# Uranium hexafluoride

Uranium hexafluoride, sometimes called hex, is an inorganic compound with the formula UF$_6$. Uranium hexafluoride is a volatile, toxic white solid that is used in the process of enriching uranium, which produces fuel for nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons.

## Preparation

Uranium dioxide is converted with hydrofluoric acid (HF) to uranium tetrafluoride:
    UO$_2$ + 4 HF → UF$_4$ + 2 H$_2$O
In samples contaminated with uranium trioxide, the oxyfluoride is produced in the HF step:
    UO$_3$ + 2 HF → UF$_2$O$_2$ + H$_2$O
The resulting UF$_4$ is subsequently oxidized with fluorine to give the hexafluoride:
    UF$_4$ + F$_2$ → UF$_6$

## Properties
### Physical properties

At atmospheric pressure, UF$_6$ sublimes at 56.5 °C.
The solid-state structure was determined by neutron diffraction at 77 K and 293 K.
* Ball-and-stick model of the unit cell of uranium hexafluoride
* Bond lengths and angles of gaseous uranium hexafluoride

### Chemical properties

UF$_6$ reacts with water, releasing hydrofluoric acid. The compound reacts with aluminium, forming a surface layer of AlF$_3$ that resists any further reaction from the compound.
Uranium hexafluoride is a mild oxidant. It is a Lewis acid as evidenced by its binding to form heptafluorouranate(VI), [UF$_7$]$^−$.
Polymeric uranium(VI) fluorides containing organic cations have been isolated and characterized by X-ray diffraction.

## Application in the fuel cycle

As one of the most volatile compounds of uranium, uranium hexafluoride is relatively convenient to process and is used in both of the main uranium enrichment methods, namely gaseous diffusion and the gas centrifuge method. Since the triple point of UF$_6$; 64 °C(147 °F; 337 K) and 152 kPa (22 psi; 1.5 atm); is close to ambient conditions, phase transitions can be achieved with little thermodynamic work.
Fluorine has only a single naturally occurring stable isotope, so isotopologues of UF$_6$ differ in their molecular weight based solely on the uranium isotope present. This difference is the basis for the physical separation of isotopes in enrichment.
All the other uranium fluorides are nonvolatile solids that are coordination polymers.
The conversion factor for the $^{238}$U isotopologue of UF$_6$ ("hex") to "U mass" is 0.676.
Gaseous diffusion requires about 60 times as much energy as the gas centrifuge process: gaseous diffusion-produced nuclear fuel produces 25 times more energy than is used in the diffusion process, while centrifuge-produced fuel produces 1,500 times more energy than is used in the centrifuge process.
In addition to its use in enrichment, uranium hexafluoride has been used in an advanced reprocessing method (fluoride volatility), which was developed in the Czech Republic. In this process, spent nuclear fuel is treated with fluorine gas to transform the oxides or elemental metals into a mixture of fluorides. This mixture is then distilled to separate the different classes of material. Some fission products form nonvolatile fluorides which remain as solids and can then either be prepared for storage as nuclear waste or further processed either by solvation-based methods or electrochemically.
Uranium enrichment produces large quantities of depleted uranium hexafluoride (DUF$_6$ or D-UF$_6$) as a waste product. The long-term storage of D-UF$_6$ presents environmental, health, and safety risks because of its chemical instability. When UF$_6$ is exposed to moist air, it reacts with the water in the air to produce UO$_2$F$_2$ (uranyl fluoride) and HF (hydrogen fluoride) both of which are highly corrosive and toxic. In 2005, 686,500 tonnes of D-UF$_6$ was housed in 57,122 storage cylinders located near Portsmouth, Ohio; Oak Ridge, Tennessee; and Paducah, Kentucky. Storage cylinders must be regularly inspected for signs of corrosion and leaks. The estimated lifetime of the steel cylinders is measured in decades.

## Accidents and disposal

There have been several accidents involving uranium hexafluoride in the US, including a cylinder-filling accident and material release at the Sequoyah Fuels Corporation in 1986 where an estimated 29 500 pounds of gaseous UF$_6$ escaped. The U.S. government has been converting DUF$_6$ to solid uranium oxides for disposal. Such disposal of the entire DUF$_6$ stockpile could cost anywhere from $15 million to $450 million.
* Ruptured 14-ton UF$_6$ shipping cylinder. 1 fatality, dozens injured. ~29500 lbs of material released. Sequoyah Fuels Corporation 1986.
* DUF$_6$ storage yard from afar
* DUF$_6$ cylinders: painted (left) and corroded (right)