# Naturmuseum Senckenberg

The Naturmuseum Senckenberg (SMF) is a museum of natural history, located in Frankfurt am Main. It is the second-largest of its kind in Germany. In 2010, almost 517,000 people visited the museum, which is owned by the Senckenberg Nature Research Society. Senckenberg's slogan is "world of biodiversity". As of 2019, the museum exhibits 18 reconstructed dinosaurs.

## History

In 1763, Johann Christian Senckenberg donated 95,000 guilders–his entire fortune–to establish a community hospital and promote scientific projects. Senckenberg died in 1772. In 1817, 32 Frankfurt citizens founded the non-profit Senckenberg Nature Research Society, German: Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung (SGN), which is a member of the Leibniz Association. Soon after, Johann Georg Neuburg [de] donated his collection of bird and mammal specimens to the society. The Naturmuseum Senckenberg was founded in 1821, just four years later. Initially located near the Eschenheimer Turm, the museum moved to a new building on Senckenberganlage in 1907. In 1896 a mummified Egyptian child in their collection (inventory number ÄS 18) was the subject of the first mummy X-ray. During World War II, the building was partly destroyed. However, the exhibits had been evacuated before.

## Building

The neo-baroque building housing the Senckenberg Museum was erected between 1904 and 1907 by Ludwig Neher [de] outside of the center of Frankfurt in the same area as the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, which was founded in 1914. The museum is owned and operated by the Senckenberg Nature Research Society. The exhibition area covers 6,000 m$^2$ (65,000 sq ft).
* Floor plans of the basement, ground floor and first floor of the Senckenberg Museum at the time of construction, published 1908
* Cross section through the main axis of the Senckenberg Museum, published 1908
Source:

### Expansion plans

As of 2018, the museum has been expanded to 10,000 m$^2$ (110,000 sq ft). New planned sections: Human, Earth, Cosmos, Future.

## Directors

* 2021–2024 Brigitte Franzen [de]
* 2021–present Klement Tockner [de], General director, Senckenberg Nature Research Society

## Collections

The Senckenberg Museum Frankfurt has a large collection of animal, plant and geology exhibits from every epoch of Earth's history.

### Dinosaurs
#### Diplodocus

Main attraction is a Diplodocus from Bone Cabin Quarry, Wyoming, donated by the American Museum of Natural History on the occasion of the present museum building's inauguration on 13 October 1907, The 18 m (59 ft) mounted skeleton with additions contains bones of three different sauropod genera (Diplodocus and closely related Apatosaurus and Barosaurus).

#### Psittacosaurus

As of 2022, a key holding is a fossilized Psittacosaurus (specimen SMF R 4970) from Liaoning, China, with clear bristles around its tail and visible fossilized stomach contents. The specimen was first reported in 2002. The exact date and locality of the discovery within Liaoning is unknown. A controversial debate about the legal ownership arose. In 2021, researchers described its cloaca in more detail and found similarities with the body outlet of birds. In 2022, for the first time a belly button was found in a dinosaur fossil. A physical life reconstruction of the animal was prepared by paleoartist Robert Nicholls.

#### Edmontosaurus and Triceratops

Another originals are an Edmontosaurus annectens mummy (specimen SMF R 4036) from Lance Formation, Wyoming. and two Triceratops skulls. The museum bought the three specimen from fossil collector Charles Hazelius Sternberg and his sons in the early 20th century. The museum also exhibits a cast of a complete Triceratops, the museum's mascot.

#### Casts

Big public attractions also include the casts of Tyrannosaurus rex and Diplodocus longus (in front of the museum), an Iguanodon, the crested Hadrosaur Parasaurolophus and an Oviraptor.
Further casts or single bones:
* Archaeopteryx lithographica
* Brachiosaurus brancai
* Compsognathus longipes
* Euoplocephalus tutus
* Plateosaurus engelhardti
* Protoceratops
* Sinosauropteryx prima
* Stegosaurus stenops
* Amargasaurus cazaui
* Argentinosaurus huinculensis
* Austroraptor cabazai
* Carnotaurus sastrei
* Eoraptor lunensis
* Giganotosaurus carolinii
* Kritosaurus australis
* Panphagia protos
* Velociraptor
* Deinonychus

### Birds

A living reconstruction of the extinct dodo and many other stuffed birds are shown in a permanent exhibition in the upper level. Additionally, the museum owns a large and diverse collection of birds with 90,000 bird skins, 5,050 egg sets, 17,000 skeletons, and 3,375 spirit specimens (a specimen preserved in fluid). This is 75% of the known bird species, only a minor part is exhibited.

### Reptiles

Anaconda is one of the oldest and most popular exhibits. Since the remodeling finished in 2003, a new reptile exhibit addresses both the biodiversity of reptiles and amphibians and the topic of nature conservation.

### Messel research

The museum houses many originals from the nearby Messel pit, Germany's first UNESCO World Natural Heritage Site, among them a predecessor to the modern horse that lived about 50 million years ago and stood less than 60 cm (24 in) tall. In 2015, researchers found an foal fetus in the body of the petrified primeval horse mare. Also primates, crocodiles, bats, snakes, turtles and other fossils were found at Messel pit.

### Mammals

Display collections full of stuffed animals are arranged in the upper levels; among other things one can see one of twenty existing examples of the quagga, which has been extinct since 1883.
The mammal collection focuses on bats, primates, rodents, and insectivores (not exhibited).

### Human evolution

Unique in Europe is a cast of the famous Lucy, an almost complete skeleton of the upright, 1 m (3 ft 3 in) tall, hominid Australopithecus afarensis. The exhibition also includes reconstructions of the heads of human ancestors.

## Gallery

* Original Triceratops skulls
* Reconstructed skeleton of Giganotosaurus carolinii
* Original Diplodocus
* Original Edmontosaurus mummy
* Original Psittacosaurus
* Green Anaconda (Eunectes murinus) devours a capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris)
* Original Messel fossil Eurohippus messelensis, primeval horse
* Reconstructed skeleton of an Australopithecus afarensis ("Lucy")