# Imperial Beach, California

Imperial Beach is a beach city in San Diego County, California, with a population of 26,137 as of the 2020 United States census. It is in the South Bay area of San Diego County, 14.1 miles (22.7 km) south of downtown San Diego and 5 miles (8 km) northwest of downtown Tijuana, Mexico. Imperial Beach is the southernmost city in California and the West Coast of the United States.

## History

Imperial Beach sits on the traditional territory of the Kumeyaay people, who had established the village of Alyshuwii. Founded in June 1887, the city takes its name from Imperial County, California, a desert climate 100 miles (161 km) east. Farmers and land owners from the Imperial Valley came to the area in the late 1880s seeking cooler weather during summer months. In March 1887, over 2,000 laborers descended upon nearby Coronado, California to construct the Hotel del Coronado, the largest resort in the world at the time. A large number of the workers stayed in Imperial Beach and some would later make it their permanent homestead. The city would incorporate in 1956, operating its own mayor–council government providing city fire department service and policing by the formation of its own police department but eventually, years later, through the contracting of services through the San Diego County Sheriff's Department.
Imperial Beach has undergone a makeover to become more visitor-friendly and commercially viable. In 2004, the city began implementing a community redevelopment plan to improve the commercial corridor along Palm Avenue and Seacoast Drive. Aside from a few smaller hotels, Imperial Beach remains a highly residential city with little hotel or motel accommodation for visitors. On September 13, 2010, after many years of planning, demolition officially began on the old Seacoast Inn located off Seacoast Drive. Construction of a $22 million hotel called Pier South Resort was completed in the former Seacoast Inn's place in December 2013, with the new facility offering 78-rooms across four stories plus a restaurant, bar, spa and conference facilities.

## Geography

Imperial Beach is the most southwesterly located city in the continental United States. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 4.5 square miles (12 km$^2$). 4.2 square miles (11 km$^2$) of it is land and 0.3 square miles (0.78 km$^2$) of it (7.22%) is water. The city occupies the extreme southwest corner of the continental United States: bordered by Playas de Tijuana and Tijuana to the south, Coronado, California, and San Diego Bay to the north, San Diego to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the west.
Imperial Beach is located in San Diego County, the fifth most-populous county in the United States and part of the San Diego metropolitan area, the 17th largest metropolitan area in the United States with over 3 million people. It is also part of the San Diego–Tijuana region, the largest bi-national metropolitan area shared between the United States and Mexico with over 5 million people.

### Climate

The city has a warm semi-arid climate (BSh), with summer temperatures often in the upper 70s °F (mid-20s °C) and winter temperatures in the 60s °F (15 to 20 °C). Because of the comfortable year-round temperatures, many homes in Imperial Beach are built without air conditioning. Imperial Beach often remains 10 degrees °F (5 degrees °C) cooler than inland areas of San Diego County in the summer, and 10 degrees warmer in the winter. The city is mostly or partly sunny 323 days of the year, with the wettest months in winter. As of 2006, the Farmers' Almanac consistently ranked the area within the Top 10 Best Weather Cities in America. Scripps Institution of Oceanography operates a weather reporting station at the middle of the Imperial Beach Pier for sky condition, temperature, humidity, pressure, wind and water temperature data.
Climate data for Imperial Beach, California, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1945–present :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 86 (30) | 93 (34) | 86 (30) | 86 (30) | 85 (29) | 90 (32) | 92 (33) | 92 (33) | 96 (36) | 98 (37) | 99 (37) | 87 (31) | 99 (37) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 67.1 (19.5) | 65.4 (18.6) | 65.9 (18.8) | 66.6 (19.2) | 68.1 (20.1) | 70.2 (21.2) | 73.2 (22.9) | 75.2 (24.0) | 75.0 (23.9) | 73.3 (22.9) | 69.9 (21.1) | 66.2 (19.0) | 69.7 (20.9) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 57.2 (14.0) | 56.5 (13.6) | 58.6 (14.8) | 59.6 (15.3) | 62.4 (16.9) | 65.2 (18.4) | 68.5 (20.3) | 70.1 (21.2) | 68.7 (20.4) | 64.8 (18.2) | 60.2 (15.7) | 56.3 (13.5) | 62.3 (16.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 47.4 (8.6) | 47.6 (8.7) | 51.3 (10.7) | 52.5 (11.4) | 56.6 (13.7) | 60.2 (15.7) | 63.8 (17.7) | 65.0 (18.3) | 62.4 (16.9) | 56.3 (13.5) | 50.4 (10.2) | 46.3 (7.9) | 55.0 (12.8) |
| Record low °F (°C) | 26 (−3) | 32 (0) | 33 (1) | 34 (1) | 43 (6) | 46 (8) | 52 (11) | 49 (9) | 48 (9) | 35 (2) | 30 (−1) | 30 (−1) | 26 (−3) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 1.69 (43) | 2.10 (53) | 1.85 (47) | 0.59 (15) | 0.10 (2.5) | 0.08 (2.0) | 0.33 (8.4) | 0.03 (0.76) | 0.14 (3.6) | 0.42 (11) | 0.80 (20) | 0.45 (11) | 8.58 (217.26) |
| Source 1: NOAA ||||||||||||||
| Source 2: National Weather Service ||||||||||||||

### Environment

Imperial Beach marks the terminus of the Tijuana River watershed and is subject to changes that occur upriver. There have been numerous instances of beach closures and pollutant aerosolization within Imperial Beach as caused by untreated sewage or spills. Beaches have been closed since December 8, 2021.
According to Udasin, the water quality has degraded due to five hundred illegal discharges from the South Bay plant, which has leaked a billion gallons of raw sewage flowing into the Pacific Ocean. This has been causing businesses to lose money and negatively affecting inhabitants' health. Mexico is doing a poor job maintaining sewage from the Tijuana River valley. This sewage flows across the border into Imperial Beach. Taxpayers have been pleading for action but government officials refuse proper action. Imperial Beach pollution is ruining the livelihood of Imperial Beach residents.

## Demographics
### 2010 census

The 2010 United States Census reported that Imperial Beach had a population of 26,324. The population density was 5,869.5 inhabitants per square mile (2,266.2/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the city was 62.6% White (36.0% non-Hispanic White), 4.4% African American, 1.1% Native American, 6.6% Asian, 0.6% Pacific Islander, 18.1% of other races, and 6.6% of two or more races. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race made up 49.0% of the population.
The Census reported that 25,705 people (97.6% of the population) lived in households, 619 (2.4%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized.
In the city, there were 6,696 people (25.4%) under the age of 18, 3,640 people (13.8%) aged 18 to 24, 7,603 people (28.9%) aged 25 to 44, 6,012 people (22.8%) aged 45 to 64, and 2,373 people (9.0%) who were 65 years of age or older. Imperial Beach has one of the youngest median ages of any Southern California city with a median age of 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.5 males.
There were 9,882 housing units at an average density of 2,203.4 units per square mile (850.7 units/km$^2$), of which 2,756 (30.2%) were owner-occupied, and 6,356 (69.8%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.3%; the rental vacancy rate was 5.4%. 7,476 people (28.4% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 18,229 people (69.2%) lived in rental housing units.
According to estimates by the San Diego Association of Governments, the median household income of Imperial Beach in 2010 was $49,104 (not adjusted for inflation).

## Culture
### Coastal and beach areas

Imperial Beach includes nearly four miles (6.4 km) of beaches and employs a year-round lifeguard staff. Beach volleyball, surfing and body boarding are popular in Imperial Beach with activities concentrated north and south of the Imperial Beach Pier and the Boca Rio beach break, one of San Diego County's best surf spots. San Diego Magazine identifies the Boca Rio beach break as the second best surfing location in the county, second only to Black's Beach and the Scripps Canyon area near La Jolla. The area around Imperial Beach Pier known as Pier Plaza showcases plaques placed on surfboard benches that tell the story of how the city's big waves influenced surfing from 1937 to the 1950s. Nearby Border Field State Park signifies the southernmost beach on the west coast of the United States and allows beachgoers in America to speak through the fence with beachgoers in Mexico, where the beach is called Playas de Tijuana (Tijuana Beach). The city connects to nearby Coronado, California, by way of the Silver Strand, a narrow, 7-mile-long (11-kilometer) isthmus. Silver Strand State Beach, a popular beach for camping, bird watching, and bicycling, is located in the middle of the isthmus and includes both bay and ocean beaches.
The San Diego County summer tourist season brings many visitors to the city's beaches each year. For 31 years, Imperial Beach played home to the U.S. Open Sandcastle competition, the largest sand castle competition in the United States, drawing in approximately 325,000 people. The city held the final sand castle competition in August 2011, bringing an end to the annual event and tradition. The city also holds the beach front classic car show every summer and an annual dog-surfing contest. The South Bay Drive-in, one of the few remaining drive-in movie theaters in San Diego County, is located just outside Imperial Beach off Coronado Avenue.
Imperial Beach is home to Tijuana River National Estuarine Research Reserve, a National Estuarine Research Reserve, and Border Field State Park. The estuary, located off Seacoast Drive and Imperial Beach Boulevard, is home to many endangered birds and wildlife. This estuary marks the place where the fresh water Tijuana River enters the salt water Pacific Ocean. It is the largest salt water marsh in Southern California.

### Military presence

Imperial Beach has a large military population and is home to the US Navy's Naval Outlying Landing Field Imperial Beach also known as NOLF Imperial Beach. It is bordered on its northern extreme by Silver Strand Training Complex.

### Crime

The San Diego County Sheriff's Department 2008 crime statistics rank Imperial Beach below the national average in all areas reported.

## Government

In the California State Legislature, Imperial Beach is in the 18th Senate District, represented by Democrat Steve Padilla, and in the 80th Assembly District, represented by Democrat David Alvarez.
In the United States House of Representatives, Imperial Beach is in California's 52nd congressional district, represented by Democrat Juan Vargas.

## Transportation

The San Diego Metropolitan Transit System (MTS) provides bus and paratransit services to the city from throughout San Diego County.
The city is one of five Port member cities making up the Port of San Diego, one of America's top 30 U.S. container ship ports.

## In popular culture

Kem Nunn's novel, Tijuana Straits, provides insight into the culture of the border and surfing in Imperial Beach and the Tijuana River Valley, and the environmental problems that affect residents of Tijuana, Imperial Beach and Coronado.
Portions of the 2005 film Lords of Dogtown were shot in Imperial Beach, including use of the Imperial Beach Pier in exterior establishing shots.
The HBO television series John from Cincinnati was about a dysfunctional surfing family in Imperial Beach set against the backdrop of the U.S.-Mexico border. The series (from Executive Producer David Milch, writer Kem Nunn, and director Mark Tinker) was filmed at a variety of locations in Imperial Beach and in the Tijuana River Valley.
On February 21, 2019, Vice News Tonight on HBO broadcast a segment from Imperial Beach about how an extreme tidal surge, known as king tide, affects the local population living along the Pacific coast.

## Notable people

* California Congressman Brian Bilbray grew up in Imperial Beach. Bilbray graduated from Mar Vista High School in 1970.
* Aaron Chang, award-winning American photographer specializing in surfing and ocean photography for Surfing Magazine
* Serge Dedina is the director of environmental organization Wildcoast. He was the mayor of Imperial Beach.
* Allen "Dempsey" Holder, was a pioneering surfer in the San Diego, California South County area. He is noted for riding the large surf of the Tijuana Sloughs and he headed up the Imperial Beach lifeguard services for many years. The local public safety/lifeguard facility is named in his honor.
* Software entrepreneur Charlie Jackson grew up in Imperial Beach and graduated Mar Vista High in 1967.
* Actor and screenwriter Jordan Jacobo lives in Imperial Beach.
* Eleanor Mariano, retired USN Rear Admiral and physician to the President of the United States at the White House for 9 years.
* Marco Minnemann, drummer
* Film actor Matthew Modine attended high school in Imperial Beach.
* Travis Ryan, vocalist of Deathgrind band Cattle Decapitation and Grindcore band Murder Construct.
* Kevin Smith, character actor was born in Imperial Beach.