OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Chicken mull

Chicken mull is a traditional dish from North Carolina, upstate South Carolina, and Georgia. It is a type of stew consisting of parboiled whole chicken in a cream- or milk-based broth, butter, and seasoned with salt, pepper, and other ingredients. Traditionally, the stew is served in the late fall and winter months. In northern Georgia, this part of the year is often referred to as "mull season". Often, the term "chicken mull" refers to an event or gathering where the dish is served.

## History

The origins of chicken mull may rest in the coastal practice of Atlantic fishermen slow-cooking striped bass, called a "fish muddle". This tradition inspired inland communities to slow cook chicken using similar ingredients in what is sometimes called a chicken muddle or chicken mull. Some others have claimed that it was invented around Athens, Georgia, where it retains its popularity today.

## Preparation

Recipes for chicken mull vary slightly from person to person, but it is usually made by first cooking a whole chicken by boiling or parboiling, allowing a rich broth to form. The chicken is then removed from the pot and the skin, bones and fat are removed. A thickening of milk or cream is made and added to the broth. Several sleeves of saltine crackers can be crumbled into broth and chicken mixture as it is the more common method of thickening the mull.
The chicken is usually ground up in a meat grinder, although sometimes it is cut into small pieces. It is necessary to grind the meat in a traditional mull so that it is evenly distributed throughout the mixture. The chicken is then added back into the liquid along with salt, pepper and butter or margarine. Various other ingredients may be added to the stew according to local tradition, (such as diced potatoes or onions); a more common addition is varying amounts of hot sauce.
The stew varies in color from white to pale yellow, depending on the amount of butter or margarine used. It can vary in thickness from very thin and soup-like to thick and creamy. Saltine crackers are commonly served with chicken mull, either on the side or crumbled into the bowl. Other, nearly identical variations of a "mull" can be made using either catfish, oysters or canned salmon, instead of chicken. In the past, rabbit and turtle meat were also added to chicken mulls by some Southern cooks.

## Cultural traditions

Because of its low cost of preparation and reputation as a local comfort food, chicken mull is often served at large social gatherings such as church fellowships, family reunions and community fundraisers.
It is a tradition at these gatherings to prepare the mull in a large cast iron or stainless steel pot, often outdoors over an open fire. Bowls of mull are sometimes complemented with coleslaw, rice or grilled cheese sandwiches.
In North Carolina and Georgia, "chicken mulls" or "chicken stews" are social events usually held during the colder seasons, with most events occurring September through December.
# Solomon I (bishop of Constance)

Solomon (or Salomon) I (died 871) was the Bishop of Constance from an unknown date between 835 and 847 until his death. He was the first of an "episcopal dynasty" which ruled Constance until 919 and briefly held the Diocese of Freising from 884 until 906 and that of Chur from 913 until 949.
In 847, his diocese was the first to be disturbed by the preachings of a false prophetess named Thiota. She was condemned at a synod in Mainz later that year and ceased to be a problem thereafter.
Solomon attended the synod of Worms (868).

## Sources

* The Annals of Fulda. (Manchester Medieval series, Ninth-Century Histories, Volume II.) Reuter, Timothy (trans.) Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992.
* This article about a German Catholic bishop or archbishop is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Vincent Angelini

Vincent Angelini (born 12 September 2003) is a Scottish footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Al-Riyadh.

## Early life

Angelini was born on 12 September 2003 in Glasgow, Scotland to an Italian father and a Scottish mother and is the grandson of Scotland international David Hay. He can speak Italian and holds an Italian passport.

## Career

As a youth player, Angelini joined the youth academy of Scottish side Celtic. While playing for the club, he was described by Italian newspaper La Gazzetta dello Sport as "one one of the most promising goalkeepers in Scotland". At the age of seventeen, he joined the youth academy of English Premier League side Watford, where he played for the club's under-21 team.
In 2023, he signed for English Premier League side Brentford. However, he did not make any first team appearances while playing for the club and played for their reserve team. One-and-a-half years later, he signed for Saudi Arabian side Al-Riyadh.
# Muriel Day

Muriel Day (born 11 January 1942) is an Irish singer. Born in Newtownards, County Down, she was the first singer from Northern Ireland to represent the Republic of Ireland in the Eurovision Song Contest, performing at the 1969 contest. She was also the first woman to perform for Ireland, which had been competing since 1965.
After making her name in the Irish showband circuit, and making an uncredited appearance as a dance hall singer in the British film Billy Liar (1963), Day was chosen as Ireland's Eurovision contestant with the song "The Wages of Love" in 1969. Though the song was a great hit in Ireland, it only finished seventh internationally, in a year with four winners. As a result of her performance, however, she was offered the chance to record with Peter Warne, producing the northern soul hit "Nine Times out of Ten".
After moving to Canada in 1971, where she continued her career, Day eventually took up medicine and became a laser therapist. She returned to Belfast in the 1990s, where she has been performing regularly. As a guest on RTÉ's The Late, Late Show Eurosong 2015 episode, broadcast on 27 February 2015, Day announced she was about to release her first album. As of 2021 however, this album hasn't been released.
# Shahid Abdul Salam Thahim

Shahid Abdul Salam Thahim is a Pakistani politician who had been a Member of the Provincial Assembly of Sindh, from August 2018 till August 2023 and from May 2013 to May 2018.

## Early life and education

He was born on 12 January 1972.
He has a degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Civil Technology from Mehran University of Engineering and Technology and a Master of Arts from Sindh University.

## Political career

He was elected to the Provincial Assembly of Sindh as a candidate of Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) from Constituency PS-83 SANGHAR-VI in 2013 Pakistani general election.
He was re-elected to Provincial Assembly of Sindh as a candidate of PPP from Constituency PS-45 (Sanghar-V) in 2018 Pakistani general election.
# Greg Crozier

Gregory T. Crozier (born July 6, 1976) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey left wing. His father was Joe Crozier, who coached in the National Hockey League and American Hockey League.

## Playing career

He played college hockey for the Michigan Wolverines at the University of Michigan where he won National Championships in 1996 and 1998. After turning professional, he played one game for the Pittsburgh Penguins in the NHL against the Boston Bruins on December 6, 2000. He went scoreless in 4:10 of ice time. He also played in the AHL for the Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins, Providence Bruins, Houston Aeros, Albany River Rats, and San Antonio Rampage.
On November 13, 1999, Crozier scored the first goal in Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins inaugural season at the Northeastern Pennsylvania Civic Arena and Convention Center. The following season, Crozier helped guide the team to the Calder Cup finals, ultimately losing to the Saint John Flames.

## Career statistics

| | | | Regular season | Regular season | Regular season | Regular season | Regular season | Playoffs | Playoffs | Playoffs | Playoffs | Playoffs |
| Season | Team | League | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| 1992–93 | Lawrence Academy | USHS | 22 | 22 | 14 | 36 | 8 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1993–94 | Lawrence Academy | USHS | 18 | 22 | 26 | 48 | 12 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1994–95 | Lawrence Academy | USHS | 31 | 45 | 32 | 77 | 22 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1995–96 | University of Michigan | CCHA | 42 | 14 | 10 | 24 | 46 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1996–97 | University of Michigan | CCHA | 31 | 5 | 15 | 20 | 45 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1997–98 | University of Michigan | CCHA | 45 | 12 | 10 | 22 | 26 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1998–99 | University of Michigan | CCHA | 39 | 7 | 6 | 13 | 63 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1999–00 | Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins | AHL | 71 | 22 | 22 | 44 | 33 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2000–01 | Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins | AHL | 77 | 24 | 36 | 60 | 81 | 21 | 6 | 5 | 11 | 16 |
| 2000–01 | Pittsburgh Penguins | NHL | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2001–02 | Providence Bruins | AHL | 54 | 5 | 6 | 11 | 62 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2001–02 | Houston Aeros | AHL | 10 | 1 | 5 | 6 | 10 | 14 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 26 |
| 2002–03 | Houston Aeros | AHL | 7 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 6 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2002–03 | Albany River Rats | AHL | 56 | 19 | 19 | 38 | 46 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2003–04 | Albany River Rats | AHL | 35 | 9 | 7 | 16 | 26 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2003–04 | San Antonio Rampage | AHL | 22 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 8 | — | — | — | — | — |
| NHL totals | NHL totals | NHL totals | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — |

## Awards and honours

| Award | Year |
| AHL |||
| All-Star Game | 2001 |
# Philip Fearnside

Philip Martin Fearnside (born May 25, 1947) is an American biologist and scientist, active for many years in Brazil, where he developed the most important part of his career and gained wide national and international notoriety.

## Biography

Fearnside was born in Berkeley, California, and has a bachelor's degree in biology at Colorado College. At the University of Michigan, he did his master's and PhD in the same area. He has worked especially on issues of tropical agro-ecosystems, deforestation, environmental degradation and their impact on society, sustainable development and climate change. Fearnside has a large published bibliography (http://philip.inpa.gov.br), which includes studies that contributed to the increase of the knowledge about the fires, the capacity of human support in colonization areas, the rhythm, environmental causes and impacts of deforestation in the Amazon; for the development of techniques for sustainable management of nature, and for the renewal of methodologies for assessing greenhouse gas emissions, among other topics.

## Career

He began his professional career as a graduate student, leaving for Asia as an agent of the Peace Corps, a technology and humanitarian aid body of the US government, operating between 1969 and 1971 in the state of Rajasthan, India,. Returning to the United States, he finished his higher studies, intending to return later to India, but the beginning of an armed conflict caused him to direct his interests to the Amazon, installing in Brazil, where since 1978 he is a scientist at the National Institute of Amazonian Research (INPA), headquartered in Manaus, Brazil.
He is a researcher at the Coordination of Research in Environmental Dynamics at INPA. Since 1983, he has been deepening his studies on the impact of deforestation on the greenhouse effect, trying to highlight the economic, political and social importance of forest preservation, as well as its ecological importance.
He has been an active voice in defending the Brazilian environment and alert to the dangers of deforestation and global warming. In 2003, Pesquisa Fapesp magazine published a story about the biologist and reported that "today, three decades after landing in the region, Fearnside accumulates field experience - even lived in villages along the Trans-Amazonian Highway to do his doctorate - and scientific knowledge about the Amazon rarely found in Brazilians [...] His name is an international reference in many of the themes that make the great tropical forest an important and controversial subject, such as the possible relation between forest deforestation and climate change on the planet and the impact of the implementation of roads, dams and agricultural projects in the region. For his work in favor of sustainable development against offensive projects to the environment, such as the construction of the Balbina Dam power plant in the 1980s, he is often challenged by supporters of progress.
# Anders Knutsson Ångström

Anders Knutsson Ångström (1888 – 1981) was a Swedish physicist and meteorologist who was known primarily for his contributions to the field of atmospheric radiation. However, his scientific interests encompassed many diverse topics.
He was the son of physicist Knut Ångström. He graduated with a BS from the University of Upsala in 1909. Then he completed his MS at the University of Upsala in 1911. He taught at the University of Stockholm. Later, he was the department head of the Meteorology department at State Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI) of Sweden 1945–1949 and SMHI's chancellor 1949–1954.
He is credited with the invention of the pyranometer, the first device to accurately measure direct and indirect solar radiation.
In 1962 he was awarded the International Meteorological Organization Prize by the World Meteorological Organization.
# Roger Rubini

Roger Rubini (born 25 January 1920, date of death unknown) was a Swiss weightlifter. He competed at the 1948 Summer Olympics and the 1952 Summer Olympics. Rubini is deceased.
# Gilberte Périer

Françoise Gilberte Périer (1 January 1620 – 25 April 1687) was a French biographer and the older sister of Blaise Pascal whose biography she wrote.

## Biography

Françoise Gilberte Pascal was the eldest of three surviving children born to Antoinette Begon and mathematician Étienne Pascal (1588–1651) and his wife Antoinette Pascal, nee Bégon (1596–1626). Her paternal grandfather was Martin Pascal, treasurer of France.
When Gilberte's mother died in 1626, her father moved the family to Paris and employed a governess, Louise Delfault, to bring up his children. However, Étienne chose to educate them himself. In Paris, Gilberte ran her father's household for years before following him to a new position in Rouen.
There, in June 1641, Gilberte married Florin Périer [fr] (1605–1672), a lawyer at the Supreme Tax Court in Clermont-Ferrand. He was not only a colleague of her father Étienne, but he was also her cousin. Her marriage produced four daughters (Marguerite Périer (1646–1733), Jacqueline (1644–1696), Marie (1647–1649) and Louise (1651–1713)) and two sons (Blaise (1653–1684) and Étienne (1642–1680)).
In 1646, like her husband, she had a religious conversion to Jansenism, a separatist movement in Roman Catholicism, and sent her children to Port-Royal Abbey, Paris to be educated. Increasingly, Gilberte withdrew from public life and later chose to live in solitude. Her religiosity was, however, of a gentler nature than that of her better-known younger sister, Jacqueline Pascal.
Gilberte was exceptionally well educated, studied philosophy and theology, was known for her eloquence and spoke several languages. Pascal made her his executor, and in 1670 she published the Pensées de Pascal (Thoughts of Pascal). However, despite their efforts, the text was not printed unchanged. In 1663 she published biographies of Pascal and her sister, Jacqueline. Gilberte also helped Pascal prepare his Apologie de la religion chrétienne (Apology of the Christian Religion) from which he drew the Pensées.
# List of spurious inventions

This is a list of spurious inventions, technologies which are generally considered to not possess their claimed capabilities, to be hoaxes, or to not have ever existed in the first place.
| Spurious invention | Description |
| Angel Light | According to its inventor, this device could make walls, hands, and stealth shielding transparent. |
| Black box | Popular name for a diagnostic machine made by Albert Abrams. It supposedly could diagnose diseases based on their special vibrations that can be sensed along someone's spine.$^{:37}$ |
| Chronovisor | A time viewer claimed to have produced photographs and recordings of the ancient past. |
| Cloudbuster | A device that could purportedly make rain through manipulating atmospheric orgone, a kind of energy considered to be pseudoscientific.$^{:55}$ |
| Edison | A device claimed to produce numerous analyses of blood very quickly using very small samples. |
| Gavreau's infrasonic weapons | Various whistles and horns, possibly fictional, which could cause serious bodily harm and death by emitting infrasound. |
| Mechanical Turk | An 18th-century chess-playing automaton that appeared to operate autonomously but actually concealed a human operator, deceiving audiences for decades. |
| Rife machine | Devices that can, purportedly, by the use of electromagnetic waves, destroy pathogens, including cancer. There is no reliable evidence that the Rife machine works as a cure for cancer. |
| Teleforce | A weapon, also known as Nikola Tesla's death ray or peace ray, that would accelerate pellets of material to a high velocity so as to cause significant damage from a long distance. |
| Nikola Tesla electric car hoax | Alleged advanced electric car. |
| Fleischmann–Pons cold fusion experiment | Attempt to cause nuclear fusion using electrolysis to achieve the high compression ratio and mobility of deuterium.$^{:56–57}$ |
| Kryakutnoy | Fictional inventor of hot air balloons.$^{:236}$ |
| Newman energy machine | Supposed free-energy machine invented by Joe W. Newman.$^{:236}$ |
| Perpetual motion machines | Hypothetical machines that do not need any added energy or force to continue motion. All attempts as of yet are considered spurious, and such a machine is considered impossible by modern thermodynamics.$^{:248,262}$ |
# Cannone da 75/46 C.A. modello 34

The Cannone da 75/46 C.A. modello 34 was a mobile Italian anti-aircraft gun used during World War II. The designation means it had a caliber of 75 mm, the barrel was 46 caliber-lengths long and it was accepted in service in 1934. The Cannone da 75/46 C.A. modello 40 was a fixed anti-aircraft gun version.

## History

The gun shows the influence of contemporary Vickers designs such as the Model 1931, and was a sound and orthodox design. As production was both late in starting and slow in being carried out, by 1942 only 226 of the 240 ordered had been delivered. This meant that older, obsolete AA guns had to be kept in service even though their efficacy was minimal, and also that its production continued in parallel with the newer and better performing Cannone da 90/53. In addition to the mobile modello 34, a static mount, called the Cannone da 75/46 C.A. modello 40 was produced. Production of the model was also slow and only 45 of the 240 ordered were delivered.
Assigned both to field units and to batteries protecting the Italian territory, it was also used on the Eastern front and in the Tunisian Campaign as an anti-tank gun (in which capacity it was also fitted to the Semovente da 75/46 self-propelled gun). Its performance was considered good in both roles, especially in the latter, with its AP shell that could pierce 90 millimetres (3.5 in) of armor at 500 metres (550 yd)), but it was never available in numbers.
After the Italian Armistice, the Wehrmacht captured and employed some of these guns, with modello 34 guns receiving the designation 7.5 cm Flak 264/3(i) , while modello 40 guns were given the designation 7.5 cm Flak 264/4(i)
# Hari Ram

Hari Ram Kishori Lal (Urdu: ہری رام کشوری لال) is a Pakistani Hindu politician from Sindh. A five-time legilslator to the Provincial Assembly of Sindh, Ram was one of the first non-Muslims to win a non-reserved constituency in a Pakistani province in 2018 (alongside Giyanoo Mal, the first being Mahesh Kumar Malani in 2013).
He served in the Senate from 2012 to 2018.

## Early life

Ram was born on 29 May 1952 in Mirpurkhas. A landlord, he did not study beyond high school.

## Political career

Ram won four consecutive elections to the Provincial Assembly of Sindh in 1988, 1990, 1993, and 1997 as one of the five representatives of the local Hindu community; he did not have any political affiliation. In 2012, he was elected to the Senate of Pakistan from the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) on the sole seat reserved for minorities from Sindh.
In 2018, he was elected to the Provincial Assembly from Mirpur Khas-I, becoming one of the first non-Muslims to win a non-reserved constituency in any provincial assembly of Pakistan. He was inducted into Chief Minister Syed Murad Ali Shah's cabinet, and made the Minister for Minorities Affairs with the additional portfolios of Social Welfare, and Prison.

## Personal life

Ram has a son. On 21 May 2021, he suffered a cardiac arrest while attending a ministerial meeting.
# Sir Richard Moore Oval

Sir Richard Moore Oval, also known as Kalgoorlie Oval, is a sports venue in Kalgoorlie, Western Australia used primarily for Australian rules football. The ground formerly hosted cricket. The ground has hosted several West Australian State Premiership matches.
# I. X. Pereira

Dewan Bahadur Chevalier Ignatius Xavier Pereira KCSS (26 April 1888 – 21 July 1951) was a colonial-era Ceylonese businessman and politician.
Ignatius Xavier Pereira was born on 21 July 1888 in Tuticorin, India, the eldest son of Francis Xavier Pereira. His father moved the family to Colombo in 1889, establishing the company, F. X. Pereira and Sons, which specialised in drapery and tailoring. Pereira was educated at St. Benedict's College, Kotahena. After his father died in March 1906, Pereira took over the running of the family business at the age of eighteen. He expanded the operations of the company to include shipping, insurance, manufacturing and general stores.
In 1924, Pereira was elected to the Legislative Council of Ceylon, winning the seat reserved for the Indian community by a substantial majority, defeating Mohamed Sultan. In 1930, he travelled to London and met with the Secretary of State for the Colonies, Sidney Webb, regarding minority representation in the proposed Donoughmore Constitution. He was subsequently appointed as the nominated member representing the Tamil Indian community on the 1st State Council of Ceylon on 26 June 1931. In 1934, the Viceroy of India, Marquess of Willingdon, conferred him with the title Dewan Bahadur, in recognition of his services to the Tamil community.
Pereira was re-nominated to the 2nd State Council in 1936 and remained a member until the State Council was dissolved in 1947. He served on the Executive Committee for Labour, Industry and Commerce. During World War II Pereira was one of the few Ceylonese appointed to the War Council by the Commander-in-Chief Sir Geoffrey Layton in 1943. He also served as the Minister of Labour, Industry and Commerce when Sir Claude Corea left to take up a position as the Ceylonese Representative to the United Kingdom in 1946. In the same year Pope Pius XII invested him into the Papal Knighthood and made him the Knight Commander of the Order of Saint Sylvester, for his philanthropy and services to the church.
Pereira was also a member of the Colombo Port Commission, the Board of Indian Immigrant Labour, the President of the Indian Mercantile Chamber, the Indian Club and the Vice President of the All Ceylon Tamil Congress.
In 1948, he declined the offer by Prime Minister D. S. Senanayake of a position on the Senate of Ceylon due to his deteriorating health. He died on 21 July 1951, at the age of 63.
A stamp was issued in his honour coinciding with his 100th birth anniversary in 1988 and subsequently a road was named after him in Pettah by the Colombo Municipal Council.