OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Biohydrometallurgy

Biohydrometallurgy is a technique in the world of metallurgy that utilizes biological agents (bacteria) to recover and treat metals such as copper. Modern biohydrometallurgy advances started with the bioleaching of copper more efficiently in the 1950s

## Important Definitions

* Bio: Shortened form of Biology; refers to usage of bacteria.
* Hydro: Term referring to the usage of water; process occurs in aqueous environments
* Metallurgy: A process involving the separating and refining of metals from other substances;
* Bioleaching: Using biological agents (bacteria) to extract metals or soils; general term used to encompass all forms biotechnological forms of extraction (hydrometallurgy, biohydrometallurgy, biomining, etc)

## General Information

* Interdisciplinary field involving processes that
** make use of microbes, usually bacteria and archaea
** mainly take place in aqueous environment
** deal with metal production and treatment of metal containing materials and solutions
* "Biohydrometallurgy may generally referred to as the branch of biotechnology dealing with the study and application of the economic potential of the interactions between microbes and minerals. It concerns, thus, all those engaged, directly or indirectly, in the exploitation of mineral resources and in environmental protection: geologists, economic geologists, mining engineers, metallurgists, hydrometallurgists, chemists and chemical engineers. In addition to these specialists, there are the microbiologists whose work is indispensable in the design, implementation and running of biohydrometallurgical processes."
* Biohydrometallurgy was first used more than 300 years ago to recover copper. The uses have evolved to extracting gold, uranium, and other metals.

## Hydrometallurgy

Hydrometallurgy refers to a specific process involving the chemical properties of water to create an aqueous solution for metal extraction through a series of chemical reactions

## Biohydrometallurgy as a Science

Biohydrometallurgy represents the overlap of the world of microorganisms to the process of hydrometallurgy. The usage of microorganisms can be used for recovery and extraction of metals.

## Applications

Biohydrometallurgy is used to perform processes involving metals, for example, microbial mining, oil recovery, bioleaching, water-treatment and others. Biohydrometallurgy is mainly used to recover certain metals from sulfide ores. It is usually utilized when conventional mining procedures are too expensive or ineffective in recovering a metal such as copper, cobalt, gold, lead, nickel, uranium and zinc.
# Nyali

Nyali is a residential area and Sub-County within Mombasa City, located on the mainland north of Mombasa County. It is connected to Mombasa Island by the New Nyali Bridge. Nyali is known for its many high-class hotels and residential houses, modern standards, and long white sand beaches making it a popular destination for both local and foreign tourists.

## Description

Nyali is a relatively affluent residential area, bordered by Kongowea to the north and north east, Mkomani to the west and the Indian Ocean to the south. It is characterised by low-density, high-value housing, malls and beachfront resorts and hotels.
There are a number of points of interest in Nyali, including Mamba Village(the biggest crocodile farm in Africa), Nyali Golf Club, Dwarikadham Hindu temple, Lord Shiva Gombeshwar Caves, several consulates and some of the most prestigious academic institutions in the Coastal region.
* The Nyali Bridge, linking Nyali to Mombasa Island.
* The Hindu New Dwarikadham Temple of Nyali.
* Trimarans in the lagoon at Nyali.
* Group of beachgoers at Nyali Beach.

## Tourism

Nyali is renowned for its tourist potential, thanks to its calm water, its accommodation facilities and its coast bordered with white sand beaches protected by a coral reef, loved by divers. This is a part of the Mombasa Marine Reserve, managed by Kenya Wildlife Service.
Nyali also shelters many luxury hotels on almost all the seaside (Sai Rock Hotel & Spa, Sarova Whitesands, Nyali Beach Resort, Voyager Hotel, Reef Hotel, Mombasa Beach Hotel), alternating with more affordable hotels (Backpackers Hotel) and with numerous places of entertainment and activities for the tourists (beach volley, windsurfing, scuba diving, kite surf, jet skiing and sailing).
* Nyali Beach on front of Voyager Hotel.
* The same place from a different view.
* Reef Hotel giant swimming pool.
# International Union of Woodworkers

The International Union of Woodworkers (IUW) was a global union federation bringing together unions representing wood carvers, carpenters and joiners.

## History

In 1891, the Belgian union of woodworkers organised the First International Wood Workers' Congress, in Brussels. The conference established an international information service, and this organised a further congress in Zurich in 1893, then a conference of woodworkers was organised in London in 1896, alongside the International Labour Congress. However, the information service then ceased to operate, and new international links were not established until 1899. In 1904, this led to the establishment of the International Union of Woodworkers at a conference in Amsterdam.
The federation was based in Stuttgart until 1909, then in Berlin, and from 1920 in Amsterdam. By 1925, it had 44 affiliates in 25 countries, with a total of 1,000,876 members. That year, the small Carpenters' International merged into it.
On 1 April 1934, the federation merged with the Building Workers' International, to form the International Federation of Building and Wood Workers.

## Affiliates

The following unions were affiliated in 1929:
| Union | Country |
| Amalgamated Society of Woodworkers | United Kingdom |
| Danish Union of Joiners | Denmark |
| General Dutch Union of Furniture Makers, Wallpapers and Related Workers | Netherlands |
| General Union of Building, Furnishing and Other Industries | Belgium |
| General Workers' Union of Yugoslavia | Yugoslavia |
| German Wood Workers' Union | Germany |
| Magyarországi Famunkazok Szövetsége | Hungary |
| National Amalgamated Furnishing Trades Association | United Kingdom |
| Norwegian Sawmill, Site and Planing Workers' Union | Norway |
| Norwegian Union of Building Workers | Norway |
| Norwegian Union of Furniture Makers | Norway |
| Swedish Building Wood Workers' Union | Sweden |
| Swedish Forest Workers' Union | Sweden |
| Swedish Sawmill Industry Workers' Union | Sweden |
| Swedish Wood Industry Workers' Union | Sweden |
| Swiss Construction and Woodworkers' Union | Switzerland |
| Unie Drevodelniku | Czechoslovakia |
| Union of Austrian Woodworkers | Austria |
| Union of Woodworkers and Turners | Czechoslovakia |
| United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners | United States/Canada |
| Wood Workers' Union | Finland |
| Zwiazwk robotnikow przemyslu drzewnego w Polsce | Poland |

## General Secretaries

    1904: Theodor Leipart
    1920: Kees Woudenberg
    1929: Fritz Tarnow
    1933: Willem Hauwaert
# History of the Church of York

The History of the Church of York, also known as Historia ecclesiae Eboracensis, is a 12th-century historical Latin text composed by Hugh the Chantor (died 1139). It describes the history of the archdiocese of York between 1066 and 1127, and is written almost in the form of a series of biographies of the archbishops during that period, particularly detailed during the episcopate of Thurstan, to whom Hugh was a close companion. A large concern of the text is the claims of the archbishopric of York to independence of and equality with the archbishopric of Canterbury.
# Leopold and Astrid Coast

The Leopold and Astrid Coast (67°20′S 84°30′E﻿ / ﻿67.333°S 84.500°E﻿ / -67.333; 84.500) is that portion of the coast of Antarctica lying between the western extremity of the West Ice Shelf, at 81°24′E, and Cape Penck, at 87°43′E. It is located in the eastern half of Princess Elizabeth Land.

## Exploration

It was discovered and explored in an airplane flight from the Norwegian ship Thorshavn on January 17, 1934, by Lieutenant Alf Gunnestad and Captain Nils Larsen. The coast was named by Lars Christensen, Norwegian whaling magnate and leader of the expedition, for King Leopold and Queen Astrid of Belgium.
# Jonathan's Coffee-House

Jonathan's Coffee House was a significant meeting place in London in the 17th and 18th centuries, famous as the original site of the London Stock Exchange.
The coffee house was opened around 1680 by Jonathan Miles in Change (or Exchange) Alley, in the City of London. In 1696, several patrons were implicated in a plot to assassinate William III, and it was thought to be associated with the Popish Plots.
In 1698, it was used by John Castaing to post the prices of stocks and commodities, the first evidence of systematic exchange of securities in London. That year, dealers expelled from the Royal Exchange for rowdiness migrated to Jonathan's (as well as to Garraway's Coffee-House).
It was the scene of a number of critical events in the history of share trading, including the South Sea Bubble and the panic of 1745. It was destroyed by fire in 1748, and rebuilt. In 1761 a club of 150 brokers and jobbers was formed to trade stocks. The club built its own building in 1773 in Sweeting's Alley, which was dubbed the New Jonathan's, but was renamed the Stock Exchange (now officially called the London Stock Exchange).
The original Jonathan's served as the home of a lottery office until it was destroyed by fire in 1748.
# Jarnot

Jarnot is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Konrad Jarnot (born 1972), English baritone
* Lisa Jarnot (born 1967), American poet and translator
# Government House (Battleford)

Government House in Battleford, Saskatchewan served as the seat for the government of the Northwest Territories between 1878 and 1883 (the area that now makes up Saskatchewan was part of the Northwest Territories until the province was created in 1905).
Originally a two-storey Carpenter Gothic wood structure designed by architect Thomas S. Scott, it was altered with Mansard roof that gave the building a third floor and expanded into a 3 floor complex.
The building was constructed in 1877 but used for a short time for government administration centre. From 1883 to 1984 several institutions call the building their home:
* Battleford Industrial School 1883 to 1914
* Seventh Day Adventist Academy from 1914 to 1931
* Oblates of St. Mary's House of Studies (boarding school and seminary) from 1932 to 1972; St. Mary's owned the building until 1984.Remains of Government House in 2022.
The site was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1973.
The structure was destroyed by fire in 2003. Today only parts of the buildings foundation and the chimney remains.
# Championa chemsaki

Championa chemsaki is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins and Napp in 1992.
# Glenn Dimmick

Glenn Leslie Dimmick (1905, Macon, Missouri – April 6, 1999) was an engineer responsible for many seminal contributions in sound motion picture recording. He worked primarily at RCA where he developed solutions in the areas of focus infrared technology, monochrome and color television, telephony, and high-vacuum evaporation. He was a fellow of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, and his awards included the New Jersey Inventors Hall of Fame award in 1995; AMPTE Progress Medal Award in 1941; the RCA Victor Award of Merit in 1949; the Award of Merit for outstanding achievement presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, in 1952; and the Missouri Honor Award for Distinguished Service in Engineering in 1954.

## Education

Dimmick received a B.S.E.E. degree from the University of Missouri, Columbia, in 1928.
# Maximum retail price

Maximum retail price (MRP) is a manufacturer-calculated price that is the highest price that can be charged for a product sold in India, Indonesia, where it is known as Harga Eceran Tertinggi (HET), and Bangladesh. The MRP is also imposed by the government in Sri Lanka for goods designated as 'essential commodities'.

## About

The benefits of having a nationwide, legally-enforced MRP include lower prices for consumers and a decrease in the symptoms of inflation. All retail products in India must be marked with their MRP. Shops cannot charge customers over the MRP. Some shops may charge slightly below MRP to draw more customers to their stores. In some remote areas, tourist spots, and in situations where a product is difficult to obtain, consumers are often charged illegally over the MRP.
However, the retailers may choose to sell products for less than the MRP. MRP differs from systems using a recommended retail price because in those systems the price calculated by the manufacturer is only a recommendation, not enforceable by law.
In April 2015, it was reported that milk vendors in Mumbai were threatening a boycott after it was discovered they had been charging above MRP and the Maharashtra state government threatened to intervene.

## Criticism

The concept of MRP has been criticized as incompatible with the free market system, because it involves manufacturers deciding what profit retailers will make. It is easy for sellers to charge more than the MRP by charging for 'services' on top of the item price, such as a 'cooling charge' for cold drinks, or by manufacturers setting the MRP at up to ten times the expected sale price. In Sri Lanka, it has been reported that the MRP for basic items at food stalls is circumvented by the operators charging separately for ingredients in the food, such as the eggs in egg hoppers. The MRP also hurts consumers in rural areas because if retailers cannot charge a higher price to make up for the higher cost of transportation and distribution to those areas, they may simply not stock many items.

## Unit sale price

From 2022 onwards the USP (Price per unit, KG or per gram) will be displayed along with MRP for goods in India.
# Lessonia

Lessonia may refer to:
* Lessonia (alga), a genus in the family Lessoniaceae
* Lessonia (bird), a genus in the family Tyrannidae
* Lessonia, a synonym for Aglaura, a genus of hydrozoans
# Leptopteris hymenophylloides

Leptopteris hymenophylloides, which is commonly called single crepe fern is a fern in the family Osmundaceae.
It is endemic to New Zealand at North Island: Northland, Auckland, Volcanic Plateau, Gisborne, Taranaki, Southern North Island.
South Island: Western Nelson, Sounds-Nelson, Marlborough, Westland, Canterbury Otago, Southland Fiordland.
Chatham Islands, Stewart Island. Altitudinal range: 10–950 m.
The species has a predominantly northern distribution. It is abundant in much of the North Island, especially in lowland and montane areas, from 10 to 950 m, but is uncommon in truly coastal regions, especially on the east coast and in Taranaki. In the South Island it is more common in lowland regions, but extends locally to 925 m in montane areas of inland Marlborough; it is absent from much of the high country.
# Boukaraï

Boukaraï is a village in the Boumerdès Province in Kabylie, Algeria.

## Location

The village is surrounded by Isser River and the town of Beni Amrane in the Khachna mountain range.
# Les Aristos

Les Aristos is a 2006 French comedy film directed by Charlotte de Turckheim.

## Plot

The Arbac Family Neuville is a family of penniless aristocrats, that to survive and continue living their castle into disrepair, need to conduct some tricks like selling fake antiques to tourists. One day arises a bailiff commissioned by the Treasury for the recovery of a sum of nearly two million euro in respect of tax. In the event of default, all the family property will be seized. Follows a race against time to find the money. Everything is tried: a visit to the distant cousins still rich, a job search at the employment center in the Pauline boards, letter carrier and family friend, nothing works. Finally, Charles-Antoine, the eldest, who will have to go to a rally to go fishing to young unmarried aristocrat, namely Marie-Astrid Saumur-Chantilly Fortemure, wealthy heiress but particularly repulsive and stupid. Marriage is about to be organized, but Anthony Charles becomes infatuated with Pauline, opposing the interests of the family, the reasons of which reason knows nothing heart ...

## Cast

* Charlotte de Turckheim as Countess Solange
* Jacques Weber as Count Charles Valéran
* Catherine Jacob as Duchess Marie-Claude Saumur Chantilly
* Urbain Cancelier as Duke Reginald Saumur Chantilly
* Armelle as Marie-Karoline
* Julia Piaton as Pauline
* Johanna Piaton as Marie-Charlotte
* Gaëlle Lebert as Marie-Astrid
* Vincent Desagnat as Charles-Edouard
* Rudi Rosenberg as Charles-Antoine
* Victoria Abril as Duquessa Pilar de Malaga i Benidorm
* Rossy de Palma as Duquessa Maria de Malaga i Benidorm
* Hélène de Fougerolles as Marie-Stéphanie Montcougnet
* Catherine Hosmalin as Aristo hostess
* Chantal Ladesou as Aristo hostess
* Sébastien Cauet as Lawyer Convert
* Edith Perret as Countess Marthe Ambroisine
* Eric Le Roch as Stanislas Montcougnet
* Benjamin Castera as Charles-Eric
* Antoine de Turckheim as Charles-Victor
* Arthur Derancourt as Charles-Hubert
* Oscar Derancourt as Charles-Gustave
* Sébastien Cotterot as Gonzague
* Swann Arlaud as A good looking man
* Stéphane Bern as TV Host
* Alban Lenoir as Bad guy 2
# Boytonrath

Boytonrath (Irish: Ráth an Bhaightiúnaigh) is a townland in the barony of Middle Third (South Tipperary), Ireland. It is a rural townland with, as of the 2011 census, a population of 88 people. The nearest town is New Inn. Formerly a parish in its own right, Boytonrath is now part of the parish of New Inn & Knockgraffon in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cashel and Emly.
The families most associated with Boytonrath are the Tobins and the Loughnanes (O'Loughlins). These have evidently dwelt here from at least the 17th century, and are listed as being the chief occupants of the Middle Third in William Petty's 1659 Down Survey.
One large farmhouse, which is still occupied (by Loughnanes), dates from the 1640s or before. Also present are the ruined foundations of a castle. Also nearby is a small ruined church and its graveyard, which contains several headstones erected by families still resident in the area (including O'Donnells, Loughnanes and Tobins) which date from the 1700s.
A branch of the Butler dynasty were settled here in the seventeenth century, but following the Irish Rebellion of 1641 the family relocated to County Clare.
# Leucopogon costatus

Leucopogon costatus, commonly known as twiggy beard-heath, is a species of flowering plant in the heath family Ericaceae and is endemic to southern continental Australia. It is an erect or straggling shrub with broadly egg-shaped, stem-clasping leaves, and white, tube-shaped flowers, the petals densely bearded on the inside.

## Description

Leucopogon costatus is a slender, erect or straggling erect shrub that typically grows to a height of up to 50 cm (20 in) and has softly-hairy young branchlets. Its leaves are broadly egg-shaped, 1.5–5 mm (0.059–0.197 in) long and 1.0–3.5 mm (0.039–0.138 in) wide with a stem-clasping base. The flowers are arranged in spikes of up to four 4–7 mm (0.16–0.28 in) long in leaf axils or on the ends of branches, with egg-shaped bracteoles 1.0–1.3 mm (0.039–0.051 in) long at the base. The sepals are egg-shaped, 1.6–2.3 mm (0.063–0.091 in) long, the petals white and joined at the base to form a cylindrical or bell-shaped tube 1.1–1.5 mm (0.043–0.059 in) long, the lobes 1.2–1.8 mm (0.047–0.071 in) long and densely bearded on the inside.

## Taxonomy

Twiggy beard-heath was first formally described in 1885 by Ferdinand von Mueller who gave it the name Styphelia costata in Southern Science Record from specimens collected by Otto Tepper on Kangaroo Island. In 1918, John McConnell Black changed the name to Leucopogon costatus in the Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of South Australia. The specific epithet (costatus) means "ribbed".

## Distribution and habitat

Leucopogon costatus grows mallee, scrub and heathland in the Little Desert National Park and southern Big Desert regions of Victoria and in the south-east of South Australia, including Kangaroo Island.
# The Five Blobs

The Five Blobs were an American group of studio musicians put together in 1958 by session leader Bernie Knee. While his birth name was Bernard Knee, most music industry magazines spelled his name Bernie Nee, and that is also how his name is spelled on all the recordings he made during the 1950s. The ensemble that became The Five Blobs was assembled in Los Angeles, California for the express purpose of recording "The Blob", the title song for the Steve McQueen film The Blob. Written by Burt Bacharach and Mack David (Hal David's brother), the tune featured a prominent saxophone part. The single was released on Columbia Records and became a hit, peaking at No. 33 on the Billboard Hot 100 in November 1958. The single's B side was a song entitled "Saturday Night in Tiajuana" [sic] credited to Bacharach. The song is featured on many Halloween-themed compilations. A version of "The Blob" by the Zanies was a regional hit in Los Angeles.
Bernie Nee was not listed on any of the promotional materials for the film or the record. To protest this oversight, Nee released an advertisement in the music industry trade publications, showcasing his name, whereupon he was terminated from Columbia. Nee signed onto Joy Records, where The Five Blobs released two 45s in 1959: "From the Top of Your Guggle (to the Bottom of Your Zooch)" backed with "Rockin' Pow Wow," and "Juliet" b/w "Young and Wild."
# The Great Wen

The Great Wen is a disparaging nickname for London. The term was coined in the 1820s by William Cobbett, the radical pamphleteer and champion of rural England. Cobbett saw the rapidly growing city as a pathological swelling on the face of the nation. (A "wen" is a sebaceous cyst.) The term is quoted in his 1830 work Rural Rides: "But, what is to be the fate of the great wen of all? The monster, called, by the silly coxcombs of the press, 'the metropolis of the empire?'"
# Hurricane, Washington County, Missouri

Hurricane is an unincorporated community in Washington County, in the U.S. state of Missouri.
It is unknown why the name "Hurricane" was applied to this community.
# Glendale Cemetery, Bloomfield

Glendale Cemetery is a cemetery located in Bloomfield and Belleville townships in the U.S. state of New Jersey.

## Notable burials

* Mule Suttles (1901-1966) Negro league baseball player who was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2006.
* Sarah Vaughan (1924-1990), jazz singer.
* Albert L. Vreeland (1901-1975), represented New Jersey's 11th congressional district from 1939-1943.
* Yaki Kadafi (1977-1996), American rapper and a founder and member of Outlawz and Dramacydal. He was a close friend of American rapper Tupac Shakur. The two rappers considered themselves “brothers” even though they did not share any blood ties, but they grow up together. Kadafi and Tupac were best friends until their respective deaths in 1996. Kadafi was 19 years old when he died.
* Donald M. Payne (1934-2012), a US Congressman, served New Jersey's 10th District in the United States House of Representatives from 1989 until his death.
* Donald Payne Jr. (1958-2024), US Congressman, son of Donald Payne.
# Nuweiba Port

Nuweiba Port is a seaport on the eastern portion of the Sinai Peninsula, roughly in the middle of the Gulf of Aqaba's coastline.

## Location

The port is located in the east of Nuweiba, a coastal town. It serves as terminal for Aqaba-bound RoRo ferries.
In 2021, the Egyptian government unveiled a plan to upgrade various Red Sea ports, and Nuweiba Port is one of them.