OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Hope Township, Midland County, Michigan

Hope Township is a civil township of Midland County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 1,373 at the 2020 census.

## Communities

* Hope is an unincorporated community and post office in the township centered on the junction of N Hope Road and E Hull Road at 43°45′52″N 84°20′17″W﻿ / ﻿43.76444°N 84.33806°W﻿ / 43.76444; -84.33806﻿ (Hope). The Hope ZIP code, 48628, serves the township. The first settlers, Orrin Maltby and Joseph Rooker, arrived in 1856. The first township meeting was in 1871, and a post office was established in May of the same year.

## Geography

Hope Township is in northern Midland County, bordered to the north by Gladwin County. According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 23.4 square miles (61 km$^2$), of which 23.0 square miles (60 km$^2$) are land and 0.3 square miles (0.78 km$^2$), or 1.42%, are water. The Tittabawassee River crosses the northwest corner of the township and until a 2020 dam failure was impounded as Wixom Lake.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,286 people, 508 households, and 390 families residing in the township. The population density was 55.8 inhabitants per square mile (21.5/km$^2$). There were 604 housing units at an average density of 26.2 per square mile (10.1/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the township was 97.51% White, 1.01% African American, 0.23% Native American, 0.08% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 0.31% from other races, and 0.78% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.62% of the population.
There were 508 households, out of which 27.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.3% were married couples living together, 3.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.2% were non-families. 19.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 2.88.
In the township the population was spread out, with 23.0% under the age of 18, 5.6% from 18 to 24, 28.2% from 25 to 44, 29.5% from 45 to 64, and 13.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 109.3 males.
The median income for a household in the township was $45,313, and the median income for a family was $50,365. Males had a median income of $38,125 versus $24,911 for females. The per capita income for the township was $23,660. About 2.3% of families and 3.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.4% of those under age 18 and 5.4% of those age 65 or over.

## Notable people

* Sara Lee, WWE Tough Enough winner (Season 6)
# Cougar C22

The Cougar C22 was a Group C sports car prototype used in the World Sports-Prototype Championship sports car racing series, from 1988 to 1989.

## Development history and racing record

The Cougar C20, a closed Group C prototype, was developed by Yves Courage in 1987 and prepared for the respective races by his own racing team, the Courage Compétition. Powered by a 2.8-liter Porsche 6-cylinder turbocharged engine, where it made its debut at the 24 Hours of Le Mans, and retired after 30 laps. The car's best result was a 6th-place finish at 1989 480 km of Dijon, which was also its best overall finish, being driven by Pascal Fabre and Jean-Louis Bousquet. It was driven by Ukyou Katayama, François Migault, Paul Belmondo, Pascal Fabre, Hervé Regout, Jean-Denis Delétraz, Fabien Giroix, Oscar Manautou, Alessandro Santin, Jean-Louis Bousquet, Bernard de Dryver, Denis Morin, Bernard Santal, Patrick Gonin, and Jiro Yoneyama.
# Choluria

Choluria (or bilirubinuria) is a symptom defining an abnormal darkness of the urine, mainly due to a high level of conjugated bilirubin. Choluria is a common symptom of liver diseases, such as hepatitis and cirrhosis. It can be described as dark or brown urine, often referred to as the color of Coca-Cola. The presence of choluria is a useful symptom to distinguish if somebody presenting with jaundice has liver disease (direct hyperbilirubinaemia) or haemolysis (indirect hyperbilirubinaemia). In the first case, patients have choluria due to excess conjugated ("direct") bilirubin in blood, which is eliminated by the kidneys. Haemolysis, on the other hand, is characterized by unconjugated ("indirect") bilirubin, which is not water-soluble and is bound to albumin, and thus not eliminated in urine.
# Joseph State Airport

Joseph State Airport (ICAO: KJSY, FAA LID: JSY, formerly 4S3) is a public use airport located one nautical mile (1.85 km) west of the central business district of Joseph, a city in Wallowa County, Oregon, United States. It is owned by the Oregon Department of Aviation.
Commercial flights are not currently available to Joseph. The nearest commercial flights are at the Eastern Oregon Regional Airport in Pendleton.
Although many U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, this airport is assigned JSY by the FAA but has no designation from the IATA (which assigned JSY to Syros Island National Airport on Syros Island in Greece).

## Facilities and aircraft

Joseph State Airport covers an area of 103 acres (42 ha) at an elevation of 4,126 feet (1,258 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 15/33 with an asphalt surface measuring 5,202 by 60 feet (1,586 x 18 m). The airport has automatic lighting and no control tower.
For the 12-month period ending August 28, 2018, the airport had 3,850 aircraft operations, an average of 74 per week: 94% general aviation and 6% air taxi. At that time there were 14 aircraft based at this airport: all single-engine.
# Bowmanasellus sequoiae

Bowmanasellus sequoiae, commonly known as the Sequoia Cave isopod, is a species of crustacean in the family Asellidae. It is endemic to California in the United States.
# Christine McElwee

Christine Clare McElwee (formerly La Varis, née Brewer; 22 July 1946 – 25 June 2022) was a New Zealand local politician, historian, author and teacher. She served as a member of the Taupō District Council from 1995 to 2010, including six years as deputy mayor.

## Early life and family

McElwee was born on 22 July 1946 in Whanganui. She attended Whanganui Girls' College, where she was head girl. She studied geography at Victoria University of Wellington, where she completed a teaching diploma, and subsequently worked as a high school teacher in Wellington and London. In the 1980s and 1990s, she worked as a tourism marketing consultant.
In 1975, she married Ray La Varis, a politician, who died in 1986. In 1991, she married Clayton McElwee, who predeceased her by two months. She had one daughter.

## Later life

McElwee served as a councillor on the Taupō District Council from 1995 to 2010, including six years as deputy mayor. As a councillor she advocated for the environment, the arts, rural communities, and greater accountability and transparency. Her nephew, Cameron Brewer, said that she was a mentor to him in his role as an Auckland city councillor.
McElwee made contributions to Taupō local history. She lived in Acacia Bay for nearly 50 years and was a member of the Acacia Bay Residents Association. She coordinated the Acacia Bay History Project, initiated in 2011. In 2013, she wrote Tribute to Western Bay, Lake Taupō (illustrated by John Parsons). The book described the Western Bay of Lake Taupō, including the development of the Kinloch settlement by former prime minister Keith Holyoake. McElwee had a lifelong interest in horse racing, and in 2015 she was commissioned by the Taupō Racing Club to write Winning Against the Odds, a history of the club from its foundation in 1965 to 2015.
McElwee also had an interest in art; in 1992 she co-authored Ngā Marae o Ngāti Tūwharetoa with local artist Val Raymond, featuring Raymond's drawings of marae around Taupō. After Raymond's death in 2021, in early 2022 McElwee curated Transformation, an exhibition of Raymond's work, at the Taupō Museum. She also helped finish Raymond's book Heritage Painting: Taupō-nui-a-Tia New Zealand, which was published in the same year. In 2018, she helped ensure that an 1889 painting of Lake Taupō by Charles Decimus Barraud, up for auction in Auckland, was purchased by the Taupō Museum.
McElwee died at her home in Taupō on 25 June 2022.

## Selected works

* Ngā Marae o Ngāti Tūwharetoa (1992, with Val Raymond)
* Tribute to Western Bay, Lake Taupō (2013, with John Parsons)
* Winning Against the Odds: the Taupō Racing Club's first fifty years, 1965-2015 (2015)
# Belenois ogygia

Belenois ogygia is a butterfly in the family Pieridae. It is found in South Africa and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

## Taxonomy

The species is probably a hybrid of Belenois thysa and Belenois zochalia.

## Subspecies

* Belenois ogygia ogygia (South Africa)
* Belenois ogygia bongeya Berger, 1981 (Democratic Republic of the Congo)
# Hans Henric von Essen

Count Hans Henric von Essen (26 September 1755 – 28 June 1824) was a Swedish officer, courtier and statesman.

## Biography

Hans Henric von Essen was born at Kavlås Castle in Tidaholm Municipality, Västra Götaland County, Sweden. He was a member of the Essen family. He was educated at Uppsala University. He entered the army, becoming a cornet at age 18. He accompanied Gustav III in his travels and campaigns. He accompanied Gustav III at the 1792 masquerade ball at the Royal Opera House in Stockholm on 16 March 1792, where the king was shot and mortally injured. Hans Henrik von Essen was credited with immediately ordering the doors to the ballroom to be locked, in order not to let the assassin getaway.
In 1788, Hans Henric von Essen was the center of a scandal at the royal court. He had for about ten years been involved in a relationship with the famous lady-in-waiting Augusta von Fersen. In 1788, however, he proposed to Charlotta Eleonora De Geer (1771-1791) and was accepted. His proposal was met with great dislike within the royal court because of sympathy with the popular Augusta von Fersen, and he was challenged to a duel by captain count Adolph Ribbing. Ribbing had also proposed to De Geer but had been declined by her father, which he refused to accept as he believed he had reasons to think that De Geer preferred him and that Essen had proposed because of economic reasons, as De Geer was very wealthy, and as von Essen's proposal and marriage plans were commonly disliked within the court. The duel took place in the royal riding house in the presence of several officers and led to the defeat of von Essen, who was slightly injured. The duel was regarded as a scandal and a crime against the King.
Hans Henrik von Essen was appointed Colonel in 1787, Major General in 1795, and Field Marshal in 1811. He served as the Governor of Stockholm from 1795 to 1797 and as the Governor-General of Pomerania from 1800 to 1809. Upon the revolution of 1809, he received the title of count and a place in the Council of State. In 1810 he was sent as Ambassador to Paris by Charles XIII, and his negotiations with Napoleon's ministers restored Pomerania to Sweden.
In 1814, Hans Henrik von Essen served as the commander of the Swedish military forces at the border with Norway. By the Treaty of Kiel, the King of Denmark had to cede Norway to the King of Sweden, due to the alliance of Denmark-Norway with France during the later phases of the Napoleonic Wars. This treaty was however not accepted by the Norwegians. The Norwegian-Swedish War of 1814 was fought in the summer of 1814. Subsequently, the Convention of Moss was signed resulting in the Union between Sweden and Norway. Hans Henrik von Essen served as the Governor-general of Norway until he was succeeded by Count Carl Carlsson Mörner during 1816.
# Mark Spragg

Mark Spragg (born 1952) is an American writer. He is the author of three novels and one book of nonfiction, mostly set in Wyoming, where he grew up.

## Biography

Mark Spragg grew up on the Crossed Sabers Ranch, a Wyoming dude ranch eight miles east of Yellowstone National Park. He graduated from the University of Wyoming in Laramie in 1974, with a major in English. He worked on an oil rig, shoed horses, and led pack trips to support his writing.
In 1999 he published a memoir, Where Rivers Change Direction, about his unusual childhood, with no TV or radio but surrounded by vast expanses of rugged outdoor beauty. The book received starred reviews in Publishers Weekly and Library Journal, and won the 2000 Mountains and Plains Booksellers Award for Nonfiction
Spragg later published the novels The Fruit of Stone, An Unfinished Life, and Bone Fire. He also co-wrote the screenplay to An Unfinished Life with his wife, Virginia Korus Spragg.
He lives with his wife, Virginia, in Red Lodge, Montana.

## Works
### Novels

The Fruit of Stone. Riverhead Hardcover, 2002. Highbridge Audiobook, 2003. Riverhead Trade, 2003. Vintage Contemporaries, 2011. ISBN 978-0307739384 Reviewed in the Economist and Publishers Weekly ". According to WorldCat, the book is held in 817 libraries.
An Unfinished Life. Knopf, 2004. Vintage, 2005. ISBN 978-1400076147. Reviewed in the New York Times by Claire Dederer and USA Today According to WorldCat, the book is held in 1342 libraries.
Bone Fire. Knopf, 2010. Vintage, 2011. ISBN 978-030747435-3 Reviewed in Outside Magazine and Library Journal s " According to WorldCat, the book is held in 829 libraries.

### Nonfiction

Where Rivers Change Direction. University of Utah Hardcover, 1999. Riverhead Paperback, 2000. ISBN 978-1-5732-2825-1 This books was reviewed in Publishers Weekly " and Library Journal " According to WorldCat, the book is held in 805 libraries
# James H. Hubert

James Henry Hubert (1886-1970) was a social worker and the Executive Secretary of the New York Urban League. In 1929, Hubert asked Margaret Sanger to open a birth control clinic in Harlem. He wrote for the periodical Opportunity: Journal of Negro Life Hubert died on April 29, 1970, in New York at the age of 84.
# Mirza Ghalib (disambiguation)

Mirza Ghalib commonly refers to Ghalib (1797–1869), a classical Urdu and Persian poet of India.
It may also refer to:
* Mirza Ghalib (film), a 1954 Indian Hindi-Urdu biographical film
* Mirza Ghalib (TV series), a 1988 Indian biographical television drama series
* Mirza Ghalib Street, a street in central Kolkata, India
* Mirza Ghalib College, a college in Bihar, India
# Berberis arguta

Berberis arguta is a shrub in the Berberidaceae described as a species in 1908, having been first described in 1886 at the "forma" level. It is endemic to China and is found only in the Province of Yunnan in southwestern China.
# Berberis bracteolata

Berberis bracteolata is a shrub in the Berberidaceae described as a species in 1917. It is endemic to China, known from Sichuan and Yunnan Provinces.

## Taxonomy

Berberis bracteolata was initially scientifically described and named Mahonia bracteolata by Hisayoshi Takeda. In 1997 a paper was published by Joseph Edward Laferrière arguing for moving it and other species out of genus Mahonia to genus Berberis that has since become the most commonly accepted classification.
# Berberis asiatica

Berberis asiatica (Indian or Asian barberry), is a species of shrub, in the family Berberidaceae. It is native to the Himalayas (East and West Himalaya), India (including Himachal Pradesh region), Bangladesh, Myanmar, Nepal and Tibet.
It is found in subtropical to temperate regions, and at altitudes of 600–2,700 m (1,968.5–8,858.3 ft) above sea level.
B. asiatica is an upright, spiny and glabrous bush. It has blood-red coloured fruit.
It was first published in Syst. Nat. 2: 13 in 1821. The name has been verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 2 January 2003.
Its fruit has potential nutraceutical values. Extracts from the fruit possesses a potential source of polyphenolic, mainly anthocyanin compounds, which can be used for treating inflammation diseases (Neag et al. 2018).
# Benjamin Martyn

Benjamin Martyn (1698–1763) was an English writer and government official. He served as the only secretary for the Trustees for the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia in America from 1732 to 1752. He then served as the colony’s agent for the Crown from February, 1753 until 1763.

## Literary career

Before he was retained by the Georgia trustees, Martyn authored a well-received tragedy, Timoleon, in 1730, an effort supported by Alexander Pope. He and Pope collaborated on an effort to erect a monument to Shakespeare. Martyn was instrumental in founding the society for the Encouragement of Learning in 1736.
Martyn was retained by Anthony Ashley Cooper, 4th Earl of Shaftesbury, a Georgia trustee, to write a biography of his great-grandfather, Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury. The 1st earl was a notable figure in seventeenth century English politics and with philosopher John Locke designed the settlement plan for the Carolina Colony.

## The Georgia trustees

Martyn authored several publications for the trustees on the colony, including "Some Account of the Trustees Design for the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia in America," based on a tract written by James Oglethorpe. The document contains the principles for settling the Georgia Colony, now known as the Oglethorpe Plan.
# George Guy (trade unionist)

Leslie George Guy (1 September 1918 – 4 December 2005) was a British trade unionist.
Guy came to prominence as a member of the National Union of Sheet Metal Workers and Braziers. He served as a shop steward, on his district committee and then the National Executive Committee before, in 1972, winning election as National President of the union. In 1974, he instead became Assistant General Secretary, then in 1977 he was elected as General Secretary.
Alongside the secretaryship of the union, Guy was elected to the executive of the Confederation of Shipbuilding and Engineering Unions, and to the General Council of the Trades Union Congress (TUC). However, in 1983, the General Council was reorganised and Guy lost his seat. Later that year, the Sheet Metal Workers merged into the Technical, Administrative and Supervisory Section union, Guy becoming assistant secretary of its craft section. He retired the following year.
# Brécourt (playwright)

Guillaume Marcoureau, better known as Brécourt, (10 February 1638 – 28 March 1685) was a 17th-century French playwright and actor.

## Biography

The son of the comedians Pierre Marcoureau, called Beaulieu, and Marie Boulanger, he made his debut with his parents around 1650 in Philandre's troupe under the name "little Beaulieu". Shortly after, he took the pseudonym Brécourt, the name of the former hotel Brécourt that his father owned in joint possession in Paris.
On 18 December 1659, he married Étiennette Des Urlis (1629–1713), the daughter of comedians. He played at the Théâtre du Marais then joined the troupe de Molière which he left in 1664 for the Hôtel de Bourgogne ; The illustration above shows the frontispiece of the publication in 1666 of The Nopce of village (John Lepautre engraving, detail, not published since 1682). It is likely that he created this play at the Palais-Royal two years before joining the troupe of the "Burgundians". After a few brief passages in Paris, he lived in London, where he had a Ballet et musique pour le divertissement du Roy de la Grande-Bretagne presented in 1674. Brécourt then directed the troupe of the prince of Orange which played at The Hague in 1680 and 1681. Back in Paris, he joined the Comédie-Française in 1682 and died in 1685, after he had renounced his comedian activity.
Brécourt especially distinguished himself in comedy, for the use of "coat roles". Louis XIV said that "he could make fagots laugh."
His plays are comedies in verse, very mediocre and which obtained some success only thanks to the game of the author.
In 1685 in Paris, to the point of death, he gave up his acting career in the historical context of excommunication of actors. He testified that he "acknowledged having heretofore made the actor by profession, gave up completely and promised from a true and sincere heart not to exercise any more nor up to the stage, should he return in complete and full health."
Brécourt died after an effort he made playing one of his own comedies, Timon.

## Works

* 1659: La Feinte mort de Jodelet (Paris)
* 1664: Le Grand benêt de fils
* 1666: Le Jaloux invisible (Paris)
* 1666: La Noce de village (Paris)
* 1667: L'Infante salicoque ou le Héros de roman
* 1674: Ballet et musique pour le divertissement du Roy de la Grande Bretagne (London)
* 1674: L'Ombre de Molière (Paris)
* 1674: La Régale des cousins de la cousine (Francfort)
* 1683: La Cassette
* 1684: Timon ou les Flatteurs trompés (Rouen)
# Miroslav Penkov

Miroslav Penkov is a Bulgarian writer who writes in English and Bulgarian. He was born in Gabrovo, Bulgaria in 1982, lived in Sofia for fourteen years and in 2001, at the age of 18, moved to the United States of America. He studied for a bachelor's degree in psychology and a Master of Fine Arts in creative writing at the University of Arkansas. He is a professor of creative writing at the University of North Texas.
His stories have been translated in over twenty languages and have appeared in A Public Space, Granta, One Story, The Southern Review, The Sunday Times, The Best American Short Stories 2008 (edited by Salman Rushdie), The PEN/O. Henry Prize Stories 2012 and The Best American Nonrequired Reading 2013.

## Early life

When he was four years old, his family moved to Sofia, the capital city of Bulgaria. He spent fourteen years in Sofia, where he graduated from the First English Language High School.

## Awards and honors

In 2007, his short story "Buying Lenin" won The Southern Review's Eudora Welty Prize in Fiction. Later, Salman Rushdie included "Buying Lenin" in The Best American Short Stories 2008.
In 2012, his story "East of the West" won the BBC International Short Story Award. In the US, the story was anthologized in the PEN/O. Henry Prize Stories 2012 and The Best American Nonrequired Reading 2013.
In 2014, Penkov was selected as a protégé by mentor Michael Ondaatje as part of the Rolex Mentor and Protégé Arts Initiative, an international philanthropic program that pairs masters in their disciplines with emerging talents for a year of one-to-one creative exchange.
His debut story collection East of the West (Farrar, Straus and Giroux 2011) has been published in seventeen countries. It was a finalist for the 2012 William Saroyan International Prize for Writing and the Steven Turner Award for First Fiction by the Texas Institute of Letters. In 2016, FSG published his novel Stork Mountain, which appeared in Bulgaria under the title "Щъркелите и планината" (Ciela 2016).
Penkov's short story "A Picture with Yuki" was adapted into a feature film of the same title. A Bulgarian-Japanese production, the film was directed by Lachezar Avramov and starred Rushi Vidinliev, Kiki Sugino, Dimiter Marinov, and Bulgarian boxing legend Serafim Todorov.

## Works

* East of the West: A Country in Stories, Farrar, Straus and Giroux 2011 (US, first edition). ISBN 0374117330
* Stork Mountain: A Novel, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2016 (US, first edition). ISBN 9780374222796