# The Chemical History of a Candle

The Chemical History of a Candle was the title of a series of six lectures on the chemistry and physics of flames given by Michael Faraday at the Royal Institution in 1848, as part of the series of Christmas lectures for young people founded by Faraday in 1825 and still given there every year.
The lectures described the different zones of combustion in the candle flame and the presence of carbon particles in the luminescent zone. Demonstrations included the production and examination of the properties of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide gases. An electrolysis cell is demonstrated, first in the electroplating of platinum conductors by dissolved copper, then the production of hydrogen and oxygen gases and their recombination to form water. The properties of water itself are studied, including its expansion while freezing (iron vessels are burst by this expansion), and the relative volume of steam produced when water is vaporized. Techniques for weighing gases on a balance are demonstrated. Atmospheric pressure is described, and its effects are demonstrated.
Faraday emphasizes that several of the demonstrations and experiments performed in the lectures may be performed by children "at home" and makes several comments regarding proper attention to safety.
The lectures were first printed as a book in 1861.
In 2016, Bill Hammack published a video series of lectures supplemented by commentary and a companion book. Faraday's ideas are still used as the basis for open teaching about energy in modern primary and secondary schools

## Contents of the six lectures

Lecture 1: A Candle: The Flame - Its Sources - Structure - Mobility - Brightness
Lecture 2: Brightness of the Flame - Air necessary for Combustion - Production of Water
Lecture 3: Products: Water from the Combustion - Nature of Water - A Compound - Hydrogen
Lecture 4: Hydrogen in the Candle - Burns into Water - The Other Part of Water - Oxygen
Lecture 5: Oxygen present in the Air - Nature of the Atmosphere - Its Properties - Other Products from the Candle - Carbonic Acid - Its Properties
Lecture 6: Carbon or Charcoal - Coal Gas Respiration and its Analogy to the Burning of a Candle - Conclusion

## Reception

   Intended for young beginners, for whom it is well adapted, as an introduction to the study of chemistry.
According to Frank Wilczek:
   It is a wonderful laying-bare of surprising facts and intricate structure in a (superficially) familiar process — the burning of a candle. I think it exhibits a marvellously creative mind at work on its home ground, poking into details and following peculiarities to their root with carefully crafted experiments.
According to Bill Griffith, F.R.S.C., of Imperial College London:
   Faraday uses the candle as a symbol to talk about the nature of combustion — how the oxygen from air is needed, how water and CO$_2$ are produced and the hidden role of hydrogen. The text is lyrical and beautifully expressed, communicating his obvious enthusiasm, authority and sense of excitement. There were many accompanying demonstrations, often involving explosions and bright lights. Endearingly, Faraday talks about himself and the audience as ’we philosophers’ and, on one occasion, as ’we juveniles’.
The book was of inspiration for the Nobel-prize winner Akira Yoshino when he was a child.
Austrian philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein admired the book and mentions it in Philosophical Investigations. Wittgenstein considered the book as an example of popular science done well, in contrast to other examples of popular science which "pander to people's curiosity to be titillated by the wonders of science without having to do any of the really hard work involved in understanding what science is about", such as the works of James Jeans. Faraday in contrast explains the difficulties and details of experiments.