OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# HMS Torch

Six ships of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Torch:
* HMS Torch (1804), a fireship, purchased in 1804 and sold in 1807
* HMS Torch (1805), formerly the French Torche captured in 1805, renamed but never commissioned. She was broken up in 1811.
* HMS Torch (1845), launched in 1845 and sold in 1856.
* HMS Torch (1859), a Philomel-class gunvessel launched in 1859 and broken up in 1881.
* HMS Torch (1894), an Alert-class sloop launched in 1894. She was transferred to the New Zealand government in 1917 as Firebrand.
* HMS Torch (1918), a S-class destroyer launched in 1918 and sold in 1929.
In addition one vessel of the Royal Maritime Auxiliary Service has been named Torch
# Herbert W. Roesky

Herbert Roesky (born 6 November 1935) is an internationally renowned German inorganic chemist.

## Biography

Professor Herbert W. Roesky was born in 1935 in Laukischken. He obtained his doctorate from Göttingen and worked at Du Pont in the United States before returning to his alma mater where he retired in 2004. He is primarily known for his pioneering work on fluorides of both transitional and normal metals. He has been a visiting professor at Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, Tokyo Institute of Technology, and Kyoto University, and he has also been a Frontier Lecturer at Texas A&M University at College Station, University of Texas at Austin, and University of Iowa at Iowa City. He is a member of the Academy of Sciences at Göttingen, the New York Academy of Sciences, the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina in Halle, the Russian Academy of Sciences, Associé étranger de l’Académie des Sciences, and the Academia Europæa in London.
He served as the Vice President of the German Chemical Society during 1995, and presently he is the President of the Academy of Sciences of Göttingen.
More than 1000 peer-reviewed papers, articles, patents, and books record his research activity in the areas of inorganic chemistry and Material sciences. He is also the recipient of several prizes, i.e. the prestigious Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize, the Alfred Stock Memorial Prize, the Grand Prix de la Foundation de la Maison de la Chimie, the Wilkinson Prize and ACS awards in Inorganic and Fluorine Chemistry.
# James Townley House

The James Townley House is a historic farmhouse on the campus of Kean University located at the intersection of Morris Avenue and Green Lane in Union Township, Union County, New Jersey. It was documented by the Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) in 1939. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 14, 1979, for its significance in architecture.

## History and description

The oldest part of the farmhouse was built before 1796 by William Townley. His son James Townley (1760–1823) expanded it twice by 1820. The property remained in the Townley family until 1848 when Noah Parcell acquired it and added Greek Revival features. Hamilton F. Kean became the owner of the house in 1917. He was a U.S. Senator for New Jersey from 1929 to 1935. The state bought the property in 1954 and used it to move Newark State College (now Kean University) here.
# Taiwan yuhina

The Taiwan yuhina (Yuhina brunneiceps), also known as Formosan yuhina, is a small songbird endemic to the island of Taiwan.

## Taxonomy and systematics

Like other yuhinas, it is closely related to the white-eyes and if these were considered a distinct family Zosteropidae, it would be placed there. Otherwise, it would be classed with the white-eyes in the Old World babbler Timaliidae family. The closest living relative of this species appears to be the black-chinned yuhina, which occurs on the Asian mainland.

## Description

The Taiwan yuhina is 12–13 cm (4.7–5.1 in) in length with a chocolate brown crest and a black beard stripe descending from its beak. The bird's back, wings and tail are dark ash brown, and its lower breast is lighter in colour. Agreeing with other typical yuhinas in habitus, its colouration pattern makes it rather distinctive among the genus.

## Habitat and ecology

This species is found in hill forests at elevations of 1,000–3,200 m (3,300–10,500 ft) above sea level, although it is most common between 1,500–2,500 m (4,900–8,200 ft); it can descend to lower altitudes in winter. It is gregarious, active and quite tame. It keeps to lower forest and often joins other species, especially tits in mixed flocks. The flocks, while feeding, make a constant soft chatter. The call of the Taiwan yuhina is a sound somewhat like twi-MI-chiu, which resembles the phrase "We MEET you". The Taiwan yuhina's diet mainly consists of nectar, berries, flowers and small insects. It may sometimes be observed hanging upside down on cherry trees. These songbirds are particularly fond of the flowers of the Chinese tulip tree and the fruits of trees of the family Elaeagnaceae and the genus Idesia (Salicaceae).
Based on a population in Nantou County, diet during the breeding season mostly consists of nectar and fruits of Taiwan cherry (Prunus campanulata), fruits of eastern debregeasia (Debregeasia orientalis), and the nectar of mistletoe Taxillus lonicerifolius.
The breeding season for the Taiwan yuhina is from May to June.
# Macrosoma muscerdata

Macrosoma muscerdata is a moth-like butterfly in the family Hedylidae. It was described by Austrian entomologists Cajetan von Felder and Alois Friedrich Rogenhofer in 1875.
# Oesterley

Oesterley, a surname of German origin, may refer to:
* Carl Wilhelm Friedrich Oesterley (1805–1891), German painter and art historian
* Carl August Heinrich Ferdinand Oesterley (1839–1930), German landscape painter
* Hermann Oesterley [de] (1834–1891), German historian
* Marie Oesterley [de] (1842–1917), German painter
* William Oscar Emil (W.O.E.) Oesterley (1866–1950), British theologian
# James Reese Phifer

James Reese Phifer (1916–1998) was an American businessman and philanthropist from Alabama.

## Early life

James Reese Phifer was born on February 19, 1916, in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. His father was William Phifer and his mother, Olga Gough.
He graduated from the University of Alabama, where he received a bachelor's degree, followed by a law degree. He also learned how to fly airplanes.

## Career

Phifer started his career as a lawyer. During World War II, he helped train British and French pilots.
In 1952, Phifer founded the Phifer Aluminum Screen Company, a manufacturing company. The firm made Phifer, an insect screening made of fiberglass. It also produced Sunscreen, a sunray- and heat-resistant sunscreen, and Phifertex, a coating made of vinyl which protects furniture from the sun. By 1956, he renamed the company Phifer Wire Products. It is now known as Phifer, Inc. By 1998, according to The New York Times, it produced "more than half the world's aluminum insect screening and more than 60 percent of the world's fiberglass insect screening."

## Philanthropy

Phifer founded the Reese Phifer Jr. Memorial Trust, a philanthropic non-profit organization, in 1964. Additionally, he made charitable contributions to his alma mater, the University of Alabama. He received the Tutwiler Award in 1981 and an honorary doctorate in 1984. By 1991, the Reese Phifer Hall was renamed in his honor.
He was inducted into the Alabama Business Hall of Fame in 1991. Ten years later, in 2001, he was inducted into the Tuscaloosa County Civic Hall of Fame.

## Personal life

He married Sue Clarkson. They had a son, who predeceased him, and three daughters.

## Death

He died in 1998 in Tuscaloosa, Alabama.
# Physokentia thurstonii

Physokentia thurstonii is a species of flowering plant in the family Arecaceae. It is found only in Fiji. It is threatened by habitat loss.
# Nesochoris

Nesochoris is a genus of moths belonging to the family Tortricidae.

## Species

* Nesochoris brachystigma Clarke, 1965
* Nesochoris holographa Clarke, 1965
# The King's Last Song

The King's Last Song is a novel by Canadian author Geoff Ryman. It was first published in 2006 by HarperCollins in the UK. It was published in the United States in 2008 by Small Beer Press.

## Plot introduction

Set in Cambodia, it tells the story of Map, a policeman and former Khmer Rouge, and young motoboy William as they search for the gold leaf memoirs of the 12th Century king Jayavarman VII, which have been stolen by a former lieutenant of Pol Pot. The memoir is fictional, but Jayavarman is not, and an account of his life and reign is told in a parallel thread. In addition there is a lengthy flashback to Map's violent activities in the last years of the Cambodian war. The novel makes explicit the contrast between ancient Cambodia's opulence and the poverty and corruption of its modern counterpart.
# H. Gordon Tidey

Herbert Gordon Tidey (1879-1971) was an English railway photographer. Described as "one of the fathers of railway photography" he was active from the 1890s through the 1950s.
Writing in 1954, he described the background to his work as follows:
   From about 1900 onwards, I have made a point of giving a week annually to a tour devoted entirely to Railway Photography, on some occasions by car, but, when long distances were involved, by train... During these 54 odd years I suppose I must have covered a large part of England and Scotland. I visited many interesting districts on several occasions – with a few years' gap between – and therefore was able to record the changing outline of the locomotives on the important trains.
Oxenholme station is an example of a favourite location, but Tidey did indeed range widely, and it is estimated that he took around 6000 photographs. Characteristically he took ¾-front views of mainline steam trains in action, taking care to include the complete train in the composition, favouring a high viewpoint when he could obtain one, and sometimes deliberately choosing to shoot from the shadow side of the line. By the middle of his photographic career he preferred to use a Delnollo Nettel focal plane press camera taking glass plates.
His work was published in The Railway Magazine from 1902; in the Interwar period "he often attained the place of honour – the full page frontispiece." However, from 1910 to 1919, his work appeared instead in The Railway Magazine's rival, Railway and Travel Monthly, which also sold his work as prints.
At times in his career he sold postcard prints of his photographs himself or through Oldlands of Palmers Green or "B[rightman] & R[ushton]" of London. He suspended photographic activity during World War II; afterwards copies of his pictures were sold by Real Photographs Co., Ian Allan and Lens of Sutton. Most of his glass plates are now with the National Railway Museum, York; some are held by RAS Publishing.
By profession he was an estate agent in North London, also contributing photographs to the local Southgate Recorder newspaper and being an amateur musician.
# Herbert W. Virgin

Herbert W. "Skip" Virgin was the Edward Mallinckrodt Professor and Chair of the Department of Pathology & Immunology at the Washington University School of Medicine and a member of the National Academy of Sciences. He is best known for establishing murine norovirus as a model system for studying norovirus biology, for identifying host phenotypes associated with persistent viral infections, for defining alterations to the human virome in the context of different diseases, and for elucidating the roles of autophagy and interferon-stimulated genes during viral infection.

## Life

Herbert Virgin was born in Miami, Florida and studied biology at Harvard University as an undergraduate, graduating magna cum laude. He obtained his M.D. and Ph.D. from Harvard Medical School, with his thesis work focusing on host immune responses to Listeria monocytogenes, and completed his residency in internal medicine at Brigham and Women's Hospital. Following post-doctoral training in the laboratory of Bernard Fields, he joined the faculty of the Washington University School of Medicine. He remained at Washington University until 2018, most recently as Chair of the Department of Pathology & Immunology. Virgin left St. Louis to enter the biomedical industrial sector, and was succeeded as chairman by Richard J. Cote.

## Selected publications

* Barton, E; White, D; Cathelyn, J; Brett-McClellan, K; Engle, M; Diamond, M; Miller, V; Virgin, H (2007). "Herpesvirus latency confers symbiotic protection from bacterial infection". Nature. 447 (7142): 326–329. Bibcode:2007Natur.447..326B. doi:10.1038/nature05762. PMID 17507983. S2CID 4425405.
* Nice, T; Baldridge, M; McCune, B; Norman, J; Lazear, H; Artyomov, M; Diamond, M; Virgin, H (2015). "Interferon λ cures persistent murine norovirus infection in the absence of adaptive immunity". Science. 347 (6219): 269–273. Bibcode:2015Sci...347..269N. doi:10.1126/science.1258100. PMC 4398891. PMID 25431489.
* Orchard, R; Wilen, C; Doench, J; Baldridge, M; McCune, B; Lee, Y; Lee, S; Pruett-Miller, S; Nelson, C; Fremont, D; Virgin, H (2016). "Discovery of a proteinaceous cellular receptor for a norovirus". Science. 26 (6302): 933–936. Bibcode:2016Sci...353..933O. doi:10.1126/science.aaf1220. PMC 5484048. PMID 27540007.
* Norman, J; Handley, S; Baldridge, M; Droit, L; Liu, C; Keller, B; Kambal, A; Monaco, C; Zhao, G; Fleshner, P; Stappenbeck, T; McGovern, D; Keshavarzian, A; Mutlu, E; Sauk, J; Gevers, D; Xavier, R; Wang, D; Parkes, M; Virgin, H (2015). "Disease-specific alterations in the enteric viriome in inflammatory bowel disease". Cell. 160 (3): 447–460. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.01.002. PMC 4312520. PMID 25619688.
# Mendham Township Public Schools

The Mendham Township Public Schools is a community public school district serving students in pre-kindergarten through eighth grade in Mendham Township, in Morris County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey.
As of the 2020–21 school year, the district, comprising two schools, had an enrollment of 745 students and 73.9 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 10.1:1.
The district is classified by the New Jersey Department of Education as being in District Factor Group "J", the highest of eight groupings. District Factor Groups organize districts statewide to allow comparison by common socioeconomic characteristics of the local districts. From lowest socioeconomic status to highest, the categories are A, B, CD, DE, FG, GH, I and J.
Students in public school for ninth through twelfth grades attend West Morris Mendham High School, which is located in Mendham Borough and serves students from Chester Borough, Chester Township, Mendham Borough and Mendham Township. The school is part of the West Morris Regional High School District, which also serves students from Washington Township at West Morris Mendham High School. As of the 2020–21 school year, the high school had an enrollment of 1,142 students and 91.9 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.4:1.

## Awards and recognition

Mendham Township Middle School was one of 11 in the state to be recognized in 2014 by the United States Department of Education's Blue Ribbon Schools Program.
Mendham Township Elementary School was honored by the National Blue Ribbon Schools Program in 2019, one of nine schools in the state recognized as Exemplary High Performing Schools.

## Schools

Schools in the district (with 2020–21 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are:

### Elementary school

* Mendham Township Elementary School with 429 students in grades PreK-4
** Julianne Kotcho, principal

### Middle school

* Mendham Township Middle School with 313 students in grades 5-8
** Patrick J. Ciccone, principal

## Administration

Core members of the district's administration are:
* Salvatore M. Constantino, superintendent
* Donna Mosner, business administrator and board secretary

## Board of education

The district's board of education is comprised of seven members who set policy and oversee the fiscal and educational operation of the district through its administration. As a Type II school district, the board's trustees are elected directly by voters to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with either two or three seats up for election each year held (since 2014) as part of the November general election. The board appoints a superintendent to oversee the district's day-to-day operations and a business administrator to supervise the business functions of the district.
# Macrosoma leucophasiata

Macrosoma leucophasiata is a moth-like butterfly in the family Hedylidae. It was described by Paul Thierry-Mieg in 1904.
# Regional Transportation Plan

The Regional Transportation Plan (RTP) in the United States is a long-term blueprint of a region's transportation system. Usually RTPs are conducted every five years and are plans for thirty years into the future, with the participation of dozens of transportation and infrastructure specialists. The plan identifies and analyzes transportation needs of the metropolitan region and creates a framework for project priorities.
These plans are normally the product of recommendations and studies carried out and put forth by a Metropolitan planning organization (MPO). MPOs were formed under the 1962 Federal-Aid Highway Act and are required for any urban area with a population of greater than 50,000.

## Aims and objectives

MPOs must consider the following points when planning an RTP:
* Support the economic vitality of the metropolitan areas, especially by enabling global competitiveness, productivity, and efficiency.
* Increase the safety of the system for users of all modes of transportation.
* Raise the ability of the transportation system to support homeland security and to safeguard the security of users of all modes of transportation.
* Improve accessibility and mobility for people and freight.
* Enhance the integration and connectivity of the transportation system, between modes, for people and freight.
* Environmental considerations:
** Protect and enhance the environment;
** promote energy conservation;
** improve the quality of life; and,
** promote consistency between transportation projects, and State and local planned growth and economic development patterns.
* Promote efficient operation and management of the system.
* Emphasize the preservation of the existing transportation system.
# Potosi Badger Huts Site

The Potosi Badger Huts Site is located in Potosi, Wisconsin. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996. It was listed for its potential to yield information in the future.
It is an archeological site which includes the remnants of two structures, plus 100 "diggings", shafts, and a possible adit. The site derives "from the early 1830s and was probably abandoned by the late 1840s, when the initial lead boom ended. Covering approximately 10 acres, the site is located on the top and sides of a southwest to northeast bearing ridge that overlooks the village of Potosi."

## History

The National Register of Historic Places states that "Although no artifacts have yet been recovered to assign these structures to the early lead mining era, the appearance of the rock walls suggest some antiquity. The stones are moss-covered and the spaces between the stones have filled with dirt. Long-term Potosi residents also regard them as the remains of early miners' (a.k.a. badgers) huts. The evidence, admittedly, remains circumstantial."
# Piano Sonata No. 19

Piano Sonata No. 19 may refer to:
* Piano Sonata No. 19 (Beethoven)
* Piano Sonata No. 19 (Mozart)
* Piano Sonata No. 19 (Schubert)
# Büchner flask

A Büchner flask, also known as a vacuum flask, filter flask, suction flask, side-arm flask, or Bunsen flask, is a thick-walled Erlenmeyer flask with a short glass tube and hose barb protruding about an inch from its neck.

## Description

The short tube and hose barb effectively act as an adapter over which the end of a thick-walled flexible hose (tubing) can be fitted to form a connection to the flask. The other end of the hose can be connected to source of vacuum such as an aspirator, vacuum pump, or house vacuum. Preferably this is done through a trap (see below), which is designed to prevent the sucking back of water from the aspirator into the Büchner flask. The purpose of applying a vacuum is to speed the filtration by providing a pressure differential across the filter medium that is greater than that produced by gravity alone.

## Operation

The thick wall of the Büchner flask provides it the strength to withstand the pressure difference while holding a vacuum inside. It is primarily used together with a Büchner funnel fitted through a drilled rubber bung or an elastomer adapter (a Büchner ring) at the neck on top of the flask for the filtration of samples. The Büchner funnel holds the sample isolated from the suction by a layer of filter paper. During filtration, the filtrate enters and is held by the flask while the residue remains on the filter paper in the funnel.
The Büchner flask can also be used as a vacuum trap in a vacuum line to ensure that no fluids are carried over from the aspirator or vacuum pump (or other vacuum source) to the evacuated apparatus or vice versa.

## Name

The flask is named after the industrial chemist Ernst Büchner, who invented it, despite the mistaken belief held by many people that it's named after chemist and Nobel Laureate Eduard Buchner.
# Mahan Kosh

Guru Shabad Ratnakar Mahan Kosh (Punjabi: ਗੁਰਸ਼ਬਦ ਰਤਨਾਕਰ ਮਹਾਨ ਕੋਸ਼), known by its more popular name of Mahan Kosh (ਮਹਾਨ ਕੋਸ਼) and by the English title Encyclopædia of the Sikh Literature, is a Punjabi language encyclopedia and dictionary which was compiled by Bhai Kahn Singh Nabha over fourteen years. It was the first Punjabi encyclopedia, it contains more than 70,000 words, some of them has sufficient reference from Guru Granth Sahib, Dasam Granth, Gur Pratap Suraj Granth and from other Sikh books. It is considered a groundbreaking work in terms of its impact and its level of scholarship.

## Dictionary

Mahan Kosh has 64,263 entries arranged in the alphabetical order of the Gurmukhi script covering religious and historical terms in the Sikh canon. Each entry records the etymology and different meanings of a term "according to its usage at different places in different works" alongside textual quotations.
When words of Perso-Arabic or Sanskrit origin appear they are reproduced in their original scripts to inform readers of their correct pronunciation and connotation.

## Publication

While studying two existing titles, Pandit Tara Singh Narotam's Granth Guru Girarth Kos (1895) and Hazara Singh's Sri Guru Granth Kos (1899), Kahn Singh realized there would be great value in a lexicography on words occurring in Sikh historical texts as well as in the Guru Granth Sahib because it would promote literacy and critical studies in Punjabi.
On May 12, 1912 he resigned his position in Nabha State and began work on the project. His original patron, Maharaja Brijindar Singh of Faridkot State, who had earlier sponsored scholarly work on the Guru Granth Sahib died in 1918. His other patron, Maharaja Ripudaman Singh was forced to abdicate his throne in 1923. Maharaja Bhupinder Singh of Patiala State then offered to underwrite the entire expense of printing. Kahn Singh finished the work on February 6, 1926 and printing began on October 26, 1927 at the Sudarshan Press in Amritsar, owned by the poet Dhani Ram Chatrik. The first printing, in four volumes, was finished on April 13, 1930. The Languages Department of Punjab, Patiala then published Mahan Kosh in one volume and it has gone through three editions, the latest released in 1981.
The Punjabi University in Patiala has translated it into English.