# Frederick Wiseman

Frederick Wiseman (born January 1, 1930) is an American filmmaker, documentarian, and theater director. His work is primarily about exploring American institutions. In 2017, The New York Times called him "one of the most important and original filmmakers working today".

## Early life

Wiseman was born to a Jewish family in Boston on January 1, 1930, the son of Gertrude Leah (née Kotzen) and Jacob Leo Wiseman. He earned a Bachelor of Arts from Williams College in 1951, and a Bachelor of Laws from Yale Law School in 1954. He spent 1954 to 1956 serving in the U.S. Army after being drafted. Wiseman spent the following two years in Paris, France before returning to the United States, where he took a job teaching law at the Boston University Institute of Law and Medicine. He then started documentary filmmaking, and has won numerous film awards as well as Guggenheim and MacArthur fellowships.

## Career

The first feature-length film Wiseman produced was The Cool World (1963). This was followed by Titicut Follies in 1967, which he produced and directed. He has both produced and directed all of his films since. They are chiefly studies of social institutions, such as hospitals, high schools, or police departments. All his films have aired on PBS, one of his primary funders.
Wiseman's films are often described as in the observational mode, which has its roots in direct cinema, but Wiseman dislikes the term:
    What I try to do is edit the films so that they will have a dramatic structure. That is why I object to some extent to the term "observational cinema" or cinéma vérité, because observational cinema, to me at least, connotes just hanging around with one thing being as valuable as another, and that is not true. At least, that is not true for me, and cinéma verité is just a pompous French term that has absolutely no meaning as far as I'm concerned.
Wiseman has been known to call his films "Reality Fictions".

## Philosophy

Wiseman's films are, in his view, elaborations of a personal experience and not ideologically objective portraits of his subjects.
In interviews, Wiseman has emphasized that his films are not and cannot be unbiased. In spite of the inescapable bias that is introduced in the process of "making a movie", he still feels he has certain ethical obligations as to how he portrays events:
    [My films are] based on unstaged, un-manipulated actions... The editing is highly manipulative and the shooting is highly manipulative... What you choose to shoot, the way you shoot it, the way you edit it and the way you structure it... all of those things... represent subjective choices that you have to make. In [Belfast, Maine] I had 110 hours of material ... I only used 4 hours – near nothing. The compression within a sequence represents choice and then the way the sequences are arranged in relationship to the other represents choice.
    All aspects of documentary filmmaking involve choice and are therefore manipulative. But the ethical ... aspect of it is that you have to ... try to make [a film that] is true to the spirit of your sense of what was going on. ... My view is that these films are biased, prejudiced, condensed, compressed but fair. I think what I do is make movies that are not accurate in any objective sense, but accurate in the sense that I think they're a fair account of the experience I've had in making the movie.
    I think I have an obligation to the people who have consented to be in the film, ... to cut it so that it fairly represents what I felt was going on at the time in the original event.

## Process and style

Wiseman works four to six weeks in the institutions he portrays, with almost no preparation. He spends the bulk of the production period editing the material, trying to find a rhythm to make a movie.
Every Wiseman film has a dramatic structure, though not necessarily a narrative arc; his films rarely have what could be considered a distinct climax and conclusion. He likes to base his sequence structure with no particular thesis or point of view in mind. Any suspense is on a per-scene level, not constructed from plot points, and there are no characters with whom the viewer is expected to identify. Nevertheless, Wiseman feels that drama is a crucial element for his films to "work as movies" (Poppy). The "rhythm and structure" (Wiseman) of Wiseman's films pull the viewer into the position and perspective of the subject (human or otherwise). The viewer feels the dramatic tension of the situations portrayed, as various environmental forces create complicated situations and conflicting values for the subject.
Wiseman openly admits to manipulating his source material to create dramatic structure, and indeed insists that it is necessary to "make a movie":
    I'm trying to make a movie. A movie has to have dramatic sequence and structure. I don't have a very precise definition about what constitutes drama, but I'm gambling that I'm going to get dramatic episodes. Otherwise, it becomes Empire. ... I am looking for drama, though I'm not necessarily looking for people beating each other up, shooting each other. There's a lot of drama in ordinary experiences. In Public Housing, there was drama in that old man being evicted from his apartment by the police. There was a lot of drama in that old woman at her kitchen table peeling a cabbage.
Wiseman has said that the structure of his films is important to the overall message:
    Well, it's the structural aspect that interests me most, and the issue there is developing a theory that will relate these isolated, nonrelated sequences to each other. That is partially, I think, related to figuring out how it either contradicts or adds to or explains in some way some other sequence in the film. Then you try to determine the effect of a particular sequence on that point of view of the film.
A distinctive aspect of Wiseman's style is the complete lack of exposition (narration), interaction (interviews), and reflection (revealing any of the filmmaking process). Wiseman has said that he does not "feel any need to document [his] experience" and that he feels that such reflexive elements in films are vain.
While producing a film, Wiseman often acquires more than 100 hours of raw footage. His ability to create an engaging and interesting feature-length film without the use of voice-over, title cards, or motion graphics, while still being "fair", has been described as the reason Wiseman is seen as a true master of documentary film.
    This great glop of material which represents the externally recorded memory of my experience of making the film is of necessity incomplete. The memories not preserved on film float somewhat in my mind as fragments available for recall, unavailable for inclusion but of great importance in the mining and shifting process known as editing. This editorial process ... is sometimes deductive, sometimes associational, sometimes non-logical and sometimes a failure... The crucial element for me is to try and think through my own relationship to the material by whatever combination of means is compatible. This involves a need to conduct a four-way conversation between myself, the sequence being worked on, my memory, and general values and experience.

## Credits
### Film

* The Cool World (1963) (producer only)
* Titicut Follies (1967)
* High School (1968)
* Law and Order (1969)
* Hospital (1970)
* I Miss Sonia Henie (1971)
* Basic Training (1971)
* Essene - about St. Gregory's Abbey, Three Rivers (1972)
* Juvenile Court (1973 film) (1973)
* Primate (1974)
* Welfare (1975)
* Meat (1976)
* Canal Zone - about the Panama Canal Zone (1977)
* Sinai Field Mission - about the Sinai Field Mission (1978)
* Manoeuvre (1979)
* Seraphita's Diary (1980)
* Model - about the Zoli Agency (1980)
* The Store - about the flagship store of Neiman Marcus (1983)
* Racetrack - about Belmont Park (1985)
* Blind - about the Alabama School for the Blind (1986)
* Deaf - about the Alabama School for the Deaf (1986)
* Adjustment and Work (1986)
* Multi-Handicapped (1986)
* Missile (1988)
* Near Death (1989)
* Central Park - about Central Park (1989)
* Aspen - about Aspen, Colorado (1991)
* Zoo - about Zoo Miami (1993)
* High School II (1994)
* Ballet (1995)
* La Comédie-Française ou l'Amour joué (1996)
* Public Housing (1997)
* Belfast, Maine - about Belfast, Maine (1999)
* Domestic Violence (2001)
* La dernière lettre / The Last Letter (2002) – filmed version of his directed stage play at Comédie-Française
* Domestic Violence 2 - about domestic violence cases in the courts in Hillsborough County, Florida (2002)
* The Garden (2005) (unreleased)
* State Legislature (2007)
* La Danse (2009) – about the Ballet de l'Opéra National de Paris
* Boxing Gym (2010)
* Crazy Horse (2011) – about the Crazy Horse nightclub in Paris
* At Berkeley - about the University of California, Berkeley (2013)
* National Gallery (2014)
* In Jackson Heights (2015)
* Ex Libris – The New York Public Library (2017)
* Monrovia, Indiana (2018)
* City Hall (2020)
* A Couple (2022)
* Other People's Children (2022) – actor
* Menus-Plaisirs – Les Troisgros (2023)

### Theatre

In addition to his better known film work, Wiseman has also directed and been involved in theater, in the US and France.
* Emily Dickinson, La Belle d’Amherst (The Belle of Amherst) by William Luce. Le Théâtre Noir, Paris, Director, May–July 2012
* Oh les beaux jours by Samuel Beckett. La Comédie Française, Paris. Director, November – January 2006; Director & Actor, Jan–March 2007.
* The Last Letter an adaptation from the novel Life and Fate by Vasily Grossman
** Theatre for a New Audience, New York. Director, December 2003
** North American Tour with La Comédie Française production (Ottawa/Toronto, Canada; Cambridge/Springfield, MA; New York, NY; Chicago, IL) Director, May–June 2001
** La Comédie Française, Paris. Director, March–April 2000, September–November 2000
* Welfare: The Opera, story by Frederick Wiseman and David Slavitt, libretto by David Slavitt, music by Lenny Pickett.
** St. Anne's Center for Restoration and the Arts, New York. Director, May 1997
** American Music Theater Festival, Philadelphia. Director, June 1992
** American Repertory Theatre, Cambridge. Director, May 1988
* Hate by Joshua Goldstein. American Repertory Theatre, Cambridge. Director, January 1991
* Tonight We Improvise by Luigi Pirandello. American Repertory Theatre, Cambridge. Director of video sequences and actor in role of documentary filmmaker, November 1986 – February 1987

## Accolades

In 2003, Wiseman received the Dan David Prize for his films. In 2006, he received the George Polk Career Award, given annually by Long Island University to honor contributions to journalistic integrity and investigative reporting. In spring 2012, Wiseman actively took part in the three-month exposition of the Whitney Biennial. In 2014, he was awarded the Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement at the 71st Venice International Film Festival. In 2016, Wiseman received an Academy Honorary Award from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.