# Culpeper County, Virginia

Culpeper County is a county located along the borderlands of the northern and central region of the Commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 52,552. Its county seat and only incorporated community is Culpeper.
Culpeper County is included in the Washington–Baltimore–Arlington, DC–MD–VA–WV–PA Combined Statistical Area.

## History

At the time of European encounter, the inhabitants of future Culpeper County were a Siouan-speaking sub-group of the Manahoac tribe called the Tegninateo. Culpeper County was established in 1749, with territory partitioned from Orange County. The county is named for Thomas Colepeper, 2nd Baron Colepeper, colonial governor of Virginia from 1677 to 1683.
In May 1749, the first Culpeper Court convened in the home of Robert Tureman, near the present location of the Town of Culpeper. In July 1749, Tureman commissioned 17-year-old George Washington as the first County surveyor. One of his first duties was to lay out the county's courthouse complex, which included the courthouse, jail, stocks, gallows and accessory buildings. By 1752 the complex stood at the present northeast corner of Davis and Main Streets. The courthouse village was named Town of Fairfax for Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron (1693–1781).
During the Virginia convention held in May 1775, the colony was divided into sixteen districts. Each district had instructions to raise a battalion of men "to march at a minute's notice." Culpeper, Orange and Fauquier, forming one district, raised 350 men in "Clayton's old field" on the Catalpa estate; they were called the Culpeper Minute Men. In December, the Minute Men, marching under their flag depicting a rattlesnake and inscribed with the words "Liberty or Death" and "Don't Tread on Me", took part in the Battle of Great Bridge, the first Revolutionary battle on Virginia soil. The Culpeper Minute Men reorganized in 1860 in response to the impending Civil War and became part of 13th Infantry's Company B, fighting against the US Government forces. The Culpeper Minutemen were again organized for World War I, and joined the 116th Infantry.
In 1833, based on the county's growing population and the need of those in the northwestern area for easier access to a county seat, the upper 267 square miles (690 km$^2$) of Culpeper County was partitioned off to create Rappahannock County, Virginia, which was founded by an act of the Virginia General Assembly.
During the Civil War the Battle of Cedar Mountain took place on August 9, 1862, and the Battle of Brandy Station occurred on June 9, 1863, in Culpeper County.
Culpeper was the boyhood home of Civil War General A. P. Hill, who fought against Union forces.
The negative impact of the Massive Resistance campaign against school integration led to the statewide election of a pro-desegregation governor. By the middle of the 1970s, Culpeper was the last county in Virginia to desegregate its public schools. In 2018 Culpeper County Public Schools has six elementary, two middle schools and two high schools. In 1935 the Rotary Club of Culpeper began a college loan fund, which in 1966 became a four-year scholarship based on academic achievement. The group also provides a Technical School scholarship based on academic achievement.
Culpeper County is home to Commonwealth Park, site for many world-class equestrian events. It was here that actor Christopher Reeve suffered his 1995 accident during a competition.
The town of Culpeper was rated #10 by Norman Crampton, author of "The 100 Best Small Towns in America," in February 1993.
In April 2016, the county Board of Supervisors denied a routine request from the Islamic Center of Culpeper for a pump and haul permit to serve their envisioned mosque. This resulted in a lawsuit by the US Department of Justice in December.

## Economy

Culpeper County has a civilian workforce of 24,313. 30% of residents live and work within the county while 70% of workers commute out of the locality. The most residents are commuting to Fairfax or Fauquier counties. In comparison, the equivalent of 45% are in-commuters. The most in-commuters are coming from Orange County.
The Top 10 non-governmental Culpeper employers as of March 2023:
* Culpeper Memorial Hospital
* Walmart
* Masco (Cabinetworks)
* S.W.I.F.T.
* Bingham and Taylor Corporation
* Continental Automotive
* Cintas Corporation
* Virginia Baptist Homes (The Culpeper Senior Living)
* Communications Corporation of America
* LaborReady Mid-Atlantic

## Geography

The northeast border of Culpeper County is defined by the Rappahannock River which flows east-southeastward along its border, while the south border of the county is similarly defined by the meanders of the Rapidan River. The Hazel River flows eastward through the county, discharging into the Rappahannock on the county's east border, while the Thornton River also flows eastward through the county, discharging into the Hazel in the north part of the county. The county is in the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains, which are quickly accessed beginning with Old Rag Mountain and the Skyline Drive just up Route 522. The rolling hills generally slope to the south and east, with its highest point near its west corner at 705 ft (215 m) ASL. The county has a total area of 383 square miles (990 km$^2$), of which 379 square miles (980 km$^2$) is land and 3.3 square miles (8.5 km$^2$) (0.9%) is water.

### Major highways

* US 15
* US 29
* US 211
* US 522
* SR 3
* SR 229
* SR 299

### Adjacent counties

* Fauquier County - north
* Stafford County – east
* Spotsylvania County - southeast
* Orange County – south
* Madison County – southwest
* Rappahannock County – northwest

### Protected areas

* Brandy Station Battlefield Park
* Mountain Run Lake Park

### Lakes

* Balds Run Reservoir
* Brandy Rock Farm Lake
* Caynor Lake
* Lake Culpeper
* Merrimac/Mountain Run Lake

## Government
### Board of Supervisors

* Catalpa District: Paul W. Bates, Vice Chairman (I)
* Cedar Mountain District: David E. Durr (I)
* East Fairfax District: Kathy Campbell (I)
* Jefferson District: Brad C. Rosenberger (R)
* Salem District: Tom Underwood (R)
* Stevensburg District: Susan L. Gugino (R)
* West Fairfax District: Gary M. Deal, Chairman (I)

### Constitutional Offices

* Clerk of the Circuit Court: Carson Beard (I)
* Commissioner of the Revenue: Terry L. Yowell (I)
* Commonwealth's Attorney: Paul R. Walther (R)
* Sheriff: Scott H. Jenkins (I)
* Treasurer: Missy N. White (R)

### State representatives

Culpeper County is represented by Republicans Bryce E. Reeves, Emmett W. Hanger Jr., and Jill Holtzman Vogel in the Virginia Senate, Republicans Michael J. Webert and Nicholas J. (Nick) Freitas in the Virginia House of Delegates, and Democrat Eugene Vindman in the U.S. House of Representatives.
Culpeper County has been a Republican stronghold for several decades. The last time a Democratic presidential candidate carried the county was 1964.
United States presidential election results for Culpeper County, Virginia :
| Year | Republican | Republican | Democratic | Democratic | Third party(ies) | Third party(ies) |
| Year | No. | % | No. | % | No. | % |
| 2024 | 17,685 | 61.67% | 10,557 | 36.81% | 437 | 1.52% |
| 2020 | 16,012 | 59.05% | 10,617 | 39.15% | 487 | 1.80% |
| 2016 | 13,349 | 60.08% | 7,759 | 34.92% | 1,110 | 5.00% |
| 2012 | 11,580 | 57.30% | 8,285 | 40.99% | 346 | 1.71% |
| 2008 | 10,711 | 54.26% | 8,802 | 44.59% | 228 | 1.15% |
| 2004 | 10,026 | 64.25% | 5,476 | 35.09% | 103 | 0.66% |
| 2000 | 7,440 | 60.76% | 4,364 | 35.64% | 440 | 3.59% |
| 1996 | 5,688 | 53.90% | 3,907 | 37.02% | 958 | 9.08% |
| 1992 | 5,226 | 49.93% | 3,444 | 32.91% | 1,796 | 17.16% |
| 1988 | 5,896 | 68.57% | 2,555 | 29.71% | 148 | 1.72% |
| 1984 | 5,596 | 70.60% | 2,255 | 28.45% | 75 | 0.95% |
| 1980 | 4,312 | 59.43% | 2,519 | 34.72% | 424 | 5.84% |
| 1976 | 3,659 | 54.64% | 2,892 | 43.19% | 145 | 2.17% |
| 1972 | 3,707 | 72.80% | 1,316 | 25.84% | 69 | 1.36% |
| 1968 | 2,229 | 47.49% | 1,239 | 26.40% | 1,226 | 26.12% |
| 1964 | 1,775 | 48.43% | 1,886 | 51.46% | 4 | 0.11% |
| 1960 | 1,630 | 54.86% | 1,332 | 44.83% | 9 | 0.30% |
| 1956 | 1,502 | 56.44% | 966 | 36.30% | 193 | 7.25% |
| 1952 | 1,507 | 60.33% | 987 | 39.51% | 4 | 0.16% |
| 1948 | 682 | 40.14% | 804 | 47.32% | 213 | 12.54% |
| 1944 | 750 | 42.30% | 1,022 | 57.64% | 1 | 0.06% |
| 1940 | 579 | 32.27% | 1,208 | 67.34% | 7 | 0.39% |
| 1936 | 551 | 30.21% | 1,266 | 69.41% | 7 | 0.38% |
| 1932 | 417 | 23.40% | 1,349 | 75.70% | 16 | 0.90% |
| 1928 | 753 | 47.39% | 836 | 52.61% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1924 | 190 | 17.15% | 876 | 79.06% | 42 | 3.79% |
| 1920 | 330 | 25.27% | 973 | 74.50% | 3 | 0.23% |
| 1916 | 184 | 17.73% | 849 | 81.79% | 5 | 0.48% |
| 1912 | 108 | 11.80% | 752 | 82.19% | 55 | 6.01% |

### Procurement

Recent media investigations regarding law enforcement procurement of military equipment through the "1033" program offered by the Defense Logistics Agency identified Culpeper County as having received, as donations, a "Mine Resistant Vehicle" in 2013 worth $412,000 and 20 night-vision optics worth an additional $136,000.00.

## Demographics
### 2020 census

Culpeper County, Virginia – Racial and ethnic composition Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race. :
| Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) | Pop 2010 | Pop 2020 | % 2010 | % 2020 |
| White alone (NH) | 33,482 | 34,840 | 71.71% | 66.30% |
| Black or African American alone (NH) | 7,212 | 6,453 | 15.45% | 12.28% |
| Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) | 129 | 110 | 0.28% | 0.21% |
| Asian alone (NH) | 593 | 767 | 1.27% | 1.46% |
| Pacific Islander alone (NH) | 12 | 20 | 0.03% | 0.04% |
| Some Other Race alone (NH) | 100 | 233 | 0.21% | 0.44% |
| Mixed Race or Multi-Racial (NH) | 1,004 | 2,620 | 2.15% | 4.99% |
| Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 4,157 | 7,509 | 8.90% | 14.29% |
| Total | 46,689 | 52,552 | 100.00% | 100.00% |

### 2000 census

As of the 2000 United States Census, there were 34,262 people, 12,141 households, and 9,045 families in the county. The population density was 90.4 people per square mile (34.9 people/km$^2$). There were 12,871 housing units at an average density of 34.0 units per square mile (13.1 units/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the county was 68.27% White, 28.15% Black or African American, 0.33% Native American, 0.66% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 1.15% from other races, and 1.43% from two or more races. 2.50% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 12,141 households, out of which 35.00% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.50% were married couples living together, 11.30% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.50% were non-families. 20.60% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.68 and the average family size was 3.08.
The county population contained 25.70% under the age of 18, 8.10% from 18 to 24, 31.10% from 25 to 44, 23.30% from 45 to 64, and 11.90% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.30 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.20 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $45,290, and the median income for a family was $51,475. Males had a median income of $36,621 versus $25,985 for females. The per capita income for the county was $20,162. About 27.00% of families and 29.20% of the population were below the poverty line, including 38.30% of those under age 18 and 28.60% of those age 65 or over.

## Education

Culpeper County Public Schools

### Elementary schools

* A.G. Richardson Elementary
* Culpeper Christian
* Emerald Hill Elementary
* Epiphany Catholic School
* Farmington Elementary
* Pearl Sample Elementary
* Sycamore Park Elementary
* Yowell Elementary

### Middle schools

* Culpeper Christian
* Culpeper Middle
* Floyd T. Binns Middle

### High schools

* Culpeper County High School
* Eastern View High School
* Culpeper Technical Education Center

## Communities
### City

* Culpeper

### Unincorporated communities

* Brandy Station
* Buena
* Cardova
* Catalpa
* Eggbornsville
* Eldorada
* Griffinsburg
* Jeffersonton
* Kellys Ford
* Lagrange
* Lignum
* Mitchells
* Rapidan
* Richardsville
* Rixeyville
* Stevensburg
* Wakefield
* Waterloo
* Winston

## Towns

* Elkwood
* Reva
* Boston

## Notable people

* Big Kenny - (b. 1963) country music singer
* Thomas Colepeper - Governor of Virginia Colony (1677-1683)
* Pete Hill - (1882-1951) professional baseball player, in Hall of Fame
* Dangerfield Newby - (c.1820-October 17, 1859), one of John Brown's men killed in the raid on the federal armory at Harper's Ferry, VA
* Eppa Rixey - (1891-1963) professional baseball player, in Hall of Fame
* D. French Slaughter Jr. - US Congressman (1985-1991)
* Andrew Stevenson – Speaker of the House of Representatives
* French Strother - (1730-1800) significant political figure in early national history