OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Chang Kow-lung

Chang Kow-lung (Chinese: 張國蘢; born 1938) is a Taiwanese physicist who served as the Minister of the Environmental Protection Administration between 2005 and 2007.

## Education and activism

Chang entered National Taiwan University in 1959 and graduated summa cum laude with a bachelor's degree in physics in 1963. He then completed graduate studies in the United States at Yale University, where he won the university's Leigh Page Prize for distinction in physics in 1965. Chang earned his Ph.D. in particle physics from Yale in 1968.
After receiving his doctorate, Chang taught at National Taiwan University starting in 1976 and participated in Taiwan's environmental movement beginning in the 1980s. In 1988, Chang founded a magazine, New Environment. Shortly afterwards, in 1990, he launched the Taiwan Environmental Protection Union. That year, he became a secretary in the Taipei City Government, where he worked for ten years. In 2000, Chang was named vice minister of examinations.
A noted anti-nuclear activist, Chang has served as spokesman for the Nuke-4 Referendum Initiative Association.

## Environmental Protection Administration

Premier Frank Hsieh appointed Chang Kow-lung head of the Environmental Protection Administration on 8 June 2005. That August, Chang announced a three-year plan to clean up the polluted Tamsui River. The next month, Chang ordered sanitation companies to stop gathering kitchen waste to use as a component in pig feed, after discussions with the Council of Agriculture. He also worked to pass laws regarding greenhouse gas emissions, later starting a global warming awareness initiative. Chang supported implementation of an ecotax for Taiwanese factories in 2006. However, the next year, environmentalist Robin Winkler claimed that the EPA favored industry over the environment. Chang then tried to sue Winkler for slandering the EPA. Chang resigned his position in May 2007, and was replaced by Winston Dang in June.
# Kollektsioner

Kollektsioner (Russian: Коллекционе́р; Collector) or formerly Sovetskii Kollektsioner (Russian: Сове́тский коллекционе́р; Soviet Collector) is a Russian central philatelic yearbook. This annual publication started in 1963 and covered the history and design of postage stamps, and other related topics.

## History

For a number of earlier years, there was a magazine Sovetskii Kollektsioner (Soviet Collector). It was issued jointly with or instead of another magazine, Sovetskii Filatelist (Soviet Philatelist), published from 1922 to 1932 by the All-Russian Society of Philatelists.
The yearbook under the name of Sovetskii Kollektsioner first appeared in Moscow in 1963.
The yearbook was initially issued by the Moscow Municipal Society of Collectors and later, since 1966, by the All-Union Society of Philatelists [Wikidata] (Russian: Всесоюзное общество филателистов).
Sovetskii Kollektsioner contained research articles in philately and other forms of collecting. For example, in the yearbook No. 3, 1965, Yu. Parmenov wrote an article entitled The First Soviet Postage Stamps. This was the first publication about discovery of the very first stamps of Soviet Russia [ru] issued in 1918. They were based on a design by Rihards Zariņš that depicted a hand with a sword cutting a chain.
# Mustafa Šukilović

Mustafa Šukilović (born 1 January 2003) is a Bosnian professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Bosnian Premier League club Željezničar.

## Club career

Šukilović spent his youth years with hometown club Radnik Bijeljina, and also started his senior career there. He then spent three years with Tuzla City. He extended his contract in 2023, though the team struggled in the league. Šukilović, the team captain at the time, terminated his contract with Tuzla City as the team was relegated from the Bosnian Premier League in June 2024.
On 9 September 2024, Šukilović joined Željezničar on a contract until June 2025, with the option of extending for a further year. He made his debut in a 1–0 home win over Posušje on 29 September. He scored his first goal for Željezničar in a 2–0 away win against Igman Konjic on 22 November 2024.

## International career

Šukilović has represented Bosnia and Herzegovina on various youth levels.
# ARJ Home Appliances Company

Arj Home Appliance Company (Persian: ارج) is an Iranian manufacturer of home appliances. It was founded by Khalil Arjomand in 1937 as a workshop in Tehran, Iran, with eight employees. The company initially produced water coolers and refrigerators and later began manufacturing gas heaters, washing machines, and freezers.

## History

The company originally began with a small factory producing metal products. Gradually, it broadened its range of products, increasing the number of employees to eight in the 1940s. With the expansion, the brand moved to Tehran-Karaj Road, the main industrial area to the west of the Iranian capital, where it broadened its range to include several household appliances.
However, in 1979, as with many of its competitors, Arj was nationalized due to the new revolutionary government's dislike of large businesses not under national control. By 1995 the majority of its shares were then sold off to Iran's largest state bank, Melli (National) Bank, which sold them on to different private shareholders.

## Bankrupt and closure

Arj had been closed since 1995. As a result of increasing competition from foreign brands and financial problems, the company declared bankruptcy in the fiscal year 2016–17.
Arj officially closed in 2016 due to escalating production problems. The main reasons leading to its closure may have been:
* Public administration and inefficient management policies
* Exchange rate fluctuations causing a sharp rise in imports
* Lack of strategy
* Old technology and poor quality products

## Revival of the brand

The Ministry of Industry decided to hold talks with multinational conglomerate corporation General Electric (GE), the American multinational manufacturer and marketer of home appliances Whirlpool Corporation, and the Italian Ariston Thermo Group to revive and update the named Iranian companies like Arj and others.
# Caribou Marsh

Caribou Marsh is a community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in the Cape Breton Regional Municipality on Cape Breton Island.
# Zeitoun, Cairo

Zeitoun (Arabic: الزيتون meaning olives), also al-Zeitoun, is one of the eight districts that make up the Northern Area in Cairo, Egypt. It is known for its Marian apparitions at the Coptic Church of the Virgin Mary of Zeitoun, reported in 1968–1971.

## History

Until the First World War, the area consisted of cultivated fields and was known as 'Izbet al-Zeitoun (Olive Estate). It lay on the outskirts of the Eastern Desert just north of Cairo, and to the east of the then-new Heliopolis suburb. While Egypt was under British occupation, the Imperial School of Instruction was built there, and New Zealand troops camped in the desert during the war.
As Cairo expanded, Tawfiq Khalil Bey a real estate developer, bought land there and subdivided it into a suburb named Zeitoun. He also built a church that housed a mausoleum for his father, Khalil Ibrahim Pasha, in response to an appearance of The Virgin Mary. Years later it would be known for a series of Marian apparitions.

## Notable people

It was the birthplace of Fathia Nkrumah (born Fathia Rizk to a Coptic family), wife of Kwame Nkrumah, the first President of Ghana.
# Pat Choate

Pat Choate (/ʃoʊt/; born April 27, 1941) is an American economist who is most known for being the 1996 Reform Party candidate for Vice President of the United States, the running-mate of Ross Perot. Following the 1996 election, the Federal Election Commission certified the Reform Party as a national political party eligible for federal campaign matching funds, a historic first.

## Life and career

Choate was born in Maypearl, Texas, the son of Bettie Lee (Simpson) and Frank William Choate. He is the director of the Manufacturing Policy Project, which studies long-term U.S. economic policy. He previously worked as Director of Research and Planning for the Oklahoma Industrial Development Commission; as Tennessee's first Commissioner of Economic and Community Development; as the Director of the Appalachian and then Southern Regional Offices of the U.S. Department of Commerce's Economic Development Administration (EDA); as Director of the EDA Office of Economic Research; as the Senior Economist in the Office of Management and Budget's Trade Reorganization Project; as a Fellow at the Battelle Institute's Academy for Contemporary Problems and as Vice President of Public Policy at TRW, Inc. He has served on several Presidential and Congressional commissions on education, infrastructure and national security.
He was a co-founder of the Congressional Economic Leadership Institute (CELI) in 1986 and served as its Chair or Co-Chair for 18 years. Choate is married to Kay Casey and has one grown stepson. Pat Choate and his wife live near Washington, Virginia. He has a BA from the University of Texas at Arlington and an MA and PhD from the University of Oklahoma, all in economics. In 1994, the University of Oklahoma named him the Arthur Barto Adams Alumni Fellow in recognition of his continuing scholarship. He has taught a course called Advanced Issues Management at George Washington University's Graduate School of Political Management. He is known for his work on development economics, including infrastructure and intellectual property, and his strong stance against unfettered globalism. He is also on the Board of Directors for the American Innovators for Patent Reform.
He hosted a weekly radio show called The Week Ahead from 1994 to 1996 and The Pat Choate Show from 1997 to 2000.

## Electoral history

1996 United States presidential election
* Bill Clinton/Al Gore (Democratic) (Inc.) – 47,402,357 (49.2%) and 379 electoral votes (31 states and D.C. carried)
* Bob Dole/Jack Kemp (Republican) - 39,198,755 (40.7%) and 159 electoral votes (19 states carried)
* Ross Perot/Pat Choate (Reform) - 8,085,402 (8.4%) and 0 electoral votes
# Stephen Bauzan

Sir Stephen Bauzan (born after 1210 – died 1257) was an English knight. Stephen descended from a prominent family originating in Devon/Cornwall.

## Move to Wales

Bauzan first came to South Wales in the service of Gilbert Marshal, 4th Earl of Pembroke. In 1243, Richard de Clare, 6th Earl of Hertford (recently appointed feudal lord of Glamorgan, and the Earl of Clare) made Bauzan Sheriff of the County. This was possibly a plot to reduce the influence of the noble Richard Siward, Lord of Talyfan and Llanbleddian (who had been appointed 'keeper' of Glamorgan by Gilbert de Clare, 5th Earl of Hertford- Richard's father). Richard charged Siward with treason for breaking a truce.
In order to settle the matter, Bauzan challenged Siward to a Trial by Combat. Siward refused. After refusing the Trial, Siward was declared an outlaw by Richard, and all of his lands were confiscated. Richard granted to Bauzan the lands of Breigan and Llansannor, which he had recently stripped from Siward.

## Conflict with the Welsh and the battle of Cadfan

Following his recent land gains, Bauzan began to align himself with the king's son, Prince Edward. Stephen was made Seneschal of Gascony in 1255 having fallen further into royal favour. Edward had recently been appointed Earl of Chester, and was starting to put pressure on the Welsh prince Llywelyn ap Gruffudd. Llywelyn responded to the English threat by stripping the English supporter Rhys Fychan of his lands in Southwestern Wales. Stephen Bauzan was sent with a large army to restore Rhys Fychan. However the land taken from Rhys had been given to Rhys's uncles Maredudd ap Rhys and Maredudd ap Owain, and they were not ready to submit to Stephen's army. When Stephen's army invaded Wales, they were greeted by a strong Welsh force and defeated at the Battle of Cadfan in 1257. Bauzan was killed during the battle.
# Mohamed Kohsrof

Mohamed Kohsrof (born 14 December 1965) is a former judoka, who represented North Yemen at the 1988 Summer Olympics in the extra lightweight class. He finished 35th.
# Utah Governor's Mansion

The Utah Governor's Mansion (also known as the Kearns Mansion) is the official residence of the governor of Utah and family. It is located at 603 East South Temple Street (within the South Temple Historic District) in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States.

## Description

Completed in 1902 for United States Senator and mining magnate Thomas Kearns, the house was designed by notable Utah architect Carl M. Neuhausen, who also designed the Cathedral of the Madeleine in Salt Lake City. The elegant home was built using the finest materials by the finest craftsmen available, resulting in a quality and style similar to that of Eastern mansions like those of the Vanderbilts and Carnegies. The mansion also served not only as a home and a place for the Senator to conduct official business, but also as a venue for entertainment where guests would dance and enjoy the music of live orchestras. During this period many political and religious dignitaries were guests in the Kearns mansion, including President Theodore Roosevelt, who was a personal friend of Senator Kearns.

## History

Senator Kearns died in 1918, and in February 1937, Jennie Judge Kearns donated the Kearns Mansion to the State of Utah. The mansion was donated with the condition that it serve as the Governor's Residence. For the next twenty years the governors of Utah used the mansion as their primary residence. From 1957 to 1977, the Utah Historical Society occupied the mansion as a library, museum, and office space. In 1977, Governor Scott Matheson proposed that the mansion be restored as a governor's residence and, after an extensive renovation, the mansion became a residence once again in 1980.
On December 15, 1993, a fire, caused by faulty wiring on the Christmas tree in the main hall, destroyed much of the mansion. Governor Mike Leavitt was not at home at the time, but First Lady Jackie Leavitt and her staff were quick to notify the Salt Lake City Fire Department, and their response kept the mansion from suffering more significant damage. A long and painstaking restoration was begun, to restore the mansion to its original state and salvage as much of the historical interior as possible.
The $7.8 million restoration brought the home back to its original 1902 style, while providing many current safety standards, such as a fire sprinkler system, new wiring and plumbing, new heating and cooling, a security system, and seismic upgrades.
The property is listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places as the Thomas Kearns Mansion and Carriage House. The listing includes both the mansion and the carriage house on the same 9-acre (3.6 ha) property.
# Victims (song)

"Victims" is a song by English band Culture Club, released as a single in 1983 and taken from the album Colour by Numbers. As with most early Culture Club singles, the song is about lead singer Boy George's then publicly unknown and rather turbulent relationship with drummer Jon Moss. Although the group's previous single "Karma Chameleon" had been a massive hit throughout the world, "Victims" was only issued in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Germany, and Australia. The piano ballad peaked at #3 on the UK Singles Chart. In Ireland, it peaked at #2, and in Australia, at #4. The single was not released in the United States, Canada or Japan, where they released "Miss Me Blind" instead.
Its B-side was the then previously unreleased track "Colour by Numbers", which despite having the same name as the album was not included on it. An instrumental version was also issued on the 12″, renamed "Romance Revisited". Both extra tracks are now available on the 2003 remastered version of Colour by Numbers. Boy George re-recorded the song himself as a solo artist, as a folk arrangement with piano and an orchestra, in 2002. That version can be found on the Culture Club box set that was released the same year.

## Charts
### Weekly charts

| Chart (1983–1984) | Peak position |
| Australia (Kent Music Report) | 4 |
| Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) | 11 |
| Germany (GfK) | 39 |
| Ireland (IRMA) | 2 |
| Netherlands (Single Top 100) | 17 |
| New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) | 7 |
| Paraguay (UPI) | 9 |
| Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade) | 18 |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 3 |

### Year-end charts

| Chart (1984) | Position |
| Australia (Kent Music Report) | 38 |
# Gabriel Lory the Younger

Gabriel Lory the Younger, also known as Mathias Gabriel Lori (21 June 1784, Bern - 25 August 1846, Bern), was a Swiss landscape painter, etcher, watercolorist and illustrator. His father was the painter, Gabriel Lory the Elder.

## Biography

He received his lessons in art from his father. In 1797, he moved with him to Herisau, where he assisted him with his projects. In 1805, he travelled with him again; this time to Neuchâtel, where he helped him edit the Voyage pittoresque de Genève à Milan par le Simplon. It was there that he made friends with the painter, Maximilien de Meuron, who he accompanied on trips to Paris and Italy.
In 1812, he married Henriette-Louise de Meuron von Orbe, a relative of his friend. Soon, he was able to find a position as a teacher in Neuchâtel, for the city schools, while Henriette acted as his publisher. He also made the acquaintance of the banker, Count Frédéric de Pourtalès [fr], who became his new travelling partner on his excursions to Italy.
Both of their children died in 1819. After that, he and Henriette spent their summers in Bern and their winters in Neuchâtel. Over the next few years, together with César Henri Montvert (1784–1848), he published several works depicting traditional Swiss costumes and views of the Bernese Oberland. In 1828, he paid another visit to Paris, and was received at Court.
In 1832, he settled permanently in Bern and became a member of the local artists' society; although he continued to travel throughout Switzerland and Italy. During the winters of 1834/35 and 1835/36, he was in Berlin. There, he given the largely honorary title of Associate Professor at the Academy of Arts.
In the 1840s, his health began to decline, so he started spending his winters in Nice. In 1846, he spent some time in Frankfurt am Main with his friend and former student, Gerhardt Wilhelm von Reutern. Shortly after returning home, he died of a heart attack.

## Sources

* "Lory, Gabriel (genannt Lory fils)". SIKART Lexicon on art in Switzerland.
* Lory, Gabriel (Fils) in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
# Chaffey Dam

Chaffey Dam is a minor ungated rock fill with clay core embankment dam with an uncontrolled morning glory spillway across the Peel River, located upstream of the city of Tamworth, in the New England region of New South Wales, Australia. The dam's purpose includes flood mitigation, irrigation, water supply, and water conservation.

## Location and features

Commenced in August 1976 and completed in September 1979, the Chaffey Dam is a minor dam on the Peel River, a tributary of the Namoi River, approximately 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) north of Nundle and 44 kilometres (27 mi) south-east of Tamworth. Water from the dam is released directly into the Peel River which is used by irrigators downstream of the dam, and for water supply of the city of Tamworth.
The dam wall comprises 1,413 cubic metres (49,900 cu ft) of rock fill is 55.8 metres (183 ft) high and is 430 metres (1,410 ft) long. The maximum water depth is 30 metres (98 ft) and at 100% capacity the dam wall holds back 62,830 megalitres (2,219×10^$^6$ cu ft) of water at 518 metres (1,699 ft) AHD. The surface area of the reservoir is 542 hectares (1,340 acres) and the catchment area is 420 square kilometres (160 sq mi).
The dam uses an unusual concrete morning glory bell-shaped uncontrolled spillway which is capable of discharging 903 cubic metres per second (31,900 cu ft/s). The spillway measures 25.81 metres (84.7 ft) in diameter and tapers down to 7.72 metres (25.3 ft). The spillway tower is 35.1 metres (115 ft) high.
Chaffey Dam provides valuable public recreation including swimming, sailing, boating and fishing.

### Upgrade of facilities

An A$13 million upgrade of Chaffey Dam commenced during 2010 that involved the construction of a 35 metres (115 ft) auxiliary spillway with release plug, funded by the Government of New South Wales and was completed in early 2011. A second stage A$43.33 million augmentation commenced in 2013, funded by the Australian Government, the NSW Government and Tamworth Regional Council. This augmentation is expected to be completed during 2014 and involves raising the dam wall by 8 metres (26 ft) and subsequent works to raise the morning glory spillway and bridge deck. These works will increase the full supply level of the dam by 6.5 metres (21 ft), the dam's capacity from 62 gigalitres (2.2×10$^9$ cu ft) to 100 gigalitres (3.5×10$^9$ cu ft) and ensure it can withstand the maximum possible flood. The project also involves a realignment of roads on the western foreshore; the Tamworth-Nundle Road, and River Road.

### Etymology

The dam is named in honor of Frank Chaffey, who represented Tamworth in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly between 1913 and 1940, and his son, Bill, who represented the same seat between 1940 and 1973.

## Gallery

* Chaffey Dam as viewed from lookout on Nundle Road, 2008.
* Lower section of wall, April 2018.
* Spillway post upgrade, April 2018.
# Wilhelm Maximilian Carpelan

Wilhelm Maximilian Carpelan (7 January 1787, Taivassalo – 19 May 1830, Stockholm) was a Swedish military officer, draftsman, surveyor and cartographer. Together with Johannes Flintoe and Heinrich August Grosch [no], he was one of the first to survey and describe the interior of Norway; notably Telemark.

## Biography

Carpelan was born into the Finnish Carpelan noble family. He was trained at the war school in Haapaniemi [fi] and served in the Stockholm Surveyor Corps. When Sweden was forced to cede Finland to Russia in 1809, he remained in the Swedish Army; participating in the construction of the Göta Canal and the Siege of Fredriksten. In 1819, he accompanied the expedition of Gerhard Munthe to Aurland and later created paintings from gouaches by Johannes Flintoe. Their drawings were exhibited in Christiania (Oslo) in 1820 and received much publicity.
From 1819 to 1824, he was an Adjutant to the Swedish Riksstattholder, Johan August Sandels. During his travels with Sandels, he created landscapes in charcoal, oil and watercolor that were published in the booklet Voyage picturesque aux alpes norvégiennes (1821-23). These include what may be the first images of Hurrungane. In 1824, he returned to the Army, with the rank of Oberstløytnant (Lieutenant -Colonel).
In 1826, he was given the task of organizing and leading the Engineering Corps' map engraving division; making enlargements of older maps of Norway and Sweden. He travelled throughout the interior regions in the company of Christopher Hansteen, making altitude measurements with the help of a barometer. He also collaborated with Baltazar Mathias Keilhau; creating formal drawings from Keilhau's sketches. His works also appear in Norge fremstillet i Tegninger, by Christian Tønsberg.
His oil paintings, probably few in number, have all disappeared. In 1829, he was admitted to the Royal Academy of War Sciences. His cause of death is believed to be poisoning from the chemicals used in aquatint etching.
In 2012, a retrospective of his plans and drawings was shown at the National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design as part of an exhibition called "Outlook. Norway seen from the road 1733-2020".