# Demographics of Ecuador

"none" is a legitimate description when the title is already adequate; see [[WP:SDNONE]]
Demographic features of the population of Ecuador include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.
Ecuador experienced rapid population growth like most countries, but four decades of an armed conflict pushed millions of Ecuadorians out of the country. However, a rebound economy in the 2000s in urban centres improved the situation of living standards for Ecuadorians in a traditional class stratified economy.
The 2022 census revealed, 77.5% of the population identified as "Mestizos", a mix of Spanish and Indigenous American ancestry, up from 71.9% in 2000. The percentage of the population which identifies as "white" has fallen from 6.1% (2010) to 2.2% in 2022. Amerindians account for 7.7% of the population and 4.8% of the population consists of Afro-Ecuadorians. Other estimations put the Mestizo population at 55% to 65% and the indigenous population at 25%. Genetic research indicates that the ancestry of Ecuadorian Mestizos is predominantly Indigenous.

## Population

The Ecuadorian census is conducted by the governmental institution known as INEC, Instituto Nacional de Estadisticas y Censos (National Institute of Statistics and Census). The census in Ecuador is conducted every ten years, and its objective is to obtain the number of people residing within its borders. The current census now includes household information.
Index of growth:
Percentage of population growth (census periods) :
| No. | Time lapse | Growth percentile |
| 1 | 1950–1962 | 2.96% |
| 2 | 1962–1974 | 3.10% |
| 3 | 1974–1982 | 2.62% |
| 4 | 1982–1990 | 2.19% |
| 5 | 1990–2001 | 2.05% |
| 6 | 2001–2010 | 1.52% |

### UN estimates

According to the 2022 revision of the World Population Prospects the total population was 17,797,737 in 2021, compared to only 3,470,000 in 1950. The proportion of children below the age of 15 in 2015 was 29.0%, 63.4% was between 15 and 65 years of age, while 6.7% was 65 years or older.
| | Total population (x 1000) | Proportion aged 0–14 (%) | Proportion aged 15–64 (%) | Proportion aged 65+ (%) |
| 1950 | 3 470 | 39.5 | 55.2 | 5.3 |
| 1955 | 3 957 | 41.6 | 53.5 | 4.9 |
| 1960 | 4 546 | 43.3 | 52.0 | 4.7 |
| 1965 | 5 250 | 44.5 | 51.0 | 4.5 |
| 1970 | 6 073 | 44.3 | 51.5 | 4.3 |
| 1975 | 6 987 | 43.7 | 52.2 | 4.1 |
| 1980 | 7 976 | 41.8 | 54.1 | 4.1 |
| 1985 | 9 046 | 40.0 | 55.9 | 4.1 |
| 1990 | 10 218 | 38.2 | 57.5 | 4.3 |
| 1995 | 11 441 | 36.3 | 59.1 | 4.6 |
| 2000 | 12 629 | 34.7 | 60.3 | 5.0 |
| 2005 | 13 826 | 33.1 | 61.5 | 5.4 |
| 2010 | 15 011 | 31.0 | 63.0 | 6.0 |
| 2015 | 16 212 | 29.1 | 64.3 | 6.6 |
| 2020 | 17 643 | 27.4 | 65.0 | 7.6 |

### Structure of the population

| Age group | Male | Female | Total | % |
| Total | 7 815 935 | 7 958 814 | 15 774 749 | 100 |
| 0–4 | 864 669 | 826 731 | 1 691 400 | 10.72 |
| 5–9 | 854 691 | 816 503 | 1 671 194 | 10.59 |
| 10–14 | 815 838 | 783 725 | 1 599 563 | 10.14 |
| 15–19 | 756 376 | 737 082 | 1 493 458 | 9.47 |
| 20–24 | 685 997 | 682 849 | 1 368 846 | 8.68 |
| 25–29 | 620 881 | 635 987 | 1 256 868 | 7.97 |
| 30–34 | 559 055 | 593 148 | 1 152 203 | 7.30 |
| 35–39 | 495 340 | 538 054 | 1 033 394 | 6.55 |
| 40–44 | 437 744 | 476 215 | 913 959 | 5.79 |
| 45–49 | 387 618 | 419 090 | 806 708 | 5.11 |
| 50–54 | 336 267 | 360 935 | 697 202 | 4.42 |
| 55–59 | 279 746 | 298 503 | 578 249 | 3.67 |
| 60–64 | 223 411 | 238 973 | 462 384 | 2.93 |
| 65–69 | 172 623 | 187 448 | 360 071 | 2.28 |
| 70–74 | 128 033 | 142 255 | 270 288 | 1.71 |
| 75–79 | 89 929 | 101 191 | 191 120 | 1.21 |
| 80–84 | 57 585 | 64 467 | 122 052 | 0.77 |
| 85–89 | 31 289 | 34 891 | 66 180 | 0.42 |
| 90–94 | 13 655 | 15 370 | 29 025 | 0.18 |
| 95–99 | 4 898 | 5 145 | 10 043 | 0.06 |
| 100+ | 290 | 252 | 542 | 0.03 |
| Age group | Male | Female | Total | Percent |
| 0–14 | 2 535 198 | 2 426 959 | 4 962 157 | 31.46 |
| 15–64 | 4 782 435 | 4 980 836 | 9 763 271 | 61.89 |
| 65+ | 498 302 | 551 019 | 1 049 321 | 6.65 |
| Age Group | Male | Female | Total | % |
| Total | 8 783 789 | 8 967 488 | 17 751 277 | 100 |
| 0–4 | 845 954 | 808 798 | 1 654 752 | 9.32 |
| 5–9 | 853 987 | 817 229 | 1 671 216 | 9.41 |
| 10–14 | 861 741 | 823 598 | 1 685 339 | 9.49 |
| 15–19 | 833 964 | 798 770 | 1 632 734 | 9.20 |
| 20–24 | 778 930 | 755 659 | 1 534 589 | 8.64 |
| 25–29 | 712 218 | 706 341 | 1 418 559 | 7.99 |
| 30–34 | 647 958 | 658 656 | 1 306 614 | 7.36 |
| 35–39 | 590 249 | 618 416 | 1 208 665 | 6.81 |
| 40–44 | 528 482 | 571 807 | 1 100 289 | 6.20 |
| 45–49 | 464 207 | 509 979 | 974 186 | 5.49 |
| 50–54 | 406 015 | 446 926 | 852 941 | 4.80 |
| 55–59 | 350 539 | 387 801 | 738 340 | 4.16 |
| 60–64 | 290 143 | 324 072 | 614 215 | 3.46 |
| 65–69 | 226 290 | 257 338 | 483 628 | 2.72 |
| 70–74 | 165 840 | 194 960 | 360 800 | 2.03 |
| 75–79 | 112 069 | 138 213 | 250 282 | 1.41 |
| 80–84 | 66 621 | 85 696 | 152 317 | 0.86 |
| 85–89 | 32 786 | 42 792 | 75 578 | 0.43 |
| 90–94 | 12 487 | 16 097 | 28 584 | 0.16 |
| 95–99 | 3 192 | 4 184 | 7 376 | 0.04 |
| 100+ | 117 | 156 | 273 | <0.01 |
| Age group | Male | Female | Total | Percent |
| 0–14 | 2 561 682 | 2 449 625 | 5 011 307 | 28.23 |
| 15–64 | 5 602 705 | 5 778 427 | 11 381 132 | 64.11 |
| 65+ | 619 402 | 739 436 | 1 358 838 | 7.65 |

### Geography

Due to the prevalence of malaria and yellow fever in the coastal region until the end of the 19th century, the Ecuadorian population was most heavily concentrated in the highlands and valleys of the "Sierra" region. Today's population is distributed more evenly between the "Sierra" and the "Costa" (the coastal lowlands) region. Migration towards the cities—particularly larger cities—in all regions has increased the urban population to about 55 percent.
The "Oriente" region, consisting of Amazonian lowlands to the east of the Andes and covering about half the country's land area, remains sparsely populated and contains only about 3% of the country's population, that for the most are indigenous peoples who maintain a wary distance from the recent Mestizo and white settlers. The territories of the "Oriente" are home to as many as nine indigenous groups: Quichua, Shuar, Achuar, Waorani, Siona, Secoya, Shiwiar, and Cofan, all represented politically by the Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of the Ecuadorian Amazon, CONFENIAE.
As a result of the oil exploration and the development of the infrastructure required for the exploitation of the oil fields in the eastern jungles during the seventies and early eighties, there was a wave of settlement in the region. The Majority of these wave of internal immigration came from the southern province of Loja as a result of a drought that lasted three years and affected the southern provinces of the country. This boom of the petroleum industry has led to a mushrooming of the town of Lago Agrio (Nueva Loja) as well as substantial deforestation and pollution of wetlands and lakes.

## Vital statistics

Registration of vital events is in Ecuador not complete. The Population Department of the United Nations prepared the following estimates.
| Period | Live births per year | Deaths per year | Natural change per year | CBR* | CDR* | NC* | TFR* | IMR* | Life expectancy | Life expectancy | Life expectancy |
| Period | Live births per year | Deaths per year | Natural change per year | CBR* | CDR* | NC* | TFR* | IMR* | total | males | females |
| 1950–1955 | 169,000 | 71,000 | 98,000 | 45.6 | 19.2 | 26.4 | 6.75 | 140 | 48.4 | 47.1 | 49.6 |
| 1955–1960 | 190,000 | 71,000 | 119,000 | 44.8 | 16.7 | 28.1 | 6.75 | 129 | 51.4 | 50.1 | 52.7 |
| 1960–1965 | 214,000 | 71,000 | 143,000 | 43.6 | 14.5 | 29.1 | 6.65 | 119 | 54.7 | 53.4 | 56.1 |
| 1965–1970 | 239,000 | 73,000 | 166,000 | 42.2 | 13.0 | 29.2 | 6.40 | 107 | 56.8 | 55.4 | 58.2 |
| 1970–1975 | 258,000 | 74,000 | 184,000 | 39.6 | 11.4 | 28.2 | 5.80 | 95 | 58.9 | 57.4 | 60.5 |
| 1975–1980 | 270,000 | 71,000 | 199,000 | 36.2 | 9.5 | 26.7 | 5.05 | 82 | 61.4 | 59.7 | 63.2 |
| 1980–1985 | 285,000 | 68,000 | 217,000 | 33.5 | 8.0 | 25.5 | 4.45 | 69 | 64.5 | 62.5 | 66.7 |
| 1985–1990 | 302,000 | 64,000 | 238,000 | 31.4 | 6.7 | 24.7 | 4.00 | 56 | 67.5 | 65.3 | 69.9 |
| 1990–1995 | 311,000 | 63,000 | 248,000 | 28.7 | 5.8 | 22.9 | 3.55 | 44 | 70.1 | 67.6 | 72.7 |
| 1995–2000 | 316,000 | 64,000 | 252,000 | 26.3 | 5.4 | 20.9 | 3.20 | 33 | 72.3 | 69.7 | 75.2 |
| 2000–2005 | 313,000 | 68,000 | 245,000 | 24.2 | 5.1 | 19.1 | 2.94 | 25 | 74.2 | 71.3 | 77.3 |
| 2005–2010 | 323,000 | 74,000 | 249,000 | 22.1 | 5.0 | 17.1 | 2.69 | 21 | 75.0 | 72.1 | 78.1 |
| 2010–2015 | 329,000 | 80,000 | 249,000 | 21.0 | 5.1 | 15.9 | 2.56 | 17 | 76.4 | 73.6 | 79.3 |
| 2015–2020 | 330,000 | 85,000 | 245,000 | 19.9 | 5.1 | 14.8 | 2.44 | 14 | 77.6 | 74.9 | 80.4 |
| 2020–2025 | | | | 18.5 | 5.2 | 13.3 | 2.32 | | | | |
| 2025–2030 | | | | 17.0 | 5.4 | 11.6 | 2.22 | | | | |
| * CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births; TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman) ||||||||||||

### Births and deaths

| Year | Population | Live births | Deaths | Natural increase | Crude birth rate | Crude death rate | Rate of natural increase | Crude migration rate | TFR |
| 1990 | 10,149,666 | 310,233 | 50,217 | 260,016 | 30.6 | 4.9 | 25.7 | | |
| 1991 | 10,355,598 | 312,007 | 53,333 | 258,674 | 30.1 | 5.2 | 24.9 | -5.0 | |
| 1992 | 10,567,946 | 319,044 | 53,430 | 265,614 | 30.2 | 5.1 | 25.1 | -5.0 | |
| 1993 | 10,786,984 | 333,920 | 52,453 | 281,467 | 31.0 | 4.9 | 26.1 | -5.8 | |
| 1994 | 11,012,925 | 318,063 | 51,165 | 266,898 | 28.9 | 4.6 | 24.3 | -3.8 | |
| 1995 | 11,246,107 | 322,856 | 50,867 | 271,989 | 28.7 | 4.5 | 24.2 | -3.0 | |
| 1996 | 11,486,884 | 335,194 | 52,300 | 282,894 | 29.2 | 4.6 | 24.6 | -3.2 | |
| 1997 | 11,735,391 | 326,174 | 52,089 | 274,085 | 27.8 | 4.4 | 23.4 | -1.8 | |
| 1998 | 11,992,073 | 316,779 | 54,357 | 262,422 | 26.4 | 4.5 | 21.9 | 0 | |
| 1999 | 12,257,190 | 353,159 | 55,921 | 297,238 | 28.8 | 4.6 | 24.2 | -2.1 | |
| 2000 | 12,531,210 | 356,065 | 56,420 | 299,645 | 28.4 | 4.5 | 23.9 | -1.5 | |
| 2001 | 12,814,503 | 341,710 | 55,214 | 286,496 | 26.7 | 4.3 | 22.4 | 0.2 | |
| 2002 | 13,093,527 | 334,601 | 55,549 | 279,052 | 25.6 | 4.2 | 21.4 | 0.4 | |
| 2003 | 13,319,575 | 322,227 | 53,521 | 268,706 | 24.2 | 4.0 | 20.2 | -2.9 | |
| 2004 | 13,551,875 | 312,210 | 54,729 | 257,481 | 23.0 | 4.0 | 19.0 | -1.6 | |
| 2005 | 13,721,297 | 305,302 | 56,825 | 248,477 | 22.3 | 4.1 | 18.2 | -5.7 | |
| 2006 | 13,964,606 | 322,030 | 57,940 | 264,090 | 23.1 | 4.1 | 19.0 | -1.3 | |
| 2007 | 14,214,982 | 322,494 | 58,016 | 264,478 | 22.7 | 4.1 | 18.6 | -0.7 | |
| 2008 | 14,472,881 | 325,423 | 60,023 | 265,400 | 22.5 | 4.1 | 18.4 | -0.3 | |
| 2009 | 14,738,472 | 332,859 | 59,714 | 273,145 | 22.6 | 4.1 | 18.5 | -0.1 | |
| 2010 | 15,012,228 | 320,997 | 61,681 | 259,316 | 21.4 | 4.1 | 17.3 | 1.3 | |
| 2011 | 15,266,431 | 329,061 | 62,304 | 266,757 | 21.6 | 4.1 | 17.5 | -0.6 | 2.74 |
| 2012 | 15,520,973 | 319,127 | 63,511 | 255,616 | 20.6 | 4.1 | 16.5 | 0.2 | 2.68 |
| 2013 | 15,774,749 | 294,441 | 64,206 | 230,235 | 18.8 | 4.1 | 14.7 | 1.7 | 2.63 |
| 2014 | 16,027,466 | 289,488 | 63,788 | 225,700 | 18.3 | 4.1 | 14.2 | 1.8 | 2.59 |
| 2015 | 16,278,844 | 289,561 | 65,391 | 222,158 | 17.8 | 4.0 | 13.8 | 1.9 | 2.54 |
| 2016 | 16,528,730 | 274,643 | 68,304 | 203,786 | 17.0 | 4.1 | 12.9 | 2.5 | 2.50 |
| 2017 | 16,776,977 | 291,397 | 70,144 | 221,353 | 17.4 | 4.2 | 13.2 | 1.8 | |
| 2018 | 17,023,408 | 293,139 | 71,982 | 221,157 | 17.3 | 4.2 | 13.1 | 1.5 | |
| 2019 | 17,267,986 | 285,827 | 74,439 | 211,388 | 16.6 | 4.3 | 12.3 | 1.9 | |
| 2020 | 17,510,643 | 266,919 | 117,200 | 149,719 | 15.2 | 6.7 | 8.5 | 5.4 | |
| 2021 | 17,684,000 | 251,978 | 106,211 | 145,767 | 14.2 | 5.9 | 8.3 | 1.6 | |
| 2022 | 16,938,986 (c) | 251,034 | 91,193 | 159,841 | 14.0 | 5.1 | 8.9 | -51.2 | |
| 2023 | | 238,772 | 87,733 | 151,039 | 13.2 | 4.9 | 8.3 | | |
| 2024 | | | 88,514 | | | | | | |
(c) = Census results.
Vital statistics for 2021 – 2022 :
| Period | Deaths |
| January - May 2023 | 36,912 |
| January - April 2023 | 32,860 |
| Difference | -4,052 (-10.98%) |

## Nationality, ethnicity, and race

* Multiracial (86.62%)
* Amerindian (7.69%)
* Sub-Saharan (3.36%)
* Caucasian (2.21%)
* Others (0.12%)
The Ecuadorian constitution recognizes the pluri-nationality of those who want to exercise their affiliation with their native ethnic groups. There are five major ethnic groups in Ecuador: Mestizo, European, Afroecuadorian, Amerindian, and Montubio. Mestizos constitute more than 85% of the population. According to genealogical DNA testing done in 2015, the average Ecuadorian is estimated to be 52.96% Amerindian, 41.77% European, and 5.26% Sub-Saharan African overall. Prior to this, a genetic study done in 2008 by the University of Brasília, estimated that Ecuadorian genetic admixture was 64.6% Amerindian, 31.0% European, and 4.4% African.
Ecuador's population descends from Spanish immigrants and South American Amerindians, admixed with descendants of black slaves who arrived to work on coastal plantations in the sixteenth century. The mix of these groups is described as Mestizo or Cholo. Censuses do not record ethnic affiliation, which in any event remains fluid; thus, estimates of the numbers of each group should be taken only as approximations. In the 1980s, Amerindians and Mestizos represented the bulk of the population, with each group accounting for roughly 40 percent of total population. Whites represented 10 to 15 percent and blacks the remaining 5 percent.
According to Kluck, writing in 1989, ethnic groups in Ecuador have had a traditional hierarchy of white, Mestizo, blacks, and then others. Her review depicts this hierarchy as a consequence of colonial attitudes and of the terminology of colonial legal distinctions. Spanish-born persons residing in the New World (peninsulares) were at the top of the social hierarchy, followed by criollos, born of two Spanish parents in the colonies. The 19th century usage of Mestizo was to denote a person whose parents were an Amerindian and a white; a Cholo had one Amerindian and one Mestizo parent. By the 20th century, Mestizo and Cholo were frequently used interchangeably. Kluck suggested that societal relationships, occupation, manners, and clothing all derived from ethnic affiliation.
Nonetheless, according to Kluck, individuals could potentially switch ethnic affiliation if they had culturally adapted to the recipient group; such switches were made without resort to subterfuge. Moreover, the precise criteria for defining ethnic groups varies considerably. The vocabulary that more prosperous Mestizos and whites used in describing ethnic groups mixes social and biological characteristics. Ethnic affiliation thus is dynamic; Indians often become Mestizos, and prosperous Mestizos seek to improve their status sufficiently to be considered whites. Ethnic identity reflects numerous characteristics, only one of which is physical appearance; others include dress, language, community membership, and self-identification.
A geography of ethnicity remained well-defined until the surge in migration that began in the 1950s. Whites resided primarily in larger cities. Mestizos lived in small towns scattered throughout the countryside. Indians formed the bulk of the Sierra rural populace, although Mestizos filled this role in the areas with few Indians. Most blacks lived in Esmeraldas Province, with small enclaves found in the Carchi and Imbabura provinces. Pressure on Sierra land resources and the dissolution of the traditional hacienda, however, increased the numbers of Indians migrating to the Costa, the Oriente, and the cities. By the 1980s, Sierra Indians—or Indians in the process of switching their ethnic identity to that of Mestizos—lived on Costa plantations, in Quito, Guayaquil, and other cities, and in colonization areas in the Oriente and the Costa. Indeed, Sierra Amerindians residing in the coastal region substantially outnumbered the remaining original Costa inhabitants, the Cayapa and Colorado Indians. In the late 1980s, analysts estimated that there were only about 4,000 Cayapas and Colorados. Some blacks had migrated from the remote region of the Ecuadorian-Colombian border to the towns and cities of Esmeraldas.

### Afro-Ecuadorian

Afro-Ecuadorians are an ethnic group in Ecuador who are descendants of black African slaves brought by the Spanish during their conquest of Ecuador from the Incas. They make up from 3% to 5% of Ecuador's population.
Ecuador has a population of about 1,120,000 descendants from African people. The Afro-Ecuadorian culture is found primarily in the country's northwest coastal region. Africans form a majority (70%) in the province of Esmeraldas and also have an important concentration in the Valle del Chota in the Imbabura Province. They can be also found in important numbers in Quito and Guayaquil.

### Indigenous
#### Sierra Indigenous

Sierra Indigenous had an estimated population of 1.5 to 2 million in the early 1980s and live in the intermontane valleys of the Andes. Prolonged contact with Hispanic culture, which dates back to the conquest, has had a homogenizing effect, reducing the variation among the indigenous Sierra tribes.
The Indigenous people of the Sierra are separated from whites and Mestizos by a caste-like gulf. They are marked as a disadvantaged group; to be an Indigenous person in Ecuador is to be stigmatized. Poverty rates are higher and literacy rates are lower among Indigenous than the general population. They enjoy limited participation in national institutions and are often excluded from social and economic opportunities available to more privileged groups. However, some groups of Indigenous, such as the Otavalo people, have increased their socioeconomic status to extent that they enjoy a higher standard of living than many other Indigenous groups in Ecuador and many Mestizos of their area.
Visible markers of ethnic affiliation, especially hairstyle, dress, and language, separate Indigenous from the rest of the populace. Indigenous wore more manufactured items by the late 1970s than previously; their clothing, nonetheless, was distinct from that of other rural inhabitants. Indigenous in communities relying extensively on wage labor sometimes assumed Western-style dress while still maintaining their Indigenous identity. Indigenous speak Spanish and, Quichua—a Quechua dialect—although most are bilingual, speaking Spanish as a second language with varying degrees of facility. By the late 1980s, some younger Indigenous no longer learned Quichua.

#### Oriente Indigenous

Although the Amerindians of the Oriente first came into contact with Europeans in the 16th century, the encounters were more sporadic than those of most of the country's indigenous population. Until the 19th century, most non-Amerindians entering the region were either traders or missionaries. Beginning in the 1950s, however, the government built roads and encouraged settlers from the Sierra to colonize the Amazon River Basin. Virtually all remaining Indians were brought into increasing contact with national society. The interaction between Indians and outsiders had a profound impact on the indigenous way of life.
In the late 1970s, roughly 30,000 Quichua speakers and 15,000 Jívaros lived in Oriente Indigenous communities. Quichua speakers (sometimes referred to as the Yumbos) grew out of the detribalization of members of many different groups after the Spanish conquest. Subject to the influence of Quichua-speaking missionaries and traders, various elements of the Yumbos adopted the tongue as a lingua franca and gradually lost their previous languages and tribal origins. Yumbos were scattered throughout the Oriente, whereas the Jívaros—subdivided into the Shuar and the Achuar—were concentrated in southeastern Ecuador. Some also lived in northeastern Peru. Traditionally, both groups relied on migration to resolve intracommunity conflict and to limit the ecological damage to the tropical forest caused by slash-and-burn agriculture.
Both the Yumbos and the Jívaros depended on agriculture as their primary means of subsistence. Manioc, the main staple, was grown in conjunction with a wide variety of other fruits and vegetables. Yumbo men also resorted to wage labor to obtain cash for the few purchases deemed necessary. By the mid-1970s, increasing numbers of Quichua speakers settled around some of the towns and missions of the Oriente. Indians themselves had begun to make a distinction between Christian and jungle Indians. The former engaged in trade with townspeople. The Jívaros, in contrast to the Christian Quichua speakers, lived in more remote areas. Their mode of horticulture was similar to that of the non-Christian Yumbos, although they supplemented crop production with hunting and some livestock raising.
Shamans (curanderos) played a pivotal role in social relations in both groups. As the main leaders and the focus of local conflicts, shamans were believed to both cure and kill through magical means. In the 1980s group conflicts between rival shamans still erupted into full-scale feuds with loss of life.
The Oriente Indigenous population dropped precipitously during the initial period of intensive contact with outsiders. The destruction of their crops by Mestizos laying claim to indigenous lands, the rapid exposure to diseases to which Indians lacked immunity, and the extreme social disorganization all contributed to increased mortality and decreased birth rates. One study of the Shuar in the 1950s found that the group between ten and nineteen years of age was smaller than expected. This was the group that had been youngest and most vulnerable during the initial contact with national society. Normal population growth rates began to reestablish themselves after approximately the first decade of such contact.

## Culture

Ecuador's mainstream culture is defined by its Hispanic Mestizo majority, and like their ancestry, it is traditionally of Spanish heritage, influenced in different degrees by Amerindian traditions, and in some cases by African elements. The first and most substantial wave of modern immigration to Ecuador consisted of Spanish colonists, following the arrival of Europeans in 1499. A lower number of other Europeans and North Americans migrated to the country in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and in smaller numbers, Poles, Lithuanians, English, Irish, and Croats during and after the Second World War.
Since African slavery was not the workforce of the Spanish colonies in the Andes Mountains of South America, given the subjugation of the indigenous people through evangelism and encomiendas, the minority population of African descent is mostly found in the coastal northern province of Esmeraldas. According to local fables, this is largely owing to the 17th century shipwreck of a slave-trading galleon off the northern coast of Ecuador.
Ecuador's indigenous communities are integrated into the mainstream culture to varying degrees, but some may also practice their own indigenous cultures, particularly the more remote indigenous communities of the Amazon basin. Spanish is spoken as the first language by more than 90% of the population, and as a first or second language by more than 98%. Part of Ecuador's population can speak Amerindian languages, in some cases as a second language. Two percent of the population speak only Amerindian languages.

## Language

Most Ecuadorians speak Spanish, though many speak Amerindian languages such as Kichwa. People that identify as Mestizo, in general, speak Spanish as their native language. Other Amerindian languages spoken in Ecuador include Awapit (spoken by the Awá), A'ingae (spoken by the Cofan), Shuar Chicham (spoken by the Shuar), Achuar-Shiwiar (spoken by the Achuar and the Shiwiar), Cha'palaachi (spoken by the Chachi), Tsa'fiki (spoken by the Tsáchila), Paicoca (spoken by the Siona and Secoya), and Wao Tededeo (spoken by the Waorani). Though most features of Ecuadorian Spanish are those universal to the Spanish-speaking world, there are several idiosyncrasies.

## Religion

According to the Ecuadorian National Institute of Statistics and Census, 91.95% of the country's population have a religion, 7.94% are atheists and 0.11% are agnostics. Among those with a religion, 80.44% are Roman Catholic, 11.30% are Protestants, and 8.26% other (mainly Jewish, Buddhists and Latter-day Saints).
In the rural parts of Ecuador, indigenous beliefs and Catholicism are sometimes syncretized. Most festivals and annual parades are based on religious celebrations, many incorporating a mixture of rites and icons.
There is a small number of Eastern Orthodox Christians, indigenous religions, Muslims (see Islam in Ecuador), Buddhists and Baháʼís. There are about 185,000 members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), and over 80,000 Jehovah's Witnesses in the country.
The "Jewish Community of Ecuador" (Comunidad Judía del Ecuador) has its seat in Quito and has approximately 300 members. Nevertheless, this number is declining because young people leave the country towards the United States of America or Israel. The Community has a Jewish Center with a synagogue, a country club and a cemetery. It supports the "Albert Einstein School", where Jewish history, religion and Hebrew classes are offered. Since 2004, there has also been a Chabad house in Quito.
There are very small communities in Cuenca and Ambato. The "Comunidad de Culto Israelita" reunites the Jews of Guayaquil. This community works independently from the "Jewish Community of Ecuador". Jewish visitors to Ecuador can also take advantage of Jewish resources as they travel and keep kosher there, even in the Amazon Rainforest. The city has also synagogue of Messianic Judaism.

## Migration trends

In recent decades, there has been a high rate of emigration due to the economic crisis that seriously affected the economy of the country in the 1990s, over 400,000 Ecuadorians left for Spain and Italy, and around 100,000 for the United Kingdom while several hundred thousand Ecuadorians live in the US, (500,000 by some estimates) mostly in the cities of the Northeastern corridor. Many other Ecuadorians have emigrated across Latin America, thousands have gone to Japan and Australia. One famous American of Ecuadorian descent is pop music vocalist Christina Aguilera.
In Ecuador there are about 100,000 Americans and over 30,000 European Union expatriates. They move to Ecuador for business opportunities and as cheaper place for retirement.
As a result of the political conflict in Colombia and of the criminal gangs that had appeared in the areas of power vacuum a constant flow of refugees and asylum seekers as well as economic migrants of Colombian origin had moved into Ecuadorian territory. Over the last decade at least 45,000 displaced people are now residents in Ecuador, the Ecuadorian government and international organizations are assisting them. According to the UNHCR 2009 report as many as 167,189 refugees and asylum seekers are temporary residents in Ecuador.
Following the migratory trend to Europe many of the jobs that those that left held in the country had been taken over by Peruvian economic migrants. Those jobs are mostly in agriculture and unskilled labor. There are no official statistics but some press reports estimate their number into the tens of thousands.
There is a diverse community of Middle Eastern Ecuadorians, numbering in the tens of thousands, mostly from Lebanese, Syrian and Palestinian descent; prominent in commerce and industry, and concentrated in the coastal cities of Guayaquil, Quevedo and Machala. They are well assimilated into the local culture and are referred commonly as "turcos" since the early migrants of these communities arrived with passports issued by the Ottoman Empire in the beginning of the century.
Ecuador is also home to communities of Spaniards, Italians, Germans, Portuguese, French, Britons and Greek-Ecuadorians. Ecuadorian Jews, who number around 450 are mostly of German or Italian descent. There are 225,000 English speakers and 112,000 German speakers in Ecuador of which the great majority reside in Quito, mainly all descendants of immigrants who arrived in the late 19th century and of retired emigrees that returned to their terroir. Most of the descendants of European immigrants strive for the preservation of their heritage. Therefore, some groups even have their own schools (e.g. German School Guayaquil and German School Quito), Liceé La Condamine (French Heritage), Alberto Einstein (Jewish Heritage) and The British School of Quito (Anglo-British), cultural and social organizations, churches and country clubs. Their contribution for the social, political and economical development of the country is immense, specially in relation to their percentage in the total population. Most of the families of European heritage belong to the Ecuadorian upper class and had married into the wealthiest families of the country.
There is also a small Asian-Ecuadorian (see Asian Latino) community estimated in a range from 2,500 to 25,000, mainly consists of those having any amount of Chinese Han descent, and possibly 10,000 being Japanese whose ancestors arrived as miners, farm hands and fishermen in the late 19th century. Guayaquil has an East Asian community, mostly Chinese including Taiwanese, and Japanese, as well as a Southeast Asian community, mostly Filipinos.