# International Solar Alliance

The International Solar Alliance (ISA) is an alliance of more than 120 signatory countries, most being sunshine countries, which lie either completely or partly between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. The primary objective of the alliance is to work for the efficient consumption of solar energy to reduce dependence on fossil fuels. This initiative was first proposed by Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi in a speech in November 2015 at Wembley Stadium in which he referred to sunshine countries as Suryaputra ("Sons of the Sun"). The alliance is a treaty-based inter-governmental organization. Countries that do not fall within the Tropics can join the alliance and enjoy all benefits as other members, with the exception of voting rights.
Bangladesh boasts the world's most extensive off-grid solar power initiative, a valuable source of insights and guidance for other nations seeking to enhance availability of economical and eco-friendly electricity. Through the utilization of solar energy, this initiative has facilitated electricity access for 20 million residents of Bangladesh.
The initiative was launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi at the India Africa Summit, and a meeting of member countries ahead of the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris in November 2015. The framework agreement of the International Solar Alliance opened for signatures in Marrakesh, Morocco, in November 2016, and 102 countries joined.

## Headquarters

The ISA is headquartered in Haryana, India. In January 2016, Narendra Modi, and the then French President François Hollande jointly laid the foundation stone of the ISA Headquarters and inaugurated the interim Secretariat at the National Institute of Solar Energy (NISE) in Gwal Pahari, Gurugram, India. The Indian government has dedicated five acres of land on the NISE campus for its future headquarters; it also has contributed ₹1.75 billion (US$20 million) to the fund to build a campus and for meeting expenditures for the first five years.
The alliance is also called International Agency for Solar Policy and Application (IASPA).

## Objective

The focus is on solar power utilization. The launching of such an alliance in Paris also sends a strong signal to the global communities about the sincerity of the developing nations towards their concern about climate change and to switch to a low-carbon growth path. India has pledged a target of installing 175 GW of renewable energy of which 100 GW will be solar energy by 2022 and reduction in emission intensity by 33–35% by 2030 to let solar energy reach to the most unconnected villages and communities and also towards creating a clean planet. India's pledge to the Paris summit offered to bring 40% of its electricity generation capacity (not actual production) from non-fossil sources (renewable, large hydro, and nuclear) by 2030. It is based on world cooperation.

## Geographical importance

The area of Earth located in between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn is called the tropical (torrid) zone. This is the part of the world in which the sun can appear directly overhead, and that more-direct exposure means that the sun's actual effect is greater here; anywhere north or south of this zone, sunlight always reaches the earth's surface at an angle and is correspondingly less intense. The sunniest countries of the world are on the African continent, ranging from Somalia- Horn of Africa-, east to Niger, west and north to Egypt.
For India, possible additional benefits from the alliance can be a strengthening of ties with the major African countries and increasing goodwill for India among them.

## Members

The alliance is a treaty-based inter-governmental organization. The framework agreement of the International Solar Alliance opened for signatures in Marrakech, Morocco, in November 2016, on the sidelines of the Marrakech Climate Change Conference (the twenty-second session of the Conference of the Parties, or COP 22). On its first day (15 November), sixteen countries signed the Agreement: India, Brazil, the Democratic Republic of Congo, the Dominican Republic, the Republic of Guinea, Mali, Nauru, Niger, Tanzania, Tuvalu, Cambodia, Ethiopia; Burkina Faso, Bangladesh and Madagascar. By 17 November, Guinea Bissau, Fiji, France also signed the agreement. On 6 November 2017, India's External Affairs Minister Sushma Swaraj held a meeting with Guinea's Foreign Minister, Mamady Toure. During the course of this meeting, Mamady Toure handed over Guinea's Instrument of Accession to the India-initiated International Solar Alliance (ISA). Vanuatu and Liberia also signed the agreement.
Subsequently, an additional 107 countries joined the agreement, incl. many major countries, such as the United States, Japan, Algeria, Peru, Chile, Paraguay, France, Brazil, India, Argentina and Australia. A conclave started from 30 November 2015 for the sunshine grouping, called the InSPA (International Agency for Solar Policy & Application).

### Parties that signed/ratified the framework of ISA

The following countries are the prospective members of this alliance that signed the framework. Countries marked with a plus also ratified the framework, such as Afghanistan, Algeria, Argentina, Bahrain, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Bhutan, Botswana, Brunei Darussalam, Bulgaria, Cameroon, Chile, Congo, Denmark, El Salvador, Finland, France, Grenada, Guatemala, Haiti, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Liberia, Luxembourg, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Morocco, Myanmar, Nicaragua, Oman, Paraguay, the Philippines, Romania, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago and the United States, and Brazil is the newest member of this alliance. Greece and Israel formally joined ISA in 2021. Armenia joined in 2023. Spain and Malta joined in 2024.

### List of Member Countries

   + means signed framework/ratified.
* Afghanistan + (Position unclear after Taliban takeover)
* Algeria +
* Argentina +
* Armenia +
* Australia +
* Bahrain +
* Bangladesh +
* Barbados +
* Belarus +
* Belgium +
* Belize +
* Benin +
* Bhutan +
* Bolivia +
* Botswana +
* Brazil +
* Brunei +
* Bulgaria +
* Burkina Faso +
* Burundi +
* Cape Verde +
* Cambodia +
* Cameroon +
* Chad +
* Chile +
* Comoros +
* Republic of the Congo +
* Costa Rica +
* Cuba +
* Democratic Republic of the Congo +
* Denmark +
* Djibouti +
* Dominica +
* Dominican Republic +
* Egypt +
* El Salvador +
* Equatorial Guinea +
* Ethiopia +
* Fiji +
* Finland +
* France +
* Gabon +
* Gambia +
* Ghana +
* Greece +
* Grenada +
* Guatemala +
* Guinea +
* Guinea-Bissau +
* Guyana +
* Haiti +
* India +
* Ireland +
* Israel +
* Ivory Coast +
* Italy +
* Jamaica +
* Japan +
* Kiribati +
* Liberia +
* Luxembourg +
* Madagascar +
* Malawi +
* Maldives +
* Marshall Islands +
* Mali +
* Mauritius +
* Morocco +
* Moldova +
* Mozambique +
* Myanmar +
* Namibia +
* Nauru +
* Nepal +
* Netherlands +
* Nicaragua +
* Niger +
* Oman +
* Palau +
* Panama +
* Papua New Guinea +
* Paraguay +
* Peru +
* Philippines +
* Romania +
* Rwanda +
* Saint Lucia +
* Saint Vincent and the Grenadines +
* Samoa +
* São Tomé and Príncipe +
* Saudi Arabia +
* Senegal +
* Seychelles +
* Somalia +
* South Sudan +
* Spain +
* Sri Lanka +
* Sudan +
* Suriname +
* Syria +
* Tanzania +
* Thailand +
* Tonga +
* Togo +
* Trinidad and Tobago +
* Tuvalu +
* Uganda +
* United Arab Emirates +
* United Kingdom +
* United States +
* Vanuatu +
* Venezuela +
* Yemen +
* Zambia +
Apart from these, there are 58 other members, such as France, the United States and Japan, making a total of more than 120 members in the alliance. Recently, Greece and Israel joined the International Solar Alliance; thus membership rose to 100. Antigua and Barbados joined in January 2022. Syria joined in February 2022 to become the 103rd member. Later on, Angola joined to raise the total to 104 signatories. Nepal also joined the ISA, raising the membership to 105. In November 2023, Armenia joined the ISA, raising the total membership to 106.

## Initiatives and partnerships

The alliance partnered with World Bank to launch Global Solar Atlas at an ISA event at the World Future Energy Summit in Abu Dhabi. Global Solar Atlas is a free online tool that displays annual average solar power potential at any location in the world and thus identify potential sites for solar power generation. The World Bank announced, "This tool will help governments save millions of dollars on their own research and provide investors and solar developers with an easily accessible and uniform platform to compare resource potential between sites in one region or across multiple countries."
Riccardo Puliti, Senior Director and Head of the World Bank's Energy & Extractives Global Practice said "The World Bank is seeing a surge of interest from our clients in solar power as a result of the dramatic cost decreases over the past few years. We hope that the Global Solar Atlas will help inform the crucial planning and investment decisions that will need to be taken over the next decade to shift to more sustainable forms of energy."

## Other targets

India, with the support of France, invited multiple nations, such as the United States, Japan and Brazil, to facilitate the infrastructure for the implementation of solar projects. The alliance committed one trillion dollars as investment, and it is committed to making the costs of solar power more affordable for remote and inaccessible communities. The alliance would endorse India in achieving its goal of generating 100 GW of solar energy and 175 GW of renewable energy by 2022. The countries would support each other in research and development as well as other high level activities.
It was also seen as an alliance by the developing countries to form a united front and to undertake research and development for making solar power equipment within developing countries, such as Algeria, Argentina and Chile.
The total global solar power capacity reached the milestone of 1 TW on 13 April 2022. Earlier, in 2021, the United States reached the milestone of 100 GW of solar power while Brazil reached the milestone of 10 GW. In 2022, Japan announced that it would reach 100 GW of solar power at some time between 2023 and 2026.

## Progress

On 30 June 2016, the alliance entered into an understanding with the World Bank for accelerating mobilization of finance for solar energy. The Bank will have a major role in mobilizing more than US$1 trillion in investments that will be needed by 2030, to meet ISA's goals for the massive deployment of affordable solar energy.
As of 2023, the Framework Agreement of the ISA was signed by multiple countries, such as the United States, Japan, France, India, Brazil, Australia, Argentina, Chile and Algeria, and ratified by 52 other countries. With ratifications by 15 countries, the ISA would become a treaty based inter-governmental international organisation and it would be recognized by UN legally to become fully functionable.
At the World Future Energy Summit (WFES) held in Abu Dhabi in January 2018, the government of India announced the establishment of a $350 million solar development fund to enable the financing of solar projects.