OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Hills horseshoe bat

Hills horseshoe bat may refer to:
* Rhinolophus hilli, commonly known as Hill's horseshoe bat, found only in Rwanda
* Rhinolophus hillorum, commonly known as Hills' horseshoe bata, found in several countries in West and Central Africa
# Ole Martin Ystgaard

Ole Martin Ystgaard (21 June 1910 – 19 September 1970) was a Norwegian dairy leader. He was born in Sparbu, a son of farmer and politician Hans Ystgaard and Kathrine Birgitte Steinfjord. He married nurse Elsa Johanne Skaalvik in 1946. He was appointed professor at the Norwegian College of Agriculture from 1951. Among his contributions is the development of the new cheese type called Jarlsberg cheese.
# Contoderopsis luzonica

Contoderopsis luzonica is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1970.
# Old Donghe Bridge

The Old Donghe Bridge or Old Tungho Bridge (traditional Chinese: 舊東河橋; simplified Chinese: 旧东河桥; pinyin: Jiù Dōnghé Qiáo) is a bridge in Taitung County, Taiwan. It connects Chenggong Township and Donghe Township over Mawuku River.

## History

The bridge was designed and built in 1926 by the Japanese under the name Jikuen Bridge as a suspension bridge. It was the longest bridge designed during the Japanese rule of Taiwan. In 1953, the bridge was rebuilt due to damage caused by typhoon by maintaining the original height of the towers at each end. Currently, the bridge is opened only for pedestrians.

## Architecture

The bridge is 127 meters long and 4.65 meters wide made of concrete. At the northern end in Chenggong Township side, it has an arch-shaped pier and sits on top of hard limestone soil foundation. At the southern end in Donghe Township side, it has framed pier and sits on top of soft sedimentary rock foundation.
# History of copper currency in Sweden

The Swedish Empire had the greatest and most numerous copper mines in Europe as it entered into its pre-eminence in the early 17th century as an emerging Great Power. Through poor fiscal policies and the First Treaty of Älvsborg, Sweden lost control of its reserves of precious metals, primarily silver, of which most had left to the burgeoning trade economy of Amsterdam. In 1607 the Swedish King Charles IX attempted to persuade the populace to exchange their silver-based currency for a copper-based coin of equal face value, though this offer was not generally taken up. Sweden's large army at the time was paid entirely in copper currency, further issued in large numbers by Gustavus II to finance the war efforts against Ferdinand II of Germany during the Thirty Years' War. The face value of the circulating copper coins now greatly exceeded the reserves of the state and production of the national economy, so the value of the currency quickly fell to its commodity value. In a country where copper was so abundant, that number was very small, because of which the savings of the people of Sweden were wiped out.
When Gustavus' daughter and heir Christina reached maturity at 18, after a brief fling with paper-based money backed by copper—which was well received initially but soon lost credibility—she began issuing copper in plates as large as fifteen kilograms to serve as currency. Unwieldy as they were, the copper-based monetary system worked to a certain extent until the world copper price collapsed. Sweden's copper no longer commanded the premium it once had on world markets and foreign income dried up. Relative to the rest of Europe, the people of Sweden had become poor once more.
In an effort to shore up the economy, the government minister Baron von Görtz stepped up to the challenge and became the country's central banker. He issued more copper-based currency without limit, with a face value of one daler (much greater than their intrinsic value) which were technically inferior and easy to counterfeit. Soon these coins were so abundant that they too depreciated rapidly towards their raw metal value. This was caused by a belief spreading rapidly, saying that the copper coins would soon be unacceptable as a form of payment of taxes. Görtz was blamed for the failure, and was beheaded in March of 1719, a punishment which greatly pleased the Swedish people. At the end of July 1768 plate money was abolished, but reintroduced on 4 August.
# Olenecamptus similis

Olenecamptus similis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Dillon and Dillon in 1948.
# Contact area

When two objects touch, only a certain portion of their surface areas will be in contact with each other. This area of true contact, most often constitutes only a very small fraction of the apparent or nominal contact area. In relation to two contacting objects, the contact area is the part of the nominal area that consists of atoms of one object in true contact with the atoms of the other object. Because objects are never perfectly flat due to asperities, the actual contact area (on a microscopic scale) is usually much less than the contact area apparent on a macroscopic scale. Contact area may depend on the normal force between the two objects due to deformation.
The contact area depends on the geometry of the contacting bodies, the load, and the material properties. The contact area between the two parallel cylinders is a narrow rectangle. Two, non-parallel cylinders have an elliptical contact area, unless the cylinders are crossed at 90 degrees, in which case they have a circular contact area. Two spheres also have a circular contact area.

## Friction and contact area

It is an empirical fact for many materials that F = μN, where F is the frictional force for sliding friction, μ is the coefficient of friction, and N is the normal force. There isn't a simple derivation for sliding friction's independence from area.

## Methods for determining contact area

One way of determining the actual contact area is to determine it indirectly through a physical process that depends on contact area. For example, the resistance of a wire is dependent on the cross-sectional area, so one may find the contact area of a metal by measuring the current that flows through that area (through the surface of an electrode to another electrode, for example.)
# Olivella altatae

Olivella altatae is a species of small sea snail, marine gastropod mollusk in the subfamily Olivellinae, in the family Olividae, the olives. Species in the genus Olivella are commonly called dwarf olives.
# Hitoshi Nanba

Hitoshi Nanba (Japanese: 難波日登志, Hepburn: Nanba Hitoshi), also known by his pseudonym Namimi Sanjo, is a Japanese anime director. Nanba started working in the anime industry in 1982 and directed his first full series in 1989. Since then, some of the series he has directed include Heroman, Gosick, and Golden Kamuy.

## Biography

Hitoshi Nanba was born in Niigata Prefecture. He started working in the anime industry in 1982 and was put in charge of directing for the first time with Dash! Yonkuro in 1989. Following Dash! Yonkuro, he directed the anime adaptation of Gosick in 2011. In 2018, he was put in charge of the anime adaptation of Golden Kamuy.

## Works
### TV series

* Dash! Yonkuro (1989–1990) (director)
* Jungle King Tar-chan (1993–1994) (director)
* Bonobono (1995–1996) (director)
* YAT Anshin! Uchū Ryokō (1996–1998) (director)
* Baki the Grappler (2001) (part 1 director)
* Heroman (2010) (director)
* Gosick (2011) (director)
* Our Love Has Always Been 10 Centimeters Apart (2017) (chief director)
* Golden Kamuy (2018–2020) (director)
* I-Chu: Halfway Through the Idol (2021) (director)
* Tomo-chan Is a Girl! (2023) (director, storyboard artist)
* #Compass 2.0: Combat Providence Analysis System (2025) (director)

### Films

* Fate/Grand Order: First Order (2016) (director)
* Fate/Grand Order: Moonlight/Lostroom (2017) (director)

### Original video animation

* Hajime no Ippo: Mashiba vs Kimura (2003) (director)

### Original net animation

* Rising Impact (2024) (director)
# Contact preclusion

Contact preclusion is a fuzing feature found in some nuclear weapons in which backup contact fuzes in a nuclear weapon can be disabled when the weapon is set to air burst fuzing.
When a nuclear attack is planned, the planner has the option of deciding if either air burst or ground burst fuzing will be used. Air burst has a larger damage radius against soft targets such as personnel or non-hardened buildings than ground bursts due to the Mach stem effect, however in the event the air burst fuze fails to actuate a contact fuze as backup is often included in the weapon. Though the damage radius will be reduced in this event, it is possible the target will still be destroyed.
Ground bursts produce significant fallout that has the potential to be hazardous to civilians and friendly personnel. Therefore, in some weapons the option for contact preclusion exists in the weapon's fuzing. This disables the weapon's backup contact fuze, so if the air burst fuze fails, detonation is precluded, hence the name contact preclusion.

## Weapons with contact preclusion

* B28 nuclear bomb - Only in EX (external), IN (internal) and RE (retarded external) weapons. Preclusion must be set before takeoff.
* B61 nuclear bomb - Selectable in flight.
* MGM-29 Sergeant missile - W52 warhead.
* MGM-31 Pershing missile - W50 warhead
# Coolmeen GAA

Coolmeen GAA is a Gaelic Athletic Association club based in Coolmeen, County Clare, Ireland. It takes part in competitions organised by the Clare GAA county board. It fields teams in Gaelic football.

## History

Coolmeen GAA club was formed in 1887. Since then the club has won numerous Gaelic Football championship titles at adult and underage level. Throughout the last century Coolmeen has won two senior football championships, as well as having success at intermediate and junior levels. The club's adult football team are currently at intermediate status. The last Junior 'A' championship came to Coolmeen in 1999 with a one-point victory over Clondegad in the final. The most recent success came to the club in 2010 when the U21s beat O'Currys/Naoimh Eoin to win their second Under-21 "C" championship in a row. In 2015 the club won the county junior championship after 16 years and then went on to contest the Munster junior football championship final where they lost to Templenoe of Kerry.

## Major honours
### Gaelic Football

* Clare Senior Football Championship (2): 1919, 1922
* Clare Football League Div. 1 (Cusack Cup) (1): 1944
* Clare Intermediate Football Championship (3): 1959, 1966, 1967
* Munster Junior Club Football Championship Runners-Up: 2015
* Clare Junior A Football Championship (6): 1922, 1958, 1964, 1983, 1999, 2015
* Clare Under-21 A Football Championship (1): 2021 (as Cill Cúil Gaels with Kildysart, Kilmihil & Shannon Gaels)
* Clare Under 21 C Football Championship (4): 2009, 2010, 2015, 2016.

### Hurling

* West Clare Hurling Championship (1): 1999

## Notable players

Cathal O'Connor and Noel Meaney have represented the county at senior level in the last ten years.
# Olorua

Olorua is an uninhabited island of the Lau Archipelago in the Eastern Division of Fiji. The island has an area of 0.3 square kilometres (74 acres) and rises to 50 metres (164 ft) above sea level. It is located 8.0 nautical miles (14.8 km or 9.2 mi) northwest of Komo, the nearest inhabited island. It is occasionally visited by local tribes.
The island has a warm, tropical climate. Trees such as coconut, mango, lemon, grow on the island. Due to heavy marine pollution, its shores are littered with plastic bottles and other junk.
The wildlife on and around the island includes crabs, sharks, and lizards such as the gecko. There is also a small group of goats on the island, left by the people of the Komo clan of the largest neighbouring Island. The goats maintain their population on the island without human intervention. During festivities, a goat is captured and removed from the island during the night by shining a flashlight on it, causing it to freeze.
The island was featured on a Discovery Channel survival series, Marooned with Ed Stafford, in which a former British Army officer, Ed Stafford, spent 60 days alone on the island.
# Ole Georg Gjøsteen

Ole Georg Gjøsteen (9 February 1854 – 19 June 1936) was a Norwegian educator and politician for the Norwegian Labour Party.

## Personal life

He was born in Stord, and was the older brother of politician and educationalist Johan David Haslund Gjøstein.
In October 1877 he married Emilie Josefine Sundbye. The couple had seven daughters and four sons.

## Career

An instrument maker by profession, Gjøsteen became involved in the growing worker's movement in Norway. He became a member of Kristiania Arbeidersamfund in 1871, and as political parties were established in the 1880s, Gjøsteen joined the radical wing of the Liberal Party. From 1888 to 1891 he chaired De forenede norske arbeidersamfund.
During this period Gjøsteen was among the founding members of the Norwegian Union of Iron and Metalworkers, and he also left the Liberal Party to found the more radical Norwegian Labour Party in 1887. He chaired this party nationally, from 1892 to 1893. He was elected to Kristiania city council in 1895, and served until 1919. Although not a member of Parliament, he marked himself as a proponent of universal suffrage and dissolution of the personal union between Sweden and Norway. General suffrage would be introduced in 1898 for men, and 1913 for women, whereas the union was dissolved in 1905.
In the field of education, Gjøsteen served as a member of the school board in Kristiania from 1896 to 1923, chairing it from 1914 to 1919. He worked to build the public primary school into a basis for further education, and to strengthen the secondary education. He strongly supported the idea of the comprehensive school, to the point of being called "the father of the comprehensive school in Norway".
# Chiara Fumai

Chiara Fumai (1978–2017) was an Italian performance artist.

## Life and career

Born in Rome, Fumai graduated in architecture from Polytechnic University of Milan, and had her breakout in 2013, winning Furla Prize with a performance based on a work by Valerie Solanas. She took part in documenta (13) and held performances at MAXXI, Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume and Fondazione Bevilacqua La Masa [it], among other places. In 2016 she won the Premio New York.
Fumai in her performance practice centered her artistic focus on the role of women. Her approach involved a combination of deconstruction methods, exploration of freak shows, engagement with metaphysics, transvestism, and DJ sets. This analysis was conducted through an anarcho-feminist lens, also in relation to the art system.She also exhibited under the pseudonym Nico Fumai, a fictitious character inspired by her father In 2019 her works were exhibited in the Italian Pavilion on the occasion of the 58th International Art Exhibition of the Venice Biennale. Her work was the subject of a solo show at the Centre d’Art Contemporain Genève in 2020.

## Death and commemoration

Chiara Fumai committed suicide on 16 August 2017, at the age of 39.
Her archives are held in the Castello di Rivoli in Turin. In 2023, the gardens of Piazza Eroi del Mare in Bari have been named after the artist.
# Hog louse

Hog louse may mean:
* Hog louse, Haematopinus suis, a large parasitic louse living on the skin of domestic swine
* Hog-louse or water hog-louse, applied to freshwater isopod crustaceans in the family Asellidae
* Hog-louse or woodlouse, any of the many species of terrestrial isopod crustaceans in the suborder Oniscidea
# Hog chains

Hog chains were a technological device that permitted river boats to have lightly built hulls so they could travel in shallow water.

## Engineering problem

It was advantageous for river vessels to operate in very shallow water, so that work could be done at all seasons and in areas that lacked deeper rivers. This required flat-bottomed boats with lightly built hulls. However, the hulls tended to bend out of shape over time, particularly with sternwheelers, which had heavy components at stern (the sternwheel) and also towards the bow (the boilers). If the boat hull became bowed upwards in the middle, this was called "hogging". If the boat bowed down in the middle, this was called "sagging".

## Description

To forestall hogging and sagging, since about 1850, the hulls of wooden river boats were held in shape by a system of wire trusses, called "hog chains". These were not chains at all, but rather iron rods 1 to 2.5 inches (25 to 64 mm) in diameter, which ran from strong points in the hull to vertical timbers, called "hog posts", which looked like masts, rising above the hull. Tension on the hog chains was adjusted through the use of turnbuckles. Generally the hog posts which carried the chains did not rise above the cabins on Mississippi River-style steamers. This was not the case with steamboats designed in the Pacific Northwest style, where the hogposts were often clearly visible rising above the superstructure.

## Consequences of failure

Should the hog-chains break, the hull would come out of tension, and start sagging on the ends. This was called being "hogged". In some cases the sagging on the ends would be so great that a boat's hull would break in half. Accidents such as running aground were the kind of things that could cause hog-chains to break.
# Chet (Chet Atkins album)

Professional ratings :
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| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | (no rating) |
Chet is a studio album by American guitarist Chet Atkins, released in 1967.

## Reissues

* Chet was reissued on CD in 2006 combined with Music From Nashville, My Home Town.

## Track listing
### Side one

* "Foggy Mountain Top" (Carter)
* "Truck Driver's Blues" (Ted Daffan)
* "Bandera" (Atkins)
* "Make the World Go Away" (Hank Cochran)
* "Oh Baby Mine" (Pat Ballard)

### Side two

* "Oklahoma Hills" (Woody Guthrie)
* "Just Out of Reach (Stewart)
* "Wabash Cannonball" (Carter)
* "Release Me" (Eddie Miller, W. S. Stevenson)
* "Goin' Down the Road Feelin' Bad" (Traditional)

## Personnel

* Chet Atkins – guitar
# Cordiant Communications Group

Cordiant Communications Group was an advertising agency conglomerate in business from 1995 to 2003. In 2001, Cordiant was the eighth-largest advertising group worldwide, with an estimated gross income of US$1.2 billion and billings of around US$13.4 billion.
After the Saatchi brothers were ousted from Saatchi & Saatchi, it was renamed Cordiant. In 1997 Cordiant split into two: Cordiant Communications Group and Saatchi & Saatchi (latter absorbed by Publicis Groupe in 2000). WPP Group purchased and absorbed Cordiant in 2003.
# Constant strain triangle element

In numerical mathematics, the constant strain triangle element, also known as the CST element or T3 element, is a type of element used in finite element analysis which is used to provide an approximate solution in a 2D domain to the exact solution of a given differential equation.
The name of this element reflects how the partial derivatives of this element's shape function are linear functions. When applied to plane stress and plane strain problems, this means that the approximate solution obtained for the stress and strain fields are constant throughout the element's domain.
The element provides an approximation for the exact solution of a partial differential equation which is parametrized barycentric coordinate system (mathematics)
* This mathematical analysis–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
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# Constantin Zablovschi

Constantin Zablovschi (16 July 1882, in Czernowitz – 3 May 1967, in Bucharest) was a Romanian engineer and pioneer in the field of telecommunications.

## Biography

Zablovschi studied at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering at the Technische Hochschule in Charlottenburg (now Technische Universität Berlin) Berlin, and obtained the title of Doctor of Engineering. Upon returning to Romania, he dedicated his career to the development of radio communications, becoming one of the first specialists in this field in the country. He contributed to the establishment of the first radio stations and the development of the national radiocommunication network. Zablovschi was involved in the establishment and development of the Romanian Radio Broadcasting Company. He was also involved in various projects and experiments related to radiocommunications, including establishing the first transcontinental radio links between Romania and other countries.
In the 1930s, Zablovschi achieved a remarkable feat in the field of telecommunications by establishing a transatlantic radio link between Bucharest and New York. Utilizing modern radio technology of the time, Zablovschi oversaw the design and implementation of sophisticated antenna systems, coordinated radio frequencies, and optimized signal strength and quality over vast distances. He died in 1967 in Bucharest, aged 84. A street in the city's Sector 1 is named after him.
# Cooksley

Cooksley is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Bert Cooksley OBE (1892–1980), New Zealand politician of the National Party
* Graeme Cooksley, New Zealand former rugby league footballer, represented NZ in the 1970 and 1972 World Cups
* Harry Cooksley (born 1994), English association footballer
* Mark Cooksley (born 1971), former professional rugby union player and All Black lock
# Gypsitea

Gypsitea is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.
# Bonnetia jauaensis

Bonnetia jauensis is a species of flowering plant in the Bonnetiaceae family found only in Venezuela.
# Brouncker

Brouncker is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* William Brouncker (disambiguation), multiple people
* Henry Brouncker (disambiguation), multiple people
* Viscount Brouncker
* Edward Brouncker, 17th-century Anglican priest
# Gemma Wollenschlaeger

Gemma Wollenschlaeger (born August 11, 2003) is an American pararower. She represented the United States at the 2024 Summer Paralympics.

## Early life and education

Wollenschlaeger was born in the United Kingdom, raised in South Africa, and immigrated to the United States at five years old. She was born with a left clubfoot and underwent several surgeries growing up to correct her foot. She attended Archbishop Spalding High School in Severn, Maryland and rowed for the Annapolis Junior Rowing team.
She attends Temple University and is pursuing an accounting degree at Fox School of Business and Management. As a member of Temple's women's rowing team during her freshman year in 2022, she earned second-team All-AAC honors, and was named Temple's women's Rowing Newcomer of the Year. During her sophomore year in 2023, she earned first-team All-AAC honors and was named Temple's women's Rowings Athlete of the Year.

## Career

Wollenschlaeger made her international debut for the United States at the 2023 World Rowing Championships and won a silver medal in the PR3 mixed double sculls event with a time of 8:15.22.
On January 17, 2024, she was selected to represent the United States at the 2024 Summer Paralympics. She won a silver medal in the mixed coxed four event.
# Hope Brook Aerodrome

Hope Brook Airport is an abandoned aerodrome located 7.4 nautical miles (13.7 km; 8.5 mi) east of Grand Bruit, at the Hope Brook Gold Mine, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.