# Purian languages

The Purian languages are a pair of extinct languages of eastern Brazil:
* Puri
* Coroado Puri (also known as Colorado)
Coropó (Koropó), once spoken in Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro, was added by Campbell (1997), but removed again by Ramirez et al. (2015).
Purian is part of the Macro-Jê proposal. However, when Coropó is removed, there are not sufficient lexical connections to maintain this classification.
The Waitaká and Maromomin languages, both extinct, are possibly belonging to the Purian family.

## Attestation

The Purian languages are only attested by a few word lists from the 19th century. The lists are:
Puri:
* Martius (1863: 194–195), collected in 1818 at São João do Presídio (now Visconde do Rio Branco, Minas Gerais).
* Eschwege (2002: 122–127), collected in 1815 near São João do Presídio
* Torrezão (1889: 511–513), collected in 1885 at Abre Campo (near Manhuaçu, Minas Gerais)
Coroado:
* Martius (1863: 195–198), collected in 1818 near São João do Presídio
* Eschwege (2002: 122–127), collected in 1815 near São João do Presídio
* Marlière (Martius, 1889: 198–207), collected between 1817 and 1819 at missions along the lower Paraíba do Sul River
* Saint-Hilaire (2000: 33), collected in 1816 near Valença, Rio de Janeiro
Koropó is attested by two word lists:
* Eschwege (2002: 122–127), 127 words collected in 1815
* Schott (1822, pp. 48–51), 55 words collected in 1818

## Distribution

The Purian languages were spoken in a continuous region stretching from the Preto River to the Paraíba River (from Queluz, São Paulo to Paraibuna, São Paulo). The Puri occupied the Upper Paraíba do Sul River up to Queluz, São Paulo, and the Coroado from the Pomba River to the Doce River in Minas Gerais.

## Dialects

Mason (1950) lists the following dialects of Coroado and Puri:
* Coroado
** Maritong
** Cobanipake
** Tamprun
** Sasaricon
* Puri
** Sabonan
** Wambori
** Shaynishuna

## Other languages

Extinct and unknown languages that may have been Purian languages:
* Caracatan - once spoken on the Caratinga River and Manhuaçu River, Minas Gerais.
* Bucan - found between Funil and Itacolumi near Mariana, Minas Gerais.
* Arasi - in Minas Gerais, Serra Ibitipoca and near Barbacena.
* Bacunin - near the city of Valença and on the Preto River.
* Airuan - Minas Gerais, between the Piranga River and Branco River.
* Bocayú - on the Pomba River.
* Aripiado - in the Serra da Araponga, Minas Gerais.
* Aredé - between Itabirito and Espinhaço.
* Guaraxué - between Ouro Preto, Mariana and Piranga.
* Sacarú - state of Rio de Janeiro on the Paraíba River.
* Paraíba - state of Rio de Janeiro on the Paraíba River.
* Pitá - state of Rio de Janeiro, on the Bonito River.
* Xumeto - in the Serra da Mantiqueira, state of Rio de Janeiro.
* Guarú - south of the Pitá tribe, state of Rio de Janeiro.
* Lôpo or Rôpo - in the Serra de Abre Campo, state of Minas Gerais.
* Abatipó - once spoken on the Matipó River, Minas Gerais.
* Caxine - in the state of Minas Gerais between the Preto River and Paraíba River, and near Valença, Rio de Janeiro.
* Caramonan - state of Minas Gerais, between the Pomba River and Doce River.
* Waitaka or Goytacaz - formerly spoken on the São Mateus River and in the vicinity of Cabo de São Tomé, state of Rio de Janeiro.

## Vocabulary

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.
    glossPuriCoroadoKoropó one omishombiuanipáĩn two kuririchirialinkrin three pátapakonpatepakon tongue an-guétopépitao foot cha-perétxa-perécham-brim fire pothepotéké tree mpóambómebm jaguar paüanpauan house ngguáraguarsheume white begotarakatámaguatháma

## Proto-language

Silva Neto (2007) reconstructs 47 Proto-Purian forms.$^{:39–41}$ Reconstituted forms by Silva Neto (2007) for Puri, Coroado, and Koropó synthesized from historical sources are also provided.
    no.English gloss (translated)Portuguese gloss (original)Proto-PurianPuriCoroadoKoropó 1waterágua*yamanyamanyaman 2you (sg.)você*gágágá 3tapiranta*painanpenánpainá 4hereaqui*karákarákra 5treeárvore*mpómpoãmpo 6drinkbeber*mpampapa 7mouthboca*čorečorečorešore, čore 8haircabelo*kékeguéiče, ke 9headcabeça*kwekweke 10eatcomer*mašepašemašemakšina, maše 11fingerdedo*šaperešabrerašapere 12daydia*opéopéope 13toothdente*čeučeče 14starestrela*yurišuriyuridzuri, yuri 15arrowflecha*aponaponapon 16firefogo*potépotépoté 17catgato*šapéšapišapé 18brotherirmão*čatayšatãčatayšatay, čatay 19daughterfilha*šampešampe-mpaymašãpeboema 20leaffolha*čopedzopléčopečupe 21manhomem*kwaymankuayma, hakoremakwaymankwayman 22moonlua*petarapetarapetara 23mothermãe*ayanayanayanayan 24maizemilho*makπmakπmakπ 25handmão*šaporekore, šapeprerašapore, kokor¤e 26mountainmonte*prépréprepré 27large mountainmonte grande*pré-heroymapré dekapré-heroymapré-heroyma 28much, verymuito*purikaprikapurika 29womanmulher*poymanmpaymapoymanboeman 30nosenariz*niniyẽ 31boymenino*šapomašaponašapoma 32nightnoite*miriponanmiriponanmaripoyanmerĩdan 33eyeolho*merĩmirimerĩšwarĩ 34earorelha*pepénabipinapepéna 35fatherpai*areareuaré 36birdpássaro*šipušipušapu 37footpé*čaperešapreračaperečamprĩ 38featherpluma*péšipupépe 39pigporco*šorãsotanširašorã 40riverrio*rorámñama rórayamã rorakwã 41sunsol*opéopéope 42afternoontarde*tušahitošora, tušahišare 43earthterra*ošeguašé, ušóoše 44trunktronco*pranüpon-rénapõ pranü 45windvento*džotadžotanan dotanarã dzota 46bellyventre, barriga*tikĩtikĩtekĩičĩ 47herb, plant, grasserva, planta, capim*šapukošapúko, spanguéšapukošapuka
However, similarities in Koropó were later found to be loanwords by Ramirez et al. (2015), who classifies Koropó as Maxakalían. Nikulin (2020) also classifies Koropó as Macro-Jê (Maxakalían branch).