OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Kappa–mechanism

The kappa opacity mechanism is the driving mechanism behind the changes in luminosity of many types of pulsating variable stars. The term Eddington valve has been used for this mechanism, but this is increasingly obsolete.
Here, the Greek letter kappa (κ) is used to indicate the radiative opacity at any particular depth of the stellar atmosphere. In a normal star, an increase in compression of the atmosphere causes an increase in temperature and density; this produces a decrease in the opacity of the atmosphere, allowing energy to escape more rapidly. The result is an equilibrium condition where temperature and pressure are maintained in a balance. However, in cases where the opacity increases with temperature, the atmosphere becomes unstable against pulsations. If a layer of a stellar atmosphere moves inward, it becomes denser and more opaque, causing heat flow to be checked. In return, this heat increase causes a build-up of pressure that pushes the layer back out again. The result is a cyclic process as the layer repeatedly moves inward and then is forced back out again.
Stellar non-adiabatic pulsation resulting from the κ–mechanism occurs in regions where hydrogen and helium are partly ionized, or where there are negative hydrogen ions. An example of such a zone is in RR Lyrae variables where the partial second ionization of helium occurs. Hydrogen ionization is most likely the cause of pulsation activity in Mira variables, rapidly oscillating Ap stars (roAp) and ZZ Ceti variables. In Beta Cephei variables, stellar pulsations occur at a depth where the temperature reaches approximately 200,000 K and there is an abundance of iron. The increase in the opacity of iron at this depth is known as the Z bump, where Z is the astronomical symbol for elements other than hydrogen and helium.
# Herbert Parker (American politician)

Herbert Parker (March 2, 1856 – February 11, 1939), of Lancaster, Massachusetts, was a Massachusetts politician.

## Early life

Parker was born in Charlestown (now part of Boston), Suffolk County, Massachusetts on March 2, 1856. He was a son of George A. Parker and Harriet Newell (née Felton) Parker (1822–1914). His brother, Harold Parker, was one of the first highway commissioners in Massachusetts and planned many of the highways in the state.
His maternal grandparents were Anna (née Morse) Felton and Cornelius Conway Felton Sr. Among his maternal family were uncles, Cornelius Conway Felton (the President of Harvard from 1860 to 1862), Samuel Morse Felton, Sr., John B. Felton, and his cousin was Samuel Morse Felton, Jr.
He graduated from Harvard College in 1878.

## Career

Parker was a Republican. He was a lawyer and served as district attorney of Worcester County, Massachusetts from 1895 to 1899 and Attorney General of Massachusetts from 1902 to 1906. He was a Unitarian.

## Personal life

Parker was married to Mary Carney Vose, a daughter of Caroline Cushing (née Forbes) Vose and Lt. Josiah Hayden Vose Jr., who was killed at the Battle of Port Hudson in the U.S. Civil War. Together, they were the parents of:
* George Alanson Parker (1887–1966), who married Anne Holden (1896–1958), a daughter of Charles W. Holden.
* Katherine Vose Parker (1888–1983), a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives.
* Edith Parker (1893–1968), who married Thorvald Salicath Ross (1887–1965).
* Haven Parker, who became Assistant Federal District Attorney General of Massachusetts and a judge.
Parker died on February 11, 1939, at his home in Lancaster, Massachusetts.
# Giannis Apostolidis

Giannis Apostolidis (Greek: Γιάννης Αποστολίδης; born 14 October 1988) is a former professional football midfielder and football manager. He played for Panetolikos in the Greek third division, on loan from Skoda Xanthi F.C. and Makedonikos F.C.
# KEIN

KEIN (1310 AM) is a comedy formatted radio station licensed to Great Falls, Montana, United States and serving the Great Falls area. The station is currently owned by Wayne Ferree & Creed Evans, through licensee Tiger Butte Broadcasting, Inc., and features programming from Today's Comedy. It was first licensed as KFBB in July 1922, and is Montana's oldest radio station.

## History

KEIN was first licensed on July 11, 1922, to the F. A. Buttery & Company department store in Havre, Montana, with the sequentially issued call letters of KFBB. It made its debut broadcast on the evening of August 22, 1922. The station originally broadcast on the standard "entertainment" wavelength of 360 meters (833 kHz).
In late 1928 KFBB was assigned to 1360 kHz, sharing time with KGIR (now KXTL) in Butte. In the fall of 1929, KFBB moved to Great Falls, making its debut broadcast there on September 30, 1929. The station moved to 1280 kHz in early 1930, and now no longer had to share time with any other stations. In March 1941, under the provisions of the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement, stations on 1280 kHz were moved as a group to 1310 kHz, which has been the station's assignment up to the present.
In 1969 KFBB's call letters were changed to KKGF, and three years later they became KEIN.
Beginning in 2011 the station was off the air for an extended period of time. In January, property owner Creed Evans reported that someone had broken into the transmitter building and switched off the breakers, killing the signal. Munson Radio president Steve Dow held the license for KEIN, but was unable to make repairs because he was locked out of the transmitter building, as part of an October 2010 court order giving him 30 days to vacate the premises. This was the result of a court suit initiated by Evans against Dow, who was found to have failed to keep insurance and to maintain the facility.
In the intervening years a series of documents were filed with the FCC to someday resume on-air operations, including a filing granted April 24, 2014. FCC records showed the station back on the air as of that date. Effective May 18, 2018, the station was placed into receivership as part of a judgement obtained by Creed Evans against Munson Radio, Inc. The FCC assigned the station's license to Steve J. Fitzpatrick, Esq., Receiver effective November 15, 2018. The station was transferred out of receivership to Tiger Butte Broadcasting, Inc. effective September 24, 2019.
In January 2021, KEIN changed their format from oldies to comedy, branded as "13 KEIN", with the slogan "Montana's Comedy Network".
# Cimolus vitticeps

Cimolus vitticeps is a species of leaf-footed bug in the family Coreidae. It was first described by Carl Stål in 1870 and is found in Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Mexico.
# 2009 Amsterdam Tournament

The Amsterdam Tournament 2009 was the 11th Amsterdam Tournament, a pre-season football tournament which is contested from club teams from all over Western Europe. The 2009 tournament was contested by Ajax, Sunderland, Benfica, and Atlético Madrid. It was won for the first time by Portuguese side Benfica.

## Table

| Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| Benfica | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 11 |
| Ajax | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 6 | -1 | 6 |
| Sunderland | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 5 |
| Atlético Madrid | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 5 | -2 | 4 |
NB: An extra point is awarded for each goal scored.
# Behiye Sultan

Behiye Sultan (Ottoman Turkish: بهیه سلطان, "beautiful"; 29 September 1881 – 5 March 1948) was the eldest survived daughter of Şehzade Mehmed Selaheddin (1861–1915), who was the son of Ottoman Sultan Murad V (reigned 1876). Her mother was Naziknaz Hanım.

## Early years

Behiye Sultan was born on was born on 29 September 1881 in the Çırağan Palace. Her father was Şehzade Mehmed Selaheddin, son of Murad V and Reftarıdil Kadın and her mother was Naziknaz Hanım. She had a brother, Şehzade Ahmed Nihad, two years younger than her, and a younger sister, Behice Sultan, stillbirth.
Behiye married Hafız Hakkı Pasha (1878-1915), a general in the imperial Ottoman army, in a double wedding with her sister Rukiye Sultan. The marriage contract was concluded at the Ortaköy Palace on 17 February 1910. The wedding took place on 12 January 1911 at the Vasıf Pasha Palace, and the couple was given one of the palaces of Ortaköy as their residence. She remained childless. She did not remarry after her husband's death in 1915.

## Exile

At the exile of imperial family in March 1924, she settled in Cairo. She lived in a tiny villa on Road 13. Her neighbors, the Wahid Raafat family, never saw anyone visit her. No one noticed when she moved out. All of a sudden she was replaced in the small house by astronomer Professor Khayri, director of the Helwan observatory. Sharing the same boisterous gardener 'Am Ibrahim,' the Raafats would send the princess home-baked kahk during Eid al-Fitr. A few years later, by mere coincidence Dr. Wahid Raafat found himself wrongly implicated in an alleged royalist plot concocted by members of the princess's extended family. He was subsequently imprisoned, without trial, for several weeks.

## Death

She died on 5 March 1948 in her home in Maadi, Cairo, Egypt, and was buried in the mausoleum of Abdul Halim Pasha.

## Honours

* Order of the Medjidie, Jeweled
* Order of Charity, 1st Class
* Navy Medal in Gold

## In literature

* Behiye Sultan is a character in Ayşe Osmanoğlu's historical novel The Gilded Cage on the Bosphorus (2020).

## Ancestry

Ancestors of Behiye Sultan :
# Giannis Ioannou (footballer, born 1984)

Giannis Ioannou (Greek: Γιάννης Ιωάννου; born 9 April 1984) is a Greek professional footballer who plays as a defender.

## Career

Ioannou has spent most of his career playing for Panachaiki.
He signed with Panetolikos in the summer of 2012 and helped the team gain promotion to the 2013–2014 Greek Superleague. As his contract was not renewed, he signed with Panegialios in the summer of 2013.
# Janet Tempest

Janet Evelyn Mary Tempest (née Longton; 1930- 25 December 2021) was an Argentine-born British landowner and Catholic philanthropist. She was the châtelaine of Broughton Hall, the seat of the Tempest family in North Yorkshire. A devout Catholic, she was a devotee of Mother Teresa, having met her in India. She volunteered internationally with the Missionaries of Charity and ran a clothing bank at Broughton Hall for the poor in Kolkata and in Eastern Europe. Tempest also funded the construction of an extension to St. Stephen's Catholic Primary School and Nursery in Skipton. In 2004, she sustained permanent injuries from falling off a camel while on safari in Kenya.

## Early life

Tempest was born Janet Evelyn Mary Longton, the daughter of Harold Longton, in 1930 in Argentina. She spent the first seven years of her childhood in Argentina before moving with her family to South Africa.

## Marriage and issue

She married Henry Roger Tempest, a member of the Tempest family, on 18 January 1957. They had five children:
* Bridget Mary Tempest (born 12 October 1957)
* Anne Valerie Tempest (born 1959)
* Mary Hazel Tempest (born 1961)
* Roger Henry Tempest (born 9 August 1963)
* Piers Martin Tempest (born 19 November 1973)

## Catholic charity work

She was a devout Catholic and a devotee of Mother Teresa, having met the nun in India. She volunteered with the Missionaries of Charity around the world and, since 1975, ran a clothing bank at Broughton Hall for the poor in Kolkata and in Eastern Europe. In 2012, she funded a new extension at St. Stephen's Catholic Primary School & Nursery in Skipton.

## Broughton Hall

Upon her husband's inheritance of Broughton Hall from his older brother, she became the estate's châtelaine. She offered tours and opened the house to the public to keep it running. She served as a director of the estate. In 2018 the hall's business park was home to more than 50 companies employing more than 700 people.
In 2007, she hosted Anne, Princess Royal at Broughton Hall.

## Injury and death

In 2004 she fell off of a camel while on safari in Kenya. She was flown by jet from Nairobi back to the United Kingdom and was treated at Leeds General Infirmary. The injury left her in a wheelchair for the remainder of her life. She died on 25 December 2021. A Catholic funeral service was held at Broughton Chapel on the family estate.
# NS Lt Gen Dimo Hamaambo

NS Lt Gen Dimo Hamaambo (C11) was an Imperial Marinheiro-class corvette of the Namibian Navy. Originally built for the Brazilian Navy as Purus. Purus was part of ten ships of the class ordered by the Brazilian Navy in 1953. Purus was laid down on 20 November 1953, launched on 6 November 1954, and commissioned on 4 July 1955.

## Brazilian service

It spent 48 years in service with the Brazilian Navy before it was decommissioned on 18 October 2002. During this time it spent 2,092 days at sea and sailed 49,4318.4 miles. On 5 June 2003 its transfer to Namibia was authorized by Law No. 10,685 (DOU 06/06/2003).

## Namibian service

On 25 June 2004, the transfer ceremony of the corvette Purus to the Namibian Navy took place in the city of Salvador, Brazil. Namibia was represented by Minister of Defence Erkki Nghimtina and Navy Commander Peter Vilho and Brazil was represented by Jose Viegas Filho, Minister of Defence. The ship was rechristened as Lt Gen Dimo Hamaambo at the ceremony, named after Lieutenant General Dimo Hamaambo the First Namibian Chief of Defence Force. General Hamaambo was Chief of Defence between 1990 and 2000, a period in which the formative steps were taken to establish the Maritime wing of the Namibian Military. At the Aratu Naval Base, the ship was then refurbished focusing on accommodation, machinery, electronic and communication equipment.
The Namibian crew led by its commanding officer Commander Alweendo Amungulu first embarked on 15 June 2004 sailing out to sea the same afternoon. On 6 August 2004, the ship set sail for Walvis Bay. On 10 August the ship suffered a fire in the funnel which was promptly put out. Lt Gen Dimo Hamaambo arrived on 25 August after a 19-day voyage. In Namibian service, it was utilized in the coastal patrol role. The ship was decommissioned 12 August 2012 by President Hifikepunye Pohamba. It was revealed during the decommissioning ceremony that it was intended to be at sea for only two years before mid life upgrades for the hull structure, piping and wiring system and to the main and auxiliary engines had to be undertaken which could not happen due to financial constraints. During it service with Namibia the corvette spent 24 days at sea covering 5,127 miles.
# Nilüfer Hatun

Nilüfer Hatun (Ottoman Turkish: نیلوفر خاتون, water lily, called also Lülüfer Hatun or Ülüfer Hatun, died c.1363), was a concubine of Orhan, the second Ottoman sultan, and the mother of Murad I, Orhan's successor. She was the first slave of Christian origin to become the mother of an Ottoman Sultan.

## Biography

Nilüfer Hatun was an enslaved concubine of Greek origins, who entered Orhan's harem in 1325, where she was converted to Islam and given the name Nilüfer. The following year, she bore Orhan a son, the future Murad I. After 1331, she was transferred to Iznik together with her son.
In March 1362, Orhan died and was succeeded as sultan by Nilüfer's son, Murad I. Nilüfer, thus, became the first woman of Christian slave origins to be the mother of an Ottoman sultan and the first Valide Hatun of the Ottoman Empire.
During her lifetime, Nilüfer commissioned the construction of an imaret, an hammam, a caravanserai and eighteen other buildings for various uses, especially charitable.
The date of Nilüfer's death is not known with certainty and is variously estimated between 1363 and 1383. She died in Bursa and was buried in the same city, in the Orhan's türbe.
In 1388, Murad I commissioned the construction of the Nilüfer Hatun Imaret, at Iznik, dedicated to his mother's memory and financed by her waqf inheritance. Originally a convent for dervishes, it was restored in 1950 and opened to the public in 1960 as the Iznik Museum.

## Issue

By Orhan, Nilüfer had a son:
* Murad I (1326-1389). Sultan of the Ottoman Empire after his father.

## Historical controversies

The traditional narrative on Nilüfer is extremely confusing and conflicting because, being the mother of a reigning sultan but of slave origins, subsequent historians took care to "ennoble" her, attributing origins and stories to her that were actually fictitious or concerning other consorts of Orhan, a process involving several Ottoman consorts over the centuries.
An example of this is the way in which Nilüfer was described as a Byzantine noblewoman named Holofira, daughter of the tekfur of Bilecik, a narrative that actually merges the stories of the Orhan's consorts Bayalun and Asporça: in fact, the abduction of Bilecik's daughter occurred in 1299, more than twenty years before Nilüfer's entry into the harem. Likewise, tradition wrote that Nilüfer was the consort of Orhan whom ibn Battuta met in Bursa in 1331, while this woman was, again, Bayalun or Asporça.
An other example is the fact that tradition attributed to Nilüfer the motherhood of Süleyman (1306-1357), the eldest and favorite of Orhan's sons and his presumptive heir until his death in 1357, in a hunting accident. In reality, Süleyman was the son of the consort Efendize Hatun and was born in 1306, twenty years before the appearance of Nilüfer in the harem and the birth of Murad I.
# Giannis Pechlivanis

Giannis Pechlivanis (Greek: Γιάννης Πεχλιβάνης; born 1 May 1988) is a Greek football midfielder who plays for Makedonikos.

## Career

Born in Thessaloniki, Pechlivanis began his football career with local side PAOK, but would only make five Greek Superleague appearance for the club. After leaving PAOK, he had a few brief spells with clubs playing in the second and third levels of Greek football.
# Mun Ji-yun

Mun Ji-yun (Korean: 문지윤, born 19 April 1971) is a South Korean judoka. She competed in the women's heavyweight event at the 1992 Summer Olympics.
She finished fifth at the 1989 World Judo Championships, won the 1991 World Judo Championships +72 kg class, and won a bronze medal at the 1993 World Judo Championships. On the continental level she won the silver medal at the 1988 Asian Judo Championships (as well as a bronze medal in the open class) and a bronze medal at the 1990 Asian Games.
# Rutherford Platt

Rutherford Hayes Platt, Jr. (11 August 1894, Columbus, Ohio – 28 May 1975, Boston) was an American nature writer, photographer, and advertising executive.

## Biography

Platt served in WW I as a lieutenant in Battery F, Three Hundred Twenty-Third Field Artillery and, with McDonald H. Riggs, wrote a history of his unit. He received his bachelor's degree from Yale in 1918. In the early 1920s he was employed on the editorial staffs of The World's Work and of Doubleday Page & Company. He then became a corporate officer of Platt-Forbes, Inc., an advertising agency which represented several food and industrial companies, including Chance Vought Aircraft Corporation. In the mid‐1950s he became president of Platt Productions Educational Films, specializing in nature films.
He attended classes at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden and by 1930 had become keenly interested in nature and, in particular, photography of plant life. For many years, Mr. Platt's two-page spread of color photographs of mushrooms and other forms of fungi appeared in the "Mushrooms" article of the World Book Encyclopedia; some of these images also appeared in an article on mushrooms that he wrote for the August 28, 1944 issue of Life magazine.
   Mr. Platt was botanist with Rear Adm. Donald B. MacMillan's Arctic expeditions in 1947 and 1954. He was biology adviser to the Disney True Life Films in the early nineteen‐fifties and was the author of "Walt Disney's Secrets of Life," published in 1957.
Platt was elected a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He received the John Burroughs Medal in 1945 for his 1942 book This Green World.

## Family

Rutherford H. Platt, Jr.'s father was a son of a sister, Fanny Arabella née Hayes, of Rutherford B. Hayes. Rutherford H. Platt, Jr. died at age 80 and upon his death was survived by his widow, several children, nine grandchildren, and three great-grandchildren, who are Kiran Platt, Camden Feingold, and Ali Feingold. At age 42, he divorced his first wife, Eleanor. In 1937 he married his second wife, Jean Dana née Noyes. There were two children from the first marriage and three children from the second marriage. One of his sons, Rutherford H. Platt, III, became a professor of geography at the University of Massachusetts Amherst and a specialist in land and water resource policy for urban areas.

## Books

* This green world. Dodd, Mead & Co. 1942.
* Our flowering world. Dodd, Mead & Co. 1947.
* American Trees, A Book of Discovery. Dodd, Mead & Co. 1952.
* The river of life. Simon & Schuster. 1956.
* 1001 questions answered about trees. Dodd, Mead & Co. 1959. Platt, Rutherford (5 May 2014). 2014 Dover reprint. ISBN 9780486167817; pbk, 352 pages{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
* Wilderness, the discovery of a continent of wonder. Dodd, Mead & Co. 1961.
* Adventures in the wilderness. American Heritage Publishing Co. 1963.
* The great American forest. Prentice-Hall. 1965.
* Discover American trees. Dodd, Mead & Co. 1968.
* Water, the wonder of life. Prentice-Hall. 1971.
# Olavi Karpalo

Olavus (Olavi) Gustavus Adolphus Karpalo (21 October 1916 Helsinki – 1988 Venezuela) was a Finnish SS volunteer. By civilian profession, he was a set designer.
At the age of 20, Karpalo participated as a volunteer in the Spanish Civil War in 1937 in Franco's Falangist forces, he had informed his guardians that he was traveling to Germany for the Hitler Youth trip. Karpalo later published a book about his war experiences, Sisulla sotaan : falangistin kokemuksia Espanjasta (WSOY 1940).
Karpalo was in the Winter War with the Squadron 39. He joined the Finnish SS volunteers in 1941 and was one of those 400 volunteers in the so-called Men of the Division who were sent right at the end of June 1941 to the Eastern front with the SS Division Wiking because they already had combat experience. In a letter he wrote to the liaison officer of the SS forces, military pastor Ensio Pihkala on July 24, 1941, Karpalo also mentioned that he had participated in the executions of Jews with five other Finns from his peer company in Tarashcha. The letter came to light in the fall of 2017 when André Swanström, docent of church history at Åbo Akademi University, published previously classified documents. After receiving the letter, Pihkala went to meet the men in their unit and Karpalo later thanked him for the visit. Swanström studied the Finnish volunteers of the support company and according to him, they were right-wing radicals, some had proclaimed that they were National Socialists.
Karpalo was later transferred to another SS group, serving with them until May 1942. After returning to Finland, he served with Flight Squadron 32 until the end of the Continuation War. After the war, he moved to Venezuela after first receiving a certificate for himself from a bribed official in the passport office in Rauma, due to post-war travel restrictions imposed on former SS men by Finland's State Police. Karpalo spent the rest of his life in Venezuela, where he also died.