OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Connate fluids

In geology and sedimentology, connate fluids are liquids that were trapped in the pores of sedimentary rocks as they were deposited. These liquids are largely composed of water, but also contain many mineral components as ions in solution.
As rocks are buried, they undergo lithification and the connate fluids are usually expelled. If the escape route for these fluids is blocked, the pore fluid pressure can build up, leading to overpressure.

## Significance

An understanding of the geochemistry of connate fluids is important if the diagenesis of the rock is to be quantified. The solutes in the connate fluids often precipitate and reduce the porosity and permeability of the host rock, which can have important implications for its hydrocarbon prospectivity. The chemical components of the connate fluid can also yield information on the provenance of aquifers and of the thermal history of the host rock. Minute bubbles of fluid are often trapped within the crystals of the cementing material. These fluid inclusions provide direct information about the composition of the fluid and the pressure-temperature conditions that existed during diagenesis of the sediments.
Some analyses of connate water samples from Louisiana (USA) compared to seawater
| | | Average of samples from Tertiary formations | Average of samples from Tertiary formations | Average of samples from Cretaceous formations | Average of samples from Cretaceous formations |
| Constituent | Seawater mg/l | Connate water mg/l | Ratio Connate/Sea Water | Connate water mg/l | Ratio Connate/Sea Water |
| Lithium | 0.2 | 3 | 15 | 4 | 20 |
| Sodium | 10,600 | 37,539 | 3.5 | 28,462 | 2.7 |
| Potassium | 380 | 226 | 0.59 | 193 | 0.51 |
| Calcium | 400 | 2,077 | 5.2 | 4,999 | 12 |
| Magnesium | 1,300 | 686 | 0.53 | 606 | 0.47 |
| Strontium | 8 | 148 | 19 | 346 | 43 |
| Barium | 0.03 | 73 | 2,430 | 48.3 | 1,608 |
| Boron | 4.8 | 20 | 4.1 | 27.5 | 5.7 |
| Chloride | 19,000 | 63,992 | 3.4 | 54,910 | 2.9 |
| Bromide | 65 | 79 | 1.2 | 287 | 4.4 |
| Iodide | 0.05 | 21 | 420 | 37 | 740 |
| Sulphate | 2,690 | 104 | 0.039 | 206 | 0.077 |
| Source: A. Gene Collins, "Geochemistry of some petroleum-associated waters from Louisiana," US Bureau of Mines, Rept. of Investigations 7326, January 1970. ||||||
Similar, but different in origin, is the concept of fossil water, which is used to describe very old groundwater found in deep aquifers or bedrock. Typically it was recharged during a different climatic period (e.g., the last ice age) so is also very old, but possibly not of the same genesis as the rock.
# John Lyon

John or Jack Lyon may refer to:
* John Lyon (botanist) (1765–1814) Scottish botanist and plant
* John Lyon (boxer) (born 1962), English boxer
* John Lyon (commissioner) (born 1948), British Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards (2008–12)
* John Lyon (cricketer) (1951–2010), cricketer for Lancashire
* John Lyon, Lord of Glamis (1340–1382), Chamberlain of Scotland
* John Lyon, 1st Master of Glamis (died 1435), see Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne
* John Lyon, 3rd Lord Glamis (1431–1497)
* John Lyon, 4th Lord Glamis (died 1500)
* John Lyon, 6th Lord Glamis (died 1528)
* John Lyon, 7th Lord Glamis (1510–1558), (forfeit in 1537 but restored in 1543)
* John Lyon, 8th Lord Glamis (died 1578), Scottish nobleman, judge and Lord High Chancellor of Scotland
* John Lyon (school founder) (died 1592), English founder of Harrow School
* John Lyon, 4th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne (1663–1712)
* John Lyon, 5th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne (1696–1715)
* John Lyon (poet) (1803–1889), Scottish LDS poet
* John Herbert Bowes-Lyon (1886–1930)
* John Bowes, 9th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne (1737–1776), born John Lyon
* John Lyon, name of several people of Clan Lyon in Scotland
* John Lyon (born 1948), the real name of singer Southside Johnny
* Jack Lyon (1898–1941), New Zealand politician
* Jack Lyon (footballer) (1893–1975), English footballer
# Ponikve, Čajniče

Ponikve is a village in the municipality of Čajniče, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
# Nathan Brody

Nathan Brody is an American psychology professor Emeritus known for his work on intelligence and personality.
Brody received his BA from University of New Hampshire and his MA and PhD from University of Michigan. He taught at Wesleyan University and is currently an emeritus professor there.
In 1995, Brody was part of an 11-member American Psychological Association task force led by Ulric Neisser which published Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns, a report written in response to The Bell Curve. In 1998, he was one of the contributors to the 1998 special issue devoted to Arthur Jensen in Intelligence, where he praised Jensen's work as a "formidable contribution" to the topic of race and intelligence, though disagreeing to some extent with them.

## Publications

* Brody N. Human Motivation: Commentary on Goal-Directed Action. Academic Press (July 1, 1983) ISBN 0-12-134840-7.
* Brody N. Personality: research and theory. Academic Press (1972) ISBN 0-12-134850-4
* Brody N. Personality: In Search of Individuality. Academic Press (March 28, 1988) ISBN 0-12-134845-8.
* Brody N. Intelligence. Academic Press; 2 edition (March 20, 1992, first edition 1976) ISBN 0-12-134251-4.
* Brody N, Ehrlichman H. Personality Psychology: Science of Individuality. Prentice Hall; 1 edition (August 12, 1997) ISBN 0-13-146903-7.
# Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services

The Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services (OSERS) is a program of the United States Department of Education. OSERS' official mission is "to provide leadership to achieve full integration and participation in society of people with disabilities by ensuring equal opportunity and access to, and excellence in, education, employment and community living."

## History

In 1979, Congress passed legislation that split the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare in two parts — creating the Department of Education and the Department of Health and Human Services. The Bureau of Education for the Handicapped (BEH) — established in 1967 by Title VI of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act — then became the core of the new Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services. Dr. Edwin W. Martin, Jr., then Deputy Commissioner of Education, and director of BEH was nominated by President Carter to be the first Assistant Secretary for OSERS. He was confirmed unanimously by the Senate. The Rehabilitation Services Administration and the National Institute of Disability and Rehabilitation Research were the other components of OSERS.

## Divisions

OSERS is composed of the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Special Education and Rehabilitative Services and two program components:
* Office of Special Education Programs (OSEP)
* Rehabilitation Services Administration.
Until 2014, OSERS also contained the National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research. The Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act changed its name to the National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research and relocated it to the Administration for Community Living, within the Department of Health and Human Services.

## Leadership and activities

As of May 15, 2023, Glenna Gallo is the Assistant Secretary for Special Education and Rehabilitative Services.
Primary laws and statutes authorizing OSERS' programs and activities include:
* Individuals with Disabilities Education Act amendments of 1997. (IDEA)
* Rehabilitation Act of 1973. (Rehab Act)
* The Education of the Deaf Act. (EDA)
* Act to Promote Education of the Blind of March 3, 1879.
* The Helen Keller National Center Act. (HKNC)
* The Assistive Technology Act of 2004. (AT Act)
* The Randolph–Sheppard Act. (Vending Facilities For The Blind)
# Misadventures in Babysitting

Misadventures in Babysitting
* "Misadventures in Babysitting" (The Adventures of Super Mario Bros. 3), episode
* "Misadventures in Babysitting" (Full House episode)
* "Misadventures in Babysitting", the eighth episode of season 1 of Lizzie McGuire
# Roger Corbet (disambiguation)

Roger Corbet (c. 1501–1538) was an English politician and landowner.
Roger Corbet or Corbett may also refer to:
* Roger Corbet (died 1395), ancestor of the above, MP for Shropshire in three Parliaments
* Roger Corbet (died 1430), his son, MP twice for Shrewsbury and once for Shropshire
# Oghwoghwa

Oghwoghwa Is the forefather of four Urhobo Kingdoms in Urhobo Land in Nigeria, namely
* Ogor (Ogọ)
* Ughelli (Ughẹne),
* Agbarha-Otor (Agbarha) and
* Orogun.
Each of the Kingdom is headed by a traditional ruler known as Ovie (King).
# John Lorber

John Lorber (1915–1996) was a professor of paediatrics at the University of Sheffield from 1979 until his retirement in 1981. He worked at the Children's Hospital of Sheffield, where he specialized in work on spina bifida. He also wrote on the subject of medical ethics regarding the use of intensive medical intervention for severely handicapped infants.

## Medical ethics and neonatal surgical intervention

In the 1970s, Lorber was one of the early advocates for neonatal surgical intervention in cases of the Myelomeningocele form of spina bifida. Lorber's published work advocating treatments, along with the opposing views of Raymond Duff and A. G. M. Campbell, became important voices in the debate about the ethics of withholding medical care. However, by the mid 1980s, Lorber's position had changed based on the unsatisfactory long term outcomes and instead he supported a treatment of normal nursing, with care to avoid pain and discomfort. This position was criticized by pro-life groups.

## Is Your Brain Really Necessary?

In 1980, Roger Lewin published an article in Science, "Is Your Brain Really Necessary?", about Lorber studies on cerebral cortex losses. He included a report by Lorber, never published in any scientific journal, about the case of a Sheffield University student who had a measured IQ of 126 and passed a Mathematics Degree but who had hardly any discernible brain matter at all since his cortex was extremely reduced by hydrocephalus. The article led to the broadcast of a Yorkshire Television documentary of the same title, though it was about a different patient who had normal brain mass distributed strangely in a very large skull. Explanations have been proposed for the first student's situation, with reviewers noting that Lorber's scans evidenced that the subject's brain mass was not absent, but compacted into the small space available, possibly compressed to a greater density than regular brain tissue.
# McKennie

McKennie is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* William McKennie (1868–1902), Scottish footballer
* Weston McKennie (born 1998), American soccer player
# Jordi Benet

Jordi Benet (born 15 July 1980) is an Andorran football player. He has played twice for the Andorra national team.

## National team statistics

Andorra national team :
| Year | Apps | Goals |
| 1999 | 1 | 0 |
| 2000 | 0 | 0 |
| 2001 | 1 | 0 |
| Total | 2 | 0 |
# Rent-setting

Rent-setting (also spelled as rent setting; simplified Chinese: 设租; traditional Chinese: 設租), also known as rent-creating, refers to the act of governments or bureaucrats using their power to intervene in the market, resulting in the formation of new economic rents and creating rent-seeking opportunities for certain market entities. In short, it means that the power itself committed an act in order to take a bribe.
The concept of rent-setting was coined by Appelbaum and Katz in 1987. This theory holds that since the regulator itself may become a rent-seeker, the rent-seeker itself will become a rent-setter and thus endogenously determine the size of the rent.
Rent-setting is part of the chain of the rent-seeking process. It can generally be divided into three types: unintentional rent-setting, passive rent-setting and active rent-setting.
In a 'power-money' transaction, rent-setting is from 'power' to 'money', while rent-seeking is often 'money-power-money increment'. In fact, rent seeking and rent setting are two sides of the same behavior and cannot be separated.
# Connie Alexander (youth hostelling)

Edith Constance Alexander (27 November 1897 – 9 November 1979) was a pioneer of youth hostelling in the United Kingdom. She was a founder member of the Youth Hostels Association in the UK and their first warden.

## Life

Connie, as she was known, was born in Bradford, West Riding of Yorkshire in 1897 but by her teenage years was living in Liverpool. An active member of the Liverpool Ramblers Federation and Holiday Fellowship, she was also involved with the League of Welldoers. In 1929 Connie was one of seven members of the Holiday Fellowship who went on a fact-finding expedition to Germany to investigate the work of the German Youth Hostel Association. From that trip, came the interest to found a youth hostelling movement in Britain. During 1930 the Merseyside group of the newly formed Youth Hostels Association (England & Wales) (YHA) looked for premises to use as hostels and in time for Christmas 1930 the group opened Britain's first youth hostel at Pennant Hall near Llanrwst in north Wales. Alexander was part of the advance party of four who set up the hostel, where Connie was appointed cook and generally in charge of affairs. Although Pennant Hall closed shortly into 1931 due to issues with the water supply, Connie Alexander is considered the first YHA warden.
The following year YHA opened Idwal Cottage youth hostel in the Ogwen Valley and Alexander was appointed as the warden, taking up her duties in May 1931. A keen climber, Alexander, spent much of her spare time in the mountains around the hostel and was involved in several rescues of people lost or injured in the area. On more than one occasion she gave evidence at inquests following fatal incidents.
In March 1937 she was the subject of a large scale search after she failed to return from a walk when a storm came on. Over 30 people were involved with the search which took place overnight and into the next day before Alexander was reported safe at a hotel in Llanberis, having found her way in the storm to the road and being given a lift by a passing motorist into Llanberis. Alexander recounted the incident in the first episode of the series, It Might Happen To You on the BBC Regional Programme broadcast on 11 October 1937.
Alexander remained warden at Idwal Cottage until July 1940 when she left to marry a local climber, Richard Williams. After their marriage the couple settled in the area eventually residing in Llandudno where they remained until Alexander's death in 1979.
# Reinerton-Orwin-Muir, Pennsylvania

Reinerton-Orwin-Muir was a census-designated place (CDP) that was located in Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 1,037 at the time of the 2000 census. For the 2010 census, the area was split into three CDPs, Reinerton, Orwin, and Muir.

## Geography

Reinerton-Orwin-Muir was located at 40°35′28″N 76°32′0″W﻿ / ﻿40.59111°N 76.53333°W﻿ / 40.59111; -76.53333 (40.591023, -76.533335).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP had a total area of 1.4 square miles (3.6 km$^2$), all of it land.

## Notable residents

* Les Brown - band leader

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,037 people, 430 households, and 322 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 740.2 inhabitants per square mile (285.8/km$^2$). There were 464 housing units at an average density of 331.2 per square mile (127.9/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the CDP was 99.32% White, 0.29% Asian, and 0.39% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.10% of the population.
There were 430 households, out of which 26.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.6% were married couples living together, 8.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.9% were non-families. 22.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 2.79.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 20.6% under the age of 18, 7.7% from 18 to 24, 27.2% from 25 to 44, 26.0% from 45 to 64, and 18.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.3 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $39,821, and the median income for a family was $46,364. Males had a median income of $31,765 versus $23,068 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $18,663. About 4.7% of families and 5.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.3% of those under age 18 and 8.6% of those age 65 or over.

## Gallery

* The remains of the Porter Township High School, Reinerton
* The Orwin Fire House, on the site of the old Orwin School
# Manchester School (writers)

The "Manchester School" was a number of playwrights from Manchester, England, who were active in the early 20th century. The leading figures in the group were Harold Brighouse, Stanley Houghton and Allan Monkhouse. They were championed by Annie Horniman, owner of the Gaiety Theatre, Manchester.
# 1936 Olympics

1936 Olympics may refer to:
* The 1936 Winter Olympics, which were held in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
* The 1936 Summer Olympics, which were held in Berlin, Germany
# Conjuration (EP)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Teraz Rock | |
Conjuration is the fourth EP by Polish extreme metal band Behemoth. The first three tracks were recorded between June and September 2002. The live songs were recorded at the Mystic Festival on 13 October 2001. The tracks were then mastered at the High End Studio in June 2003.
In 2011, the EP (along with several previously unreleased live tracks) was bundled with Slaves Shall Serve and released as part of the compilation album Abyssus Abyssum Invocat.

## Personnel

| Behemoth Adam "Nergal" Darski – vocals, guitars, production, mix Mateusz "Havoc" Śmierzchalski – guitars Zbigniew "Inferno" Promiński – drums Additional musicians Marcin "Novy" Nowak – bass guitar | Production Arkadiusz "Malta" Malczewski – engineering, mix Grzegorz Piwkowski – mastering Tomasz "Graal" Daniłowicz – cover art Note Tracks 1 to 3 recorded between June and September 2002, Hendrix Studios, Lublin, Poland Tracks 4 to 7 recorded live at Mystic Festival on 13 October 2001. Mastered in June 2003 at High End Studio, Warsaw, Poland. |

## Release history

| Region | Date | Label |
| Sweden, Poland, USA | 14 September 2003 | Regain Records, Mystic Production, Olympic Recordings/Century Media Records |
# Jackie Kahane

Jackie Kahane (1921-2001) was a stand-up comedian, actor and writer.
Kahane was born on 29 September 1921 in Narajow, Galicia, which is in present day Ukraine. He was most notable for working with Elvis Presley from 1972 until his death in 1977, during which time he was once booed off the stage in Madison Square Garden due to the crowds impatience to see Presley perform. He is also known for featuring in Elvis on Tour (1972), and appearing numerous times on The David Frost Show, The Tonight Show with Johnny Carson, and The Ed Sullivan Show. In 1961, Kahane was selected along with Bill Cosby as one of Time magazine's outstanding comedians.
He wrote and delivered the eulogy at Elvis' funeral, and died after a lengthy battle with cancer on 26 March 2001 in Encino, California.
# Jonathan Sonne

Jonathan Sonne is an American Magic: The Gathering player. He has reached the top eight of a Pro Tour once, and has won two Grand Prix. He was also part of the US national team that placed second at the World Championship in 2005.

## Achievements

| Season | Event type | Location | Format | Date | Rank |
| 2002-03 | Pro Tour | Boston | Team Limited | 27–29 September 2002 | 4 |
| 2005 | Grand Prix | Austin | Rochester Draft | 9–10 October 2004 | 1 |
| 2005 | Nationals | | Standard and Booster Draft | 12–14 August 2005 | 3 |
| 2005 | Grand Prix | Philadelphia | Legacy | 12–13 November 2005 | 1 |
| 2005 | Worlds | Yokohama | National team | 30 November-4 December 2005 | 2 |
| 2006 | Grand Prix | Richmond, Virginia | Sealed and Booster Draft | 4–5 February 2006 | 2 |
| 2006 | Grand Prix | Madison, Wisconsin | Team Constructed | 25–26 March 2006 | 4 |
| 2006 | Grand Prix | Toronto | Sealed and Booster Draft | 3–4 June 2006 | 2 |
| 2008 | Grand Prix | Philadelphia | Extended | 15–16 March 2008 | 8 |
| 2008 | Grand Prix | Kansas City | Sealed and Booster Draft | 18–19 October 2008 | 3 |
Last updated: 25 August 2009 Source: Wizards.com
# Pontocola, Mississippi

Pontocola is a ghost town in Lee County, in the U.S. state of Mississippi.

## History

Pontocola is a name derived from the Chickasaw language purported to mean "hanging grapes". A post office operated under the name Pontocola from 1858 to 1904.
# Mucoa

Mucoa is a genus of plant in the family Apocynaceae first described as a genus in 1988. It is native to northern South America.

## Species

* Mucoa duckei (Markgr.) Zarucchi - Colombia, Peru, N Brazil
* Mucoa pantchenkoana (Markgr.) Zarucchi - Bolívar in Venezuela, Roraima in Brazil
# Karenni

Karenni may refer to:
* Karenni people
* Karenni language
* Karenni State, former name of Kayah State, Myanmar
* Karenni States, an area of present-day Kayah State, Myanmar
# Constrained equal awards

Constrained equal awards (CEA), also called constrained equal gains, is a division rule for solving bankruptcy problems. According to this rule, each claimant should receive an equal amount, except that no claimant should receive more than his/her claim. In the context of taxation, it is known as leveling tax.

## Formal definition

There is a certain amount of money to divide, denoted by $E$ (=Estate or Endowment). There are n claimants. Each claimant i has a claim denoted by $c_{i}$. Usually, $\sum _{i=1}^{n}c_{i}>E$, that is, the estate is insufficient to satisfy all the claims.
The CEA rule says that each claimant i should receive $\min(c_{i},r)$, where r is a constant chosen such that $\sum _{i=1}^{n}\min(c_{i},r)=E$. The rule can also be described algorithmically as follows:
* Initially, all agents are active, and all agents get 0.
* While there are remaining units of the estate:
** The next estate unit is divided equally among all active agents.
** Each agent whose total allocation equals its claim becomes inactive.

## Examples

Examples with two claimants:
* $CEA(60,90;100)=(50,50)$; here $r=50$. In general, when all claims are at least $E/n$, each claimant receives exactly $E/n$.
* $CEA(40,80;100)=(40,60)$; here $r=60$.
Examples with three claimants:
* $CEA(50,100,150;100)=(33.333,33.333,33.333)$; here $r=33.333$.
* $CEA(50,100,150;200)=(50,75,75)$; here $r=75$.
* $CEA(50,100,150;300)=(50,100,150)$; here $r=150$.
* $CEA(100,200,300;300)=(100,100,100)$; here $r=100$.
* $CEA(100,200,300;500)=(100,200,200)$; here $r=200$.

## Usage

In the Jewish law, if several creditors have claims to the same bankrupt debtor, all of which have the same precedence (e.g. all loans have the same date), then the debtor's assets are divided according to CEA.

## Characterizations

The CEA rule has several characterizations. It is the only rule satisfying the following sets of axioms:
* Equal treatment of equals, invariance under truncation of claims, and composition up;
* Conditional full compensation, and composition down;
* Conditional full compensation, and claims-monotonicity.

## Dual rule

The constrained equal losses (CEL) rule is the dual of the CEA rule, that is: for each problem $(c,E)$, we have $CEL(c,E)=c-CEA(c,\sum c-E)$.