OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Robert Sandford (explorer)

Robert Sandford was an English explorer of the Province of Carolina in the 17th century on behalf of the eight Lords Proprietor of the Province of Carolina. He followed Captain William Hilton in the search for sites on the Carolina coast for establishing English settlements after the charter of 1663. Both Sandford and Hilton's expeditions were based in Barbados, and Sandford was patronized by English planters in Barbados, including James Drax.

## Youth and early career

Sandford was born in Hamburg in 1632, the son of merchant adventurer Thomas Sandford and his wife Elizabeth Kingsland. He and his brother, William, moved to Barbados as children around 1642, and Sandford stated he was ignorant of English ways in a pamphlet he wrote called Suriname Justice. His uncle was Major Nathaniel Kingsland, settler of Barbados.
In 1661-62, Robert Sandford ran afoul of Governor William Byam and was manacled, fined and exiled from Suriname without trial. Byam accused Sandford that under the cover of a mission to recover runaway slaves he threatened to go to St Vincent with the soldiers and native-born Americans. Sandford accused Byam and his associate, George Marten, of crimes against the rights of the settlers as Englishmen, and of "atheism, license, and abuse of due process". In November 1664, he was created agent and secretary for Clarindon County, Carolina for Lord Proprietor Sir John Colleton.

## Exploration of Carolina Coast

As an explorer following William Hilton, Robert Sandford was responsible for the first footing expedition from the Caribbean to the Carolinas. Hilton's voyage took place in 1663, and Sandford's in 1666. Both explored the Port Royal area, and Sandford gave the name of one of the Lords Proprietors, Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury, to the Ashley River on his exploration in 1666. Hilton and Sandford both praised the area for it fertility and suitability, Sandford saying, "[W]ee doe assure Our selves that a Colony of English here planted, with a moderate support in their Infant tendency, would in a very short time improve themselves to a perfect Common Wealth … which for its Scite and produccons would be of more advantage to … [England and] the King … the any (wee may say all) his other Dominions in America".
In his 1666 expedition, Sandford was sent to explore the Carolina coast. He met with Kiawah people Chief Shadoo and a Cusabo chief on Edisto Island who guided him to Port Royal and who introduced him to the chief there. Proceeding to St. Helena Island, Sandford was presented with a nephew of the chief there to be taught the English language and customs on July 7, 1666. In return he left Dr. Henry Woodward with the St. Helena chief to study the language and customs of the Native Americans there. Sandford's voyage included 17 members other than himself, including Captain George Cary, Lieutenant Samuel Hardy, Lieutenant Joseph Woory, Ensign Henry Brayne, Ensign Richard Abrahall, and Mr Thomas Giles.

## Later years

Barbados Governor Willoughby banished Sanford from Barbados in 1668. He may have moved to the Carolinas, but not necessarily to settle there.
# UK RumFest

The UK RumFest is a festival promoting rum and related alcoholic beverages in the United Kingdom. The festival claims to be the largest exhibition of rum culture in the world.

## Background

The festival was founded by Global Rum Ambassador Ian Burrell in 2007, who was keen to promote rum as a drink. Burrell had worked in the drinks trade as a bartender since 1990. In 1998, he had started working with the Jamaican rum distiller, blender and bottler J. Wray and Nephew Ltd. The company initially employed Burrell on a part-time basis, leading to a full-time role in 2003. Burrell subsequently work for other drinks brands on an ad hoc basis and with organisations such as the West Indies Rum & Spirits Producers Association, which represents several different Caribbean rums. The UK Rumfest has led to the influence of rum festivals and fairs all over the world including The Miami Rum Renaissance festival, the Puerto Rico Rum Festival "Taste of Rum", the Berlin Rumfest, MidWest Rum Fest, California Rum Fest, Paris Rhum fest and the first rum festival in Mauritius.

## Current festival

The UK RumFest was initially launched in 2007. It is held annually in London.
Over the past eight years, the festival has seen a growth in exhibitors, and provides areas for both the general public and specialist / trade customers. The festival showcases more than 400 rums produced by a variety of distilleries, including Havana Club, Mount Gay and House of Angostura. It also features a programme of rum focused workshops, seminars and classes.
In October 2013, the UK RumFest also featured the Connoisseur’s Cove – an exclusive area of the exhibition reserved for specific attendees.

## Related events

The organisers of the festival, The Rum Experience have started a Rum Experience University which provides students with information about the rum trade. It covers rum and its production and advertising.
# Polish Christian Democratic Party

Polish Christian Democratic Party (Polish: Polskie Stronnictwo Chrześcijańskiej Demokracji, PSChD, commonly known as Chrześcijańska Demokracja or Chadecja), was a political party of Polish right wing Christian democracy faction existing in the first year of the Second Polish Republic. Its leader and main activist was Wojciech Korfanty.
In 1922, Chadecja became part of the Chrześcijański Związek Jedności Narodowej (Chiena) coalition. Part of the Chjeno-Piast coalition after signing the Lanckorona Pact in 1923.
After the May Coup of 1926, split into three factions. Member of Centrolew coalition in 1929. Member of Front Morges coalition in 1937, and merged with National Workers' Party to form the Labor Party.

## Election results
### Sejm

| Election | Votes | % | Seats | Seat Change |
| 1922 | 2,551,582 | 29.12 (#1) | 44 / 444 | - |
| As part of the Christian Union of National Unity coalition, which won 163 seats in total. ||||
| 1928 | 770,891 | 6.7 (#6) | 16 / 444 | 28 |
| As part of the Polish Catholic Bloc which won 33 seats in total ||||
| 1930 | 430,074 | 3.79 (#6) | 14 / 444 | 2 |

### Senate

| Election | Votes | % | Seats | Seat Change |
| 1922 | 2,173,756 | 38.70 (#1) | 7 / 111 | - |
| As part of the Christian Union of National Unity coalition, which won 48 seats in total. ||||
| 1928 | 426,060 | 6.66 (#5) | 6 / 111 | 1 |
| As part of the Polish Catholic Bloc which won 6 seats in total ||||
| 1930 | 160,444 | 2.36 (#7) | 2 / 111 | 4 |

## Literature

* Kuk, Leszek (2004). Kaiser, Wolfram; Wohnout, Helmut (eds.). A Powerful Catholic Church, Unstable State and Authoritarian Political Regime: The Christian Democratic Party in Poland. Routledge. pp. 123–140. ISBN 0-7146-5650-X. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
# Josh Thomson (actor)

Josh Thomson (born 1981 in Timaru, New Zealand) is a New Zealand actor and comedian of Tongan heritage. He is best known for his work as a comedian on 7 Days, Taskmaster New Zealand, Have You Been Paying Attention NZ, Patriot Brains, and as a host on The Project NZ.
As an actor he is best known as Bob, the assistant of Lia Maivia, in Young Rock, Satan in Wellington Paranormal and Pigsy in the Netflix series The New Legends of Monkey.
He has frequently collaborated with production house thedownlowconcept starring as the lead in their movie Gary of the Pacific. He starred in and directed his own father in the award-winning web series Subject:Dad.
In 2021, Thomson appeared on the panel show Patriot Brains. Thomson won series 3 of Taskmaster NZ.
In 2023, Thomson appeared on an episode of Guy Montgomery's Guy Mont-Spelling Bee.
In 2024, he was cast as Martin Katavake for the Australian adaptation of The Office.
# Elfried Veldman

Elfried Romeo Veldman (5 June 1966 – 7 June 1989 in Paramaribo) was a Dutch footballer who played as a forward. During his career he served De Graafschap. He died two days after his 23rd birthday, when on 7 June 1989 he was killed in the Surinam Airways Flight PY764 air crash in Paramaribo. He was the older brother of retired footballer and Dutch International John Veldman.
Veldman played in the youth squads of AFC Ajax as a right winger and was praised for his pace. Unfortunately for him he was unable to sign a professional contract at the club because of his lack in technique. He made the switch to De Graafschap, where he made his professional debut and played 27 matches.
He was invited by Sonny Hasnoe, the founder of the Colourful 11 to be part of the team and travel to Suriname to play in the "Boxel Kleurrijk Tournament" with three Surinamese teams. The Surinam Airways Flight PY764 crashed during approach to Paramaribo-Zanderij International Airport, killing 176 of the 187 on board, including Veldman, making it the worst ever aviation disaster in Suriname's history. Among the dead were a total of 15 members of the Colourful 11, only three of them survived.
# SonAir

SonAir Airline Services, S.A. (Portuguese: SonAir Serviço Aéreo, S.A.), commonly known as SonAir was established as DAR (Direcção de Aeronaútica) on 10 October 1979, is a venture of the Angolan national petroleum company Sonangol Group.

## Operations

It provides helicopter services to Angolan oil facilities, both onshore and offshore, as well as scheduled and charter services within Africa and to the United States.
Domestically they also provide air transportation to several business groups - private and government, outside the oil business. The company was also the first to provide direct transportation of passengers and cargo between Angola and the United States. Until 2018, the airline provided thrice-weekly services between Luanda (LAD) and Houston (IAH) utilizing a Boeing 747-400 (10 First Class, 143 Business Class, some of which were marketed as a Premium Economy with a lesser amenity service, and 36 Economy Class seats) operated by Atlas Air. In Angola, SonAir is once again investing in its fleet after several years of impasse over the company's future. In a first phase, the Sonangol subsidiary was included in the privatization program announced in 2019, while several strategic changes and a program to refound the largest company in the country were introduced. This caused some internal ripples because Sonangol's Board of Directors argued that supporting the oil industry is a profitable business.
These decisions also led to the separation of the functions of concessionaire (which are now under the responsibility of ANPG - National Oil and Gas Agency) and operator. It was also established that Sonangol would focus mainly on its core business (research, production and distribution of oil and derivatives). In this context, the market for the provision of air transport services to the oil industry was liberalized, putting an end to the monopoly, which led to the entry of new players in this segment. After avoiding the closure of the company, Sonair is now looking to reinforce its operations in a context of greater internal competition.

## Destinations

As of May 2018 SonAir operated scheduled flights to the following destinations:

### Angola

* Cabinda (Cabinda Airport)
* Catumbela (Catumbela Airport)
* Luanda (Quatro de Fevereiro Airport), hub
* Soyo (Soyo Airport)

## Fleet

As of February 2015 the Sonair fleet included:
Fixed wing
* 1 Airbus A319
* 13 Beechcraft 1900
* 1 Boeing 727-100F
* 2 Boeing 737-700
* 2 Boeing 747-400 (operated by Atlas Air)
* 2 Embraer Legacy 600 (operated by Planair)
* 1 Dassault Falcon 7X (operated by Planair)
* 2 Dassault Falcon 900 (operated by Planair)
Helicopters:
* 8 Eurocopter AS332 Super Puma
* 5 Eurocopter Dauphin AS 365N3
* 16 Eurocopter EC225
* 9 Sikorsky S-76C+ and S-76C++
The fleet included the following aircraft (as of August 2019):
* 2 Boeing 737-700
* 5 De Havilland Canada DHC-6-300 Twin Otter

### Former fleet

The airline previously operated the following aircraft:
* 4 further De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter
# Dennis H. Klatt

Dennis H. Klatt (March 31, 1938 – December 30, 1988) was an American researcher in speech and hearing science. Klatt was the pioneer of computerized speech synthesis and created an interface which allowed for speech for non-expert users for the first time. His research was commercialized as DECtalk. The default male voice in DECTalk, Prefect Paul, is based on Klatt's own voice.
Prior to his work, non-verbal individuals would need specialist support to be able to speak at all. Stephen Hawking used Perfect Paul, and which Hawking chose to keep even after others became available.

## Biography

Dennis Klatt was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, on March 31, 1938. He received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in electrical engineering from Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, in 1960 and 1961, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree in communication sciences from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, in 1964. He joined the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as an assistant professor in 1965, becoming a senior research scientist in 1978, and remained a member of the MIT faculty until his death.
An author of more than 60 scientific papers, Klatt was awarded the Silver Medal in Speech Communication by the Acoustical Society of America for "fundamental and applied contributions to the synthesis and recognition of speech", and the John Price Wetherill Medal by the Franklin Institute "for the design of a machine that can articulate written language", both in 1987.
Klatt developed a complete system for synthesis of speech from English text, and his research led to a detailed specification of rules for segmental durations in English. Throughout his career Klatt retained a keen interest in seeing the results of his work applied to the special needs of blind and other handicapped persons, such as his work on Stephen Hawking's voice synthesizer. He died in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on December 30, 1988, after a long struggle with cancer which also took his voice.
# Blade Study

Blade Study is a contemporary art gallery located on the Lower East Side of Manhattan in New York City, founded in 2020.

## History

Founded in 2020, Blade Study is located at 17 Pike Street. In 2024, Blade Study received the Gramercy International Prize, which awards a young New York gallery a complimentary booth at The Armory Show. At The Armory Show 2024, Blade Study exhibited a solo presentation by Paige K. B Blade Study presented a solo booth by Emma Safir at NADA 2024. As of November 2024, Blade Study has presented 18 exhibitions, including 13 solo shows and 5 group shows, with 33 artists.
Brooke Nicholas and Ian Glover are Blade Study’s directors and founders.

### Notable exhibitions

* Brian Oakes, "SEED" 2024
* Paige K. B., The Armory Show 2024
* Paige K.B., “Of Course, You Realize, This Means War” 2023
# Zheng Weitong

Zheng Weitong (Chinese: 郑惟桐; born March 26, 1994) is a Chinese former xiangqi grandmaster.

## Career

In 2014, Zheng won the National Individual Championship and earned the Grandmaster title, becoming the first champion born in the 1990s.
In 2015, Zheng won both the national championship and the World Xiangqi Championship.
In 2020, he began studying business administration at Tsinghua University.
In October 2023, he won the men's individual gold medal in xiangqi in the 19th Asian Games in Hangzhou, becoming the 200th Chinese gold medalist in that event.
In January 2025, Zheng, alongside 40 other xiangqi players (including grandmasters Zhao Xinxin and Wang Yang), were penalized for match-fixing and bribery. Zheng was given a lifetime suspension and was stripped of his grandmaster title. At the time of the suspension, Zheng was the No. 2 ranked xiangqi player in the world.
# Michelle McLean

Michelle McLean (born 31 July 1972) is a Namibian actress, writer, model and beauty queen who was crowned Miss Universe 1992 in Thailand. McLean was 19 years old when she was crowned Miss Universe, and became the first Namibian woman to win the title. McLean had been crowned Miss Namibia 1991 before Miss Universe, and also placed as the fourth runner-up at Miss World 1991.

## Early life

At the age of 13, Michelle McLean entered the world of international modelling, being crowned Miss Namibia in 1991 and reaching the all-time high as Miss Universe, crowned in Bangkok, Thailand, in 1992 - at the age of 19. Apart from modeling, Michelle McLean- Bailey has been a professional speaker for over 20 years, and has hosted numerous international events, like the Global Forum, the World Economic Forum, Soccer World Cup, the Louis Vuitton Regatta and Opera at the Pyramids.

## Personal life

Michelle married Neil Bierbaum in 1998. They had a son together, Luke McLean Bierbaum in 1999. They then divorced in 2006.
Michelle McLean and former Manchester United goalkeeper Gary Bailey married on 9 March 2013.

## Pageantry
### Miss World

Before Miss Universe, McLean competed in Miss World 1991. In the preliminary competition she was tied in second place with a score of 51 along with Miss South Africa, behind the eventual winner, Venezuela's Ninibeth Leal; McLean eventually finished in the top 5.

### Miss Universe

In the 1992 Miss Universe pageant she finished second in the preliminary with a score of 9.147, right behind Carolina Izsak of Venezuela, who won all three preliminary competitions. Nonetheless, McLean's warmth and love for children helped clinch the crown over Izsak, Paola Turbay of Colombia, and Madhushri Sapre of India.

## Life after Miss Universe

McLean campaigns for charities, notably The Michelle McLean Children Trust in Namibia and the Michelle McLean Primary School, also in Namibia, which has 890 students. The Michelle McLean Children's Trust in Namibia, which focuses on the education and care of under-privileged children, was founded in 1992 and has raised over 50 million dollars to help children in her native Namibia, in Southern Africa.
Michelle was instrumental in bringing the Miss Universe pageant to her country in 1995. In 2009 Michelle co-hosted the Miss World pageant held in South Africa. In 2018, McLean formed part of the selection committee of the Miss Universe 2018.
# Al R. Johanson

Al R. Johanson (May 28, 1899 – March 30, 1964) was an American lawyer and politician.
Johanson was born in Traverse County, Minnesota and graduated from Wheaton High School in Wheaton, Minnesota. He received his bachelor's degree from the University of Minnesota in 1922 and his law degree from the University of Minnesota Law School in 1924. He lived with his wife and family in Wheaton, Minnesota and practiced law in Wheaton. Johanson served on the United States Civilian Defense Council and was the Traverse County Chair. He also served as the mayor of Wheaton, Minnesota. Johanson also served in the Minnesota Senate from 1943 to 1954.
# Chopra, Uttar Dinajpur

Chopra is a census town in Chopra CD Block in Islampur subdivision of Uttar Dinajpur district in the state of West Bengal, India.

## Geography
### Location

Chopra is located at 26°22′03″N 88°18′27″E﻿ / ﻿26.3675°N 88.3076°E﻿ / 26.3675; 88.3076.
In the map alongside, all places marked on the map are linked in the full screen version.

### Police station

Chopra police station under West Bengal police has jurisdiction over Chopra CD Block. It is 145 km from the district headquarters and covers an area of 378.40 km$^2$.

### CD block HQ

The headquarters of Chopra CD block is at Chopra.

## Demographics

As per the 2011 Census of India, Chopra had a total population of 5,777, of which 2,997 (52%) were males and 2,780 (48%) were females. The population below 6 years was 841. The total number of literates in Chopra was 3,388 (68.64% of the population over 6 years).

## Transport

National Highway 27 passes through Chopra.

## Education

Chopra Kamala Paul Smriti Mahavidyalaya was established in 2013-14 at Chopra. Affiliated to the North Bengal University, it offers honours courses in Bengali, history and political science. Urdu is taught as a general subject.
Chopra High School is a Bengali-medium coeducational higher secondary school established in 1968. Housed in a government building it has facilities for teaching from class VI to XII. It has 18 computers, a library and a playground.
Chopra Girls High School is Bengali-medium girls only higher secondary school established in 1979. Housed in a government building it has facilities for teaching from class VI to XII. It has 11 computers, a library and a playground.

## Healthcare

Dalua rural hospital at Dalua (with 30 beds), the main medical facility in Chopra CD block, is located nearby.
# Alan Lindsay Mackay

Alan Lindsay Mackay FRS (6 September 1926 – 24 February 2025) was a British crystallographer.

## Life and career

Mackay was born in Wolverhampton on 6 September 1926. He was educated at Wolverhampton Grammar School, Oundle School, Trinity College, Cambridge, and the University of London, where he received his doctorate. He spent his scientific career at Birkbeck College, founded by George Birkbeck, one of the Colleges of the University of London, where he was immersed in a liberal scientific atmosphere under the leadership of John Desmond Bernal.
Mackay made important scientific contributions related to the structure of materials: In 1962 he published a manuscript that showed how to pack atoms in an icosahedral fashion; a first step towards five-fold symmetry in materials science. These arrangements are now called Mackay icosahedra. He is a pioneer in the introduction of five-fold symmetry in materials and in 1981 predicted quasicrystals in a paper (in Russian) entitled "De Nive Quinquangula" in which he used a Penrose tiling in two and three dimensions to predict a new kind of ordered structures not allowed by traditional crystallography. In a later manuscript, in 1982, he took the optical Fourier transform of a 2-D Penrose tiling decorated with atoms, obtaining a pattern with sharp spots and five-fold symmetry. This brought the possibility of identifying quasiperiodic order in a material through diffraction. Quasicrystals with icosahedral symmetry were found by Dan Shechtman and co-workers in 1984.
For his contributions to quasicrystals in 2010 Mackay was awarded the Buckley Prize, of the American Physical Society, with Dov Levine and Paul Steinhardt. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded in 2011 to Dan Shechtman for the discovery of quasicrystals.
Mackay was interested in a generalised crystallography, which can describe not only crystals, but more complex structures and nanomaterials. He has applied his ideas of minimal surfaces to graphitic materials, proposing, with Humberto Terrones, periodic arrangements of carbon atoms with negative Gaussian curvature known as Schwarzites, which are the periodic cousins of Buckminsterfullerenes.
Mackay compiled a book of scientific quotations and has co-authored a book on geometry with Eric Lord and S. Ranganathan. He has also written a book of poetry and has translated from the German, with commentaries, Ernst Haeckel's last book "Kristallseelen", (1917). He produces scientifically inspired visual art under his artistic pseudonym Sho Takahashi. Some of his 3D printed minimal surface designs can be found at his shapeways store.
Mackay became a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) on 17 March 1988 and a Fellow of Birkbeck College on 2 March 2002. He was also a Fellow of the Mexican Academy of Sciences.
Mackay died on 24 February 2025, at the age of 98.