OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Memorial to the Victims of Fascism (Shakhty)

The Memorial to the Victims of Fascism is a monument in the city of Shakhty, Rostov Oblast, Russia.

## History

Shakhty was occupied by Nazi forces between 22 July 1942 and 12 February 1943 during the Great Patriotic War. The occupying forces attempted to establish their order in the city, but the townspeople resisted. Nazi efforts to quickly restore the city's coal industry were actively resisted by the miners. The Nazis began to arrest entire families of miners. Many townspeople were brought to a specially equipped site and shot, their bodies being dumped into the Krasin mine, some of them while still alive. On 5 October 1942, one of the leaders of the Shakhty underground, Ivan Timofeyevich Klimenko, was arrested. He was brought to the mine pit to be executed.
Before Klimenko could be executed, he announced "In the end, the Red Army will be victorious!", grabbed one of his guards, and jumped into the mineshaft, dragging the German with him. The same feat was accomplished by the underground worker Olga Andreyevna Meshkova. She had secretly returned to her home in the winter of 1942 to visit her children, but was tracked down and captured by the Gestapo. Before the execution, one of the Gestapo men wanted to take off her downy shawl. But Meshkova grabbed the man and with him threw herself down the mine shaft. The Palace of Culture at 23, Mikhailova Street now bears her name. During the occupation more than 3,500 townspeople were executed and dumped into the shafts of the Krasin mine.

## Memorial

On 10 March 1943, a resolution was passed to commemorate the Shakhty patriots. The first monument took the form of a wooden pyramid with a star at the site of the Krasin mine shaft. It was replaced in 1959 by an obelisk designed by S. F. Komarov, and in 1975 the present memorial was erected to mark the 30th anniversary of the end of the war. The memorial includes an eternal flame, lit by A. S. Sidelnikova, Olga Meshkova's daughter, and Nikolai Gudkov, the son of the Shakhty underground worker N. I. Gudkov.

### Description

The memorial consists of two obelisks, between which is the 8-meter figure of a mourning miner. The obelisks symbolize the mine waste heap. The miner holds up a bowl in his hands, in which is the eternal flame. To the left of the sculptural group is the burial wall. There are miner's helmets in its niches. There is also a tombstone in memory of the victims of fascism, made of black labradorite. The designers of the memorial are the Rostov-on-Don architect R. A. Murodyan and the sculptor I. I. Reznichenko. The memorial complex to the Victims of Fascism is one of the largest mass graves in the territory of the Eastern Donbass [ru].
# Mellinghausen

Mellinghausen is a municipality in the district of Diepholz, in Lower Saxony, Germany.
# Ingvar Rindborg

Ingvar Axel Natanael Rindborg (8 April 1931 – 1 March 2016) was a Swedish banker.
Born in Stockholm in 1931, Ingvar Rindborg studied together with Tomas Tranströmer at Södra Latin Gymnasium. In 1962 he graduated as a civilekonom at the Gothenburg School of Business, Economics and Law, and went on to work at Gränges, Handelsbanken, and Götabanken before being hired as vice executive officer at Svenska sparbanksföreningen in 1975 where he stayed until 1981. He was also chaired and sat in the board of several companies, such as Investment AB Eken and Sifab.
He was brother to the politician and lawyer Stig Rindborg. His father was the commissioner Axel Eriksson.
# Melville B. Gerry

Melville B. Gerry (1843—1912) was a jurist from Colorado. He served as an associate justice of the Colorado Supreme Court from 1888 to 1889.

## Early life

Gerry was born in Florida in November 1843. In 1869, he was admitted to the bar in Macon, Georgia. Relocating to Colorado, Gerry settled in Denver in 1873. In 1875, he moved south to Pueblo and practiced law there for two years. Then, in 1877, he moved to Lake City, Colorado.

## Judicial career

In 1882, he was elected judge of Colorado's Seventh Judicial District. While serving as the Seventh District Court Judge in Lake City, Gerry presided over the trial of accused cannibal Alferd Packer.
On September 13, 1888 Gerry was appointed by the governor to fill the Supreme Court vacancy created by the resignation of Samuel Hitt Elbert. He served in the position until 1889.
In 1900, Gerry ran for the office of Judge of the Seventh Judicial District — the judgeship he held before serving on the State Supreme Court — but he lost the election.

## Death

Melville Gerry died in 1912 in Biloxi, Mississippi.
# Melville Amasa Scovell

Melville Amasa Scovell (February 26, 1855 – August 15, 1912) was an American academic from New Jersey. Moving with his family to Champaign, Illinois early in his life, he attended the University of Illinois there, graduating in 1875. He worked at the school for the next seven years, until he was dismissed over a conduct violation. In 1885, he became director of the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station at the University of Kentucky. Scovell was named dean of the College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment there shortly before his death.

## Early years

Melville Amasa Scovell was born February 26, 1855, in Belvidere, New Jersey. Shortly after his birth, his family moved to Jasper County, Illinois. They later moved to Champaign, where his father worked as a principal. Scovell enrolled at the University of Illinois in 1871, studying chemistry. He graduated in 1875 and became an instructor there. From 1876 to 1877, he served as the secretary to university president John Milton Gregory.

## Early career

Scovell was named an assistant professor of chemistry in 1877, receiving a Master of science the next year. He was made professor of agricultural chemistry in 1880. He co-founded a method of clarifying cane sugar juice, but was forced to leave the university in 1882 because professors were expected to abstain from profiting from their research. Scovell founded a sugar factory in Champaign, but it was short-lived. He also worked as a special agent of the US Department of Agriculture following his dismissal.

## Career

In 1885, Scovell accepted a position at the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station at the University of Kentucky in Lexington, a position he held until his death. There, he promoted agriculture in Kentucky, with a focus on Jersey cattle. James Ben Ali Haggin commissioned Scovell to purchase cattle for his Elmendorf Farm. In 1893, Scovell was chairman of the dairy test at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. He was awarded a Ph.D. by the University of Illinois in 1909. In 1911, Scovell was named dean of the University of Kentucky College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment. Scovell served terms as president of the American Association of Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations and the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists. He was also a member of the Fair Committee of the Kentucky State Fair from 1907, when it moved to Louisville, until his death. He was a member of the Society of Chemical Industry and the American Chemical Society. He is the namesake of Scovell Hall at the University of Kentucky.

## Death

Scovell died at his Lexington home from endocarditis on August 15, 1912.

## Family life

He married Nancy Davis, a member of his university class, in Monticello, Illinois on September 8, 1880; they had no children.
# Jaanimäe

Jaanimäe may refer to:
* Jaanimäe, Rõuge Parish, Estonia
* Jaanimäe, Setomaa Parish, Estonia
# Jack Randall Crawford

Jack Randall Crawford (1878–1968) was an author of novels (many unpublished), plays, and literary criticism and a professor of English at Yale University; he is perhaps best known for his 1922 autobiographical novel I Walked in Arden and his 1928 nonfiction What to Read in English Literature.

## Biography

Crawford received his bachelor's degree from Princeton University in 1901. He became an instructor in English at Yale University and also Director of Dramatics at Dartmouth College. He was a professor of English at Yale University from 1909-1946 and then professor emeritus from 1946 until his death in 1968. In addition to his novels, plays, and literary criticism, he wrote an autobiography and edited several of Shakespeare's plays for Yale University Press.

## Nonfiction

* with Mary Porter Beegle: Beegle, Mary Porter; Crawford, Jack Randall (1916). Community drama and pageantry.
* What to read in English literature. 1928.

## Novels

* I walked in Arden. Knopf. 1922.

## Plays

* Lovely Peggy: a play in three acts based on the love romance of Margaret Woffington and David Garrick. Yale university press. 1911.
* Robin of Sherwood: a comedy in three acts and four scenes. Yale university press. 1912.
# Mentirosa

"Mentirosa" (lit. "liar" (female)) is a single by Mellow Man Ace from his debut album, Escape from Havana. It was one of the first songs produced by Tony G, with scratches provided by Tony's fellow DJ at Los Angeles' KDAY radio station, Julio G (no relation, despite internet sites calling him Tony's brother). The song was Mellow Man Ace's lone hit single, peaking at number 14 on the Billboard Hot 100, spending 24 weeks on the chart. "Mentirosa" was additionally certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America, and was 99th on the Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1990. The track is performed in Spanglish, and samples "No One to Depend On" and "Evil Ways" by Santana.

## Single track listing

* "Mentirosa" (Radio Edit) – 4:16
* "Mentirosa" (Extended Remix) – 6:08
* "Welcome to My Groove" (Hurley's House of Trix Mix) – 4:30
* "Welcome to My Groove" (Hurley's Deep House Mix) – 5:45
* "Welcome to My Groove" (Hurley's Hip House Mix) – 5:56
* "Welcome to My Groove" (Latin Hip House Mix) – 5:13

## Charts
### Weekly charts

| Chart (1990) | Peak position |
| Billboard Hot 100 | 14 |
| Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks | 60 |
| Billboard Hot Rap Singles | 15 |
| Billboard Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales | 10 |
| Billboard Hot Latin Tracks | 34 |
| UK Singles Chart | 99 |

### Year-end charts

| Chart (1990) | Position |
| U.S. Billboard Hot 100 | 99 |
# Mentiroso Lake

Mentiroso Lake is a lake in the Pando Department, Bolivia. At an elevation of 140 m, its surface area is 6.9 km$^2$.
# Mentissella

Mentissella is a monotypic genus of gastropods belonging to the family Clausiliidae. The only species is Mentissella rebeli.
The species inhabits terrestrial environments.
# Merrill, New South Wales

Merrill is a locality in the Upper Lachlan Shire, New South Wales, Australia. It lies on Merrill Creek, to the west of the road from Gunning to Crookwell, about 15 km north of Gunning and 80 km north of Canberra. At the 2016 census, it had a population of 31.
Merrill Creek had a state school from 1877 to 1893. It was variously described as a "public", "provisional" or "half-time".
# Merrill, Mississippi

Merrill is an unincorporated community in George County, Mississippi, United States. Prior to the creation of George County, Merrill was located in Greene County.
Merrill is located on the former Gulf, Mobile and Ohio Railroad and was once home to nine general stores, three turpentine distilleries, two sawmills, and a drugstore.
A post office operated under the name Merrill from 1898 to 1960.
The Merrill Bridge is the oldest still-intact bridge over the Pascagoula River. The bridge was built in 1928 and was the first bridge to cross the Pascagoula. It replaced a ferry that previously operated on the site. The bridge is now closed to traffic and is listed as a Mississippi Landmark. However, foot traffic is welcome on the bridge. The confluence of the Leaf River and Chickasawhay River can be seen north of the bridge.
# Inside Out (Dilana album)

Inside Out is the second studio album by Rock Star: Supernova runner-up Dilana. It was released via digital distribution on November 17, 2009.

## Development

"Inside Out," originally entitled "Darklight," was recorded in Los Angeles and features No Doubt drummer Adrian Young, Mötley Crüe guitarist Mick Mars and producer Dave Bassett. Although Dilana signed a contract with London-based Hurricane Records (Hurricane Music Group Ltd) in early 2008 and was finished with recording her new album already in mid-2008, it was not released by said record company. In a later update from Dilana on hardrockhideout.com she announced that not only did she get released from her contract with HMG due to the label's shutdown but also that the master recordings did not belong to her. Dilana then went into negotiations with Kabunk Records, LLC. Although Dilana was unable to sign a deal with Kabunk, the label did purchase the rights to the Inside Out album and will be releasing the album digitally.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Hard Rock Hideout | |
| Metromix | (Positive) |
| Pop Matters | |
| Sputnik Music | |
Reception of the album has been, initially, very positive. Albert Watson, from Metromix music, writes,
   What happens when you combine a South African/Dutch singer (now based in L.A.), some aging rockers and a televised singing competition? This album! Sort of. Dilana didn’t actually win “Rock Star: Supernova,” but she did come close. Close enough, in fact, for No Doubt drummer Adrian Young and Mötley Crüe guitarist Mick Mars to help back her on this firecracker of a major-label debut. As one might expect, it’s a polished, punchy set of alt-influenced hard rock that does everything it can to showcase Dilana’s outsized set of pipes."

## Singles

| Year | Title | Length | Album | Format | Notes |
| 2007 | "Holiday" | 3:43 | Inside Out | Digital Download | Covered by Allison Iraheta on Just Like You |

## Track listing

* Holiday - 3:43
* My Drug - 2:55
* Hate U - 3:59
* Loud Silence - 3:44
* Somebody Else - 4:16
* Ice - 4:26
* Solid Gold - 4:09
* Dirty Little Secret - 3:44
* World Party (Free Love) - 3:29
* Falling Apart - 4:02
* Still Wanting - 3:48
* The Question - 7:35
# Jack Olson (Australian politician)

John William Olson (10 October 1916 – 13 November 2008) was an Australian politician who represented the South Australian House of Assembly seat of Semaphore for the Labor Party from 1973 to 1979.
# Meru North District

Meru North District was an unconstitutionally created district of Kenya, located in that country's Eastern Province. In 1992, it was split from Meru District, along with Meru Central District, Meru South District (Nithi), and Tharaka District. Since the High Court's decision in September 2009, the territory of Meru North has been part of Meru County.
The area of Meru North District is home to the Ameru people, who are sometimes described as being related to other tribes living in the Mount Kenya region: the Kikuyu and Embu. The people are now predominantly Christian — Methodist, Presbyterian, Roman Catholic, and other denominations, reflecting the work of missionaries. There are minorities of Indian descent, who are mainly Hindus, and Arab descent, who are Muslims. There are also some resident Europeans, who are predominantly British in ancestry.
Meru is well known for its production of khat, known locally as miraa, which it supplies to the rest of the country's major towns. Because of the rich soils in the area, khat thrives and most of the residents benefit from its sale. Trading in this commodity is a boon to other vendors, for example it stimulates the sale of banana leaves to khat traders to protect the harvest from drying.
Local authorities (councils) :
| Authority | Type | Population* | Urban pop.* |
| Maua | Municipality | 40,820 | 9,763 |
| Nyambene | County | 563,230 | 2,139 |
| Total | - | 604,050 | 11,902 |
| * 1999 census. ||||
Administrative divisions :
| Division | Population* | Urban pop.* | Headquarters |
| Akithi | 43,096 | 0 | |
| Igembe Central | 41,944 | 8,739 | Maua |
| Igembe East | 28,575 | 0 | |
| Igembe North | 58,046 | 0 | |
| Igembe South | 18,209 | 0 | |
| Igembe S/East | 18,700 | 0 | |
| Igembe S/West | 21,791 | 0 | |
| Laare | 65,428 | 1,895 | Lare |
| Mutuati | 56,751 | 0 | Mutuati |
| Ndoleli | 54,730 | 0 | |
| Tigania Central | 45,061 | 0 | |
| Tigania East | 30,944 | 0 | |
| Tigania North | 49,098 | 0 | |
| Tigania West | 32,266 | 0 | |
| Uringu | 39,003 | 0 | |
| Total | 604,050 | 10,634 | - |
| * 1999 census ||||
The district headquarters was in the town of Maua. There were four constituencies in the district:
* Igembe South Constituency
* Igembe North Constituency
* Tigania East Constituency
* Tigania West Constituency
# Menzel Hayet

Menzel Hayet is a town and commune in the Monastir Governorate, Tunisia.
# Jack Sharp

John Sharp (15 February 1878 – 28 January 1938) was an English sportsman who is most famous for his eleven-season playing career at Everton from 1899 to 1910. It saw him win two caps for his country, as well as being a cricketer for Lancashire County Cricket Club who played in three Test matches for the England cricket team in 1909.

## Life

From 1899 to 1914 Sharp played cricket regularly for Lancashire and played in every match of 1904 when the Championship was won without a defeat. After World War I he played as an amateur and captained the Lancashire side from 1923 to 1925.
His position on the football pitch was right winger. After being signed from Aston Villa Sharp went on to be a Championship runner-up on three occasions with Everton, scored a goal in the club's 2–1 defeat to Sheffield Wednesday in the 1907 FA Cup Final and was an FA Cup winner one year previously against Newcastle United. His portrait appeared on 14 editions of cigarette packets, the mark of a popular sportsman at the time.
When his playing career ended, Sharp became a director of Everton, a position he held for many years. He started a sports shop in Whitechapel Liverpool, which existed until the 1980s before being taken over by JJB Sports and later closed. There was also a shop in Chester, within the Grosvenor Precinct. His shop was the official supplier of playing strips to both Everton and Liverpool for many years.
His brother, Bertram, was also a footballer with Aston Villa, Everton and Southampton who later became a director of Everton as well as a cricketer with Herefordshire County Cricket Club.
# Jack Sharp (New Zealand footballer)

Jack Sharp is a former football (soccer) player who represented New Zealand at international level.
Sharp made his full New Zealand debut in a 5–6 loss to South Africa on 28 June 1947 and ended his international playing career with four A-international caps to his credit, his final cap an appearance in a 0–6 loss to Australia on 14 August 1948.
# Jack Shark Lake

Jack Shark Lake is a lake located on Vancouver Island on the west side of Augerpoint Mountain west of Mount Albert Edward in Strathcona Provincial Park.
# Jack Piana

John Richard Piana (August 6, 1918 – July 10, 2001) was an American professional basketball player. He played for the Detroit Eagles in the National Basketball League for two games during the 1940–41 season – one in the regular season, and one in the postseason. He played college basketball at the University of Detroit Mercy.
# Meningism

Meningism is a set of symptoms similar to those of meningitis but not caused by meningitis. Whereas meningitis is inflammation of the meninges (membranes that cover the central nervous system), meningism is caused by nonmeningitic irritation of the meninges, usually associated with acute febrile illness, especially in children and adolescents. Meningism involves the triad (3-symptom syndrome) of nuchal rigidity (neck stiffness), photophobia (intolerance of bright light) and headache. It therefore requires differentiating from other CNS problems with similar symptoms, including meningitis and some types of intracranial hemorrhage. Related clinical signs include Kernig's sign and three signs all named Brudzinski's sign.
Although nosologic coding systems, such as ICD-10 and MeSH, define meningism/meningismus as meningitis-like but in fact not meningitis, many physicians use the term meningism in a loose sense clinically to refer to any meningitis-like set of symptoms before the cause is definitively known. In this sense, the word implies "suspected meningitis". The words meningeal symptoms can be used instead to avoid ambiguity, thus reserving the term meningism for its strict sense.

## Signs and symptoms

The main clinical signs that indicate meningism are nuchal rigidity, Kernig's sign and Brudzinski's signs. None of the signs are particularly sensitive; in adults with meningitis, nuchal rigidity was present in 30% and Kernig's or Brudzinski's sign only in 5%.

### Nuchal rigidity

Nuchal rigidity is the inability to flex the neck forward due to rigidity of the neck muscles; if flexion of the neck is painful but full range of motion is present, nuchal rigidity is absent.

### Kernig's sign

Kernig's sign (after Waldemar Kernig (1840–1917), a Russian neurologist) is positive when the thigh is flexed at the hip and knee at 90 degree angles, and subsequent extension in the knee is painful (leading to resistance). This may indicate subarachnoid hemorrhage or meningitis. Patients may also show opisthotonus—spasm of the whole body that leads to legs and head being bent back and body bowed forward.

### Brudzinski's signs

Jozef Brudzinski (1874–1917), a Polish pediatrician, is credited with several signs in meningitis. The most commonly used sign (Brudzinski's neck sign) is positive when the forced flexion of the neck elicits a reflex flexion of the hips, with the patient lying supine.
Other signs attributed to Brudzinski:
* The symphyseal sign, in which pressure on the pubic symphysis leads to abduction of the leg and reflexive hip and knee flexion.
* The cheek sign, in which pressure on the cheek below the zygoma leads to rising and flexion in the forearm.
* Brudzinski's reflex, in which passive flexion of one knee into the abdomen leads to involuntary flexion in the opposite leg, and stretching of a limb that was flexed leads to contralateral extension.
# Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular

The Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular) in Porto, Portugal, was founded in the 1990s as a multidisciplinary research institution in the fields of genetic diseases, infectious diseases and immunology, neuroscience, stress and structural biology.
Most of its investigators are University of Porto's faculty and many work also at the two university's teaching Hospitals, as well as other national biomedical and environmental research institutions, other public and private universities and a couple of enterprises. Bial, a well known Portuguese pharmaceutical company with headquarters in Porto region is one of that associated enterprises.
Its first director and co-founder was Alexandre Quintanilha.
# Meshi

Meshi may refer to:
* Meshi, a Japanese rice dish; see List of Japanese dishes#Meshi
* Meshi, Japanese name of Repast (film), a film by Mikio Naruse
# Menomonie

Menomonie can refer to:

## United States

* Menomonie, Wisconsin
* Menomonie (town), Wisconsin
* Menomonie High School
* Menomonie Municipal Airport
* Menomonie Blue Devils, a nickname for the sports teams of University of Wisconsin–Stout