OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Jus tractatuum

Jus tractatuum (or sometimes jus tractandi) is a Legal Latin term commonly used in public international law and constitutional law that refers to the right to conclude treaties. It is usually referred to in English as treaty-making power. As defined in article 6 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, every state possesses the capacity to conclude treaties. International organizations as well as subnational entities of federal states may have treaty-making power as well. Jus tractatuum is linked to the concept of international legal personality.

## International organizations

International organizations commonly have the power to conclude treaties as well. A notable example is the European Union, which has concluded a number of free trade agreements. The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations or between International Organizations aims to be an extension to the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties and deals with treaties between one or more states and one or more international organizations and between international organizations. However, this Vienna Convention is not yet into force as of 2013 due to insufficient number of ratifications. One of the most extensive cases on international organizations’ treaty-making power is the Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice titled, Reparation for Injuries Suffered in the Service of the United Nations, which details the relationship between sovereignty and the obligation to pay reparation, as well as the criteria to determine international legal personality.

## Federal states

Federated states, as part of a federal (sovereign) state, usually do not have the power to conclude treaties—which is determined by the federal constitution. For example, the Contract Clause of the United States Constitution explicitly forbids U.S. states from concluding treaties. The Constitution of Mexico also prohibits its states from making treaties. On the other hand, the Constitution of Belgium for example grants its communities and regions the power to make treaties. The Länder of Germany and Austria and the cantons of Switzerland can make treaties within their respective competencies.
# The Attentive Heart

The Attentive Heart: Conversations with Trees is a 1996 book written by Stephanie Kaza. The book depicts spiritual themes. The spirits contacted are resident in species not observed to speak in the ordinary biophysical sense of human speech. A second edition of the book was published in April, 2019, titled Conversations With Trees: An Intimate Ecology, by Shambhala Publications. Stephanie Kaza was a professor of environmental studies at the University of Vermont, where she taught religion and ecology, environmental justice, ecofeminism, radical environmentalism and unlearning consumerism.
# Tekellina

Tekellina is a genus of comb-footed spiders that was first described by Herbert Walter Levi in 1957.

## Species

As of June 2020 it contains nine species, found in east Asia and the Americas:
* Tekellina archboldi Levi, 1957 (type) – USA
* Tekellina bella Marques & Buckup, 1993 – Brazil
* Tekellina crica Marques & Buckup, 1993 – Brazil
* Tekellina guaiba Marques & Buckup, 1993 – Brazil
* Tekellina helixicis Gao & Li, 2014 – China
* Tekellina minor Marques & Buckup, 1993 – Brazil
* Tekellina pretiosa Marques & Buckup, 1993 – Brazil
* Tekellina sadamotoi Yoshida & Ogata, 2016 – Japan
* Tekellina yoshidai Marusik & Omelko, 2017 – Russia (Far East)
# Corni, Galați

Corni is a commune in Galați County, Western Moldavia, Romania with a population of 2,462 people. It is composed of three villages: Corni, Măcișeni and Urlești.
# Maltitol

Maltitol is a sugar alcohol (a polyol) used as a sugar substitute and laxative. It has 75–90% of the sweetness of sucrose (table sugar) and nearly identical properties, except for browning. It is used to replace table sugar because it is half as calorific, does not promote tooth decay, and has a somewhat lesser effect on blood glucose. In chemical terms, maltitol is known as 4-O-α-glucopyranosyl-D-sorbitol. It is used in commercial products under trade names such as Lesys, Maltisweet and SweetPearl.

## Production and uses

Maltitol is a disaccharide produced by hydrogenation of maltose obtained from starch. Maltitol syrup, a hydrogenated starch hydrolysate, is produced by hydrogenating corn syrup, a mixture of carbohydrates produced from the hydrolysis of starch. This product contains between 50% and 80% maltitol by weight. The remainder is mostly sorbitol, with a small quantity of other sugar-related substances.
Maltitol's high sweetness allows it to be used without being mixed with other sweeteners. It exhibits a negligible cooling effect (positive heat of solution) in comparison with other sugar alcohols, similar to the subtle cooling effect of sucrose. It is used in candy manufacture, particularly sugar-free hard candy, chewing gum, chocolates, baked goods, and ice cream. The pharmaceutical industry uses maltitol as an excipient, where it is used as a low-calorie sweetening agent. Its similarity to sucrose allows it to be used in syrups with the advantage that crystallization (which may cause bottle caps to stick) is less likely. Maltitol may also be used as a plasticizer in gelatin capsules, as an emollient, and as a humectant.

## Nutritional information

Maltitol provides between 2 and 3 calories per gram [cal/g] (8–10 J/g). Maltitol is largely unaffected by human digestive enzymes and is fermented by gut flora, with about 15% of the ingested maltitol excreted unchanged in the feces.

## Chemical properties

Maltitol in its crystallized form measures the same (bulk) as table sugar and browns and caramelizes in a manner similar to that of sucrose after liquifying from being heated. The crystallized form is readily dissolved in warm liquids (≈ 50 °C (120 °F) and above); the powdered form is preferred if room-temperature or cold liquids are used. Due to its sucrose-like structure, maltitol is easy to produce and made commercially available in crystallized, powdered, and syrup forms.
It is not metabolized by oral bacteria, so it does not promote tooth decay. It is more slowly absorbed than sucrose, a desirable property for diet in diabetes.

## Effects on digestion

Like other sugar alcohols (with the possible exception of erythritol), maltitol has a laxative effect, typically causing diarrhea at a daily consumption above about 90 g. Doses of about 40 g may cause mild borborygmus (stomach and bowel sounds) and flatulence.
# Terdal

Terdal is a Municipal town in Bagalkot district in the Indian state of Karnataka.

## Geography

Teradala is located at 16°30′N 75°03′E﻿ / ﻿16.5°N 75.05°E﻿ / 16.5; 75.05. It has an average elevation of 536 metres (1758 feet). Terdal Shree Allam Prabhu Devaru Brahanmath is famous and historic.

## Demographics

As of 2011 India census, Teradala had a population of 26,153. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. The average literacy rate is 54%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 63%, and female literacy is 44%. 14% of the population is under 6 years of age.

## Education

Education institutes in terdal are as follow
** Shri jinasenacharya vidyamandal,Gurukul
** Danigond school and college,DGI
** Siddeswhar school & college
** Nilakanteshwar school
** S.P.school & college
** Shri sharada school tedal
* It is now known for flourishing medical education. with two Ayurvedic colleges.
** Gramina ayurvedic medical college,Gurukul,Terdal(GAMC)
** Danigond medical college,Terdal

## History

According to a record of 1123 A.D., a major road was connecting Terdal and Halasi, the two important commercial centres in North Karnataka.
Patawardhan DynestySangali State:
In 1821 Terdal was one of the noted Taluka place in the Sangali(Now in Maharastra) princely state.

## Economy

Agriculture is the main economy with some of the important crops like Sugar cane, Maize, Barley (kapali in Marathi), soya bean, Turmeric, are the main crop of Terdal. Most of the population is agriculturists.

## Jain temples (ಜೈನ ಬಸದಿಗಳು)

ಜೈನ ಬಸದಿಗಳು
* Shri 1008 Bhagwan Neminath Digambar Jain Basadi (1008 Neminath gonka jinalaya)
* Shri 1008 Bhagwan ajitanatha Digambar Jain Basadi
* Shri 1008 Bhagwan parshwanatha Digambar Jain Basadi,Gurukul campous,Tedal
* Shri 1008 Bhagwan Mahavir Digambar Jain Basadi
* Shri 1008 Bhagwan vasupujya Digambar Jain Basadi,kudachi road,Terdal * Shri 1008 Bhagwan Shantinath Digambar Jain Basadi shantinagar 3rd kinal Terdal

## Famous Temples

* Sri Allama Prabhu Temple
* Sri Vittal Temple.
* Sri Anjaneya Temple.
* Shri Ragvendra swami matha.
* Sri VeerBhadreshwara Temple
* Sri Kalmeshwara Temple.
* Sri Venkataramana Temple.
* Sir Dattatreya Temple.
* sri Ganapati Temple
* shri Neelakanteshwar Temple Terdal .
* Hajrat Akkam Shahid & Abbak Shahid Dargah
# Polonium trioxide

Polonium trioxide (also known as polonium(VI) oxide) is a chemical compound with the formula PoO$_3$. It is one of three oxides of polonium, the other two being polonium monoxide (PoO) and polonium dioxide (PoO$_2$). It is an interchalcogen that has so far only been detected in trace amounts.

## Preparation

It has been reported that trace quantities of polonium trioxide form during the anodic deposition of polonium from acidic solutions. Although there is no experimental evidence for this, the fact that the deposit dissolves in hydrogen peroxide suggests that it contains polonium in a high oxidation state. It has been predicted that polonium trioxide may be formed by heating polonium dioxide and chromium trioxide together in air.

### Difficulty of preparation of polonium(VI) compounds

It is very difficult to oxidize polonium beyond Po(IV); for example, the only hexahalide of polonium is the hexafluoride, PoF$_6$, and fluorine is already the most electronegative element (though polonium hexaiodide was once reportedly formed in the vapour phase, it immediately decomposed). However, the difficulty in obtaining polonium trioxide and polonates (containing the PoO$^{2−}$ $_4$ anion, analogous to sulfate, selenate, and tellurate) by direct oxidation of Po(IV) compounds may be due to the fact that polonium-210, while the most easily available isotope of polonium, is strongly radioactive. Similar work with curium shows that it is easier to achieve higher oxidation states with longer-lived isotopes; thus, it may be easier to obtain Po(VI) (especially polonium trioxide) using the longer-lived polonium-208 or polonium-209. It has been suggested that Po(VI) might be more stabilized in anions such as PoF$^{2−}$ $_8$ or PoO$^{6−}$ $_6$, like other high oxidation states.
# Nicholas Green

Nicholas or Nick Green may refer to:
* Nicholas St. John Green (1830–1876), American philosopher and lawyer
* Sir Nicholas Green (judge) (born 1958), British Lord Justice of Appeal
* Nick Green (rower) (born 1967), Australian Olympic rower
* Nick Green (baseball) (born 1978), American baseball infielder
* Shooting of Nicholas Green (1987–1994), American child killed in a shooting in Italy
* Nick Green (writer), Canadian playwright
# Nikki

Nikki may refer to:

## Arts and entertainment
### Music

* Nikki (singer), Japanese-American singer Nikki Lee
* Nikki (Malaysian singer), Nikki Palikat (born 1985), a finalist in the first season of Malaysian Idol
* Nigar Jamal (born 1980) or Nikki, English-Azerbaijani singer
* Nikki (album), by Nikki Yanofsky, 2010
* Nikki, an album by Quruli, 2005
* "Nikki" (song), by Forever the Sickest Kids, 2013
* "Nikki", a song by Logic from Under Pressure, 2014
* "Nikki", a 1966 instrumental composition by Burt Bacharach

### Other media

* Nikki (Barbie), a fashion doll in the Barbie toy line
* Nikki (DC Thomson), a 1980s girls' comic
* Nikki (TV series), a 2000s American series starring Nikki Cox
* Nikki: Wild Dog of the North, a 1961 Walt Disney film
* Nikki, a 2000 animated short film

## People and fictional characters

* Nikki (given name)

## Other uses

* Nikki, Benin, a city, arrondissement and commune
* Nikki (drug), marketing name of a birth control pill
* Nikki, the mascot of Swapnote
# Michelle C. Williams

Michelle Claire Williams is a Scottish physician and professor at the University of Edinburgh. She is president elect of the British Society of Cardiovascular Imaging. Her research makes use of medical imaging (computed tomograghy, magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography) and machine learning to understand cardiovascular disease.

## Early life and education

Williams studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh. She completed an intercalated year in pathology. Alongside her medical practise she has completed a bachelor's degree at the Open University in mathematics and history. After graduating she worked as a doctor in NHS Lothian, and in 2010 joined a software development company. She was awarded her PhD in 2016 for research on computed tomography imaging of the heart.

## Research and career

Williams uses multi-modal non invasive imaging to understand the heart and blood vessels. She combines advanced medical imaging with machine learning and complex analysis. Her research has generated clinical impact, changing national and international guidelines.
In 2021 Williams became the imaging data thematic lead of the British Heart Foundation. Williams is part of the SCOT-HEART clinical trials, which use computed tomography coronary angiography to understand coronary artery disease.

## Select publications

* 8F-fluoride positron emission tomography for identification of ruptured and high-risk coronary atherosclerotic plaques: a prospective clinical trial
* Coronary CT Angiography and 5-Year Risk of Myocardial Infarction
* CT coronary angiography in patients with suspected angina due to coronary heart disease (SCOT-HEART): an open-label, parallel-group, multicentre trial
# Jewett, Wisconsin

Jewett is an unincorporated community located in the town of Erin Prairie, St. Croix County, Wisconsin, United States. Jewett is located on County Highway T 5 miles (8.0 km) east of New Richmond. The community was named for Samuel A. Jewett, a Maine native who operated saw mills on the Chippewa and St. Croix rivers beginning in 1850.
# Tekella absidata

Tekella absidata is a species of Cyatholipidae spider endemic to New Zealand.

## Taxonomy

This species was described in 1894 by Arthur Urquhart from female specimens. In 1988, it was revised and the male was described. It was most recently revised in 2001. The holotype is stored in Canterbury Museum.

## Description

The male is recorded at 2.29mm in length whereas the female is 1.76mm. This species has a dark brown carapace. The abdomen has pale markings dorsally.

## Distribution

This species is known from Stewart Island and the South Island of New Zealand.

## Conservation status

Under the New Zealand Threat Classification System, this species is listed as "Not Threatened".
# Hongtoushan mine

The Hongtoushan mine is one of the largest zinc mines in China. The mine is located in Fushun, Liaoning province, China. The mine has reserves amounting to 22.6 million tonnes of ore grading 3.04% zinc, thus resulting 0.69 million tonnes of zinc.
# Protein efficiency ratio

Protein efficiency ratio (PER) is based on the weight gain of a test subject divided by its intake of a particular food protein during the test period.
From 1919 until very recently, the PER had been a widely used method for evaluating the quality of protein in food.
The food industry in Canada currently uses the PER as the standard for evaluating the protein quality of foods. The official method for determining the protein efficiency ratio is from Health Canada's Health Protection Branch Method FO-1, October 15, 1981.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration now uses the Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS) as the basis for the percent of the U.S. recommended daily allowance (USRDA) for protein shown on food labels. However, the PER is still used in certain FDA regulations. The US FDA official methods to calculate the PER are as stated in the Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 16th ed. (1995) Section 45.3.05, AOAC Official Method 982.30 Protein Efficiency Ratio Calculation Method; and Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 18th ed. (2005).
$PER\,={\frac {Gain\ in\ body\ mass(g)}{Protein\ intake(g)}}$
# Terdal Assembly constituency

Terdal is one of the 224 assembly constituencies in Karnataka in India. It is part of Bagalkot Lok Sabha constituency.

## Members of Legislative Assembly

| Year | Member | Party |
| Until 2008: Constituency did not exist ||||
| 2008 | Siddu Savadi | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| 2013 | Umashree | Indian National Congress |
| 2018 | Siddu Savadi | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| 2023 | Siddu Savadi | Bharatiya Janata Party |

## Election results
### 2023

2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election: Terdal :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | BJP | Siddu Savadi | 77,265 | 43.01 | −7.44 |
| | INC | Siddu Ramappa Konnur | 66,520 | 37.03 | −1.26 |
| | Independent | Dr. Padmajeet A. Nadagouda Patil | 22,480 | 12.51 | |
| | Independent | Ambadas Kamurthi | 4,224 | 2.35 | |
| | SDPI | Yamanappa Vitthal Gunadal | 3,527 | 1.96 | |
| | AAP | Arjun Halagigoudar. | 1,742 | 0.97 | |
| | NOTA | None of the Above | 894 | 0.50 | −0.66 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 10,745 | 5.98 | −6.18 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 179,661 | 78.89 | +0.13 |
| | BJP hold | BJP hold | Swing | | |

### 2018

2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election: Terdal :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | BJP | Siddu Savadi | 87,583 | 50.45 |
| | INC | Umashree | 66,470 | 38.29 |
| | JD(S) | Basappa K. Konnur | 12,462 | 7.18 |
| | NOTA | None of the Above | 2,014 | 1.16 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 21,113 | 12.16 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 172,863 | 78.76 |
| | BJP gain from INC | BJP gain from INC | Swing | |

### 2013

2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election: Terdal :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | INC | Umashree | 70,189 | 46.31 |
| | BJP | Siddu Savadi | 67,590 | 44.6 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 2,599 | |

### 2008

2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election: Terdal :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | BJP | Siddu Savadi | 62,595 | 50.3 |
| | INC | Umashree | 50,351 | 40.46 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 12,244 | |
# Jalan Universiti

Jalan Prof Diraja Ungku Aziz, previously as Jalan Universiti, is a major road in Petaling Jaya city, Selangor, Malaysia. It is the first dual-carriageway road built in Malaysia since independence. On 31 December 2020, the authorities announced plans to rename the road to Jalan Prof Diraja Ungku Aziz in honour of the late economist Ungku Abdul Aziz.

## Landmarks

* British American Tobacco factory
* Bulatan Rothmans roundabout
* Sin Chew Daily press centre
* 13th Residential College of University of Malaya, formerly IIAM Petaling Jaya campus
* Pharmaceutical Services Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia
* National Pharmaceutical Control Bureau (NPCB), Ministry of Health Malaysia
* Jaya One
* Bulatan Universiti roundabout
* University of Malaya
* University Malaya Medical Centre
* Old EPF building

## List of junctions

| Junctions | To | Remarks |
| Bulatan Rothmans | North Jalan Harapan Section —- until -- South Jalan 19/1 Southeast Jalan Semangat Section 1 until 14 Petaling Jaya New Town (Section --) | Cross-junction (since 2011) |
| Sin Chew Daily press centre | Sin Chew Daily press centre | |
| Jalan 17/21 | North Jalan 17/21 Section 17 | |
| Jalan 17/1 | North Jalan 17/1 Section 17 | T-junctions |
| National Pharmaceutical Control Bureau (NPCB), Ministry of Health Malaysia | National Pharmaceutical Control Bureau (NPCB), Ministry of Health Malaysia | |
| Pharmaceutical Services Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia | Pharmaceutical Services Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia | |
| International Islamic University Malaysia (IIAM) Petaling Jaya campus | International Islamic University Malaysia (IIAM) Petaling Jaya campus | |
| Bulatan Universiti | North Jalan Dato' Abu Bakar (Jalan 16/1) Damansara Taman Tun Dr Ismail South Jalan Kemajuan Section 1 until 14 Petaling Jaya New Town (Section --) | Diamond interchange |
| INTAN | Institut Tadbiran Awam Negara (INTAN) Esso Petronas Shell | Southeast bound |
| University Malaya | Northeast Lingkungan Budi Universiti Malaya | T-junctions |
| University Malaya Medical Centre | Southwest Jalan Bukit Petaling Jaya New Town (Section --) FT 2 Federal Highway Subang Jaya Shah Alam Klang Northeast University Malaya Medical Centre | Junctions |
| University Malaya Medical Centre | | No entry |
| Jalan Templer-Federal Highway | FT 2 Federal Highway Northeast Kuala Lumpur | Half diamond interchange |
| | South Jalan Gasing Section -— until -- Petaling Jaya Old Town (Section --) | |
# Hans-Joachim Bungartz

Hans-Joachim Bungartz (born 1963 in Lahr/Schwarzwald) is a German mathematician and computer scientist. He is a professor at the Technical University of Munich and holds the chair for scientific computing there. He was Dean of the Faculty of Computer Science and has been Dean of the TUM School of Computation, Information and Technology since October 2022.
Since 2011, he has been chairman of the board of the Deutsches Forschungsnetz.

## Career

Hans-Joachim Bungartz received his doctorate in 1992 under Christoph Zenger, after completing his studies in 1988/89 as both a mathematician and a computer scientist. In 1998, he habilitated on the topic of High-order finite elements on thin grids. In 2000, he was appointed professor of numerical analysis and scientific computing at the University of Augsburg. In 2004, the University of Stuttgart appointed him to the Chair of Simulation of Large Systems. Since 2008, Hans-Joachim Bungartz has held the Chair of Scientific Computing at the Technical University of Munich. He is also a permanent visiting professor at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering of the University of Belgrade.

## Personal life

Privately, Hans-Joachim Bungartz plays the violin and is a member of the Akademischer Orchesterverband München. Among other things, he contributed as a soloist to the 2009 Dies Academicus of the Technical University of Munich.
# Nikki (album)

Nikki is the second studio album by the Canadian singer Nikki Yanofsky, released on May 4, 2010. Four singles were released from the record.

## Chart performance
### Album

| Chart (2010–11) | Peak position |
| Canadian Albums (Billboard) | 5 |
| US Billboard 200 | 105 |
| US Top Jazz Albums (Billboard) | 2 |

### Singles

| Single | Chart | Peak position |
| "For Another Day" | Japan Hot 100 | 13 |
# Microcoleaceae

The Microcoleaceae are a family of cyanobacteria.
# Daath

Daath may refer to:
* Da'at (Kabbalah), a mystical state in Kabbalah
* Dååth, an American death metal band
# Ingolf Gorges

Ingolf Gorges (1940–2008) was a German stage, film and television actor. Based in East Germany, he appeared in a number of DEFA films during the 1960s.

## Selected filmography

* Love's Confusion (1959)
* Das Leben beginnt (1960)
* Streng geheim (1963)
* Pension Boulanka (1964)
* Ways across the Country (1968, TV series)
* Rendezvous mit Unbekannt (1969, TV series)
* Die Toten bleiben jung (1969, TV series)
* Anflug Alpha I (1971)
* The Blind Judge (1984, TV series)
* The Black Forest Clinic (1985, TV series)
* Detektivbüro Roth (1986, TV series)
* Bullet to Beijing (1995)
* Midnight in Saint Petersburg (1996)
* The Secret of Sagal (1997, TV series)
# Hongtong West railway station

Hongtong West railway station (Chinese: 洪洞西站) is a railway station of Datong–Xi'an Passenger Railway that is located in Hongtong County, Shanxi, China. It started operation on July 1, 2014, together with the railway.