# Palio di Castellanza

The Palio di Castellanza (or Palio de la Castellantia) was a biennial event held in Castellanza in the Italian region of Lombardy and was established in June 2010. During the celebration, the town was divided into eight districts, which were involved in a series of competitions and historical re-enactments. The festival featured historical events and cultural practices, focusing on local traditions and Italian medieval heritage. After the third edition in 2014, the Palio was discontinued.

## Etimology

In Italy a Palio is an annual athletics event, often with a historical or religious theme. The term Palio originates from the Latin pallium, meaning a rectangular cloth or cloak traditionally worn in ancient Rome. Originally, it referred specifically to the fabric awarded to the winner of a race. Over time, the term broadened to include the whole event including the competition and the associated rituals, ceremonies, and cultural festivities, as were incorporated in the Palio di Castellanza.

## Palio's Identity

The event drew inspiration from 16th century Castellanza, a period during which it was believed that the fortified castle, from which the city derives its name, was constructed. This historical backdrop provided a themed context for the festival, allowing attendees to experience a slice of life from that era. The reenactments and activities were designed to reflect the customs, architecture, and daily life of the time, providing an opportunity for visitors to step back in history and gain a deeper appreciation for the heritage of Castellanza.
In addition to commemorating the city's history, the Palio integrates local customs, sayings, and folklore, reflecting the hystorical landscape of Castellanza. Commonly used expressions, traditions, and proverbs exchanged during the Palio reflect daily life from past centuries, revealing the values and beliefs of the Castellanza community.
Aside from historical figures, local legends about knights, saints, and mythical protectors of Castellanza are shared with the community, adding a mystical element to the festival. These legends recount the stories of early settlers defending their lands, miraculous events attributed to local saints, and tales of brave community leaders. These stories depicted historical events and moral values, and are brought to life through theatrical reenactments and storytelling sessions during the Palio. These celebrations incorporate elements of Castellanza's history, allowing participants to engage with traditions passed down through generations.

## History

The tradition of the Palio di Castellanza is rooted in the town's long history and reflects the identity of the Olona Valley community.
The Palio di Castellanza incorporated notable historical figures and local legends that played a role in shaping the city's identity. One prominent figure often celebrated was Monsignor Roberto Colombo, a cleric from Castellanza who gained recognition within the Brazilian church.
His contributions were highlighted in the festival's commemorations, celebrating his spiritual influence and the town's connection to faith. The Palio also acknowledged the town's religious history, with recognition of the Church of San Giulio, Castellanza, founded in 1240. Historical records show that this competition structure had remained mostly unchanged since the 17th century. The festivities gained structure during the Italian Renaissance, absorbing elements from events such as the Palio di Siena.
Key locations associated with the Palio include the Thermal Power Plant, built in 1904 by the “Anonima Lombarda for Electricity,” which highlights Castellanza's industrial development. The construction of a bridge over the North Milan railway during this time connected Castellanza with neighboring areas, facilitating trade and travel. These advancements helped reinforce Castellanza's sense of identity and community, which the Palio celebrated through its medieval-inspired events and local rivalries. The festival's temporary revitalization in the 21st century was an example of the town's efforts to maintain its connection to historical roots while supporting local traditions and cultural activities.

## Reenactments

The Palio de la Castellanza included celebrating historical events from the city's past through reenactments of famous battles. The event included three editions featuring a series of thematic reenactments focused on different historical periods.
The first edition, held in 2010, commemorated the battle of 1513, which took place in the Castellanza area. This conflict saw the Swiss mercenaries, the feared Lanzichenecchi, engaged in battle with the Milanese army, which successfully repelled the Swiss forces attempting to sack the city. The reenactment brought this dramatic encounter to life, with participants recreating the military tactics and costumes of the era.
The second edition, in 2012, focused on the Napoleonic Wars, featuring reenactments of battles between Napoleon's French forces and the Austrian army. This edition illustrated the historical clash between the two great powers, with actors and re-enactors portraying the soldiers, weapons, and strategies from this period in European history.
The third edition, held in 2014, was themed on Ancient Rome, specifically the early barbarian invasions. The event featured a detailed Roman military camp set up in the Parco LIUC University, complete with period-appropriate equipment and a historical re-creation of Roman life. The reenactment included a grand parade with over 400 costumed participants, 20 horses, and two chariots. There were also various performances, such as gladiator battles, as well as activities for children, including a competition for the palio. One of the main historical reenactment groups involved was the Legio Italica, which showcased Roman military equipment spanning from the time of Romulus to the fall of the Western Roman Empire. The 2014 Palio di Castellanza was the last edition held.

## Events and Activities

The Palio di Casellanza took place over a weekend in June. During these two days, the city was divided into eight districts, called "contrade," where children participated in team competitions to honor the festival's historical significance.

### Historical Encampment and Activities at Parco Università LIUC

, location of the 2014 Palio di Castellanza.
The Palio di Castellanza featured a historical encampment at Parco Università LIUC, offering visitors an immersive journey into the past. Highlights included themed guided tours of the camp, which showcased soldiers, artisans, merchants, musicians, and jesters in period costumes. Children participated in interactive activities such as thematic dressing and preliminary contrade games. Culinary experiences featured historical-style meals and a stand offering "ancient flavors." Evening events, such as the Gladiator Tournament, enhanced the historical ambiance, creating an engaging blend of education and entertainment for visitors of all ages.

### Parade and Games

The Palio di Castellanza did not include a traditional horse race like its famous counterpart in Siena, or at least not with real horses. While the Palio di Siena is known for its intense horse race held in the city's central square, where riders representing various contrade compete in a highly charged and chaotic environment, the Palio di Castellanza emphasized different forms of historical celebration, including marching bands, flag-waving performances by the flag bearers (in Italian "sbandieratori") of each district, medieval battles, and local games. It began with a parade featuring historical reenactments, in which participants, dressed in period costumes, representing their districts.
On opening day, participants engaged in a historical camp, where visitors could witness military life from the historical eras and see reenactors in authentic uniforms. During the event, audiences could observe traditional dances at a ball, and food stands offered samples of ancient flavors. In addition to the reenactments, there were marching band performances and the Palio games, where the districts competed in various challenges. The event concluded with an awards ceremony for both the winners of the games and local shopkeepers who excel in decorating their windows to reflect the colors of their districts.

### Symbols and Artistic Representation

The Palio di Castellanza was rich in symbolic representation and iconography, using visuals such as flags, banners, and emblems that reflect the city's medieval past. These symbols were imbued with the historical identity of each district.
The annual procession of banners during the festival allowed each district to parade its symbolic heritage, contributing to a sense of pageantry and rivalry as each "contrada" sought to uphold its pride and legacy. The use of symbols served as a physical manifestation of Castellanza's collective memory, tying the past and present together through visual storytelling.
The Palio di Castellanza began to emphasize local artists and their work, integrating it as a significant component of the festival. Artists from the area were invited to create public art pieces, such as sculptures and murals, that remained on display throughout the event. These artworks were inspired by the town's history and legends, featuring symbols and characters with which the community can relate. For example, large murals of famous historical figures from Castellanza or scenes from local stories are visible, transforming art into an engaging medium for conveying the town's narratives.

## Organisational Structure: The Eight Districts

Each district ("contrade" in Italian) competed in the festival's main events. This rivalry contributed to a strong sense of local identity and reflected the tradition of Italy's historic palio competitions. Each district selected its representatives, including a jockey and flag bearers, who underwent extensive training in preparation. These districts in Castellanza featured their own unique flag and crest, designed to highlight specific elements tied to local heritage. The colors and symbols chosen reflected historical significance, showcasing elements like mythical animals, ancient crests, and notable historical landmarks unique to the city. These banners and emblems were crafted by local artisans, emphasizing historical accuracy and traditional craftsmanship.
The eight districts that competed in the Palio were:
* District
* San Bernardo
* San Carlo
* San Giorgio
* San Giovanni
* San Giulio
* San Simeone
* Santa Liberata
* Santo Stefano
These districts were historically associated with an oratory or church, named after the churches of San Giulio, San Simeone, San Giorgio, San Bernardo; The two chapels of San Carlo and Santa Liberata, which have been documented in the region since the 16th century. This is stated on some historical documents. The last district, San Giovanni, is named after the church of San Giovanni Evangelist, although the church is now dilapidated and deconsecrated.

### Winners

| Wins | District | Years |
| 2 | San Giovanni | 2010, 2012 |
| 1 | Santo Stefano | 2014 |
| Sources: |||

## Community Involvement

Local community actively participated in the Palio di Castellanza. The festival traditionally relied on the dedication of residents, with many volunteering on organizing committees and assisting in various events. Local schools integrated the festival's history into their curricula, further strengthening community engagement. According to studies conducted by Italy's Ministry of Culture, festivals such as the Palio play a pivotal role in fostering strong community bonds and enhancing civic pride. Local businesses have consistently supported the event through sponsorships, while the town council has collaborated with cultural organizations to ensure its smooth execution.
Historically, the Palio di Castellanza has demonstrated a commitment to environmental sustainability. Organizers have implemented several eco-friendly initiatives aimed at reducing the festival's ecological impact. Recycling programs and waste reduction strategies were introduced as part of a broader effort to promote environmental responsibility. Attendees were encouraged to participate in recycling activities during the event, while partnerships with local vendors helped minimize the use of single-use plastics. Instead, compostable and biodegradable materials were promoted, aligning with Italy's national push toward sustainability in public events.
Moreover, local businesses and artisans were encouraged to adopt environmentally conscious practices. These efforts included reducing packaging waste and sourcing materials locally to decrease the carbon footprint of their products. Festival organizers also launched educational campaigns to raise awareness about environmental sustainability among attendees. Collaborations with environmental organizations and schools were central to promoting responsible behavior, creating a legacy of ecological mindfulness within the community.

### Dining Experience

The Palio di Castellanza offered visitors the opportunity to explore Lombardy's culinary traditions through food stalls offering traditional regional dishes. Highlights include risotto alla milanese with saffron and ossobuco, as well as polenta paired with local meats or cheeses. Other specialties like cassoeula, panzerotti, and traditional desserts such as panettone and sbrisolona enrich the experience.
These dishes provided a taste of Lombard heritage while contributing to the festive atmosphere of the event. Local wines, artisanal beers, and digestifs like grappa complement the meals, ensuring culinary offerings highlighting local traditions journey, that's integral to the Palio's festive activities.

### Organization and Funding

The festival was organized by the municipal council in partnership with local businesses and associations, who provided volunteers and sponsorship. Funding came from municipal grants, sponsorships, and donations, with financial backing from Italy's Ministry of Culture. Local news outlets like Il Giornale del Festival frequently reported on planning, highlighting the role of the town council in budgeting and engaging local stakeholders.

### Media coverage

The festival received significant media coverage, including from national outlets such as "La Repubblica" and cultural programs like "Italia Nostra". The festival's social media accounts, including Facebook and Instagram, contribute to reaching a global audience. This media presence has helped increase the festival's visibility and attracted more tourists annually.

## Controversies and Criticism

The Palio de la Castellantia, organized by the Castellanza Neroverde Association, faced significant criticism, particularly from the opposition group "Insieme per Castellanza." The primary concern revolved around alleged historical inaccuracies in the event, which claimed to celebrate Lombard traditions and the era of Frederick Barbarossa. Critics argued that Castellanza did not exist during these periods, with historical references to the city appearing only in the 14th century. This raised concerns that the event misrepresented the city's history and risked misleading current and future generations.
The introduction of eight "contrade" (districts) was also heavily criticized as a modern invention with no historical basis. Critics contended that such divisions did not exist in the medieval period and that their inclusion undermined the event's historical credibility.
The event's financial cost, estimated at €34,000, further fueled controversy, with some questioning the use of public funds for what they viewed as an ideologically driven and historically inaccurate celebration. Additionally, the involvement of local schools, particularly the division of students into the contrade, prompted concerns about the impact on young participants.
These criticisms sparked a broader debate about the role of historical reenactments in shaping public understanding of local history.

## Related Festivals

The Palio di Castellanza has cultural connections with other Palio-style events in Italy. These inclide:
* Palio di Siena in Tuscany: Known for its historic horse race, rooted in medieval traditions. This famous race in Siena, Tuscany, takes place twice a year and is known for its deep historical roots and fierce neighborhood rivalry. Siena's race is held in the Piazza del Campo and is one of Italy's most iconic and widely recognized medieval events.
* Palio di Ferrara in Emilia-Romagna: Featuring reenactments and medieval competitions. Established in the 13th century, the Palio di Ferrara is held in Emilia-Romagna and features horse races, flag-waving performances, and historical reenactments. It is among Italy's oldest palio festivals, celebrated annually since 1259.
* Palio di Asti in Piedmont: Another traditional palio involving neighbourhood competition. Held in Piedmont, Italy, the Palio di Asti is known for its historical procession and race through the town's streets. This competition celebrates Asti's medieval heritage and the neighborhood pride of its residents.
* Palio di Legnano in Lombardy: A medieval pageant and a horse race are the two traditional events host in this palio. Held in memory of a battle, called Battle of Legnano, between the Lombard League and the Holy Roman Empire. Both the Palio di Legnano and the Palio di Castellanza feature eight teams, known as districts or contrade, which compete in various events.