# Estes Park, Colorado

Estes Park (/ˈɛstɪs/) is a statutory town in Larimer County, Colorado, United States. The town population was 5,904 at the 2020 United States census. Estes Park is a part of the Fort Collins, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Front Range Urban Corridor. A popular summer resort and the location of the headquarters for Rocky Mountain National Park, Estes Park lies along the Big Thompson River. Landmarks include The Stanley Hotel and The Baldpate Inn. The town overlooks Lake Estes and Olympus Dam.

## History
### Early history

Before Europeans came to the Estes Park valley, the Arapaho Native Americans lived there in the summertime and called the valley "the Circle." When three elderly Arapahoes visited Estes Park in 1914, they pointed out sites they remembered from their younger days. A photograph at the Estes Park Museum identified the touring party as Shep Husted, guide; Gun Griswold, a 73-year-old judge; Sherman Sage, a 63-year-old chief of police; Tom Crispin, 38-year-old reservation resident and interpreter; Oliver W. Toll, recorder; and David Robert Hawkins, a Princeton student.
In the 1850s, the Arapaho had spent summers camped around Mary's Lake, where their rock fireplaces, tipi sites, and dance rings were still visible. They also recalled building eagle traps atop Longs Peak to get the war feathers coveted by all tribes. They remembered their routes to and from the valley in detail, naming trails and landmarks. They pointed out the site of their buffalo trap, and described the use of dogs to pack meat out of the valley. Their recollections included a battle with Apaches in the 1850s, and fights with Utes who came to the area to hunt bighorn sheep, so all three of those tribes used the valley's resources.
Whites probably came into the Estes Park valley before the 1850s as trappers, but did not stay long. The town is named after Missouri native Joel Estes, who founded the community in 1859. Estes moved his family there in 1863. One of Estes' early visitors was William Byers, a newspaper editor who wrote of his attempted ascent of Longs Peak in 1864, publicizing the area as a pristine wilderness.
Griff Evans and his family came to Estes Park in 1867 to act as caretakers for the former Estes ranch. Recognizing the potential for tourism, he began building cabins to accommodate travelers. It became a dude ranch in Estes Park, with guides for hunting, fishing, and mountaineering; when Isabella Bird arrived in 1873, Evans already had nine men and women as guests.
The 4th Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl, a young Anglo-Irish peer, arrived in late December 1872 under the guidance of Texas Jack Omohundro, subsequently made numerous visits, and decided to take over the valley for his own private hunting preserve. Lord Dunraven's 'land grab' didn't work, but he controlled 6,000 acres before he changed tactics and opened the area's first resort, the Estes Park Hotel, which was destroyed by fire in 1911.
Bird, the daughter of an Anglican minister, came overland to Colorado, where she borrowed a horse and set out to explore the Rocky Mountains with a guide, the notorious James Nugent, aka 'Rocky Mountain Jim'. She wrote A Lady's Life in the Rocky Mountains, a memoir of their travels, including the breathtaking ascent of Longs Peak, where she was literally hauled up the steep pitches "like a bale of goods."
On June 19, 1874, Rocky Mountain Jim and neighbor Griff Evans (see above) had an argument. Having had bitter history with each other, Nugent and Evans hated each other and were deep personal rivals when it came to tour guiding tourists. The argument escalated until Evans blasted Jim in the head with his rifle shotgun. Evans then traveled to Fort Collins to file an assault charge against Nugent, but he was arrested and tried for first degree murder when Jim Nugent died on September 9, 1874, of the bullet wound. Evans was put on trial, but the case was soon dismissed due to the lack of witnesses to the shooting. On August 9, 1875, the Loveland court-house acquitted Evans of any charges in the case.
William Henry Jackson photographed Estes Park in 1873.
Alex and Clara (Heeney) MacGregor arrived soon after and homesteaded at the foot of Lumpy Ridge. The MacGregor Ranch has been preserved as a historic site. In 1874, MacGregor incorporated a company to build a new toll road from Lyons, Colorado, to Estes Park. The road became what is today U.S. Highway 36. Before that time, however, the "road" was only a trail fit for pack horses. The improved road brought more visitors into Estes Park; some of them became full-time residents and built new hotels to accommodate the growing number of travelers.
In 1884, Enos Mills (1870–1922) left Kansas and came to Estes Park, where his relative Elkanah Lamb lived. That move proved significant for Estes Park because Mills became a naturalist and conservationist who devoted his life after 1909 to preserving nearly a thousand square miles of Colorado as Rocky Mountain National Park. He succeeded and the park was dedicated in 1915.
Enos Mills' younger brother Joe Mills (1880–1935) came to Estes Park in 1889. He wrote a series of articles about his youthful experiences for Boys Life which were later published as a book. After some years as a college athletics coach, he and his wife returned to Estes Park and built a hotel called The Crags on the north side of Prospect Mountain, overlooking the village. They ran that business in the summer while he continued his coaching career in winters at University of Colorado in Boulder.
Many early visitors came to Estes Park in search of better health. The Rocky Mountain West especially attracted those with pulmonary diseases, and in Estes Park some resorts catered to them, providing staff physicians for their care.

### Recent history

In 1903, a new road was opened from Loveland through the Big Thompson River canyon to Estes Park, increasing access to the valley. In 1907, three Loveland men established the first auto stage line from Loveland to Estes Park with three five-passenger touring Stanley Steamers. The following year, Mr. Stanley built nine-passenger steam busses and opened a bus line between Lyons and Estes Park.
By 1912, Estes Park had its own seasonal newspaper, the Estes Park Trail, which provided advertising for the local hotels and other businesses. It was a year-round weekly by 1921. In 1949, Olympus Dam was finished, creating Lake Estes, giving the town its main source of drinking water.
Land was still being homesteaded in the area in 1914, when Katherine Garetson (1877–1963) filed on land near the base of Longs Peak. She built a cabin and started a business known as the Big Owl Tea Place. She proved up on her homestead claim in 1915, and left a memoir of her years there.
In 1916 the Estes Valley Library was founded by the Estes Park Women's Club. It originally formed part of the old schoolhouse and contained only 262 printed works.
Estes Park was also the site of the organization of the Credit Union National Association, an important milestone in the history of American credit unions. In 1992, members of the modern American militia movement attended the three-day Rocky Mountain Rendezvous in Estes Park, which focused on "guns, resisting the federal government, and white supremacy".

### Major flooding events
#### Flood of 1982

The town suffered severe damage in July 1982 from flooding caused by the failure of Lawn Lake Dam, "after years of disrepair and neglect." The flood's alluvial fan can still be seen on Fall River Road. The downtown area was extensively renovated after the flood, and a river walk was added between the main street, Elkhorn Avenue, and the Big Thompson River.

#### Flood of 2013

Both U.S. Highway 36 and U.S. Highway 34, the major routes into town, were severely damaged. Hundreds of Estes Park residents were also isolated by the destruction of sections of Fish Creek Road and all nine crossings across Fish Creek. Damaged sewer lines dumped raw sewage down the creek and into the Big Thompson River.

## Geography

Estes Park sits at an elevation of 7,522 feet (2,293 m) on the front range of the Rocky Mountains at the eastern entrance of the Rocky Mountain National Park. Its north, south and east extremities border the Roosevelt National Forest. Lumpy Ridge lies immediately north of Estes Park.
At the 2020 United States census, the town had a total area of 4,414 acres (17.862 km$^2$) including 48 acres (0.194 km$^2$) of water.

### Historic ski areas

Estes Park was home to a number of now defunct ski areas:
* Davis Hill
* Hidden Valley
* Leydman Hill Jump
* Old Man Mountain
Estes Park vicinity was also the home of other resorts and tourist attractions.

### Climate

Estes Park has a humid continental climate (Koppen: Dfb). Summers are typically warm, sometimes hot, while winters are usually cold, with lows dropping into the teens and sometimes the single digits.
Climate data for Estes Park 3 SSE, Colorado, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 2001–2021 :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 60 (16) | 57 (14) | 69 (21) | 74 (23) | 85 (29) | 93 (34) | 94 (34) | 91 (33) | 89 (32) | 79 (26) | 66 (19) | 59 (15) | 94 (34) |
| Mean maximum °F (°C) | 50.6 (10.3) | 51.4 (10.8) | 61.1 (16.2) | 68.0 (20.0) | 76.1 (24.5) | 87.1 (30.6) | 88.3 (31.3) | 85.6 (29.8) | 82.0 (27.8) | 71.5 (21.9) | 60.4 (15.8) | 51.5 (10.8) | 89.4 (31.9) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 37.1 (2.8) | 37.5 (3.1) | 45.0 (7.2) | 51.5 (10.8) | 61.2 (16.2) | 73.9 (23.3) | 80.2 (26.8) | 77.7 (25.4) | 69.6 (20.9) | 56.6 (13.7) | 44.1 (6.7) | 36.2 (2.3) | 55.9 (13.3) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 26.6 (−3.0) | 26.6 (−3.0) | 33.1 (0.6) | 38.8 (3.8) | 47.9 (8.8) | 58.3 (14.6) | 64.2 (17.9) | 62.0 (16.7) | 54.4 (12.4) | 43.4 (6.3) | 33.8 (1.0) | 26.3 (−3.2) | 42.9 (6.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 16.1 (−8.8) | 15.8 (−9.0) | 21.2 (−6.0) | 26.1 (−3.3) | 34.7 (1.5) | 42.6 (5.9) | 48.2 (9.0) | 46.4 (8.0) | 39.2 (4.0) | 30.2 (−1.0) | 23.5 (−4.7) | 16.4 (−8.7) | 30.0 (−1.1) |
| Mean minimum °F (°C) | −7.5 (−21.9) | −7.2 (−21.8) | 3.3 (−15.9) | 12.6 (−10.8) | 21.1 (−6.1) | 35.5 (1.9) | 42.6 (5.9) | 39.1 (3.9) | 28.9 (−1.7) | 13.1 (−10.5) | 3.1 (−16.1) | −7.1 (−21.7) | −13.1 (−25.1) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −19 (−28) | −27 (−33) | −18 (−28) | −3 (−19) | 6 (−14) | 28 (−2) | 36 (2) | 31 (−1) | 20 (−7) | −10 (−23) | −20 (−29) | −22 (−30) | −27 (−33) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 0.82 (21) | 0.68 (17) | 1.58 (40) | 2.26 (57) | 2.27 (58) | 1.37 (35) | 2.55 (65) | 1.71 (43) | 1.65 (42) | 1.12 (28) | 0.74 (19) | 0.67 (17) | 17.42 (442) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 9.8 (25) | 13.3 (34) | 18.8 (48) | 19.3 (49) | 9.5 (24) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.5 (1.3) | 9.1 (23) | 11.0 (28) | 12.7 (32) | 104.0 (264) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 6.3 | 9.3 | 8.9 | 10.1 | 12.4 | 9.4 | 14.1 | 13.4 | 8.8 | 7.3 | 6.0 | 6.9 | 112.9 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 7.4 | 10.3 | 9.5 | 8.0 | 3.7 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 3.8 | 5.8 | 8.6 | 57.5 |
| Source: NOAA (mean maxima and minima 2006–2020) ||||||||||||||

## Demographics

In August 1900, Estes Park had a population of 218 in 63 households. Many (73) were born in Colorado. Eighteen were born in other countries: Canada (4), England (4), Germany (4), Finland (3), and one each from the Netherlands, Scotland, and Ireland. Eighty had been born in midwestern states, and thirty from states in the northeast.
As of the census of 2010, 5,858 people, 2,796 households, and 1,565 families resided in the town of Estes Park. The population density was 929.5 inhabitants per square mile (358.9/km$^2$). There were 4,107 housing units at an average density of 570.6 per square mile (220.3/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the town was 91.0% White, 0.3% African American, 0.5% Native American, 1.2% Asian, 2% Pacific Islander, 5.5% from other races, and 1.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 14% of the population.
There were 2,541 households, out of which 20.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.3% were married couples living together, 6.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.4% were non-families. 31.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.11 and the average family size was 2.61.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 17.6% under the age of 18, 5.8% from 18 to 24, 26.6% from 25 to 44, 29.4% from 45 to 64, and 20.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.7 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $43,262, and the median income for a family was $55,667. Males had a median income of $31,573 versus $20,767 for females. The per capita income for the town was $30,499. About 3.2% of families and 4.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.6% of those under age 18 and 0.8% of those age 65 or over.

## Local attractions

Estes Park's outskirts include The Stanley Hotel, built in 1909. An example of Edwardian opulence, the hotel continues to provide overnight accommodation to guests to this day, offering a broad range of activities and events including daily history and ghost tours of the hotel & the Cascades Restaurant and Whiskey Bar.
On May 21, 2021 the Mustang Mountain Coaster opened in Estes Park on the Sombrero Ranch. Built and operated by the Walker family the coaster demonstrates a diversification of outdoor adventures provided by the ranch whilst ensuring the protection of the natural landscape and is touted as the only mountain coaster located in relatively close proximity to the Denver, Boulder and Fort Collins area.
Opening to the public in July, 1955 the Estes Park Aerial Tramway carries passengers from the outskirts of Estes Park to the summit of Prospect Mountain, boasting a ridership of over 3 million. The Tramway was built and operated by the Heron family until March 21, 2024. Controlling interest in the Tramway was sold to Gondola Ventures who reopened and have been operating the Tramway since May 25, 2024.
Olympus Dam, on the outskirts of the town, is the dam that creates Lake Estes, a lake which is the site for boating and swimming in Estes Park. There are some hotels on the shore.
Roughly three to four million tourists visit Rocky Mountain National Park each year, with 2021 seeing 4.4 million tourist visits; most use Estes Park as their base. In the spring and fall, wapiti travel through the town on their migrations to and from the national park.

## Infrastructure
### Transportation

Trail Ridge Road, the highest continuous highway in the United States, runs from Estes Park westward through Rocky Mountain National Park, reaching Grand Lake over the continental divide.

#### Public transportation

The main airport serving Estes Park is Denver International Airport, located 75 miles southeast. Service between the airport and Estes Park is provided by local carriers.
The town of Estes Park operates Estes Transit, a free shuttle during the summer months.

#### Highways

* US 34 is an east–west highway that runs from Granby, Colorado to Berwyn, Illinois. In Colorado, it connects Estes Park to Loveland, Interstate 25, Greeley and Interstate 76.
* US 36 begins at the nearby Rocky Mountain National Park, running to Uhrichsville, Ohio, passing through Kansas, Missouri, Illinois and Indiana. It connects Estes Park to Boulder, and Interstates 25 and 76, both near Denver.
* State Highway 7 begins at the junction of US 36 and N St. Vrain Avenue in Estes Park and runs to Boulder, Lafayette and Brighton. Its northwestern segment is part of the Peak-to-Peak Scenic Byway.

## Notable people

* Jacob M. Appel, author, wrote The Mask of Sanity while living in Estes Park
* Tommy Caldwell, rock climber
* Jim Detterline, climber, resident of the Estes Park–Allenspark area at the time of his death
* Tom Hornbein, mountaineer & anesthesiologist. He was part of the U.S. expedition that climbed Mt. Everest in 1963. He and Willi Unsoeld were the first climbers to reach the summit via the West Ridge route, and the first to complete a traverse of a major Himalayan peak by descending by a different route than the one used to summit. In climbing circles, his climb is considered to be among the great feats in the history of mountaineering. He also designed the oxygen masks for the climb.
* Wendy Koenig, American middle-distance runner. She competed in the 800 metres at the 1972 Summer Olympics and the 1976 Summer Olympics. She served as the mayor of Estes Park from 2020 to 2024.
* Loren Shriver, astronaut, commander on the STS mission that launched the Hubble Telescope
* Freelan Oscar Stanley, inventor of the Stanley Steamer and builder of the Stanley Hotel
* William Ellery Sweet, 23rd Governor of Colorado, built a summer home in Estes Park in 1912, now used as a residence by his descendants
* Anna Wolfrom, pioneer homesteader, first successful businesswoman in Estes Park, writer, and teacher

## In popular culture

* Estes Park was the setting for Nicholas Sansbury Smith's Trackers series of novels.
* The Stanley Hotel inspired Stephen King to write his novel The Shining. He checked into the hotel in 1973 for a one-night stay with his wife Tabitha. This visit inspired him to change the novel's locale for his novel from an amusement park to the Overlook Hotel, the Stanley Hotel's fictional stand-in.
* The 1997 miniseries The Shining, written and produced by Stephen King, was filmed at the Stanley Hotel, following King's dissatisfaction with Stanley Kubrick's 1980 film adaptation of the novel.
* The 1994 film Dumb and Dumber featured the Stanley Hotel as a set, representing the lavish "Danbury Hotel" at which the protagonists stay.
* Estes Park served as the setting for the Cozy Corgi Mysteries series by Mildred Abbott.
* Several scenes from the 1978 Centennial miniseries were filmed in various locations around Estes Park, particularly around Lily Lake.

## Sister city

Estes Park's official sister city is Monteverde, Costa Rica.