OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Target acquisition minefield detection system

Target acquisition minefield detection system (also known as the "Airborne standoff minefield detection system", or ASTAMIDS) is a bomb-detection system engineered to detect improvised explosive devices (IED). It provides a unit of action (UA) asset that can be used in tactical operations in day or night, to detect and locate surface obstacles and recently buried minefields. ASTAMIDS is currently being tested in the Northrop Grumman MQ-8B Fire Scout unmanned aerial vehicle.

## Detection methods
### Coherent change detection

The ASTAMIDS detects improvised explosives and minefields using two techniques. The first technique used to find explosives is a process known as coherent change detection. Change detection compares two images for inconsistencies. To detect whether or not a change has occurred, two images are taken of the same scene, but at different times. These images are then geometrically registered so that the same target pixels in each image align. After the images are registered, they are checked pixel by pixel. Where a change has not occurred between the two images, the pixels remain the same. When the pixels are different, a change has occurred.
This technique is useful for detecting change, but it does not measure direction or the magnitude of change. One of the major issues in the change detection software is defining what a "significant" change is. Trees blowing in the wind will sometimes produce a change between the pixels of the two images. This is obviously not a significant change, but the system must be sensitive enough to detect small roadside bombs. These improvised explosives may create a smaller pixel change than trees on a windy day. This problem causes the mine detection algorithms to be extremely complex. The software must differentiate changes that do not pose a threat to changes that are likely to be a minefield or roadside bomb.

### Tactical synthetic aperture radar

The other technique that helps the ASTAMIDS successfully detect minefields and road side bombs uses a combination of the tactical synthetic aperture radar ability to penetrate the ground and a group of multi-spectral electro-optical sensors that cover the visible and near-infrared (VNIR) and mid-wave infrared (MWIR) portions of the spectrum, as well as a target laser rangefinder and designator.
Once an IED is found using the change detection method, the laser rangefinder and designator flashes to the point where the change was detected. A seeker is then used to find the lasers pulse rate and guides the EO / IR sensors of the ASTAMIDS to the point. Now that the sensors know what point to scan, the mission specific hardware, software, and firmware components installed in the ASTAMIDS can successfully detect mines buried under the surface.
# Oboe Concerto (Corigliano)

The Concerto for Oboe and Orchestra is a composition for solo oboe and orchestra by the American composer John Corigliano. The work was commissioned by the New York State Council on the Arts and was first performed in Carnegie Hall on November 9, 1975, by the oboist Bert Lucarelli and the American Symphony Orchestra under the conductor Kazuyoshi Akiyama.

## Composition
### Background

Corigliano described the composition of the Oboe Concerto in the score program notes, writing:
   In the Oboe Concerto it was the instrument itself that gave me the variety of materials. The oboe is capable of doing things other than playing a beautiful melodic line, and I used some of its unique abilities as building blocks for my concerto. For example, along with the bassoon the oboe is unique in that its lower register is its most forceful. This special quality gave me the idea of constructing a movement where there would be a dynamic arch which was reversed – i.e., the oboe would begin high and soft, drop to the bottom of its range for the music's "peak," then ascend for a quiet end.
   The concerto is cast in five brief movements, the form itself arising from the different aspects of the oboe. Before I begin to write a piece I always want to know how each movement will relate to the other. Every movement of the Oboe Concerto – each based on a different quality of the instrument – was mapped out in advance: the way the first is based on the tuning ritual, the fact that the second avoids a climax, the use of multiphonics (non-definable chords, often using quarter-tones or tones between tones) in the third, the reverse-arch form in the fourth, the Arabic oboe in the finale.

### Structure

The concerto has a duration of roughly 26 minutes and is composed in five short movements:
* Tuning Game
* Song
* Scherzo
* Aria
* Rheita Dance

### Instrumentation

The work is scored for a solo oboe and orchestra, comprising two flutes (doubling piccolo), oboe, two clarinets (doubling E-flat clarinet), two bassoons, two horns, trumpet, trombone, timpani, three percussionists, xylophone, harp, piano (doubling celesta), and strings.

## Reception

Edward Seckerson of Gramophone praised the concerto, writing:
   As with the Clarinet Concerto, Corigliano seeks wilfully to disregard traditional role models. His oboe is pitted against unreasonable opposition partly to extend its range, to stretch its rarely heard dramatic potential. Forceful multiphonics are brought to bear in the scherzo, while the finale goes middle-eastern, with a pungent simulation (no lip or tongue contact with the reeds) of the Moroccan oboe, the rheita. All of which effectively counters and complements the oboe's singing qualities.
# Hevea guianensis

Hevea guianensis is a species of rubber tree in the genus Hevea, belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae. It is native to the rainforests of Ecuador, Venezuela, the Guyanas, Brazil, Colombia and Peru. It generally grows on well-drained soils or on those that are only lightly inundated, on river banks, in gallery forests, savannah forests and wooded slopes.

## Description

H. guianensis is a large evergreen tree growing to a height of 30 m (100 ft). Annual growth is in the form of vigorous short shoots on which flowers and foliage develop before the old leaves are shed. The leaves are tri-foliate (with three leaflets), the leaflets being folded back when the leaf emerges but becoming semi-erect as the leaf matures, the only species in the genus where this is the case. The variety lutea differs from the nominate race in having obovate leaflets instead of elliptical ones. The inflorescence is borne on the tip of the short shoots, there being separate male and female flowers. Each flower has five perianth lobes, the male flowers having five anthers, arranged in a single whorl in a central column, but in lutea they may be arranged in an irregular whorl or in two whorls. The female flowers have a central pistil with a disk below. The fruit is a three-chambered capsule which splits apart explosively to expel the seeds; these are kite-shaped and measure 21 by 18 mm (0.8 by 0.7 in).

## Uses

H. guianensis is tapped for latex in the wild but is not cultivated for this purpose. It produces a yellowish latex of inferior quality to Hevea brasiliensis. The seeds are poisonous when raw but are eaten by native people when cooked.
# 1928 Cornell Big Red football team

The 1928 Cornell Big Red football team was an American football team that represented Cornell University during the 1928 college football season. In their eighth season under head coach Gil Dobie, the Big Red compiled a 3–3–2 record and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 86 to 72.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance |
| October 6 | Clarkson | Schoellkopf FieldIthaca, NY | W 20–0 | |
| October 13 | Niagara | Schoellkopf FieldIthaca, NY | W 34–0 | |
| October 20 | Hampden–Sydney | Schoellkopf FieldIthaca, NY | W 18–6 | |
| October 27 | at Princeton | Palmer StadiumPrinceton, NJ | L 0–3 | |
| November 3 | at Columbia | Baker FieldNew York, NY (rivalry) | T 0–0 | 22,000 |
| November 10 | St. Bonaventure | Schoellkopf FieldIthaca, NY | T 0–0 | |
| November 17 | Dartmouth | Schoellkopf FieldIthaca, NY (rivalry) | L 0–28 | |
| November 29 | at Penn | Franklin FieldPhiladelphia, PA (rivalry) | L 0–49 | |
# Piraçupiá River

The Piraçupiá River, also known as Santa Rita River is a river of Rio Grande do Sul state in southern Brazil.
# Nahariah Hussein

SAC Dato' Nahariah binti Hussein (born 1958-16 March 2015), is a former Commandant of Police Training Center (PULAPOL). She made history when she became the first woman to be appointed Commander of PULAPOL after 110 years of the institution being established. Previously, the 41 Pulapol commanders in Jalan Semarak, Kuala Lumpur were men. The 41st Pulapol Commander is SAC Zulkifli Mohamad.
Nahariah previously served as Assistant Director of Administration (D1) of Bukit Aman Criminal Investigation Department before she replaced SAC Zulkifli Mohamad for the Pulapol Commander post in 2014.

## Death

Nahariah Hussein died after complaining of shortness of breath at the Kuala Lumpur Hospital at age 57.

## Honours

* Malaysia :
** Member of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (AMN) (1997)
** Officer of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (KMN) (2007)
** Companion of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (JSM) (2014)
* Pahang :
** Knight Companion of the Order of the Crown of Pahang (DIMP) – Dato' (2012)
# Queensland 8D15 class locomotive

The Queensland Railways 8D15 class locomotive was a class of 2-8-2T steam locomotives operated by the Queensland Railways.

## History

In 1884 Dübs & Co delivered five 2-8-2T locomotives to the Queensland Railways. Three were delivered to the Southern & Western Railway and one each to the Central (Rockhampton) and Great Northern (Townsville) Railways. The latter was transferred to the Central Railway without use. Per Queensland Railway's classification system they were designated the 8D15 class, the 8 representing the number of driving wheels, the D that it was a tank locomotive, and the 15 the cylinder diameter in inches.
Two were converted to tender engines in 1890/91. All were later reboilered. The tank engines were written off in October 1922, while the tender locomotives, having spent their final years hauling limestone and water trains to Mount Morgan gold mine, followed in 1938.

## Class list

| Works number | Southern & Western Railway number | Central Railway number | Queensland Railways number | In service | Notes |
| 2010 | 75 | | 75 | February 1885 | |
| 2011 | 76 | | 76 | January 1885 | |
| 2012 | 77 | | 77 | January 1885 | |
| 2013 | | 23 & 2 | 134 | December 1884 | entered service as no. 23, withdrawn for modifications, re-entered service as no. 2, converted to tender engine 1891 |
| 2014 | | 3 | 135 | November 1884 | delivered to Great Northern Railway as no. 13, transferred without use to Central Railway, converted to tender engine 1890 |
# Mount Eliza

Mount Eliza can refer to:
* Mount Eliza, Victoria, a suburb of Melbourne, Australia
* Mount Eliza (Western Australia), a hill in Perth
* Mount Eliza (Fairweather Range), a mountain in Canada
* Mount Eliza (Tasmania), a summit in Southwest National Park, close to Mount Anne
# Ogi, Niigata

Ogi (小木町, Ogi-machi) was a town located in Sado Island, Niigata Prefecture, Japan.
On March 1, 2004, Ogi and the other 9 municipalities in the island were merged to create the city of Sado. Since then, Ogi has been one of the 10 subdivisions of Sado City.

## Transportation
### Bus

* Niigata Kotsu Sado

### Highway

* National Route 350

### Sea

* Ogi Port
** Sado Kisen Terminal
*** Car ferry services to/from Naoetsu Port (Jōetsu City)
* Car ferry Akane

## Local attractions

* Shukunegi (ja:宿根木)
* Tarai Bune
* Rengebuji temple
* Ogi Coast
** Yajima, Kyojima
** Kotoura Cave (Ryuodo Cave)
* Shukunegi
* Tarai Bune in Ogi Port
* Kotoura Cave (Ryuodo Cave)
# Paulina Escardo

Paulina Escardo de Colombo Berra was an Argentine politician. She was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1951 as one of the first group of female parliamentarians in Argentina.

## Biography

In the 1951 legislative elections she was a Peronist Party candidate in Chubut and was one of the 26 women elected to the Chamber of Deputies. She remained in office until 1955, when her term was cut short by the Revolución Libertadora.
# Oboe Concerto (Carl Phillip Emanuel Bach)

The Oboe Concerto in E-flat major is an oboe concerto by Carl Phillip Emanuel Bach composed in 1765.

## Structure

The work is scored for solo oboe, strings and continuo in three movements:
* I. Allegro
* II. Adagio ma non troppo
* III. Allegro ma non troppo
# 1923 Geneva Covenanters football team

The 1923 Geneva Covenanters football team was an American football team that represented Geneva College as an independent during the 1923 college football season. Led by Tom Davies in his first and only year as head coach, the team compiled a record of 6–2–1.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance |
| September 29 | at Waynesburg | College FieldWaynesburg, PA | W 12–7 | |
| October 6 | Juniata | Geneva FieldBeaver Falls, PA | W 50–0 | |
| October 13 | vs. Bethany (WV) | Wheeling, WV | L 0–7 | |
| October 20 | Duquesne | Geneva FieldBeaver Falls, PA | W 33–6 | |
| October 27 | Ashland | Geneva FieldBeaver Falls, PA | W 34–7 | |
| November 3 | at Allegheny | Montgomery FieldMeadville, PA | L 0–14 | 4,000 |
| November 10 | at Thiel | Packard ParkGreenville, PA | T 0–0 | |
| November 17 | Grove City | Geneva FieldBeaver Falls, PA | W 14–0 | |
| November 24 | Westminster (PA) | High School FieldBeaver Falls, PA | W 19–0 | |
| Homecoming ||||||
# N. Ganesan

Nadesan Ganesan, PBM (31 October 1932 – 1 July 2015) was a chairman of the Football Association of Singapore. He served as FAS vice-chairman for two years before he was appointed chairman on 31 March 1976, and was a vice-president of the Asian Football Confederation. He stepped down as FAS chairman in 1982. He was a criminal lawyer by trade.

## Early life

Ganesan was born in Tank Road, Singapore to Tamil parents from Madurai, the youngest of five children. Abandoned by their father, the children were brought up by their mother. After the war, he studied at Victoria School and later at Anglo-Chinese School. He later did his bar exams at Inner Temple, London and received his LLB at the University Of London. His mother died whilst he was taking his final exams in London. Upon his return to Singapore he became a successful criminal litigator, deputy public prosecutor and district judge.
He was also an avid reader and supporter of the arts in Singapore and contributed by teaching Literature classes later in life at the National University of Singapore.

## Football career

Ganesan was responsible for changing the Malaysia Cup venue from the Jalan Besar Stadium to the 55,000 capacity National Stadium. He also revamped the local leagues and their 118 teams into the 30-team National Football League.
Ganesan was also a staunch supporter of coach Choo Seng Quee, whom he brought in as national coach after he became the chairman of the FAS. Choo subsequently led Singapore to a Malaysia Cup title in 1977, twelve years after the team last won the competition.
Ganesan fought for the Pre-World Cup tournament to be held in Singapore's National Stadium in 1977. Singapore finished second in the group but lost to Hong Kong in the play-off final.
The Lion City Cup was founded by Ganesan in 1977 as the first Under-16 tournament in the world. The tournament would serve as inspiration for FIFA to introduce the FIFA U-16 World Championship in 1985.
Ganesan was awarded the Pingat Bakti Masyarakat medal in 1978 for his services to Singapore football.

## Personal life

Ganesan's niece, Madhavi Krishnan is famed classical Bharatanatyam dancer and ex-Indian film actress and the first female recipient of Singapore's Cultural Medallion in 1979.
Ganesan was divorced twice.
Ganesan suffered a stroke in 2011 and moved to a nursing home where he stayed until his death on 1 July 2015 aged 82.
# Nair-san

Nair-san may refer to:
* A. M. Nair, Indian freedom fighter
* Nair-san (film), film based on him
# Polidori

Polidori is an Italian surname. Polidori may refer to:

## People

* Alessandro Polidori (born 1992), Italian footballer
* Ambra Polidori (born 1954), Mexican artist
* Enzo Polidori (1936–2021), Italian politician
* Erika Polidori (born 1992), Canadian softball player
* Frances Polidori (1800–1886), daughter of Gaetano, mother of Maria, Dante, William and Christina Rossetti
* Gaetano Polidori (1763–1853), Italian writer
* Giancarlo Polidori (born 1943), Italian cyclist
* Gianni Polidori (1923–1992), Italian art director
* Gino Polidori (1941–2014), American politician
* John William Polidori (1795–1821), Italian-English physician and writer, son of Gaetano
* Paolo Polidori (1778–1847), Italian cardinal
* Robert Polidori (born 1951), Canadian photographer
* Victor Polidori (1888–1931), French gymnast

## Other

* Polidori Sausage, a food company
* Polidori RLA, a historical name for the now defunct Air Estates Airport
# Regiment Springs

Regiment Springs was an infantry battalion of the South African Army. As a reserve force unit, it had a status roughly equivalent to that of a British Army Reserve or United States Army National Guard unit.

## History
### Origin

Regiment Springs was formed in March 1972 and descended from Regiment Oos Rand as its 2nd Battalion, which in turn was raised in January 1964 in Benoni. The regiment was relocated to Springs and took its current name in March 1972.

### Operations

Regiment Springs saw service on Internal Security duties and border duty.

### Disbandment

The Regiment was disbanded in 1996.
# O'Keefe and Drew

O'Keefe and Drew was a meat packer and pork retailer based in Chatham, Ontario.

## History

The company was founded by Joseph T. O'Keefe and Thomas A. Drew.
The packing plant was east of the city, where Grand Trunk and Pere Marquette railways met. The retail operation was at #53 King Street West, between John Hales' butcher shop and Bright's Opera House; it would later house Percy Parliament's clothing store.
The packing plant was later taken over by the Darling Company, which used it to render tallow; Darling closed in the 1970s.
The partners would later help found the Chatham Motor Car Company.
# Common Threads

Common Threads may refer to:
* A long-time radio show broadcast on station WKMK (WHTG-FM)
* An organization, supported by Gail Simmons, that teaches low-income children to cook wholesome, affordable meals
* Common Threads: Stories from the Quilt, a documentary film about the NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt
* Common Threads (album)
# John F. Gunion

John "Jack" Francis Gunion (born 21 July 1943 in Washington, DC) is an American physicist, specializing in theoretical high energy physics.
Gunion received in 1965 his bachelor's degree from Cornell University and in 1970 his Ph.D. from the University of California, San Diego. As a postdoc he was from 1970 to 1972 at SLAC and from 1972 to 1973 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. From 1973 to 1975 he was an assistant professor at the University of Pittsburgh. In 1978 he moved to the University of California, Davis and remained there, retiring in 2017 as professor emeritus.
He led the High Energy Physics Theory Group of the United States Department of Energy and was one of the initiators of the High Energy Frontier Theory Initiative (HEFTI).
   As a result of his early work establishing the importance of the two-photon and four-lepton search modes for detecting a Standard Model Higgs boson and the detector properties needed to exploit them, Dr. Gunion was made a member of the Large Hadron Collider Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) collaboration and was coauthor on the CMS Higgs discovery paper in which these modes played key roles.
He coauthored, with three collaborators, an important monograph on the physics of the Higgs boson. He is the author or coauthor of hundreds of scientific articles and has an h-index of 100. He is currently working on Higgs physics beyond the Standard Model and supersymmetry with a focus on future collider detections of such physics.
From 1974 to 1978 he was a Sloan Fellow and in 1989 he was elected a Fellow of the American Physical Society. In 2000 he was Schrödinger Professor at the Schrödinger Institute of the University of Vienna. He is a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. In 2017 he, together with three collaborators, received the Sakurai Prize for "instrumental contributions to the theory of the properties, reactions, and signatures of the Higgs boson".

## Selected publications

* with Howard Haber, Gordon L. Kane, and Sally Dawson: The Higgs Hunter's Guide, Addison Wesley 1990, Westview Press 2000, CRC Press 2018
# Mastacembelus moorii

Mastacembelus moorii is a species of fish in the family Mastacembelidae. It is endemic to Lake Tanganyika where it is a secretive species hiding among rocks or in the sediment in the littoral zone. It grows to a total length of 44 centimetres (17 in). The specific name honours the leader of an expedition to Lake Tanganyika, the biologist John Edmund Sharrock Moore (1870-1947).
# John Reed (footballer)

John Paul Reed (born 27 August 1972) is an English former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. Born in Rotherham, England, he played for Sheffield United, Scarborough, Darlington, Mansfield Town and Blackpool in the Football League. Reed subsequently spent five years playing in the English non-league, along with a brief spell at Greek side Ethnikos Piraeus.

## Playing career

Reed came through the youth system at Sheffield United but never managed to establish himself in the first team. He was loaned to Scarborough, Darlington and Mansfield Town to get first team experience, but eventually left Bramall Lane having only made 17 appearances in total, scoring two goals.
Reed signed for Blackpool during the 1997 close season, but the move proved to be an unsuccessful one as he made only three substitute appearances in the league for The Tangerines. A short spell at Bury followed before he drifted into non-league. Reed's career was hampered by knee injuries, and he subsequently moved regularly around non-league sides in England, although he also had a short spell in Greece with Ethnikos Piraeus.
# Pojezerje

Pojezerje is a municipality of Dubrovnik-Neretva County in the southwest of Croatia.

## Demographics

According to the 2021 census, its population was 943. It had a population of 1,223 in 2001, in which absolute majority were Croats (98%).

## Villages

* Mali Prolog
# Regiment University of Cape Town

Regiment University of Cape Town was an artillery regiment of the South African Army. As a reserve unit, it had a status roughly equivalent to that of a British Army Reserve or United States Army National Guard unit. It was part of the South African Army Artillery Corps.

## History

By the 1950s, South Africa dedicated military units to each large university. The University of Cape Town was issued an anti-aircraft regiment transferred from the SA Marine Corps and composed of 51, 52 and 54 batteries known up to then as 4 Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment.
The idea was for students to honour their obligatory military training in such units. Training would also be organised so as not to disproportionately affect university work.
The Regiment's first deployment was during a State of Emergency in March and April 1960 where it was utilised as infantry outside townships around the Cape Peninsula.
Early in the 1960s, the Regiment moved from Youngsfield to its new headquarters at Wingfield.

### Training

Until 1967, annual training lasted three weeks and was held at Eerste River while seaward gunnery practices were held at Strandfontein.

### Equipment

The Regiment used the standard 3.7 inch gun was replaced by a 35mm anti-aircraft gun requiring a conversion camp was held in December 1969. A second conversion camp was held at Wingfield from 5–25 October 1973.

### Regimental Command

* Commandant C.D. Stark 1960
* Commandant D.C. Robertson, JCD 1962
* Commandant J.K. van der Merwe 1967
* Commandant F.T. Croswell 1970
* Commandant W. Bannatyne, JCD 1973
* Honorary Colonel: Maj the Hon P.V.G. van der Byl

### Notable Members

Prof Maj. Christiaan Barnard was at one stage, the Regiments’ medical officer.