OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Battle of Peshawar (1001)

The Battle of Peshawar was fought on 27 November 1001 between the Ghaznavid army of Mahmud of Ghazni and the Hindu Shahi army of Jayapala, near Peshawar. Jayapala was defeated and captured, and as a result of the humiliation of the defeat, he later immolated himself in a funeral pyre. This is the first of many major battles in the expansion of the Ghaznavid Empire into the Indian subcontinent by Mahmud.

## Background

In 962, Alp-Tegin, a Turkic ghulam or slave soldier, who rose to be the commander of the army in Khorasan in the service of the Samanids, seized Ghazna and set himself up as a ruler there. In 997, Mahmud ascended the throne at Ghazni, a successor to Sabuktigin, Mahmud started to vigorously expand his domain, and vowed to invade India every year until the northern lands were his. In 1001 he arrived at Peshawar with a select group of 15,000 cavalry, and a large corps of ghazis and Afghans. This began a struggle with the Hindu Shahi kingdom which extended from Laghman to Kashmir and from Sirhind to Multan. The Hindu Shahi ruler Jayapala attacked the Ghaznavids, but was defeated, then again later when his army of a reported size of over 100,000 was beaten. The territories were annexed by the Ghaznavids.

## Battle

An account of the battle between the invading Turkic Ghaznavids and the Shahi kingdom was given by Al-Utbi in Tarikh Yamini. According to Al-Utbi, Mahmud pitched his tent outside the city upon reaching Peshawar. Jayapala avoided action for some time waiting for reinforcements, and Mahmud then took the decision to attack with swords, arrows, and spears. Jayapala moved his cavalry and elephants to engage his opponent, but his army was decisively defeated.
According to the sources, Jayapala, along with members of his family were captured, and valuable personal adornments were taken off the prisoners, including a necklace of great value from Jayapala. The number of Hindu dead ranged from 5,000 to 15,000, and five hundred thousands were said to have been taken captive. Judging from the personal adornments taken off captured Hindus, Jayapala's army was not prepared for battle and thousands of children were taken captive as well.

## Aftermath

There are differing views regarding the fate of Jayapala.
Sir HM Elliot, a historian who worked with the East India Company, writes:
   Jayapala was bound and paraded, and a large ransom was paid for the release of members of his family. Jayapala felt the defeat to be a great humiliation, and later he built himself a funeral pyre, lit it, and threw himself into the fire.
However, Satish Chandra says:
   According to some later accounts, Jayapala had entered a funeral pyre following his defeat because he felt he had disgraced himself. The story that he had been taken prisoner by Mahmud and then released seems doubtful.
Mahmud later conquered the upper Indus region, and then in 1009, defeated Jayapala's son Anandapala in a battle at Chach. He then captured Lahore and Multan, giving him control of the Punjab region.
# Khalbali Records

Khalbali Records is an Indian Hindi-language musical drama television series directed by Devanshu Singh. Produced by Colosceum Media, it stars Ram Kapoor, Saloni Khanna, Saloni Batra, Skand Thakur and Prabh Deep. The series premiered on JioCinema on 12 September 2024.

## Cast

* Ram Kapoor as Mavendra Rai Singh
* Saloni Khanna
* Saloni Batra as Ananya Rai Singh
* Skand Thakur
* Prabh Deep as Mauj
* Sanghmitra Hitaishi as Monali
* Mukesh S. Bhatt as Mishra
* Zander Lama as Ninja
* Suchitra Pillai as Ramona Krishnamoorthy

## Production

The series was announced by Colosceum Media. The principal photography of the series was wrapped in 2022. The series teaser was released on 27 August 2024, followed by the trailer on 2 September 2024.

## Soundtrack

The music for Khalbali Records is composed by Amit Trivedi and Azadi Records.

## Reception

Vinamra Mathur of Firstpost awarded the series 2+1⁄2 out of five stars. Shubhra Gupta of The Indian Express gave the series 3/5 stars. Troy Ribeiro of The Free Press Journal rated the series three-and-a-half out of five stars.
# Ruth Gottesman

Ruth Levy Gottesman (née Levy, born 1930) is an American educator. Gottesman is the chair of the board of trustees of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine (AECOM) in the Bronx, New York, and a long-time professor there. In February 2024, she donated $1 billion to AECOM to ensure that tuition would be free in perpetuity to all future students.

## Career

Born Ruth Levy, Gottesman graduated from Friends School of Baltimore in 1948. Later that year, she enrolled at Mount Holyoke College. She completed her bachelor's degree at Barnard College. Gottesman earned a master's degree in developmental education and a Doctor of Education in human cognition and learning in the area of educational psychology, both from Teachers College, Columbia University.
In 1968, Gottesman joined the Albert Einstein College of Medicine (AECOM) at the Children's Evaluation and Rehabilitation Center (CERC), where she developed widely used screening, evaluation, and treatment procedures for people with learning disabilities. In 1992, she founded the Adult Literacy Program at CERC, and in 1998, helped to found the Fisher Landau Center for the Treatment of Learning Disabilities. She is a professor emerita in the Department of Pediatrics (Developmental Medicine) and chair of the board of trustees at AECOM.
Gottesman joined AECOM's board of trustees in 2002 and served as chair of the board from 2007 until 2014. Following the death of her successor as chair, Roger W. Einiger, in 2020, she once again became chair. She has also been a member of the Montefiore Health System board of trustees since 2007. The main Montefiore hospital serves as a teaching hospital for the Einstein Medical College.

## Personal life

She married David Gottesman in 1950. They met in 1948 before she began her studies at Mount Holyoke College and remained married for 72 years. Together, they had three children. They lived in Rye, New York. Forbes valued David's estate at $3 billion at the time of his death.

## Philanthropy

With her husband David, she donated $25 million to the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in 2008, which was used to found the Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, the Ruth L. Gottesman Clinical Skills Center, and the Faculty Scholar in Epigenetics at the College.
When David died in 2022, he bequeathed a portfolio of stock in Berkshire Hathaway to Ruth, with the instructions for her to do with it as she pleased. Gottesman, in February 2024, announced a $1 billion gift to AECOM to provide free tuition to all its students in perpetuity. The donation is the largest one in history given to a U.S. medical school.

## Honors

Gottesman was named in the 2024 TIME100 Health, a "community of leaders from across industries—scientists, doctors, advocates, educators, and policy-makers, among others—dedicated to creating tangible, credible change for a healthier population."
# North Korean–Russian Treaty on Comprehensive Strategic Partnership

The Treaty on Comprehensive Strategic Partnership between the Russian Federation and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea is a security and defense treaty between North Korea and Russia. It was signed on 18 June 2024 during a visit by Russian president Vladimir Putin to North Korea.

## History

The treaty was signed on 18 June 2024 by North Korean leader Kim Jong Un and Russian president Vladimir Putin in Pyongyang. It came amidst deepening ties between Russia and North Korea and suspected North Korean support for Russia during its invasion of Ukraine. Kim described the relationship between two nations as a "fiery friendship" and called the treaty the "strongest ever treaty", while Putin praised it as a "breakthrough document".

## Content

The treaty is composed of a preamble and 23 articles. It covers political, trade, investment, and security cooperation.
Article 3 states "in case a direct threat of armed invasion is created", the two nations "shall immediately operate the channel of bilateral negotiations for the purpose of adjusting their stands" and "discussing feasible practical measures". Article 4 of the treaty states that should either nation "put in a state of war by an armed invasion", the other "provide military and other assistance with all means in its possession without delay" in accordance "with Article 51 of the UN Charter and the laws of the DPRK and the Russian Federation".
Article 8 states the two sides "shall establish mechanisms" to "strengthen defense capabilities to prevent war". Article 10 states that the parties "develop exchanges and cooperation" in areas such as science and "peaceful nuclear energy". The treaty also expresses opposition to "unilateral coercive measures of an extraterritorial nature." Article 16 state the two nations "consider the implementation of such measures to be illegal and acts that violate the U.N. Charter and international norms".

## Ratification

On 24 October 2024, the State Duma unanimously voted to ratify the agreement; the Federation Council ratified the treaty on 6 November, in a similar unanimous vote. On 9 November 2024, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed the North Korea-Russia Comprehensive Strategic Partnership Treaty into law.
Kim Jong Un in his capacity as the President of the State Affairs Commission of North Korea signed a decree which ratified the treaty on 11 November 2024.
The treaty officially came into force on 4 December 2024 after the exchange of ratification instruments.

## Aftermath

In October 2024, according to South Korea's intelligence agency, North Korea sent 1,500 special operation forces in Russia to prepare for battle in Ukraine. In December 2024 Aleksandr Matsegora, the Russian ambassador to North Korea, hosted a reception to mark the signature of the treaty.
# Clear Lake, Pierce County, Washington

Clear Lake is a census-designated place (CDP) in Pierce County, Washington, north of the town of Eatonville. The population was 1,419 as of the 2010 census. The name comes from that of the lake of the same name located in the middle of the census-designated place.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 9.11 square miles (23.6 km$^2$), of which, 8.48 square miles (22.0 km$^2$) of it is land and 0.63 square miles (1.6 km$^2$) of it (6.88%) is water.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2010, there were 1,419 people, 522 households, and 391 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 155.8 people per square mile (60.2 people/km$^2$). There were 659 housing units at an average density of 72.4 per square mile (28.0/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the CDP was 92.2% White, 0.4% African American, 0.8% Native American, 0.8% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 1.7% from other races, and 4.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.2% of the population.
There were 522 households, out of which 33.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.8% were married couples living together, 6.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.1% were non-families. 17.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.72 and the average family size was 3.06.
In the CDP, the age distribution of the population shows 23.0% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 21.4% from 25 to 44, 35.2% from 45 to 64, and 12.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43.9 years. For every 100 females, there were 108.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 109.6 males.
# Kouankan

Kouankan is a town and sub-prefecture in the Macenta Prefecture in the Nzérékoré Region of south-eastern Guinea.

## Refugee camp in Kouankan

Guinea hosted nearly 29,300 refugees and asylum seekers, mostly from Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Côte d'Ivoire. By December, 11,900 refugees lived in one of Guinea's three refugee camps, Lainé, Kouankan I, and Kouankan II, and at least 9,300 registered refugees lived in urban areas.
Although nearly 100,000 Sierra Leoneans repatriated between 2000 and 2004 toward the end of Sierra Leone's decade-long civil war, some refused. Several hundred Sierra Leoneans living within and close to the former Boreah refugee camp near Kissidougou in 2007 rejected both repatriation and long-term local settlement options.
Some 8,100 Sierra Leonean refugees remained in Guinea. Most Liberian refugees fled to Guinea in the early 1990s to escape Liberia's civil war. Their numbers peaked at 300,000 to 400,000 by the middle of the decade. The end of Liberia's conflict in 1996 opened the door for large-scale repatriation. Since 1997, some 200,000 or more Liberians have repatriated from Guinea. Their exact numbers, however, are uncertain because the majority returned to Liberia spontaneously, without assistance from the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR).
Most Liberian refugees lived in villages in Guinea's Forest Region, located north of the border with Liberia, near the Guinean towns of Gueckedou, Macenta, and Nzerekore. Only two UNHCR camps for Liberian refugees remained at the end of 2000: Koyama in Nzerekore; and Kouankan in Macenta. Early in the year, UNHCR transferred about 9,000 Liberian refugees who had arrived in mid-1999 to a newly established camp in Kouankan. The UN-assisted voluntary repatriation program for Liberians, in which 51,000 Liberians participated since 2005, ended in June. Nearly 16,000 recognized Liberian refugees remained in Guinea at year's end, but the Government claimed there were as many as 50,000, including those who had not registered, and planned to conduct a census in May 2008. The Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) planned to encourage these refugees to move to host communities and to settle locally.

## Kouankan location

Latitude of Kouankan: 8,4422 (826'31.992"N) Longitude of Kouankan: -9,1386 (98'18.996"W) Altitude of Kouankan: 528 m
# When Lambs Become Lions

When Lambs Become Lions is the first studio album from Nothing Til Blood. Strike First Records released the album on September 27, 2011.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Christ Core | |
| Cross Rhythms | |
| HM Magazine | |
| Jesus Freak Hideout | |
| Mind Equals Blown | 6.5/10 |
| The New Review | |
Awarding the album three stars from HM Magazine, Nick Cotrufo states, "The lyrics may be powerful, but the vocals are sloppy and hard to follow at points. The album has its repetitive moments, but for the most part it stays on track and keeps changing things up." Ian Webber, rating the album a seven out of ten for Cross Rhythms, writes, "Whilst not yet a finished package as their music is still a tad formulaic, this is one band worth looking out for in the future." Giving the album three and a half stars at Jesus Freak Hideout, Scott Fryberger describes, "Nothing Til Blood's overall sound doesn't stand out too much, but they've put their hearts into what they do have, and I have to respect that."
Jason Gardner, rating the album a 6.5 out of ten by Mind Equals Blown, writes, "When Lambs Become Lions is a solid first full-length for the group, showing a hint of promise among the moments of intrigue and interjection to keep this record from being completely lost in the sea of budding hardcore artists – religious, political or otherwise." Giving the album two stars for The New Review, Jonathan Anderson says, "When Lambs Become Lions is your run of the mill ten tracks, thirty minute album with an interlude and acoustic closing track ... The vocals are generally lackluster to me and come across as uninspired." Anthony Ibarra, awarding the album four stars at Christ Core, states, "this spirit-filled hardcore band has infused their metal and hardcore punk influences to take the current music scene by storm."

## Credits
### Nothing Til Blood

* Amadeus Pryor - Lead Vocals
* Travis Higginbotham - Guitar, Backing Vocals
* Cameron White - Guitar
* Matthew White - Bass
* William-Allen Johnson - Drums

### Production

* Jamie King - Producer
* Dave Quiggle - Artwork
* Ryan Russell - Photography
# Shahr-e Qods railway station

Shahr-e Qods railway station (Persian: ايستگاه راه آهن شهر قدس, romanized: Istgah-e Rah Ahan-e Shahr-e Qods) is located in Shahr-e Qods, Tehran Province. The station is owned by IRI Railway.
# Southern Air

Southern Air Inc. was a global air cargo carrier headquartered in Florence, Kentucky. It was the first airline to provide wet leasing (ACMI) services using the wide-body Boeing 777F freighter. On November 17, 2021, Southern Air ceased operations upon its merger into Atlas Air.
The airline operated an all-Boeing fleet of aircraft, including the Boeing 777F and the Boeing 737-800BCF. Its wide range of services included long-term wet leasing (ACMI), on-demand commercial charters, and Department of Defense Civil Reserve Air Fleet. Southern Air’s operations also supported some of the world’s largest combination carriers as well as government agencies and non-government organizations.

## History

The airline was established on March 5, 1999, by James Neff, out of the assets of Southern Air Transport. The carrier started operations in November 1999.
On September 7, 2007, Oak Hill Capital Partners acquired majority ownership of Southern Air and merged Cargo 360 into the airline.
In early 2010, Southern Air took delivery of two Boeing 777F freighters. At the same time, Southern Air introduced a new aircraft livery as well as new corporate branding.
In early 2011, Southern Air entered into a multiple year contract with DHL Aviation; by utilizing the Boeing 777, Southern Air was able to augment DHL's overnight express package delivery service through hubs in Cincinnati, Bahrain, Hong Kong and Anchorage, increasing package delivery options provided by DHL to its customers.
The same year, Southern Air gradually retired its fleet of Boeing 747-200, 747-300 and 747-400BDSF models.
On 28 September 2012, Southern Air filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection and emerged from bankruptcy in early 2013.
In 2014, Southern Air took delivery of five 737-400SF passenger-to-cargo converted aircraft.
On April 7, 2016, Atlas Air Worldwide Holdings purchased Southern Air for $110 million in an all-cash deal. The transaction included Worldwide Air Logistics Group, Inc. and its two operating subsidiaries, Southern Air, Inc. and Florida West International Airways, Inc.
On November 17, 2021, Southern Air became fully integrated into Atlas Air through an airline merger, ending a long history of airline operations.

## Fleet

Southern Air operated the following aircraft:
Southern Air Former Fleet :
| Aircraft | Total | Introduced | Retired | Notes |
| Boeing 737-400SF | 8 | 2014 | 2020 | |
| Boeing 737-800BCF | 8 | 2019 | 2021 | Currently operated by Atlas Air. |
| Boeing 747-200SF | 26 | 1999 | 2013 | |
| Boeing 747-300SF | 3 | 2007 | 2012 | |
| Boeing 747-400BDSF | 5 | 2011 | 2014 | |
| Boeing 747-400ERF | 1 | 2012 | 2015 | |
| Boeing 777F | 9 | 2010 | 2021 | Currently operated by Atlas Air. |
* Southern Air Boeing 747-200
* Southern Air Boeing 777 Freighter operated for DHL
* Southern Air Boeing 737-800BCF operated for Amazon Air
* Southern Air Boeing 777 Freighter operated for Thai Cargo
# Shahreza railway station

Shahreza railway station (Persian: ايستگاه راه آهن شهرضا, romanized: Istgah-e Rah Ahan-e Shahreza) is located in Shahreza, Isfahan Province. The station is owned by IRI Railway.

## Service summary

Note: Classifications are unofficial and only to best reflect the type of service offered on each path Meaning of Classifications:
* Local Service: Services originating from a major city, and running outwards, with stops at all stations
* Regional Service: Services connecting two major centres, with stops at almost all stations
* InterRegio Service: Services connecting two major centres, with stops at major and some minor stations
* InterRegio-Express Service: Services connecting two major centres, with stops at major stations
* InterCity Service: Services connecting two (or more) major centres, with no stops in between, with the sole purpose of connecting said centres.
| Preceding station | IRI Railways | IRI Railways | IRI Railways | Following station |
| Abadehtowards Shiraz | | Shiraz - MashhadInterRegio Service | | Tabastowards Mashhad |
| Abadehtowards Shiraz | | Shiraz - TehranInterRegio Service | | Kashantowards Tehran |
# Wieprzów Ordynacki

Wieprzów Ordynacki is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Tarnawatka, within Tomaszów Lubelski County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland.
# Yu Lina

Yu Lina (Chinese: 俞丽拿; pinyin: Yú Lìná; born 1940 in Ningbo, China) is an esteemed and influential Chinese violinist pedagogue in China.
In 1959, in Shanghai, she made her debut as violinist at the nationwide celebration of the 10th anniversary of the founding of China, premiering Butterfly Lovers' Violin Concerto and hence gained great success. In the late 1970s, it gained overwhelming popularity for the second time. Her performance presented the Chinese music to the world as well as introducing the exotic western instrument, violin, to many Chinese people. The album of Butterfly Lovers' Violin Concerto presented by Yu Lina is estimated to have sold over 1 million copies worldwide. She is currently professor of violin at Shanghai Conservatory of Music.
Her educational career spans over 50 years in China and her students occupy influential positions throughout the music world and win international competition prizes constantly. As a distinguished soloist and one of the most influential pedagogues, she motivated millions of people to study western classical music and hence influenced generations of Chinese people.
Yu Lina has made invaluable contributions to the western classical music education in China.
# Mike Jackson (photographer)

Mike Jackson (born 1966) is a British artist based in Dorset, England.
He works in a traditional darkroom, using unique cameraless techniques often involving the luminogram process.
His book ‘Flatland’ was published by 21st Editions In 2018
His work is in the collection of The National Gallery Of Art in Washington