OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Hemicrambe socotrana

Hemicrambe socotrana, synonym Nesocrambe socotrana, is a species of flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae. It is found only on "an inhospitable and windswept ridge at the western end of Soqotra", Yemen. It is listed as an endangered species on the IUCN Red List.
# Unna (disambiguation)

Unna is a town that is the seat of the Unna district.
Unna may also refer to:

## People

* Henry of Unna, proctor of the University of Paris in the 14th century
* Jacob Unna (1800–1881), born in Hamburg, of German Jewish descent
* Moshe Unna (1902–1989), Israeli politician
* Paul Gerson Unna (1850–1929), German physician
* Warren Unna (1923–2017), American journalist

## Other uses

* Unna (district), a district in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
* Unna, a captive orca
* Unna, a long scarf worn by South Asians
* Unna boot, a special gauze bandage
* Unna, a word in Indigenous Australian lexicology meaning "ain't it?"
# Upper bound theorem

In mathematics, the upper bound theorem states that cyclic polytopes have the largest possible number of faces among all convex polytopes with a given dimension and number of vertices. It is one of the central results of polyhedral combinatorics.
Originally known as the upper bound conjecture, this statement was formulated by Theodore Motzkin, proved in 1970 by Peter McMullen, and strengthened from polytopes to subdivisions of a sphere in 1975 by Richard P. Stanley.

## Cyclic polytopes

The cyclic polytope $\Delta (n,d)$ may be defined as the convex hull of $n$ vertices on the moment curve, the set of $d$-dimensional points with coordinates $(t,t^{2},t^{3},\dots )$. The precise choice of which $n$ points on this curve are selected is irrelevant for the combinatorial structure of this polytope. The number of $i$-dimensional faces of $\Delta (n,d)$ is given by the formula $f_{i}(\Delta (n,d))={\binom {n}{i+1}}\quad {\textrm {for}}\quad 0\leq i<\left\lfloor {\frac {d}{2}}\right\rfloor$
and $(f_{0},\ldots ,f_{\left\lfloor {\frac {d}{2}}\right\rfloor -1})$ completely determine $(f_{\left\lfloor {\frac {d}{2}}\right\rfloor },\ldots ,f_{d-1})$ via the Dehn–Sommerville equations. The same formula for the number of faces holds more generally for any neighborly polytope.

## Statement

The upper bound theorem states that if $\Delta$ is a simplicial sphere of dimension $d-1$ with $n$ vertices, then $f_{i}(\Delta )\leq f_{i}(\Delta (n,d))\quad {\textrm {for}}\quad i=0,1,\ldots ,d-1.$ The difference between $d-1$ for the dimension of the simplicial sphere, and $d$ for the dimension of the cyclic polytope, comes from the fact that the surface of a $d$-dimensional polytope (such as the cyclic polytope) is a $(d-1)$-dimensional subdivision of a sphere. Therefore, the upper bound theorem implies that the number of faces of an arbitrary polytope can never be more than the number of faces of a cyclic or neighborly polytope with the same dimension and number of vertices. Asymptotically, this implies that there are at most $\scriptstyle O(n^{\lfloor d/2\rfloor })$ faces of all dimensions. The same bounds hold as well for convex polytopes that are not simplicial, as perturbing the vertices of such a polytope (and taking the convex hull of the perturbed vertices) can only increase the number of faces.

## History

The upper bound conjecture for simplicial polytopes was proposed by Motzkin in 1957 and proved by McMullen in 1970. A key ingredient in his proof was the following reformulation in terms of h-vectors:
    $h_{i}(\Delta )\leq {\tbinom {n-d+i-1}{i}}\quad {\textrm {for}}\quad 0\leq i\leq \left\lfloor {\frac {d}{2}}\right\rfloor .$
Victor Klee suggested that the same statement should hold for all simplicial spheres and this was indeed established in 1975 by Stanley using the notion of a Stanley–Reisner ring and homological methods. For a nice historical account of this theorem see Stanley's article "How the upper bound conjecture was proved".
# German submarine U-2362

German submarine U-2362 was a Type XXIII U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II. She was ordered on 20 September 1944, and was laid down on 22 November 1944 at Deutsche Werft AG, Hamburg, as yard number 516. She was launched on 11 January 1945 and commissioned under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Martin Czekowski on 5 February 1945. Only three months later, she was scuttled to avoid surrender.

## Design

Like all Type XXIII U-boats, U-2362 had a displacement of 234 tonnes (230 long tons) when at the surface and 258 tonnes (254 long tons) while submerged. She had a total length of 34.68 m (113 ft 9 in) (o/a), a beam width of 3.02 m (9 ft 11 in) (o/a), and a draught depth of3.66 m (12 ft). The submarine was powered by one MWM six-cylinder RS134S diesel engine providing 575–630 metric horsepower (423–463 kilowatts; 567–621 shaft horsepower), one AEG GU4463-8 double-acting electric motor electric motor providing 580 PS (430 kW; 570 shp), and one BBC silent running CCR188 electric motor providing 35 PS (26 kW; 35 shp).
The submarine had a maximum surface speed of 9.7 knots (18.0 km/h; 11.2 mph) and a submerged speed of 12.5 knots (23.2 km/h; 14.4 mph). When submerged, the boat could operate at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph) for 194 nautical miles (359 km; 223 mi); when surfaced, she could travel 2,600 nautical miles (4,800 km; 3,000 mi) at 8 knots (15 km/h; 9.2 mph). U-2362 was fitted with two 53.3 cm (21 in) torpedo tubes in the bow. She could carry two preloaded torpedoes. The complement was 14 – 18 men. This class of U-boat did not carry a deck gun.

## Service history

On 5 May 1945, U-2362 was scuttled in Gelting Bay near Gelting, to avoid surrender, as part of Operation Regenbogen. The wreck was later raised and broken up.
# Montuori

Montuori is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Carlo Montuori (1885–1968), Italian cinematographer
* Luca Montuori (1859–1952), Italian general
* Mario Montuori (1920–1997), Italian cinematographer
* Miguel Montuori (1932–1998), Italian-Argentine footballer
* Nancy Montuori Stein, American film director and producer
# Gomont

Gomont (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.
# Govurqala, Shaki

Govurqala is a name shared by four archaeological sites in Azerbaijan, located in Shaki.
Local Govurqala (220×75 m) is a 5th–14th-century populated place and is also a walled defense stand with round and square towers. The wall width is 1 m at the bottom and 80 cm on top with a height of 5–15 m. Clay jugs, a frying pan, vat and other items were found there. The stand is supposed to be built in Sasanid period to prevent the Khazarian raids and demolished during the Timurid attack.
# Bhuta Lakshmipur

Bhuta Lakshmipur is a village in Barisal District in the Barisal Division of southern-central Bangladesh. It is located at 22°49′N 90°31′E in Bangladesh.
# Ulrich Gering

Ulrich Gering (active as a printer in Paris from c. 1470 to 1508 – 23 August 1510) came from Beromünster in the diocese of Constance. He was one of three partners to establish the first printing press in France.
Invited to Paris in 1469 by the Rector of the Sorbonne, Johann Heynlin, and his colleague Guillaume Fichet, Gering together with Michael Friburger and Martin Crantz set up a printing press within the Sorbonne to produce texts selected and edited by his patrons. The press produced 22 works between 1470 and 1472.
By the end of 1472 this subsidised venture came to a close and the three printers left the Sorbonne to set up on their own at the sign of the Soleil d'Or on the rue Saint Jacques in Paris. The partnership came to an end in 1477, after which Gering continued to print on his own, moving in 1483 to the rue de Sorbonne at the same sign. Between 1484 and 1494 books printed at the Soleil d'Or carry the names of Jean Higman (1484–1489) and George Wolf (1490–1492). Gering is found there again in partnership with Berthold Rembolt from 1494 to 1508, after which Rembolt worked alone.
# Ulrich Graf (motorcyclist)

Ulrich Graf (15 August 1946 – 19 June 1977) was a Grand Prix motorcycle road racer from Switzerland. His best year was in 1976 when he won the 50cc Yugoslavian Grand Prix and finished in third place in the 50cc world championship, behind Angel Nieto and Herbert Rittberger. Graf was killed while competing at the 1977 Yugoslavian Grand Prix.
# Bhopal–Dahod Fast Passenger

The Dahod Habibganj Fast Passenger is a passenger train of the Indian Railways, which runs between Habibganj railway station of Bhopal, the capital city of Madhya Pradesh and Dahod railway station of Dahod in Gujarat.

## Arrival and departure

* Train no. 59320 departs from Dahod, daily at 05:40 hrs., reaching HabibGanj the same day at 16:20 hrs.
* Train no. 59319 departs from HabibGanj daily at 11:50 hrs. from platform no. 3 reaching Dahod the next day at 23:00 hrs.

## Route and halts

The important halts of the train are:
* Dahod railway station
* Meghnagar railway station
* Ratlam Junction railway station
* Nagda Junction railway station
* Ujjain Junction railway station
* Maksi Junction railway station
* Shujalpur railway station
* Sehore railway station
* Sant Hirdaram Nagar railway station
* Bhopal Junction railway station
* Habibganj railway station

## Coach composite

The train consists of 18 coaches:
* 1 first class
* 2 sleeper coaches
* 4 unreserved
* 1 ladies/handicapped
* 2 luggage/brake van

## Average speed and frequency

The train runs with an average speed of 40 km/h. The train runs on a daily basis.

## Loco link

The train is hauled by Vadodara VRC WAM4/WAP4 electric locomotives.

## Rake maintenance & sharing

The train is maintained by the Bhopal Coaching Depot. The same rake is used for five trains, which are Indore–Bhandarkund Panchvalley Passenger, Indore–Maksi Fast Passenger, Indore–Ujjain Passenger, Bhopal–Indore Express and Bhopal–Bina Passenger for one way which is altered by the second rake on the other way.
# Ulu Bendul

Ulu Bendul (alternatively spelt Ulu Bendol, Negeri Sembilan Malay: Lubondo; Jawi: اولو‌ بندول) is a nature reserve in Kuala Pilah District, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia, at the foot of Mount Angsi. There is also a village nearby with the same name. The nature reserve is served by Federal Route FT 51.

## Incidents

Bathing pools at the park were temporarily closed in September 2021 after several individuals were believed to have contracted leptospirosis or rotavirus infections there.
# Ulu Kalumpang Forest Reserve

Ulu Kalumpang Forest Reserve is a region in Sabah, Malaysia. Located on the Tawau Peninsula, it was designated as a conservation area by the Sabah Forestry Department in 1992. The forest reserve is in an area called the Tawau Highlands, which also includes Tawau Hills National Park. The forest reserve is very mountainous, especially towards the south. A statewide orang-utan census carried out by HUTAN (an NGO based in Sukau, Kinabatangan) and the Sabah Wildlife Department estimated an Orang-utan population density of 0.42 individual/km² within the forest reserve. This orang-utan population of ~ 183 individuals is totally isolated and its long-term survival is insecure.
# Ulundi Stadium

Ulundi Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Ulundi, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the alternate home venue of AmaZulu.
* This article about a sports venue in South Africa is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Ulundi Airport

Ulundi Airport (IATA: ULD, ICAO: FAUL) is an airport serving the towns of Ulundi, Nongoma and Melmoth in the Zululand Municipal District of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Its official name is the Prince Mangosuthu Buthelezi Airport. The airport is situated 1 km south-west of the entrance to the Ulundi Central Business District at the intersection of the R66 and the P700. The Ulundi airport is in close proximity to the Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park, and the EMakhosini Ophathe Heritage Park.

## Airport facilities

The airport has a fully staffed and equipped rescue and fire department is on site and is qualified to operate at category 4 – 5 levels. The Airport precinct has extensive terminal facilities, hangar space, land for development, parking for aircraft and automobiles, a fuel depot, hangar space and a fully operational radio navigational approach system.
The Ulundi airport was built as an international gateway to the Zulu kingdom and its 1,750 metre-long main runway can accommodate 737 jet airliners.

## Airlines and destinations

| Airlines | Destinations |
| Federal Air | Johannesburg–O. R. Tambo, Phinda, Pietermaritzburg |
# Bhanjpur

Bhanjpur is a place and a locality inside Baripada situated in Mayurbhanj district of Orissa, India. It is named after Bhanja Dynasty, who ruled Mayurbhanj for a long period.
After Ratha Yatra, Jagadhatri Mela at Bhanjpur is the biggest mela of Baripada. It is the festival of Maa Jagadhatri, Goddess of the whole World. There is a 7–10 days mela (carnival) known as mini Bali Yatra called after Cuttack's Bali Yatra (due to simultaneous observation during Ras Purnima) takes place at Jagadhatri Mela Podia, Bhanjpur near Bhanjpur Railway Station during October–November. It is celebrated on Gosthastami. Bhanjpur Jagadhatri mela is famous for its decoration.
25°03′N 87°17′E﻿ / ﻿25.050°N 87.283°E﻿ / 25.050; 87.283
* This article about a location in Mayurbhanj district, Odisha, India is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Ulenje

Ulenje is an administrative ward in the Mbeya Rural district of the Mbeya Region of Tanzania. In 2016 the Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics report there were 7,655 people in the ward, from 6,946 in 2012.$^{:97-98}$$^{:113}$

## Villages and hamlets

The ward has 6 villages, and 8 hamlets.
* Ihango
** Ihango
** Ilembo
** Malonji
** Togwa
* Itala
** Ibula
** Igwila
** Itala A
** Itala B
** Itandu A
** Itandu B
** Kagera
** Majengo
** Nyeta A
** Nyeta B
* Mbonile
** Ilala
** Kalaja
** Kamficheni
** Mwakibete
** Nyakonde
** Tegela
** Togwa
* Mkuyuni
** Igala
** Mdwadwa
** Mkuyuni
** Natela
** Wanging'ombe
* Ulenje
** Barazani
** Ikeka A
** Ikeka B
** Imaji
** Isyonje
** Kiwanjani
** Magharibi A
** Magharibi B
** Makabichi
** Mansamu
* Wambishe
** Hafurwe
** Ikulila A
** Ikulila B
** Ikulila C
** Magoye
** Nsonya
** Shipinga
** Wambishe
# Health Spending Account

Health Spending Accounts (HSA) are Self-insured Private Health Services Plan (PHSP) benefits arranged by Employers for their Employees residing in Canada. Private Health Services Plans are described in Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) Income Tax Bulletin IT-339R2 "Meaning of PHSP" for Health and Dental Care Expenses described in Income Tax Bulletin IT-519R2 "Medical Expenses".
Health Spending Accounts can be utilized to 1. supplement Insured Private Health Services Plans, or implemented as 2. "stand-alone" plans instead of Insured Private Health Services Plans. Private Health Services Plans (which may take the form of Health Spending Accounts) may form part of a Health and Welfare Trust (see IT-85R2) or Flexible Employee Benefit Program (see IT-529).

## Definition

Health Spending Accounts are specified maximum Annual Allocations of funds exclusively for the purpose of health care spending. In some Health Spending Accounts, the company makes advance payments (incl. Administration Fees and Taxes) on behalf of Employees, for Health and/or Dental expenses. In other Health Spending Accounts, payments can be made on a "pay as you go" basis.
Eligible claims are reimbursed to the employee (must be a bona fide employee and not just a shareholder or unincorporated owner), and are non-taxable benefits for the employee. Expenses (claims, administration fees and taxes) are a 100% business deduction for the employer.

## Health Spending Account restrictions

Health Spending Accounts are not available to unincorporated business owners without arms-length employees, as the Canada Revenue Agency would view such payments as a taxable transfer of funds, even if a third party is used as an intermediate step in the transfer of funds. However a pre-paid premium plans, insured by an insurer, are allowable as Private Health Services Plans.

## Eligible expenses

Eligible Expenses are medical expenses which would otherwise qualify as medical expenses within (currently) Section 118.2(2) of the Income Tax Act, and as interpreted by the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) in Income Tax Folio S1F1C1 "Medical Expenses". These are the same medical expenses as allowed under the Medical Expense Tax Credit (METC) and can be obtained from the CRA website.

## Popularity

Health Spending Accounts are used by employers to provide Health and/or Dental benefits for employees, in conjunction with insured plans or as standalone plans. All benefits allowed under the Tax Act are allowed, as compared to the restricted benefits and dollar maximums of PHSP included in insured group benefits plans. Health Spending Accounts provide substantial reductions in actuarial, administration, adjudication and marketing expenses compared to insured PHSP, by maximizing employee benefits and reducing employer cost.

## Providers of Health Spending Accounts

Trustees, third party administrators and insurers provide versions of the HSA to Canadian employers.
# Ulnar collateral ligament of elbow joint

The ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) or internal lateral ligament is a thick triangular ligament at the medial aspect of the elbow uniting the distal aspect of the humerus to the proximal aspect of the ulna.

## Structure

It consists of two portions, an anterior and posterior united by a thinner intermediate portion. Note that this ligament is also referred to as the medial collateral ligament and should not be confused with the lateral ulnar collateral ligament (LUCL).
The anterior portion, directed obliquely forward, is attached, above, by its apex, to the front part of the medial epicondyle of the humerus; and, below, by its broad base to the medial margin of the coronoid process of the ulna.
The posterior portion, also of triangular form, is attached, above, by its apex, to the lower and back part of the medial epicondyle; below, to the medial margin of the olecranon.
Between these two bands a few intermediate fibers descend from the medial epicondyle to blend with a transverse band which bridges across the notch between the olecranon and the coronoid process.
This ligament is in relation with the triceps brachii and flexor carpi ulnaris and the ulnar nerve, and gives origin to part of the flexor digitorum superficialis.

## Injury

During activities such as overhand baseball pitching, this ligament is subjected to extreme tension, which places the overhand-throwing athlete at risk for injury. Acute or chronic disruption and/or attenuation of the ulnar collateral ligament often result in medial elbow pain, valgus instability, and impaired throwing performance. There are both non-surgical and surgical treatment options.

## Additional images

* Elbow joint. Deep dissection. Anterior view.
* Elbow joint. Deep dissection. Anterior view.
* Anatomy of the ulnar collateral ligament in the pitcher's elbow
# Bikamau

Bikamau is a village in Asoha block of Unnao district, Uttar Pradesh, India. It is not connected to major district roads and has one primary school and no healthcare facilities. As of 2011, its population is 1,235, in 246 households.
The 1961 census recorded Bikamau as comprising 1 hamlet, with a total population of 502 (242 male and 260 female), in 92 households and 91 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 535 acres.
# Hayatullah (Tehreek-e-Taliban leader)

Hayatullah is a citizen of Pakistan who has been reported to be a leader of the militant group Tehreek-e-Taliban. According to Pakistan's Daily Times he was reported to have been the group's commander for the Swat valley. He was reported to have been tied to Maulvi Fazlullah. The Sindh police's Special Investigations unit reported he had been captured in a raid in Balong Goth in Orangi Town on 12 January 2010.
United Press International reports he works in the telecommunications sector.
# Big Alcove Spring

Big Alcove Spring is a hot spring in Norris Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park in the United States. In 1996 the water temperature was 92.4 °C (198.3 °F).
# Big Al II

Big Al II is a pioneering funny car built in 1963 by Jim Lytle. It started the trend to flip-top fiberglass 'flopper' bodies.
Lytle's chopped '34 Tudor project cost US$2000, and was powered by an Allison V-1710. The body was hand made.
Big Al II ran three times, all in 1964 at Lion's Dragway, setting a record for full-bodied drag racers, before being retired.
The idea was copied by Ford and Mercury for their Mercury Comet Cyclones. It would inspire "every flopper body ever formed".
# Heinz Kruse

Heinz Kruse (29 August 1940 – 29 July 2008) was a German opera singer (tenor).

## Career

Born in Schleswig, Kruse first sang in a children's choir and completed an apprenticeship with a health insurance company. He began his singing career in the chorus at the theater in Hof, then at Stadttheater Bern and from 1966 to 1968 at Staatstheater Stuttgart. In 1968 he was engaged as a tenor for comic roles at the Theater Basel. His next contract was with the Staatsoper Hannover in 1970, where he celebrated his first great successes in buffo and character roles. He sang Pedrillo in Die Entführung aus dem Serail, Wenzel in Die verkaufte Braut, the Witch in Hänsel und Gretel, David in Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg and numerous other roles. Guest appearances led him to the Paris Opera as Pedrillo in 1978, to Toulouse opera as David in 1979 and to the Bayreuth Festival in 1977, where he played small roles in Tristan and Parsifal. In 1986 he took part in the premiere of Hans-Jürgen von Bose's Die Leiden des jungen Werthers at the Schwetzinger Festspiele.
From 1987 he sang as a heldentenor, in roles such as Florestan in Fidelio (Staatstheater Mainz 1988), Erik in The Flying Dutchman (Staatsoper Berlin 1991), the title role in Parsifal (Staatstheater Braunschweig 1988/89), Loge in Das Rheingold (Staatsoper Hannover 1991, Hamburg 1992), Siegmund in Die Walküre (Hanover 1991), Tristan (Theater Kiel 1991, Hamburgische Staatsoper 1996, Deutsche Oper Berlin 1996) and the Kaiser in Die Frau ohne Schatten (Braunschweig 1992, Semperoper Dresden 1996) as well as Walther von Stolzing in the Meistersinger (Badisches Staatstheater Karlsruhe 1992–93).
A highlight of his singing career in Hamburg in 1993 was the title role in Siegfried, which he also sang at the Deutsche Oper Berlin in 1995, at the Théâtre du Châtelet in Paris in 1994–95 and in the Aalto Theatre in Essen in 1996. During his appearance as Siegfried at Het Muziektheater in Amsterdam in 1998, he fell after his fight with the dragon and dislocated his arm; the performance had to be stopped. In 2000 he also sang this role at the Vienna State Opera.
His stage repertoire also included Cassio in Otello, Hans in The Bartered Bride, Matteo in Arabella (Hamburg 1990), Andrej Chowansky in Chowanschtschina (Hamburg 1994) and Albi in Der Schatzgräber (Hamburg 1989). In 1990 he made a guest appearance at Opernhaus Leipzig as Max in Krenek's Jonny spielt auf. In addition, he appeared as an oratorio and song singer, for example regularly in the Hauptkirche St. Nikolai in Hamburg, where he could be heard mainly as the Evangelist in Johann Sebastian Bach's Christmas Oratorio, St Matthew Passion and St John Passion.
In 2000, Kruse suffered a stroke that ended his career. His daughter, Svenja Kruse, whom he taught, now works as a soprano. His son Björn Kruse (born in 1968) works as an opera and theatre director. Kruse inspired critics and audiences with his beautiful and expressive voice. His clear articulation resulted in a special comprehensibility of words.