OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ion Th. Simionescu

Ion Th. Simionescu (born Ion Gheorghiu; 10 July 1873 – 7 January 1944) was a Romanian geologist, paleontologist and naturalist.

## Biography

Born in Fântânele, Bacău County, his parents Maria and Toader Gheorghiu died when he was a young child. He moved to Botoșani to be raised by his maternal grandmother. There, between 1879 and 1883, he attended the same primary school as Nicolae Iorga, who was two grades ahead. Subsequently, between 1883 and 1890, he attended A. T. Laurian High School. In the autumn of 1890, he enrolled in Iași University's sciences faculty. Among his professors were Grigore Cobălcescu and Petru Poni. After graduation in 1894, he briefly worked as a substitute teacher at his high school. In 1895, with a scholarship from the Romanian Academy, he left for the University of Vienna. There, he specialized in paleontology and geology, defending his thesis in the latter subject in 1898. He then went to the University of Grenoble, where he completed his paleontological studies. He returned to Romania in 1899 and won a competition to become a professor at the Iași mineralogy department. In 1905, he became a full professor, rising to dean of the sciences faculty in 1910. He was elected a corresponding member of the Romanian Academy, advancing to titular member in 1911. A member of the National Liberal Party, in 1919, he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies for a Botoșani seat. He served as rector at Iași from 1922 to 1923. In 1929, he became a professor at the University of Bucharest where one of his students was geologist and paleontologist Emilia Săulea. He also held important positions within the Education Ministry. He was president of the Romanian Academy from 1941 to 1944. Writing in late July 1941, amidst the ongoing Operation Barbarossa but before the Transnistria Governorate was set us, he praised the liberation of "our Transnistrian brothers", accomplished "thanks to the freedom-bringing German and Romanian armies".
He wrote extensively about paleontology and stratigraphy, describing 707 taxa, of which at least 98 were previously unknown. Over the course of seventeen paleontological works, he named and defined the Volhynian, Bessarabian and Khersonian substages of the Sarmatian. He published a treatise on geology in 1927 and a number of studies on Romania's rock formations, particularly Dâmbovicioara, Dobrudja and the Moldavian Plateau. He was the thesis adviser to Gheorghe Macovei, who in 1909 earned the first geology doctorate in Romania. Aside from his research, he made efforts to popularize science, traveling widely and holding hundreds of conferences in locations ranging from the Romanian Athenaeum to Șendriceni village.
# T. P. Elumalai

T. P. Elumalai was an Indian politician and former Member of the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu. He was elected to the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly from Saidapet constituency as an Indian National Congress candidate in 1952 election. The second winner was N. Ramakrishna Iyer. He was elected from Ponneri constituency as an Indian National Congress candidate in 1957, and 1962 elections. He was one of the two winners in the 1957 election, the other being V. Govindasami Naidu.
# Brian (software)

Brian is an open source Python package for developing simulations of networks of spiking neurons.

## Details

Brian is aimed at researchers developing models based on networks of spiking neurons. The general design is aimed at maximising flexibility, simplicity and users' development time. Users specify neuron models by giving their differential equations in standard mathematical form as strings, create groups of neurons and connect them via synapses. This is in contrast to the approach taken by many neural simulators in which users select from a predefined set of neuron models.
Brian is written in Python. Computationally, it is based around the concept of code generation: users specify the model in Python but behind the scenes Brian generates, compiles and runs code in one of several languages (including Python, Cython and C++). In addition there is a "standalone" mode in which Brian generates an entire C++ source code tree with no dependency on Brian, allowing models to be run on platforms where Python is not available.

## Example

The following code defines, runs and plots a randomly connected network of leaky integrate and fire neurons with exponential inhibitory and excitatory currents.

## Comparison to other simulators

Brian is primarily, although not solely, aimed at single compartment neuron models. Simulators focused on multi-compartmental models include Neuron, GENESIS, and its derivatives.
The focus of Brian is on flexibility and ease of use, and only supports simulations running on a single machine. The NEST simulator includes facilities for distributing simulations across a cluster.

## Footnotes

* ↑ "Release 2.7.1". 1 July 2024. Retrieved 21 July 2024.
* ↑ Goodman and Brette 2009
* ↑ "NEST Initiative".
# Brian A. Arnold

Brian A. Arnold (born August 29, 1946) is a former lieutenant general in the United States Air Force.

## Career

Arnold was commissioned at Lackland Air Force Base in 1971. The following year, he underwent pilot training at Webb Air Force Base and the year after that, Boeing B-52 Stratofortress combat crew training at Castle Air Force Base. Afterwards, he was assigned to the 644th Bomb Squadron at K. I. Sawyer Air Force Base.
From 1974 to 1978, Arnold was an instructor pilot and flight examiner with the 60th Bombardment Squadron at Andersen Air Force Base. He then became a section commander and lecturer at Squadron Officer School and Executive Officer to the Commandant at the Air War College.
In 1981, Arnold was assigned as a General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark pilot to the 393d Bomb Squadron at Pease Air Force Base. The following year, he was assigned to the Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Acquisition). After a time as F-111A Commander with the 528th Bomb Squadron at Plattsburgh Air Force Base, Arnold re-joined the Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Acquisition) as a monitor of the Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit program in 1989.
From 1992 to 1993, Arnold was deputy director of power projection requirements of Air Combat Command. That year, he assumed command of U.S. Forces Azores and the 65th Air Base Wing. Arnold was then in command of Squadron Officer School from 1995 to 1996, the Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps from 1996 to 1997 and the Air Force Officer Accession and Training Schools in 1997.
After serving as director of requirements of Air Force Space Command, Arnold again returned to the Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Acquisitions) as director of space and nuclear deterrence in 1999. In 2001, Arnold was commander of the Space and Missile Systems Center of Air Force Materiel Command before assuming the same position at Air Force Space Command.
Arnold retired from the Air Force in 2005. He then joined Raytheon as vice president and general manager of space systems.
Awards he received during his military career include the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal, the Defense Superior Service Medal, the Legion of Merit with oak leaf cluster, the Meritorious Service Medal with silver oak leaf cluster, the Joint Service Commendation Medal, the Air Force Commendation Medal, the Air Force Achievement Medal, the Outstanding Unit Award with two oak leaf clusters, the Combat Readiness Medal with oak leaf cluster, the National Defense Service Medal with two service stars, the Global War on Terrorism Service Medal and the Humanitarian Service Medal with two service stars.

## Education

* California State University at Hayward
* Pepperdine University
* Squadron Officer School
* Air Command and Staff College
* National War College
* Harvard University
# Greatest Hits 1994–2004 (Terri Clark album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | link |
| Robert Christgau | |
Greatest Hits 1994–2004 is the first greatest hits album album by Canadian country music artist Terri Clark. It was released on July 27, 2004 by Mercury Nashville Records. The album contains eleven of Clark's country hits, including her number one hit "You're Easy on the Eyes". In addition, two new songs were recorded specifically for the compilation, "Girls Lie Too" and "One of the Guys". Clark also included a live version of her single "No Fear" from 2001.
"Girls Lie Too" was the sole single from the record and topped the US Hot Country Songs chart for one week. The compilation debuted at number 14 on the Billboard 200 and the Top Country Albums chart at number four. By December 2004, the RIAA certified the album Gold for shipments of 500,000 copies, becoming her fifth certified album.

## Commercial performance

Greatest Hits 1994–2004 debuted at number four on the US Top Country Albums with first-week sales of 62,000 copies, the highest debut of the week. The album also debuted at number 14 on the Billboard 200. Greatest Hits 1994–2004 would go on to spend 80 weeks on the former chart and 34 weeks on the latter.

## Personnel on tracks 12 and 13

* Mike Brignardello – bass guitar
* Terri Clark – lead vocals, background vocals
* Stuart Duncan – fiddle
* Paul Franklin – steel guitar
* Sonny Garrish – steel guitar
* Wes Hightower – background vocals
* B. James Lowry – acoustic guitar
* Brent Mason – electric guitar
* Steve Nathan – keyboards
* Gary Prim – piano
* Lonnie Wilson – drums
* Glenn Worf – bass guitar
# NGC 1860

NGC 1860 is an open cluster in the Large Magellanic Cloud in the constellation Dorado. It was discovered in 1836 by John Herschel with an 18.7-inch reflecting telescope.
# NGC 294

NGC 294 is an open cluster located in the Small Magellanic Cloud in the constellation Tucana. It was discovered on April 11, 1834, by John Herschel, although it was possibly observed on September 5, 1826, by James Dunlop.
# Brigitte Ahrenholz

Brigitte Irene Ahrenholz (8 August 1952 – March or April 2018) was a German rower who competed for East Germany in the 1976 Summer Olympics.
She was born in Potsdam. In 1976 she was a crew member of the East German boat that won the gold medal in the eight event. After her rowing career, she studied medicine and graduated in 1983. At first she worked at the Vivantes Klinikum im Friedrichshain as a surgeon before moving to Werder where she continued as a surgeon until her retirement.
Ahrenholz was last seen on the evening of 3 March 2018, reported to Police as missing the following morning and was found dead over a month later, on 7 April 2018, aged 65. Her cause of death is currently unknown.
# John Mosby

John Mosby may refer to:
* John S. Mosby (1833–1916), Confederate army cavalry battalion commander
* John R. Mosby, member of the Industrial Workers of the World
* John Mosby, editor of the action entertainment magazine Impact
# Center for Teaching Excellence

The Center for Teaching Excellence (CTE) is a broker for higher education. CTE currently works with eight accredited institutions of higher education and offers master's degrees and advanced studies programs for a discounted rate. Since its inception, the CTE has served over 6,000 teachers in the Clark County School District. In December 2010, CTE expanded its services to a national audience.

## History

The Center for Teaching Excellence was created in 2006 by Edward John Jasonek. It began as a partnership between the Clark County School District and accredited universities in Las Vegas. At that time its main purpose was to assist teachers in the Clark County School District to increase their teaching ability by attending advanced courses that extended beyond those contained in a master's degree. In 2008, CTE expanded its program offering to include discounted master's degrees. After years of success, in 2010 CTE decided to branch out to a national audience.

## Center for Military Education Advancement

During the summer of 2010, CTE created a sub-organization called the Center for Military Education Advancement (CMEA). The CMEA aims to assist members of the U.S. armed forces in utilizing their G.I. Bill benefits by offering them online master's degrees.
# Grassfields languages

The Grassfields languages (or Wide Grassfields languages) are a branch of the Southern Bantoid languages spoken in the Western High Plateau of Cameroon and some parts of Taraba state, Nigeria. Better known Grassfields languages include the Eastern Grassfields languages, Bamun, Yamba, Bali, and Bafut and the Ring languages, Kom, Nso, and Oku. Almost all of these languages are closely related, sharing approximately half of their vocabulary.

## Classifications

The Grassfields languages were previously known as Grassfields Bantu and Semi-Bantu. They are sometimes classified on two levels, Wide Grassfields, which includes all the languages, and Narrow Grassfields, which excludes Menchum, Ambele and sometimes the Southwest Grassfields languages. These may form a group of their own, which Nurse (2003) calls Peripheral Grassfields but rejects.
Blench (2010) notes there is little evidence for the traditional assumption that the non-Western Momo languages belong in Grassfields and that they may actually be closer to the poorly established Tivoid group; Western Momo is therefore renamed Southwest Grassfields to avoid confusion, and only Menchum and Ambele are left out of Narrow Grassfields. The classification of Ambele is unclear, though it is clearly divergent, and Menchum may be closer to the Tivoid languages (Blench 2011). Blench (2012) suggests that Western Beboid may belong in Grassfields. Blench (2010b) adds Momo as a Narrow Grassfields subgroup.
* Grassfields
** Narrow Grassfields
*** Ring (Ring Road)
*** Eastern Grassfields (Mbam–Nkam)
*** Momo
*** ? Ndemli
*** Southwest Grassfields (previously Western Momo)
** ? Ambele
** ? Menchum (Befang)
** ? Western Beboid
Viti (Vötö) is unclassified Narrow Grassfields.
The Eastern Grassfields languages share nasal noun-class prefixes with the Bantu languages, which are not found in the other branches of Grassfields. However, they appear to be more closely related to the rest of Grassfields than they are to Bantu.

## Names and locations (Nigeria)

Below is a list of Grassfields language names, populations, and locations (in Nigeria only) from Blench (2019).
| Language | Alternate spellings | Own name for language | Endonym(s) | Other names (location-based) | Other names for language | Exonym(s) | Speakers | Location(s) |
| Yamba | | | Yamba | | Mbem | Kaka (not recommended) | few in Nigeria; 25,000 in Cameroon (1982 SIL) | Taraba State, Sardauna, Gashaka LGAs, Antere and other border villages; mainly spoken in Cameroon |
| LamNsọ | Lam–Nsaw, Lam–Nsọ | Lam–Nsọ’ | Nsọ, Nsaw | | | | 125,000 in Cameroon (1987 SIL) | Taraba State, Sarduana LGA, at Gembu and nearby towns; Takum LGA at Manya; mainly spoken in Cameroon |
| Limbum | | Limbum | Wimbum | | | | few in Nigeria; 73,000 in Cameroon (1982 SIL) | Taraba State, Sardauna LGA, Mambila uplands, mainly in Cameroon |
| Dzodinka | | | | Adiri, Adere | | | | Taraba State, Sardauna LGA; also in Cameroon: a single village on the border |
# Ce qu'a vu le vent d'ouest

Ce qu'a vu le vent d'ouest ("What the west wind saw") is a musical composition by French composer Claude Debussy. It is the seventh piece in the composer's first book of Préludes, written between late 1909 and early 1910. The piece is 72 measures long, taking approximately four minutes to play. It is in the key of F♯ minor.

## Background and influence

The title of the piece was inspired by "The Garden of Paradise", a fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen that was translated into French and published in 1907.$^{:194}$ Debussy was known to have an affinity towards Andersen's stories, and it has been theorized that the author's character Zephyr – the West Wind – would have "appealed" to the composer when he was writing the prelude.$^{:194}$ Furthermore, the technical aspects of this piece were influenced by the works of Franz Liszt.$^{:194}$ This is evident in Debussy's utilization of "sweeping arpeggios" at the beginning of the piece, which lead towards loud booming chords and extreme dissonance.

## History

The prelude is one of three works from Book I – along with La sérénade interrompue and La cathédrale engloutie – whose date of completion is unknown.$^{:242}$ It was first published in April 1910, along with the rest of his preludes from that book. It premiered at the Stockbridge Casino in Stockbridge, Massachusetts on July 26, 1910, with Walter Morse Rummel performing the work.
Due to the challenging nature of this prelude, it is considered a virtuosic performance piece, and the first of this kind in his book of preludes.

## Musical analysis
### Placement within Preludes, Book I

Debussy was known for his extreme meticulousness in the placement of his preludes. Pianist and musical writer Paul Roberts asserts that this prelude, along with the prelude that precedes it and the one that follows it, forms "the central arch"$^{:252}$ of Book I's structure, since the three pieces provide the most "dramatic contrast"$^{:252}$ out of all the preludes in the first book. The sixth prelude, Des pas sur la neige (Footprints in the Snow), exudes a feeling of sadness and isolation, while the La fille aux cheveux de lin (The Girl with the Flaxen Hair)—the eighth—brings about a sense of warmth and gentleness. In stark contrast to both these preludes, Le Vent d'Ouest evokes a tumultuous nature, with Lederer describing the prelude as exhibiting "cathartic violence". By placing these three preludes in this particular order, Debussy ensured that this prelude—arguably the most technically challenging prelude of the entire collection—was situated in-between the two that are the simplest to play out of the twenty-four.
# Ce qu'on entend sur la montagne

Ce qu'on entend sur la montagne, S. 95, is the first of thirteen symphonic poems by Austro-Hungarian composer Franz Liszt. It is an orchestral work inspired by Victor Hugo's poem of the same name, published as No. 5 of his collection Les Feuilles d'automne (1831).
The French title means "What one hears on the mountain". The work is sometimes referred to by its German title "Bergsymphonie" ("Mountain Symphony"). The piece, like many of Liszt's works, was revised a number of times before reaching the final version known today. It was originally composed in the years 1848–9 and subsequently revised in 1850, with the final form being produced in 1854. It is also the longest of Liszt's symphonic poems; a typical performance averages over half an hour in length.
This symphonic poem, like many of Liszt's works is largely of programmatic nature, the subject being of Nature's perfection contrasted with man's misery. Liszt writes: “The poet hears two voices; one immense, splendid, and full of order, raising to the Lord its joyous hymn of praise – the other hollow, full of pain, swollen by weeping, blasphemies, and curses. One spoke of nature, the other of humanity! Both voices struggle near to each other, cross over, and melt into one another, till finally they die away in a state of holiness.”
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# John Lysaght (disambiguation)

John Lysaght may refer to:
* John Lysaght, 1st Baron Lisle (1702–1781), Irish peer
* John Lysaght, 2nd Baron Lisle (1729–1798), Irish peer
* John Lysaght, 3rd Baron Lisle (1781–1834), Irish peer
* John Lysaght, 5th Baron Lisle (1811–1898), Irish peer
* John Lysaght, 7th Baron Lisle (1903–1997), Irish peer
# Great Atlantic Sargassum Belt

The Great Atlantic Sargassum Belt is a mass of Sargassum in the Atlantic Ocean, and is the largest macroalgae bloom in the world.

## History

This Sargassum was first reported by Christopher Columbus in the 15th century but recently appeared in 2011 in the Atlantic.
As of 2023, the belt is estimated to weigh about 5.5 million metric tonnes and extends 5,000 miles (8,000 km), stretching from West Africa to the Gulf of Mexico.
   “I try to shy away from the term blob. That’s not really what it is,” says Barnes, who says that the Great Atlantic Sargassum Belt is really a series of many small blobs with individual patches that are as large as an acre. Smushed together, he adds, it would be roughly the size of Delaware.

## Effects

Due to the smell, the attracted insects, and the sheer amount of it piling up on beaches, the Sargassum Belt has a negative impact on communities in the Caribbean, and West Africa. When the Sargassum dies after about 48 hours on land, it releases hydrogen sulfide, a toxic gas. The sulfide can irritate eyes, nose and throat and has a smell akin to that of rotting eggs. The sulfide also can affect people with respiratory problems, including asthma. In 2022, the largest bloom on record was recorded, causing Guadeloupe to issue a health alert, as well as the US Virgin Islands issuing a state of emergency, requesting help from FEMA.
By June 2023 clumps of Sargassum had begun reaching Florida, prompting marine biologists at the Florida Atlantic University Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute to issue a warning against the presence of Vibrio bacteria on the algae. The bacteria stick to plastic debris that gets tangled in the algae, risking both wildlife and humans.

## Cause

The buildup of Sargassum is caused by nutrients flowing into the Atlantic from water discharged by the Amazon and upwelling currents off West Africa. The Sargassum Belt, while in the Sargasso Sea, is different, composed of different morphological types of Sargassum. The Sargassum Belt has also been found to possess lower biodiversity than the Sargasso Sea and is mainly composed of more highly nutrient-efficient organisms.
The Sargassum Belt forms in the North Atlantic Gyre as currents push the material into one mass, similar to the North Atlantic garbage patch.
# Greg Bird

Greg Bird may refer to:
* Greg Bird (rugby league) (born 1984), Australian rugby league player
* Greg Bird (baseball) (born 1992), American baseball player
# John Mantle

John Mantle may refer to:
* John Mantle (bishop) (1946–2010), Bishop of Brechin
* John Mantle (rugby) (1942–2018), British rugby footballer
* Jack Foreman Mantle (1917–1940), VC recipient
# Greek National Road 85

Greek National Road 85 is a national highway of Greece. It connects Rafina with Lavrio via Porto Rafti.
* This Greek road or road transport-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
37°51′03″N 24°01′13″E﻿ / ﻿37.8509°N 24.0202°E﻿ / 37.8509; 24.0202