OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Guy Salvesen

Guy Salvesen is a South African-born biochemist, best known for his work in the field of apoptosis. His research focuses on proteases and their inhibitors in humans, with particular emphasis on the caspases of the apoptotic cell death pathway.
His PhD in biochemistry is from the University of Cambridge, studying under Alan Barrett (1981). His first posts were at the Strangeways Research Laboratory and MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge. In 1985, Salvesen moved to the USA, taking up a position at the University of Georgia. He joined the faculty of Duke University in 1987, and moved his laboratory to the Sanford-Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, California in 1996.
As of 2007, Salvesen is the Program Director in Apoptosis and Cell Death Research at the Sanford-Burnham Institute. He also holds an Assistant Professorship at Duke University.
He served as the Vice-Chair (the Americas) of the Biochemical Journal.

## Key recent publications

* Pop C, Timmer J, Sperandio S, Salvesen GS. (2006) The apoptosome activates caspase-9 by dimerization. Mol Cell 22: 269–275
* Eckelman BP, Salvesen GS. (2006) The human anti-apoptotic proteins cIAP1 and cIAP2 bind but do not inhibit caspases. J Biol Chem 281: 3254–3260
* Pop C, Salvesen GS. (2005) The nematode death machine in 3D. Cell 123: 192–193
* Scott FL, Denault JB, Riedl SJ, Shin H, Renatus M, Salvesen GS. (2005) XIAP inhibits caspase-3 and -7 using two binding sites: evolutionarily conserved mechanism of IAPs. EMBO J 24: 645–655
* Drag, M., Mikolajczyk, J., Krishnakumar, I. M., Huang, Z. and Salvesen, G. S. (2008) Activity profiling of human deSUMOylating enzymes (SENPs) with synthetic substrates suggests an unexpected specificity of two newly characterized members of the family. Biochem J 409, 461-469
* Riedl, S. J. and Salvesen, G. S. (2007) The apoptosome: signalling platform of cell death. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 5, 405-413
* Mikolajczyk, J., Drag, M., Bekes, M., Cao, J. T., Ronai, Z. and Salvesen, G. S. (2007) Small Ubiquitin-related Modifier (SUMO)-specific Proteases: Profiling The Specificities And Activities Of Human Senps. J Biol Chem 282, 26217-26224
* Timmer, J. C., Enoksson, M., Wildfang, E., Zhu, W., Igarashi, Y., Denault, J. B., Ma, Y., Dummitt, B., Chang, Y. H., Mast, A. E., Eroshkin, A., Smith, J., Tao, W. A. and Salvesen, G. S. (2007) Profiling constitutive proteolytic events in vivo. Biochem J 407, 41-48
# Gunsalus

Gunsalus is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Catherine Gunsalus González (born 1934), American Presbyterian minister and historian
* C. K. Gunsalus, American ethicist
* Irwin Gunsalus (1912–2008), American biochemist
# Charles Howard (Marist Brother)

Charles Howard FMS AM (29 October 1924 – 14 January 2012) was an Australian Marist Brother who held the office of worldwide superior general of the order from 1985 to 1993. His religious name during much of his Marist career was "Brother Elias". He was the only Australian to date elected to lead the Marist Brothers' worldwide organisation.

## Life and career
### Early life and teaching career

Howard was born in Melbourne on 29 October 1924. His family relocated to Sydney during his youth and he attended the Marist Brothers school in Randwick, Sydney. In 1942 he pronounced his first vows and received the religious habit.
He was on staff at St Joseph's College, Hunters Hill, from 1955 to 1956 and at the Marist juniorate in Mittagong. He was headmaster at St Joseph's College from 1962 to 1967 and was also headmaster at St Gregory's College, Campbelltown.

### Religious formation and leadership

Howard had studied for a period with the order in France in 1961 and in Rome in 1968 participating at the general chapter as a delegate. In 1968 he pursued studies in catechetics at Leuven, Belgium. Subsequently, he went to Dublin, Ireland, for further studies in psychology.
In 1972, Howard was appointed provincial of the Sydney province and served in that role and as provincial superior of the Marists in eastern Australia until 1976, when he was elected to the general council of the Marist Brothers in Rome. In 1985, he was the first Australian to be elected superior general of the Marist Brothers, and served as superior general until 1993. Major undertakings during his mandate included the creation of the International Finance Commission, the new Marist presence in Eastern Europe and the establishment of international scholasticates for Africa (MIC) and for Asia (MAPAC). After his generalate was over, he spent years in novitiates at Kutama (Africa) and Lomeri (Pacific). For a period he was the delegate visitor for the Sector of India.
In 1997, he was declared a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) in recognition of his service to the Catholic Church and the community, particularly in the fields of education, social justice and reform. In 2000 he was awarded an honorary doctorate by the Australian Catholic University.
# Bulbophyllum fukuyamae

Bulbophyllum fukuyamae is a species of orchid in the genus Bulbophyllum.
# Bulbophyllum forsythianum

Bulbophyllum forsythianum is a species of orchid in the genus Bulbophyllum found in Madagascar.
# Naval Base Merauke

Naval Base Merauke was a United States Navy base built during World War II at city of Merauke in the South Papua province of Indonesia, then Dutch New Guinea. The base was 2 miles from the mouth of the Merauke River. The US Navy built a PT boat base and base dock with anchorage to support the Pacific War and the New Guinea campaign.

## History

Merauke is a tropical city on the south coast of New Guinea Island. Base construction started on May 8, 1943 with the arrival of Seabees of the 55th Battalion. Much of the port had been destroyed by Japanese bombs. Seabee removed debris and repaired that which was usable. With the port dock destroyed, cows and barges were used to bring supply to shore, while a temporary wharf was built. A Seabee camp was built and a water purification plant. A permanent 300-foot pier and a PT boat base were completed on September 3.
On June 28 a 6,000-foot runway construction was started and was completed on July 7, 1943. The Empire of Japan had bases on the north shore of New Guinea, so the base was attacked by air sometimes with strafing and bombing. The first attack was on May 11, with no injuries, and some loss of gear. Naval Base Merauke operated daily reconnaissance patrols and the US Army did bombing missions from the runway. Merauke Force operated out of the base also.

## Bases and facilities

* Anchorage
* PT boat Bases
* Tank farm
* Naval Port facilities
* Supply depot
* Fuel depot
* Ammunition depot on Frances Bay
* Seabees camp
* Merauke Airfield 6,000-foot runway, that is now Mopah International Airport

## Gallery

* No. 86 Squadron RAAF about to take off in their Kittyhawk fighters at Merauke in April 1944
* Lockheed Ventura with RAAF at Merauke 1944
* RAAF No. 12 Squadron pilots in the mess at Merauke in December 1943
# Buchkamm

The Buchkamm, wrongly also called the Buchkamp, is a forested ridge south of Oberwildenthal in the western Saxon Ore Mountains of Germany. Its highest point is 951 metres above sea level and it runs from southwest to northeast, not far from the Czech border. The old Reichsstraße 93 from Leipzig, which makes its way over the Hirschenstander Pass to Karlsbad, runs past the foot of the Buchkamm by the Nasse Bridge. Today it is only used as a forest road. Until the 1990s there was also a royal Saxon milestone here. An old smuggler's path, the Butter Way (Butterweg), runs past the Buchkamm to the southeast. It was used to smuggle butter and other goods between Bohemia and Saxony. It is now a hiking trail.
The Große Bockau rises not far south of the Buchkamm on the Czech border.
In 1839 there was a mine, the Pfingstfest in operation on the Buchkamm.

## Literature

* Wander- und Wintersportkarte des Erzgebirges, Blatt 3 - Auersberg, im Auftrag des Sächs. Finanzministeriums herausgegeben vom Reichsamt für Landesaufnahme, 1928.
# Buchizya Mfune

Buchizya Mfune (born 11 October 1979) is a Zambian footballer for Green Buffaloes.
# Bulwick

Bulwick is a village and civil parish in North Northamptonshire, England. According to the 2001 census it had a population of 152 people, including Blatherwycke and increasing to 171 at the 2011 census. It is about six miles north-east of Corby, and is just off the A43 road. The Willow Brook runs through the village.
The villages name means 'bull specialised farm'.
The village Church of England parish church is dedicated to St Nicholas. Bulwick Meadows is a Site of Special Scientific Interest.
The village is twinned with Adams, North Dakota.
# Buly Arena Kravaře

Buly Arena is an ice hockey arena in Kravaře in the Czech Republic. The stadium was opened in 2003. It has a capacity of 640 seats and was built for the training of teams, including the Czech national ice hockey team.
Buly Arena is also a sport and relaxation centre. It offers a tennis hall, outdoor tennis courts and football pitch.
There are plans to build an aquapark next to Buly Arena and the whole complex is owned by city Kravaře.
# Bulbophyllum lucidum

Bulbophyllum lucidum is a species of orchid in the genus Bulbophyllum.
# Bulbophyllum luckraftii

Bulbophyllum luckraftii is a species of orchid in the genus Bulbophyllum from the Solomon Islands.
# Jordan Hill, Dorset

    See also Jordan Hill (disambiguation).
Jordan Hill (50 m) is located near the coast close to the village of Preston, just to the east of Weymouth, Dorset, England. The hill leads down to Furzy Cliff on the coast to the south. Close by to the east is Bowleaze Cove. The hill figure of the Osmington White Horse can be seen from the hill to the north. There are also views across Bowleaze Cove from the hill and nearby public footpaths. The hill is a short detour from the South West Coastal Path National Trail.
The hill is listed as a tump in the Database of British and Irish Hills (DoBIH).
In 1816–17, the artist John Constable painted Weymouth Bay: Bowleaze Cove and Jordon Hill while on his honeymoon, viewed from the beach looking west. The painting is now in the National Gallery, London.
There are the remains of a square 4th century Romano-Celtic temple on the hill, known as the Jordan Hill Roman Temple. This is now administered by English Heritage in a fenced off section with free access.
# Bulbophyllum caecum

Bulbophyllum caecum is a species of orchid in the genus Bulbophyllum.
# Natural observation

Natural observation may refer to:
* Observational study
* Naturalistic observation
* Self-observation
# Gunnar Larsson (sports administrator)

Gunnar Larsson (29 March 1940 – 4 May 2020) was a Swedish football and sports administrator, and politician. He was chairman of the Swedish football club IFK Göteborg from 1982 to 2000, during which the club won the Swedish championships ten times, Svenska Cupen three times, the UEFA Cup twice, first in 1981–82 and again in 1986–87, reached the semi-finals in the 1985–86 European Cup, and participated in four UEFA Champions League group stages.

## Life and career

His father Torild Larsson played 117 matches for IFK Göteborg, and Gunnar represented the club on youth level, before playing for Lundby IF, where he also was chairman before being elected chairman for IFK Göteborg in 1982. He was also engaged in the Gothenburg Gymnastics Association (Göteborgs gymnastikförbund), and after left the board of IFK Göteborg he was president of the Swedish Sports Confederation, the umbrella organisation of the Swedish sports movement, from 2001 to 2005. He remained at IFK Göteborg as chairman of the election committee, and was awarded the title of honorary chairman.
He was active as a politician for the Swedish Social Democratic Party, first entering the Gothenburg municipal council in 1973. In 1976 he started working full-time as a politician, first as municipal commissioner, and from 1982 to 1985 chairman of the municipal council and as such the mayor of Gothenburg. Larsson has also been chairman of the Swedish pension fund Andra AP-Fonden and the Gothenburg opera house.
Larsson was sometimes called "Father Gunnar" ("Fader Gunnar") for his sharpness, knowledge and strong lead of IFK Göteborg. Former IFK player Torbjörn Nilsson called him a father figure, and saying that "he was IFK Göteborg". Larsson has also been referred to as the most successful club leader in Swedish football history.
Larsson died from COVID-19 on 4 May 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic in Sweden at the age of 80.

## Honours and trophies won by IFK Göteborg during presidency

* Swedish Champions
** Winners (10): 1982, 1983, 1984, 1987, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996
* Allsvenskan:
** Winners (8): 1982, 1984, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996
** Runners-up (3): 1986, 1988, 1997
* Mästerskapsserien:
** Winners (1): 1991
* Svenska Cupen:
** Winners (3): 1981–82, 1982–83, 1991
** Runners-up (2): 1985–86, 1998–99
* Allsvenskan play-offs:
** Winners (5): 1982, 1983, 1984, 1987, 1990
** Runners-up (1): 1985
* UEFA Cup:
** Winners (2): 1981–82, 1986–87
* European Cup/UEFA Champions League:
** Semi-finals (2): 1985–86, 1992–93
** Quarter-finals (3): 1984–85, 1988–89, 1994–95

## Citations

* 1 2 Akbarzadeh, Dahlberg & Sprangers 2020.
* 1 2 3 ifkdb.se – Gunnar Larsson.
* 1 2 Josephson & Jönsson 2004, p. 181.
* 1 2 Lundell 2020.
* ↑ IFK Göteborg – Grattis Gunnar.
* 1 2 3 Josephson & Jönsson 2004, p. 182.
* 1 2 Laul 2020.
* ↑ Dagson 2020.
# Gustav Wilhelm Richard Sorge

Gustav Wilhelm Richard Sorge (6 April 1852 – 1 December 1907) was a German mining engineer.

## Life

Sorge was the son of a surgeon who practiced in Schilda. His uncle was Friedrich Adolf Sorge. He specialized in the field of coal mining in Wettin, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. He studied mining conditions and material handling technology.
Convinced that coal mining prospects at the Wettin Coal Mine were poor, he changed his emphasis to oil exploration, studying for several years in the United States.
From there he traveled to the oilfields near Baku in 1877 to set up a drilling technology workshop for the Otto Lenz machine factory in Sabunçu, Baku, concentrating on the field of deep drilling technology and the industrial equipment required for this purpose. In 1881 he founded his own company in his name.
He worked for Deutsche Petroleum-Aktiengesellschaft (DPAG) and the Caucasian oil company Branobel (of Robert, Ludvig and Alfred Nobel and others).
He married Nina Semyonovna Kobeleva, born in Baku on April 20, 1867, into a working-class family and became the father of the famous spy, Richard Sorge (1895–1944) along with eight other children.
After his health deteriorated and he lost his lucrative contract, the family moved to Berlin-Lankwitz in 1898. There he worked as a director for the Disconto-Gesellschaft which had founded the German-Russian Naphta Society. In 1900 he prepared a report on the Romanian oil industry.

## Works

* Tiefbohrtechnische Studien über Ölgruben-Betrieb und Spülbohrung. Berlin, 1908.
* The Theory of the Movement of the Flushing Streams in Bore Holes (Die Theorie der Bewegung des Spülstroms in Bohrlöchern). In: The Engineering Index Annual of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers 1969.
# Gustav Wilhelm Selmer

Gustav Wilhelm Selmer (1814–1875) was a Norwegian-Danish actor manager.
He succeeded Jacob Mayson as the manager of the theater company which staffed the Trøndelag Teater in 1839–1848. As such he played a major part in the theater history of Trondheim, which had no other permanent theatre in a period when Norway was almost entirely dominated by travelling theatre companies from Denmark. Many major figures of the contemporary Norwegian theatre was employed in his company. He also made successful tours around Norway.
He married Marie-Caroline Bergstrøm (1822-1854). His son Albert Cato Fougner (1845-1923) moved to the United States, and his grandson Gustav Selmer Fougner (1885 in Chicago – 1941 in New York City) was a reporter and wine and restaurant critic.
# Charles Henry Oldfather

Charles Henry Oldfather (13 June 1887 – 20 August 1954) was an American professor of Greek and Ancient History at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. He was born in Tabriz, Persia.

## Parentage

Oldfather's parents, Jeremiah and Felicia, were missionaries in Persia for 19 years. They emigrated to the United States when Charles was aged two years. His father was born in Farmsberg, Ohio in 1842 and his mother was from Covington, Indiana.

## Life

Oldfather received a bachelor's degree from Hanover College, Indiana. After three years in a seminary, Oldfather went to the University of Munich for two years and then became an instructor at the Syrian Protestant College where he taught until 1914. In 1914, Oldfather married Margaret Kinsey McLelland, the niece of journalist David Graham Phillips. They had three children.
Oldfather was then appointed Professor of Classics at Hanover College where he taught for two years before moving to Wabash College, Indiana in 1916 to teach Greek and Ancient History for 10 years. While he was at Wabash College, Oldfather was awarded a PhD from the University of Wisconsin. In 1926, Oldfather was appointed Professor of Ancient History at the University of Nebraska. He was appointed Chair of the History Department in 1929. In 1932, Oldfather became Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences. He remained at the University of Nebraska until he retired in 1951. He died in 1954 from a heart ailment.

## Original works and translations

* The first six volumes of Diodorus of Sicily, Library of History, later comprising twelve volumes, with the English translation undertaken by Oldfather, London, Heinemann, 1933-1954
* The Greek literary texts from Greco-Roman Egypt (1923)
* De jure naturae et gentium libri octo (1934)
# Gyalecta ancistrospora

Gyalecta ancistrospora is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Gyalectaceae. Found in Korea, it was formally described as a new species in 2014 by lichenologists André Aptroot and Kwang-Hee Moon. The type specimen was collected by the first author from Mount Juwang (Cheongsong County, North Gyeongsang Province) at an altitude between 330 and 520 m (1,080 and 1,710 ft); there, it was found growing on siliceous rock. It is only known to occur in this area, where it grows on boulders shaded by trees in forest.

## Description

The lichen has a thin, pale greenish-grey, crust-like thallus that covers areas of up to about 5 cm (2 in). The photobiont partner is trebouxioid (spherical, unicellular green algae). The ascomata are sessile, and measure 0.3–0.6 mm in diameter; they have a flat, dull orange disc with a pale pinkish-orange margin. All chemical spot tests are negative, and no lichen products were detected using thin-layer chromatography. The main characteristic that distinguishes Gyalecta ancistrospora from other Gyalecta species is the presence of spindle-shaped (fusiform) ascospores that have a long attenuated tail at the lower end. The spores, which have three septa that divide it into four chambers, measure 30–41 by 3.5–4 μm. The lichen is otherwise similar in appearance to other saxicolous members of its genus, particularly G. jenensis and G. ulleungdoensis.
# Joseph Atwell

Joseph Atwell, D.D. (12 April 1696, in Buckland Monachorum – 11 August 1768, in Oxford) was an Oxford college head in the 18th century.
Atwell was educated at Exeter College, Oxford and became a Fellow in 1718. He was Rector from 1733 until 1737. An ordained Anglican priest, he held the livings at Oddington and Fairford.
* Biography
* Education
* England
* History
# Iulia Mashinskaya

Iulia Mashinskaya is a Russian chess player who holds the titles of International Master (obtained in February 2005) and Woman Grandmaster.
In January and April 2005, when her rating peaked at 2420, she was ranked 34th in the world for women chess players.
In 2019, Dmitry Kryakvin, writing for the Chess Federation of Russia about the history of chess in Tatarstan, named Mashinskaya as one of Kazan's most successful women players.
# Conne Island

Conne Island is a music venue and self-managed social center in the Connewitz district of Leipzig, Germany. Outside, there is a large skate park.

## History

The building was built in the second half of the 19th century. Initially, it was a restaurant called "Eiskeller" (ice pit). From 1937 onwards, it was used as a center for the Hitler Jugend, and after 1945 in the GDR it was called "Klubhaus Erich Zeigner" and used as a FDJ youth club. Although the name "Eiskeller" is no longer officially used, this name is still in use by the local population as a nickname.
Conne Island has become a stronghold and well-known meeting point for the radical left. The center hosts hardcore and punk gigs, and also hip hop, electronic music and heavy metal. A performance by the black metal band Mayhem, recorded in 1990 before the venue became Conne Island, was released in 1993 under the title Live in Leipzig.
In the 2010s, the center became known as an Anti-German project. Palestinian keffiyehs would be confiscated and returned at the end of the night with a note. The project celebrated 20 years of existence in 2011. In 2016, there were controversies when a self-confessed "Islam hater" spoke at the center and women spoke up about being sexually harassed at club nights.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, German-American record label Unity Worldwide Records compiled and released a benefit Various Artists compilation to help keep the venue open. Strength Thru Unity: A Conne Island Benefit Compilation was released on 18 October 2021 and features exclusive songs from As Friends Rust, Be Well, Beatsteaks, Boysetsfire, Cock Sparrer, Comeback Kid, Death by Stereo, Field Day, Heaven Shall Burn, Pascow, Perkele, Sick of It All, Terrorgruppe, Think About Mutation, Turbostaat, Youth of Today and Zoli Téglás.
# Moribila

Moribila or Moribila Kagoua is a small town and commune in the Cercle of San in the Ségou Region of Mali. In 1998 the commune had a population of 8,614.
# Glomerulus

Glomerulus (/ɡləˈmɛr(j)ələs, ɡloʊ-/; pl.: glomeruli) is a common term used in anatomy to describe globular structures of entwined vessels, fibers, or neurons. Glomerulus is the diminutive of the Latin glomus, meaning "ball of yarn".
Glomerulus may refer to:
* Glomerulus (kidney), the filtering unit of the kidney
* Glomerulus (olfaction), a structure in the olfactory bulb
* Glomerulus (cerebellum), the contact between specific cells in the cerebellum
# Gmina Pietrowice Wielkie

Gmina Pietrowice Wielkie is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Racibórz County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland, on the Czech border. Its seat is the village of Pietrowice Wielkie, which lies approximately 11 kilometres (7 mi) west of Racibórz and 68 km (42 mi) west of the regional capital Katowice.
The gmina covers an area of 68.07 square kilometres (26.3 sq mi), and as of 2019 its total population is 6,908.

## Villages

Gmina Pietrowice Wielkie contains the villages and settlements of Amandów, Cyprzanów, Gródczanki, Kornice, Krowiarki, Lekartów, Maków, Pawłów, Pietrowice Wielkie, Samborowice and Żerdziny.

## Neighbouring gminas

Gmina Pietrowice Wielkie is bordered by the town of Racibórz and by the gminas of Baborów, Kietrz, Krzanowice and Rudnik. It also borders the Czech Republic.

## Twin towns – sister cities

Gmina Pietrowice Wielkie is twinned with:
* Liederbach am Taunus, Germany
* Sudice, Czech Republic

## Gallery

* Memorial in Cyprzanów
* Plantation in Samborowice
* Abandoned train station in Pietrowice Wielkie