OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Gy's sampling theory

Gy's sampling theory is a theory about the sampling of materials, developed by Pierre Gy from the 1950s to beginning 2000s in articles and books including:
* (1960) Sampling nomogram
* (1979) Sampling of particulate materials; theory and practice
* (1982) Sampling of particulate materials; theory and practice; 2nd edition
* (1992) Sampling of Heterogeneous and Dynamic Material Systems: Theories of Heterogeneity, Sampling and Homogenizing
* (1998) Sampling for Analytical Purposes
The abbreviation "TOS" is also used to denote Gy's sampling theory.
Gy's sampling theory uses a model in which the sample taking is represented by independent Bernoulli trials for every particle in the parent population from which the sample is drawn. The two possible outcomes of each Bernoulli trial are: (1) the particle is selected and (2) the particle is not selected. The probability of selecting a particle may be different during each Bernoulli trial. The model used by Gy is mathematically equivalent to Poisson sampling. Using this model, the following equation for the variance of the sampling error in the mass concentration in a sample was derived by Gy:
    $V={\frac {1}{(\sum _{i=1}^{N}q_{i}m_{i})^{2}}}\sum _{i=1}^{N}q_{i}(1-q_{i})m_{i}^{2}\left(a_{i}-{\frac {\sum _{j=1}^{N}q_{j}a_{j}m_{j}}{\sum _{j=1}^{N}q_{j}m_{j}}}\right)^{2}.$
in which V is the variance of the sampling error, N is the number of particles in the population (before the sample was taken), q$_i$ is the probability of including the ith particle of the population in the sample (i.e. the first-order inclusion probability of the ith particle), m$_i$ is the mass of the ith particle of the population and a$_i$ is the mass concentration of the property of interest in the ith particle of the population.
It is noted that the above equation for the variance of the sampling error is an approximation based on a linearization of the mass concentration in a sample.
In the theory of Gy, correct sampling is defined as a sampling scenario in which all particles have the same probability of being included in the sample. This implies that q$_i$ no longer depends on i, and can therefore be replaced by the symbol q. Gy's equation for the variance of the sampling error becomes:
    $V={\frac {1-q}{qM_{\text{batch}}^{2}}}\sum _{i=1}^{N}m_{i}^{2}\left(a_{i}-a_{\text{batch}}\right)^{2}.$
where a$_{batch}$ is the concentration of the property of interest in the population from which the sample is to be drawn and M$_{batch}$ is the mass of the population from which the sample is to be drawn. It has been noted that a similar equation had already been derived in 1935 by Kassel and Guy.
Two books covering the theory and practice of sampling are available; one is the Third Edition of a high-level monograph and the other an introductory text.
# Chauncey Pratt Williams

Chauncey Pratt Williams (December 6, 1860 – December 25, 1936) was an American historian, banker, and soldier.
Williams graduated from Sheffield Scientific School at Yale University, where he was a member of the varsity crew, and the Albany Law School. He was president of the Albany Exchange Bank and, from 1909 to 1917, served as adjutant-general of the New York National Guard. Williams wrote extensively on the history of the American West, including biographies of the trappers Antoine Robidoux and Bill Williams; United States Senator Philip Schuyler; and frontiersmen John Hoback and John Coulter. His works on this subject are held at Yale's Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.
In 1886 he married Emma McClure.
# Chauncey S. Taylor House

The Chauncey S. Taylor House, also known as the Richard Zeilinger House , is a historic house in David City, Nebraska. It was built in 1888 for Chauncey S. Taylor, a jeweler from Vermont. It was acquired by John Zeilinger in 1903. From 1921 to 1967, his son, Richard W. Zeilinger, lived in the house. The Zeilingers owned a hardware store in David City called Zeilinger Hardware. It was designed in the Second Empire and Queen Anne architectural styles. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since June 25, 1982.
# Burra Record

The Burra Record was a newspaper covering Burra and the mid-north eastern area of South Australia that was first printed in June 1876. In 1977, it merged with the Review-Times to form the Review-Times-Record, which in turn became The Flinders News in 1989.
Most issues published between July 1878 and January 1954 are freely available online, via Trove.

## History

The Burra Record began life as the Northern Mail which was first published on 30 June 1876 for distribution in Kooringa. After 26 weekly issues, in 1877, it was renamed to Burra News and Northern Mail. After another 77 issues, the newspaper was then purchased by Frederick Holder, future Premier of South Australia, in June 1878. Schoolmaster Holder, newly married and about to become a father, had missed out on the position in charge of the new Burra Model School. He was forced to look for other work, and took over a local store, selling books, wallpapers, and homeopathic medicines. He also became Town Clerk and bought the Record from Henry Pether.
The newspaper was then called The Record, subtitled "a paper for the Burra and north-east" (5 July 1878 - 27 September 1878), continuing previous publication order. From Friday, 4 October 1878, it was renamed The Burra Record. Initially the main newspaper was run by a committee. Holder was managing editor, but three colleagues scrutinised the subject matter. Holder was successful in the new venture, and was one of many newspaper owners who followed their political views in print by standing for Parliament. Holder also organised another publication, the North Eastern Times and Terowie News (7 January 1881 - 29 December 1882) before selling it to a partner. In 1887 Holder was elected the member for Burra, continuing to run the main newspaper until 1891. In 1892 he became premier, having sold the Burra Record to William Jenkin Davey.
The Burra Record continued until March 1977 when, with the Review Times, the newspaper was merged to form the Review-Times-Record. At the time of its demise, the Burra Record was run by R.E. and A.J. Angel.
# Gʻuzor District

Gʻuzor District is a district of Qashqadaryo Region in Uzbekistan. The capital lies at Gʻuzor. It has an area of 2,660 km$^2$ (1,030 sq mi) and its population is 207,700 (2021 est.). The district consists of one city (Gʻuzor), 5 urban-type settlements (Jarariq, Obihayot, Yangikent, Sherali, Mash'al) and 12 rural communities.
# Böttcher's equation

Böttcher's equation, named after Lucjan Böttcher, is the functional equation
       $F(h(z))=(F(z))^{n}$
where
* h is a given analytic function with a superattracting fixed point of order n at a, (that is, $h(z)=a+c(z-a)^{n}+O((z-a)^{n+1})~,$ in a neighbourhood of a), with n ≥ 2
* F is a sought function.
The logarithm of this functional equation amounts to Schröder's equation.

## Solution

Solution of functional equation is a function in implicit form.
Lucian Emil Böttcher sketched a proof in 1904 on the existence of solution: an analytic function F in a neighborhood of the fixed point a, such that:
    $F(a)=0$
This solution is sometimes called:
* the Böttcher coordinate
* the Böttcher function
* the Boettcher map.
The complete proof was published by Joseph Ritt in 1920, who was unaware of the original formulation.
Böttcher's coordinate (the logarithm of the Schröder function) conjugates h(z) in a neighbourhood of the fixed point to the function z$^n$. An especially important case is when h(z) is a polynomial of degree n, and a = ∞ .

### Explicit

One can explicitly compute Böttcher coordinates for:
* power maps $z\to z^{d}$
* Chebyshev polynomials

#### Examples

For the function h and n=2
    $h(x)={\frac {x^{2}}{1-2x^{2}}}$
the Böttcher function F is:
    $F(x)={\frac {x}{1+x^{2}}}$

## Applications

Böttcher's equation plays a fundamental role in the part of holomorphic dynamics which studies iteration of polynomials of one complex variable.
Global properties of the Böttcher coordinate were studied by Fatou and Douady and Hubbard.
# Bussy-la-Pesle, Nièvre

Bussy-la-Pesle (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Nièvre department in central France.
# Bussy-le-Grand

Bussy-le-Grand (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

## Personalities

Jean-Andoche Junot, a general under Napoleon was born in the village. The Château de Bussy-Rabutin, home of the 17th-century courtier and writer Roger de Rabutin, Comte de Bussy, is located within the commune.
The American painter Douglas Gorsline (1913-1985) lived in the village for twenty years.
# Bussy-la-Pesle, Côte-d'Or

Bussy-la-Pesle (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
# Neoarachnotheca

Neoarachnotheca is a genus of fungi within the Onygenaceae family. This is a monotypic genus, containing the single species Neoarachnotheca keratinophila.
# Neoapaloxylon

Neoapaloxylon is a genus of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae. It includes three species of trees or shrubs endemic to Madagascar. Typical habitats include seasonally-dry tropical woodland and xerophytic scrubland on limestone or sandy soils in the northern, western, and central parts of the Island. It belongs to the subfamily Detarioideae.
# Chaxi

Chaxi Town (simplified Chinese: 槎溪镇; traditional Chinese: 槎溪鎮; pinyin: Cháxī Zhèn) is an urban town in and subdivision of Xinhua County, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China.

## Administrative division

The town is divided into 28 villages and one community, the following areas: Zhaohui Community, Chaoyang Village, Lebai Village, Zhenghui Village, Menggongling Village, Shimenkou Village, Tiandangyuan Village, Yangjiabian Village, Xinqun Village, Shizhapai Village, Fengyang Village, Shihetang Village, Niao'ao Village, Fumin Village, Hengjiang Village, Banshanjie Village, Shuangshu Village, Hongyanqiao Village, Rixing Village, Mugua Village, Bixi Village, Houxi Village, Shengnong Village, Jinxi Village, Yuanzhu Village, Benteng Village, Youping Village, Shuangxi Village, and Zhushanwan Village. (朝辉社区、朝阳村、乐柏村、政辉村、孟公岭村、石门口村、田凼院村、杨家边村、新群村、石渣牌村、凤阳村、石禾塘村、鸟坳村、福民村、横江村、半山街村、双曙村、红岩桥村、日星村、木瓜村、碧溪村、厚溪村、胜农村、金溪村、源竹村、奔腾村、油坪村、双溪村、竹山湾村).
# Chay, Doubs

Chay (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.
# Joshua Epstein

Joshua Epstein may refer to:
* Joshua M. Epstein, professor of epidemiology
* Joshua Epstein (violinist) (born 1940), Israeli musician
# Neoglyphidodon

Neoglyphidodon is a genus of fish in the family Pomacentridae.

## Species

* Neoglyphidodon bonang (Bleeker, 1852)
* Neoglyphidodon carlsoni (Allen, 1975)
* Neoglyphidodon crossi (Allen, 1991)
* Neoglyphidodon melas (Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1830)
* Neoglyphidodon nigroris (Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1830)
* Neoglyphidodon oxyodon (Bleeker, 1858)
* Neoglyphidodon polyacanthus (Ogilby, 1889)
* Neoglyphidodon thoracotaeniatus (Fowler and Bean, 1928)
# Butahri

Butahri is a village located in the Ludhiana East tehsil, of Ludhiana district, Punjab.

## Administration

The village is administrated by a Sarpanch who is an elected representative of village as per constitution of India and Panchayati raj (India).
| Particulars | Total | Male | Female |
| Total No. of Houses | 636 | | |
| Population | 3266 | 1714 | 1552 |
# Butaho

Butaho is a village situated in the Bafuliiru Chiefdom, within the Uvira Territory of the South Kivu Province in the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). It is located in close proximity to the border with Burundi, along National Highway 5.
# Joseph Élie Cholette

Joseph Élie Cholette (1890 – November 25, 1947) was a Canadian politician, who represented the electoral district of Nipissing in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1937 to 1943. He was a member of the Ontario Liberal Party. He died in 1947.
# Neolamprologus schreyeni

Neolamprologus schreyeni is a species of cichlid endemic to Lake Tanganyika where it is only known from along the Burundi coast, inhabiting crevices. This species reaches a length of 5 centimetres (2.0 in) TL. The specific name honours Andre Schreyen, the nephew of and collaborator with the fish trader Pierre Brichard (1921-1990), who was the collector of the type.
# Gymnelus

Gymnelus is a genus of small fish in the family Zoarcidae found in the Arctic Ocean, and adjacent parts of the North Pacific and North Atlantic. They are highly variable in color, which has resulted in the description of several taxa now considered invalid.

## Species

There are currently eleven recognized species in this genus:
* Gymnelus andersoni Chernova, 1998
* Gymnelus diporus Chernova, 2000
* Gymnelus gracilis Chernova, 2000
* Gymnelus hemifasciatus Andriashev, 1937 (Halfbarred pout)
* Gymnelus obscurus Chernova, 2000
* Gymnelus pauciporus Anderson, 1982
* Gymnelus popovi (Taranetz & Andriashev, 1935) (Aleutian pout) – often in monotypic genus Commandorella
* Gymnelus retrodorsalis Le Danois, 1913 (Aurora unernak)
* Gymnelus soldatovi Chernova, 2000
* Gymnelus taeniatus Chernova, 1999
* Gymnelus viridis J. C. Fabricius, 1780 (Fish doctor)
Many of the above species described in this genus are regarded as synonyms by some authorities (G. hemifasciatus with synonyms G. diporus, G. knipowitschi and G. soldatovi; G. retrodorsalis with synonyms G. andersoni, G. esipovi and G. taeniatus; and G. viridis with synonyms G. barsukovi, G. bilabrus, G. gracilis, G. obscurus and G. platycephalus).
# HMS Crocus

Four ships of the Royal Navy have carried the name HMS Crocus, after the crocus, a genus of flowering plants.
* HMS Crocus (1808) was a 14-gun sloop launched in 1808 and sold in 1815.
* HMS Crocus (1856) was a wooden screw Albacore-class gunboat launched in 1856 and broken up in 1864.
* HMS Crocus (1915) was an Arabis-class minesweeping sloop launched in 1915 and sold in 1930.
* HMS Crocus (K49) was a Flower-class corvette launched in 1940 and sold into civilian service in 1946 under the name Annlock.
# HMS Crocodile

Four ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Crocodile, after the large aquatic reptile, the crocodile:
* HMS Crocodile (1781) was a 24-gun sixth rate launched in 1781 and lost in 1784.
* HMS Crocodile (1806) was a 22-gun sixth rate launched in 1806 and broken up in 1816.
* HMS Crocodile (1825) was a 28-gun sixth rate launched in 1825. She was on harbour service from 1850 and was sold in 1861.
* HMS Crocodile (1867) was an iron screw troopship launched in 1867 and sold for breaking up in 1894.
# Checa, Ecuador

Checa or Jidcay is a town and parish in Cuenca Canton, Azuay Province, Ecuador. The parish covers an area of 64.5 km$^2$ and according to the 2001 Ecuadorian census it had a population total of 2,698.
# Chazelles

Chazelles may refer to the following places in France:
* Chazelles, Cantal, a commune in the department of Cantal
* Chazelles, Charente, a commune in the department of Charente
* Chazelles, Jura, a commune in the department of Jura
* Chazelles, Haute-Loire, a commune in the department of Haute-Loire
* Chazelles-sur-Albe, a commune in the department of Meurthe-et-Moselle
* Chazelles-sur-Lavieu, a commune in the department of Loire
* Chazelles-sur-Lyon, a commune in the department of Loire
# Chazelles, Charente

Chazelles (French pronunciation:; Limousin: Chasèlas) is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.
# Neoeromene straminella

Neoeromene straminella is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Philipp Christoph Zeller in 1877. It is found in Brazil.
The wingspan is 14–15 mm. The ground colour of the forewings is pale yellowish orange.
# Neoeriocitrin

Neoeriocitrin is a 7-O-glycoside of the flavanone eriodictyol and the disaccharide neohesperidose (α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranose). Note that the 'neo' in the name in this case does not refer to the position of the B-ring (which is not in a neo position), but refer to the glycosyl moiety.
# Neoeromene parvipuncta

Neoeromene parvipuncta is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by David E. Gaskin in 1986. It is found in Paraná, Brazil.
# Chattanooga School for the Arts & Sciences

The Chattanooga School for the Arts & Sciences is a K–12 magnet school in Chattanooga, Tennessee. It was opened in 1986 in the former Wyatt Hall building which was used as a high school until 1983. The building was designed in Georgian Revival style by Reuben H. Hunt, a Chattanooga architect.
The building was constructed in 1920–1921 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 as Wyatt Hall. It was named for Professor Henry D. Wyatt, founder of the public school system in Chattanooga, a teacher and the first Superintendent of Schools.
Its liberal-arts curriculum is patterned on Mortimer Adler's Paideia philosophy. The physical building has been a school in several incarnations, and was once attended by Samuel L. Jackson (as Riverside High School).
It was also known as Chattanooga High School.
# Burton upon Trent Town Hall

Burton upon Trent Town Hall is a municipal building in King Edward Place, Burton upon Trent, Staffordshire, England. It is a Grade II listed building.

## History
### The building

In the mid 19th century local council meetings were held in the old Town Hall in the Market Square: this was a building which was commissioned by the lord of the manor, Lord Paget. It had been designed in the classical style, possibly by James Wyatt, and completed in 1772.
The current building, which was designed by Reginald Churchill in a Victorian Gothic style, was commissioned by Michael Thomas Bass for use as the St Paul's Institute and the Liberal Club and completed in 1878. Bass' son, Michael Arthur Bass, donated the building to the town in 1891 and it was extended, by the inclusion of purpose-built municipal offices, a council chamber, a concert hall and a new staircase, in 1894. The prominent clock tower was also added at this time, containing a Cambridge-chiming clock by John Smith & Sons of Derby and five bells by Taylor of Loughborough. A statue by F. W. Pomeroy of Michael Arthur Bass (by then Lord Burton) was erected in the square in front of the building in 1911. A further large extension, designed by George Moncur, the borough surveyor, in the Art Deco style was built to the southeast of the main building and completed in 1939.
During the First World War, the town hall was used as a Red Cross Voluntary Aid Detachment auxiliary hospital. In the entrance lobby are four large wooden plaques, listing the names of the men of the County Borough of Burton who gave their lives in each world war. Queen Elizabeth II, accompanied by the Duke of Edinburgh, visited the town hall and waved to the crowd from the town hall balcony on 28 March 1957.
The new town hall initially became the headquarters of Burton upon Trent municipal borough, which was raised to being a county borough in 1901. A four-storey Art Deco extension was added to the east of the building in 1939, on the corner with Waterloo Street. The borough's coat of arms is carved into the stonework above the main entrance of the extension, which was formally opened by the mayor on 6 October 1939. Since 1974 the building has been the headquarters of East Staffordshire Borough Council.

### Organs

The hall boasts a Wurlitzer organ, which had originally been installed at the Cameo Theatre in Cleveland, Ohio in 1925; after a fire in the theatre it was repossessed by its manufacturer before being installed at the Forum Cinema in Northenden, Manchester, in 1934 and then being moved to Burton Town Hall in 1973. In 1995 OS Digital Recordings released a recording from Burton upon Trent Town Hall entitled Come Dancing which involved excerpts of music performed by Arnold Loxam on the organ. An earlier Kirkland organ was added to the St Paul's Institute in 1880 and expanded by Norman and Beard in 1906.
# Burton upon Trent and Swadlincote Green Belt

The Burton upon Trent and Swadlincote Green Belt is a green belt environmental and planning policy that regulates the rural space between the towns of Burton upon Trent and Swadlincote, in the counties of Derbyshire and Staffordshire, within the East Midlands region of England. Essentially, the function of the green belt in this location is to prevent the towns merging by lessening urban sprawl. It is managed by local planning authorities on guidance from central government.

## Geography

Land area taken up by the green belt is 720 hectares (7.2 km$^2$; 2.8 sq mi), making it the smallest in the country. The main coverage is within the South Derbyshire district, mainly concentrated within the unparished area around Swadlincote and the parish of Bretby, with smaller tracts in the parishes of Castle Gresley, Cauldwell and Drakelow.
It 'washes' over the ribbon developments at Stanhope Bretby along the A511 road, small commercial properties at Middle Place in the Bretby Stoneware Industrial Estate, private residences by the rural end of the Sunnyside country lane, and at Stanton along the A444 road, which has the only large scale development with its sewage works.
Small portions are within greenfield land and farmland in the Brizlincote, Stapenhill, and Winshill parishes of East Staffordshire, although it does not extend to the settlements themselves. Due to the green belt lying across two counties, responsibility lies with the South Derbyshire and East Staffordshire district councils as these are the local planning authorities.

## History

The green belt was first proposed in 1980 during a review of the Derbyshire Structure Plan. It was later approved by central government and termed the South Derbyshire Green Belt. It took some time to define the boundaries to some accuracy after further local and government consultation, with a localised council plan subsequently being adopted in April 1983. Later boundary changes have meant it presently extends cross-border into Staffordshire.
# HFI

HFI may refer to:

## Businesses and organisations

* Hereditary fructose intolerance, a metabolic deficiency
* HFI Flooring Inc, a Canadian company
* Hamfest India, an amateur radio convention
* Handball Federation of India
* Holy Family Institute

## Government

* Healthy Forests Initiative, a US federal law
* Horizontal fiscal imbalance, in macroeconomics
* Human Freedom Index, in human rights

## Other uses

* High Frequency Instrument, aboard the Planck spacecraft
* Human factors integration, in engineering
# Chi Chi Valenti

Chi Chi Valenti is an American journalist, nightlife producer, and performance artist.

## Career

Writing for Details and The Village Voice, Valenti became one of the first journalists to chronicle 1980s Ball culture in the Bronx. In 1991, Valenti and her husband Johnny Dynell created "Night of 1000 Stevies," an annual Stevie Nicks tribute which has continued for more than thirty years and featured performances by Debbie Harry, Cyndi Lauper, Boy George, Justin Bond, Sherry Vine, Taylor Mac, and Basil Twist. From 1996 to 2000, Valenti co-owned Mother, a nightclub which hosted parties such as Jackie 60 and Click + Drag, and would later be the subject of the 2011 Blondie song, "Mother". Since 2002, Valenti has produced the Howl Festival, named after the Allen Ginsberg poem and performed annually in Tompkins Square Park.
# HMS Lapwing

Eight ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Lapwing, after the northern lapwing, a species of bird:
* HMS Lapwing (1764) was a 10-gun cutter launched in 1764 and lost in 1765.
* HMS Lapwing (1785) was a 28-gun sixth rate launched in 1785. She was used on harbour service from 1813 and was broken up in 1828.
* HMS Lapwing (1825) was a 6-gun Cherokee-class packet brig launched in 1825, used as a breakwater from 1845, and sold in 1861.
* HMS Lapwing (1856) was a Vigilant-class wooden screw gunvessel launched in 1856 and sold in 1864.
* HMS Lapwing (1867) was a Plover-class wooden screw gunvessel launched in 1867 and sold in 1885.
* HMS Lapwing (1889) was a Redbreast-class composite screw gunboat launched in 1889 and sold in 1910.
* HMS Lapwing (1911) was an Acheron-class destroyer launched in 1911 and sold for scrapping in 1921.
* HMS Lapwing (U62) was a Black Swan-class sloop launched in 1943 and sunk by a U-boat in 1945.