# Newcomb Cleveland Prize

The Newcomb Cleveland Prize of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) is annually awarded to author(s) of outstanding scientific paper published in the Research Articles or Reports sections of Science. Established in 1923, funded by Newcomb Cleveland who remained anonymous until his death in 1951, and for this period it was known as the AAAS Thousand Dollar Prize. "The prize was inspired by Mr. Cleveland's belief that it was the scientist who counted and who needed the encouragement an unexpected monetary award could give." The present rules were instituted in 1975, previously it had gone to the author(s) of noteworthy papers, representing an outstanding contribution to science, presented in a regular session, sectional or societal, during the AAAS Annual Meeting. It is now sponsored by the Fodor Family Trust and includes a prize of $25,000.

## Recipients

List of winners

### Current rules

| Year | Authors | Title |
| 2023 | Simon C. Stähler et al. | Seismic Detection of the Martian Core |
| 2022 | Timo H. J. Niedermeyer, Susan B. Wilde et al. | Hunting the eagle killer: A cyanobacterial neurotoxin causes vacuolar myelinopathy |
| 2021 | K. W. Bannister, A. T. Deller, C. Phillips, J.-P. Macquart, J. X. Prochaska, N. Tejos, S. D. Ryder, E. M. Sadler, R. M. Shannon, S. Simha, C. K. Day, M. McQuinn, F. O. North-Hickey, S. Bhandari, W. R. Arcus, V. N. Bennert, J. Burchett, M. Bouwhuis, R. Dodson, R. D. Ekers, W. Farah, C. Flynn, C. W. James, M. Kerr, E. Lenc, E. K. Mahony, J. O’Meara, S. Osłowski, H. Qiu1, T. Treu, V. U, T. J. Bateman, D. C.-J. Bock, R. J. Bolton, A. Brown, J. D. Bunton, A. P. Chippendale, F. R. Cooray, T. Cornwell, N. Gupta, D. B. Hayman, M. Kesteven, B. S. Koribalski, A. MacLeod, N. M. McClure-Griffiths, S. Neuhold, R. P. Norris, M. A. Pilawa, R.-Y. Qiao, J. Reynolds, D. N. Roxby, T. W. Shimwell, M. A. Voronkov, C. D. Wilson | A single fast radio burst localized to a massive galaxy at cosmological distance |
| 2019 | Brian Lovett, Etienne Bilgo, Souro Abel Millogo, Abel Kader Ouattarra, Issiaka Sare, Edounou Jacques Gnambani, Roch K. Dabire, Abdoulaye Diabate, Raymond St. Leger | Transgenic Metarhizium rapidly kills mosquitoes in a malaria-endemic region of Burkina Faso |
| 2018 | Juan Yin, Yuan Cao, Yu-Huai Li, Sheng-Kai Liao, Liang Zhang, Ji-Gang Ren, Wen-Qi Cai, Wei-Yue Liu, Bo Li, Hui Dai, Guang-Bing Li, Qi-Ming Lu, Yun-Hong Gong, Yu Xu, Shuang-Lin Li, Feng-Zhi Li, Ya-Yun Yin, Zi-Qing Jiang, Ming Li, Jian-Jun Jia, Ge Ren, Dong He, Yi-Lin Zhou, Xiao-Xiang Zhang, Na Wang, Xiang Chang, Zhen-Cai Zhu, Nai-Le Liu, Yu-Ao Chen, Chao-Yang Lu, Rong Shu, Cheng-Zhi Peng, Jian-Yu Wang, Jian-Wei Pan | Satellite-based entanglement distribution over 1200 kilometers |
| 2017 | James M. Eagan, Jun Xu, Rocco Di Girolamo, Christopher M. Thurber, Christopher Macosko, Anne M. LaPointe, Frank S. Bates, Geoffrey W. Coates | Combining polyethylene and polypropylene: Enhanced performance with PE/iPP multiblock polymers |
| 2016 | Robert Gütig | Spiking neurons can discover predictive features by aggregate-label learning |
| 2015 | Bi-Chang Chen, Wesley R. Legant, Kai Wang, Lin Shao, Daniel E. Milkie, Michael W. Davidson, Chris Janetopoulos, Xufeng S. Wu, John A. Hammer III, Zhe Liu, Brian P. English, Yuko Mimori-Kiyosue, Daniel P. Romero, Alex T. Ritter, Jennifer Lippincott-Schwartz, Lillian Fritz-Laylin, R. Dyche Mullins, Diana M. Mitchell, Joshua N. Bembenek, Anne-Cecile Reymann, Ralph Böhme, Stephan W. Grill, Jennifer T. Wang, Geraldine Seydoux, U. Serdar Tulu, Daniel P. Kiehart, Eric Betzig | Lattice light-sheet microscopy: Imaging molecules to embryos at high spatiotemporal resolution |
| 2014 | Lulu Xie, Hogyi Kang, Qiwu Xu, Michael J. Chen, Yonghong Liao, Meenakshisundaram Thiyagarajan, John O’Donnell, Daniel J. Christensen, Charles Nicholson, Jeffrey J. Iliff, Takahiro Takano, Rashid Deane, Maiken Nedergaard | Sleep Drives Metabolite Clearance from the Adult Brain |
| 2013 | Travis A. Jarrell, Yi Wang, Adam E. Bloniarz, Christopher A. Brittin, Meng Xu, J. Nichol Thomson, Donna G. Albertson, David H. Hall, and Scott W. Emmons | The Connectome of a Decision-Making Neural Network |
| 2012 | Vincent Mourik, Kun Zuo, Sergey M. Frolov, Sébastien R. Plissard, Erik P. A. M. Bakkers, and Leo P. Kouwenhoven | Signatures of Majorana Fermions in Hybrid Superconductor-Semiconductor Nanowire Devices |
| 2011 | Waseem S. Bakr, Amy Peng, M. Eric Tai, Ruichao Ma, Jonathan Simon, Jonathon Isaiah Gillen, Simon Fölling, Lode Pollet, and Markus Greiner | Probing the Superfluid-to-Mott Insulator Transition at the Single-Atom Level |
| 2010 | Richard E. Green, Johannes Krause, Adrian W. Briggs, Tomislav Maricic, Udo Stenzel, Martin Kircher, Nick Patterson, Heng Li, Weiwei Zhai, Markus Hsi-Yang Fritz, Nancy F. Hansen, Eric Y. Durand, Anna-Sapfo Malaspinas, Jeffrey D. Jensen, Tomas Marques-Bonet, Can Alkan, Kay Prüfer, Matthias Meyer, Hernán A. Burbano, Jeffrey M. Good, Rigo Schultz, Ayinuer Aximu-Petri, Anne Butthof, Barbara Höber, Barbara Höffner, Madlen Siegemund, Antje Weihmann, Chad Nusbaum, Eric S. Lander, Carsten Russ, Nathaniel Novod, Jason Affourtit, Michael Egholm, Christine Verna, Pavao Rudan, Dejana Brajkovic, Željko Kucan, Ivan Gušic, Vladimir B. Doronichev, Liubov V. Golovanova, Carles Lalueza-Fox, Marco de la Rasilla, Javier Fortea, Antonio Rosas, Ralf W. Schmitz, Philip L. F. Johnson, Evan E. Eichler, Daniel Falush, Ewan Birney, James C. Mullikin, Montgomery Slatkin, Rasmus Nielsen, Janet Kelso, Michael Lachmann, David Reich, and Svante Pääbo | A Draft Sequence of the Neandertal Genome |
| 2009 | Paul Kalas, James R. Graham, Eugene Chiang, Michael P. Fitzgerald, Mark Clampin, Edwin S. Kite, Karl Stapelfeldt, Christian Marois, and John Krist | Optical Images of an Exosolar Planet 25 Light-Years from Earth |
| 2009 | Christian Marois, Bruce Macintosh, Travis Barman, B. Zuckerman, Inseok Song, Jennifer Patience, David Lafrenière, and René Doyon | Direct Imaging of Multiple Planets Orbiting the Star HR 8799 |
| 2008 | Anoop Kumar, James W. Godwin, Phillip B. Gates, A. Acely Garza-Garcia, and Jeremy P. Brockes | Molecular Basis for the Nerve Dependence of Limb Regeneration in an Adult Vertebrate |
| 2007 | Hani M. El-Kaderi, Joseph R. Hunt, Jose L. Mendoza-Cortes, Adrien P. Côté, Robert E. Taylor, Michael O’Keeffe, and Omar M. Yaghi | Designed Synthesis of 3D Covalent Organic Frameworks |
| 2006 | Jason R. Petta, Alexander C. Johnson, Jacob M. Taylor, Edward A. Laird, Amir Yacoby, Mikhail D. Lukin, Charles M. Marcus, Micah P. Hanson, Arthur C. Gossard | Coherent Manipulation of Coupled Electron Spins in Semiconductor Quantum Dots |
| 2005 | Yuichiro K. Kato, Roberto C. Myers, Arthur C. Gossard, and David D. Awschalom | Observation of the Spin Hall Effect in Semiconductors |
| 2004 | Brian Kuhlman, Gautam Dantas, Gregory C. Ireton, Gabriele Varani, Barry L. Stoddard and David Baker | Design of a Novel Globular Protein Fold with Atomic-Level Accuracy |
| 2003 | Thomas A. Volpe, Catherine Kidner, Ira M. Hall, Grace Teng, Shiv I.S. Grewal and Robert A. Martienssen | Regulation of Heterochromatic Silencing and Histone H3 Lysine-9 Methylation by RNAi |
| 2003 | Ira M. Hall, Gurumurthy D. Shankaranarayana, Ken-ichi Noma, Nabieh Ayoub, Amikam Cohen and Shiv I.S. Grewal | Establishment and Maintenance of a Heterochromatin Domain |
| 2002 | Mariana Lagos-Quintana, Reinhard Rauhut, Winfried Lendeckel, and Thomas Tuschl | Identification of Novel Genes Coding for Small Expressed RNAs |
| 2002 | Nelson C. Lau, Lee P. Lim, Earl G. Weinstein, and David P. Bartel | An Abundant Class of Tiny RNAs with Probable Regulatory Roles in Caenorhabditis elegans |
| 2002 | Rosalind C. Lee and Victor Ambros | An Extensive Class of Small RNAs in Caenorhabditis elegans |
| 2001 | Nenad Ban, Poul Nissen, Jeffrey Hansen, Peter B. Moore, and Thomas A. Steitz | The Complete Atomic Structure of the Large Ribosomal Subunit at 2.4 Å Resolution |
| 2001 | Poul Nissen, Jeffrey Hansen, Nenad Ban, Peter B. Moore, and Thomas A. Steitz | The Structural Basis for Ribosome Activity in Peptide Bond Synthesis |
| 2001 | Marat M. Yusupov, Gulnara Gh. Yusupova, Albion Baucom, Kate Lieberman, Thomas N. Earnest, J.H.D. Cate, and Harry F. Noller | Crystal Structure of the Ribosome at 5.5 Å Resolution |
| 1999 | Mark D. Adams, Susan Celniker, Gerald M. Rubin and J. Craig Venter | The Genome Sequence of Drosophila melanogaster |
| 1998 | Norman Murray and Matthew Holman | The Origin of Chaos in the Outer Solar System |
| 1997 | Declan A. Doyle, João Morais Cabral, Richard A. Pfuetzner, Anling Kuo, Jacqueline M. Gulbis, Steven L. Cohen, Brian T. Chait and Roderick MacKinnon | The Structure of the Potassium Channel: Molecular Basis of K+ Conduction and Selectivity |
| 1997 | Roderick MacKinnon, Steven L. Cohen, Anling Kuo, Alice Lee and Brian T. Chait | Structural Conservation in Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Potassium Channels |
| 1996 | Nicholas C. Wrighton, Francis X. Farrell, Ray Chang, Arun K. Kashyap, Francis Barbone, Linda S. Mulcahy, Dana L. Johnson, Ronald W. Barrett, Linda K. Jolliffe and William J. Dower | Small peptides as Potent Mimetics of the Protein Hormone Erythropoietin |
| 1996 | Oded Livnah, Enrico A. Stura, Dana L. Johnson, Steven A. Middleton, Linda S. Mulcahy, Nicholas C. Wrighton, William J. Dower, Linda K. Jolliffe and Ian A. Wilson | Functional Mimicry of a Protein Hormone by a Peptide Agonist: The EPO receptor Complex at 2.8 Å |
| 1996 | Yu Feng, Christopher C. Broder, Paul E. Kennedy, and Edward A. Berger | HIV-1 Entry Cofactor: Functional cDNA Cloning of a Seven-Transmembrane, G Protein-Coupled Receptor |
| 1995 | Michael H. Anderson, Jason R. Ensher, Michael R. Matthews, Carl E. Wieman, and Eric A. Cornell | Observation of Bose-Einstein Condensation in a Dilute Atomic Vapor |
| 1994 | Georg Halder, Patrick Callaerts and Walter J. Gehring | Induction of Ectopic Eyes by Targeted Expression of the eyeless Gene in Drosophila |
| 1993 | Jerome Faist, Federico Capasso, Deborah L. Sivco, Carlo Sitori, Albert L. Hutchinson, and Alfred Y. Cho | Quantum Cascade Laser |
| 1993 | Michael F. Crommie, Christopher P. Lutz, and Donald M. Eigler | Confinement of Electrons to Quantum Corrals on a Metal Surface |
| 1992 | Michael J. Mahan, James M. Slauch and John J. Mekalanos | Selection of Bacterial Virulence Genes That Are Specifically Induced in Host Tissues |
| 1991 | Paul D. Quay, Bronte Tilbrook and C.S. Wong | Oceanic Uptake of Fossile Fuel CO2; Carbon-13 Evidence |
| 1990 | Stephen P. A. Fodor, J. Leighton Read, Michael C. Pirrung, Lubert Stryer, Amy Tsai Lu, and Dennis Solas | Light-Directed, Spatially Addressable Parallel Chemical Synthesis |
| 1989 | Margaret J. Geller, John P. Huchra | Mapping the Universe |
| 1988 | William H. Landschulz, Peter F. Johnson and Steven L. McKnight | The Leucine Zipper: A Hypothetical Structure Common to a New Class of DNA Binding Proteins  The DNA Binding Domain of the Rat Liver Nuclear Protein C/EBP Is Bipartite |
| 1987 | Margaret A. Tolbert, Michel J. Rossi, Ripudaman Malhotra, and David M. Golden | Reaction of Chlorine Nitrate with Hydrogen Chloride and Water at Antarctic Stratospheric Temperatures |
| 1987 | Mario Molina, Tai-Ly Tso, Luisa T. Molina, and Frank C. Y. Wang | Antarctic Stratospheric Chemistry of Chlorine Nitrate, Hydrogen Chloride, and Ice: Release of Active Chlorine |
| 1986 | Arthur J. Zaug, Thomas R. Cech | The Intervening Sequence RNA of Tetrahymena Is an Enzyme |
| 1986 | Jeremy Nathans, David S. Hogness, Darcy Thomas, Thomas P. Piantanida, Roger L. Eddy, and Thomas B. Shows | Molecular genetics of human color vision: the genes encoding blue, green, and red pigments  Molecular genetics of inherited variation in human color vision |
| 1985 | James M. Hogle, Marie Chow and David J. Filman | Three-Dimensional Structure of Poliovirus at 2.9 Å Resolution |
| 1984 | Sally M. Rigden, Thomas J. Ahrens and Edward M. Stolper | Densities of Liquid Silicates at High Pressures |
| 1983 | Allan C. Spradling and Gerald M. Rubin | Transportation of Cloned P Elements into Drosophila Germ Line Chromosomes  Genetic Transformation of Drosophila with Transposable Element Vectors |
| 1982 | Dennis G. Kleid, Douglas M. Moore, Howard L. Bachrach, Donald Bowbenko, Marvin J. Grubman, Peter D. McKercher, Donald O. Morgan, Betty H. Robertson, Barbara Small, and Daniel Yansura | Cloned Viral Protein Vaccine for Foot-and-Mouth Disease: Responses in Cattle and Swine |
| 1981 | Robert Axelrod and William D. Hamilton | The Evolution of Cooperation |
| 1980 | F. N. Spiess, Kenneth C. Macdonald and twenty co-authors | East Pacific Rise: Hot Springs and Geophysical Experiments |
| 1979 | Stanton J. Peale, Patrick M. Cassen and Ray T. Reynolds | Melting of Io by Tidal Dissipation |
| 1978 | Eric I. Knudsen, Masakazu Konishi and John D. Pettigrew | Receptive Fields of Auditory Neurons in the Owl  A Neural Map of Auditory Space in the Owl |
| 1977 | Viking Mission scientists | for research reports in Science 27 August, 1 October, and 17 December 1976 |

### Previous rules

| Year | Recipient | Title |
| 1974 | Amos Nur | Origin of Velocity Changes before Earthquakes: The Dilatancy Diffusion Hypothesis and Its Confirmation |
| 1972 | Bruce Carlson | Morphogenetic Interactions between Skin and Underlying Tissues during Limb Regeneration |
| 1971 | Alan Gelperin | Neural Control Systems of Underlying Insect Feeding Behavior |
| 1970 | James W. Truman | The Eclosion Hormone: Its Release by the Brain and Its Action on the Central Nervous Systems of Silkmoths |
| 1969 | Cornelia P. Channing | Control of Luteinization in Granulosa Cell Cultures |
| 1968 | Joel L. Rosenbaum | Control of Protein Synthesis in Flagellar Growth |
| 1967 | Edward O. Wilson | Recent Advances in Chemical Communication |
| 1967 | Thomas Eisner | Cross-Specific Chemical Communication |
| 1966 | Michael K. Reedy | Cross Bridges and Periods in Insect Flight Muscle |
| 1965 | David S. Hogness | The Structure and Function of the DNA from Bacteriophage Lambda |
| 1964 | John Papaconstantinou | Protein and Nucleic Acid Changes in the Differentiation of Lens Cells |
| 1963 | Jonathan W. Uhr | The Heterogeneity of the Immune Response |
| 1962 | J. F. Evernden and G. H. Curtis | The Dating of Early Man and His Cultures by the Potassium-Argon Method |
| 1961 | Richard D. Alexander | The Role of Behavioral Study in Cricket Classification |
| 1960 | Halton C. Arp | The Stellar Content of Galaxies |
| 1959 | Edward Anders | Meteorites and Asteroids |
| 1958 | Jerzy Neyman and Elizabeth L. Scott | On Certain Stochastic Models of Population Dynamical Phenomena |
| 1957 | Martin Schwarzschild, J. B. Rogerson, Jr. and J. W. Evans | Solar Photographs from 80,000 Feet |
| 1956 | Neal E. Miller | Learning and Performance Motivated by Direct Stimulation of the Brain |
| 1956 | James Olds | Effects of Hunger, Sex, and Tranquilizers on Localized Reward Systems in the Brain |
| 1955 | Seymour S. Cohen | Molecular Bases of the Parasitism of Some Bacterial Viruses |
| 1954 | Daniel H. Alpert | Experiments at Very Low Pressures |
| 1953 | Barry Commoner | Studies on the Biosynthesis of Tobacco Mosaic Virus |
| 1952 | A. M. Gleason | Natural Coordinate Systems |
| 1951 | J. Laurence Kulp | Natural Radiocarbon Measurements |
| 1950 | Carroll M. Williams | for several papers on the enzymes, hormones, and development of Cecropia silkworms |
| 1949 | Armin C. Braun | Thermal Inactivation Study on the Tumor-inducing Principle in Crown Gall |
| 1947 | Harrison S. Brown | Elements in Meteorites and the Earth's Origin |
| 1946 | T. M. Sonneborn, Ruth V. Dippel and Winifred Jacobson | for several papers on the mechanism of heredity in Paramecium |
| 1946 | Quentin M. Geiman and Ralph W. McKee | Cultural Studies on the Nutrition of Malarial Parasites |
| 1941 | Dugald E. S. Brown, Douglas A. Marsland and Frank H. Johnson | for two papers on a basic mechanism in the biological effects of temperature, hydrostatic pressure, and narcosis |
| 1940 | Dennis R. Hoagland and Daniel I. Arnon | Availability of Nutrients with Special Reference to Physiological Aspects |
| 1939 | I. I. Rabi | Radio Frequency Spectra of Atoms and Molecules |
| 1938 | Norman R. F. Maier | Experimentally Produced Neurotic Behavior in the Rat |
| 1937 | Philip R. White | Root Pressure: An Unappreciated Force in Sap Movement |
| 1936 | Wendell M. Stanley | Chemical Studies of the Virus of Tobacco Mosaic |
| 1935 | P. W. Zimmerman and A. E. Hitchcock | The Initiation and Growth of Secondary Roots Induced by Growth Substances |
| 1934 | Vern O. Knudsen | The Absorption of Sound in Gases |
| 1933 | Reuben L. Kahn | Tissue Reactions in Immunity |
| 1932 | Henry Eyring | Quantum Mechanics of Conjugate Double Bonds |
| 1931 | Carl Caskey Speidel | Studies of Living Nerves II. Activities of Amoeboid Growth Cones, Sheath Cells and Myelin Segments, as Revealed by Prolonged Observation of Individual Fibers in Frog Tadpoles |
| 1930 | M. A. Tuve, L. R. Hafstad and O. Dahl | Experiments with High Voltage Tubes |
| 1929 | Arthur J. Dempster | For his work on the reflection of protons from a calcite crystal |
| 1928 | Oliver Kamm | Hormones from the Pituitary Gland |
| 1927 | H. J. Muller | Effects of X-Radiation on Genes and Chromosomes |
| 1926 | George David Birkhoff | A Mathematical Critique of Some Physical Theories |
| 1925 | Dayton C. Miller | The Michelson-Morley Ether Drift Experiment, its History and Significance |
| 1924 | Edwin P. Hubble | Cepheids in Spiral Nebulae |
| 1924 | L. R. Cleveland | For two papers on the symbiosis between termites and their intestinal protozoa |
| 1923 | Leonard Eugene Dickson | On the Theory of Numbers and Generalized Quaternions |