# Calculus (disambiguation)

Calculus (from Latin calculus meaning ‘pebble’, plural calculī) in its most general sense is any method or system of calculation.
Calculus may refer to:

## Biology

* Calculus (spider), a genus of the family Oonopidae
* Caseolus calculus, a genus and species of small land snails

## Medicine

* Calculus (dental), deposits of calcium phosphate salts on teeth, also known as tartar
* Calculus (medicine), a stone formed in the body such as a gall stone or kidney stone

## Mathematics

* Infinitesimal calculus (or simply calculus), which investigates motion and rates of change
** Differential calculus
** Integral calculus
** Non-standard calculus, an approach to infinitesimal calculus using Robinson's infinitesimals
* Calculus of sums and differences (difference operator), also called the finite-difference calculus, a discrete analogue of "calculus"
* Functional calculus, a way to apply various types of functions to operators
* Schubert calculus, a branch of algebraic geometry
* Tensor calculus (also called tensor analysis), a generalization of vector calculus that encompasses tensor fields
** Vector calculus (also called vector analysis), comprising specialized notations for multivariable analysis of vectors in an inner-product space
** Matrix calculus, a specialized notation for multivariable calculus over spaces of matrices
* Numerical calculus (also called numerical analysis), the study of numerical approximations
* Umbral calculus, the combinatorics of certain operations on polynomials
* The calculus of variations, a field of study that deals with extremizing functionals
* Itô calculus An extension of calculus to stochastic processes.

## Logic

* Logical calculus, a formal system that defines a language and rules to derive an expression from premises
** Propositional calculus, specifies the rules of inference governing the logic of propositions
** Predicate calculus, specifies the rules of inference governing the logic of predicates
** Proof calculus, a framework for expressing systems of logical inference
*** Sequent calculus, a proof calculus for first-order logic
*** Cirquent calculus, a proof calculus based on graph-style structures called cirquents
** Situation calculus, a framework for describing relations within a dynamic system
*** Event calculus, a model for reasoning about events and their effects
*** Fluent calculus, a model for describing relations within a dynamic system
* Calculus of relations, the manipulation of binary relations with the algebra of sets, composition of relations, and transpose relations
* Epsilon calculus, a logical language which replaces quantifiers with the epsilon operator
* Fitch-style calculus, a method for constructing formal proofs used in first-order logic
* Modal μ-calculus, a common temporal logic used by formal verification methods such as model checking

## Physics

* Bondi k-calculus, a method used in relativity theory
* Jones calculus, used in optics to describe polarized light
* Mueller calculus, used in optics to handle Stokes vectors, which describe the polarization of incoherent light
* Operational calculus, used to solve differential equations arising in electronics

## Formal language

* Lambda calculus, a formulation of the theory of reflexive functions that has deep connections to computational theory
** Kappa calculus, a reformulation of the first-order fragment of typed lambda calculus
** Rho calculus, introduced as a general means to uniformly integrate rewriting into lambda calculus
* Process calculus, a set of approaches to formulating formal models of concurrent systems
** Ambient calculus, a family of models for concurrent systems based on the concept of agent mobility
** Join calculus, a theoretical model for the design of distributed programming languages
** π-calculus, a formulation of the theory of concurrent, communicating processes
* Relational calculus, a calculus for the relational data model
** Domain relational calculus
** Tuple calculus
* Refinement calculus, a way of refining models of programs into efficient programs

## Other meanings

* a calculus (pl. calculi), a Roman counting token
* Battlefield calculus, military calculation of all known factors into the decision-making and action-planning process
* Calculus of negligence, a legal standard in U.S. tort law to determine if a duty of care has been breached
* Felicific calculus, a procedure to evaluate the benefit of an action, according to Bentham
* Professor Calculus, a fictional character in the comic-strip series The Adventures of Tintin