# Sixteen Tons

"Sixteen Tons" is a song written by Merle Travis about a coal miner, based on life in the mines of Muhlenberg County, Kentucky. Travis first recorded the song at the Radio Recorders Studio B in Hollywood, California, on August 8, 1946. Cliffie Stone played bass on the recording. It was first released in July 1947 by Capitol on Travis's album Folk Songs of the Hills. The song became a gold record.

## Authorship

The sole authorship of "Sixteen Tons" is attributed to Merle Travis on all recordings beginning with Travis's own 1946 record and is registered with BMI as a Merle Travis composition. George S. Davis, a folk singer and songwriter who had been a Kentucky coal miner, claimed on a 1966 recording for Folkways Records to have written the song as "Nine-to-ten tons" in the 1930s; he also at different times claimed to have written the song as "Twenty-One Tons". There is no supporting evidence for Davis's claim. Davis's 1966 recording of his version of the song (with some slightly different lyrics and tune, but titled "Sixteen Tons") appears on the albums George Davis: When Kentucky Had No Union Men and Classic Mountain Songs from Smithsonian. In oral historian Alessandro Portelli's They Say In Harlan County, one of Portelli's informants, Parris Burke claims that Alfred Hunt wrote the song, but as Portelli notes, he was one of many to claim authorship of the tune.
The line "another day older and deeper in debt" from the chorus came from a letter written by Travis's brother John. This and the line "I owe my soul to the company store" are a reference to the truck system and to debt bondage. Under this scrip system, workers were not paid cash; rather they were paid with non-transferable credit vouchers that could be exchanged only for goods sold at the company store. This made it impossible for workers to store up cash savings. Workers also usually lived in company-owned dormitories or houses, the rent for which was automatically deducted from their pay. In the United States the truck system and associated debt bondage persisted until the strikes of the newly formed United Mine Workers and affiliated unions forced an end to such practices.
The eponymous "sixteen tons" refers to a practice of initiating new miners. In the mid-1920s, a miner tended to haul eight to ten tons per day, whereas for new miners, other miners would slack off so the new miner could "'make sixteen' on his very first day."

## Tennessee Ernie Ford version

Tennessee Ernie Ford recorded "Sixteen Tons" in 1955 as the B-side of his cover of the Moon Mullican standard "You Don't Have to Be a Baby to Cry". With Ford's snapping fingers and a unique clarinet-driven pop arrangement, it quickly became a million seller. It hit Billboard 's country music chart in November and held the No. 1 position for ten weeks, then crossed over and held the number 1 position on the pop music chart for eight weeks, besting the competing version by Johnny Desmond. In the United Kingdom, Ford's version competed with versions by Edmund Hockridge and Frankie Laine. Nevertheless, Ford's version was the most successful, spending four weeks at number 1 in the UK Singles Chart in January and February 1956. On March 25, 2015, Ford's version of the song was inducted into the Library of Congress's National Recording Registry. It was featured in the 9th episode of Season 22 of South Park. In 2002, the song was played at the beginning of the Emmy-winning TV film Door to Door. In 2023, it was included on the soundtrack of the 2023 Wes Anderson film Asteroid City.

## Other versions

Frankie Laine's version was not released in the United States but sold well in the UK. Ford's version was released on 17 October, and by 28 October had sold 400,000 copies. On 10 November, a million copies had been sold; two million were sold by 15 December.
The song has been recorded or performed in concert by a wide variety of musicians:
* 1955: The Weavers performed the song on their concert album The Weavers at Carnegie Hall.
* 1955: Red Sovine recorded the song, released on the Brunswick label.
* 1955: B.B. King & His Orchestra recorded on RPM Records.
* 1955: Larry Cross recorded on the Embassy label.
* 1955: Marvin & The Chirps recorded on the Tip Top label.
* 1955: Sung live by Elvis Presley on December 17, 1955, at the Municipal Auditorium in Shreveport Louisiana, but never recorded.
* 1956: Ewan MacColl with Brian Daly$^{:2}$ recorded on Topic Records.
* 1956: Michael Holliday recorded the song on the Columbia label.
* 1956: Eddy Arnold version released on the compilation album Dozen Hits, RCA Victor.
* 1957: The Platters recorded the song, released on the Mercury Records EP Millioniéme.
* 1958: Chang Loo recorded a Chinese version that was re-released in 2017 on album Songs by Chang Loo Universal Records.
* 1960: Bo Diddley released a version on his album Bo Diddley Is a Gunslinger.
* 1961: Lou Monte recorded a version titled "16 tons (neapolitan version)" and it contained verses in both English and Italian in his famous style.
* 1961: Jimmy Dean recorded a cover on his Big Bad John and Other Fabulous Songs and Tales album.
* 1964: Louis Neefs, Belgian singer, played and recorded the song live in Belgium.
* 1965: Lorne Greene version recorded in the album The Man.
* 1965: Tennessee Ernie Ford released another version of the song, "Sixteen Tons '65" (with largely the same lyrics as his first recording of the song, but with a substantially different musical arrangement) on a French EP of the same name.
* 1966: Stevie Wonder recorded a version influenced by Motown and soul music on his Down to Earth album.
* 1967: Tom Jones's version with a rock edge, on his album Green, Green Grass of Home.
* 1967: James & Bobby Purify version as the B-side to their single "I Take What I Want".
* 1976: A country rock version by the Don Harrison Band peaked at #47 on the Billboard Hot 100 in June 1976. and number 53 in Australia.
* 1987: Johnny Cash released a country version on his album Johnny Cash Is Coming to Town.
* 1989: The Gas House Gang (quartet) recorded a barbershop arrangement, written by David Wright (arranger), for their album Our "Rough and Tumble" Best, featuring their bass Jim Henry (singer); he would later sing this arrangement with another quartet, Crossroads (quartet).
* 1990: A rendition of the song by Eric Burdon was used for the opening to the comedy film Joe Versus the Volcano. Recorded in the early 1980s, it was not released until 1998 on the album Nightwinds Dying which is a different arrangement from the one heard in the film. In 1992 he recorded another version, which was released as the only studio track on the live album Access All Areas in 1993.
* 1991: The musical style of Ford's version was used for a mashup with Money for Nothing by Big Daddy on their album Cutting Their Own Groove.
* 1991: It was featured as a secret track on progressive thrash metal band Confessor's album Condemned.
* 1992: A parody about golfing called "18 Holes" was written and recorded by John Denver. It was released on a rare single and occasionally performed in concert.
* 1998: Hank Wilson (pseudonym of Leon Russell) included his version on Hank Wilson, Vol. 3: Legend in My Time.
* 2005: Punk band This Bike Is a Pipe Bomb included it on their album Dance Party with...
* 2012: Tim Armstrong recorded a version as a part of his Tim Timebomb and Friends project.

### Foreign-language versions

* Armand Mestral released a version with French lyrics under the title "Seize Tonnes" in 1956, with a more cheerful ending.
* Olavi Virta with Triola Orchestra released a version with Finnish lyrics by Reino Helismaa under the title "Päivän työ" in 1956 (Triola, T 4249), for the 1972 album Olavi Virran Parhaat 3. (Sävel, SÄLP 717).
* A German version of the song did not translate the original lyrics, but rather rewrote them entirely, under the title "Sie hieß Mary-Ann". This was released in several versions on German record labels in 1956 and 1957, most notably by Ralf Bendix, and Freddy Quinn on his album "Freddy" recorded on Polydor.
* Spanish version "16 Toneladas" was recorded by the Spanish singer José Guardiola and became a hit in Spain and Latin America in 1960.
* Brazilian composer Roberto Neves wrote the Portuguese version "Dezesseis Toneladas", first recorded by Noriel Vilela in 1971, this version is a samba with happy lyrics unrelated to the subject of the original.
* Adriano Celentano released an Italian-language version "L'Ascensore" in 1986.
* Polish version, called Szesnaście ton has become popular among the local sea shanty bands. Because of that the song is mistakenly treated as sea shanty classic in Poland.
* A Chinese version called "靜心等" (Jìng Xin Deng, "Wait patiently") is a well-known hit in Taiwan, interpreted by Chinese singer 張露 (Chang Loo or Zhang Lu) and by Teresa Teng (鄧麗君, Deng Lijun).
* Hungarian punk band Hétköznapi Csalódások recorded a cover version in 1994 called "16 000 kg=1 600 000dkg" on their album Nyaljátok ki (Kiss my).
* Hungarian rock band Republic recorded a cover version in 1998 called "Tizenhat tonna feketeszén" ("16 tons black coal") on their album Üzenet (Message). Republic's lyrics uses lines from a Hungarian campfire song, a more literal translation of the original ballad.

## In literature and the arts

Eric Burdon's version of "Sixteen Tons" is the opening song of the 1990 American film Joe Versus the Volcano.
Songwriter Rupert Holmes cited "Sixteen Tons" as an inspiration for his song "Timothy", about a pair of miners who are implied to have cannibalized their fellow miner when the three are trapped following a mine collapse.
The song remained popularly recognized through the 20th and early 21st centuries, used or referenced in a number of works. It is featured in the second season premiere of The Wire, where The Nighthawks perform a cover version of the song during a bar scene. In the season 22 South Park episode "Unfulfilled", Ford's version of "Sixteen Tons" plays in the background of a montage of an Amazon fulfillment center, and in The Simpsons episode "Bart Gets an Elephant", "Sixteen Tons" is being played on the radio as Bart is forced by Marge to do housework. In Fallout 76, Ford's version of "Sixteen Tons" is one of the songs featured on the in-game Appalachia Radio. It is also part of the soundtrack for Season 5, Episode 3 of the TV show Fargo (TV series).