# Aníbal Cavaco Silva

Aníbal António Cavaco Silva GCC GColTE GColL GColIH (Portuguese pronunciation:; born 15 July 1939) is a Portuguese economist and politician who served as the 19th president of Portugal, from 9 March 2006 to 9 March 2016, and as prime minister of Portugal, from 6 November 1985 to 25 October 1995. His 10-year tenure was the longest of any prime minister since Salazar, and the longest for a freely elected prime minister in Portugal's republican history. He was the first Portuguese prime minister to win an absolute parliamentary majority under the current constitutional system (dating to 1974). He is most recognized for guiding Portugal into the European Union.

## Early life and career

Aníbal António Cavaco Silva was born in Boliqueime, Loulé, Algarve. He was initially an undistinguished student. As a 12-year-old, he flunked at the 3rd grade of the Commercial School, and his grandfather put him working on the farm as a punishment. After returning to school, Cavaco Silva went on to become an accomplished student. Cavaco Silva then went to Lisbon, where he took a vocational education course in accounting from Instituto Comercial de Lisboa (Instituto Superior de Contabilidade e Administração de Lisboa (ISCAL), today) in 1959. In parallel, he was admitted for university education at the Instituto Superior de Ciências Económicas e Financeiras de Lisboa (ISCEF) of the Technical University of Lisbon (UTL) (currently the Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão (ISEG) of the University of Lisbon), and obtained in 1964, with distinction, a degree in economics and finance (he scored a mark of 16 out of 20). While studying in Lisbon, Cavaco Silva was an athlete of CDUL athletics department from 1958 to 1963. Between 1963 and 1964, he was drafted into the Portuguese Army Artillery for compulsory 11 month military service, serving in a battalion in Lourenço Marques in Portuguese Mozambique. Cavaco Silva studied a graduate course at the University of York in England.
Returning to Portugal, he took up a post as assistant professor in ISCEF (1974), professor at the Catholic University of Portugal (1975), extraordinary professor at the New University of Lisbon (1979) and finally director of the Office of Studies of the Bank of Portugal.
Cavaco Silva has published several academic works in economics, including in subfields like monetary policy and monetary unions. He received an Honorary Doctorate from Scotland's Heriot-Watt University in 2009.

## Political career
### Early years

Cavaco Silva joined the Social Democratic Party in 1974 and became the party leader in 1985.

### Prime minister

The 1985 legislative election was complicated by the arrival of a new political party, the Democratic Renewal Party (PRD), which had been formed by the supporters of the President, António Ramalho Eanes. In the 250-member Assembly of the Republic, the nation's legislature, the PRD won 45 seats – at the expense of every party except Cavaco Silva's PSD. Despite winning less than 30 percent of the popular vote, the PSD was the only traditional political party not to suffer substantial losses. Its 88 seats, in fact, represented a gain of 13 over the previous election. Accordingly, Cavaco Silva became prime minister on 6 November 1985.
Cavaco Silva headed a minority government. On most issues, his Social Democrats could rely on the 22 votes of the Social and Democratic Center Party (CDS), but the two parties' combined 110 votes fell 16 short of a parliamentary majority. The Socialists and Communists held 57 and 38 seats respectively; Cavaco Silva could govern if the 45 members of the PRD, who held the balance of power, abstained.
According to a contemporary report in The New York Times, Cavaco Silva's first government presided over an "economic boom". The article described him as "pro-American" and committed to the European Community.
In 1987, the PRD withdrew its tacit support, and a parliamentary vote of no confidence forced President Mário Soares to call an early election. Cavaco Silva's Social Democrats captured 50.2 percent of the popular vote and 148 of the 250 seats in the legislature. Far behind were the Socialists, with only 60 seats, and the Communists, with 31. The CDS and the PRD were virtually wiped out, left with only four and seven seats, respectively. This was the first time since the 1974 revolution that a single party had won an outright majority in the national parliament. At the time, it was also the largest majority that a Portuguese party had ever won in a free election.
Although the occurrence of economic growth and a public debt relatively well-contained as a result of the number of civil servants was increased from 485,368 in 1988 to 509,732 in 1991, which was a much lower increase than that which took place in the following years until 2011 marked by irrational and unsustainable State employment, from 1988 to 1993, during the government cabinets led by Cavaco Silva, the Portuguese economy was radically changed. As a result, there was a sharp and rapid decrease in the output of tradable goods and a rise of the importance of the non-tradable goods sector in the Portuguese economy.
In the 1991 election Cavaco Silva's party had a majority even larger (50.6 percent) than the one of four years earlier. He decided not to contest the 1995 election, and the PSD, lacking a leader of his stature, lost 48 seats and the election.

### Post-premiership

Cavaco Silva contested the 1996 presidential election, but was defeated by the Mayor of Lisbon, Jorge Sampaio, the Socialist candidate. Retiring from politics, he served for several years as an advisor to the board of the Banco de Portugal (Bank of Portugal), but retired from this position in 2004. He then became a full professor at the School of Economics and Management of the Catholic University of Portugal, where he taught the undergraduate and MBA programs.
He is a member of the Club of Madrid and an honorary member of the International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation.

### President of the Republic

On 20 October 2005, Cavaco Silva announced his candidacy for the 2006 presidential election. He was elected President of the Republic on 22 January 2006 with 50.6% of votes cast, avoiding a run-off. He is the first elected center-right president in Portugal since 1974. He is also the second former prime minister to be elected president, after Mário Soares.
He was sworn in on 9 March 2006, becoming the Portugal’s first right-of-centre head of state in three decades. He is also the president of the Portuguese Council of State.
Cavaco Silva's term was initially marked by a mutual understanding with the government led by Socialist José Sócrates, which he referred to as "strategic co-operation".
The most controversial moment of his presidency was when the Assembly of the Republic passed a bill for the holding of a pre-legislative referendum on the legalization of abortion in Portugal without any restrictions in the 10 first weeks of pregnancy. After the parliamentary approval of the bill summoning the referendum, Cavaco Silva referred the matter to the Portuguese Constitutional Court, which declared both the proposed legalization and the referendum constitutional by a narrow 7-6 margin. Cavaco Silva, who could still have vetoed the referendum bill, decided to sign it into law, and thus allowed the referendum. The majority of the Portuguese electorate abstained from the referendum, but the vote for legalization prevailed among those who chose to cast their ballot.
Cavaco Silva was reelected president of Portugal on 23 January 2011 with 52,92% of the vote, and he took office for his second five-year term on 9 March 2011.

### 2015 constitutional crisis

At the general election on 4 October 2015 to the Assembly of the Republic, the unicameral Portuguese parliament, the right-wing government of Prime Minister Pedro Passos Coelho lost its majority, with center-left and far-left opposition parties gaining more than half of the seats. As Passos Coelho's own Social Democratic Party remained the largest in parliament, and still had the support of the much smaller CDS – People's Party, Cavaco Silva allowed Passos Coelho to continue as prime minister, giving him the first chance to form a new government. Passos Coelho was unable to find any new partners and was widely expected to stand down, but on 22 October Cavaco Silva invited him to form a new government, even if it were a minority government. On 24 October Cavaco Silva explained his thinking:
   In 40 years of democracy, no government in Portugal has ever depended on the support of anti-European forces, that is to say forces that campaigned to abrogate the Lisbon Treaty, the Fiscal Compact, the Growth and Stability Pact, as well as to dismantle monetary union and take Portugal out of the euro, in addition to wanting the dissolution of NATO.
António Costa, leader of the Socialist Party, called this a grave mistake and added "It is unacceptable to usurp the exclusive powers of parliament. The Socialists will not take lessons from Professor Cavaco Silva on the defence of our democracy." The Green politician Rui Tavares commented "The president has created a constitutional crisis. He is saying that he will never allow the formation of a government containing Leftists and Communists. People are amazed by what has happened." The opposition parties quickly announced their intention of bringing down the new government in a motion of rejection.
Eventually, Passos Coelho's government fell on a motion of no confidence, and the president appointed António Costa, the leader of the Socialists, as prime minister in his place.

## Family

Cavaco Silva married Maria Alves da Silva at the Church of the Monastery of São Vicente de Fora, São Vicente de Fora, Lisbon, on 20 October 1963. The couple had a daughter Patricia, and a son Bruno. He has five grandchildren, four of whom were born to his daughter. One of them, António Montez, is a professional footballer.
His brother, Rogério Cavaco Silva, is a businessman and a victim of the Dominion of Melchizedek scam.

## Honours
### National honours

Source:
* Grand Collar of the Order of Prince Henry (5 July 2022)
* Grand Collar of the Order of Liberty (9 March 2016)
* Grand Collar of the Military Order of the Tower and Sword (9 March 2011)
* Grand Cross of the Sash of the Three Orders (9 March 2006)
* Grand Cross of the Military Order of Christ (29 November 1995)

### Foreign honours

Source:
* Austria:
** Grand Star of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria (31 August 2009)
** Grand Decoration of Honour in Gold with Sash of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria (14 July 1997)
* Brazil:
** Grand Collar of the Order of the Southern Cross (22 April 2008)
** Grand Cross of the Order of the Southern Cross (4 February 1991)
** Grand Cross of the Order of Rio Branco (8 October 1991)
** Grand Cross of the Order of the National Congress (4 February 1991)
* Bulgaria: First Class of the Order of the Stara Planina (8 June 2015)
* Cape Verde: First Class of the Amílcar Cabral Order [fr] (14 July 2010)
* Chile:
** Collar of the Order of Merit (15 November 2007)
** Grand Cross of the Order of Merit (20 July 2007)
** Grand Cross of the Order of Bernardo O'Higgins (16 November 2010)
* Colombia:
** Grand Collar of the Order of Boyacá (14 November 2012)
** Grand Cross of the Order of Boyacá (23 May 1988)
* Cyprus: Grand Cross of the Order of Makarios III (20 November 1990)
* East Timor: Grand Collar of the Order of Timor-Leste (6 August 2012)
* Ecuador: Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit (25 January 1991)
* Estonia: Collar of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana (13 October 2008)
* Finland: Grand Cross of the Order of the White Rose of Finland (8 March 1991)
* Germany:
** Grand Cross Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (26 May 2009)
** Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (25 January 1991)
* Greece: Grand Cross of the Order of Honour (15 May 1990)
* Guinea-Bissau: Grand Cross of the National Order of the Boé Hills [pt] (4 February 1991)
* Holy See: Knight with the Collar of the Order of Pope Pius IX (30 August 2010)
* Jordan:
** Collar of the Order of Al-Hussein bin Ali (28 May 2009)
** Grand Cordon with Brilliants (Special Class) of the Supreme Order of the Renaissance (10 December 2009)
* Latvia: Grand Cross of the Cross of Recognition (22 November 2010)
* Lithuania: Grand Cross with Golden Chain of the Order of Vytautas the Great (25 July 2007)
* Luxembourg:
** Knight of the Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau (9 September 2010)
** Grand Cross of the Order of the Oak Crown (4 February 1991)
* Malta: Honorary Companion of Honour with Collar of the National Order of Merit (11 December 2008)
* Mexico: Collar of the Order of the Aztec Eagle (2 June 2014)
* Morocco:
** Grand Cordon of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite (13 February 1995)
** Grand Officer of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite (17 May 1991)
* Mozambique: First Class of the Order of Friendship and Peace (7 October 2014)
* Netherlands: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Orange-Nassau (25 March 1992)
* Norway: Grand Cross of the Order of St Olav (5 November 2008)
* Palestine: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Star of Palestine (19 July 1995)
* Panama: Collar of the Order of Manuel Amador Guerrero (30 July 2013)
* Peru: Grand Collar of the Order of the Sun of Peru (19 November 2012)
* Poland:
** Knight of the Order of the White Eagle (22 June 2012)
** Grand Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta (1 October 2008)
* Qatar: Collar of the Order of Merit (10 December 2009)
* Romania: Collar of the Order of the Star of Romania (16 June 2015)
* Slovakia: Grand Cross of the Order of the White Double Cross (4 September 2008)
* Sovereign Military Order of Malta:
** Collar of the Order pro Merito Melitensi (23 November 2010)
** Grand Cross, Special Class of the Order pro Merito Melitensi (25 January 1991)
* Spain:
** Collar of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (24 September 2006)
** Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (8 September 1993)
* Sweden:
** Knight of the Royal Order of the Seraphim (9 May 2008)
** Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Polar Star (9 February 1987)
* Tunisia:
** Grand Cordon of the Order of the Republic (18 November 1993)
** Grand Cordon of the Order of 7th November (18 November 1993)
* Turkey: Recipient of the Order of the State of the Republic of Turkey (24 November 2009)
* Venezuela: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Liberator (18 November 1987)

## State visits

Cavaco Silva made state visits to countries in Europe, Africa, Asia and the Americas. In September 2006, on his first state visit, he visited Portugal's neighbour, Spain.

## Electoral history
### PSD leadership election, 1985

Ballot: 19 May 1985 :
| Candidate | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Aníbal Cavaco Silva | 422 | 53.6 |
| | João Salgueiro | 365 | 46.4 |
| Turnout | Turnout | 787 | |
| Source: Results ||||

### Legislative election, 1985

Ballot: 6 October 1985 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | Seats | +/− |
| | PSD | Aníbal Cavaco Silva | 1,732,288 | 29.9 | 88 | +13 |
| | PS | Almeida Santos | 1,204,321 | 20.8 | 57 | –44 |
| | PRD | Hermínio Martinho | 1,038,893 | 17.9 | 45 | new |
| | APU | Álvaro Cunhal | 898,281 | 15.5 | 38 | –6 |
| | CDS | Lucas Pires | 577,580 | 10.0 | 22 | –8 |
| | UDP | Mário Tomé | 73,401 | 1.3 | 0 | ±0 |
| | Other parties | Other parties | 128,846 | 2.2 | 0 | ±0 |
| Blank/Invalid ballots | Blank/Invalid ballots | Blank/Invalid ballots | 145,319 | 2.5 | – | – |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 5,798,929 | 74.16 | 250 | ±0 |
| Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições |||||||

### Legislative election, 1987

Ballot: 19 July 1987 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | Seats | +/− |
| | PSD | Aníbal Cavaco Silva | 2,850,784 | 50.2 | 148 | +60 |
| | PS | Vítor Constâncio | 1,262,506 | 22.2 | 60 | +3 |
| | CDU | Álvaro Cunhal | 689,137 | 12.1 | 31 | –7 |
| | PRD | António Ramalho Eanes | 278,561 | 4.9 | 7 | –38 |
| | CDS | Adriano Moreira | 251,987 | 4.4 | 4 | –18 |
| | Other parties | Other parties | 219,715 | 3.9 | 0 | ±0 |
| Blank/Invalid ballots | Blank/Invalid ballots | Blank/Invalid ballots | 123,668 | 2.2 | – | – |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 5,676,358 | 71.57 | 250 | ±0 |
| Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições |||||||

### Legislative election, 1991

Ballot: 6 October 1991 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | Seats | +/− |
| | PSD | Aníbal Cavaco Silva | 2,902,351 | 50.6 | 135 | –13 |
| | PS | Jorge Sampaio | 1,670,758 | 29.1 | 72 | +12 |
| | CDU | Álvaro Cunhal | 504,583 | 8.8 | 17 | –14 |
| | CDS | Diogo Freitas do Amaral | 254,317 | 4.4 | 5 | +1 |
| | PSN | Manuel Sérgio | 96,096 | 1.6 | 1 | new |
| | PSR | Francisco Louçã | 64,159 | 1.1 | 0 | ±0 |
| | Other parties | Other parties | 132,495 | 2.3 | 0 | –7 |
| Blank/Invalid ballots | Blank/Invalid ballots | Blank/Invalid ballots | 110,672 | 1.9 | – | – |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 5,735,431 | 67.78 | 230 | –20 |
| Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições |||||||

### Presidential election, 1996

Ballot: 14 January 1996 :
| Candidate | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Jorge Sampaio | 3,035,056 | 53.9 |
| | Aníbal Cavaco Silva | 2,595,131 | 46.1 |
| Blank/Invalid ballots | Blank/Invalid ballots | 132,791 | – |
| Turnout | Turnout | 5,762,978 | 66.29 |
| Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições ||||

### Presidential election, 2006

Ballot: 22 January 2006 :
| Candidate | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Aníbal Cavaco Silva | 2,773,431 | 50.5 |
| | Manuel Alegre | 1,138,297 | 20.7 |
| | Mário Soares | 785,355 | 14.3 |
| | Jerónimo de Sousa | 474,083 | 8.6 |
| | Francisco Louçã | 292,198 | 5.3 |
| | Garcia Pereira | 23,983 | 0.4 |
| Blank/Invalid ballots | Blank/Invalid ballots | 102,785 | – |
| Turnout | Turnout | 5,590,132 | 61.53 |
| Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições ||||

### Presidential election, 2011

Ballot: 23 January 2011 :
| Candidate | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Aníbal Cavaco Silva | 2,231,956 | 53.0 |
| | Manuel Alegre | 831,838 | 19.7 |
| | Fernando Nobre | 593,021 | 14.1 |
| | Francisco Lopes | 301,017 | 7.1 |
| | José Manuel Coelho | 189,918 | 4.5 |
| | Defensor Moura | 67,110 | 1.6 |
| Blank/Invalid ballots | Blank/Invalid ballots | 277,593 | – |
| Turnout | Turnout | 4,492,453 | 46.52 |
| Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições ||||