through the area, providing water and facilitating transportation. Rio Chico was known for its fertile lands along the riverbanks, which allowed the community to thrive. The pioneering families—the Riveras and the Gonzaleses—settled along the river and became the foundation of the community, contributing significantly to the early development of the town.
The original families in the area are the Rivera and Gonzales. The sitio of Baste (now known as Barangay Bago), located northeast of Rio Chico near the Sierra Madre Mountains, was an important agricultural site and served as an evacuation center during World War II. Baste was also a hiding place for the Hukbalahaps and guerrilla fighters during the Japanese occupation.
The old sitios are:
* Arobo
* Batug
* Bical-bical
* Binumbunan
* Bulak
* Calumpit
* Combenio
* Lungos
* Makabaklay
* Nazareth (which later became a barrio)
* Palas na Tuod
* Pantay ng Sibug
* Pias (which later became a barrio)
* Pinagbakahan
* Santuyo
* Sikulatihan
* Sumandig
* Tagabas
Local Leaders of Rio Chico :
| Cabeza de Barangay / Teniente de Barrio / Barrio Lieutenant | Term |
| Cabezang Anastacio Rivera | |
| Crisanto Rivera | |
| Lucio Rivera | |
| Roman Rivera | |
| Candido Rivera | |
| Lucas Castro | |
| Marciano Castro | |
| Agustin Mangulabnan | |
| Julian Abela | |
| Pioquinto Rivera | |
| Juan Rivera | |
| Teniente Saturnino Gonzales | |
| Teniente Pedro Gonzales | |
| Consehal Hermogenes Pablo | |
| Consehal Valiente Rivera | |
| Consehal David Rivera | |
| Teniente Juan Quijano | |
| Teniente Rosendo Gonzales | |
| Consehal Ruperto Bernardo | |
| Teniente Alfonso Gonzales | |
| Teniente Paulino Bacay | |
| Consehal Valentin Alarcon | 1952 |

### Barrio Pias

Pias, the third foundational barrio, was known for its rich natural resources, including bamboo and fish, which were abundant along the banks of the river that ran through the area. According to local legend, the barrio got its name when children mispronounced the word "bias," referring to bamboo tubes that served as hiding places for fish. The name stuck and has been used ever since. Pias also held significance due to its agricultural potential and its position as a gateway to the rugged terrain of the Sierra Madre, which later served as a refuge for guerilla fighters during times of conflict.
The old sitios are:
* Sapang-bato - it was famous for its mangoes and fish and was used as an evacuation center of the barrios and towns.
* Samang-gogo - it used to be grazing lands for cows and carabaos; Gogo/Gugo (Entada phaseoloides) was found in this area and sold to neighboring towns.
* Kaputatan - it became the hiding place of prominent people in Nueva Ecija like Ex-Governor Jose Robles and the Yusons of Gapan; Putat (Barringtonia asiatica or Barringtonia racemosa (L.) Spreng) of Fish-Poison tree was found growing along the river; the sitio became a barrio in 1938.
* Maipit - a place where there were many rocks and crevices where your fingers could be caught.
* Bacug - a place named after the vine Bacug that was used for basket-weaving.
* Sabia - this area became the headquarters of Anderson guerrillas during the Japanese occupation; this area is also famous for the local fish called Bia / Biya / Tabios / Dwarf Pygmy Goby (Paedocypris progenetica).
* from the National Historical Commission; published by the Bureau of Schools 1953Talbac - this area is known to be populated by Negritos / Aeta or Alta; the site where William J. Pomeroy and his wife were captured in April 1952; this place became also a stronghold of Luis Taruc, Jesus Lava, Jose de Leon alias Dimasalang, and Alfredo Saulo. It was said that this area was also a battleground between Macabebes and Insurrectos.
Local Leaders of Pias :
| Cabeza de Barangay / Teniente de Barrio / Barrio Lieutenant | Term |
| Cabezang Miguel Mabalay | |
| Mateo Solomon | |
| Saturnino Pascual | |
| Pedro Fajardo | 1952 |

### Martial law era
#### Establishment of Additional 6 Barangays from P.D. 86 of 1972

After the Barrio Papaya, with Barrio Rio Chico and Pias became a town with an elected municipal government in 1921, the Barrio of Papaya had become officially as Barrio Poblacion or "Bayan".
On December 31, 1972, during the Martial Law period, P.D 86 Creating Citizen Assemblies revised the Barrio Charter (RA 3590). This was further amended by P.D. 86-A Strengthening and Defining the Role of Barangays (Citizens Assemblies) on January 5, 1973. Under the leadership of Mayor Nicanor Bulacan Aves, these laws were executed and, by 1978, led to the creation of 6 new barangays.
As the Poblacion was dissolved, these 6 new barangays were promulgated: Poblacion Central, Poblacion East, Poblacion West, San Pedro, Sampaguita, Pulong Matong. From three barrios, the town is now subdivided to twelve and are now called barangays.

### Modern era

In 1999, under the leadership of Mayor Virgilio Abes Bote, the Local Government of General Tinio filed a territorial dispute to reclaim Barangay Palale from Palayan City. On September 7, 2006, the Supreme Court First Division, in G.R. No. 169089, ruled in favor of General Tinio, officially transferring Barangay Palale back under its jurisdiction. The Barangay was previously one of the northern sitios of Barangay Nazareth before it was transferred to Palayan City in 1982.

## Geography

* Topographic map
* Flood map is if the waters go high as 40m above sea level

### Climate

Climate data for General Tinio, Nueva Ecija :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 29 (84) | 30 (86) | 31 (88) | 34 (93) | 33 (91) | 31 (88) | 30 (86) | 29 (84) | 29 (84) | 30 (86) | 30 (86) | 29 (84) | 30 (87) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 20 (68) | 20 (68) | 20 (68) | 22 (72) | 24 (75) | 24 (75) | 24 (75) | 24 (75) | 24 (75) | 23 (73) | 22 (72) | 21 (70) | 22 (72) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 4 (0.2) | 4 (0.2) | 5 (0.2) | 11 (0.4) | 66 (2.6) | 99 (3.9) | 127 (5.0) | 113 (4.4) | 99 (3.9) | 84 (3.3) | 35 (1.4) | 14 (0.6) | 661 (26.1) |
| Average rainy days | 2.2 | 1.9 | 3.2 | 5.3 | 16.1 | 20.8 | 23.5 | 22.8 | 22.2 | 16.5 | 8.9 | 3.5 | 146.9 |
| Source: Meteoblue ||||||||||||||
Climate data for General Tinio, Nueva Ecija :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 29 (84) | 30 (86) | 31 (88) | 34 (93) | 33 (91) | 31 (88) | 30 (86) | 29 (84) | 29 (84) | 30 (86) | 30 (86) | 29 (84) | 30 (87) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 20 (68) | 20 (68) | 20 (68) | 22 (72) | 24 (75) | 24 (75) | 24 (75) | 24 (75) | 24 (75) | 23 (73) | 22 (72) | 21 (70) | 22 (72) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 4 (0.2) | 4 (0.2) | 5 (0.2) | 11 (0.4) | 66 (2.6) | 99 (3.9) | 127 (5.0) | 113 (4.4) | 99 (3.9) | 84 (3.3) | 35 (1.4) | 14 (0.6) | 661 (26.1) |
| Average rainy days | 2.2 | 1.9 | 3.2 | 5.3 | 16.1 | 20.8 | 23.5 | 22.8 | 22.2 | 16.5 | 8.9 | 3.5 | 146.9 |
| Source: Meteoblue ||||||||||||||
Climate data for General Tinio, Nueva Ecija :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 29 (84) | 30 (86) | 31 (88) | 34 (93) | 33 (91) | 31 (88) | 30 (86) | 29 (84) | 29 (84) | 30 (86) | 30 (86) | 29 (84) | 30 (87) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 20 (68) | 20 (68) | 20 (68) | 22 (72) | 24 (75) | 24 (75) | 24 (75) | 24 (75) | 24 (75) | 23 (73) | 22 (72) | 21 (70) | 22 (72) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 4 (0.2) | 4 (0.2) | 5 (0.2) | 11 (0.4) | 66 (2.6) | 99 (3.9) | 127 (5.0) | 113 (4.4) | 99 (3.9) | 84 (3.3) | 35 (1.4) | 14 (0.6) | 661 (26.1) |
| Average rainy days | 2.2 | 1.9 | 3.2 | 5.3 | 16.1 | 20.8 | 23.5 | 22.8 | 22.2 | 16.5 | 8.9 | 3.5 | 146.9 |
| Source: Meteoblue ||||||||||||||

## Economy

Poverty incidence of General Tinio
* 10
* 20
* 30
* 40
* 2000 35.19
* 2003 12.48
* 2006 19.70
* 2009 15.69
* 2012 15.38
* 2015 14.92
* 2018 5.10
* 2021 12.61
* Source: Philippine Statistics Authority

## Government
### Local government

Main article: Sangguniang Bayan
The following have led the town from its birth in 1921 to what it had become today.
American Colonial Period (1898 - 1935) :
| Municipal President | Municipal Vice President | Term |
| Cristobal Castro Mangulabnan (appointed) | Vice Martin Ramos (appointed) | 1921–1922 |
| Getulio Bote, Sr. | Vice Martin Pajarillaga | 1922–1925 |
| Martin Pajarillaga | Vice Marcos Bote Sr. | 1925–1931 |
| Marcos Bote Sr. | Vice Daniel Padolina | 1931–1934 |
| Melquiades Ronquillo, Sr. | Vice Santiago Bolisay | 1934–1937 |
| Commonwealth Period (1935 - 1946) |||
| Municipal Mayor | Municipal Vice Mayor | Term |
| Melquades Ronquillo, Sr. | Vice Damaso Bolisay | 1937–1940 |
| Getulio Bote | Vice Pedro Bulacan | 1940–1943 |
| Second Republic (Japanese Occupation 1943-1945) |||
| Getulio Bote (under Japanese forces) | Vice Pedro Bulacan | 1943–1944 |
| Getulio Bote (transition to Commonwealth government) | Vice Angeles Bote | 1945 |
| Third Republic (1946 - 1972) |||
| Gerardo Rivera | Vice Angeles Bote | 1946–1947 |
| Gerardo Rivera | Vice Diosdado Bote | 1948–1951 |
| Gerardo Rivera with | Victorino Bote | 1952–1955 |
| Bienvenido Bautista Abes | Vice Victorino Bote | 1956–1959 |
| Gerardo Rivera | Vice Banaag Leodones | 1960–1963 |
| Santos Quitua Bote | Vice Getulio Bote, Jr. | 1964–1967 |
| Mariano Ronquillo | Vice Manuel Domingo | January 1–15, 1968 |
| Manuel Domingo | Vice Perfecto M. Bote | 1968–1971 |
| Nicanor Bautista Aves | Vice Alfonso Pajimna | January 1– September 21, 1972 |
| Fourth Republic (1972 - 1986) |||
| Nicanor Bautista Aves | Vice Alfonso Pajimna | September 21, 1972 -1980 |
| Nathaniel Bote, Jr. | Vice Venancio Bote | 1981–1986 |
| Fifth Republic (1986–Present) |||
| OIC Gerardo Rivera | Vice Antonio Abes | 1986–1988 |
| Placido Maducdoc Calma | Vice Bernardino R. Abes | 1988–1995 |
| Placido Maducdoc Calma | Vice Elsa Bote | 1995–1998 |
| Placido Maducdoc Calma | Vice Bernardino R. Abes | 1998–2004 |
| Isidro Tinio Pajarillaga | Vice Indira P. Dayupay | 2004–2007 |
| Virgilio Abes Bote | Vice Marcelo Bote Abes | 2007–2010 |
| Virgilio Abes Bote | Vice Engr. Ferdinand P. Bote | 2010–2016 |
| Engr. Ferdinand P. Bote | Vice Atty. Melvin Santiago Pascual | 2016– July 3, 2018 |
| Atty. Melvin Santiago Pascual | Vice Anna Rouselle B Busalpa | July 4, 2018 – 2019 |
| Isidro Tinio Pajarillaga | Vice Atty. Melvin Santiago Pascual | 2019–present |

## Culture
### Arakyo Festival

The Arakyo Festival is a traditional cultural and religious presentation celebrated until the 1970s in General Tinio and continuing today in Barangay Pias. While its roots lie in the historical territory of Old Gapan, the festival is no longer celebrated in Gapan City itself. Its origins date back to the Spanish colonial period and were brought to the Philippines by the Order of St. Augustine who was part of the Counter-Reformation efforts and as part of Spain's efforts to spread Catholicism and establish dominance throughout the islands.
The Arakyo Festival draws its inspiration from the Founding of the True Cross by St. Helena, an event celebrated worldwide as the Feast of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross. This feast commemorates the discovery of the True Cross by St. Helena in Jerusalem around 326 AD and honors subsequent events such as its recovery from the Persians in 629 AD and the dedication of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. The Feast of the Holy Cross is celebrated annually on September 14 in both Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches, emphasizing its global significance. In Western Christianity, this celebration was historically also observed on May 3—commonly known as "Crouchmas" or "Roodmas"—specifically marking the finding of the True Cross.

### Feast of Santo Niño (every 2nd of January)

The fiestas in Barangay Pias and Barangay Padolina are celebrated on January 2 in honor of Santo Niño (the Holy Child Jesus). This devotion to Santo Niño de Cebu traces its roots back to 1521, when Ferdinand Magellan gifted an image of the Holy Child to Rajah Humabon (baptized as Carlos) and his wife, Hara Humamay (baptized as Juana), during their baptism as the first Christian converts in Cebu. This moment marked the beginning of the Santo Niño devotion in the Philippines, a practice that has since become deeply embedded in Filipino culture.
The Santo Niño feast symbolizes the start of the year with blessings, hope, and communal renewal. This tradition, brought by the Augustinian missionaries, emphasizes the influence of the Santo Niño on the spiritual and cultural identity of the people of Nueva Ecija, linking the modern-day celebrations to the early efforts of Christian evangelization in the Philippines. Other nearby areas that also celebrate are the Barangay Sto. Niño, Peñaranda; Fiesta del Santo Niño de Cabanatuan in Cabanatuan, Sto. Niño de Puncan, Carranglan; Viva Sto. Niño Festival in Talavera, and The Feast of Santo Niño of San Mariano Chapel, Talavera.

### Minalungao

Minalungao National Park is a 2,018-hectare natural park located in General Tinio, Nueva Ecija. Known for its towering limestone formations and the Sumacbao River that slices through the landscape.

### Sumacbao River

The Sumacbao River is the largest tributary of the Peñaranda River, located in Central Luzon, Philippines. This river defines part of the territorial boundary of Barangay Pias in General Tinio, Nueva Ecija, and traverses a small section of the Municipality of Doña Remedios Trinidad in Bulacan.

#### Ecological Significance

The Sumacbao River plays a vital role in the hydrological system of the region. Its crystal-clear waters flow through the limestone formations of Minalungao National Park (MNP), one of the most prominent ecotourism destinations in Nueva Ecija. The river supports diverse aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, making it a haven for local flora and fauna.

#### Ecotourism and Recreation

The Sumacbao River is a centerpiece of Minalungao National Park. Visitors to the park can engage in activities such as:
* Bamboo rafting and kayaking
* Swimming in the river's cool waters
* Trekking and spelunking in the surrounding caves
* Birdwatching and wildlife observation
The river’s unique rock formations and serene environment make it a popular destination for nature enthusiasts and adventure seekers.

#### Role in Local Communities

The Sumacbao River serves as a water source for agricultural activities in the surrounding barangays. It also supports local livelihoods through ecotourism, providing opportunities for employment as guides, park attendants, and food vendors.

### Cockfighting

Cockfighting, or "sabong", is a longstanding tradition and popular pastime in General Tinio, particularly among the male population. The single General Tinio Cockpit Arena serves as the venue for these events, which are more than just gambling—they are significant cultural and social gatherings. The appeal of cockfighting is partly due to the chance to make informed bets based on the roosters’ breed and training, giving participants a sense of control over the outcome. This, along with the social camaraderie it fosters, helps maintain its enduring popularity in the community.

## Notable People
### Pedro "Bigas" Manuel Bautista

A statue at the Barangay San Pedro enshrines the history of brass bands in the town and it recognizes Maestro Pedro "Bigas" Manuel Bautista as the "Ama ng Musika" (Father of Music) of the town. It recognizes his influence on the youth of his time, teaching and elevating the standard of music in the area. Due to his dedication, General Tinio considered a Barangay to be named after him but he declined as he was still alive at that time. He recommended to name it after his namesake, St. Peter, the Apostle. Therefore, the Barangay was named Barangay San Pedro. With his continued contribution in music, General Tinio became known as the town having the most number of active brass bands. The resolution for the statue was initiated by the Barangay Council of San Pedro and endorsed by the Municipal Council of General Tinio in December 2002, with the statue being unveiled on November 22, 2003.

### Mamerto Ramos Padolina

Mamerto Ramos Padolina, better known as Comandante Tingting Merto (born in sitio Papaya, Peñaranda, Nueva Ecija, 1845), was a prominent Katipunero and revolutionary leader during the Philippine Revolution. He is best known for leading his fellow townspeople in the recapture of San Isidro, an event now commemorated as the Unang Sigaw ng Himagsikan. Following this success, Padolina was assigned as Cabeza de Barrio in Papaya during the revolution, further solidifying his leadership and influence within the community.
As a trusted commander in the Katipunan, Padolina mobilized support for the revolutionary movement in Nueva Ecija and neighboring areas. Among those from Papaya who joined him were Captain Juan Caima, Teniente Juanso Padolina, Teniente Eulalio Padolina, Teniente Felix Sarmiento, Teniente Jose Bulacan, and Teniente Pedro Gonzales. Together, they played vital roles in the local struggle against Spanish conquistadores.
After the revolution, Padolina continued to advocate for the development of his hometown. His efforts, alongside other local leaders, were instrumental in securing Papaya’s independence from Peñaranda, culminating in its establishment as a separate municipality in 1921. His contributions to both the revolutionary cause and the creation of an autonomous Papaya have cemented his legacy as one of the town's founding figures.

### Francisco B. Padolina

Francisco Padolina was a respected elder and community leader from Papaya, Nueva Ecija, and the father of revolutionary leader Mamerto Padolina. Francisco was instrumental in laying the groundwork for Papaya’s eventual separation from Peñaranda. His efforts in uniting the community and fostering local autonomy during the Spanish colonial period earned him recognition as one of the founders of the municipality. His legacy was carried forward by his son Mamerto, who continued the push for independence.

### Segundo Bernardo

Segundo Bernardo (served as Cabeza de Barrio of Peñaranda from 1913 to 1919, prior to Papaya's establishment as a town) was a distinguished local leader and staunch advocate for Papaya’s independence. He held the position of municipal president of Peñaranda, Nueva Ecija, during a critical period of administrative restructuring, serving two terms from 1913 to 1919. Bernardo’s leadership was instrumental in laying the groundwork for the separation of Papaya from Peñaranda, culminating in its recognition as an independent town in 1921.
Following Papaya’s establishment as a municipality, Bernardo continued his public service as Juez de Policía (Justice of the Peace) from 1928 to 1934, where he played a vital role in maintaining peace and order and shaping the early governance of the fledgling municipality. His contributions left a lasting impact on the town’s development and governance.

### Getulio Ramos Bote

Getulio R Bote was a prominent leader in Papaya (now General Tinio, Nueva Ecija) during one of the most tumultuous times in the town’s history. As the first elected mayor of Papaya, his leadership marked the transition from the traditional principalia-dominated leadership to a fledgling democracy, a concept that many residents were still skeptical of at the time. Re-elected before the Japanese occupation, Bote became a figure of trust and stability for the community.
During the Japanese occupation in World War II, however, Papaya became a battleground—not just between the Japanese forces and Filipino guerrillas, but also between the loyalties of its people. Those who sided with the Japanese-backed government risked retaliation from guerrilla groups like the Hukbalahap, while those who supported the guerrillas faced brutal punishment from the Japanese.
Mayor Getulio Bote exemplified this dual peril. Suspected of supporting the guerrillas, he was captured by the Japanese military and subjected to 15 days of brutal torture in Cabanatuan. He was hogtied, beaten, and starved, yet he refused to betray his fellow townspeople or divulge guerrilla secrets. Despite this harrowing experience, Bote returned to lead Papaya during its post-war reconstruction, overseeing the reopening of schools and the rebuilding of the community. His resilience and dedication earned him respect and a lasting legacy as a leader who endured immense personal suffering to protect his people.

### Consorcio Oltiveros

Consorcio Oltiveros, the Chief of Police in Papaya during the Japanese occupation, embodied the dangers of leadership in a divided community. While tasked with maintaining order in a town under Japanese control, Oltiveros also had to navigate the mistrust and hostility of the local guerrilla forces. The people of Papaya found themselves trapped between two sides: supporting the Japanese-backed government meant risking retaliation from the Hukbalahap, while aiding the guerrillas invited brutal torture or death from the Japanese.
Oltiveros paid the ultimate price for his role. In 1943, during a raid by the Hukbalahap, he was taken from his home and executed, accused of siding with the Japanese-installed government. His death was a grim reminder of the impossible choices faced by the people of Papaya during the war. They were forced to walk a dangerous tightrope, often suffering devastating consequences no matter where their loyalties lay.

### Veltisezar B. Bautista

Veltisezar Bal Bote or more popularly known as Veltisezar B. Bautista, a native of General Tinio, Nueva Ecija, is a multi-awarded Filipino American author and publisher. Known for his significant contributions to literature, Bautista has won seven book awards, including two Benjamin Franklin Awards, one of the most prestigious honors in publishing. Among his notable works are The Filipino Americans from 1763 to the Present: Their History, Culture, and Traditions and Improve Your Grades: A Practical Guide to Academic Excellence.

### Felipe Padilla de León

Felipe Padilla de León (May 1, 1912 – December 5, 1992) was a distinguished Filipino composer, conductor, and scholar, renowned for his works that embody Filipino identity. Born in Sitio Papaya, then part of Peñaranda, Nueva Ecija (now General Tinio), he pursued studies in Fine Arts at the University of the Philippines but left to support his family through various jobs, including playing the trombone in cabarets and circuses. He later returned to the university, graduating in 1939 with a diploma in music teaching and conducting. De León's compositions include the operas Noli Me Tangere(1957) and El Filibusterismo (1970), based on José Rizal's novels, as well as orchestral pieces like Mariang Makiling Overture (1939) and Roca Encantada (1950). He also translated Marcha Nacional Filipina to the current version of the Philippine national anthem, "Lupang Hinirang" into Filipino and composed the Christmas carol "Pasko na Naman", "Noche Buena" and "Payapang Daigdig."In recognition of his contributions to Philippine music, he was posthumously honored as a National Artist of the Philippines in 1997.

### Ponciano A. Bernardo

Ponciano A. Bernardo (1905–1949) was a Filipino engineer and politician best known as the second Mayor of Quezon City. Born in Santa Rosa, Nueva Ecija, he played a pivotal role in developing Quezon City into the capital of the Philippines during his tenure from 1947 to 1949.
An ally of President Manuel Quezon, Bernardo was instrumental in implementing urban planning initiatives that laid the groundwork for the city's growth. His career was tragically cut short when he was ambushed and killed by Hukbalahap insurgents in 1949, alongside First Lady Aurora Quezon. Bernardo's contributions to public service and urban development remain a significant part of Philippine history.

## Gallery

* Town hall
* Sports center
* Old Santo Cristo Parish Church
* New Holy Cross Parish Church
* Public market
* Cory Aquino memorial
* Minalungao National Park
* The Upper Tabuating Dam at Brgy. Nazareth