OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# John Cameron, Lord Coulsfield

John Taylor Cameron, Lord Coulsfield, PC (24 April 1934 – 28 February 2016) was a Scottish judge who served as a Senator of the College of Justice from 1987 to 2002.

## Biography

Cameron was born on 24 April 1934 in Dundee. His father was John Reid Cameron, director of education for Dundee Council and his mother was Annie Duncan, a teacher.
Cameron was educated at Fettes College in Edinburgh, before getting an open scholarship to study at Corpus Christi College, Oxford where he studied classics. When he failed the entrance examination for the civil service, he attended University of Edinburgh where he studied for an LLB.
He was admitted to the Faculty of Advocates in 1960, and lectured in public law at the University of Edinburgh from 1960 to 1964. He was appointed Queen's Counsel (QC) in 1973, and served as an Advocate Depute from 1977 to 1979. He was Chairman of the Medical Appeals Tribunal for Scotland from 1985 to 1987.
He was appointed as a Senator of the College of Justice in 1987, taking the judicial title Lord Coulsfield. He was the Scottish Judge on the Employment Appeal Tribunal from 1992 to 1996. Before joining the Court of Session he was a judge in the Courts of Appeal of Jersey and Guernsey. In 2000, he was one of the four judges at the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial.
Cameron retired from practicing law in 2002. He served as Editor of the Scottish Law and Practice Quarterly and chair of the committee for legal education in Scotland. He died on 28 February 2016 at the age of 81 after a short illness.
# Carychiinae

Carychiinae is a taxonomic subfamily of minute air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks.

## Taxonomy

Carychiinae is part of the family Ellobiidae (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
Some authors consider Carychiidae as a separate family.

## Genera

Genera within the subfamily Carychiinae include:
* Carychiella Strauch, 1977
* Carychiopsina Kadolsky, 2020 †
* Carychiopsis Sandberger, 1872 †
* Carychium O. F. Müller, 1773 - type genus of the subfamily Carychiinae
* Koreozospeum Jochum, Prozorova, Sharyi-ool & Páll-Gergely, 2015
* Ovicarychium Kadolsky, 2020 †
* Turricarychium Kadolsky, 2020 †
* Zospeum Bourguignat, 1856
* Zuella Kadolsky, 2020 †

## Ecology

One lineage of the Ellobioidea, the Carychiidae has successfully accomplished a complete transition onto land. Extant carychiid snails inhabit aphotic and permanently wet epigean (Carychium) or subterranean (Zospeum) environments throughout their Holarctic distribution. This dramatic shift from a marine to a terrestrial habitat has occurred independently of the stylommatophoran land-snails of the Eupulmonata.
# Castnia fernandezi

Castnia fernandezi is a moth in the Castniidae family. It is found in Venezuela (Amazonas State).
The length of the forewings is 38–40 mm.
# John Brockman (soldier)

John Brockman, Jr. (May 8, 1735 – January 31, 1801) provided sundries and cash for North Carolina militia during the American Revolutionary War.

## Early years

Brockman was born on May 8, 1735, in King and Queen County, Province of Virginia, to John and Mary (Collins) Brockman, who later moved to Orange County, Virginia. His mother was the daughter of Captain Joseph Collins and Susannah Robertson. John Jr. was the grandson of Samuel Brockman and the great-grandson of Henry Brockman who was a primary founder of the English Brockman family in the United States. John Brockman, Jr., was orphaned when his father died; the court appointed a guardian, Kelly Jennings (second husband of Mary Collins), for Brockman's younger siblings, but excluded John as he was over the age of 14.
John Brockman, Jr., married Amelia Martin, the daughter of Robert and Ann (Eason) Martin. They lived at "Thornhill" in Orange County, Virginia.

## American Revolution

During the American Revolutionary War, Brockman has been reputed to be the colonel and leader of "John Brockman's Regiment" in the North Carolina militia. There is a record of Brockman's supplying the Patriot militia with 2500 pounds currency. The Daughters of the American Revolution have recorded Brockman as a veteran and participated in unveiling a headstone in his honor.

## Death

He died on January 31, 1801, in Laurens District, South Carolina. He is buried at the Clear Spring Baptist Church Cemetery, Simpsonville, Greenville County, South Carolina.
# Braughing (hundred)

Braughing hundred was a judicial and taxation subdivision of Hertfordshire, in the east of the county, that existed from the 10th to the 19th century.
It comprised the following thirteen parishes: Bishop's Stortford, Braughing, Eastwick, Gilston, Hunsdon, Sawbridgeworth, Standon, Stanstead Abbots, Thorley, Thundridge, Ware, Westmill and Widford.
The hundred meeting point was at Braughing, which was one of the main Roman settlements in what is today Eastern Hertfordshire. The area was settled by the Saxon tribe called the Brahingas and became part of the area of the Middle Saxons within the Kingdom of Essex. When Christianity was introduced into Essex in 604, Braughing hundred became part of the Archdeaconry of Middlesex within the Diocese of East Saxons.
# John Graham, 4th Earl of Montrose

John Graham, 4th Earl of Montrose (1573–1626) was a Scottish nobleman, Earl of Montrose from 1608 to the 1620s. He was for a time Lord President of the Privy Council of Scotland.
He was a Catholic, as the English ambassador William Asheby noted in November 1589, on the death of his uncle Mungo Graham, Master Household to James VI.
On 31 January 1595, in a feud following the death of his kinsman John Graham of Hallyards, he fought with James Sandilands on the Royal Mile. There were over 100 pistol shots and Sandilands was wounded. In the confusion, a rumour spread that King James was besieged in Holyrood Palace. Sandilands' brother-in-law William Crauford, brother of the laird of Carse was killed.
He was at court in Royston in England in 1614 and the court physician Théodore de Mayerne treated him for melancholy. Mayerne offered to write a recipe to treat his wife's eyes in 1616.

## Marriage and Family

He married Margaret Ruthven, daughter of William Ruthven, 1st Earl of Gowrie and Dorothea Stewart. Their children included:
* James Graham, 5th Earl of Montrose, later 1st Marquess of Montrose.
* Lilias Graham, married Sir John Colquhoun of Luss, 1st Baronet.
* Elizabeth Graham
* Margaret Graham married Archibald Napier, 1st Lord Napier of Merchiston
* Dorothea Graham married Sir James Rollo, Younger of Duncrub.
* Katherine Graham
* Beatrix Graham married David Drummond, 3rd Lord Maderty.
# Casa degli Eustachi

The Casa degli Eustachi is a medieval palace in Pavia in Lombardy.

## History

The Eustachi house is located in the ancient district of Porta Calcinara, near the Ticino bank. The Eustachi family, of popular origin and dedicated to river traffic, during the fourteenth century became, working for the Visconti, one of the main city families, so much so that Pasino Eustachi became, under Gian Galeazzo and then of Filippo Maria, captain of the Visconti fleet and defeated the Venetian fleet on the Po in the important battle of Cremona in 1431. The house dates back to the early 15th century and is built around a small internal courtyard. Today, two "L" -shaped buildings remain of the structure, but it is assumed that it was much larger. Casa Eustachi now houses the University of the Third Age.

## Architecture

The building has an "L" planimetrically with the longer side to the west and the shorter side to the north, along the main street. The entire complex consists of a ground floor (to which the garden is attached in the rear part of the building) and a first floor. The ground floor consists of two large rooms with coffered wooden ceilings; one of the rooms is illuminated by a large Gothic window; the first room is accessed from the main entrance (on via porta Pertusi), consisting of a Gothic arched portal with a ring richly decorated with terracotta plant motifs and surmounted by a tile, decorated with rhomboidal geometric motifs, which was to house the coat of arms of the family. Even the large cylindrical column, which supports the two lowered arches of the portico, surmounted by a cubic capital, seems to be an architectural element linked to the tried and tested Romanesque construction tradition. Although the permanence of the late Gothic language continued in the Pavia area, and in Lombardy more generally, throughout the fifteenth century, it is also true that the planimetric configuration of the building and the refined workmanship of the architectural elements that make up the building are to be considered as modernity characters. In the case of the Casa degli Eustachi, the study of early fifteenth-century architecture gave results of considerable interest thanks to the integrity of the living organisms that have not undergone subsequent modifications or amalgamations.
# Branica

Branica may refer to the following places:
* Branica, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-central Poland)
* Branica, Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
* Branica, Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
* Branica (river), a river in southwestern Slovenia
* Branica - a part of Suszec, Silesian Voivodeship (south Poland)
# John Cotton

John Cotton may refer to:

## Politicians

* John Cotton (fl. 1379–88), MP for Cambridge 1379–1388
* John Cotton (MP died 1593) (1513–1593), MP for Cambridgeshire 1553, 1554
* John Cotton (MP died 1620/21) (1543–1620/21), MP for Cambridgeshire 1593
* Sir John Cotton, 2nd Baronet, MP for Cambridge 1689–90, 1696, 1705
* John Cotton (1671–1736), MP for Westminster 1722
* Sir John Hynde Cotton, 3rd Baronet (1686–1752), English Jacobite MP for Cambridge 1708–22,1727–41, for Cambridgeshire 1722–27, and for Marlborough 1741–52
* Sir John Cotton, 3rd Baronet, of Connington (1621–1702), MP for Huntingdon 1661 and Huntingdonshire 1685
* Sir John Hynde Cotton, 4th Baronet (c. 1717–1795), MP for St Germans 1741–47, Marlborough 1752–61, and Cambridgeshire 1764–80
* Sir John Cotton, 4th Baronet, of Connington (c. 1680–1731), MP for Huntingdon 1705 and Huntingdonshire 1710–13

## Sportsmen

* John Cotton (baseball) (born 1970), retired professional baseball player
* John Cotton (cricketer) (born 1940), English cricketer
* John Cotton (footballer) (1930–2015), footballer for Crewe Alexandra and Stoke City

## Others

* Johannes Cotto or John Cotton (12th century), author of a treatise on music
* John Cotton (minister) (1585–1652), American religious leader
* John Cotton (ornithologist) (1801–1849), British and Australian artist and ornithologist
* John Cotton (author), author of a treatise on music
* John G. Cotton (born 1951), US Navy admiral
* Jack Cotton (1903–1964), British entrepreneur
* John Cotton (architect) (1844–1934), British architect to whom Frank Worthington Simon was articled
# Granite City, Wisconsin

Granite City is a ghost town in the town of Wyoming, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States. The settlement was located in section 13 of the town of Wyoming, and had formed before Wyoming was split from the larger Town of Helvetia in 1890.

## History

Granite City formed around what was described as "a rich granite quarry" owned by J. H. Leuthold and (partner) Holman. The quarry and town was served by a four-mile spur of the Milwaukee, Lake Shore and Western Railroad, and the town featured a store.
# Brayan Angulo

Brayan Angulo may refer to:
* Brayan Angulo (footballer, born 1989), Colombian football left-back
* Brayan Angulo (footballer, born 1993), Colombian football midfielder
# Brawn (disambiguation)

Brawn is a meat dish.
Brawn may also refer to:
* Amadeus Cho, a fictional superhero from Marvel Comics
* Brawn (Transformers), a fictional character from the various Transformers universes
* Brawn (surname), a family name
* Physical strength, the capacity for muscular force
* An episode of the television series The Batman
* Brawn GP, a former Formula One team
# Castanopsis buruana

Castanopsis buruana is a tree in the family Fagaceae. The specific epithet buruana is from the Latin, meaning "of Buru" (one of Indonesia's Maluku Islands).

## Description

Castanopsis buruana grows as a tree up to 30 metres (100 ft) tall with a trunk diameter of up to 60 cm (24 in). The brown bark is smooth or scaly. The coriaceous leaves measure up to 13 cm (5 in) long. Its ovoid to roundish nuts measure up to 1.5 cm (0.6 in) long.

## Distribution and habitat

Castanopsis buruana grows naturally in Borneo, Sulawesi and Maluku. Its habitat is dipterocarp forests from sea-level to 450 m (1,500 ft) altitude.
# Mycoleptodonoides tropicalis

Mycoleptodonoides tropicalis is a species of tooth fungus in the family Meruliaceae. It was described as new to science in 2013 by mycologists Hai-Sheng Yuan and Yu-Cheng Dai. The type collection was made in the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden in Mengla County (Yunnan, China), where the fungus was found fruiting on a decaying angiosperm trunk. The specific epithet tropicalis refers to the tropical forest habitat.
# Catherine Lemorton

Catherine Lemorton is a French pharmacist and politician. She was a member of the National Assembly of France, representing Haute-Garonne's 1st constituency, based in Toulouse, as a member of the Socialist party from 2007 to 2017. She won the 2007 election, defeating Jean-Luc Moudenc who was mayor of Toulouse at the time.

## Parliamentary action

Catherine Lemorton is known for her report (la prescription, la consommation et la fiscalité des médicaments) on pharmaceutical drugs, regarded as taking part in a fight against the lobbies of the pharmaceutical industry and the conflicts of interest in medicament's policies.
# Catherine Levison

Catherine Levison is the author of four books. She is also a public speaker to parenting, homeschooling and educational audiences throughout the United States and Canada. She is also a columnist for The Link magazine. Levison lives with her family in the Puget Sound region of Washington state.

## Career

Levison's workshops, articles, books and seminars are based on her extensive research into the teaching methods and educational philosophies of Charlotte Mason, a British educator from the last century whose techniques are currently receiving renewed interested, especially in American private and home schools.
   "Homeschooling and parenting are intertwined in such a way that they can hardly be seen as separate concepts. ... As one overlaps with the other, we find that all parents are home educators to some degree." ~Catherine Levison
Levison is a frequent workshop presenter and keynote speaker at homeschooling conventions. She also conducts all-day educational how-to seminars throughout the United States and Canada for parents, teachers, and home educators.

## Publications

* A Charlotte Mason Education: A How-to Manual, ISBN 978-1891400162 (SourceBooks)
* More Charlotte Mason Education, ISBN 978-1891400179 (SourceBooks)
* A Literary Education: An Annontated Book List, ISBN 978-1891400230 (SourceBooks)
* "No One Ever Asked Me That; Conversations on the Afterlife", ISBN 978-0692248614
# John Cooper (artist)

John Cooper (1942 – 22 February 2015) was a British comics artist.
Cooper was born in Featherstone, West Yorkshire, in 1942. In 1963 he became a freelance artist, and illustrated the comic strips "Captain Scarlet", "Thunderbirds" and "Secret Agent 21" for TV Century 21. In 1975 he co-created "One-Eyed Jack" for Valiant, with writer John Wagner. He later became the regular artist on "Johnny Red" for Battle Picture Weekly, drawing over 300 episodes, as well as "Action Force" and "Dredger" for the same title. For 2000 AD he drew "Judge Dredd," "M.A.C.H. 1", Alan Moore's "Abelard Snazz" and some "Future Shocks". He also worked on Starlord, Eagle, Scream!, Marvel UK, Roy of the Rovers, Warlord, the Judge Dredd Megazine and Private Eye.
As well as his work on comics, he also painted detailed maritime scenes by private commission, and did some work as a courtroom artist.
He was married twice, and had two children from his first marriage.
# Graduate medical education

Graduate medical education (GME) refers to any type of formal medical education, usually hospital-sponsored or hospital-based training, pursued after receipt of the M.D. or D.O. degree in the United States This education includes internship, residency, subspecialty and fellowship programs, and leads to state licensure and board certification.
Graduate medical education is part of what's known as the continuum of medical education, following undergraduate medical education (UME)—the training that leads to the M.D. or D.O. degree—and preceding continuing medical education (CME).

## Teaching approaches

The medical curriculum aims to train graduates to be versatile physicians capable of preventive, promotive, curative, and rehabilitative care. It offers a broad yet flexible education to prepare them for diverse career paths. Specialized training is tailored to various service environments, emphasizing practical skills. Community and rural healthcare are emphasized, alongside self-directed learning. Graduates are encouraged to think logically, express ideas clearly, and understand the social context of health. Teaching methods prioritize hands-on experience over lectures, promoting active learning in small groups. Clinical training occurs in outpatient settings and communities, with small group clinics for personalized attention. Integrated teaching approaches connect different disciplines through problem-based learning. Group discussions and seminars enhance communication and leadership skills. Faculty development and modern educational technology are emphasized. To optimize learning, vacation time is limited, and adequate resources are required for curriculum implementation.
# Casa Vidal

Casa Vidal is a house located at Avinguda Carlemany, 59, Escaldes-Engordany Parish, Andorra. It is a heritage property registered in the Cultural Heritage of Andorra. It was built in 1946.
# Bradyaerobic

Bradyaerobic is a term used in biology that describes an animal that has low levels of oxygen consumption.
By necessity a bradyaerobic animal can engage in short low or high low-level aerobic exercise, followed by brief anaerobically powered bursts of energy. Bradyaerobes can be sprinters, but not long-distance animals.
# Catherine Boone

Catherine Boone is Professor of Comparative Politics at the London School of Economics and Political Science. Boone is a specialist in property rights, political economy, and territorial politics in Africa.

## Education

Boone earned her B.A. at the University of California, San Diego and graduated with honors in Political Science and minors in Economics and French Literature. She received her Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the Department of Political Science. She concentrated in comparative politics, political economy, and African politics. During her time at the University of California she studied as an exchange student and President's Research Fellow at the University of Nairobi in Kenya. She focused on agricultural and international economics.

## Career

She has been a visiting researcher at the Centre Des Etudes Supérieures en Gestion, Dakar, Senegal and a visiting professor and researcher in the Centro de Investigacion y Docencias Economicas (CIDE) in a Division of International Studies, Mexico City. In 2002 and 2003, she was a visiting Fulbright professor in Beijing Foreign Studies University, People’s Republic of China. She was an Assistant, Associate, and then Professor of Government in University of Texas at Austin. In September 2013 she accepted a position as Professor of Comparative Politics in the Departments of Government and International Development in London School of Economics and Political Science.
She was elected fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2020 and made a fellow of the British Academy in 2021.

## Selected publications

* Property and Political Order in Africa: Land Rights and the Structure of Politics. Cambridge University Press, 2014. This book won APSA's 2016 Luebbert Book Award for best book in Comparative Politics.
* Property and Political Order: Land Rights and the Structure of Conflict in Africa. Cambridge University Press, 2013.
* Political Topographies of the African State: Territorial Authority and Institutional Choice. Cambridge University Press, 2003.
* Merchant Capital and the Roots of State Power in Senegal. Cambridge University Press, 1993.
# John Darling Young

Major John Darling Young, JP (1910 – 1988) was Lord Lieutenant of Buckinghamshire from 1969 to 1984. His parents were Frederick William Young and Florence Darling.
He served in the Second World War with the Life Guards.
In addition to the Lord Lieutenancy, he also served as High Sheriff of Buckinghamshire for 1960, and as a member of Buckinghamshire County Council for Buckingham.
# John Darley

John Darley may refer to:
* John Darley (bishop) (1799–1884), Irish Anglican bishop
* John Darley (politician) (born 1937), Australian politician
* John M. Darley (1938–2018), American social psychologist
# Brazilian Association for Self-Defense

The Brazilian Association for Self-Defense (in Portuguese: "Associação Brasileira Pela Legítima Defesa" – ABPLD) is a non-governmental, nonprofit organization, created in 2016, with the main objective of guaranteeing citizens the right to keep and bear arms for self-defense, home-defense or third parties-defense.

## Historic

ABPLD, was "de facto" founded on October 23, 2015, the date on which the tenth anniversary of the great democratic victory was celebrated in the 2005 referendum, is the historic successor to the "Movement for Self-Defense" (in Portuguese: "Movimento Pela Legítima Defesa"), which in turn brought together several associations, informal groups and individuals.
This coalition that gave rise to ABPLD had the effective participation of the "Brazilian Association of Rifle Shooters" (in Portuguese: "Associação Brasileira dos Atiradores de Rifle" – ABAR), the "National Association of Arms Owners and Merchants" (in Portuguese: "Associação Nacional dos Proprietários e Comerciantes de Armas" – ANPCA), the "Paulista Association for the Defense of Individual Rights and Freedoms" (in Portuguese: "Associação Paulista de Defesa dos Direitos e Liberdades Individuais" – APADDI), "Paulista Federation of Practical Shooting" (in Portuguese: "Federação Paulista de Tiro Prático" – FPTP), "RAM Metal Silhouettes Club" (in Portuguese: "RAM Clube de Silhuetas Metálicas" – RCSM), "Safari Club International" (SCI Brazil), and several individual collaborators.

## Actions

Since its foundation, ABPLD, through its presidents, has promoted and disseminated its ideas and values, defending that the "weapon is the most effective instrument for defense".
Both ABPLD and the "Center for Research in Law and Security" (in Portuguese: "Centro de Pesquisas em Direito e Segurança" – CEPEDES), were critical of the text of the decree edited by President Jair Bolsonaro on January 15, 2019, as they considered it to fall short of expectations, leaving room for many dubious interpretations.

## Organization

ABPLD Board:
* President: Diogo Chogo Waki
* Secretary-General: Jairo Paes de Lira
* chief financial officer: José Luiz de Sanctis
* Director of Associative Affairs: Hudson Costa André Caruso
* Legal Director: Reynaldo Arantes

## Other similar groups

Some groups that defend the right to keep and bear arms in other countries:
* Argentina: Asociación de Legítimos Usuarios y Tenedores de Armas de la República Argentina (ALUTARA)
* Chile: Agrupación Nacional por la Tenencia Responsable de Armas
* Colombia: Asociación Colombiana de Usuarios de Armas;
* Spain: National Arms Association of Spain (ANARMA)
* Switzerland: proTell
* United States: National Rifle Association of America (NRA)
* Uruguay: Asociación Uruguaya de Tenedores Responsables de Armas de Fuego
# Bradycinetulus fossatus

Bradycinetulus fossatus is a species of earth-boring scarab beetle in the family Geotrupidae. It is found in North America.
# Bradyctena

Bradyctena is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.

## Species

* Bradyctena trychnoptila (Turner, 1906)