OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Intermediate Region

The Intermediate Region is an established geopolitical model set forth in the 1970s by the Greek historian Dimitri Kitsikis, professor at the University of Ottawa in Canada. According to this model, the Eurasian continent is composed of three regions; in addition to Western Europe and the Far East, a third region called the "Intermediate Region" found between the two constitutes a distinct civilization. It roughly covers Eastern Europe, Central Asia, Middle East and North Africa (MENA).

## Description

The lands between the Adriatic Sea and the Indus River form the Intermediate Region and are considered a bridge between Western and Eastern civilisations. The vast area extends from the eastern half of Europe to the western half of Asia. Its significance is that there is neither a uniform Europe nor a uniform Asia. Europe and Asia denote geographical regions, not civilisations.
Demographically, the region's dominant religions are Orthodox Christianity and Islam, with Judaism to a lesser extent. In contrast, Catholicism and Protestantism dominate in the Occident, and Hinduism and Buddhism dominate in the Orient.
The Intermediate Region had, for 2,500 years, been dominated by an ecumenical empire whose centre lay by the Turkish Straits and the Aegean Sea. It was fundamentally the same empire throughout history, and its successive leaders sought to unify its respective peoples. From the Persian Empire of Darius the Great, it fell into the hands of Alexander the Great, then to the Hellenistic Roman Empire, the Byzantine Empire, and finally the Sunni Ottoman Empire until 1923–1924. This Central Empire had been subject to attempts by other empires situated along its periphery to seize succession. These included the Caliphate and the Russian Empire (until 1917).
The dynamic between the Central Empire and the Peripheral Empires constitutes an internal conflict in the Intermediate Region. Each of the main peoples in this area struggled to seize control of its centre of influence, that is, Byzantium-Constantinople-Istanbul, which remained the undisputed focal point for nearly 2,000 years. The Arabs, in the 8th century, and the Russians, in the 20th century, almost succeeded in doing so but were not able to take control of the ecumenical empire. Western intervention, since the 18th century, is considered to be an external conflict, which sought not succession but the destruction of the ecumenical empire and its dismemberment (Balkanisation) and its subjection to the stranglehold of Westernisation.
Kitsikis concludes that “due to historical events spanning thousands of years, the Eurasian continent, of which Europe is but one of its peninsulas, comprises three civilisational areas: a) the West, which today includes the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, as well as Western Europe; b) the East or 'Far East', which includes the peninsulas of India, Southeast Asia (with Indonesia) and China (with Korea and Japan); c) the Intermediate Region, which is found both in the East and the West."
# Robert Sempill the elder

Robert Sempill (the elder) (c. 1530–1595), in all probability a cadet of illegitimate birth of the noble house of Sempill or Semple, was a Scottish ballad-writer and satirist.
Very little is known of Sempill's life. He was probably a soldier, and must have held some office at the Scottish court, as his name appears in the Lord Treasurer's books in February 1567 – 1568, and his writings show him to have had an intimate knowledge of court affairs. As a Protestant, he was a bitter opponent of Queen Mary and of the Catholic Church, authoring ballads supporting action against Queen Mary. Sempill was present at the siege of Leith (1559-1560) and at the siege of Edinburgh Castle, serving with the army of James Douglas, Earl of Morton. He was in Paris in 1572, but fled the country after the massacre of St Bartholomew. Three of his poems appear in the Bannatyne Manuscript.
His chief works are:
* The Ballat maid vpoun Margret Fleming callit the Flemyng bark
* The defence of Crissell Sande-landis
* The Claith Merchant or Ballat of Jonet Reid, ane Violet and Ane Quhyt, all three in the Bannatyne manuscript
They are characterized by extreme coarseness, and are probably among his earlier works. His chief political poems are:
* The Regentis Tragedie, a broadside of 1570
* The Sege of the Castel of Edinburgh (1573), interesting from an historical point of view
* Ane Complaint vpon fortoun ... (1581)
* The Legend of the Bischop of St Androis Lyfe callit Mr Patrik Adamsone (1583)
Some of his poems and ballads were intended to advance the cause of the King's side during the Marian civil war. He was a mid-ranking Kings Party supporter, prominently known despite being outside of party leadership. He assuredly authored twelve poems out of a collection of twenty-five broadsides arguing against Queen Mary as a part of the Kings Party's political campaign, which collectively are known as the "Sempill ballads". Anonymous printed ballads such as The tressoun of Dumbertane, Robert Lekprevik, Edinburgh (1570), have been attributed to Sempill. The Tressoun describes Lord Fleming's failed ambush of the English commander William Drury at Dumbarton Castle.
See Chronicle of Scottish Poetry (ed. James Sibbald, Edinburgh, 1802); and Essays on the Poets of Renfrewshire by William Motherwell, in The Harp of Renfrewshire (Paisley, 1819; reprinted 1872).
Modern editions of Sempill are: Sege of the Castel of Edinburgh, a facsimile reprint with introduction by David Constable (1813); The Sempill Ballates (T. G. Stevenson, Edinburgh, 1872) containing all the poems; Satirical poems of the Reformation (ed. James Cranstoun, Scottish Text Soc., 2 vols, 1889-1893) with a memoir of Sempill and a bibliography of his poems.
# Hama bar Ukva

Hama bar Ukva (Hebrew: חמא בר עוקבא) was a third-generation Israeli Amora who flourished between 290–320 CE.

## Biography

Rabbi Hama bar Ukva was a student of Rabbi Jose bar Hanina, and often quotes teachings in his name. He also passed on teachings from Reish Lakish and Rabbi Joshua ben Levi.
His colleagues were Rabbi Zeira and Rabbi Levi. Abaye, Rabbi Jonah, Rabbi Yossi bar Zavida and Rabbi Jeremiah (III) repeated teachings in his name.

## Teachings

Most of Rabbi Hama bar Ukva's teachings are in the field of Halakha, though in several places in the Talmud and Midrash his Aggadic teachings are cited.
In Tractate Sukkah he explains in the name of his Rabbi Jose bar Hanina the reason that the Lulav is shaken in all directions: "He moves them forward and backwards to stop harmful winds; upwards and downwards to halt harmful dew."
In Shir HaShirim Rabbah a statement of his is cited that deals with the importance of Torah learning. "Words of Torah strengthen one who learns them fully."
# Festival du Bois

Festival du Bois is an annual Francophone festival held in the Maillardville neighbourhood of Coquitlam, British Columbia, Canada. In 2025, Festival du Bois was held from March 7 to 9. Produced by Societe francophone de Maillardville, the festival celebrates French Canadian history, art and culture.

## Festival

The festival site in Mackin Park includes a main stage tent where mostly Canadian folk, Celtic, and world music artists perform. There is also a children's stage, a workshop tent, art and history displays, tours of the Mackin House Museum, and traditional food including tourtière, poutine, smoked meat sandwiches, maple taffy, and maple sugar pies.
The "Festival du Bois headgear" is a green tuque embossed with a frog.
Over 17,000 people attended Festival du Bois in 2008, and was recognized as one of the "biggest festivals and cultural events in Metro Vancouver" by Business in Vancouver magazine.
# Gus Broughton

Augustus Stephen Broughton (29 April 1904 – 22 September 1981) was a Welsh rugby union number 8 who played club rugby for Treorchy and Penarth and was capped twice for Wales.

## International matches played

Wales
* New South Wales Waratahs 1927
* Scotland 1929
# Sophie Grigson

Hester Sophia Frances Grigson (born 19 June 1959) is an English cookery writer and celebrity cook. She has followed the same path and career as her mother, Jane Grigson. Her father was the poet and writer Geoffrey Grigson, and her half-brother was musician and educator Lionel Grigson.

## Life

Sophie Grigson was born in the village of Broad Town, near Swindon, Wiltshire, in 1959 and attended Oxford High School. From there she went on to study mathematics at UMIST, Manchester. After graduating in 1982 with a Bachelor of Science degree in mathematics (she was vice-president of the UMIST Alumni Association), she worked for a time as a production manager of pop videos for groups including Bonnie Tyler and the Style Council. Having inherited her mother's love of food, she found she also enjoyed writing about it. Her first food article, published in 1983 in the Sunday Express Magazine, was entitled "Fifty ways with potatoes". She has since written columns for publications including the Evening Standard (1986–93), the Sunday Times (1994–96) and The Independent (1997–98).
Grigson's television debut came in 1993 with the 16-part series Grow Your Greens, Eat Your Greens on Channel 4, which won the Caroline Walker Prize (Media Category). Her more recent television work includes Sophie Grigson in the Orient and Sophie Grigson in the Souk for Travel Channel.
She won the Guild of Food Writers Cookery Journalist of the Year Award in 2001 for her work in Country Living magazine. She is a keen supporter of organic and local food suppliers and is an advocate for decent children's food. She is a patron of the Children's food festival.
Sophie's Cookery School, based in Oxford, was the first dedicated pop-up cookery school in the country. She currently lives in Puglia in the south of Italy, where she runs a small catering company, Trulli Delicious.
She was previously married to William Black, with whom she had two children.
# Herbert Joseph Bruch

Herbert Joseph Bruch (March 16, 1920 – May 26, 1993) was a fruit farmer, businessman, civil servant and political figure in British Columbia, Canada. He represented Esquimalt in the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia from 1953 to 1972 as a Social Credit member. From 1967 to 1972, he served as the Deputy Speaker of the Legislature.
He was born in Killaly, Saskatchewan, the son of Joseph F. Bruch and Elizabeth Engel. In 1944, Bruch married Alice C. Gaudet. Before being elected to the assembly, he was employed by the British Columbia hospital insurance service. Bruch was defeated by James Henry Gorst when he ran for re-election in 1972. He died in 1993 of a ruptured aortic aneurysm.
# Jessica Au

Jessica Au is an Australian editor and bookseller, and author of the novels Cargo and Cold Enough for Snow. Au won the inaugural Novel Prize in 2022. She is based in Melbourne.
Au won the 2023 Prime Minister's Literary Award for Fiction and both the 2023 Victorian Premier's Prize for Literature and Victorian Premier's Prize for Fiction for Cold Enough for Snow.

## Awards and honours

| Year | Title | Award | Category | Result |
| 2020 | Cold Enough for Snow | Novel Prize | — | Won |
| 2022 | Cold Enough for Snow | The Age Book of the Year Award | Fiction | Shortlisted |
| 2022 | Cold Enough for Snow | Queensland Literary Award | Fiction | Shortlisted |
| 2022 | Cold Enough for Snow | Readings Prize | Fiction | Won |
| 2023 | Cold Enough for Snow | Indie Book Awards | Fiction | Longlisted |
| 2023 | Cold Enough for Snow | International Dublin Literary Award | — | Longlisted |
| 2023 | Cold Enough for Snow | Miles Franklin Award | — | Shortlisted |
| 2023 | Cold Enough for Snow | Prime Minister's Literary Awards | Fiction | Won |
| 2023 | Cold Enough for Snow | Victorian Premier's Literary Awards | Victorian Premier's Prize for Fiction | Won |
| 2023 | Cold Enough for Snow | Victorian Premier's Literary Awards | Victorian Prize for Literature | Won |

## Publications

* Cargo (2011)
* Cold Enough for Snow (2022)
# Wojsławice, Lublin Voivodeship

Wojsławice is a village in Chełm County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Wojsławice. It lies approximately 26 km (16 mi) south of Chełm and 78 km (48 mi) south-east of the regional capital Lublin.
The village is a common setting of many literary works by Polish writer Andrzej Pilipiuk, in particular, related to his fictional character Jakub Wędrowycz, who lives in the nearby village of Stary Majdan. Since 2006, an annual fandom convention dedicated to has been taking place in Wojsławice, and a 3-meter tall wooden statue of the character has been raised in 2013.
There is an Orthodox Church of Our Lady of Kazan and Saint Elijah in the village, constructed in the Baroque style between 1771 and 1774 as a Uniate church. It became an Orthodox parish church during the Conversion of Chełm Eparchy. The Wojsławice parish remained active until the expulsion of the local Ukrainian Orthodox population in the 1940s, when it was closed due to a lack of worshippers. The abandoned church, used as a warehouse, gradually fell into ruin. It was only at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries that it was renovated, but the absence of an Orthodox community in the town means it is only opened for religious services occasionally. The church has no iconostasis, and the only preserved piece of its original furnishings is a historic thurible.
# Wola Gródecka-Kolonia

Wola Gródecka-Kolonia is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jarczów, within Tomaszów Lubelski County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland.
# Wola Kulońska

Wola Kulońska is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Biszcza, within Biłgoraj County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 5 km (3 mi) south of Biszcza, 22 km (14 mi) south of Biłgoraj, and 98 km (61 mi) south of the regional capital Lublin.
# Christine Nicholls

Christine Stephanie Nicholls, née Metcalfe, (born 23 January 1943) is an author and former editor of the Dictionary of National Biography. She spent her childhood in Kenya. Now retired, she lives in Oxford, England.

## Early life

Nicholls was born in England and accompanied her parents to Kenya in 1947. She moved around Kenya as her father took a series of teaching posts until he was employed permanently at Mombasa Primary School in 1954. At this time Nicholls was a boarder at The Kenya High School in Nairobi, which she attended from 1953 to 1958.

## Career

In 1961 Nicholls went to Lady Margaret Hall, in Oxford University where she received her MA. She then attended St Anthony's College and received her D.Phil. Following her university education she was employed at the Institute of Commonwealth Studies at London University as a research fellow. She later worked as a freelance researcher for the BBC Arabic department.
Nicholls joined Oxford University Press in 1977 as Assistant Editor of the Dictionary of National Biography. She later became the editor and produced 5 volumes from 1981 to 1986. She has also written a number of other factual books under the name of C.S. Nicholls.

## Works

* 1971 The Swahili Coast, Politics, Diplomacy and Trade on the East African Littoral, (Allen & Unwin) ISBN 978-0841900998
* 1981 Dictionary of Biography 1961–1970, with E.T. Williams (Oxford University Press) ISBN 978-0198652076
* 1986 Dictionary of Biography 1971–1980, with Lord Blake(Oxford University Press) ISBN 978-0198652083
* 1990 Dictionary of Biography 1981–1985, with Lord Blake (Oxford University Press) ISBN 978-0198652106
* 1996 Dictionary of Biography 1986–1990, (Oxford University Press) ISBN 978-0198652120
* 1993 Dictionary of National Biography–Missing Persons, (Oxford University Press) ISBN 978-0198652113
* 1990 Power, A Political History, (Harrup, OUP and various) ISBN 978-0195207934
* 1985 Cataract, (with Philip Awdry) (Faber & Faber) ISBN 9780571134786
* 1996 Hutchinson Encyclopedia of Biography (Helicon) ISBN 978-1859861578
* 1998 David Livingstone, (Sutton Publications) ISBN 978-0750915915 Written as part of a biographical series which Nicholls edited.
* 2000 A History of St Anthony’s College 1950–2000, (Macmillan) ISBN 978-0333791837
* 2002 Elspeth Huxley, A Biography, (HarperCollins) (Thomas Dunne Books in USA). ISBN 9780007292042
* 2005 Red Strangers: the White Tribe of Kenya, (Timewell Press) ISBN 978-1857252064
* 2011 A Kenya Childhood, (blurb.com)
# Jennifer Owen

Jennifer Owen (c. 1935) is a British zoologist.

## Career

Jennifer Bak was the daughter of F. A. Bak, a noted amateur ornithologist and Leicester based textile manufacturer. She went on to study zoology in Oxford where, in 1955 as an undergraduate, she met Denis Owen. They married after graduation in 1958 and she went to the University of Michigan to work as a teaching fellow and complete a research PhD on the study of wasps. After the doctorate Owen took up teaching positions from 1962 in Makerere University, Uganda and Fourah Bay College, Sierra Leone as well as Sweden. On her return to the department of zoology with University of Leicester in 1971 she noticed the huge number of insects in her garden in the United Kingdom compared to those in Africa and the study began.
Owen achieved the recording of ninety-one of the 256 species of hover flies in Britain in fourteen years. In thirty years of study she recorded 2,204 insect species in her own garden while also finding 20 species new to Britain and six which were previously undescribed. She wrote a book on the study, Wildlife of a Garden: A Thirty-Year Study. As well as the insects she counted Owen grew over 400 different plant species to determine the best food for the insects being tracked.
The garden and home of Owen is in Leicester. She worked as a zoology museum curator and university lecturer, however she is now a wheelchair user due to the impact of multiple sclerosis.
Owen won the Veitch Memorial Medal for outstanding contribution to the advancement and improvement of the science and practice of horticulture in 2010.

## Personal life

Owen had a son and a daughter with Denis Owen. They divorced in 1994.

## Publications

* Owen, J. 1975. Suburban Gardens: England's Most Important Nature Reserve?
* Owen, J. 1982. Feeding Strategy. University of Chicago Press ISBN 978-0-226-64186-7
* Owen, J. 1984. Mysteries and Marvels of Insect Life. EDC Publishing ISBN 978-0-88110-173-7
* Owen, J. 1991. The Ecology of a Garden: The First Fifteen Years. Cambridge University Press ISBN 978-0-521-34335-0
* Owen, J. 2010. Wildlife of a Garden: A Thirty-year Study. Royal Horticultural Society ISBN 978-1-907057-12-0
# Wola Osowińska

Wola Osowińska is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Borki, within Radzyń Podlaski County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 5 km (3 mi) west of Borki, 13 km (8 mi) south-west of Radzyń Podlaski, and 55 km (34 mi) north of the regional capital Lublin.

## Notable people

* Zdzisław Krasnodębski, Polish fighter pilot
# Mexican Mauser Model 1936

The Mauser Model 1936 was a Mauser bolt-action rifle designed in Mexico. Chambered in 7×57mm Mauser, it mixed features from the Gewehr 98 with others from the M1903 Springfield.

## Design

The Model 1936 was of Mexican design. Externally, it was similar to M1903 Springfield, using the same type of cocking piece, swivel and front-side band but kept the Mauser 98 action of the Mexican-made Mauser Model 1910. The bolt of the rifle doesn't interchange with any other Mauser but a Mexican one. It also featured a pistol grip, finger grooves and used the old bayonet of the Model 1895.

## History

Around 50,000 were produced for the Mexican Army and the Federal Police at the governmental Fábrica Nacional de Armas between 1936 and 1947. The Model 1936 was later derived into the Mexican Mauser Model 1954. In the 1960s, it was still used by units of the Mexican Armed Forces and militias.
# California Historical Landmarks in Mendocino County

Download coordinates as:
* KML
* GPX (all coordinates)
* GPX (primary coordinates)
* GPX (secondary coordinates)
List table of the properties and districts listed as California Historical Landmarks within Mendocino County, California.

## Listings

| Image | | Landmark name | Location | City or town | Summary |
| Fort Bragg | 615 | Fort Bragg | 343 N. Main St. 39°26′42″N 123°48′22″W﻿ / ﻿39.44488°N 123.80609°W﻿ / 39.44488; -123.80609﻿ (Fort Bragg) | Fort Bragg | The site of the original U.S. Army fort is the landmark, not the municipality that is currently there by the same name. The plaque identifying the designation is in front of the home of the town's first mayor, one of the few buildings to survive the 1906 earthquake. |
| Frog Woman Rock | 549 | Frog Woman Rock | Hwy 101 38°54′45″N 123°03′22″W﻿ / ﻿38.9125°N 123.056111°W﻿ / 38.9125; -123.056111﻿ (Frog Woman Rock) | Hopland | |
| Mendocino Presbyterian Church | 714 | Mendocino Presbyterian Church | 44831 Main St. 39°18′18″N 123°47′48″W﻿ / ﻿39.3049°N 123.7967°W﻿ / 39.3049; -123.7967﻿ (Mendocino Presbyterian Church) | Mendocino | |
| Point Arena Light | 1035 | Point Arena Light | Lighthouse Rd. 38°57′17″N 123°44′26″W﻿ / ﻿38.954722°N 123.740556°W﻿ / 38.954722; -123.740556﻿ (Point Arena Light) | Point Arena | |
| Upload Photo | 674 | Round Valley | Inspiration Point 39°43′46″N 123°15′07″W﻿ / ﻿39.72946°N 123.25198°W﻿ / 39.72946; -123.25198﻿ (Round Valley) | Covelo | |
| Sun House | 926 | Sun House | 431 S. Main St. 39°08′51″N 123°12′16″W﻿ / ﻿39.1475°N 123.204444°W﻿ / 39.1475; -123.204444﻿ (Sun House) | Ukiah | |
| Temple of Kwan Tai | 927 | Temple of Kwan Tai | 45160 Albion St. 39°18′18″N 123°48′11″W﻿ / ﻿39.305°N 123.803°W﻿ / 39.305; -123.803﻿ (Temple of Kwan Tai) | Mendocino | |
| Upload Photo | 980 | Ukiah Vichy Springs Resort | 2701 Vichy Springs Rd. 39°10′02″N 123°09′32″W﻿ / ﻿39.1670917°N 123.1588029°W﻿ / 39.1670917; -123.1588029﻿ (Ukiah Vichy Springs Resort) | Ukiah | |
# Quintin Kennedy

Quintin Kennedy (1520–1564) was a Scottish abbot from a noble background, one of the last Catholic opponents of the Scottish Reformation.

## Life

He was son of Gilbert Kennedy, 2nd Earl of Cassilis, and his wife Isabel, daughter of Archibald Campbell, 2nd Earl of Argyll. He was born in 1520, and received his early education at St. Salvator's College, St. Andrews. He then went to the University of Paris, where he studied theology and civil and canon law.
Returning to Scotland, Kennedy became vicar of Girvan, and in 1547 succeeded a relative as abbot of Crossraguel Abbey, in the parish of Kirkoswald, a monastery founded by Duncan, 1st Earl of Carrick, from whom the Kennedys claimed descent. In the spring of 1559 the reformer John Willock, preached in Ayr against the Catholic mass, and Kennedy challenged him to a public discussion. Kennedy, however, was late to the disputation, or was deterred by Willock's following.
John Knox came to Ayrshire in 1562 to preach the reformed doctrines, and Kennedy challenged him also to a public discussion. They met by arrangement in the house of the provost of the collegiate church of Maybole, a short distance from Crossraguel Abbey, with forty witnesses on each side. The disputation lasted for three days, but was inconclusive.
Part of Crossraguel Abbey was destroyed in 1561 by order of the Scottish privy council. The Catholic liturgy continued in use there, despite disapproval and a dispute over tax. Kennedy, however, was in bad health and died in 22 July 1564.

## Works

Kennedy is considered to have innovated as a theologian, restating orthodox Catholic eucharistic doctrine for his times. In 1558 he published A Compendious treatise, conform to the Scriptures of Almighty God, to Reason and Authority, declaring the nearest and only Way to establish the Conscience of a Christian Man, in all Matters which are in Debate concerning Faith and Religion. In 1561 he wrote a treatise against the reformed ministers, printed in 1812 from manuscript, and a manuscript work on the mass.