# Keelung

Keelung (/kiːˈlʊŋ/ kee-LUUNG; Chinese: 基隆; pinyin: Jīlóng; Hokkien: Ke-lâng), Chilung or Jilong (/dʒiːˈlʊŋ/ jee-LUUNG; ), officially known as Keelung City, is a major port city in northeastern Taiwan. The city is part of the Taipei–Keelung metropolitan area with neighboring New Taipei City and Taipei. Nicknamed the Rainy Port for its frequent rain and maritime role, the city is Taiwan's second largest seaport (after Kaohsiung), and was the world's 7th largest port in 1984.
In 1626, the Spanish established Fort San Salvador at present-day Keelung, an area inhabited by Taiwanese indigenous peoples. Control of the area eventually passed to the Qing dynasty. Fighting between China and Europeans around Keelung occurred in the 19th century during the First Opium War and the Sino-French War. The island of Taiwan was ceded to the Empire of Japan in 1895 after the First Sino-Japanese War; under Japanese rule the city was called Kirun. Keelung became part of Taiwan Province under the Republic of China after 1945. Administratively, the city became a first-level subdivision in 2018 after the provincial government was abolished.

## Name

According to early Chinese accounts, this northern coastal area was originally called Pak-kang (Chinese: 北港; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Pak-káng). By the early 20th century, the city was known to the Western world as Kelung, as well as the variants Kiloung, Kilang and Keelung. In his 1903 general history of Taiwan, US Consul to Formosa (1898–1904) James W. Davidson related that "Kelung" was among the few well-known names, thus warranting no alternate Japanese romanization.
However, the Taiwanese people have long called the city Kelang (Chinese: 雞籠; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Ke-lâng/Koe-lâng; lit. 'rooster cage', 'hencoop" or "chicken coop'). While it has been proposed that this name was derived from the local mountain that took the shape of a rooster cage, it is more likely that the name was derived from the first inhabitants of the region, as are the names of many other Taiwanese cities. In this case, the Ketagalan people were the first inhabitants, and early Han settlers probably approximated "Ketagalan" with Ke-lâng (Ketagalan: ke-, "domain marker prefix" + Taiwanese Hokkien Chinese: 儂 / 人; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lâng; lit. 'person'), the noun root being replaced with the common Taiwanese Hokkien term for people, while the domain marker circumfix "ke- -an" being reduced to just the prefix.
In 1875, during the late Qing era, a new official name was given (Chinese: 基隆; pinyin: Jīlóng; lit. 'base prosperous'). In Mandarin, probably the working language of Chinese government at the time, both the old and new names were likely pronounced Gīlóng (hence "Keelung").
Under Japanese rule (1895–1945), the city was also known to the west by the Japanese romanization Kiirun.
In Taiwanese Hokkien, the native language of the area, the city is called Ke-lâng. In Hanyu Pinyin, a system created for Mandarin Chinese in Mainland China, the name of Keelung is written as Jīlóng (the shift from initial K to J is a recent development in the Beijing dialect, see Old Mandarin).

## History
### Early history

Keelung was first inhabited by the Ketagalan, a tribe of Taiwanese aborigine. The Spanish expedition to Formosa in the early 17th century was its first contact with the West; by 1624 the Spanish had built San Salvador de Quelung, a fort in Keelung serving as an outpost of the Manila-based Spanish East Indies. The Spanish ruled it as a part of Spanish Formosa. Besides the native Taiwanese aborigines, the Spanish authorities from Spanish Manila settled North Taiwan (especially Keelung and Tamsui) with a mixture of Sangley Chinese (primarily Fujianese traders), Christian Japanese, native Filipinos (e.g. Kapampangan, Tagalogs, etc.) as merchants and laborers, and some Mexican Mestizos, Mulattos, Blacks, Mexican Amerindians as soldiers and laborers and a few Spanish Filipinos from Spanish Philippines and rarely Mexican Criollo Spaniards from New Spain (Mexico) as Catholic friar missionaries and colonial leaders, with the Latin Americans from New Spain (Mexico) brought over to North Taiwan from Manila through the Manila-Acapulco Galleons. From 1642 to 1661 and 1663–1668, Keelung was under Dutch control. The Dutch East India Company took over the Spanish Fort San Salvador at Santissima Trinidad. They reduced its size and renamed it Fort Noort-Hollant. The Dutch had three more minor fortifications in Keelung and also a little school and a preacher.
When Ming dynasty loyalist Koxinga successfully attacked the Dutch in southern Taiwan (Siege of Fort Zeelandia), the crew of the Keelung forts fled to the Dutch trading post in Japan. The Dutch came back in 1663 and re-occupied and strengthened their earlier forts. However, trade with Qing China through Keelung was not what they hoped it would be and, in 1668, they left after getting harassed by aboriginals.

### Qing dynasty
#### First Opium War

During the First Opium War, the British merchant ship Nerbudda shipwrecked near the port of Keelung due to a typhoon in September 1841. Several months later, another British merchantman, the brig Ann, also shipwrecked near Keelung on March 1842. Hundreds of survivors from both ships were captured by Chinese authorities and transferred to Taiwan. Two senior Chinese officials, Dahonga and Yao Ying, filed a false report to the Daoguang Emperor, claiming to have beaten off a British attack against Keelung. In October 1841, the Royal Navy sloop HMS Nimrod sailed to Keelung to search for survivors of Nerbudda, but after they found out the Chinese sent them south for imprisonment, Nimrod bombarded the city's port, destroying 27 cannon before returning to British Hong Kong. Most of the survivors—over 130 from the Nerbudda and 54 from the Ann—were summarily executed by the Chinese in August 1842.
In 1863, the Qing Empire opened up Keelung as a trading port and the city enjoyed rapid development due to the abundant commodities such as placer gold and high quality coal found in the drainage area of Keelung River. In 1875, Taipeh Prefecture was created and included Keelung. In 1878, Keelung was formed into a ting or sub-prefecture. Around the same time, the name was changed from Ke-lang (雞籠廳) to Kilong (基隆廳), which means "rich and prosperous land".
The city suffered serious damage and lost hundreds of inhabitants during an earthquake and tsunami in 1867. The earthquake had an estimated magnitude of 7.0 and was caused by movement on a nearby fault.

#### Sino-French War

During the Sino-French War (1884–85), the French attempted an invasion of Taiwan during the Keelung Campaign. Liu Mingchuan, who led the defence of Taiwan, recruited Aboriginals to serve alongside the Chinese soldiers in fighting against the French of Colonel Jacques Duchesne's Formosa Expeditionary Corps. The French were defeated at the Battle of Tamsui and the Qing forces pinned the French down at Keelung in an eight-month-long campaign before the French withdrew.

### Empire of Japan

A systematic city development started during the Japanese Era, after the 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki, which handed all Taiwan over to Japan. A five-phase construction of Keelung Harbor was initiated, and in by 1916 trade volume had exceeded even those of Tamsui and Kaohsiung Harbors to become one of the major commercial harbors of Taiwan.
Keelung was governed as Kīrun town (基隆街), Kīrun District, Taihoku Prefecture in 1920 and was upgraded to a city in 1924. The Pacific War broke out in 1941, and Keelung became one of the first targets of Allied bombers and was nearly destroyed as a result.

### Republic of China

After the handover of Taiwan from Japan to the Republic of China in October 1945, Keelung was established as a provincial city of Taiwan Province. The Keelung City Government worked with the harbor bureau to rebuild the city and the harbor and by 1984, the harbor became the 7th largest container harbor in the world. The city became directly governed by the Executive Yuan after Taiwan Province was streamlined in 1998 and became a de facto first level division in 2018 following the dissolution of the Taiwan Provincial Government.

## Geography

Keelung City is located in the northern part of Taiwan Island. It occupies an area of 132.76 km$^2$ (51.26 sq mi) and is separated from its neighboring county by mountains in the east, west and south. The northern part of the city faces the ocean and is a great deep water harbor since early times. Keelung also administers the nearby Keelung Islet as well as the more distant and strategically important Pengjia Islet, Mianhua Islet and Huaping Islet.

### Climate

Keelung has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) with a yearly rainfall average upwards of 3,700 millimetres (146 in). It has long been noted as one of the wettest and gloomiest cities in the world; the effect is related to the Kuroshio Current. Although it is one of the coolest cities of Taiwan, winters are still short and warm, whilst summers are long, relatively dry and hot, temperatures can peek above 26 °C during a warm winter day, while it can dip below 27 °C during a rainy summer day, much like the rest of northern Taiwan. However its location on northern mountain slopes means that due to orographic lift, rainfall is heavier during fall and winter, the latter during which a northeasterly flow prevails. During summer, southwesterly winds dominate and thus there is a slight rain shadow effect. Fog is most serious during winter and spring, when relative humidity levels are also highest.
Climate data for Keelung (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1946–present） :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 32.1 (89.8) | 31.2 (88.2) | 33.0 (91.4) | 35.2 (95.4) | 37.3 (99.1) | 37.6 (99.7) | 38.8 (101.8) | 38.5 (101.3) | 37.0 (98.6) | 34.3 (93.7) | 32.4 (90.3) | 30.0 (86.0) | 38.8 (101.8) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 18.4 (65.1) | 19.1 (66.4) | 21.0 (69.8) | 24.7 (76.5) | 28.0 (82.4) | 31.2 (88.2) | 33.3 (91.9) | 32.5 (90.5) | 29.8 (85.6) | 26.1 (79.0) | 23.6 (74.5) | 20.1 (68.2) | 25.7 (78.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 16.1 (61.0) | 16.4 (61.5) | 18.1 (64.6) | 21.6 (70.9) | 24.8 (76.6) | 27.6 (81.7) | 29.5 (85.1) | 29.1 (84.4) | 27.2 (81.0) | 24.2 (75.6) | 21.5 (70.7) | 18.0 (64.4) | 22.8 (73.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 14.2 (57.6) | 14.3 (57.7) | 15.7 (60.3) | 19.0 (66.2) | 22.3 (72.1) | 25.0 (77.0) | 26.7 (80.1) | 26.5 (79.7) | 25.0 (77.0) | 22.4 (72.3) | 19.6 (67.3) | 16.1 (61.0) | 20.6 (69.0) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 3.9 (39.0) | 5.6 (42.1) | 3.9 (39.0) | 9.2 (48.6) | 13.9 (57.0) | 16.7 (62.1) | 21.4 (70.5) | 20.1 (68.2) | 17.1 (62.8) | 12.2 (54.0) | 9.7 (49.5) | 4.6 (40.3) | 3.9 (39.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 327.8 (12.91) | 349.8 (13.77) | 274.4 (10.80) | 211.0 (8.31) | 284.1 (11.19) | 290.4 (11.43) | 119.5 (4.70) | 211.4 (8.32) | 390.1 (15.36) | 377.6 (14.87) | 396.9 (15.63) | 356.6 (14.04) | 3,589.6 (141.33) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 19.6 | 17.9 | 18.7 | 16.0 | 16.1 | 14.8 | 8.5 | 11.6 | 15.2 | 17.1 | 18.6 | 19.5 | 193.6 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 78.5 | 79.5 | 79.0 | 77.4 | 77.4 | 76.9 | 71.9 | 73.6 | 75.3 | 75.6 | 77.1 | 76.6 | 76.6 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 52.6 | 57.9 | 80.6 | 91.2 | 111.9 | 138.4 | 229.2 | 208.2 | 147.4 | 85.7 | 65.3 | 48.5 | 1,316.9 |
| Source: Central Weather Bureau ||||||||||||||

## Administration

Zhongzheng District is the seat of Keelung City which houses the Keelung City Government and Keelung City Council. The current Mayor of Keelung is George Hsieh of the Kuomintang.

### Administrative divisions

Keelung has seven (7) districts:
| Name | Chinese | Taiwanese | Hakka | Population (October 2023) | Area (km²) |
| Zhongzheng | 中正區 | Tiong-chèng | Tsûng-tsang | 50,693 | 10.2118 |
| Zhongshan | 中山區 | Tiong-san | Tsûng-sân | 45,523 | 10.5238 |
| Ren-ai | 仁愛區 | Jîn-ài | Yìn-oi | 41,159 | 4.2335 |
| Xinyi (Sinyi) | 信義區 | Sìn-gī | Sin-ngi | 53,399 | 10.6706 |
| Anle | 安樂區 | An-lo̍k | Ôn-lo̍k | 80,452 | 18.0250 |
| Nuannuan | 暖暖區 | Loán-loán | Nôn-nôn | 38,455 | 22.8283 |
| Qidu | 七堵區 | Chhit-tó͘ | Tshit-tù | 52,806 | 56.2659 |

### Politics

Keelung City voted one Democratic Progressive Party legislator Tsai Shih-Ying to be in the Legislative Yuan during the 2016 Republic of China legislative election.

## Demographics
### Population growth

| Year | Population | Notes |
| 1840 | 700 households | |
| 1897 | 9,500 | |
| 1904 | 17,710 | Ranked 6th |
| 1924 | 58,000 | |
| 1943 | 100,000 | |
| 1944 | 92,000 | Decrease due to Allied air bombings |
| 1948 | 130,000 | 28,000 mainlander influx |
| 1970 | 324,040 | |
| 1990 | 352,919 | |
| 2010 | 384,134 | |
| 2020 | 367,577 | |

### Festivals

One of the most popular festivals in Taiwan is the mid-summer Ghost Festival. The Keelung Ghost Festival is among the oldest in Taiwan, dating back to 1851 after bitter clashes between rival clans, which claimed many lives before mediators stepped in.

### Regional origins

By 2021, there was a group of people who originated from the Matsu Islands.

## Economy

Coal mining peaked in 1968. The city developed quickly and by 1984, the harbor was the 7th largest container harbor in the world.
* Keelung Port Croquis (in 1894)
* Keelung Landmark
* Keelung City and Harbor, between 1860 and 1880

## Education

Education in Keelung City is governed by the Department of Education of Keelung City Government.

### Universities and colleges

Keelung City houses several universities and colleges, such as the National Taiwan Ocean University, Ching Kuo Institute of Management and Health and Chungyu Institute of Technology.

### High schools

* National Keelung Maritime Vocational High School
* Keelung Fu Jen Sacred Heart Senior High School

## Energy

Keelung City houses the only fully oil-fired power plant in Taiwan, the Hsieh-ho Power Plant, which is located in Zhongshan District. The installed capacity of the power plant is 2,000 MW.

## Tourist attractions
### Ports

* Badouzi Fishing Port
* Bisha Fishing Port
* Port of Keelung
* Zhengbin Fishing Port

### Parks

* Zhongzheng Park
* Heping Island Park

### Cultural centers

* Embrace Cultural and Creative Park
* Keelung Cultural Center
* Keelung City Indigenous Cultural Hall

### Museums

National Museum of Marine Science and Technology

### Historical structures

Baimiweng Fort, Dawulun Fort, Gongzi Liao Fort, Keelung Fort Commander's Official Residence, Nuannuan Ande Temple, Pengjia Lighthouse, Uhrshawan Battery and Xian Dong Yan.

### Night markets

Keelung Miaokou Night Market

## Transportation
### Rail

* Taiwan Railways Administration: Keelung, Sankeng, Badu, Qidu, Baifu, Nuannuan
** Shen'ao line: Haikeguan, Badouzi

### Water

Taiwan's second largest port, the Port of Keelung, is located in the city. The port serves destinations to Matsu Islands, Xiamen and Okinawa.

## International relations
### Twin towns – Sister cities

Keelung is twinned with:
* Bacolod and Davao City, Philippines
* Bikini Atoll, Marshall Islands
* Campbell, California, U.S.
* Corpus Christi, Texas, U.S.
* East London, South Africa
* Marrickville, New South Wales, Australia
* Miyakojima, Okinawa, Japan
* Rosemead, California, U.S.
* Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.
* Sangju, North Gyeongsang, South Korea
* Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
* Yakima, Washington, U.S.

## Notable people

Notable people from Keelung include:
* Chen Ti, Taiwanese tennis player
* Zero Chou, Taiwanese director
* Jiang Yi-huah, Premier of the Republic of China
* Show Lo, Taiwanese entertainer
* Danson Tang, Taiwanese Mandopop singer
* Yi Huan, Taiwanese comic creator/animator
* Feng-hsuing Hsu, American-Taiwanese computer scientist
* Hsie Zhen-Wu, Taiwanese TV presenter/lawyer
* Jaw Shaw-kong, Member of the Legislative Yuan