OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# RLUIPA Equal Terms Provision Circuit Split

President Bill Clinton signed the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act of 2000 into law on September 22 of 2000. This piece of legislation was intended to protect the free exercise of religion as it relates to institutionalized persons and land use. One provision of RLUIPA pertaining to land use is the Equal Terms Provision. The Equal Terms Provision states "No government shall impose or implement a land use regulation in a manner that treats a religious assembly or institution on less than equal terms with a nonreligious assembly or institution." While RLUIPA has been the subject of much scholarly writing, the Equal Terms Provision has received little attention on its own.
However, the Equal Terms Provision has proven difficult for some courts to interpret and has caused a circuit split as to its application. At this point in time there are three different approaches that Circuit Courts of Appeals have applied to the Equal Terms Provision.

## The Eleventh Circuit Approach

In a case dealing with the placement of synagogues the Eleventh Circuit was forced to analyze the Equal Terms Provision. The Court interpreted the Equal Terms provision to include a broad definition of "assembly or institution" to compare secular and religious uses. If a similar secular institution is found, the law in question is subject to strict scrutiny, which means it must be narrowly tailored to achieve a compelling government end.

## The Third and Seventh Circuit Approach

The Third and Seventh Circuit Courts have adopted applications of the Equal Terms Provision that are very similar to one another. Separating from the Eleventh Circuit's approach to assembly or institution, the Third Circuit found that similarly situated assemblies or institutions had to be measured by the effect they had on the purpose of the regulation imposed. If a similar institution is found to be treated on better terms than a religious institution then the law or ordinance will be subject to strict scrutiny and invalidated. The Seventh Circuit changed the Third Circuit's test only a little, by not using the purpose of the regulation imposed standard, but rather the regulatory criteria. It is believed that the Third Circuit approach was a little too easy to maneuver around and turn in the favor of the local municipality.

## The Ninth Circuit Approach

The Ninth Circuit has weighed in most recently on the Equal Terms Provision. The test used deals with the meaning of the word "equal" and stresses that it will mean different things in different situations. The Court goes on to state that a municipality can justify its treatment on different terms so long as it relates to a legitimate regulatory purpose and not the religious nature of the institution.
# Chlorissa

Chlorissa is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae erected by James Francis Stephens in 1831.

## Species

* Chlorissa albistrigulata Warren, 1897
* Chlorissa amphitritaria (Oberthür, 1879)
* Chlorissa anadema (Prout, 1930)
* Chlorissa arkitensis Viidalepp, 1988
* Chlorissa asphaleia Wiltshire, 1966
* Chlorissa cloraria (Hübner, [1813])
* Chlorissa discessa Walker, 1861
* Chlorissa etruscaria (Zeller, 1849)
* Chlorissa faustinata (Millière, 1868)
* Chlorissa gelida (Butler, 1889)
* Chlorissa gigantaria (Staudinger, 1892)
* Chlorissa macrotyro Inoue, 1954
* Chlorissa obliterata (Walker, 1863)
* Chlorissa pretiosaria (Staudinger, 1877)
* Chlorissa rubrifrons (Warren, 1894)
* Chlorissa sachalinensis (Matsumura, 1925)
* Chlorissa talvei Viidalepp, 1988
* Chlorissa vermiculata Warren, 1897
* Chlorissa viridata (Linnaeus, 1758) – small grass emerald
# Muscat dragonet

Callionymus muscatensis, the Muscat dragonet, is a species of dragonet native to the southern portions of the Red Sea and the Gulf of Oman. This species occurs at depths of from 40 to 70 metres (130 to 230 ft). This species grows to a length of 7.5 centimetres (3.0 in) TL.
# Italian Studies in Southern Africa

Italian Studies in Southern Africa/Studi d'Italianistica nell'Africa Australe is a biannual peer-reviewed academic journal published by the Association of Professional Italianists in South Africa/Associazione di Professori d'Italiano in Sudafrica. It is published in Italian and English and covers the field of Italian studies.
The journal is abstracted and indexed in the MLA International Bibliography, Bibliografia Generale della Lingua e della Letteratura Italiana, and Italinemo. It is listed as a journal qualifying authors for research support by the South African Department of Higher Education and Training and the Australian Research Council.
The editor-in-chief is Anna Meda (University of South Africa).
# Casalromano

Casalromano (Upper Mantovano: Casarima) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Mantua in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 100 kilometres (62 mi) southeast of Milan and about 35 kilometres (22 mi) west of Mantua. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,568 and an area of 11.9 square kilometres (4.6 sq mi).
The municipality of Casalromano contains the frazione (subdivision) Fontanella Grazioli.
Casalromano borders the following municipalities: Asola, Canneto sull'Oglio, Fiesse, Isola Dovarese, Volongo.
# John I. Laskin

John Ivan Laskin (born 1943) is a former justice of the Court of Appeal for Ontario from 1994 to 2018. He is a graduate of University of Toronto Faculty of Law. Prior to the court he practised law for 23 years.
Laskin is son of former Chief Justice of Canada Bora Laskin. He is married to Crystal Witterick, a former partner at Blake, Cassels & Graydon LLP. Together, they have a daughter.
# Connie Alexander

Connie Alexander may refer to
* Connie Alexander (youth hostelling) (1897–1979), British pioneer of youth hostelling
* Constantine Alexander (born 1950), British judoka
# Chungu

Chungu may refer to:

## People

* Lawrence Chungu (born 1991), Zambian football player
* Steven Chungu (born 1969), Zambian boxer
* Chungu Chipako (born 1971), Zambian middle-distance runner

## Other uses

* Chungu, a minor character from The Lion Guard
# Hopwood Hall College

Hopwood Hall College is a further education college in the Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale, Greater Manchester, England. It has two campuses, one in Rochdale (53°37′00″N 2°09′45″W﻿ / ﻿53.6168°N 2.1626°W﻿ / 53.6168; -2.1626﻿ (Hopwood Hall College (Rochdale campus))) and one in Middleton (53°34′08″N 2°11′20″W﻿ / ﻿53.5690°N 2.1889°W﻿ / 53.5690; -2.1889﻿ (Hopwood Hall College (Middleton campus))). The college offers a wide range of vocational and technical study programmes aimed at young people aged 16–19, with some university level courses, Apprenticeship programmes and adult education.

## History

Hopwood Hall College was incorporated in 1992 and officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II on 17 July 1992. The college operates from two campuses in Rochdale and Middleton. The Rochdale campus was formerly home to Rochdale College of Further Education, Rochdale College of Art and Rochdale Technology College, all of which merged when the college was incorporated. The Middleton campus prior to incorporation was home to the De La Salle College of Higher Education, an affiliated college of The University of Manchester.
Since its opening, Hopwood Hall College has provided A Level courses for sixth form students from the local area. However, since Rochdale Sixth Form College opened in September 2010, the college discontinued A Level provision concentrating on vocational further education for school leavers, Apprenticeships and courses for adult learners.
A series of capital projects have been undertaken and completed since incorporation. A Sports Arena was opened on 25 September 2002 by Ivan Lewis, Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Learning and Skills, and Paul Scholes of Manchester United Football Club. The Henry West Building at the Middleton campus was officially opened on 26 May 2006 by college governor Henry West. On 6 April 2006, Lord Tom Pendry, President of The Football Foundation, opened the Football Pavilion and Astroturf football pitch at the Middleton campus. A £7.5m scheme to construct a purpose-built technology centre at the Middleton campus was completed in October 2011 and officially opened on 6 March 2012 by John Hayes, Minister of State for Further Education, Skills and Lifelong Learning.
# Nokia N81

The Nokia N81 is a Symbian OS mobile phone announced by Nokia on 29 August 2007 and released the next month. It runs S60 3rd Edition, Feature Pack 1.
The N81 was marketed as an entertainment device focused on music and gaming. It was the first device that came preloaded with the N-Gage 2.0 gaming service in 2008 (albeit in public beta), and it features two dedicated gaming keys that can be used for N-Gage games (this would later also appear on the N96, N85 and 5730 XpressMusic). During the launch of N-Gage 2.0, the N81 was specifically chosen by Nokia in advertisements. It was also much marketed as a music-centric smartphone and was one of the first to support the Nokia Music Store service. It has stereo speakers that are considered to be very loud. Several reviewers have claimed that the N81 has, much like the older Nokia N91, a very high sound output quality and therefore highly suitable for audiophiles.
The four-way silver-coloured D-pad below the display also contains a new capacitive sensor called the Navi wheel, which allows scrolling in the S60 gallery and music player applications by 'stroking' the key, in a similar manner to the iPod click wheel. It is a unique feature that rarely appears on mobile handsets. The Navi wheel would later also appear on other Nokia Nseries handsets: N78, N85 and N96.
Other than these the N81 has more modest specifications compared to the Nokia N95, with a 2-megapixel camera, lacking both GPS and HSDPA, and weighing 20 grams heavier. However the N81 did have an ARM11 369 MHz processor, the fastest on a Nokia device at the time. The Nokia N81 notably features a sliding spring-loaded physical keylock on the top of the device, located next to the 3.5 mm jack. It is the first Nseries device that swapped the miniUSB port in favour of microUSB.
A variant called N81 8GB with 8-gigabytes of internal flash memory was also announced at the same time. This version retailed for 430 euros before taxes, 70 euros more than the standard version which requires a microSD memory card to expand its 12 megabytes of storage. N81 would be succeeded by the N85.

## Reception

The Nokia N81 had a lower sound output compared to the N91 due to the release of the new firmware version. According to Nokia, they must follow an international standard wherein a device's initial or default volume must be set too low to cause any damage to its users.
CNET found it buggy, slow, and badly designed. S21 gave it 3/5, praising its feature set, while again criticising the "plasticky" design. However its musical capabilities have been highly praised.
# Horeb

Horeb may refer to:
* Mount Horeb, possibly another name for the Biblical Mount Sinai
* Mount Horeb, Wisconsin, in Dane County, Wisconsin
* Mount Horeb Sasthamcotta, ashram in Kerala, India
* Horeb, Carmarthenshire, Wales
* Horeb, Ohio, United States
* Horeb Chapel, Llwydcoed, Rhondda Cynon Taf, Wales
* A work of Jewish philosophy by Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch
# Teaching of the Elders

Teaching of the Elders may refer to:
* Sthaviravada
* Theravada
* Elder (Christianity)
# Markvatnet

Markvatnet is a lake that lies in Meløy Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. The 2.28-square-kilometre (0.88 sq mi) lake is located about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) east of the village of Reipå and the same distance north of the municipal centre of Ørnes. The lake Lysvatnet lies about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) to the east of Markvatnet.
# Breaking Me Down

"Breaking Me Down" is a song by British singer Maria Lawson. It was released as a digital download on 6 September 2008 and released as a CD single on 8 September 2008.

## Background

The B-side of the single is an acoustic version of "Sign Your Name", originally by Terence Trent D'arby. The song reached number 11 on the UK Indie Singles Chart. Lawson performed the song on 27 July 2008 at Party in the Park in Leeds and appeared on GMTV to promote the single.

## Track listings

* "Breaking Me Down" (3:34)
* "Sign Your Name" (4:59)

## Charts

| Chart | Peak position |
| UK Singles Chart | 110 |
| UK Indie Singles Chart | 11 |
| Irish Singles Chart | 98 |
# Constrained equal losses

Constrained equal losses (CEL) is a division rule for solving bankruptcy problems. According to this rule, each claimant should lose an equal amount from his or her claim, except that no claimant should receive a negative amount. In the context of taxation, it is known as poll tax.

## Formal definition

There is a certain amount of money to divide, denoted by $E$ (=Estate or Endowment). There are n claimants. Each claimant i has a claim denoted by $c_{i}$. Usually, $\sum _{i=1}^{n}c_{i}>E$, that is, the estate is insufficient to satisfy all the claims.
The CEL rule says that each claimant i should receive $\max(0,c_{i}-r)$, where r is a constant chosen such that $\sum _{i=1}^{n}\max(0,c_{i}-r)=E$. The rule can also be described algorithmically as follows:
* Initially, all agents are active, and each agent gets his full claim.
* While the total allocation is larger than the estate:
** Remove one unit equally from all active agents.
** Each agent whose total allocation drops to zero becomes inactive.

## Examples

Examples with two claimants:
* $CEL(60,90;100)=(35,65)$; here $r=25$.
* $CEL(50,100;100)=(25,75)$; here $r=25$ too.
* $CEL(40,80;100)=(30,70)$; here $r=10$.
Examples with three claimants:
* $CEL(50,100,150;100)=(0,25,75)$; here $r=75$.
* $CEL(50,100,150;200)=(16.667,66.666,116.667)$; here $r=33.333$.
* $CEL(50,100,150;300)=(50,100,150)$; here $r=0$.

## Usage

In the Jewish law, if several bidders participate in an auction and then revoke their bids simultaneously, they have to compensate the seller for the loss. The loss is divided among the bidders according to the CEL rule.

## Characterizations

The CEL rule has several characterizations. It is the only rule satisfying the following sets of axioms:
* Equal treatment of equals, minimal rights first, and composition down;
* Conditional null compensation, and composition up;
* Conditional null compensation, and the dual of claims-monotonicity.

## Dual rule

The constrained equal awards (CEA) rule is the dual of the CEL rule, that is: for each problem $(c,E)$, we have $CEA(c,E)=c-CEL(c,\sum c-E)$.
# Nominal yield

The coupon rate (nominal rate, or nominal yield) of a fixed income security is the interest rate that the issuer agrees to pay to the security holder each year, expressed as a percentage of the security's principal amount or par value. The coupon rate is typically stated in the name of the bond, such as "US Treasury Bond 6.25%". Unlike current yield, it does not vary with the market price of the security.
Coupon rates are fixed for the life of the security, except in the case of floating-rate bonds.
# Orhantarctia

Orhantarctia is a genus of moths in the subfamily Arctiinae from Lesser Sundaland: Lombok and Flores. The genus was erected by Vladimir Viktorovitch Dubatolov and Yasunori Kishida in 2005.

## Species

* Orhantarctia cymbalophoroides (Rothschild, 1910)
* Orhantarctia habibiei (Orhant, 1999)
# Mutual property clauses

Mutual property clauses are created to mitigate any risk of discrepancy regarding the usage of technologies or patents that was developed jointly in partnership by stating that it will become a mutual property with both partners have the right of the veto as to how the technology can be used or to whom it can be offered unless otherwise stated.
Any distribution or publishing of a mutual project that was developed jointly of one of the ex-partner without a written consent may result in direct violation and breach of agreement.
# Philip of Artois

Philip of Artois (November 1269 – 11 September 1298), Lord of Conches, Nonancourt, and Domfront, was the son of Robert II, Count of Artois, and Amicie de Courtenay, daughter of Peter, Lord of Conches and Mehun.
He married Blanche of Brittany, daughter of John II, Duke of Brittany, and had the following children:
* Margaret (1285–1311), married in 1301 Louis, Count of Évreux
* Robert (1287–1342), his heir
* Isabelle (1288–1344), a nun at Poissy
* Joan (1289–aft. 1350), married Gaston I, Count of Foix, in Senlis in 1301
* Othon (died 2 November 1291)
* Marie (1291–22 January 1365, Wijnendaele), Lady of Merode, married in 1309 in Paris John I, Marquis of Namur
* Catherine (1296–1368, Normandy), married John II, Count of Aumale
Philip served under his father at the Battle of Furnes on 20 August 1297, where he was wounded. He never recovered and died of his injuries over a year later. He was buried in the now-demolished church of the Couvent des Jacobins in Paris. His premature death led to a legal battle following the death of his father in 1302, who had left the County of Artois to his elder sister, Mahaut, rather than his eldest son, Robert.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Dunbabin 2011, p. xiv.
* ↑ Crane, Raiswell & Reeves 2004, p. 288.
* ↑ Morvan 2009, p. table 2.
* ↑ Dunbabin 2011, p. xiii.
* 1 2 de Lincy 1852, p. 53.
# Cassowary, Queensland

Cassowary is a rural locality in the Shire of Douglas, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, Cassowary had a population of 119 people.

## Geography

The north-western part of the locality is low-lying coastal plains (10–20 metres about sea level) and is used for farming, predominantly sugarcane. The eastern and southern parts of the locality form part of the Cassowary Range, rising to unnamed peaks of about 350 metres, and are within the Mowbray National Park.
The Mossman - Mount Molloy Road which winds up and down the Great Dividing Range forms the north-western boundary of the locality. The Captain Cook Highway forms a short northern boundary. A cane tramway carries harvested sugarcane to the sugar mill at Mossman.

## History

The locality presumably takes its name from the large Australian flightless bird, the cassowary, which is found in the northern tropics of Queensland.
Cassowary State School opened on 3 February 1913. It closed in 1967. It was located on Captain Cook Highway (16°29′17″S 145°23′26″E﻿ / ﻿16.4881°S 145.3906°E﻿ / -16.4881; 145.3906﻿ (Cassowary State School (former))), now just across the locality boundary in neighbouring Shannonvale.

## Demographics

In the 2016 census, Cassowary had a population of 119 people.
In the 2021 census, Cassowary had a population of 119 people.

## Education

There are no schools in Cassowary. The nearest government primary schools are Mossman State School in Mossman to the north-west and Port Douglas State School in Port Douglas to the east. The nearest government secondary school is Mossman State High School in Mossman to the north-west.
# Myurella conspersa

Myurella conspersa is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Terebridae, the auger snails.

## Description

The length of the shell varies between 25 mm and 53 mm

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off the Philippines, China, Papua New Guinea and the Fiji Islands.
# Himalaiella

Himalaiella is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Asteraceae.
Its native range is Iran to China and Indo-China, Taiwan.
Species:
* Himalaiella abnormis (Lipsch.) Raab-Straube
* Himalaiella afghana (Lipsch.) Raab-Straube
* Himalaiella albescens (DC.) Raab-Straube
* Himalaiella andersonii (C.B.Clarke) D.Maity
* Himalaiella auriculata (DC.) Raab-Straube
* Himalaiella chenopodiifolia (Klatt) Raab-Straube
* Himalaiella chitralica (Duthie) Raab-Straube
* Himalaiella deltoidea (DC.) Raab-Straube
* Himalaiella foliosa (Edgew.) Raab-Straube
* Himalaiella heteromalla (D.Don) Raab-Straube
* Himalaiella hohuanshanense S.S.Ying
* Himalaiella lushaiensis Y.S.Chen & Qian Yuan
* Himalaiella natmataungensis Fujikawa
* Himalaiella nivea (DC.) Raab-Straube
* Himalaiella peguensis (C.B.Clarke) Raab-Straube
* Himalaiella qinghaiensis (S.W.Liu & T.N.Ho) Raab-Straube
* Himalaiella yakla (C.B.Clarke) Fujikawa & H.Ohba
# Honeymoon Creek Snow-Survey Cabin

Honeymoon Creek Snow-Survey Cabin, also known as Seven Lakes Cabin, near Ashland, Oregon, was built in 1943. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.
It was deemed significant for its association with the Bureau of Agricultural Engineering/Soil Conservation Service's snow-survey program in southwestern Oregon. The cabin was not part of the first period of SCS snow-survey cabin construction in the 1930s, but it was built in the same design and by the same persons as built the first such cabin at South Lake.
The Honeymoon Creek Snow-Survey Cabin is located in the Butte Falls Ranger District, in Klamath County. The Whaleback Snow-Survey Cabin (1937), in the Prospect Ranger District in Douglas County, is also NRHP-listed.$^{:6}$
# Orthodoxy in Armenia

The term Orthodoxy in Armenia may refer to:
* Eastern Orthodoxy in Armenia, representing adherents, communities and institutions of various Eastern Orthodox Churches, in Armenia
* Oriental Orthodoxy in Armenia, representing adherents, communities and institutions of various Oriental Orthodox Churches, in Armenia
* any other form of orthodoxy in Armenia (political, ideological, social, economic, scientific, artistic)
# Casa Panigarola

Casa Panigarola (or Casa dei Panigarola), also known as Palazzo dei Notai ("Palace of the Notaries"), is a historic building of Milan, Italy, located in Piazza Mercanti, former city centre in the Middle Ages. It is named after the House of Panigarola, a family of notaries from Gallarate, that owned the building until 1741. The building thus served as a notary seat, and the activities therein were strictly related to those that occurred in the adjacent Palazzo della Ragione, where trials were held.
The palace occupies the west side of the rectangular Piazza Mercanti city square. While its original structure dates back to the age of medieval communes, it was largely rebuilt in the 15th century in Gothic style. The facade was designed by Giovanni Solari in 1466 and largely restored in 1899 by Luca Beltrami. A minor restoration occurred in 1967, under the supervision of Antonio Cassi Ramelli.
In the floor of the portico, there is a notable relief with the biscione, Milan's emblem under the House of Sforza. Another notable decoration of the palace is a ceramic plaque dating back to 1448, signed by Tommaso da Caponago (a 15th-century lawyer), that warns against the perils of recurring to the law to solve conflicts.

## Footnotes

* ↑ "Palazzo dei Notai o Casa Panigarola". Archived from the original on 2011-11-26. Retrieved 2011-05-03.
* ↑ Testo originale latino e suo significato della lapide
# Chelsey Minnis

Chelsey Minnis (born 1970 in Dallas, Texas) is an American poet. Her collections of poetry include Zirconia, Bad Bad, Poemland, and Baby I Don't Care. Zirconia won the 2001 Alberta Prize for Poetry. She received a B. A. in English from the University of Colorado Boulder and studied at the Iowa Writers' Workshop.
Minnis's work was described as expressing a "gurlesque" aesthetic by Arielle Greenberg, which she described as "a feminine, feminist incorporating of the grotesque and cruel with the spangled and dreamy."

## Selected works

* Zirconia. New York: Fence Books, 2001.
* Foxina. Los Angeles: Seeing Eye Books, 2002.
* Bad Bad. New York: Fence Books, 2007.
* Poemland. Seattle: Wave Books, 2009.
* Baby, I Don't Care. Seattle: Wave Books, 2018.
# Niemi

Niemi is a Finnish word meaning "peninsula". It may refer to:
* Niemi (surname)
* Niemi, Lahti, a district of the city of Lahti
* Niemi [fi], part of Orimattila
* Niemi [fi], part of Tampere
* Niemi, a village in Halsua
* Niemi, a village in Jokioinen
* Niemi, a village in the former municipality Sammatti, now part of the city of Lohja

## Other uses

* Niemi, a novel by Juha Hurme which was awarded the Finlandia Prize in 2017