OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Changchun dialect

The Changchun dialect is a Mandarin Chinese variety spoken by people in and around the city of Changchun in Jilin Province, China.

## Characteristics

The Changchun dialect is a member of the Changchun-Harbin sub-dialects. It is very close to Standard Chinese, but it also has distinct characteristics phonetically and lexically. In history Changchun was near the centre of Manchurian culture, so similar to other Northeastern Mandarin dialects, it has many words borrowed from the Manchu language. After the foundation of the People's Republic of China, Changchun became heavily industrialized and the city grew considerably with migrant workers. As a result, the Changchun dialect resembles Standard Mandarin more than the dialects spoken in nearby rural counties.
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# Campo Novo do Sul River

The Campo Novo do Sul River is a river of Santa Catarina state in southeastern Brazil. It is part of the Uruguay River basin.
# Henry Barnard (judge)

Sir Henry William Barnard (18 April 1891 - 20 July 1981) was an English High Court judge, sitting in the Probate, Divorce and Admiralty Division.

## Early life

Henry William Barnard was born on 18 April 1891, son of William Tyndal Barnard, KC. He was the uncle of Sir Anthony Hollis, another High Court judge.
He was educated at Wellington College and Merton College, Oxford.

## War service

He served in World War I as a captain in the Royal West Kent Regiment (5th Battalion).

## Legal career

He as called to the Bar at Gray's Inn in 1913, before leaving for war service. He later returned and was made King's Counsel in 1939, in which year he also became a Bencher of the Inn. He became Treasurer in 1953.

## Judge

In 1944 he was made a judge of the High Court sitting in the Probate, Divorce and Admiralty Division, and was given the customary knighthood. He served for 14 years until his retirement in 1958.

## Footnotes

* 1 2 3 4 5 6 The Times, Thursday, Jul 23, 1981.
# Parapsammodius bidens

Parapsammodius bidens is a species of aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in the Caribbean Sea and North America.
# ODTTF

ODTTF (Obfuscated OpenType) is an embedded font file type used in Microsoft's XML Paper Specification (XPS) and Office Open XML formats. The file type refers to an obfuscated subsetted font based on the fonts used in the original document.
The files can be extracted from the DOCX file by changing the filename extension to .zip, so the archive can be browsed and extracted. The MIME type is Microsoft's own invention and has not been submitted to the IANA registry.
According to the source code of Okular (see function parseGUID and method XpsFile::loadFontByName), the first 32 bytes of the font file are obfuscated by XOR using the font file name (a GUID). The rest of the file is normal OpenType. The byte order of the GUID representation is reversed from the formatted form as used in the filename and does not coincide with the internal byte order of the representation in the .NET Framework.
# Priorwood Garden

Priorwood Garden is a garden in Melrose in the Scottish Borders area of Scotland. The garden contains an apple orchard of unusual apple trees. The flower garden is planted to supply the best samples for dry flower arrangements. It is administered by the National Trust for Scotland.
The National Trust for Scotland has further properties in the Scottish Borders including the nearby Harmony Garden.
# Inner nuclear layer

In the anatomy of the eye, the inner nuclear layer or layer of inner granules, of the retina, is made up of a number of closely packed cells, of which there are three varieties: bipolar cells, horizontal cells, and amacrine cells.

## Bipolar cells

The bipolar cells, by far the most numerous, are round or oval in shape, and each is prolonged into an inner and an outer process.
They are divisible into rod bipolars and cone bipolars.
* The inner processes of the rod bipolars run through the inner plexiform layer and arborize around the bodies of the cells of the ganglionic layer; their outer processes end in the outer plexiform layer in tufts of fibrils around the button-like ends of the inner processes of the rod granules.
* The inner processes of the cone bipolars ramify in the inner plexiform layer in contact with the dendrites of the ganglionic cells.

### Connection types

Midget bipolars are linked to one cone while diffuse bipolars take groups of receptors. Diffuse bipolars can take signals from up to 50 rods or can be a flat cone form and take signals from seven cones. The bipolar cells corresponds to the intermediary cells between the touch and heat receptors on the skin and the medulla or spinal cord.

## Horizontal cells

The horizontal cells lie in the outer part of the inner nuclear layer and possess somewhat flattened cell bodies.
Their dendrites divide into numerous branches in the outer plexiform layer, while their axons run horizontally for some distance and finally ramify in the same layer.

## Amacrine cells

The amacrine cells are placed in the inner part of the inner nuclear layer, and are so named because they have not yet been shown to possess axis-cylinder processes.
Their dendrites undergo extensive ramification in the inner plexiform layer.
# Neoglyphidodon crossi

Neoglyphidodon crossi is a species of damselfish found in the western and central Pacific. It can grow to a maximum of 10 centimetres (3.9 in) in length. It occasionally makes its way into the aquarium trade.

## Distribution and habitat

Neoglyphidodon crossi is found in mostly in the Pacific Ocean. It is found around Indonesia, the Philippines, and Papua New Guinea. They are found at a depth range of 1 to 12 metres (3.3 to 39.4 ft). Usually, they are found in coral reefs.

## Description

Adults can grow up to a maximum size of 10 centimetres (3.9 in). They have 13 dorsal spines, 14 to 16 dorsal soft rays, 2 anal spines, and 13 to 14 anal soft rays. Juveniles are orange with a black bottom and a blue line that extends from its snout to its caudal pentacle. Adults are more grayish with less orange spots and their line is less blue.

## Ecology
### Diet

This fish is omnivorous.

### Behaviour

Adults of this species are solitary.

## In the aquarium

This fish is found in the aquarium trade.

## Breeding

Females lay into the substrate. The males then guard and aerate the eggs until they hatch.
# Mansfield Merriman

Mansfield Merriman (March 27, 1848 – June 7, 1925) was an American civil engineer, born in Southington, Connecticut.
He graduated from Yale's Sheffield Scientific School in 1871, was an assistant in the United States Corps of Engineers in 1872–73, and was an instructor in civil engineering at Sheffield from 1875 to 1878. He was professor of civil engineering at Lehigh University from 1878 to 1907 and, thereafter, a consulting civil and hydraulic engineer.
From 1880 to 1885, Merriman was also an assistant at the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. His research in hydraulics, bridges, strength of materials, and pure mathematics are important. He was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society in 1881.
Merriman's chief publications, many of them widely used as textbooks, are:
* Method of Least Squares (1884; eighth edition, 1901)
* Mechanics of Materials (1885; tenth edition, 1912)
* with Jacoby, A Text-Book on Roofs and Bridges (four volumes, 1888–98; fifth edition, 1912)
* Treatise on Hydraulics (1889; ninth edition, 1914)
* Handbook for Surveyors (1895; third edition, 1903)
* Strength of Materials (1897; sixth edition, 1913)
* Precise Sanitary Engineering (1898; third edition, 1906)
* The solution of equations (1906)
* Elements of Hydraulics (1912)
* "American Civil Engineers' Handbook", Mansfield Merriman, Editor-In-Chief (fourth edition, 1920)
* Recreations in Mathematics (1917), under the pseudonym of H. E. Licks
In addition, he was editor-in-chief of the American Civil Engineers' Pocket Book (1911).
He published Recreations in Mathematics in 1917 under the pseudonym H. E. Licks, which included a story, "The Diaphote Hoax", a republication of a detailed newspaper report from February 10, 1880 which purported to describe the scientific demonstration of a device that transmitted images by electricity. The report is peppered throughout with scientific jokes including mentions of "Dr. H. E. Licks" ('helix'), "Prof. M. E. Kannick" ('mechanic'), "Col. A. D. A. Biatic" ('adiabatic'), and "Prof. L. M. Niscate" ('lemniscate').
# Blok Tempe

Blok Tempe is a residence in Bandung, West-Java, Indonesia. Before 1998, this residence was known as an area which some former criminals gather. But from 2005 until 2010, some people and led by the leader of Bandung Creative City Forum, Ridwan Kamil, developed that area so that area become a productive residence in Bandung. Now, Blok Tempe become a good residence in Bandung, which have a public area for children play and develop their traditional culture.
# Gomibora

Gomibora is one of the woredas in the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Hadiya Zone, Gomibora is bordered on the south by Soro, on the west by the Yem special woreda, on the north by Gibe, on the northeast by Misha, and on the east by Limo. Gomibora was part of Soro woreda.

## Demographics

Based on the 2007 Census conducted by the CSA, this woreda has a total population of 93,141, of whom 46,624 are men and 46,517 women; none of its population are urban dwellers. The majority of the inhabitants were Protestants, with 91.53% of the population reporting that belief, 5.16% were Catholic, and 1.58% practiced Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity.
# Center for Strategic Research

Center for Strategic Research refers to the following organisations:
* Center for Strategic Research (Iran), a former think tank based in Tehran
* Center for Strategic Research (Russia), a think tank based in Moscow
# Parapsammodius

Parapsammodius is a genus of aphodiine dung beetles in the family Scarabaeidae. There are at least four described species in Parapsammodius.

## Species

These four species belong to the genus Parapsammodius:
* Parapsammodius bidens (Horn, 1871)
* Parapsammodius integer (Bates, 1887)
* Parapsammodius pseudointeger Verdu, Stebnicka & Galante, 2006
* Parapsammodius puncticollis (LeConte, 1858)
# Nera di Arbus

The Nera di Arbus, more fully Pecora Nera di Arbus ("black sheep of Arbus"), is a breed of small domestic sheep indigenous to the Mediterranean island of Sardinia, Italy. It takes its name from the comune of Arbus, in the province of Medio Campidano, in the south-western part of the island. It is raised in the provinces of Cagliari, Nuoro, Oristano and Sassari. The breed achieved official recognition in 2008.
The Nera di Arbus is one of the seventeen autochthonous Italian sheep breeds for which a genealogical herdbook is kept by the Associazione Nazionale della Pastorizia, the Italian national association of sheep-breeders. In 2008, the first year of registration, 233 head were registered in the herdbook; in 2013 the total number recorded was 4118.
The milk yield of the Nera di Arbus, over and above that taken by the lambs, averages 50 litres in 100 days for primiparous ewes, and 88–98 litres in 180 days for pluriparous ones. The milk averages 6.5% fat and 5.6% protein. Lambs weigh 9.5–9.8 kg at 30 days. Rams yield about 2 kg of wool, ewes about 1.2 kg; the wool is of coarse quality. It is used to make orbace, a coarse hand-woven cloth, from which two traditional Sardinian garments are made: sa mastrucca, the overcoat worn by shepherds; and su sacu, a heavy waterproof blanket.
# Jean-Paul-Égide Martini

Jean-Paul-Égide Martini, also known as Jean-Paul-Gilles Martini (31 August 1741 – 14 February 1816;) was a French composer of German birth during the classical period. He is best known today for the vocal romance "Plaisir d'amour," on which the 1961 Elvis Presley pop standard "Can't Help Falling in Love" is based. He is often confused with the Italian composer Giovanni Battista Martini, so is sometimes known as Martini Il Tedesco ("Martini The German").

## Life and career

Martini was born Johann Paul Aegidius Martin in Freystadt, Bavaria as son of the schoolmaster Andreas Martin and his wife Barbara. He was educated at the Jesuit seminary in Neuburg an der Donau and later started a study of philosophy in Freiburg im Breisgau, which he quit unfinished. He temporarily adopted the code name "Schwarzendorf", presumably trying to cover his tracks for the fear of being urged to refund his education cost. He re-adopted his original family name in the Italianized form "Martini" after moving to France. There, he established a successful career as a court musician. In 1764, he married Marguerite Camelot. Having directed concerts for queen Marie Antoinette, he adapted to the changing regimes throughout the French Revolution, and later wrote music for Napoleon's marriage as well as for the restored Chapelle royale. His melodic opera L'amoureux de quinze ans, written in 1771, enjoyed great success. In addition, his highly popular church music combined old forms with modern theatricality, and his chansons including "Plaisir d'amour" were influential. In 1788, he paid 16.000 livres to become surintendant de la musique du roi. He was designated to take office after his predecessor's death, however the outbreak of the French Revolution prevented this. Martini lost all his functions and took flight to Lyon. In 1800 he became a professor of composition at the Paris Conservatoire. In 1814, after the Bourbon Restoration, Martini was finally appointed surintendant de la musique du roi, the post that he had been promised more than 25 years earlier. His last composition was a requiem in honour of Louis XVI of France, which he performed in the Basilica of St Denis on 21 January 1816, the anniversary day of the monarch's execution. He died in Paris in February 1816 at the age of 74.

## Selected list of works

* Annette and Lubin (opera);
* Sappho (opera, 1794), with libretto by Constance de Pipelet de Leury (i.e. Constance zu Salm-Reifferscheidt-Dyck);
* L'amoureux de quinze ans, ou La double fête (1771);
* Henri IV (1774);
* Le Droit du Seigneur (1783);
* Plaisir d'amour, song (1784);
* "Prière pour le Roi", political song (1793);
* Scene héroïque pour Napoléon (1814).
# Butae of Buyeo

King Butae was king of Buyeo.

## Biography

The only known account on Butae's life comes from the Book of the Later Han.
In 167, Butae attacked the Xuantu Commandery of the Eastern Han with 20 thousand soldiers. The commandery's prefect, Gongsun Yun defeated him and killed one thousand of his men.
In 174, Butae reconciled with the Han emperor Ling, to which he paid tribute.
# Marcantonio III

Marcantonio III may refer to:
* Marcantonio III Colonna (1585–1595) - grandson of Marcantonio II
* Marcantonio III Borghese, 5th Prince of Sulmona (1730–1800)
# Cambaroides

Cambaroides is a genus of freshwater crayfish from eastern Asia (eastern Russia, northeastern China, Korean Peninsula and Japan). Together with Pontastacus, they are the only crayfish native to Asia. Cambaroides contains about six species:

## Species

* Cambaroides dauricus (Pallas, 1772)
* Cambaroides japonicus (De Haan, 1841)
* Cambaroides koshewnikowi Birstein & Vinogradov, 1934
* Cambaroides sachalinensis (De Haan, 1841)
* Cambaroides schrenckii (Kessler, 1874)
* Cambaroides similis (Koelbel, 1892)
* Cambaroides wladiwostokiensis Birstein & Vinogradov, 1934
# Chairman Enquiries & Anti-Corruption Establishment (Sindh)

The Chairman Enquiries & Anti-Corruption Establishment, commonly referred to as Chairman Anti-Corruption, is to head the Enquiries and Anti-Corruption Establishment. The position of Chairman E&ACE is usually held by a Grade-21 officer. It is regarded as one of the most senior positions in the Government of Sindh.
Working directly under the Chief Minister and Chief Secretary, the Chairman may take up any pending or fresh enquiry regarding any department. Thus the Chairman has to keep close liaison with Heads of Departments and Divisional Commissioners to unearth cases of corruption. There are 3 levels of committees in Sindh province. The first and top-most committee is called Provincial Anti-Corruption Committee abbreviated as (ACC-I). The Chairman of ACC-1 is the Chief Secretary, while the Chairman E&ACE is the Secretary and Senior Member. Then there is the Division Anti-Corruption Committee and lastly the District Anti-Corruption Committee.
Chairman E&ACE also commands over the Anti-Corruption Police, which is a specialised force which conducts raids and traps. The Anti-Corruption Police is also used for the protection of higher-ups in the Anti-Corruption Department.
# Bob Hawks

Bob Hawks may refer to:
* Bob Hawks (Montana politician) (born 1941), member of the Montana Senate
* Bob Hawks (Tennessee politician) (born 1926), member of the Tennessee House of Representatives
# Henry Robinson Hartley

Henry Robinson Hartley (12 November 1777 Southampton – 24 May 1850 Calais, France) was an English eccentric and philanthropist. He was the benefactor behind the founding of Southampton's Hartley Institute or Hartley Institution, which later became the University of Southampton.

## Early life

Henry's parents were Henry Hartley (1731–1800) and Susanna née Lavender (1742–1821). His father was a mayor of Southampton, a Justice of the Peace, and also a strict Calvinist who had inherited a successful wine business from his childless uncle George Robinson (1700–1776).
The young Henry was baptised at Holyrood Church, Southampton. Later, he attended Southampton Grammar School (now King Edward VI School, Southampton). As a youth, probably as a reaction against his strict upbringing, he adopted a libertine lifestyle. This left him with venereal disease which gave him problems during the rest of his life. His marriage to Celia Anne Crowcher (1779–1848) on 24 November 1798 at St Mary's Church, Portsea was a failure and was annulled in 1802. He disputed the paternity of their only daughter, Sarah Anne, and never publicly acknowledged her.

## Later life and death

In 1821 he inherited a townhouse and a considerable fortune on his mother's death. He led a reclusive life and, in 1825, left Southampton never to return, spending his time between Calais in France and Newington, Surrey, near London. In 1842, he made a will leaving most of his estate to the city of Southampton. He wished his house to become a museum designed to promote the study of natural history, astronomy, antiquities, classics, and oriental literature. In 1850, he died in Calais, France, and was buried in the Dissenters' burial ground, Bunhill Fields, in London.

## Legacy

Death duties swallowed one half of Hartley's £100,000 estate. His daughter challenged his will and took a portion of the residual value. Using the remaining funds, the City of Southampton founded the Hartley Institute (1862) by combining a museum, library and venue for public lectures. This Institute became, in turn, Hartley College (1896), Hartley University College (1902), University College of Southampton (1914), and eventually the University of Southampton (1952). Hartley's house was demolished.
# Paratomoxia hieroglyphica

Paratomoxia hieroglyphica is a species of beetle in the genus Paratomoxia of the family Mordellidae. It was described by Ermisch in 1952.
# OUSD

OUSD is an acronym used to refer to the following school districts:
* Oakland Unified School District
* Ontario Unified School District
* Ojai Unified School District
* Orange Unified School District
# Nerada, Queensland

Nerada is a rural locality in the Cassowary Coast Region, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, Nerada had a population of 88 people.

## Geography

The locality is bounded to the west, north-west, north, north-east, and east by the Johnstone River.
Palmerston Rocks National Park is in the south-east of the locality.
Apart from the national park, the land use is predominantly growing crops, including sugarcane and bananas with some grazing on native vegetation.

## History

The locality takes its name from the former Nerada railway station (17°33′02″S 145°52′49″E﻿ / ﻿17.55063°S 145.88029°E﻿ / -17.55063; 145.88029﻿ (Nerada railway station (former))) on the Innisfail Tramway. The name is believed to be an Aboriginal word from the Mamoo language meaning grass country.
In May 1936, the Queensland Government decided to construct a school at Nerada. Nerada State School opened on 11 February 1937. It closed in 1945. It was located at approximately 334 Nerada Road (17°32′55″S 145°52′13″E﻿ / ﻿17.5486°S 145.8703°E﻿ / -17.5486; 145.8703﻿ (Nerada State School (site))). About 1951, the school building was relocated to Woopen Creek State School.
In 1958, Dr Allan Maruff started the first commercial tea plantings in Australia since 1886 in the Nerada valley, south of Cairns, Queensland, using seedlings from the former Cutten brothers plantation at Bingil Bay. In 1969, Tea Estates of Australia (TEA) commenced tea planting adjacent to the Nerada plantation. In 1971, Nerada Tea Estates (NTE) opened Australia's first commercial tea factory. In 1973, TEA purchased NTE, ceased selling bulk tea and marketed the tea under the Nerada brand.
After a number of problems in the 1980s, the original Nerada tea plantation was sold to banana farmers.

## Demographics

In the 2016 census, Nerada had a population of 97 people.
In the 2021 census, Nerada had a population of 88 people.

## Education

There are no schools in Nerada. The nearest government primary school is Mundoo State School in Wangan to the east. The nearest government secondary school is Innisfail State College in Innisfail Estate to the north-east.
# Chaz Chase

Charles "Chaz" Chase (March 6, 1901 – August 4, 1983) was a Russian-born American vaudeville entertainer.

## Life and career

He was born in Kiev, then part of the Russian Empire; the 1910 US census indicates that his birth name was Max Oskye. As a child he moved to the United States with his mother and sisters. He grew up in Chicago, and initially trained as a ballet dancer before turning to vaudeville as an "eccentric comedian", inspired by the entertainer Joe Frisco. His speciality was to eat (or, according to some sources, appear to eat) a wide variety of non-edible objects such as cardboard, paper flowers, and lit matches, cigars and cigarettes. On stage he would wear baggy clothes, sometimes walk in a circle, crouching ever closer to the ground, and on occasions would end his act with a comic striptease.
He was popular in vaudeville shows in the 1920s and 1930s. In 1928 he featured in his own short film, Chaz Chase, the Unique Comedian. He appeared on Broadway in several shows including Ballyhoo of 1930 (1930), Saluta (1934), and High Kickers (1941). He also featured in cameo roles in several movies, including West of Zanzibar, which starred Lon Chaney (1928): Aventure à Paris (1936); Start Cheering (1938); and The Man on the Eiffel Tower (1948). He had longstanding engagements in cabaret shows in Paris, at clubs including Le Crazy Horse, and also undertook global tours with Bob Hope and others as part of the USO.
After a period of relative obscurity he re-emerged in the 1950s. He made occasional appearances on television variety shows until shortly before his death, including programs hosted by Ed Sullivan, Johnny Carson and David Letterman in the United States, Rudi Carrell in Germany, and Tommy Cooper in Britain, where he also appeared on The Good Old Days in 1979. His last stage appearances in 1982 were in the show Sugar Babies.
He died in Los Angeles in 1983, at the age of 82.