# Ardbraccan

Ardbraccan (Irish: Ard Breacáin) is an ancient place of worship in County Meath, Ireland. It is the location of the former residence of the Roman Catholic, then, after the Reformation, the Church of Ireland Bishop of Meath. it was also a place of prominence in pre-Christian Pagan history. It is approximately 52 km (32 miles) from Dublin via the M3 Motorway, and 4 km (2.5 miles) from Navan. Ardbraccan is in a civil parish of the same name.

## Origins

The original name for Ardbraccan is said to have been Magh Tortain named after the Uí Tuirtri people of the Oirghalla. The area is said to have maintained strong druidic traditions until St. Brecan converted the local Uí Borthim tribe in the 6th century. It was home to 2 of Ireland's sacred Celtic trees - Bile Tortain and the Mullyfaughan tree. There are many local druid wells in the area, 2 of which were dedicated to St. Ultan of Ardbraccan and St. Brigid after the introduction of Christianity.
The current name of Ardbraccan originates from the Irish placename Ard Breacáin, meaning the heights or hill of Breacán. St. Breacán (anglacised as Brecan or Braccan) was the founder of a Christian monastery in the locality. He is thought to have established a monastery on a high mound in the sixth or early seventh century. On this high point, a monastery and a succession of churches were built, each larger than the last to accommodate the growing number of religious worshippers. This included a large circular church known Daimhliag ("stone house").
Ardbraccan is mentioned in Cogad Gaedel re Gallaib as the site of a victory of the Uí Néill over the Vikings sometime in the mid-9th century. However the accuracy of this medieval text is questionable and has been cited as propaganda.

## Raids on Ardbraccan

The settlements and churches at Ardbraccan were raided and destroyed many times from at least 866. Known raids include:
* 886, 940, 949, 992 The area was attacked and plundered by the Danes.
* 1031 The Abbey was raided and burned down by the Danes of Dublin led by Sitric. It is said that 200 people were sheltering from the raid in the Daimhliag, and perished when the raisers set it alight. A further 200 people were taken into captivity The attack is referenced in The Annals of Tigernach.
* 1035 Ardbraccan was again attacked by the Danes, which led to Conchobar Ua Máelshechlainn plundering and burning Swords in retaliation.
* 1069 attacked by an army led by Murchad. He is said to have burned down many buildings before receiving being mortally wounded.
* 1109 attacked by the Uí Briain's of Munster. The Annals of Tigernach note the churches were destroyed and "humans were burned alive and captives taken out of it".
* 1115 attacked by the Munster men and the Damliag was destroyed once again.
* 1133
* 1136 attacked by Dermot MacMurrough and the Danes, including the stealing of cattle.

## King John in Ardbraccan

On 29 June 1210, King John of England, Lord of Ireland and his forces met with Cathal Crobhderg, King of Connacht and his men in Ardbraccan before proceeding north to attack the forces of Hugh de Lacy, 1st Earl of Ulster.

## The Diocese of Ardbraccan

The early Irish church possessed many bishoprics or dioceses, each presided over by a bishop. For a period, Ardbraccan itself was a diocese, with a large urban centre attached.Under the Synod of Kells in 1152, Ardbraccan was united with the Sees of Clonard, Trim, Dunshaughlin, Slane and Fore, forming with other small dioceses the Diocese of Meath. Its central importance was shown in the fact that the newly merged diocese's bishop lived in Ardbraccan.

## From Catholic to Protestant

When, in the aftermath of the crisis over Henry VIII's marriage to Catherine of Aragon, the Irish Church was ordered to formally break its link with the Roman Catholic Church to become the Church of Ireland. The Anglican or Church of Ireland Bishop of Meath continued to live in Ardbraccan in an estate attached to the main church. In this period, Ardbraccan possessed two churches; St. Mary's (which was located in the Bishop's residence) and St. Ultan's, which was named after a local saint who had lived in St. Braccan's day.

## New church

In 1777 a new Church of Ireland church was erected on the site of the earlier church of St. Ultan's. The church, built to a design by Rev. Dr. Daniel Augustus Beaufort, remained in use until 1981 when it was deconsecrated due to the dwindling size of the Church of Ireland community in Ardbraccan. Although in 1868 the Ecclesiastical Commissioners of Ireland recorded that there were 267 members of the Church of Ireland living in Ardbraccan parish, by 1968, their number had dwindled to 10 and it ceased to be used for general worship in 1970. The church was finally offered for sale by the Church of Ireland in 2002. Its cemetery is used for burials by both the local Church of Ireland and Roman Catholic parishes.

## Bishop's residence for one thousand years

The Church of Ireland Bishop of Meath moved out of the 18th century bishop's palace in 1885 to live in a smaller mansion nearby, Bishopscourt. In 1958, the Church of Ireland bishop moved away from Ardbraccan altogether, with Bishopscourt being bought by a Catholic religious order, the Holy Ghost Fathers, who renamed it An Tobar (Irish for "The Well", linking it to an ancient well at Ardbraccan associated with St. Ultan). When the old church underwent some vandalism, its valuable stained glass windows were removed by the Church of Ireland and donated to An Tobar.
While the Church of Ireland community used the name 'Ardbraccan' to refer to its parish, the nearby Roman Catholic parish in the 19th century opted to use a different name, Bohermeen, from the Irish An Bóthar Mín, meaning 'the smooth road', referring to a famous stretch of road that two thousand years before had passed through the neighbourhood and went to Tara, the seat of the High Kings of Ireland.

## Schools

In 1747 the first Irish Charter School was opened in Ardbraccan.The Charter Schools admitted only Catholics, under the condition that they be educated as Protestants. These schools were intended, in the words of their programme, "to rescue the souls of thousands of poor children from the dangers of Popish superstition and idolatry, and their bodies from the miseries of idleness and beggary." The Ardbraccan school, like the others, focused on training girls for domestic service in the houses of the gentry and aristocracy, while training boys in agriculture and gardening. As with the other schools, the charter school in Ardbraccan failed and eventually closed down.

## Ardbraccan stone

Ardbraccan is also famous for its quarries that supplied cut stone for many Irish and British buildings. The most famous building built with Ardbraccan stone is Leinster House, once the Dublin residence of the Duke of Leinster, Ireland's premier peer, and now the seat of the Irish parliament, Oireachtas Éireann. Ardbraccan limestone was also used on the restoration of The Custom House in Dublin after it was burned down by the IRA in 1921.

## Notable persons

* St. Brecan, founded a monastery here.
* St. Ultan, founded a school and succeeded St. Brecan as the local abbott.
* Alexander de Balscot, Bishop of Meath, died here 1400.
* Edmund Oldhall, Bishop of Meath, died here 1459.
* George Montgomery, Bishop of Meath, buried here 1621.
* Richard Pococke, English prelate and anthropologist, and briefly Bishop of Meath - buried here 1765.
* John Cowley, actor, died here 1998.
* Contested: St. Cuthbert. A Durham Cathedral tradition names Ardbraccan as the potential birthplace of St. Cuthbert (under the name "Hardbrecins"). However this is contested as being the result of confusion St. Colomba of nearby Kells.