OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# PDP-7

The PDP-7 is an 18-bit minicomputer produced by Digital Equipment Corporation as part of the PDP series. Introduced in 1964,$^{:p.8}$ shipped since 1965, it was the first to use their Flip-Chip technology. With a cost of US$72,000, it was cheap but powerful by the standards of the time. The PDP-7 is the third of Digital's 18-bit machines, with essentially the same instruction set architecture as the PDP-4 and the PDP-9.

## Hardware

The PDP-7 was the first wire-wrapped PDP computer. The computer has a memory cycle time of 1.75 µs and an add time of 4 µs. Input/output (I/O) includes a keyboard, printer, punched tape and dual transport DECtape drives (type 555). The standard core memory capacity is 4K words (9 KB) but expandable up to 64K words (144 KB).
The PDP-7 weighs about 1,100 pounds (500 kg).

## Software

DECsys, the first operating system for DEC's 18-bit computer family (and DEC's first operating system for a computer smaller than its 36-bit timesharing systems), was introduced in 1965. It provides an interactive, single user, program development environment for Fortran and assembly language programs.
In 1969, Ken Thompson wrote the first UNIX system, then named Unics as a pun on Multics despite only using two design elements from Multics, in assembly language on a PDP-7, as the operating system for Space Travel, a game which requires graphics to depict the motion of the planets. A PDP-7 was also the development system used during the development of MUMPS at MGH in Boston a few years earlier.

## Sales

The PDP-7 was described as "highly successful." A combined total of 120 of the PDP-7 and PDP-7A were sold.$^{:p.8}$ A DEC publication states that the first units shipped to customers in November 1964.
Eleven systems were shipped to the UK.

## Restorations

At least four PDP-7s were confirmed to still exist as of 2011 and a fifth was discovered in 2017.
A PDP-7A (serial number 115) was under restoration in Oslo, Norway; a second PDP-7A (serial number 113) previously located at the University of Oregon in its Nuclear Physics laboratory is now at the Living Computer Museum in Seattle, Washington and is completely restored to running condition after being disassembled for transport; Another PDP-7 (serial number 47) is known to be in the collection of Max Burnet near Sydney, Australia, a fourth PDP-7 (serial number 33) is in storage at the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, California and a fifth PDP-7 (serial number 129) belonging to Fred Yerian is also located at the Museum, and has been demonstrated running Unix version 0 and compiling a B program.
# PDP-12

The PDP-12 (Programmed Data Processor) is a computer that was created by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) in 1969 and marketed specifically for science and engineering. It is the third in the LINC family and its main uses were for applications in chemistry, applied psychology, patient monitoring and industrial testing. It is the combination of the LINC computer and the PDP-8 and can run programs for either computer. It features a single central processor with two distinct operating modes, each with its own instruction set that allows it to run both computers' programs. A PDP-12 Basic System weighs about 600 pounds (270 kg).
Because it is the combination of two different computers, it is very versatile. It can be a laboratory-oriented machine with several facilities for I/O, auxiliary storage, and control and sensing for external equipment or a general purpose computer with a flexible I/O capability that can support multiple peripheral devices. The basic package came with dual LINCtape drives, a scope display and I/O ports for interfacing with external laboratory equipment and peripherals. In addition to a display-based OS other software packages were included for data acquisition and display, Fourier analysis and mass spectrometry.

## Operating systems

Although an OS/8 variant named OS/12 is the predominant PDP-12 operating system, there were two prior ones:
* LAP6-DIAL (Display Interactive Assembly Language)
* DIAL-MS (Mass Storage; this is an 8K version of LAP6-DIAL)

## Production and training

Less than a year after its introduction the PDP-12 already had over 400 orders placed and in total 725 units were manufactured before being discontinued in 1972.
Since it was used as laboratory equipment DEC offered a two-week "hands-on" programming course with the purchase of the computer. Classes were held at the main plant in Maynard, Massachusetts or in Palo Alto, California in the US, and also available in Reading in the United Kingdom, Cologne in Germany or Paris, France.
# PDP-16

The PDP-16 (Programmed Data Processor-16) was mainly intended for industrial control systems, but with more capability than DEC's PDP-14.

## Overview

The PDP-16 family of modules was introduced in 1971, and a pre-assembled system using these modules, the PDP-16/M was introduced in 1972. The 16/M was nicknamed "Subminicomputer" and described as "a small microprogrammable computer."
The general-purpose modules included:
* components to build a data path (registers, memories, ALUs, etc.)
* components to build a control structure (evoke an operation in the datapath, branch on a condition from the datapath, merge, etc.)
* other components necessary to complete a digital system (lights, switches, bus termination, backplane, etc.)
The control structure was similar to a flow chart, which was very familiar to software developers. As a result, the PDP-16 opened up digital system design to those with experience writing software but less hardware design experience than was traditionally required for this work.
These modules were in the company's M series of Flip-Chip modules, which used TTL circuit technology.
The economic strength of the PDP-16 was that it was effective "for designing unique (or relatively low production volume) systems."
# Cross-plot

A cross-plot is a scatter plot used primarily in Earth science and social science to describe a specialized chart that compares multiple measurements made at a single time or location along two or more axes. The axes of the plot are commonly linear, but may also be logarithmic.
Cross-plots are used to interpret geophysical (e.g., amplitude versus offset analysis), geochemical, and hydrologic data.
# Humber Arm South

Humber Arm South is a town in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The town consists of the communities of Halfway Point, Benoit's Cove, John's Beach, and Frenchman's Cove. The town had a population of 1,537 in the Canada 2021 Census. The Town's Post Office is located in Benoit's Cove. Humber Arm South is located in the Bay of Islands and is in the Humber-Bay of Islands electoral district. The town's residents are of Mi'kmaw, Innu, and European descent.

## History

The Town of Humber Arm South consists of the descendants of the Mi'kmaw people from the area, the descendants of the immigrants from England who settled here in the early 1800s, and the people who resettled from Wood's Island. Some of those communities still exist within the incorporated municipality, which includes:
* Frenchman's Cove is subsection of the town and a formerly independent, unincorporated town. It had a population of 166 in the Canada 2006 Census. The area has been inhabited since before 1836, with the earliest known documentation about it when it appeared in the first Newfoundland Census. According to local folklore and tradition, the first settlers were named Cluetts and were of French origin. The small-boat inshore fishery was the economic mainstay of the area until the late 1800s when men went to work on the schooners operating from Grand Bank. Residents also grew turnips, cabbages, and potatoes, as well as hay for their horses, cattle, sheep, and chickens.
* Benoit's Cove: a postal and fishing outlet and a formerly independent, unincorporated town. This area of the town has been inhabited since before 1911. The Way Office was established in 1887. The first Waymaster was James Evitt. It had a population of 76 in 1911 and 295 in 1956.
* Halfway Point: a small settlement which had its first family living within it as early as 1864. Mail service closed in 1966 and it had a population of 146 in 1956.
* John's Beach: a small settlement which had one of the earliest known Anglican church and schools in the Bay of Islands. The John's Beach Anglican graveyard has some of the oldest graves in the Bay of Islands.

## Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Humber Arm South had a population of 1,537 living in 688 of its 748 total private dwellings, a change of -3.9% from its 2016 population of 1,599. With a land area of 65.14 km$^2$ (25.15 sq mi), it had a population density of 23.6/km$^2$ (61.1/sq mi) in 2021.
# Crypsimetalla

Crypsimetalla is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.
# Crypsiphila

Crypsiphila is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.

## Species

* Crypsiphila atmophanes Turner, 1947
# Hypatima stenosa

Hypatima stenosa is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Kyu-Tek Park and Margarita Gennadievna Ponomarenko in 1999. It is found in Thailand.
The length of the forewings is about 9 mm.
# Hypatima sphenophora

Hypatima sphenophora is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1904. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from Queensland.
The wingspan is 13–14 mm (0.51–0.55 in). The forewings are ochreous whitish irregularly irrorated (sprinkled) with fuscous and with a blackish dot at the base of the costa, and one beneath the costa near the base. There is an indistinct dark fuscous spot on the dorsum at one-fourth and a narrow elongate blackish-fuscous blotch along the costa from about one-fifth to two-thirds, the lower edge irregularly dilated above the middle of the disc. A small black dot is found on the fold beneath the dilation, and another near the tornus and there is a black streak in the disc from three-fifths to the apex, usually once or twice interrupted. The hindwings are fuscous, thinly scaled and semitransparent anteriorly.
# P104

P104 may refer to:
* ARM Manuel Doblado (P104), a patrol boat of the Mexican Navy
* Papyrus 104, a biblical manuscript
* P104, a state regional road in Latvia
# PTS Galactitol Family

The PTS Galactitol (Gat) Family (TC# 4.A.5) is part of the PTS-AG superfamily. The biochemistry of this family is poorly defined. The only well-characterized member of this family is the galactitol permease of Escherichia coli. However, a homologous IIC protein from Listeria monocytogenes has been shown to be required for D-arabitol fermentation. It presumably functions together with IIA$^{Gat}$ and IIB$^{Gat}$ homologues. IIC$^{Gat}$ is distantly related to IIC$^{Sgc}$ of E. coli; IIA$^{Gat}$ is distantly related to IIA$^{Sga}$ and IIA$^{Sgc}$of E. coli as well as IIA$^{Mtl}$ and IIA$^{Fru}$. IIB$^{Gat}$ is distantly related to IIB$^{Sga}$ and IIB$^{Sgc}$ of E. coli. Domains in the LicR/CelR family of transcriptional activators show C-terminal domains exhibiting weak sequence similarity to IIB$^{Gat}$ and IIA$^{Gat}$.
# PTSD (disambiguation)

PTSD, or postraumatic stress disorder, is a mental disorder that can develop after a person is exposed to a traumatic event.
PTSD may also refer to:

## Healthcare

* Complex post-traumatic stress disorder (C-PTSD)

## Music

* PTSD (Pharoahe Monch album) or PTSD: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, 2014
* PTSD (G Herbo album) and its title track, 2020
* PTSD, an album by L.S. Underground, 2010
* "PTSD", a song by Dreamville and Omen featuring Mereba, Deante' Hitchcock and St. Beauty from Revenge of the Dreamers III
* "PTSD", a song by the American rapper Pop Smoke from the mixtape Meet the Woo
* "PTSD", a song by Baltimore rapper JPEGMafia from the album All My Heroes Are Cornballs
# Humoral factor

Humoral factors are factors that are transported by the circulatory system, that is, in blood, and include:
* Humoral immunity factors in the immune system
* Hormones in the endocrine system
* This cardiovascular system article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Huybrecht Jacobsz Grimani

Huybrecht Jacobsz, or Hubertus Grimani (1562 in Delft – 1651 in Den Briel), was a Dutch Golden Age painter.

## Biography

According to biographer Arnold Houbraken he was a contemporary of Adriaen van Utrecht who travelled to Italy and spent many years in the service of Marino Grimani (doge) in Venice, whose name he adopted. Houbraken was quoting Joachim von Sandrart.
According to Karel van Mander, Hubrecht Iacobsz was the master of Pieter Cornelisz van Rijck for 6 months after van Rijk had already trained with Jacob Willemsz Delff in Delft 3 years before that for 2 months. Together, master and pupil travelled to Italy, where Rijk spent 15 years.
According to Hessel Miedema who researched van Mander's Schilder-boeck, Grimani and van Rijk travelled to Italy in 1588, and Grimani was listed in the Delft Guild book, opened in 1613, as the second best painter of Delft after Michael Mierevelt. The Utrecht diaries of Aernout van Buchel also mentioned him as one of two noteworthy painters in Delft in May 1598. According to Dirk van Bleiswijk, who wrote a history of Delft, he was born between 1556 and 1566, and was 9 or 10 years with Marino Grimani who became doge in 1595. He was buried on April 11, 1631 according to a Necrology of Delft artists by J. Soutendam. No known works are currently attributed to him.
# Huye

Huye may refer to:
* Mount Huye, a mountain in southern Rwanda
* Huye (water), a bottled mineral water brand sold in Rwanda and produced on Mount Huye
* Huye (district), a district of South Province, Rwanda, which contains Mount Huye and Butare city
* Butare, Rwanda's second city and the capital of Huye District; the city itself has sometimes been known as Huye since January 2006
# Cubbage Pond

Cubbage Pond (also known as Cabbage Pond) is a reservoir on Cedar Creek in Sussex County, Delaware, United States, about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) east of Lincoln. It is approximately 0.5 miles (0.80 km) long.
Cubbage Pond Mill has stood on this site since about 1785, built originally by John and William Draper. Samuel Draper, eldest son of William Draper, inherited it around 1821 and sold it to Lemuel Shockley. John C. Davis owned the mill from 1833 to 1863, then Charles M. Miles was owner from 1866 to 1879. Subsequent owners were John Dubois (owned 1879–1881), Mark H. Davis (owned 1881–1892), Frank Davis (owned 1892–1908). It was last operated by Samuel Cubbage from 1908 to 1917. He died in 1917 and the mill was inherited by his widow Ida.
The properties were passed on from Ida Cubbage to W. Edgar Waples. The property passed from W. Edgar Waples to son-in-law Theodore Jones in 1928. In 1930 the property was sold in a Sherriff's sale to Joseph and Nancy Brittingham. In 1951 the Cubbage Pond and the millwrights property were sold to Orville and Susan Wilson. The Wilsons sold the properties to Henry and Mary Cofer in 1954; upon Henry's death in 1968 the property became solely owned by Mary Cofer. Mary Cofer died in 1980 and the property was inherited by her son, Gary Cofer who is the current owner. Use of Cubbage Pond is limited to property owners bordering the pond and those given permission by the current owner. The only regulations are those set forth by the State of Delaware. Fishing from the property along the road is tolerated; but, the local residents generally don't tolerate much noise and littering and are encouraged by the current owner to report any problems they may have to the Delaware State Police and/or the Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control.
# Ctenophorus cristatus

Ctenophorus cristatus, commonly known as the crested dragon, bicycle dragon or crested bicycle-dragon, is a species of agamid lizard occurring in semi-arid woodlands in south-western Australia.
# Chrysolepis chrysophylla

Chrysolepis chrysophylla is a species of flowering shrub or tree in the beech family known by the common names golden chinquapin, giant chinquapin, and western chinquapin. It is native to the Pacific coast of the United States.

## Description

Shrubby forms of the plant occur in dry areas, higher elevations, and poor soils. The plant grows into a tree up to 45 metres (148 ft) tall in cooler, moister areas such as valley bottoms and north-facing slopes, and foggy and rainy areas. The trunks can reach up to 90 centimetres (35 inches) in diameter. The bark is reddish, thin and smooth on young trunks; on older specimens it becomes thicker and platy. The open crown of the large tree is conical in shape. The leathery evergreen leaves are dark green on the upper sides and golden underneath. The leaves are 5 to 13 cm (2 to 5 in) long and folded upward along the midrib. The species is monoecious, with individuals bearing both male and female flowers. White male flowers are borne in the leaf axils, and a cluster of female flowers is borne beneath them. A spiny bur contains one to three nuts, each about 1 cm in diameter. There is generally a burl at the base of the tree. The tree may sprout from adventitious buds in the burl, a form of vegetative reproduction that is more common in dry areas where it is less likely that seedlings would become established. The tree may live up to 500 years.
The species resembles tanoak, but has chestnutlike fruit instead of an acorn.

## Distribution and habitat

Chrysolepis chrysophylla is endemic to the Pacific coast of the United States, growing from extreme southern Washington through western Oregon, south to west-central California. It grows in climax forests dominated by redwood, white fir, western hemlock, and Shasta red fir, or mixes of tree types. It may be an understory shrub, or it may codominate the canopy as a tree. Habitat types where the tree may be found include coastal forests, woodlands, and chaparral. In the western Cascade Mountains it grows in western hemlock forests. In the southern Cascades it grows at higher elevations but takes on a smaller, shrubbier form. It can be found growing up to 1,800 m (5,900 ft) above sea level.

## Ecology

The tree is shade intolerant, thus requiring occasional disturbances to propagate. Contrarily, the shrub form can tolerate shade and is relatively indifferent to disturbances. Older trees become affected by heart rot.
The nuts are commonly eaten by squirrels and chipmunks.

## Uses

The tree has a heavy, strong wood which is light brown with a pinkish tinge. It rarely grows in large enough quantities to serve commercial purposes.
The nut is edible, having a flavor similar to the hazelnut or filbert. They were consumed by Native Americans.
# PAL-S

PAL-S is the system of television receiver sets in the early days of the PAL system. Here PAL stands for Phase alternating at line rate and S stands for simple.

## PAL system

The color hue modulates the phase of a subcarrier named color carrier. In PAL system the polarity of the phase in each frame is reversed to neutralize the undesirable phase shifts introduced during transmission. Thus the effect of undesirable phase shift is positive in one frame and negative in the second frame. Averaging the two, the effect of the undesirable phase shifts in two consecutive frames cancel each other.

## The PAL-S receiver

In the early days of the PAL system, it was proposed that, the human eye can average the slightly different color hues in two consecutive frames and perceive the original color. The television receiver sets which rely on optical averaging were called PAL-S receivers.

## The problems in PAL-S

However, it soon turned out that the optical averaging had problems. When the distance between the viewer and the receiver set is not large, the viewer can distinguish the lines. The phase reversion takes place in every frame. But each frame is composed of two fields. So the viewer watches two consecutive lines without reversion. The next two lines are reverted phase lines. That means that when there is undesired phase shift the viewer watches a thin horizontal bar with one color and another thin bar with another color. This pattern is known as Hanover bar.

## Electronic averaging

In the standard analogue PAL receiver, the color differences between the consecutive bars are averaged electronically (by the use of delay line). This system is known as PAL-D.
# Cullivel State Forest

Cullivel State Forest is a native forest, located in the South Western Slopes region of New South Wales, in eastern Australia. The 155 ha (380-acre) state forest is located approximately 16 km (9.9 mi) north-east of Urana.
The now-closed section of the Oaklands railway line passes through the northern section of the state forest.

## Environment

Cullivel State Forest is dominated by white cypress pine. Other plant species present within the forest include Grey box and Bulloak.
At least three species listed under the Biodiversity Conservation Act 2016 have been recorded within the state forest, including Grey-crowned babbler.
# Cryptolechia varifascirupta

Cryptolechia varifascirupta is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It was described by Wang in 2003. It is found in Sichuan, China.
# Pabstiella alligatorifera

Pabstiella alligatorifera is a species of orchid plant native to Brazil.
# Hundred Flower Pond

The Hundred Flower Pond (Chinese: 百花洲; pinyin: Bǎihuā Zhōu also Chinese: 百花汀; pinyin: Bǎihuā Tīng or Chinese: 百花池; pinyin: Bǎihuā Chí) is a small artificial lake in the historical center of the City of Jinan, Shandong Province, China. It is located east of the northern end of Qushuiting Street and south of Daming Lake Road.
# Hundred End

Hundred End is a coastal hamlet in West Lancashire, England. It is 2 miles east of the larger village of Banks and 2 miles west of the larger village of Hesketh Bank.
It is administered by the West Lancashire District Council and North Meols parish council. It falls in the South Ribble parliamentary constituency.

## History

Hundred End railway station was previously a stop on the West Lancashire Railway, fully opened in 1878, which ran between Southport and Preston, carrying both passengers and cargo from the fields of the area to be sold at town markets.
Low passenger numbers later led to the railway's decline and its closure was assured by the Beeching Axe in 1964. The station house has since been demolished but the train track can be followed along a footpath that stretches towards Banks.

## Etymology

The hamlet is called Hundred End because it was situated on the boundary between the two hundreds of West Derby and Leyland.

## Geography

The area has similar geography to that of Banks.
vtePlaces adjacent to Hundred End :
Ribble Estuary
River Ribble
River Ribble
Banks
Hundred End
Hesketh Bank
Mere Brow
Holmes
Tarleton :
There is an enclosed salt marsh that is used for grazing cattle and the marshes are managed by the RSPB.

## Religion

Hesketh Moss Methodist Church is a small chapel which was built by the local farmers of the hamlet, the nearest Church of England Church are in Hesketh Bank and Banks.

## Education

The hamlet does not have a school, but children usually attend primary schools in Tarleton, Mere Brow, Banks and Hesketh Bank. The nearest Secondary School being Tarleton High School.

## Landmarks

Hundred End Farm, built in 1837 is the oldest building in the hamlet. The largest house is Ribble Hall which is a modern mansion built by Godfrey Crook. He was responsible for taking away the train tracks and the gravel beds when the West Lancashire Railway line closed, he built Ribble Hall on land near the former Hundred End railway station.
# Hymenocephalus lethonemus

Hymenocephalus lethonemus is a species of rattail. It occurs at depths of up to 485 m (1591 ft) in the waters off southern Japan, the Philippines and northern Taiwan.
This is a small, slender rattail with a total length of up to 14 cm (5.1 in). It has a fairly long, sharp snout, small eyes, a large mouth and no chin barbel. There is a long bioluminescent organ with two external lenses just in front of the anus.