OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Nonlinear expectation

In probability theory, a nonlinear expectation is a nonlinear generalization of the expectation. Nonlinear expectations are useful in utility theory as they more closely match human behavior than traditional expectations. The common use of nonlinear expectations is in assessing risks under uncertainty. Generally, nonlinear expectations are categorized into sub-linear and super-linear expectations dependent on the additive properties of the given sets. Much of the study of nonlinear expectation is attributed to work of mathematicians within the past two decades.

## Definition

A functional $\mathbb {E} :{\mathcal {H}}\to \mathbb {R}$ (where ${\mathcal {H}}$ is a vector lattice on a given set $\Omega$) is a nonlinear expectation if it satisfies:
* Monotonicity: if $X,Y\in {\mathcal {H}}$ such that $X\geq Y$ then $\mathbb {E} [X]\geq \mathbb {E} [Y]$
* Preserving of constants: if $c\in \mathbb {R}$ then $\mathbb {E} [c]=c$
The complete consideration of the given set, the linear space for the functions given that set, and the nonlinear expectation value is called the nonlinear expectation space.
Often other properties are also desirable, for instance convexity, subadditivity, positive homogeneity, and translative of constants. For a nonlinear expectation to be further classified as a sublinear expectation, the following two conditions must also be met:
* Subadditivity: for $X,Y\in {\mathcal {H}}$ then $\mathbb {E} [X]+\mathbb {E} [Y]\geq \mathbb {E} [X+Y]$
* Positive homogeneity: for $\lambda \geq 0$ then $\mathbb {E} [\lambda X]=\lambda \mathbb {E} [X]$
For a nonlinear expectation to instead be classified as a superlinear expectation, the subadditivity condition above is instead replaced by the condition:
* Superadditivity: for $X,Y\in {\mathcal {H}}$ then $\mathbb {E} [X]+\mathbb {E} [Y]\leq \mathbb {E} [X+Y]$

## Examples

* Choquet expectation: a subadditive or superadditive integral that is used in image processing and behavioral decision theory.
* g-expectation via nonlinear BSDE's: frequently used to model financial drift uncertainty.
* If $\rho$ is a risk measure then $\mathbb {E} [X]:=\rho (-X)$ defines a nonlinear expectation.
* Markov Chains: for the prediction of events undergoing model uncertainties.
# Institute of Biophysics

Institute of Biophysics may refer to:
* Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Germany
* Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
# Iris ser. Tenuifoliae

Iris ser. Tenuifoliae is a series of the genus Iris, in Iris. subg. Limniris.
The series was first classified by Ludwig Diels in 'Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien' (Edited by H. G. A. Engler and K. Prantl) in 1930. It was further expanded by George Hill Mathewson Lawrence in Gentes Herb (written in Dutch) in 1953.
Most of the species in this series come from Central Asia, and are found in semi-desert conditions, Such as dry steppes and grasslands.
They are rare in cultivation in the UK. Most are only grown for scientific interest by botanists. They prefer a northern continental climate in a dry prairie similar to Nebraska or North or South Dakota in the US.
They have very delicate rhizomes and do not like being disturbed. In the UK, they need to be grown in Bulb frames, with water during the summer but dry during the winter.
Includes;
* Iris anguifuga Y.T.Zhao & X.J.Xue
* Iris bungei Maxim.
* Iris cathayensis Migo
* Iris farreri Dykes (sometimes known as Iris polysticta)
* Iris kobayashii Kitag.
* Iris loczyi Kanitz
* Iris qinghainica Y.T.Zhao
* Iris songarica Schrenk
* Iris tenuifolia Pall.
* Iris ventricosa Pall.
# Quién Eres Tú

Quién Eres Tú may refer to:
* "Quién Eres Tú" (Yuri song), 1990
* "Quién Eres Tú" (Luis Enrique song), 1994
* "Quién Eres Tú", 2004 song by Frank Reyes
* ¿Quién Eres Tú?", 2007 song by María José from the album María José
* ¿Quién eres tú?, a 2012 telenovela
# Memići (Čelinac)

Memići (Cyrillic: Мемићи) is a village in the municipality of Čelinac, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
# David Tetteh Assumeng

David Tetteh Assumeng is a Ghanaian politician. He was the member of parliament for the Shai Osudoku Constituency from 7 January 2005 to 6 January 2017.

## Early life and education

Assumeng was born on 10 September 1961. He hails from Osudoku in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. He obtained his Diploma from the University of Ghana in 2004 and his Masters in Governance and Leadership (EMGL) from the Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration (GIMPA) in 2008.

## Career

Prior to entering politics, Assumeng was the Youth Co-ordinator of the National Youth Council at the Ada West District.

## Politics

Assumeng entered parliament on 7 January 2005 on the ticket of the National Democratic Congress representing the Shai Osudoku Constituency. He lost the NDC primaries in 2015 and was consequently unable to contest for the seat in the 2016 Ghanaian general election. His term in parliament ended on 6 January 2017.

## Personal life

Assumeng is married with a child. He identifies as a Christian and a member of the Presbyterian Church of Ghana.
# Chrobry Oak

The Chrobry Oak is an oak tree, the largest oak in Poland and one of the biggest in Europe.
It is monumental oak with single-stemmed, hollow trunk, its girth was 1004 cm, height – 26 m and volume – 90 m³ (in 2014). Moreover, it is the oldest oak tree in Poland. Age of the Chrobry is about 760 years, according to dendrochronological research.
Oak was officially preserved (as a natural monument) since 1966.
Chrobry was measured in 1908 at the earliest, by Theodor Schube (German botanist), girth of the tree was 861 cm.
Tree was set on fire by vandals in November 2014. Chrobry remained in fatal condition, but in 2015 part of the crown was still alive.
# Island (David Arkenstone album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
Island is an instrumental album by David Arkenstone with Andrew White, released in 1989. It is a departure from Arkenstone's mostly electronic debut album Valley in the Clouds.

## Track listing

* "Nantucket" – 3:14
* "Ballet" – 4:08
* "The Island Road" – 3:28
* "Desert Ride" – 4:10
* "Along the Shoreline" – 3:26
* "Caravan" – 3:46
* "Hindu Holiday" – 4:05
* "Passage" – 4:44
* "Nullarbor" – 4:32
* "The Palace" – 4:32
* "Carnation Lily Lily Rose" – 4:46
* Tracks 2, 3, 6, 8, and 10 composed by David Arkenstone. Tracks 1, 4, 7, and 9 composed by David Arkenstone and Andrew White. Tracks 5 and 11 composed by Andrew White.

### Notes

* "The Island Road" and "Caravan" is most well-known around the web as being one of the background tracks used in the "Chuck E. Cheese's University" training videotapes from 1991.

## Personnel

* David Arkenstone – keyboards,Korg M1, grand piano, guitar, flute, pennywhistle
* Andrew White – acoustic guitar, bass on "Along the Shoreline," keyboards
* Daniel Chase – drums, percussion
* Bruce Bowers – violin
* Roger Fiets – bass, fretless bass
* John Seydewitz – percussion
* Jay Leslie – flute, soprano saxophone
* Nancy Rumbel – oboe, English horn
# Teilhol

Teilhol was a French automobile manufacturer founded in 1958 by Raoul Teilhol as ACL (Ateliers de Construction du Livradois). In 1978, the company was renamed after its founder.
In 2006, 2CA (Concept Composites Auvergne) began making parts for Teilhol cars once again.
Raoul Teilhol died at age 86 on 18 April 2008.

## 1970s
### Partnership with Renault

In the early 70s, Teilhol (then called ACL) finalised a partnership with Renault. This was initially to provide parts for current Renault vehicles, for example raised roofs for the Estafette van. Teilhol also later produced Renault 4 pickups.
Later, as beach cars such as the Citroën Méhari (which came out in May 1968) became more popular, Renault turned to Teilhol to provide a Renault-badged competitor. Teilhol therefore designed and began producing the Renault Rodeo 4 and 6, and later the 5 too. While the Rodeo 4 was based on the Renault 4, the Rodeo 6 and 5 were based on the Renault 6, with the 5 having a modernised design. However, all three variants used parts from various other Renault models to keep costs down. While the cars initially bore the names of both companies, this changed in the mid-70s, and ACL/Teilhol logos were no longer present on later models.

### Citadine

Thanks to the security of the contract with Renault and increased income from the popular Rodeos, Raoul Teilhol was able to expand the production capacities of the company by opening factories and workshops in Ambert and Arlanc, the latter of which continues to produce Teilhol car parts as 2CA.
With the addition of new production lines and employees, Teilhol began making small city cars which did not require a driving licence, badged as TVE (Teilhol Véhicules Electrique). The most famous was the Citadine, an electric car which came out in 1972. Similar in apparition to the Isetta, the 3-wheeler car could fit 2 people and had a range of around 50 km, the distance between the Arlanc factory and Teilhol's headquarters in Courpière. It spawned many trims, including the 4-wheel Handicar for wheelchair users or the tiny Citacom flatbed. Additionally, TVE built the Messagette, which had an improved range of up to 100 km and was intended for use by city-dwellers to visit recreation getaways such as beaches or the countryside. A number of Messagettes were converted for utility purposes and sold to airports for use as service vehicle alongside Citacoms.

## 1980s
### Simply

The Citadine and its variants never sold more than a few hundred models, and by the early 80s Teilhol decided to produce more conventional petrol and diesel microcars, primarily the Simply. Launched in 1981 with either a 49cc or 125cc engine (T50 and T125 trim respectively), this 4-wheeler proved a little more popular and led to diesel editions with larger engines (325 & 400D, TD and TLX).
# Nordstromia undata

Nordstromia undata is a moth in the family Drepanidae. It was described by Watson in 1968. It is found in Yunnan, China.
# Josiomorpha triangulifera

Josiomorpha triangulifera is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae first described by Hering in 1925. It is found in Costa Rica and Panama.

## Taxonomy

The species was previously synonymized with Josiomorpha penetrata.
# Chrocus

Chrocus or Crocus (fl. 260–306 AD) was a leader of the Alamanni in the late 3rd to early 4th centuries. In 260, he led an uprising of the Alamanni against the Roman Empire, traversing the Upper Germanic Limes and advancing as far as Clermont-Ferrand, and possibly as far as Ravenna, and he was possibly present at the Alamannic conquest of the French town of Mende.
According to Gregory of Tours' History of the Franks, Chrocus was a famous king of his time and was responsible for a great deal of destruction throughout Gaul, most notably of all ancient temples located in Gaul, though this may have been exaggerated. One of the temples he allegedly tore down was called the Vasso Galatæ, a marvelous structure that once stood in Clermont.
Chrocus, with his troops, aided Constantine I's proclamation as emperor. In 306, he was present as a general in Roman service at the death of Constantius Chlorus in York, Britannia, and called for his son Constantine to be declared the new Roman Emperor (Epitome de Caesaribus 41).

## Literature

* Dieter Geuenich, Geschichte der Alemannen, Kohlhammer Verlag Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-17-018227-7 / ISBN 3-17-012095-6
# Phaseolus harmsianus

Phaseolus harmsianus is a species of legume in the family Fabaceae. It is found only in Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
# Pål Gerhard Olsen

Pål Gerhard Olsen (born 1 November 1959) is a Norwegian novelist, children's writer, crime fiction writer, playwright and literary critic.

## Career

Olsen was born in Bergen. He made his literary debut in 1985, with Svart, svart – og et tynt lag hvitt, on disillusioned and whisky-consuming youngsters. Further novels are Libero. Loven vest for Geilo (1986), about two football-loving young boys, Den eneste andre (1989), where the protagonists are two vagants, and the sequel Blodets sang from 1991. The 1994 novel Den sanne historien combines social and psychological aspects of the 1990s. The novel Manndomsprøven (1997) is about a maturing young boy, while Fredstid (2000) is a love story set in the late 1930s. In the crime fiction novel Mørk april from 1987, Olsen introduced private investigator "Aron Ask", a former freelance journalist, who eventually appeared in a number of novels, including the sequels Overspill (1990), Rødt regn (1992) and Isdronningen (1995), as well as in Oslo-piken (1998), Tusenårsriket (2002), Nattmusikk (2005) and Bakmennene (2009). His children's novels include Tigrene tar avspark from 1996, and Tigrene finner formen from 1997.
Olsen is a literary critic of crime fiction for the newspaper Aftenposten.
# International Congress on Industrial and Applied Mathematics

The International Congress on Industrial and Applied Mathematics (ICIAM) is an international congress in the field of applied mathematics held every four years under the auspices of the International Council for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. The initial proposal for this conference series was made by Gene Golub.

## List of congresses

* ICIAM 1987 – Paris
* ICIAM 1991 – Washington, D.C.
* ICIAM 1995 – Hamburg
* ICIAM 1999 – Edinburgh Archived 2016-09-18 at the Wayback Machine
* ICIAM 2003 – Sydney
* ICIAM 2007 – Zurich
* ICIAM 2011 – Vancouver
* ICIAM 2015 – Beijing Archived 2020-10-21 at the Wayback Machine
* ICIAM 2019 – Valencia
* ICIAM 2023 – Tokyo
# Jiahe, Anhui

Jiahe (Chinese: 架河镇) is a town in Panji District, Huainan, Anhui.
# Norma Lorimer

Norma Octavia Lorimer (1864–1948) was a Scots novelist and travel writer, who has been called "One of the most notable early female novelists of the Isle of Man."

## Biography

Lorimer was born in Auchterarder, Perthshire, the eighth and youngest daughter in a family of eleven. She was raised on the Isle of Man, to which "she returned to in her fiction, showing clearly that she had 'lost her heart' to the South of the Island."
In the 1890s she became secretary to Douglas Sladen, with whom she wrote book two of Queer Things about Sicily (Sicily from a Woman's Point of View). She contributed to the Girl's Own Paper and wrote numerous travel books and 26 "rather sentimental novels." "Perhaps her best book was On Etna," her novel A Wife out of Egypt became a best-seller. "The grand sweep of emotions in her Manx novels offers a fresh colouring to the history and scenery of the South of the Island whilst demonstrating the variance and colour to Manx novels."
Lorimer died on 14 February 1948, in Perth, Scotland.

## Adaptations

* The 1919 American silent film Woman, Woman! is based on Lorimer's 1915 novel On Desert Altars.
* The 1921 American film The Lure of Egypt is based on Lorimer's 1922 novel There was a King in Egypt.
* The 1924 British film Shadow of Egypt is based on Lorimer's 1923 novel The Shadow of Egypt.

## Publications
### Travel books

* By the Waters of Sicily (1901)
* Sicily from a Woman's Point of View (1905)
* More Queer Things about Japan (1905) (with Douglas Sladen)
* By the Waters of Carthage (1906)
* By the Waters of Italy (1910)
* Queer Things about Sicily (1913) (with Douglas Sladen)
* By the Waters of Egypt (1913)
* By the Waters of Germany (1914)
* By the Waters of Africa (1917)
* The Mediterranean and Beyond (1921)

### Novels

* A Sweet Disorder (1896)
* Josiah's Wife (1898)
* Mirry-Anne: A Manx Story (1900)
* On Etna (1904)
* The Second Woman. A Novel (1912)
* A Wife out of Egypt (1913)
* On Desert Altars (1915)
* The God's Carnival (1916)
* With Other Eyes (1919)
* Catherine Sterling (1920)
* A Mender of Images. A Novel (1921)
* The Path of Love (1921)
* There Was a King in Egypt (1922)
* The False Dawn (1923)
* White Sanctuary (1924)
* Alec's Mother: A Novel (1925)
* The Shadow of Egypt (1925)
* The Yoke of Affection (1926)
* The Pagan Woman (1927)
* The End of the Matter (1928)
* Moslem Jane (1929)
* Alone (1931)
* Millstones (1932)
* False Value (1933)
* The Story of Isobel Lennox (1935)
* Where Ignorance is Bliss (1938)
# The Listener (album)

The Listener is an album by jazz drummer Jeff Willams, an American expatriate in England. The album was released on 4 June 4, 2013 by Whirlwind Recordings.

## Track list

* Beer and Water
* Borderline
* She Can't Be a Spy
* Fez
* Lament
* Scrunge/Search Me
* Slew Footed
* Dedicated to You

## Personnel

* Jeff Willams – drums
* Duane Eubanks – trumpet
* John O' Gallagher – alto saxophone
* John Hébert – double bass
# Cruinniuc

Cruinniuc (Crunniuc, Cruinn, Crundchu, Crunnchu, Cronnchu) is a wealthy cattle-owner of Ulster in the Ulster Cycle of Irish mythology. A widower, he is surprised when a beautiful woman turns up at his house, sleeps with him and takes care of his children, without revealing her name. She becomes pregnant by him.
Later, at a festival, he boasts that his wife could run faster than the king's chariot. The king hears his boast, and his heavily pregnant wife is forced to race against his chariot. She wins, and gives birth to twins on the finish line. She reveals her name is Macha, daughter of Sainrith mac Imbaith, and the capital of Ulster is thereafter called Emain Macha ("Macha's Twins"). She curses the men of Ulster to suffer her labour pains in the hour of their greatest need, which is why none of the Ulstermen but Cúchulainn is able to fight in the Táin Bó Cuailnge (Cattle Raid of Cooley).
# Cardiopulmonary nerves

Cardiopulmonary nerves are splanchnic nerves that are postsynaptic and sympathetic. They originate in cervical and upper thoracic ganglia and innervate the thoracic cavity.
All major sympathetic cardiopulmonary nerves arise from the stellate ganglia and the caudal halves of the cervical sympathetic trunks below the level of the cricoid cartilage. Parasympathetic cardiopulmonary nerves arise from the recurrent laryngeal nerves and the thoracic vagus immediately distal to them. These interconnect with the sympathetic cardiopulmonary nerves to form the ventral and dorsal cardiopulmonary plexuses.
# Jocelyn Bonham-Carter

Jocelyn Henry Bonham-Carter OBE (28 January 1904 – 3 September 1985) was an English first-class cricketer, British Army officer and civil servant.
The son of Herman Bonham-Carter, he was born at Bromley in January 1904. He was educated at the Britannia Royal Naval College, before matriculating to Caius College, Cambridge. Bonham-Carter joined the Royal Tank Corps (later the Royal Tank Regiment) as a second lieutenant following the completion of his studies, before resigning his commission in June 1926. Travelling to British India, he made a single appearance in first-class cricket for the Europeans cricket team against the Indians at Madras in the 1927–28 Madras Presidency Match. Batting once in the match, he was dismissed for 3 runs in the Europeans first innings by C. R. Ganapathy.
Bonham-Carter rejoined the British Army in December 1932, when he was appointed to the Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment with the rank of lieutenant. He served in the Second World War with the Middlesex Regiment. Following the war, he was employed with the Foreign Office as a Grade 1 Conference Officer. For his service with the Foreign Office, he was made an OBE in the 1953 New Year Honours. He remained an officer with the Middlesex Regiment as part of the Territorial Reserve, gaining his Territorial Decoration whilst holding the rank of captain in June 1954. Bonham-Carter died at High Wycombe in September 1985. He had been married to Maud Leslie Athill since 1939, in a wedding which was presided over by the Bishop of Woolwich.
# Põldmäe

Põldmäe is an Estonian surname derived the compound words põld ("field") and mäe ("hill/mountain").
As of 1 January 2022, 31 men and 30 women have the surname Põldmäe in Estonia. Põldmäe ranks 37,39th for men and 43,33rd for women in terms of surname distribution in the country. The surname Põldmäe is the most common in Lääne-Viru County, where 1.20 per 10,000 inhabitants of the county bear the surname. Notable people bearing the surname Põldmäe include:
* Alo Põldmäe (born 1945), composer, singer, music teacher, and researcher
* Asta Põldmäe (born 1944), writer and translator
* Jaak Põldmäe [et] (1942–1979), literary scholar
* Mare Põldmäe [et] (1955–2002), musicologist
* Rudolf Põldmäe [et] (1908–1988), literary and folklore scholar
* Aino Põldmäe-Undla [et] (1910–1992), literary historian
# Marcus Schmuck

Marcus Schmuck (18 April 1925 – 21 August 2005) was an Austrian mountaineer. In 1957, together with Hermann Buhl he organized the expedition, firstly envisaged and initiated by Buhl, to climb the world's 12th highest peak, the Broad Peak (8,047 metres) in the Karakoram in Pakistan. The other members of the expedition were: Fritz Wintersteller and Kurt Diemberger. In his later years, he successfully organized and led 74 expeditions to the high mountains around the world.

## First ascents

* 1946 Nördlicher Mandlkopf, Southwest face, V
* 1948 Wildalmkirchl, South traverse, V+
* 1949 Fleischbank, direct East chimney ("Schmuckkamin"), VI
* Sommerstein, West face, 1. winter ascent
* 1953 Birnhorn, South face, 1. winter ascent
* 1955 Snökuppelen, North face, IV
* Falkenstein, Southeast ridge, III
* Westbyfijell, South face, III and Southeast ridge, II
* 1956 Petit Dru, West face, record time 1.5 days
* Bischofsmütze direct North face, VI+
* 1957 Broad Peak 8047m on 9 June
* Skil Brum 7420m on 19 June
* 1959 Hoggar Denachnet 2690m, East ridge
* 1963 Koh i Sayoz 6920m
* Koh i Shogordok 6855m
* 1965 Darban Zom 7220m
* Wildalmkirchl, South traverse
* 1982 Muztagh Ata 7546m, 3rd ascent, new route

### Books

Marcus Schmuck wrote the following book:
* Broad Peak 8047m Meine Bergfahrten mit Hermann Buhl, 1958. German published by Verlag "Das Bergland-buch" in Salzburg/Stuttgart.
# Isaac Bullard (religious leader)

Isaac Bullard was an early 19th-century American Pentecostal religious leader who in 1817 founded a short-lived commune in Woodstock, Vermont.