OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Charles Horsfall (cricketer)

Charles Michael Horsfall (9 November 1889 – 21 November 1942) was an Anglo-Argentine first-class cricketer and an officer in both the British Indian Army during the First World War, and the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve during the Second World War.

## Life

The son of Joseph and Sophia Horsfall, he was born in England at Weybridge in November 1889. He made a single appearance in first-class cricket for Argentina against the touring Marylebone Cricket Club at Buenos Aires in March 1912. Batting twice in the match, he was dismissed without scoring by Rockley Wilson, while in their second innings he was dismissed for 20 runs by Henry Baird.
Horsfall returned to England during the First World War and was commissioned as a second lieutenant into the British Indian Army in February 1915, before being promoted to lieutenant in January 1916.
He remained in the British Indian Army following the war and was promoted to captain in January 1919, before resigning from his commission in May 1922. While stationed in British India and British Ceylon, he played minor matches for the Europeans and for Dimbula and Dikoya in Ceylon.
He re-enlisted during the Second World War, being commissioned as a pilot officer in the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve in October 1939; at the time of his enlistment, he was aged 50, weighed 14 stone and has an abnormally high blood pressure. He served in an administrative and special duties role on the home front and was a special administrative officer at an airfield. He was promoted to flying officer in April 1940, with promotion to flight lieutenant following in March 1942. Horsfall died on 21 November 1942 at Norwich, while playing a game of squash. His cause of death was noted as a coronary thrombosis linked to his condition of arteriosclerosis.
# Perforated substance

Perforated substance may refer to:
* Anterior perforated substance
* Posterior perforated substance
# Journal of Social History

The Journal of Social History was founded in 1967 and has been edited since then by Peter Stearns. The journal covers social history in all regions and time periods.
Articles in the journal frequently combine sociohistorical analysis between Latin America, Africa, Asia, Russia, Western Europe, and the United States. The journal is published quarterly by the George Mason University Press. Since the September 2011 issue, it has also been published by Oxford University Press.
# International Connoisseurs of Green and Red Chile

International Connoisseurs of Green and Red Chile (ICGRC) was an American organization created to promote the enjoyment of chili peppers. ICGRC was founded in Mesilla, New Mexico in 1973 and grew to have chapters throughout the United States and in 17 other countries. ICGRC provided information about how to grow chili peppers and how to use them in recipes. The organization was taken over by the Las Cruces Convention and Visitors Bureau in 1989.

## About

The organization published a quarterly magazine called Chile Connoisseur News. There were several chapters of the group and each chapter was headed by a Pod Father. The president of the organization was known as the "Queso Grande" or "Big Cheese." The chapters also had humorous names that often played on puns and gave out awards to members who were known as "Pod Fellows" or "Fellows of the Pod." Members shared recipes, chili pepper seeds and propagation information. There were four membership levels starting at the "Order of the Complete Coward" and culminating at the "Order of the Steel Stomach."

## History

ICGRC was founded in Mesilla, New Mexico by 25 charter members who met at La Posta in 1973. The organization was affiliated with New Mexico State University (NMSU). ICGRC was originally headquartered in Mesilla. NMSU had been receiving numerous requests from alumni for "chile care packages." The founding members felt that promoting information about chili peppers would be a good way to help individuals who missed the spicy food.
By 1976, there were several chapters, or pods, of ICGRC including in Albuquerque, New Mexico, Denver, El Paso, Texas, Logan, Utah, and Washington, D.C. In addition, ICGRC had around 3,000 members by 1976. The Phoenix, Arizona chapter was started in 1978. Seventeen different countries had chapters as well by 1980. There was a Taos, New Mexico chapter by 1980.
ICGRC received the El Conquistador Award from the New Mexico chapter of the Public Relations Society of America in 1977. In 1989, the Las Cruces Convention and Visitors Bureau took over the organization.

## Notable members

* Carl Albert
* Vikki Carr
* Jose Feliciano
* Bob Hope
* Hubert Humphrey
* Ronald Reagan
* Lawrence Welk
# Golden-spotted tree monitor

The golden-spotted tree monitor (Varanus boehmei), also known commonly as the golden speckled tree monitor, is a species of monitor lizard in the family Varanidae. The species is endemic to Waigeo Island in Indonesia.

## Etymology

The specific name, boehmei, is in honor of German herpetologist Wolfgang Böhme.

## Geographic range and habitat

V. boehmei is native to the forests of Waigeo, Indonesia.

## Behavior

The golden-spotted tree monitor has a prehensile tail, and it spends most of its life in trees.

## Description

V. boehmei grows to around 1 m (3.3 ft) in total length (including tail).

## Reproduction

V. boehmei is oviparous.
# Hibbertia lividula

Hibbertia lividula is a species of flowering plant in the family Dilleniaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is an erect or sprawling shrub with thin branchlets, bluish-grey, narrow elliptic to narrow oblong leaves and yellow flowers, with thirty to forty stamens arranged around the five glabrous carpels.

## Description

Hibbertia lividula is an erect or sprawling shrub that typically grows to a height of up to 60 cm (24 in), the young branchlets thin and hairy. The leaves are bluish-grey, narrow elliptic, narrow oblong or narrow egg-shaped with the narrower end towards the base, 7–15 mm (0.28–0.59 in) long and 1.5–3.5 mm (0.059–0.138 in) wide. The flowers are arranged singly on the ends of branchlets and short side shoots and are 12–25 mm (0.47–0.98 in) wide and sessile. There are dark brown, overlapping bracts 1.5–3 mm (0.059–0.118 in) long at the base of the flower. The five sepals are 5–9 mm (0.20–0.35 in) long and the five petals are yellow, egg-shaped with the narrower end towards the base and 6–15 mm (0.24–0.59 in) long with a notch at the tip. There are thirty to forty stamens arranged around the five glabrous carpels that each contain two or three ovules. Flowering occurs from May to September.

## Taxonomy

Hibbertia lividula was first formally described in 1994 Judith R. Wheeler in the journal Nuytsia from specimens she collected near Beacon in 1989. The specific epithet (lividula) refer to the bluish-grey leaves.

## Distribution and habitat

This hibbertia grows in woodland and mallee woodland between Watheroo and Wialki in the Avon Wheatbelt and Geraldton Sandplains biogeographic regions of south-western Western Australia.

## Conservation status

Hibbertia lividula is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.
# College Avenue Historic District

College Avenue Historic District may refer to:
* College Avenue Historic District (Appleton, Wisconsin)
* College Avenue Historic District (Waukesha, Wisconsin), listed on the NRHP in Waukesha County, Wisconsin
* College Avenue Historic District (Topeka, Kansas), listed on the NRHP in Shawnee County, Kansas
* Ashburn Heights-Hudson-College Avenue Historic District, Ashburn, Georgia, listed on the NRHP in Turner County, Georgia
* Franklin Street-College Avenue Residential Historic District, Hartwell, Georgia, listed on the NRHP in Hart County, Georgia
* West College Avenue Historic District, Hartsville, South Carolina
# Joanna Morgan

Joanna Victoria Morgan is a retired British seismologist and geophysicist known for her analyses of the Chicxulub crater the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary, and the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event in which many dinosaur species became extinct, all believed to have been caused by a large meteor impact. Her research on Chicxulub was highlighted by a 2017 BBC documentary, The Day The Dinosaurs Died. She is an emeritus professor of geophysics in the Department of Earth Science & Engineering of Imperial College London.

## Education and career

Morgan read geophysics at the University of Southampton, earning a bachelor's degree there in 1980. After field work as a geophysicist and engineer in Australia and Italy, she returned to England for graduate study in marine geophysics at the University of Cambridge, where she completed her PhD in 1988, with the dissertation Seismic studies over continental margins.
She became a senior lecturer at Imperial College in 2000, a reader in 2004, and a professor in 2011.

## Recognition

Morgan was the 2020 recipient of the Barringer Medal, an annual award of the Meteoritical Society given for outstanding research on impact cratering. The award recognized her 2016 work on the Chicxulub crater performed through the European Consortium for Ocean Research Drilling, which was also a runner-up in the 2019 Breakthrough of the Year competition of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. She became the first UK recipient and the second woman recipient of the medal.
# Conceptual space

A conceptual space is a geometric structure that represents a number of quality dimensions, which denote basic features by which concepts and objects can be compared, such as weight, color, taste, temperature, pitch, and the three ordinary spatial dimensions.$^{:4}$ In a conceptual space, points denote objects, and regions denote concepts. The theory of conceptual spaces is a theory about concept learning first proposed by Peter Gärdenfors. It is motivated by notions such as conceptual similarity and prototype theory.
The theory also puts forward the notion that natural categories are convex regions in conceptual spaces.$^{:5}$ In that if $x$ and $y$ are elements of a category, and if $z$ is between $x$ and $y$, then $z$ is also likely to belong to the category. The notion of concept convexity allows the interpretation of the focal points of regions as category prototypes. In the more general formulations of the theory, concepts are defined in terms conceptual similarity to their prototypes. Conceptual spaces have found applications in both cognitive modelling and artificial intelligence.
# Protein expression and purification

Protein expression and purification may refer to:
* Protein production, the process of generating some quantity of a specific protein using living organisms
* Protein purification, the process of separating a specific protein from a mixture of proteins and other molecules
* Protein Expression and Purification (journal), a peer-reviewed scientific journal on these biotechnology topics
# Perforating branches of internal thoracic artery

The perforating branches of the internal thoracic artery pierce through the internal intercostal muscles of the superior six intercostal spaces. These small arteries run with the anterior cutaneous branches of the intercostal nerves.
The perforating arteries constitute part of the blood supply to the pectoralis major and the overlying tissue and skin. The second, third and fourth perforating branches give off medial mammary branches, which become enlarged during lactation.
# Netechma brevidagus

Netechma brevidagus is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Peru.
The wingspan is 15 mm.
# International Congress on Mathematical Physics

The International Congress on Mathematical Physics (ICMP) is the largest research congress in mathematical physics. It is held every three years, on behalf of the International Association of Mathematical Physics (IAMP).

## Prizes

The Henri Poincaré Prize and the IAMP early career award are both delivered at the ICMP.

## List of IAMP Congresses (ICMP)

1972: Moscow 1974: Warsaw 1975: Kyoto 1977: Rome 1979: Lausanne 1981: Berlin 1983: Boulder 1986: Marseille 1988: Swansea 1991: Leipzig 1994: Paris 1997: Brisbane (website) 2000: London 2003: Lisbon (website) 2006: Rio de Janeiro (website Archived 27 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine) 2009: Prague (website Archived 8 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine) 2012: Aalborg (website) 2015: Santiago (website) 2018: Montreal (website) 2021: Geneva (website) 2024: Strasbourg (website)
# Jimmy Raeside

James Smith Raeside (1879 – 17 January 1946) was a Scottish footballer who played as a goalkeeper.

## Career

Raeside was born in Glasgow, the son of William Raeside and Margaret Smith. He played club football for Parkhead, Third Lanark and Bury. He won the Scottish Football League with Third Lanark in 1903–04 (playing in all 26 fixtures) and the Scottish Cup in 1905. During his spell in England with Bury, he scored three penalties in league matches.
At representative level, he was selected for the Glasgow FA's annual challenge match against Sheffield on two occasions, played in the 'Home Scots v Anglo-Scots' international trial in 1905, and then made one appearance for Scotland in 1906.
He married first to Margaret Lawrie Beck in 1904 in Scotland. She died in 1908. He married secondly Florence Williamson in 1910 in Manchester.
# Oenothera tetraptera

Oenothera tetraptera, known as fourwing evening primrose, is a species of flowering plant in the evening primrose family (Onagraceae) native to the Americas. It has widely naturalized in other areas, including southern Africa, Europe, Asia, and Oceania.
Oenothera tetraptera was first formally named by Spanish botanist Antonio José Cavanilles in 1796. It is an annual or short-lived perennial herb growing 15–50 cm (0.5–1.6 ft) tall. The four-petaled, white flowers open around sunset. Each petal grows up to 3.8 cm (1.5 in) in length and the flowers change from white to pinkish purple as they age. The fruit is a hairy, obovoid capsule, 7–18 mm in length with wings 2–3 mm wide on the valves, for which the species was named.
# Carat Cheung

Carat Cheung Ming Nga (Chinese: 張名雅; born 7 December 1987) is a Canadian-Chinese actress, model and former beauty pageant winner currently based in Hong Kong and previously under Television Broadcasts Limited (TVB) management. She is the winner of Miss Hong Kong 2012.

## Biography

Carat Cheung Ming Nga hails from Vancouver, British Columbia. She attended Killarney Secondary School and graduated from University of British Columbia majoring in Economics Business Studies. Cheung is also the niece of TVB television drama producer Alfred Cheung Kin-ting. Prior to returning to Hong Kong, Cheung worked as a presenter for Fairchild TV, a Chinese television channel in Canada.

## Pageant career

Cheung placed as 1st Runner-Up in the 2009 Miss Chinese (Vancouver) Pageant, with Eliza Sam winning the event.
In 2012, Cheung returned to Hong Kong in order to participate in the 2012 Miss Hong Kong pageant for a better chance of aspiration to enter into acting. 2012 was the first Miss Hong Kong pageant to hold viewers choice online voting. The winner was to be selected based on popular online votes by audiences. Cheung was crowned the winner on August 26, 2012. However, her win remained highly controversial as TVB's computer servers were disrupted, resulting in a lot of viewers unable to vote for their favourite. At the end, the winner was decided by the judging panel. Netizens and a few TVB artistes were not happy with the final winner result and demanded TVB do a recount to be fair for all the other contestants. Cheung's uncle, Alfred Cheung, came to her defense noting all past winners were decided by the judges so the rightful winner was crowned.
After winning the 2012 Miss Hong Kong title, Cheung went on to participate in the Miss Chinese International Pageant 2013, where she finished as 2nd Runner-Up.

## Acting career

Cheung's acting debuted in 2014 with a minor role in TVB drama Tomorrow Is Another Day. The following year, she was cast in supporting roles in dramas Smooth Talker, Wudang Rules and the highly rated Ghost of Relativity which brought her more public attention.
On 7 February 2022, Cheung announced on Instagram that her contract with TVB had ended.

## Personal life

On July 31, 2016, Cheung announced on her social media account that she was engaged to her boyfriend Joe Choy. They held their wedding ceremony at the Intercontinental Hotel in Hong Kong on September 9, 2016.

## Filmography
### Television dramas

| Year | Title | Chinese Title | Role |
| 2014 | Tomorrow Is Another Day | 再戰明天 | Kelly |
| 2015 | Smooth Talker | 以和為貴 | Betty So Fa-yi (蘇花兒) |
| 2015 | Wudang Rules | 潮拜武當 | Diana Dai On-na (戴安娜) |
| 2015 | Ghost of Relativity | 鬼同你OT | Anna (狄安娜) |
| 2016 | House of Spirits | 一屋老友記 | Joanne Chin Cho-kwan (錢祖君) |
| 2016 | Daddy Dearest | 超能老豆 | Mak Ka-ka (麥家嘉) |
| 2016 | A Fist Within Four Walls | 城寨英雄 | Wu Nei (胡妮) |
| 2017 | Provocateur | 與諜同謀 | Apple (戴如寶) |
# Jan Němec (writer)

Jan Němec (born 1981) is a Czech writer. He was born and raised in Brno. He studied at Masaryk University and the Janáček Academy of Music and Performing Arts, both in Brno.
He has published four books till date:
* První život (First Life, poetry, 2007)
* Hra pro čtyři ruce (Playing Four Hands, short stories, 2009)
* Dějiny světla (A History of Light, novel, 2013)
* Možnosti milostného románu (Possibilities of Love Novel, novel, 2019)
A History of Light is a biographical novel about the photographer František Drtikol and won The Czech Book, and the European Union Prize for Literature.
# Oidaematophorus pseudotrachyphloeus

Oidaematophorus pseudotrachyphloeus is a moth of the family Pterophoridae. It is found in Argentina, Ecuador and Peru.
The wingspan is 22 mm.
# Netechma bicerithium

Netechma bicerithium is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Peru.
# Jehoshaphat (father of Jehu)

According to the Hebrew Bible, Jehoshaphat was the father of King Jehu and the son of Nimshi. He is mentioned in 2 Kings 9:2, 2 Kings 9:14 and 2 Chronicles 22:9. There are some points in the Bible that Jehu is called the son of Nimshi only.
Amitai Baruchi-Unna suggests that he was Omri's grandson.
# Observation Peak

Observation Peak may refer to:
* Observation Peak (Alaska), near Juneau
* Observation Peak (Alberta), Banff National Park, Alberta, Canada
* Observation Peak (California), a mountain in California, United States
* Observation Peak (Wyoming) a mountain in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, United States
# Camiers

Camiers (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in Hauts-de-France in France.

## Geography

The area of the commune is 16 km$^2$ (6.2 sq mi). The village of Camiers itself is small and stands just inland from the dunes on the south-west and west-facing coast just north of Étaples. The space between the village and the mouth of the River Canche is occupied by a nature reserve in the dunes. The local solid geology is the Cretaceous plateau of Artois with the Boulonnais just to the north. In its highest part, the commune rises onto the Upper Cretaceous at 176 metres but most lies on the levelled marine sand which in the medieval period, was off-shore.
The coastal road, the D940 now by-passes the village to the west while the main traffic between Calais and Abbeville is carried by the Autoroute A16 on the higher ground to the east. The Autoroute briefly passes through the eastern extremity of the commune.

## History

Camiers belonged to the Lordship of Noailles. However the waters of the lagoon between the dunes and the shore of the solid geology, for many years, presented an obstacle to its development.
During the First World War the flat lands were the site of the huge base depot of the British army in France. It is usually known nowadays as Étaples camp. Through most of the war, close to it and part of the same complex, Camiers camp was the base depot, in France, of the Machine Gun Corps. Its home base depot was at Belton Park, near Grantham.
In the 1890s, painters Henri and Marie Huhem established themselves in Camiers and gathered other artists around them. The group would be known as "L'école de Wissant", taking the name of the nearby commune where Virginie Demont-Breton lived.

## Demography

In 2018, there were 1,115 households, of which 340 were of one person.

## Sites and monuments

* Camiers mill
* Saint Gabriel Plage. Location of the Grand Hôtel, which was destroyed by the sea in 1912.
* Sainte Cécile Plage. Most visitors go there for swimming.
* Hotel les Cedres - Schools stay there.
# Centre Daily Times

The Centre Daily Times is a daily newspaper located in State College, Pennsylvania. It is the hometown newspaper for State College and the Pennsylvania State University, with more than 45,000 students attending the main campus.

## History

The newspaper was founded on May 12, 1898, as the weekly State College Times. In 1901, the paper changed ownership and The Times Printing & Publishing Company was formed. Two years later, the company name was changed to Nittany Printing & Publishing.
The Aikens family, led by Dr. Charles T. Aikens, acquired the paper in 1914. Charles' son, Claude G. Aikens, became publisher five years later. Under his leadership, circulation continued to grow and the paper became a daily in 1934. At that time, the publication took on its current Centre Daily Times name. In 1966, Claude's son Charles T. Aikens II took over as publisher. In 1973, the newspaper's headquarters and production facilities were moved from downtown State College to a new location on East College Avenue.
The paper was sold to Knight Ridder in 1979. Under Knight Ridder, a Saturday morning edition was added in 1980 and a Sunday edition was launched in 1982. The Centre Daily Times became a morning paper in 1986.
The McClatchy Company purchased Knight Ridder in 2006, thereby acquiring the Centre Daily Times. In 2019, the Saturday print edition was eliminated. On February 13, 2020, The McClatchy Company and 54 affiliated companies filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. The company cited pension obligations and excessive debt as the primary reasons for the filing.
In 2021, the newspaper announced plans to sell its facility on East College Avenue and move to a new location. In 2023, the delivery day and content of Sunday print editions were shifted to Saturdays. Although the Sunday print edition was eliminated, the paper continued to offer new digital content (eEditions) seven days a week. In June 2023, the paper eliminated carrier delivery of the print edition and started sending newspapers to subscribers through the mail.
In April 2024, the newspaper announced it will decrease the number of print editions to two a week published on Wednesdays and Saturdays.

## Circulation area

Home delivery is available to all of Centre County and parts of Blair, Clearfield, Clinton, Huntingdon and Mifflin counties. In addition, single copy sales reach several more counties, especially during college football season.

## Major awards

* Pennsylvania NewsMedia Association 2016 Keystone Press Awards winner as the best newspaper in its circulation division. Won 12 individual awards including first-place finishes in four categories.
* Named to annual list of 10 newspapers to watch by Editor & Publisher.
# Gorenstein–Harada theorem

In mathematical finite group theory, the Gorenstein–Harada theorem, proved by Daniel Gorenstein and Koichiro Harada, classifies the simple finite groups of sectional 2-rank at most 4. It is part of the classification of finite simple groups.
Finite simple groups of section 2 with rank at least 5 have Sylow 2-subgroups with a self-centralizing normal subgroup of rank at least 3, which implies that they have to be of either component type or of characteristic 2 type. Therefore, the Gorenstein–Harada theorem splits the problem of classifying finite simple groups into these two sub-cases.