OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Goniophotometer

A Goniophotometer is a device used for measurement of the light emitted from an object at different angles. The use of goniophotometers has been increasing in recent years with the introduction of LED-light sources, which are mostly directed light sources, where the spatial distribution of light is not homogeneous. If a light source is homogeneous in its distribution of light, it is called a Lambertian source. Due to strict regulations, the spatial distribution of light is of high importance to automotive lighting and its design.

## Uses

A goniophotometer can be used for various applications:
* Measurement of luminous flux of a light source
* Measurement of luminous intensity distribution from a source much smaller than the size of the goniophotometer
Equipped with color sensors additional characteristics can be measured
* Distribution of correlated color temperature
* Color uniformity

## Types

The goniophotometer types A, B, and C defined here are derived from publication "CIE 70" of the International Commission on Illumination.

### Type A

Fixed horizontal axis, with the vertical axis attached, both perpendicular to the main output direction of the light source

### Type B

Fixed vertical axis, with the horizontal axis attached, both perpendicular to the main output direction of the light source
Type A and B are Double columns structure. This type is applied to fixed the grille lamp. The symmetry axis of lamp and the horizontal of rotating supporter is coaxial, in the B-βcoordinate system, and the two is vertical Cross, in the A-αcoordinate system.

### Type C

Fixed vertical axis perpendicular to the line of measurement, with a horizontal axis parallel to the main output direction of the light source
Type C are single column structures. The single column structure is created when the assistant column is taken down from double columns structure. This type is applied to a fixed tube lamp, spot lamp, or other devices. The axis radiation of lamp and the horizontal of rotating supporter is coaxial.

### Camera-based goniophotometers

Luminous intensity distributions can also be measured using imaging goniophotometers. In order to measure the full angular distribution of a light source, the fisheye camera method can be used. The method is based on employing a fisheye-lens camera installed into a port of an integrating sphere. The camera simultaneously records the luminous intensity data for all angles of light emission, reducing the measurement uncertainty due to temporal effects, such as drift and temporal modulation of the light source. The instantaneous nature of the camera measurement also significantly reduces the time required to obtain the luminous intensity distribution of the device under test, and is not affected by the angular resolution set for the measurement.
# Mujhera

Mujhera is a village in the Jansath sub-division of Muzaffarnagar District in Uttar Pradesh. It is the seat of the Kundliwal branch of Sadaat-e-Bahra.

## History

Sayyid Abu'l Farah Al Hussaini Al Wasti, a descendant of Zayd ibn Ali, son of Ali ibn al-Husayn Zayn al-Abidin and grandson of Husayn ibn Ali, and great-grandson of Muhammad. who came to India from Wasit, Iraq. In the eleventh century his son Sayyed Dawood settled in Kundli, a village in the Punjab region. His descendant Sayyed Aiwaz and his sons migrated to Mujhera at the invitation of their clansmen, who were already residing in a nearby village, Sambalhera, circa the fourteenth century. An inscribed epitaph of a tomb in Sambalhera village proves Sadaat-e-Bara's presence in Sambalhera in the year 777 AH. The Kundliwal branch of this clan flourished in Mujhera village and gained prominence in Akbar jahangir and Shahjahan's time. Sayyed Mahmud khan KundliwalSayyed Umar Nur Khan Barha, their brothers, sons, and grandsons were all Mansabdar (Military officers) in Mogul court. Tombs of Mahmud Khan, Sayyed Umar Nur Khan Barha Sayyid Ahmad Barha, Sayyid Jhajju Barha are in this village, alongside a bawli.
Babbar Ali played an important role in the history of Mujhera Sadat. He was one of the founder of village, his Maqbara is located near the Mujhera Sadat bus stand.Tareek-e-aina, History of kondewaal khap, Volume-1, Author- Vijay Kumar IPS, DIG
Lutaf Ali was the successor of Babbar Ali. Lutaf Ali is the famous personality of Mujhera Sadat and his Maqbara is situated at the start of Mujhera Sadat at present bus stand of Mujhera Sadat and the dargah of Imam Hussain.
# Bodles, Jamaica

Bodles is a locality in southern Jamaica. Bauxite is found there.

## Transport

A railway was constructed in the 1950s for the export of bauxite.
# Gonotropis

Gonotropis is a genus of fungus weevils in the family of beetles known as Anthribidae. There are about five described species in Gonotropis.

## Species

These five species belong to the genus Gonotropis:
* Gonotropis crassicornis Oda, 1979$^c$
* Gonotropis dorsalis (Thunberg, 1796)$^{cgb}$
* Gonotropis gibbosa Leconte, 1876$^{cg}$
* Gonotropis gibbosus LeConte, 1876$^i$
* Gonotropis murakamii Oda, 1979$^c$
Data sources: i = ITIS, c = Catalogue of Life, g = GBIF, b = Bugguide.net
# Jiva (disambiguation)

Jiva is the immortal essence of a living organism in Hinduism and Jainism.
Jiva, Jīva, or Jiwa may also refer to:
* Jīva (Jainism), the soul substance in Jainism
* Jīvá, a Sanskrit trigonometric term also known as jyā; see Jyā, koti-jyā and utkrama-jyā
* JIVA!, a 2021 drama TV series on Netflix

## People

* Jīva (nun) (fl. 4th century CE), sister of a king of Kucha, and Buddhist nun
* Jiva Goswami (1513–1598), philosopher and saint from the Gaudiya Vaishnava school of Vedanta Tradition
* Prakash Jiwa (born 1970), British Indian darts player
* Jiva Pandu Gavit, Indian politician
* Jiiva, Indian actor
# Capital Dynamics

icapital.biz Berhad (MYX: 5108) is a Malaysia's only closed-end listed fund, listed on the Main Board of Bursa Malaysia. The fund is managed by Capital Dynamics Asset Management Sdn Bhd and advised by Capital Dynamics Sdn. Bhd.
Capital Dynamics is an independent fund management and investment advisory firm. With locations in Sydney, Singapore, Kuala Lumpur, Shanghai and Hong Kong, Capital Dynamics is Asia’s first global investment house.

## Locations and Funds

* Capital Dynamics (Australia) Ltd., a global fund manager primarily managing the i Capital International Value Fund, a zero-load, global equity managed investment scheme, licensed in Australia by the Australian Securities and Investments Commission and provides individually managed accounts for wholesale investors.
* Capital Dynamics (S) Pte. Ltd, a global fund manager; primarily managing the i Capital Global Fund, an open-end, zero-load global fund and provides individually managed funds for accredited investors.
* Capital Dynamics Asset Management Sdn. Bhd. (CDAM), a Malaysia focused fund manager; primarily managing icapital.biz Berhad, Malaysia’s only listed closed-end fund and provides individually managed accounts for investors. CDAM is licensed by Securities Commission Malaysia
* Capital Dynamics Sdn. Bhd. (CDSB), an investment adviser publishing i Capital, a weekly investment report, in English and Mandarin since 1989 and its investment website www.icapital.biz. CDSB is licensed by Securities Commission Malaysia
* Capital Dynamics Asset Management (HK) Pte. Ltd.

## Founder

Capital Dynamics Sdn. Bhd. was founded in 1989 by Tan Teng Boo, who is also the managing director. Tan is also the founder of Malaysia’s only closed-end listed fund, iCapital.biz.
# Canadian Indoor Tennis Championships

The Canadian Indoor Tennis Championships is a defunct professional men's tennis tournament that was part of the USLTA Indoor Circuit from 1973 to 1974. Also informally called the Calgary Indoor, the event was held at the Glenmore Racquet Club in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, and was played on indoor carpet courts.

## Finals
### Singles

| Year | Champions | Runners-up | Score |
| 1973 | Ilie Năstase | Paul Gerken | 6–4, 7–6$^{(5–4)}$ |
| 1974 | Karl Meiler | Byron Bertram | 6–4, 3–6, 6–3 |

### Doubles

| Year | Champions | Runners-up | Score |
| 1973 | Mike Estep Ilie Năstase | Szabolcs Baranyi Péter Szőke | 6–7, 7–5, 6–3 |
| 1974 | Jürgen Fassbender Karl Meiler | Iván Molina Jairo Velasco Sr. | 6–4, 6–4 |
# Canton (basketball)

Canton was an American basketball team based in Canton, Ohio that was a member of the Central Basketball League. The team replaced the Homestead Young Americans during the 1906/07 Postseason Series.

## Year-by-year

| Year | League | Reg. Season | Playoffs |
| 1906/07 | CBL | 6th (Postseason Series) | Did not qualify |
# Calabi flow

In the mathematical fields of differential geometry and geometric analysis, the Calabi flow is a geometric flow which deforms a Kähler metric on a complex manifold. Precisely, given a Kähler manifold M, the Calabi flow is given by:
    ${\frac {\partial g_{\alpha {\overline {\beta }}}}{\partial t}}={\frac {\partial ^{2}R^{g}}{\partial z^{\alpha }\partial {\overline {z}}^{\beta }}}$,
where g is a mapping from an open interval into the collection of all Kähler metrics on M, R$^g$ is the scalar curvature of the individual Kähler metrics, and the indices α, β correspond to arbitrary holomorphic coordinates z$^α$. This is a fourth-order geometric flow, as the right-hand side of the equation involves fourth derivatives of g.
The Calabi flow was introduced by Eugenio Calabi in 1982 as a suggestion for the construction of extremal Kähler metrics, which were also introduced in the same paper. It is the gradient flow of the Calabi functional; extremal Kähler metrics are the critical points of the Calabi functional.
A convergence theorem for the Calabi flow was found by Piotr Chruściel in the case that M has complex dimension equal to one. Xiuxiong Chen and others have made a number of further studies of the flow, although as of 2020 the flow is still not well understood.
# Cee Farrow

Christian Frede Kruzinski (September 4, 1956 – May 7, 1993), better known also as Cee Farrow, was a new wave singer of the early 1980s.

## Background

Farrow was born in Frankfurt, West Germany. Originally a model, he was most noted for his debut single "Should I Love You", which peaked at no. 82 on the Billboard Hot 100 on October 22, 1983. The single also entered the R&B Singles chart on October 8, 1983, and peaked at no. 91. He released one full-length LP, titled Red and Blue, on the Rocshire label in 1983. The label suffered legal problems and all its assets, including master tapes, were seized. The album never has been officially re-issued on CD.
Farrow also designed over a dozen album covers for Rochshire and Graphite Records' artists, including his own debut album, the 1983 album The Boy Is Mine by Caro, and the 1984 album Stage Struck by Justine Johns.
In August 1984 he married April M Gabrielle (April M. Kruzinski) in Nevada. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, Farrow and April ran a series of nightclubs in the Los Angeles area. Among these were The Apartment Club (1988–90), The Bitter End (1985) and Maxx.
Farrow re-surfaced with another single "Imagination" in 1991 under the label Graphite Records, although it failed to gain any success. A music video was created for the single.
Farrow died on May 7, 1993, in West Hollywood, California, reportedly of a brain disease attributed to AIDS. He was cremated and his funeral was held at Greystone Manor in Los Angeles.

## Discography
### Albums

* 1983: Red and Blue

### Singles

* 1983: "Should I Love You" (Billboard Hot 100 No. 82, Hot R&B Songs No. 91)
* 1983: "Don't Ask Why"
* 1983: "Wildlife Romance" (Released as promotional 12" vinyl only)
* 1991: "Imagination"
# Hòa Bình, Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu

Hòa Bình (listen) is a commune (xã) and village in Xuyên Mộc District, Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu province, in Vietnam.
10°37′00″N 107°22′59″E﻿ / ﻿10.61667°N 107.38306°E﻿ / 10.61667; 107.38306
# Hopewell, Hillsborough County, Florida

Hopewell is an unincorporated community in Hillsborough County, Florida, United States. It lies at an elevation of 102 feet (31 m) above sea level. Hopewell is located along Florida State Road 60 at the intersection of Hillsborough County Road 39 and southern terminus of Florida State Road 39.

## History

On May 14, 1883, George W. Wells established the Callsville post office. The population in 1883 was 200. In 1870, the Hopewell Baptist Church was built by early residents, and named after Hopewell, Alabama. The Warnell Lumber and Veneer Company built a railroad through Hopewell in the 1890s to haul logs. As the timber was cleared, it was replaced with citrus. The railroad was purchased by Florida Central and Peninsular Railroad, and in 1905 by the Seaboard Airline Railroad. An innovative orange farmer, James Hester Hull, was the first to "fire" his groves to prevent the oranges from freezing during unusually cold winters. In 1916, the Coronet Phosphate Company began mining phosphates in Hopewell, and continued doing so throughout the 1940s.
# Glyncaled

Glyncaled is a hamlet in the community of Llandyfriog, Ceredigion, Wales, which is 64.8 miles (104.3 km) from Cardiff and 185.8 miles (299 km) from London. Glyncaled is represented in the Senedd by Elin Jones (Plaid Cymru) and is part of the Ceredigion Preseli constituency in the House of Commons.
# Joshua Fleming

Joshua Fleming (born 14 November 1975) is an Australian cyclist. He competed in the men's cross-country mountain biking event at the 2004 Summer Olympics.
# Meyer Dwass

Meyer Dwass (April 9, 1923 – July 15, 1996) was an American mathematical statistician known for his contributions to applied probability. Dwass was a professor of statistics at Northwestern University.
Born in New Haven, Connecticut, Dwass attended George Washington University, earning a bachelor's degree in 1948. Under supervision of Wassilij Höffding, he earned a Ph.D. from University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1952.
# Charlie Waller

Charlie Waller may refer to:
* Charlie Waller (American football) (1921–2009), American football coach
* Charlie Waller (American musician) (1935–2004), American bluegrass musician
* Charlie Waller (British musician) (born 1980), British rock musician
* Charlie Waller (footballer) (born 2005), English footballer
# Okayama Castle

Okayama Castle (岡山城, Okayama-jō) is a Japanese castle in the city of Okayama in Okayama Prefecture in Japan. The main tower was completed in 1597, destroyed in 1945 and replicated in concrete in 1966. Two of the watch towers survived the bombing of 1945 and are now listed by the national Agency for Cultural Affairs as Important Cultural Properties.
In stark contrast to the white "Egret Castle" of neighboring Himeji, Okayama Castle has a black exterior, earning it the nickname Crow Castle (烏城, U-jō) or "castle of the black bird". (The black castle of Matsumoto in Nagano is also known as "Crow Castle", but it is karasu-jō in Japanese.)
Today, only a few parts of Okayama Castle's roof (including the fish-shaped-gargoyles) are gilded, but prior to the Battle of Sekigahara the main keep also featured gilded roof tiles, earning it the nickname Golden Crow Castle (金烏城, Kin U-jō).

## History

In 1570, Ukita Naoie killed castle lord Kanemitsu Munetaka and started remodeling the castle and completed by his son Hideie in 1597. Three years later, Hideie sided with the ill-fated Toyotomi Clan at the Battle of Sekigahara, was captured by the Tokugawa Clan and exiled to the island prison of Hachijo. The castle and surrounding fiefdoms were given to Kobayakawa Hideaki as spoils of war. Kobayakawa died just two years later without leaving an heir, and the castle (and fiefdom) was given to the Ikeda Clan, who later added Kōraku-en as a private garden.
In 1869 the castle became the property of the Meiji government's Hyōbu-shō (Ministry of War), who saw the 'samurai' era castles as archaic and unnecessary. Like many other castles throughout Japan, the outer moats were filled in, most castle buildings were dismantled and the old castle walls gradually disappeared underneath the city. On June 29, 1945, allied bombers burnt the main keep, and an adjacent gate, to the ground, leaving only two turrets remaining and some of the stone walls remaining. Reconstruction work on the keep and gate began in 1964 and was completed in 1966. In 1996 the rooftop gargoyles were gilded as part of the 400th anniversary celebrations.
The reconstructed main keep is a concrete building complete with air-conditioning, elevators and numerous displays documenting the castle's history (with a heavy focus on the Ikeda era.) Little information is available in English. Access to the inner sanctuary is free.

## Gallery

* Okayama castle with last cherry leaves of autumn
* The main facade of Okayama Castle
* Okayama castle
* Okayama castle and the Asahi river
* Okayama Castle (November 2016)
* Okayama castle in a historic painting
* Okayama castle plan
# Conocephalus melaenus

Conocephalus melaenus, sometimes known as the black-kneed conehead or black-kneed meadow katydid is a species of Tettigoniidae found in China, Taiwan, Japan, Nepal, India, Indo-China and western Malesia.

## Description

This medium-sized conehead has hind femora with knees darkened: which is diagnostic. The crimson-orange nymphs are quite noticeable in the grasses and shrubs where they develop.

## Gallery

* nymph - Khao Yai National Park, Thailand
* female
* song
# Connie Mack (disambiguation)

Connie Mack (1862–1956) was an American baseball manager, player, owner and Hall of Famer
Connie Mack may also refer to:
* Connie Mack III (born 1940), U.S. Representative (1983–1989), U.S. Senator (1989–2001) from Florida (grandson of Connie Mack)
* Connie Mack IV (born 1967), U.S. Representative from Florida, 2005–2013 (son of Connie Mack III)
# Charles Webb

Charles or Charlie Webb may refer to:
* The Somerton Man, who has supposedly been identified as a man going by this name
* Charles Webb (author) (1939–2020), American author
* Charles Webb (architect) (1821–1898), architect working in Victoria, Australia
* Charles Webb (Barbadian cricketer) (1830-1917), Barbadian cricketer
* Charles Webb (English cricketer) (1874–1963), Middlesex cricketer
* Charles Webb (footballer) (1879–1939), English footballer with several clubs, including Leicester Fosse, Manchester City and Southampton
* Charlie Webb (1886–1973), Ireland international footballer who played for and managed Brighton & Hove Albion
* Chuck Webb (Charles Eugene Webb, born 1969), professional American football player
* Charles Henry Webb (1834–1905), American poet, author and journalist
* Charles Harper Webb, American poet
* Charles M. Webb (1833–1911), American politician
* Charles Webb (born 1923), American professional baseball player; see 1949 Detroit Tigers season
* Harry Webb (politician) (Charles Harry Webb, 1908–2000), Australian politician
* Charles Herbert Webb, journalist with The China Press
* Charles Webb (rugby league), New Zealand rugby league player
* Charles V. Webb Jr. (1910–2010), American politician and lawyer from New Jersey
* Charles Webb (chef), American chef and businessman
# Himalayan whiskered bat

The Himalayan whiskered bat (Myotis siligorensis) is a species of vesper bat. It is found in Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, and Vietnam.
# Himalayan thrush

The Himalayan thrush or Himalayan forest thrush (Zoothera salimalii) is a species of bird described in 2016 and separated out from the alpine thrush Zoothera mollissima with which they were formerly lumped. The species is separated on the basis of phylogenetic studies that suggest that the population diverged from the common ancestor at least 3 million years ago (estimates vary from 3-6 mya). The alpine thrush (Zoothera mollissima in the restricted sense) breeds above the tree line whereas the Himalayan thrush breeds in forested habitats. The species breeds from Sikkim and Darjeeling in India and extends east into Tibet and further east into northwest Yunnan in China. The species differs in its song from that of the alpine thrush. The Himalayan thrush has a more musical call while that of the Alpine thrush is raspy and grating. A newly discovered Himalayan forest thrush bird was named after the birdman of India, Ornithologist Dr.Salim Ali. The name of the bird is "Zoothera salimalii". A fruit bat is also named after him "Latidens salimalii"
The species name is given in honour of the distinguished Indian ornithologist Sálim Ali.
The tree-dwelling species has shorter legs, tail and wings but a longer bill than its Alpine counterpart, and uses the shorter legs and tails to help it manoeuvre around in the forest.
# Charlotte Brew

Charlotte Brew is a British equestrian.

## Career

She made history in 1977, when she was the first woman to ride in the Grand National, on her horse Barony Fort. Women were allowed to ride in the race for the first time because of the passing of the Sex Discrimination Act 1975.
In addition to the legislation, the horse's previous race performance made it possible for Brew to enter the Grand National. Because Brew's horse, Barony Fort, finished fourth in the 1976 Foxhunters' Chase at Aintree the horse was permitted to race in the Grand National.
Brew and Barony Fort got as far as the 27th fence where the horse refused and she was unable to fully complete the race. However, she paved the way for female jockeys in this race and the first woman to complete the Grand National was Geraldine Rees in 1982.
Later in 1977 she became the fourth woman to participate in Velká pardubická. With Barony Fort she did not finish after two falls.
By 2015, forty years since the passing of the Sex Discrimination Act, a total of 15 female jockeys had participated in 18 Grand Nationals.
# Charlotte Brown

Charlotte Brown may refer to:
* Charlotte Hawkins Brown (1883–1961), American educator and academic
* Charlotte Brown (producer) (born 1943), American television writer, producer and director
* Charlotte Blake Brown (1846–1904), American doctor
* Charlotte L. Brown (1839–?), American civil rights activist
* Charlotte Emerson Brown (1838–1895), first president of the General Federation of Women's Clubs