# Yoshkar-Ola

Yoshkar-Ola (Mari and Russian: Йошкар-Ола) is the capital city of Mari El, Russia. Yoshkar-Ola means “red city” in Mari and was formerly known as Tsarevokokshaysk (Царевококшайск) before 1919, as Krasnokokshaysk (Краснококшайск) between 1919 and 1927 both after the Malaya Kokshaga River and Charla (Чарла), by the Mari people.
Yoshkar-Ola was established as a military fortress in 1584, following the Russian conquest of the Mari-inhabited regions of the Volga and its tributaries. It is one of the centers of the Mari people (especially of the Meadow Mari subgroup) and the administrative center of the Yoshkar-Ola city district.

## Demographics

Population: 248,782 (2010 Census); 256,719 (2002 Census); 241,601 (1989 Soviet census).

## History

   Tsardom of Russia 1584–1721 Russian Empire 1721–1917 Russian Republic 1917-1918 Russian Democratic Federal Republic 1918 Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic 1918-1922 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 1922–1991 Russian Federation 1991–present
Yoshkar-Ola was established as a military fortress in 1584, following the Russian conquest of the Mari region. Yoshkar-Ola means “red city” in Mari and before 1919 was known as Tsaryovokokshaysk (Царевококшайск), between 1919 and 1927 also as Krasnokokshaysk (Краснококшайск) both after the Malaya Kokshaga River and is known as Charla (Чарла) amongst the Mari people.
During the Soviet era, especially after World War II, the city was a regional industrial and transport center and grew to its current size.
The collapse of the Soviet Union removed support for state enterprises, and led to the shutdown of most manufacturing activity in the area. Much of the city's economic activity was supported by shuttle traders who would transport (often counterfeit) goods from the bustling markets of Moscow to Yoshkar-Ola's bazaars. The sharp decline in living standards led to the emigration of specialized professionals to larger cities in Russia.

## Geography

The Malaya Kokshaga River runs through the city.

### Time zone

Yoshkar-Ola is located in the MSK time zone (Moscow time). The offset of the applicable time relative to UTC is +3:00 In accordance with the applicable time and longitude, the average solar noon in Yoshkar-Ola occurs at 11:48.

## Administrative and municipal status

Yoshkar-Ola is the capital of the Mari El Republic. Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with ten rural localities, incorporated as the city of republic significance of Yoshkar-Ola —an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the city of republic significance of Yoshkar-Ola is incorporated as Yoshkar-Ola Urban Okrug.

## Transport

Yoshkar-Ola is linked to other cities and regions in Russia by a series of train and bus routes. The local train station is currently served by a daily train to and from the capital Moscow with other short-service trains running to and from Kazan. Moscow and various other nearby towns and regions can also be reached by buses departing from the local bus station. The Yoshkar-Ola Airport is also located 9 km north of the city and handles small aircraft Moscow-bound flights (Vnukovo International Airport) since April 2012.
Destinations within the city limits can be reached through a network of buses, trolleys, and route taxis, or marshrutkas.

## Economy

The 4th Kiev-Zhitomir Rocket Division of the 27th Guards Missile Army of the Strategic Rocket Forces is located nearby.
Yoshkar-Ola has a prison colony, which came to international attention in September 2022 as the location of a Wagner Group video in which Yevgeny Prigozhin promised convicts they would be released from prison if they served a six-month combat tour in the war against Ukraine.

## Climate

The climate of Yoshkar-Ola is very similar to that of Nizhny Novgorod or Kirov. The city is situated in a warm-summer humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb). The winters are long and cold with much snow and average January temperatures between −10 and −15 °C (14 and 5 °F), and a record low of −47.3 °C (−53.1 °F). On the other hand, the city enjoys very warm summers, marred by only occasional, brief intervals of sultry or rainy conditions with July as the hottest month, when the average high is +25 °C (77 °F), and temperatures may stay around +35 °C (95 °F) for weeks.
Climate data for Yoshkar-Ola (1991-2020, extremes 1936-present) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 4.5 (40.1) | 7.4 (45.3) | 15.8 (60.4) | 28.9 (84.0) | 33.4 (92.1) | 36.8 (98.2) | 38.7 (101.7) | 39.1 (102.4) | 31.6 (88.9) | 23.9 (75.0) | 13.0 (55.4) | 7.2 (45.0) | 39.1 (102.4) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −7.3 (18.9) | −6.3 (20.7) | 0.4 (32.7) | 10.3 (50.5) | 19.4 (66.9) | 23.1 (73.6) | 25.4 (77.7) | 22.8 (73.0) | 16.4 (61.5) | 8.0 (46.4) | −0.6 (30.9) | −5.7 (21.7) | 8.8 (47.8) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −10.5 (13.1) | −10.2 (13.6) | −3.9 (25.0) | 4.9 (40.8) | 12.8 (55.0) | 17.0 (62.6) | 19.3 (66.7) | 16.8 (62.2) | 11.1 (52.0) | 4.4 (39.9) | −3.1 (26.4) | −8.4 (16.9) | 4.2 (39.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −13.7 (7.3) | −13.9 (7.0) | −7.8 (18.0) | 0.2 (32.4) | 6.7 (44.1) | 11.3 (52.3) | 13.5 (56.3) | 11.5 (52.7) | 6.8 (44.2) | 1.4 (34.5) | −5.4 (22.3) | −11.2 (11.8) | 0.0 (32.0) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −46.9 (−52.4) | −41.7 (−43.1) | −38.9 (−38.0) | −21.8 (−7.2) | −6.0 (21.2) | −2.5 (27.5) | 2.0 (35.6) | −1.4 (29.5) | −7.5 (18.5) | −18.9 (−2.0) | −33.6 (−28.5) | −47.3 (−53.1) | −47.3 (−53.1) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 40 (1.6) | 30 (1.2) | 32 (1.3) | 32 (1.3) | 40 (1.6) | 64 (2.5) | 76 (3.0) | 65 (2.6) | 54 (2.1) | 57 (2.2) | 43 (1.7) | 42 (1.7) | 575 (22.6) |
| Average precipitation days | 18.1 | 14.6 | 13.2 | 10.5 | 12.0 | 13.1 | 12.1 | 11.9 | 13.6 | 15.2 | 15.1 | 17.9 | 167.5 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 40 | 81 | 138 | 199 | 271 | 286 | 295 | 239 | 145 | 76 | 34 | 23 | 1,827 |
| Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net ||||||||||||||
| Source 2: climatebase.ru (precipitation days, sun 1936-2012) ||||||||||||||

## Demographics

According to the 2021 Census, Yoshkar-Ola has a population of 281,248 people, making it the 71st largest city in Russia. The urban area of the city is 291,892 people.
Following the 2010 Census, the ethnic makeup of Yoshkar-Ola is:
| Ethnicity | Population | Percentage |
| Russians | 152,447 | 61.28% |
| Mari | 58,001 | 23.31% |
| Tatars | 10,202 | 4.10% |
| Ukrainians | 2,075 | 0.83% |
| Other | 5,438 | 2.2% |

## Education

* The main building of Volga State University of Technology
* The main building of Mari State University
Yoshkar-Ola is home to 88 educational institutions, among them several institutions of higher education, including:
* Mari State University
* Volga State University of Technology (before 2012, Mari State Technical University)
* Interregional Open Social Institute
There are also 30 schools for primary students aged between 7 and 18 and 52 kindergartens. Additionally, Yoshkar-Ola has many private educational centers offering different qualifications and trainings in such disciplines as foreign languages, computer science and many others.

## Twin towns – sister cities

Yoshkar-Ola is twinned with:
* Bourges, France
* Princeton, West Virginia, United States
* Szombathely, Hungary