OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Human Research Program

The Human Research Program (HRP) is a NASA program established in October of 2005. The HRP is located in the Johnson Space Center. Its main focuses are Research and development specifically for employees of NASA.

## Goals

The stated goals of the HRP are to provide knowledge and technology in order to mitigate risks to human health and performance. The Human Research Program also aims to educate the public on the challenges of human space flight.

## Human Research Roadmap

The Human Research Roadmap (HRR) is a web-based tool that is used to communicate the content of the Integrated Research Plan (IRP). The IRP is utilized to identify the approach and research activities planned to address risks to human health and performance in space which are assigned to specific elements within the program.
This tool is designed to help users search for items such as gaps associated with risks, the tasks associated with a given gap, the cross-integration of a task across multiple gaps or risks, and deliverables associated with a gap or risk.

### Evidence

Reviews of the accumulated evidence from medical records, space flight operations, and research findings are compiled into evidence reports. This evidence provides the basis for identifying the highest risk to humans in space exploration, which comprises the risk portfolio within the HRP. It also provides the basis for identifying gaps and tasks in the research plan.

### Risks

The program identifies risks related to the physiological effects of radiation, weightlessness, terrestrial environments as well as unique challenges in medical support, human factors, and behavioral health support. Risks are identified in the Program Requirements Document (PRD) and assigned to an element within HRP to quantify, mitigate, or monitor.

### Gaps

For each risk, the HRP attempts to identify gaps in knowledge about the risk and the ability to mitigate the risk. The degree of uncertainty in understanding the likelihood, consequence, and/or time frame of a particular risk are the major factors that drive the gaps. Gaps in knowledge or risk mitigation often appear in multiple risks, and many of the specific research tasks address multiple gaps.

### Tasks

Tasks partially or completely close a gap by better defining a risk or developing mitigation strategies to reduce the risk to an acceptable level. In some cases, a task can address multiple gaps across multiple risks.

### Deliverables

Each task culminates in a deliverable or otherwise agreed-upon end-product such as recommended standards, flight rules, processes, countermeasures, and new technologies.
# Human parechovirus 1 (HPeV1) cis regulatory element (CRE)

The Human Parechovirus 1 cis regulatory element is an RNA element which is located in the 5'-terminal 112 nucleotides of the genome of human parechovirus 1 (HPeV1). The element consists of two stem-loop structures (SL-A and SL-B) together with a pseudoknot. Disruption of any of these elements impairs both viral replication and growth.
# Hussar (1812 ship)

Hussar was an American privateer active during the War of 1812. Hussar was launched in 1812 and made several cruises, first two as a letter of marque, and two as a privateer, but apparently without success. HMS Saturn captured her.

## Letter of marque and privateer

* First letter of marque: Captain Joshua Mezick commissioned Hussar on 10/31/12.
* Second letter of marque: Captain Tom Manning commissioned her on 7/17/13.
* First privateer cruise: Captain Joshua Mezick commissioned her on 11/3/13. No record of any captures.
* Second privateer cruise: Captain Francis Jenkins commissioned her on 5/17/14.

## Capture

On 25 May 1814 Saturn captured Hussar at 40°8′N 73°28′W﻿ / ﻿40.133°N 73.467°W﻿ / 40.133; -73.467 after a four-hour chase. Hussar was armed with one 12-pounder gun and nine 12-pounder carronades, eight of which she threw overboard during the chase. Her complement consisted of 98 men. She had been in commission for only a week and had left New York the previous evening for her first cruise, bound for Newfoundland; she was provisioned for a four-month cruise. Nash described her as "coppered, copper-fastened, and sails remarkably fast".

## Fate

Hussar was condemned at the Vice admiralty court, Halifax, Nova Scotia.
# Hussar, Alberta

Hussar is a village in southern Alberta, Canada within Wheatland County. It is located on Highway 561, approximately 93 km (58 mi) east of Calgary and 55 km (34 mi) south of Drumheller.

## History

Hussar was unofficially founded in 1913 when the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) established a station and named it Hussar. A community grew up around the station and was incorporated as a village in 1928. The name Hussar for the station was used in honour of a group of German soldiers who belonged to a German Hussar (cavalry) regiment who earlier had established a large farm near Hussar. With the start of World War I most of the soldiers returned to Germany and those who remained were interned for the duration of the war. The land, which was part of this German Canadian Farming Co. Ltd., was purchased after the war. Following the war, the community, both the village and the surrounding area, began to grow with an influx of settlers from around the world. English, Irish, Scots and Danes made up the bulk of the settlers. Many of those settlers' descendants still reside in or around the community.

## Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Village of Hussar had a population of 164 living in 74 of its 85 total private dwellings, a change of -13.7% from its 2016 population of 190. With a land area of 0.7 km$^2$ (0.27 sq mi), it had a population density of 234.3/km$^2$ (606.8/sq mi) in 2021.
In the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Village of Hussar recorded a population of 190 living in 78 of its 87 total private dwellings, a change of 8% from its 2011 population of 176. With a land area of 0.75 km$^2$ (0.29 sq mi), it had a population density of 253.3/km$^2$ (656.1/sq mi) in 2016.
# Crosne, Essonne

Crosne (French pronunciation: ) is a commune in the Essonne department, in the Île-de-France region in northern France. It is also a suburb of Paris, located 18 km from the center of Paris.

## Climate

Crosne is located in Île-de-France and enjoys a degraded oceanic climate with cool winters and mild summers, and has regular rainfall throughout the year. The annual average temperature is 10.8 °C, with a maximum of 15.2 °C and a minimum of 6.4 °C. The temperatures per month recorded are 24.5 °C in July at the maximum and 0.7 °C in January at the minimum, but the registered records are 38.2 °C on 1 July 1952 and −19.6 °C on 17 January 1985. Due to the lower urban density between Paris and its suburbs, a negative difference of one to two degrees Celsius is felt strongly. The amount of sunshine is comparable to the average for the northern regions of the Loire with 1,798 hours per year. Precipitation is evenly distributed over the year, with a total of 598.3 millimeters of rain and an approximate average of fifty millimeters per month.
vteClimate data for departemental station of Brétigny-sur-Orge :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 43.0 (6.1) | 45.7 (7.6) | 52.5 (11.4) | 58.3 (14.6) | 65.5 (18.6) | 71.2 (21.8) | 76.1 (24.5) | 75.6 (24.2) | 69.4 (20.8) | 60.4 (15.8) | 49.8 (9.9) | 44.2 (6.8) | 59.4 (15.2) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 38.1 (3.4) | 39.7 (4.3) | 44.8 (7.1) | 49.5 (9.7) | 56.1 (13.4) | 61.5 (16.4) | 65.8 (18.8) | 65.3 (18.5) | 60.1 (15.6) | 52.7 (11.5) | 44.1 (6.7) | 39.7 (4.3) | 51.4 (10.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 33.3 (0.7) | 33.8 (1.0) | 37.0 (2.8) | 40.6 (4.8) | 46.9 (8.3) | 52.0 (11.1) | 55.4 (13.0) | 55.0 (12.8) | 50.7 (10.4) | 45.0 (7.2) | 38.3 (3.5) | 35.1 (1.7) | 43.5 (6.4) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 1.87 (47.6) | 1.67 (42.5) | 1.75 (44.4) | 1.80 (45.6) | 2.11 (53.7) | 2.01 (51.0) | 2.06 (52.2) | 1.91 (48.5) | 2.19 (55.6) | 2.03 (51.6) | 2.13 (54.1) | 2.03 (51.5) | 23.56 (598.3) |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 59 | 89 | 134 | 176 | 203 | 221 | 240 | 228 | 183 | 133 | 79 | 53 | 1,798 |
| Source: ||||||||||||||

## Population

Inhabitants of Crosne are known as Crosnois in French.

## Transport

Crosne is served by Montgeron-Crosne station on the Paris RER line D.

## Twin towns – sister cities

Crosne is twinned with:
* Belœil, Belgium (1964)
* Schotten, Germany (1964)
* Maybole, Scotland, United Kingdom (1982)
* Rýmařov, Czech Republic (1999)

## Politics

The mayor of Crosne is Michaël Damiati from Debout la France, starting from 30 March 2014. The commune of Crosne is located in Essonne's 8th constituency, which includes Vigneux-sur-Seine(The Canton of Vigneux-sur-Seine, includes Crosne), Montgeron, Yerres, and Brunoy. Their member of the National Assembly has been Nicolas Dupont-Aignan, the president of Debout la France, since 1997. He was first elected in 1997, followed by getting reelected in 2002, 2007, 2012, and 2017.
# PRI disease resistant apple breeding program

The PRI disease resistant apple breeding program is a joint project of the Purdue University, Rutgers University, and the University of Illinois, to breed apple cultivars to be resistant to apple scab. The initialism stands for the three involved universities: Purdue, Rutgers and Illinois.

## Formation

During the early 20th century, C. S. Crandall carried out intensive studies of crosses between the cultivated apples and crab apples, with the goal of scab resistance. However, Crandall didn't see any fruits of his investigations. L. Fredric Hough, then a graduate student at the University of Illinois, studied Crandall's work. Hough published a paper in 1944, leading to a 1945 collaboration with Purdue University pathologist J. Ralph Shay. Hough then relocated to Rutgers and the collaborative effort was extended there.

## The program

The modified backcross breeding strategy used cultivated apple with recurrent parents from selected susceptible members of the wild ancestral genus malus. Several Malus species were screened and utilized to incorporate their resistance factors into the more advanced pomological backgrounds.

## Success

By 2000, the PRI have already released a total of eighteen apple cultivars, containing the scab-resistant Vf gene derived from Malus floribunda 821. Fifty-some PRI germplasm cultivars have also been released worldwide.
# P&W

P&W may refer to:
* Passion and Warfare – an album by Steve Vai
* Philadelphia and Western Railroad
* Poets & Writers – a nonprofit literary organization
* Portland and Western Railroad
* Pratt & Whitney – an aircraft engine manufacturer
* Pratt & Whitney Measurement Systems – a maker of metrological equipment
* Providence and Worcester Railroad
# Chronica Naierensis

The Chronica Naierensis or Crónica najerense (originally edited under the title Crónica leonesa) was a late twelfth-century chronicle of universal history composed at the Benedictine monastery of Santa María la Real in Nájera. In Latin it narrates events from Creation to its own time, with a focus on the Bible, classical history, the Visigothic in Spain, and the kingdoms of Castile and León. It was an important model for later Spanish Latin historiographers, notably the De rebus Hispaniae of Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada, the Chronicon mundi of Lucas de Tuy, and the Estoria de España of the patronage of Alfonso X of Castile.
Besides its classical and Biblical authorities, the Chronica Naierensis relied heavily on material culled from the cantares de gesta. The Chronica is not an original work in any rigorous sense, but rather a compilation. Its Visigothic history is based squarely on Isidore of Seville and its more recent Spanish history incorporates the Corpus Pelagianum, a work supervised by Pelagius, Bishop of Oviedo, mid-century. The date of the Chronica's completion was long dated to 1160, but the 1995 critical edition published by Juan Estévez Sola revised the terminus post quem to 1173, for it was not until that year that Pedro Coméstor finished his Historia Scholastica, which the Chronica uses as a source. The terminus ante quem of the Chronica can be placed in 1194, the earliest date for the composition of the Linage del Cid, which used it as a source. These dates make it contemporary with the Historia Roderici, though the influence of the latter in the Chronica is evident.

## Editions

* Antonio Ubieto Arteta (ed.), Crónica najerense. Zaragoza: Anubar, 1985. ISBN 978-84-7013-201-8.
* Juan A. Estévez Sola (ed.), Chronica Hispana saeculi XII, Pars II: Chronica Naierensis, Corpus Christianorum, Continuatio Medievalis, LXXI A. Turnhout: Brepols, 1995. ISBN 978-2-503-03714-1.
* Juan A. Estévez Sola (ed.), Crónica najerense, Clásicos Latinos Medievales y Renacentistas, 12. Tres Cantos (Madrid): Akal, 2003. ISBN 978-84-460-1668-7.
# Humphrey Sydenham (1694–1757)

Humphrey Sydenham (24 October 1694 – 12 August 1757), "The Learned", of Combe, Dulverton in Somerset, and of Nutcombe in Devon, was a Tory MP for Exeter, in Devon, between 1741 and 1754.

## Origins

Humphrey Sydenham was the eldest son and heir of Humphrey Sydenham (1672–1710) of Combe, which family had long been seated at that place, by his first wife Eliza Peppin, daughter of George Peppin of Old Shute, Dulverton, which family after 1858 developed the Peppin Merino breed of sheep in Australia.

## Career

He was a lawyer trained at the Inner Temple. Horace Walpole called him "a mad High Church zealot" though on another occasion he wrote that Sydenham was "an honest devout gentleman, who always talked out of the Common Prayer Book". He was temporarily ruined by the South Sea Bubble of 1720, in which he lost £20,000.

### St Barbe inheritance

His financial situation was restored by a large inheritance from his great-great-uncle Sir John St Barbe, 1st Baronet (died 1723), MP, of Broadlands in Hampshire. As his heir and executor, Sydenham erected a marble monument in Barbe's memory in the chancel of Ashington Church, Somerset.
In 1736, Sydenham sold Broadlands to Henry Temple, 1st Viscount Palmerston.

## Marriage and children

He married Grace Hill, daughter and heiress of Richard Hill of the Priory, near Exeter, by whom he had one son and three daughters including:
* St. Barbe Sydenham (died 1799), only son and heir, who was the possessor of Combe in 1791. He married Ellery Williams, daughter of Sydenham Williams of Herrinston, Dorset. He died without male children, when Combe appears to have passed to a Sydenham cousin.

## Monument at Dulverton

His mural monument in Dulverton church is inscribed as follows:
    "Near this lies interred Humphry Sydenham Esqr., whose least honour was his descent from an ancient & worthy family, whose true glory was his uniform character in publick & private life. He was the most obedient son of the Church of England, the disinterested lover of his country, the lover of Mankind; of integrity unshaken, in devotion constant, in good works abundant; the stict observer of himself, the candid judge of others. Just, humane, beneficent in all relations, the steady patriot, the faithful husband, the affectionate father, the kind master, the generous friend; zealous without faction, pious without moroseness, chearful with innocence, possessed of the esteem of good men who knew him, and careless of the applause or censure of bad ones. The rest of his history will be displayed in the presence of God and angels and men. He gently fell asleep after having served his generation sixty-three years, at his seat at Combe in Somersetshire, Aug. 12 1757. This monument was raised by his widow in testemony of his & her own conjugal affection".
Underneath are displayed on an escutcheon quarterly of four: 1st: Argent, three rams passant guardant sable (Sydenham); 2nd: Argent, a bend of fusils sable (Kittisford); 3rd: Chequy argent and sable (St Barbe); 4th: Gules, a bend between six cross crosslets or (?). Overall is an inescutcheon of pretence: Ermine, on a fesse sable a castle argent (Hill).
# Hundred of Tatiara

The Hundred of Tatiara is a Hundred of the County of Buckingham centered on Bordertown, and Wolseley, South Australia.
# Cross-coupling partner

In cross-coupling reactions, the component reagents are called cross-coupling partners or simply coupling partners. These reagents can be further classified according to their nucleophilic vs electrophilic character:
    R-X + R'-Y → R-R' + XY
Typically the electrophilic coupling partner (R-X) is an aryl halide, but triflates are also used. Nucleophilic coupling (R'-Y) partners are more diverse. In the Suzuki reaction, boronic esters and boronic acids serve as nucleophilic coupling partners. Expanding the scope of coupling partners is a focus methods development in organic synthesis.
# Hypatima tenebrosa

Hypatima tenebrosa is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1920. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from South Australia.
The wingspan is 11–12 mm. The forewings are rather dark fuscous closely irrorated (sprinkled) with white, with a small tuft on the costa at one-fourth, whitish posteriorly, preceded by a small dark fuscous mark. There is an elongate dark fuscous spot on the middle of the costa, beneath this some obscure brownish-ochreous suffusion. There are short black longitudinal strigulae representing the stigmata, the first discal beneath the posterior extremity of this spot, with the plical rather obliquely before it. There is a dark fuscous streak along the median portion of the fold, and other short longitudinal streaks more or less indicated in the disc preceding the stigmata and tending to unite with them. There is also a short fine black longitudinal strigulae between the second discal and termen, towards the tornus, and beneath the costa at three-fourths, as well as small indistinct dark fuscous spots on the costa posteriorly and along the termen. The hindwings are grey, lighter and thinly scaled anteriorly.
# Hypatima sorograpta

Hypatima sorograpta is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1931. It is found on Tagula Island in Papua New Guinea.
# P105

P105 may refer to:
* ARM Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada (P105), a patrol boat of the Mexican Navy
* Dominican patrol boat Independencia (P105)
* NFKB1, nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit
* Papyrus 105, a biblical manuscript
* P105, a Latvian State first class road
# P100

P100 may refer to:

## Automobiles

* Borgward P100, a German sedan
* Ford P100, a car-based pickup truck
* SsangYong Musso Sports, a South Korean SUV
* Tesla Model S P100, an American sedan
* Tesla Model X P100, an American SUV

## Aviation

* Bellanca P-100 Airbus, an American passenger aircraft
* Pottier P.100, a French civil utility aircraft
* Rogožarski R-100, a Yugoslav fighter trainer

## Science and medicine

* Listeria virus P100, a bacteriophage
* Mannan-binding lectin-associated serine protease-2
* P100, a NIOSH air filtration rating
* P100, an event-related brain potential; see C1 and P1 (neuroscience)

## Other uses

* DSC-P100, a digital camera
* HMAS Buccaneer (P 100), a patrol boat of the Royal Australian Navy
* NNS Andoni (P100), a seaward defense boat of the Nigerian Navy
* Papyrus 100, a biblical manuscript
* Project P-100, a video game
* Tesla P100, a GPU accelerator
* P100, a state regional road in Latvia
# P101

P101 may refer to:

## Vessels

* ARM Leandro Valle (P101), a patrol boat of the Mexican Navy
* HMAS Bayonet (P 101), a patrol boat of the Royal Australian Navy
* NRTL Oecusse (P101), a patrol boat of the Timor Leste Defence Force
* VOEA Ngahau Koula (P101), a patrol boat of the Tongan Maritime Force

## Other uses

* Papyrus 101, a biblical manuscript
* PIK3R5, phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 5
* Programma 101, a desktop programmable calculator
* P101, a state regional road in Latvia
# Cryptocephalus bispinus

Cryptocephalus bispinus is a species of case-bearing leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It is found in North America.
# Chronics

Chronics are an Italian power pop and punk band, known for playing power pop with a garage rock attitude, and often drawing comparisons to The Saints (band) and The Real Kids. In 1999 they released their debut single on Rip Off Records (a cult record label in the 90′s along with In the Red Records and Sympathy For The Record Industry), along with two full-length albums and two best of records. After several years idle, Chronics returned in 2014 by releasing a split single on Asian Man Records with Mike Watt and the Secondmen. In 2015 they release two more split 7-inch, another split single with Mike Watt (Minutemen (band), The Stooges) and a split single with Barrence Whitfield & the Savages.

## Discography
### Albums

* It's too late, LP, Nitro, Belgium 2002
* Suggested for Mature Audiences, LP/cd, Nitro, Belgium 2004
* Do you love the sun?, LP, Puke’n’vomit Records, USA 2022; CD, Spaghetty Town Records, USA 2023

### Singles

* First time, best time, 7” Rip Off Records, USA 1999

### Splits

* From Ciro's to Starwood, Mike Watt and the Secondmen/Chronics, Split 7-inch, Asian Man Records, USA 2014
* Back In The Microwave, Mike Watt and the Secondmen/Chronics, Split 7-inch, Org Music, USA 2015
* Zig Zag Wanderer/I've Got Levitation, Barrence Whitfield And The Savages/Chronics, Split 7-inch, Easy Action Records, UK 2015

### Best Of

* Late, lit-up & lewd (best of), cd, Hate, Italy 2003
* On Tape It Sounds Different (best of), cassette, USA Mooster, 2013

### Compilations

* All This And More, cd, Fridge Records, 2000
* Burnin' Material – Call The Firemen!! cassette, AlphaMonic, 2003
* Locals Only CD compilation – La Skaletta Rock Club
* Wild Sound From The Past Dimension, Go Down records, 2008

## Personnel

* Stefano Toma – guitars, vocals (1996–today)
* Marco Turci – drums (2004-today)
* Michele Rizzoli - bass, vocals (2019-today)
* Giuliano Guerrini - guitars, vocals (2022-today)
* Stefano Felcini – bass, vocals (2013-today)
* Roberto Fabbri – bass, vocals (2000–2009)
* Davide Scibetta – drums (1996–2004)
* Gabriele Balducci – bass, vocals (1996–2000)
# PSR B1257+12 A

PSR B1257+12 b, alternatively designated PSR B1257+12 A, also named Draugr, is an extrasolar planet approximately 2,300 light-years (710 pc) away in the constellation of Virgo. The planet is the innermost object orbiting the pulsar Lich, making it a pulsar planet in the dead stellar system. It is about twice as massive as the Moon, and is listed as the least massive planet (with the mass accurately determined) known, including among the planets in the Solar System.

## Nomenclature

The convention that arose for designating pulsars was that of using the letters PSR (Pulsating Source of Radio) followed by the pulsar's right ascension and degrees of declination. The modern convention prefixes the older numbers with a B meaning the coordinates are for the 1950.0 epoch. All new pulsars have a J indicating 2000.0 coordinates and also have declination including minutes. Pulsars that were discovered before 1993 tend to retain their B names rather than use their J names, but all pulsars have a J name that provides more precise coordinates of its location in the sky.
On its discovery, the planet was designated PSR 1257+12 A and later PSR B1257+12 A. It was discovered before the convention that extrasolar planets receive designations consisting of the star's name followed by lower-case Roman letters starting from "b" was established. However, it is listed under the latter convention on astronomical databases such as SIMBAD and the Extrasolar Planets Encyclopedia. Hence the designation PSR B1257+12 b.
In July 2014, the International Astronomical Union launched NameExoWorlds, a process for giving proper names to certain exoplanets and their host stars. The process involved public nomination and voting for the new names. In December 2015, the IAU announced the winning name was Draugr for this planet. The winning name was submitted by the Planetarium Südtirol Alto Adige in Karneid, Italy. Draugr are undead creatures in Norse mythology.