# Outline of Syria

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Syria:
Syria – country in Western Asia, that borders Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south and Israel to the southwest. Civilization in Syria was one of the most ancient on earth. Syria is part of the Fertile Crescent, and from approximately 10,000 BCE it was one of the centers of Neolithic culture where agriculture and cattle breeding appeared for the first time in the world. Over the millennia, Syria has been conquered and settled by many different peoples. A country of fertile plains, high mountains and deserts, it is home to diverse ethnic and religious groups, including Assyrians, Kurds, Circassians, Armenians, Druze, Alawite, Christians, Shias and Sunnis. The latter make up the majority of the population. Since March 2011, Syria has been embroiled in civil war in the wake of uprisings (considered an extension of the Arab Spring, the mass movement of revolutions and protests in the Arab world) against Assad and the neo-Ba'athist government. In 2024, the Assad regime was toppled by several opposition militias and organizations.

## General reference

* Pronunciation:
* Common English country name: Syria
* Official English country name:
* Common endonym(s): List of countries and capitals in native languages
* Official endonym(s): List of official endonyms of present-day nations and states
* Adjectival(s): Syrian
* Demonym(s):
* Etymology: Name of Syria
* International rankings of Syria
* ISO country codes: SY, SYR, 760
* ISO region codes: See ISO 3166-2:SY
* Internet country code top-level domain: .sy

## Geography of Syria

Geography of Syria
* Syria is: a country
* Location:
** Northern Hemisphere and Eastern Hemisphere
** Eurasia
*** Asia
**** Western Asia
***** Southwest Asia
** Middle East
*** Levant
** Time in Syria
*** Time zone: UTC+02, summer UTC+03
** Extreme points of Syria
*** High: Jabal el-Sheikh 2,814 m (9,232 ft)
*** Low: Mediterranean Sea 0 m
** Land boundaries: 2,253 km
       Turkey 822 km
       Iraq 605 km
       Jordan 375 km
       Lebanon 375 km
       Israel 76 km
   * Coastline: Mediterranean Sea 193 km
* Population of Syria: 19,929,000 - 57th most populous country
* Area of Syria: 185180 km$^2$
* Atlas of Syria

### Environment of Syria

Environment of Syria
* Climate of Syria
* Environmental issues in Syria
* Geology of Syria
* Protected areas of Syria
** Biosphere reserves in Syria
** National parks of Syria
* Renewable energy in Syria
* Wildlife of Syria
** Fauna of Syria
*** Birds of Syria
*** Mammals of Syria

#### Natural geographic features of Syria

* Glaciers of Syria
* Islands of Syria
* Lakes of Syria
* Mountains of Syria
** Volcanoes in Syria
* Rivers in Syria
** Waterfalls of Syria
* Valleys of Syria
* World Heritage Sites in Syria

### Regions of Syria

Regions of Syria

#### Ecoregions of Syria

List of ecoregions in Syria
* Ecoregions in Syria

#### Administrative divisions of Syria

Administrative divisions of Syria
* Governorates of Syria
** Districts of Syria
** Municipalities of Syria

##### Provinces of Syria

Governorates of Syria
* Al-Hasakah
* Aleppo
* Damascus
* Daraa
* Deir ez-Zor
* Hama
* Homs
* Idlib
* Latakia
* Quneitra
* Raqqa
* Rif Dimashq
* Suwayda
* Tartus

##### Districts of Syria

Districts of Syria
* Al-Hasakah District
* Al Qamishli District
* Al-Malikiyah District
* Ra's al-'Ayn District
* 'Ayn al-'Arab District
* Afrin District
* Al Bab District
* As-Safirah District
* A'zaz District
* Jabal Sam'an
* Jarabulus District
* Manbij District
* Raqqa District
* Ath-Thawrah District
* Tal Abyad District
* As-Suwayda District
* Salkhad District
* Shahba District
* As-Sanamayn District
* Daraa District
* Izra' District
* Abu Kamal District
* Mayadin District
* Deir ez-Zor District
* As-Suqaylabiyah District
* Hama District
* Masyaf District
* Muhardeh District
* Salamiyah District
* Al-Mukharram District
* Al-Qusayr District
* Ar-Rastan District
* Homs District
* Palmyra District
* Talkalakh District
* Arihah District
* Harem District
* Idlib District
* Jisr ash-Shugur District
* Ma'arrat al-Numan District
* Al-Haffah District
* Jableh District
* Latakia District
* Qardaha District
* Fiq District
* Quneitra District
* Al-Qutayfah District
* An-Nabk District
* Al-Tall District
* Darayya District
* Markaz Rif Dimashq
* Duma District
* Qatana District
* Yabrud District
* Zabadani District
* Ash-Shaykh Badr District
* Baniyas District
* Duraykish District
* Safita District
* Tartus District

##### Municipalities of Syria

* List of cities in Syria
* List of towns and villages in Syria

### Demography of Syria

Demographics of Syria

## Government and politics of Syria

Politics of Syria
* Form of government: Provisional government
* Capital of Syria: Damascus
* Elections in Syria
* Political parties in Syria

### Branches of the government of Syria

Government of Syria

#### Executive branch of the government of Syria

* Head of state: President of Syria, Ahmed al-Sharaa
** List of presidents of Syria
** List of vice presidents of Syria
* Head of government: Prime Minister of Syria, Mohammed al-Bashir
** List of prime ministers of Syria
* Cabinet of Syria
** Government ministries of Syria

#### Legislative branch of the government of Syria

* Legislature of Syria (Unicameral)
** List of speakers of the Parliament of Syria

#### Judicial branch of the government of Syria

Court system of Syria Judiciary of Syria
* High Judicial Council
* Court system of Syria
** Court of Cassation of Syria
** High Constitutional Court of Syria
** Civil and criminal courts of Syria
** Military courts of Syria
** Security courts of Syria
* Supreme Court of Syria

### Foreign relations of Syria

Foreign relations of Syria
* Arab League monitors in Syria
* Diplomatic missions in Syria
** List of ambassadors of Canada to Syria
** List of ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Syria
** United Nations Supervision Mission in Syria
** United States Ambassador to Syria
* Diplomatic missions of Syria
** Permanent Representative of Syria to the United Nations

#### International organization membership

International organization membership of Syria The Syrian Arab Republic is a member of:
Syria is one of only 7 U.N. members which is not a member of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons.

### Law and order in Syria

Law of Syria
* Constitution of Syria
* Crime in Syria
** Human trafficking in Syria
** Terrorism in Syria
* Human rights in Syria
** Freedom of religion in Syria
** Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war
** LGBT rights in Syria
** Law enforcement in Syria
* Visa requirements for Syrian citizens

### Military of Syria

Military of Syria
* Command
** Commander-in-chief:
*** Ministry of Defence of Syria
* Forces
** Army of Syria
** Navy of Syria
** Syrian Air Force
*** List of Syrian Air Force bases
*** List of Syrian Air Force squadrons
** Syrian Republican Guard
* Military history of Syria
* Military ranks of Syria

### Local government in Syria

Local government in Syria

## History of Syria
### History of Syria, by period

* Syria during the Stone Age
** Levantine corridor – relatively narrow land route of migrations between the Mediterranean Sea to the northwest and deserts to the southeast that connects Africa into Eurasia. It is believed that early hominids spread from Africa to Asia and Europe via the Horn of Africa and the Levantine corridor (named after the Levant, which includes Syria).
** Cradle of civilization – term referring to locations identified as the sites of the emergence of civilization. In Western European and Middle Eastern cultures, it has frequently been applied to the Ancient Near Eastern Chalcolithic (Ubaid period, Naqada culture), especially in the Fertile Crescent (Levant and Mesopotamia).
*** Mesopotamia – area of the Tigris–Euphrates river system, corresponding to modern-day Iraq, the northeastern section of Syria and to a lesser extent southeastern Turkey and smaller parts of southwestern Iran. Widely considered to be the cradle of civilization in the West.
** Natufian culture – Epipaleolithic culture that existed from 13,000 to 9,800 years ago in the Levant. It was unusual in that it was sedentary, or semi-sedentary, before the introduction of agriculture.
*** Tell Abu Hureyra – archaeological site located in the Euphrates valley in modern Syria. The remains of the villages within the tell come from over 4,000 years of habitation, spanning the Epipaleolithic and Neolithic periods. The inhabitants of Abu Hureyra started out as hunter-gatherers but gradually transitioned to farming, making them the earliest known farmers in the world.
** Tell Aswad – large prehistoric, Neolithic Tell, about 5 hectares (540,000 sq ft) in size, located around 48 kilometres (30 mi) from Damascus in Syria.
** Tell Ramad – prehistoric, Neolithic tell at the foot of Mount Hermon, about 20 kilometres (12 mi) southwest of Damascus in Syria. The tell was the site of a small village of 2 hectares (220,000 sq ft), which was first settled in the late eighth millennium BC.
** Halaf culture –
*** Tell Halaf –
* Syria during the Bronze Age
** Canaanites –
** Amorites –
** Eblaites (Ebla city-state) –
** Ugarites –
** Akkadian Empire –
** Arameans – Northwest Semitic semi-nomadic and pastoralist people who originated in what is now modern Syria (Biblical Aram) during the Late Bronze Age and the Iron Age.
** Bronze Age collapse – sudden and culturally disruptive transition in the Aegean Region, Southwestern Asia and the Eastern Mediterranean from the Late Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age, during which the palace economy characterising the Late Bronze Age was replaced by the isolated village cultures of the Greek Dark Ages. Prior to and during the Bronze Age Collapse, Syria became a battle ground between the empires of the Hittites, Assyrians, Mitanni and Egyptians, and the coastal regions came under attack from the Sea Peoples. From the 13th Century BCE the Arameans came to prominence in Syria, and the region outside of the Phoenician coastal areas eventually became Aramaic speaking.
* Syro-Hittite states –
* Phoenicia –
* Achaemenid Empire –
* Seleucid Empire –
** Roman–Syrian War –
* Syria (Roman province) –
** Syria Palaestina –
** List of Roman governors of Syria
* Palmyrene Empire
** Palmyra –
* Syria in the Middle Ages
** Byzantine Syria –
** Muslim conquest of the Levant –
*** Rashidun Caliphate –
*** Umayyad Caliphate –
**** Bilad al-Sham –
*** Great Seljuq Empire –
*** Ayyubid dynasty
*** Mongol invasions of Syria – starting in the 1240s, the Mongols made repeated invasions of Syria or attempts thereof. Most failed, but they did have some success in 1260 and 1300, capturing Aleppo and Damascus and destroying the Ayyubid dynasty.
*** County of Edessa –
*** Principality of Antioch –
*** Ilkhanate –
*** Mamluk Sultanate –
* Early modern period
** Ottoman Empire
*** Ottoman Syria
**** Timeline of Ottoman Syria history
* Modern history of Syria
** Kingdom of Syria (8 March–24 July 1920)
** State of Syria (1924–1930)
** First Syrian Republic (1930–1950)
** Second Syrian Republic (1950–1963)
** Ba'athist Syria
*** 1963 Syrian coup d'état
*** 1966 Syrian coup d'état
*** 1970 Syrian Corrective Revolution
*** Islamic uprising in Syria
**** Hama massacre
*** 1999 Latakia protests
*** Damascus Spring
*** Ain es Saheb airstrike
*** Syria Accountability Act
*** 2004 Al-Qamishli riots
*** Damascus Declaration
*** Operation Orchard
*** 2008 Abu Kamal raid
*** Syrian civil war (15 March 2011 to present)
**** Casualties of the Syrian civil war
**** Cities and towns during the Syrian civil war
**** Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war
**** Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war
**** International demonstrations and protests relating to the Syrian civil war
**** International reactions to the Syrian civil war
**** List of articles related to the Syrian civil war
**** List of bombings during the Syrian civil war
**** List of bombings during the Syrian civil war
**** List of heritage sites damaged during Syrian civil war
**** List of journalists killed during the Syrian civil war
**** Refugees of the Syrian civil war
**** Russia's role in the Syrian civil war
**** Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian civil war
**** Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon
**** Syrian reactions to the Syrian civil war
**** Timeline of the Syrian civil war
***** Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2011)
***** Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2011)
***** Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2011)
***** Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2012)
***** Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2012)
***** Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2012)
***** Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2013)
***** Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–December 2013)
***** Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–July 2014)
***** Timeline of the Syrian civil war (August–December 2014)
***** Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–July 2015)
***** Timeline of the Syrian civil war (August–December 2015)
***** Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2016)
***** Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2016)
***** Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2016)
***** Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2017)
***** Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2017)
***** Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2017)
***** Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2018)
***** Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2018)
***** Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2018)
***** Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2019)
***** Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2019)
***** Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2019)
***** Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2020)
***** Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2021)
***** Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)
***** Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2023)
***** Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–October 2024)
***** Timeline of the Syrian civil war (November 2024–present)

### History of Syria, by region

* History of the Middle East
** History of the Levant
*** History of Syria
**** History of Aleppo
***** Ancient City of Aleppo
***** List of rulers of Aleppo
***** Timeline of Aleppo history
**** History of Antioch – an ancient Syrian city, Antioch now lies within the borders of Turkey.
***** Battles of Antioch
***** Siege of Antioch
***** Siege of Antioch (1268)
**** History of Damascus
***** List of rulers of Damascus
***** Timeline of Damascus history
**** History of Hama
**** History of Homs
***** First Battle of Homs
***** Second Battle of Homs
***** Siege of Homs

### History of Syria, by subject

* History of religion in Syria
** History of Eastern Christianity
*** History of Syriac Christianity
** Islamization of Syria
* Military history of Syria
** 1972 Israeli air raid in Syria and Lebanon
** List of massacres in Syria
** List of wars involving Syria
** List of Syrian flying aces
** Terrorism in Syria
* Mongol invasions of Syria

## Culture of Syria

Culture of Syria
* Architecture of Syria
** List of castles in Syria
** List of cathedrals in Syria
* Cuisine of Syria
** Beer in Syria
* Festivals in Syria
* Languages of Syria
* Media of Syria
* Museums in Syria
* National symbols of Syria
** Coat of arms of Syria
** Flag of Syria
** National anthem of Syria
* Prostitution in Syria
* Public holidays in Syria
* Records of Syria
* Smoking in Syria
* Scouting and Guiding in Syria
** Scouts of Syria
* World Heritage Sites in Syria

### Art in Syria

* Art in Syria
** List of Syrian artists
* Cinema of Syria
** List of Syrian films
* Literature of Syria
* Music of Syria
* Television in Syria
* Theatre in Syria

### People of Syria

People of Syria
* Armenians in Syria
* Assyrians in Syria
* Iraqis in Syria
* List of Syrian people
** List of Druze
** List of people from Damascus
** List of people from Homs
** List of people from Latakia
** List of Syrian Armenians
** List of Syrian artists
** List of Syrian defectors

### Religion in Syria

Religion in Syria
* List of monasteries in Syria
* Christianity in Syria
** Eastern Orthodoxy in Syria
** Roman Catholicism in Syria
** List of cathedrals in Syria
** Syriac Christianity
* Hinduism in Syria
* Islam in Syria
** List of mosques in Aleppo
** List of mosques in Damascus
** List of mosques in Syria
* Judaism in Syria
* Sikhism in Syria

### Sports in Syria

Sports in Syria
* Football in Syria
** List of football clubs in Syria
** List of football stadiums in Syria
** Syria national football team results
*** Syria national football team results 2009
*** Syria national football team results 2010
** Syrian Premier League top scorers
* Syria at the Olympics
** List of flag bearers for Syria at the Olympics
* Rugby union in Syria

## Economy and infrastructure of Syria

Economy of Syria
* Agriculture in Syria
** Forestry in Syria
* Banking in Syria
** Central Bank of Syria
** Commercial Bank of Syria
* Communications in Syria
** Telecommunications in Syria
* List of Radio Towers in Syria
*** Telephone numbers in Syria
*** Television in Syria
*** Internet in Syria
** Media in Syria
*** List of radio stations in Syria
*** Newspapers in Syria
* Companies of Syria
* Currency of Syria: Pound
** ISO 4217: SYP
* Damascus Securities Exchange
* Economic rank, by nominal GDP (2007): 75th (seventy-fifth)
* Energy in Syria
** Energy policy of Syria
** Nuclear energy in Syria
** Power stations in Syria
** Oil industry in Syria
* Mining in Syria
* Tourism in Syria
* Transport in Syria
** Air transport in Syria
*** Airlines of Syria
*** Airports in Syria
** Rail transport in Syria
** Roads in Syria
** Vehicle registration plates of Syria
* Waste management in Syria
** Water supply and sanitation in Syria
* Water in Syria
** Water supply and sanitation in Syria
** Water resources management in Syria

## Education in Syria

Education in Syria
* Academic grading in Syria
* List of schools in Syria
* List of universities in Syria
* List of medical schools in Syria

## Health in Syria

Health in Syria
* List of medical schools in Syria
* Smoking in Syria