OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Christopher Ettridge

Christopher Ettridge (born 21 February 1948) is an English actor and director born in Isleworth, London.

## Career

Ettridge is best known for his role as dim but good-natured police officer Reg Deadman in the time-travelling comedy series Goodnight Sweetheart, which aired between 1993 and 1999 and returned for a special edition in 2016. He has also had roles in EastEnders, The Bill, Harry Enfield and Chums, Kevin and Perry Go Large, Julius Caesar, and Hitler: The Rise of Evil. He has been directing as well as acting in recent years. He directed a production of Romeo and Juliet for ReACTion Theatre in Eastbourne.

## Filmography
### Film

| Year | Title | Role |
| 1978 | Rapunzel Let Down Your Hair | Mr. Heron |
| 1984 | The Chain | Removal Man |
| 2000 | Kevin & Perry Go Large | Postman |
| 2002 | My Wrongs 8245-8249 and 117 | Bus conductor |
| 2003 | I Capture the Castle | Station Bystander |
| 2012 | Demon | Pr. Darkwood |

### Television

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 1981 | Antony & Cleopatra | Scarus | Television film |
| 1981 | Roger Doesn't Live Here Anymore | Man in waiting room | Episode #1.3 |
| 1982 | Terry and June | Evans | Episode: "Something to Get Alarmed About" |
| 1983 | The Professionals | 2nd Interrogator | Episode: "A Man Called Quinn" |
| 1983 | Nanny | Bally | Episode: "Into the Blitz" |
| 1984 | The Glory Boys | Duggan | Episode #1.1 |
| 1984, 1985 | Juliet Bravo | Dr. Cattrell | 2 episodes |
| 1986 | Death Is Part of the Process | Constand Viljoen | Television film |
| 1987 | One by One | Van Druten | Episode: "The Monkey in Between" |
| 1989–1992 | The Bill | Supt. Brookes / Doctor | 4 episodes |
| 1990 | Harry Enfield & Chums | Joseph Goebbels | Episode #1.3 |
| 1991 | Bye Bye Columbus | Francisco Roldán | Television film |
| 1991, 1994 | Casualty | Eric Dunn / Ronald | 3 episodes |
| 1992 | Love Hurts | Colin Sterne | Episode: "A Day in the Life" |
| 1992 | Lovejoy | Auctioneer | Episode: "Kids" |
| 1993 | Minder | Jehovah's Witness | Episode: "Uneasy Rider" |
| 1993–2016 | Goodnight Sweetheart | Reg / Isambard Deadman | 57 episodes |
| 1994 | Hard Times | Miner | Miniseries |
| 1995 | Harry | Rivers | Episode #2.1 |
| 1995 | The Old Curiosity Shop | Sampson Brass | Television film |
| 1997 | Bramwell | Mr. Fairfax | Episode #3.3 |
| 1998–2002 | EastEnders | Graeme / Ollie | 7 episodes |
| 1999 | Esther | Hathach | Television film |
| 2000 | The Worst Witch | Terry Root | Episode: "Green Fingers and Thumbs" |
| 2001 | Doctors | Gordon Collins | Episode: "Neighbours" |
| 2002 | Dickens | John Byrne | 2 episodes |
| 2002 | A Is for Acid | Steven Rogers | Television film |
| 2002 | Julius Caesar | Appolonius | Miniseries |
| 2003 | Hitler: The Rise of Evil | Kurt von Schleicher | 2 episodes |
| 2011 | EastEnders: Greatest Exits | Graeme | Television film |
| 2015 | Mr Selfridge | Mr. King | Episode #3.10 |
| 2016 | Birds of a Feather | Harvey | Episode: "Tonight I'll Be Staying Here with You" |
| 2018 | Nutritiously Nicola | Nicola's Dad | Episode: "Viral in the Bad Way" |
# Hugh Merewether

Hugh Merewether (20 May 1924 in South Africa – 13 September 2006) was a British test pilot who pioneered the vertical and short take-off and landing (V/STOL) techniques that led to the development of the Hawker Siddeley Harrier.
Merewether was also the inventor of the Ampair wind turbine generator which was initially used predominantly by cruising sailors. He also developed the Aquair towed turbine generator in which the same electrical generator was rotated by means of a towed turbine, again used by cruising sailors. These two generators allow long range cruisers to generate electricity for charging their battery banks from the free power of the winds and were manufactured by the 'Ampair' company in the UK.
# Oxygenate

In the liquid fuel industry, oxygenates are hydrocarbon-derived fuel additives containing at least one oxygen atom to promote complete combustion. Absent oxygenates, fuel combustion is usually incomplete, and the exhaust stream pollutes the air with carbon monoxide, soot particles, aromatic and polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and nitrated polyaromatic hydrocarbons.
The most common oxygenates are either alcohols or ethers, but ketones and aldehydes are also included in this distinction. Carboxylic acids and esters can be grouped with oxygenates in the simple definition that they contain at least one oxygen atom. However, they are usually unwanted in oils, and therefore likely fuels, due to their environmental toxicity and tendency to cause catalyst poisoning and corrosion during oil production and refining.
* Alcohols:
** Methanol (MeOH)
** Ethanol (EtOH); see also Common ethanol fuel mixtures
** Isopropyl alcohol (IPA)
** n-Butanol (BuOH)
** Gasoline grade tert-butanol (GTBA)
* Ethers:
** Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE)
** tert-Amyl methyl ether (TAME)
** tert-Hexyl methyl ether (THEME)
** Ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE)
** tert-Amyl ethyl ether (TAEE)
** Diisopropyl ether (DIPE)

## In the United States

In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) had authority to mandate that minimum proportions of oxygenates be added to automotive gasoline on regional and seasonal basis from 1992 until 2006 in an attempt to reduce air pollution, in particular ground-level ozone and smog. As of 2023, the EPA continues to require the use of oxygenated gasoline in certain areas during winter to regulate carbon monoxide emissions; however, the programs to fulfill its conditions are implemented by the states. In addition to this North American automakers from 2006 onwards promoted a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline, marketed as E85, and their flex-fuel vehicles, e.g. GM's Live Green, Go Yellow campaign. US Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards give an artificial 54% fuel efficiency bonus to vehicles capable of running on 85% alcohol blends over vehicles not adapted to run on 85% alcohol blends. There is also alcohols' intrinsically cleaner combustion, however due to its lower energy density it is not capable of producing as much energy per gallon as gasoline. Much gasoline sold in the United States is blended with up to 10% of an oxygenating agent. This is known as oxygenated fuel and often (but not entirely correctly, as there are reformulated gasolines without oxygenate) as reformulated gasoline. Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) was the most common fuel additive in the United States, prior to government mandated use of ethanol. Typically, gasoline with added MTBE is called reformulated gasoline, while gasoline with ethanol is called oxygenated gasoline.
# Output compare

Output compare is the ability to trigger an output based on a timestamp in memory, without interrupting the execution of code by a processor or microcontroller. This is a functionality provided by many embedded systems.
The corresponding ability to record a timestamp in memory when an input occurs is called input capture.
* This computer-engineering-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Output elasticity

In economics, output elasticity is the percentage change of output (GDP or production of a single firm) divided by the percentage change of an input. It is sometimes called partial output elasticity to clarify that it refers to the change of only one input.
As with every elasticity, this measure is defined locally, i.e. defined at a point.
If the production function contains only one input, then the output elasticity is also an indicator of the degree of returns to scale. If the coefficient of output elasticity is greater than 1, then production is experiencing increasing returns to scale. If the coefficient is less than 1, then production is experiencing decreasing returns to scale. If the coefficient is 1, then production is experiencing constant returns to scale. Note that returns to scale may change as the level of production changes.
A different usage of the term "output elasticity" is defined as the percentage change in output per one percent change in all the inputs. The coefficient of output elasticity can be used to estimate returns to scale.
The mathematical formula is $E_{Q}={\frac {\partial Q}{\partial {\textbf {x}}}}\cdot {\frac {\textbf {x}}{Q}}$ where x represents the inputs and Q, the output. Multi-input-multi-output generalisations also exist in the literature.
# Huntia (journal)

Huntia is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation, a research division of the Carnegie Mellon University. In continuous publication since 1964, this journal is the institute's scholarly journal of botanical history. The journal is published irregularly in one or more numbers per volume of approximately 200 pages by Hunt Institute.
Huntia was established by the American botanist George H.M. Lawrence, who was the founding director of the Hunt Institute. Volumes 1 to 7, was issued in 14 volumes, large octavo (folded paper) they were paperback apart from Volume 2 which was clothbound.
Vol.2 was reviewed by botanist William C. Steere in June 1966. He noted "outstanding typography, high quality of illustrations and paper, the beautiful style and manufacture all indicate the high standards we have come to anticipate in publications of the Hunt Botanical Library".
There was a big gap in publication of the journal when Lawrence retired from the Hunt Institute in 1970 due to ill health. Dr Robert W. Kiger (Professor of Botany and later Institute Director) took over publishing the journal in 1979 with the new subtitle of 'A Journal of Botanical History'.
Starting with Volume 17, (published in 2019), the journal is now only published online and in colour.
Scarlett T. Townsend has been the Journal Editor since 2000. She, Elizabeth A. Polen and Elizabeth R. Smith also edit 'Botanico-periodicum-Huntia' (the other Hunt Institute periodical about Botanic documentation).

## Known contributors

Included (with Year of publication);
* Agnes Arber (1964),
* William Aiton (1965),
* Sir Joseph Banks (1965),
* Angela Burdett-Coutts (1982),
* James L. Reveal (1987),
* Anthony Hurt Wolley-Dod (1982),
* M. E. Mitchell (2011 and 2012),
# Oxycoleus piceus

Oxycoleus piceus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Giesbert in 1993.
# National Academy of Inventors

The National Academy of Inventors (NAI) is a US non-profit organization dedicated to encouraging inventors in academia, following the model of the National Academies of the United States. It was founded at the University of South Florida in 2010.
Starting in 2012, the NAI has inducted 757 Fellows into the organization. Fellows must be named as an inventor on at least one US patent and are selected by the NAI Fellows Committee.
The NAI also includes colleges and universities as institutional members, beginning with 9 such institutions in 2012; it now has over 200, including 30 outside the United States..
Since 2013, the National Academy of Inventors and the Intellectual Property Owners Association have released an annual report listing the top 100 universities by the number of US patents. The University of California has topped the list each year.
The NAI has held a yearly national conference since 2011.
In 2017, US Representative Dennis A. Ross introduced the bill HR 976, which would provide the NAI a federal charter like those held by other US National Academies.
# The Law of Spring

The Law of Spring (French: La loi du printemps) is a 1942 French comedy film directed by Jacques Daniel-Norman and starring Huguette Duflos, Pierre Renoir and Alice Field. It is based on the 1912 play of the same title by Lucien Nepoty. The film's sets were designed by the art director Roland Quignon.

## Synopsis

When widower Frédéric Villaret marries the widowed Jeanne, their respective children come to live in the same house. They discover that they dislike their half-siblings, and a series of family quarrels ensue.

## Cast

* Huguette Duflos as Jeanne Villaret
* Pierre Renoir as Frédéric Villaret
* Alice Field as Hélène Harlay
* Maï Bill as Fanine Villaret
* Marguerite Deval as Tante Léonie
* Yves Furet as Georges Burdan
* René Génin as Firmin
* Philippe Richard as Louis
* Monique Dubois as Jeannette
* Jean-Jacques as Le petit garçon d'Hélène
* Colette Laurent as Antoinette
* Marguerite Ducouret as Mélanie
* Gilbert Gil as Hubert Villaret
* Georges Rollin as Richard Burdan
* Julien Maffre as Canard
* Violette France as Mlle Richepaille
* Louis Blanche as Le président
* Suzanne Yorelle as Mme Gatinais
* Paulette Paule as Mme Courtin-Lamothe
* Jacques Derives as Un invité
* Louis Seigner as Le docteur
* Madame Rolande as Baronne de Marcheville
* Hélène Briand as Mme Morillon
* Michèle Calvi as Lucienne Desfargeot
* Hélène Petit as Mme Desfargeot
* Loulou Reyne as Mme Beauvision
* Denise Noël as Amélie
# Girl in the Mirror

Girl in the Mirror may refer to:
* "Girl in the Mirror", a song by BoA from The Face, 2008
* "Girl in the Mirror", a song by Bebe Rexha from UglyDolls, 2019
* "Girl in the Mirror", a song by Britney Spears from Oops!... I Did It Again, 2000
* "Girl in the Mirror", a song by Cheryl from A Million Lights, 2012
* "Girl in the Mirror", a song by Rita Ora from You & I, 2023
* "Girl in the Mirror", a song by Sophia Grace, 2016
# Jon Cutler (musician)

Jon Cutler (born 1969) is an American house musician from Brooklyn, New York.
Cutler has lived in New York City all his life. He began DJing at the age of 15, and studied photography at the School of Visual Arts before returning to house music full-time. Cutler began releasing 12-inch remixes on his own Distant Music record label in 1997.
In 2001, Cutler produced the track "It's Yours" (featuring E-Man) for Chez Music, which hit No. 38 on the UK Singles Chart. In 2004, he was featured on the compilation album Afterdark: New York City, which peaked at No. 23 on the U.S. Billboard Top Electronic Albums chart. In 2012, Mat Zo sampled this song for his song "It's Yours" on his Bipolar LP.
# Ikue Asazaki

Ikue Asazaki (朝崎 郁恵, Asazaki Ikue, born 11 November 1935) is a Japanese folk singer. She grew up on the Amami Islands (in Setouchi, Kagoshima) which are famous for spawning popular singers of shima-uta, Amami's traditional music genre. Her father influenced her early music strongly during her upbringing. Her musical style sometimes resembles the style of New Age. Her most famous albums are Utabautayun with traditional Amami songs and lyrics, and Minya, with Akira Takahashi accompanying her on the piano.
She lived for ten years in Yokohama and served from 1984 in the National Theatre of Japan. In 1990 she gave concerts in the Carnegie Hall, in New York, Los Angeles, and Cuba. Ikue Asazaki participates every year at the Ryukyu Festival in Hibiya. In 2007 she gave a concert in the Ikegami Honmonji temple. She currently lives in Tokyo and her first best of album was released under Universal in 2008.
Obokuri-Eeumi, the opening track of the Utabautayun album, was used in episode 14 of the Samurai Champloo anime series.

## Discography
### Major Labels

* Utabautayun (2002)
* Uta Ashiibi (Uta Asobi) (2003)
* Obokuri (2005)

### Independent Labels

* Amami (1997)
* うたじま「詩島」(2002)
* Shimayumuta (2006)
* Hamasaki (2007)
# Helcogramma lacuna

Helcogramma lacuna, the cavern triplefin, is a species of triplefin blenny in the genus Helcogramma. It was described by Jeffrey T. Williams and Jeffery C. Howe in 2003. This species has only been recorded in the Similan Islands in the Andaman Sea, part of Thailand.
# Kandjerramalh language

Kandjerramalh (Kenderramalh), also known as Pungupungu or Kuwema (Kuwama), is an Australian Aboriginal language from the Northern Territory in Australia. Apart from being closely related to Wadjiginy, it is not known to be related to any other language.
The alternative names are ambiguous. "Kuwema" is also a name of the Tyaraity dialect of Malak-Malak, and "Pungupungu" is now used as a name of Malak-Malak proper.
# Kanda (lineage)

Kanda (plural makanda; before 1700 the singular was dikanda or likanda) in Kikongo is any social or analytical group, but often applied to lineages or groups of associated people who form a faction, band or other group. In Kongo documents written in Portuguese, or in older Portuguese accounts of Kongo it often is translated by "geração" (family or lineage in Portuguese).

## Historical usage

In older times, before about 1850, the term probably referred to elite lineages or descent groups (and their clients and slaves) who ruled the country. In modern Kikongo usage, for example in clan histories, or publications such as Nkutama a mvila za makanda (Tumba 1934, 4th edition, Matadi, 1972), it refers to a matrilineal descent group. In this literature, the kanda is often associated with a mvila or clan motto, which is in the form of a boast or other statement of identity, as well as a kinkulu, a history of the clan's migrations.

## Ruling kandas of Kongo

Throughout its history the royal family has had branching factions that often fought each other over succession to the kingdom. Although these branches were probably called kanda, they were not strictly speaking descent groups, since they sometimes formed around two brothers. In the sixteenth century and later, the kingdom's kandas were referred to as houses, thus the Nlaza or Kinlaza kanda was also known as the House of Kinlaza.
The ruling kandas were fairly short lived and unstable before the late seventeenth century, though there were houses noted, such as the Nsaku, who ruled Mbata, or the Houses of Kwilu and Nsundi (both geographical rather than kin group names). In the early to mid-seventeenth century, however, the ruling kandas gradually hardened into permanent divisions. Three were recognized by tradition of the early eighteenth century, these being the Kinlaza, Kimpanzu and Kikanga a Mvika. While the Kikanga a Mvika was destroyed when its members sought to overthrow Garcia II (of the Kinlaza) in 1656–57, the other two became permanent contestants over the throne, being constantly named in documents throughout the eighteenth centuries. In a few places the identification with these kandas continued in tradition into the twentieth century, but for the most part in the nineteenth century they splintered into many more groups.
Other potential kandas (though the term was not used for them) include some families who bore Portuguese surnames and passed their names on patrilinearly. For example, the da Silvas, de Castros and combinations of these two ruled in Mbamba and then in Soyo from the early seventeenth century, while the Agua Rosadas emerged in the late seventeenth century from descendants of the Kimpanzu and Kinlasa (Pedro IV and his brothers were the first representatives of this kanda). Eighteenth century sources indicated that de Leão, a kin group founded by Queen Ana Afonso de Leão and her nephews continued as a permanent group as did later emerging groups such as Romano Leite. It is unclear how these named groups worked in the system of kinship and descent defined by kandas, which were, it seems larger and more flexible.
# Hatton, Utah

Hatton, formerly Petersburg, is an unincorporated community and near-ghost town in Millard County, Utah, United States. It lies at an elevation of 4,826 feet (1,471 meters).

## History

In 1859, Peter Robison and Peter Boyce from Fillmore and other settlers from nearby settled where the Mormon Road crossed Corn Creek, three miles northwest of Kanosh's Pahvant village on the creek and downstream from the Corn Creek Indian Farm.$^{:166}$ The settlement was sometimes called Lower Corn Creek but was named Petersburg for Peter Robison, later its first postmaster. Boyce succeeded Anson Call as Indian agent at Corn Creek, appointed by Brigham Young. Petersburg was one of the larger stations and rest stops on the Gilmer and Salisbury Stage Company line from the Utah Southern Railroad rail-head in Juab County to the mining boom town of Pioche, Nevada from 1864 to 1871. Between 1867 and 1869, most of its inhabitants moved upstream to build the town of Kanosh at the original Pahvant village site. In 1869, the Petersburg schoolhouse was moved and reconstructed at Kanosh. From 1877 to 1940, Petersburg, now a small agricultural settlement, was renamed and had a post office called Hatton.$^{:86,99–101,114–117,124,129–130}$$^{:179}$

## The Site today

This settlement is now almost a ghost town, with little to see of its past existence among the irrigated fields along Hatton Lane. There are however several occupied homes at the town site.
# No Heart

No Heart may refer to:
* No Heart (chief) (active 1830s–1850s), Iowa leader
* "No Heart" (song), a 2016 song by 21 Savage and Metro Boomin
* No Heart Creek, South Dakota
* No Heart, a Care Bears villain
# Haussy

Haussy (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.
It is 15 km (9.3 mi) south of Valenciennes.

## History

During World War I the Germans occupied Haussy. Their brutal treatment of the native French inhabitants is recorded by Private A S Bullock in his memoir, but among his mementoes Bullock also kept a postcard he found on the floor of the village school on 23 October 1918, referring to more peaceful times, including 'Eugenie's first communion'.

## Heraldry

| Arms of Haussy | The arms of Haussy are blazoned : Or, a lion gules. (Pont-l'Abbé, Escarmain and Haussy (see also Râches) use the same arms.) |

## Notable people

* Pierre Mauroy (French:; 5 July 1928 – 7 June 2013) was a French Socialist politician who was Prime Minister of France from 1981 to 1984 under President François Mitterrand. Mauroy also served as Mayor of Lille from 1973 to 2001. He arrived in Haussy in 1936. He is eight. His father, Henri, is named director of the School for Boys and the family moves in the housing of the school group Louis-Pasteur dating from 1929.
# Haustellotyphis wendita

Haustellotyphis wendita is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.
# Karatmeter

The Karatmeter is a scientific instrument which uses X-rays to give an exact reading of the purity of gold. The Karatmeter is also referred to as a X-Ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer. Due to its very high precision and fast result, X-ray analysis has been adopted by international agencies in India as part of the certification process used to hallmark gold. It is an accurate, non-destructive means of testing the purity of gold and other related elements. Analyzing gold using XRF spectrometers gives the purity of gold, up to 10-12 microns and hence it gives the analysis of coating only.
Using this technique, the precise percentage or karat (of karat) in a solid piece of jewelry can be determined in 30 seconds. It also accurately (up to 10-12 microns) determines the element composition of all types of gold, white gold, platinum, silver, palladium, rhodium and related alloys.
Energy dispersive X-Ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) is a simple, accurate and economic analytical methods for the determination of the chemical composition of many types of materials. It is non-destructive and reliable, requires very little sample preparation and is suitable for solid, liquid and powdered samples. It can be used for a wide range of elements, from Chlorine (17) to Uranium (92), and provides detection limits at the sub-ppm level.
There are many models of Gold Purity Testing machines available - from portable (light weight) to industrial grade machines.
Apart from X-ray spectrometer technique, other older traditional methods are using the TouchStone and Acid to test the gold purity. But TouchStone and Acid are destructive testing - a tiny sample of gold is cut and then tested. The sample is rubbed on TouchStone and a drop of acid is put on it and the goldsmith observes the residue using a magnifying lens. Based on experience, gold smith can determine purity of sample.
# Carex umbellata

Carex umbellata, the parasol sedge, is a species of flowering plant in the genus Carex, native to Canada and the central and eastern US, and introduced to the Dominican Republic. Its seeds are dispersed by ants.