OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ji-Ping Huang

Ji-Ping Huang (alternative spelling forms: J. P. Huang or Jiping Huang; simplified Chinese: 黄吉平；born 8 January 1977) is a Chinese theoretical physicist known for his invention of the concept of diffusion metamaterials.

## Education

Huang obtained a BSc and MSc from the Department of Physics at Soochow University, China, in 1998 and 2000, respectively. He earned his PhD from the Department of Physics at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, China, in 2003.

## Career

Huang was a postdoctoral researcher at the Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Germany, from 2003 to 2004. He then held the position of a Humboldt Research Fellow at the same institute from 2004 to 2005. In 2005, he assumed the role of a professor in the Department of Physics at Fudan University, China.

## Research

His research area encompasses thermodynamics, statistical physics, and complex systems, with a particular emphasis on transformation thermotics and its extended theories, thermal metamaterials and their engineering applications, diffusionics, diffusion metamaterials, and diffusion control.

## Thermal cloak, thermal metamaterials, and diffusion metamaterials

In 2008, Huang introduced the concept of a thermal cloak. During that period, he formulated the steady-state transformation thermotics theory, drawing inspiration from the transformation optics theory. He introduced the novel idea of a thermal cloak, drawing parallels with optical and electromagnetic cloaks. The term "thermal cloak" refers to a protective shell enveloping an object, enabling the unobstructed passage of heat while preserving the temperature and heat flow patterns in the surrounding background.
Subsequently, the concept of the thermal cloak underwent significant extensions. First, it evolved from the thermal cloak to thermal metamaterials. Second, it further advanced from thermal metamaterials to diffusion metamaterials. The description of diffusion metamaterials employs transformation theory and extended theories, a field referred to as diffusionics. According to the categorization of governing equations, diffusion metamaterials constitute the third branch of metamaterials to emerge, setting themselves apart from the two previously established branches: electromagnetic/optical (transverse) wave metamaterials pioneered by Sir John Brian Pendry, and other (longitudinal/transverse) wave metamaterials pioneered by Ping Sheng. Currently, these three branches represent the comprehensive framework of the thriving field of metamaterials. For diffusion metamaterials that regulate diverse diffusion processes, the characteristic length coincides with the diffusion length, which is dependent on time but independent of frequency. Conversely, for wave metamaterials that manipulate various wave propagation modes, the characteristic length corresponds to the wavelength of incident waves, which is independent of time but dependent on frequency. In essence, the characteristic length of diffusion metamaterials stands in contrast to that of wave metamaterials, exhibiting a complementary relationship. For more in-depth information, please consult Section I.B of Ref.
# Adrián Vallés (pole vaulter)

Adrián Vallés Iñarrea (born 16 March 1995 in Pamplona) is a Spanish athlete specialising in the pole vault. He competed at the 2015 World Championships in Beijing without qualifying for the final.
His personal bests in the event are 5.65 metres outdoors (Storrs 2015) and 5.47 metres indoors (Columbus 2015).

## Competition record

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Notes |
| Representing Spain |||||
| 2013 | European Junior Championships | Rieti, Italy | 19th (q) | 4.60 m |
| 2014 | World Junior Championships | Eugene, United States | 17th (q) | 5.10 m |
| 2015 | European U23 Championships | Tallinn, Estonia | 3rd | 5.50 m |
| 2015 | World Championships | Beijing, China | 31st (q) | 5.40 m |
| 2016 | European Championships | Amsterdam, Netherlands | 11th | 5.30 m |
| 2017 | European U23 Championships | Bydgoszcz, Poland | 3rd | 5.50 m |
| 2017 | World Championships | London, United Kingdom | 16th (q) | 5.60 m |
| 2018 | European Championships | Berlin, Germany | – | NM |
# Engelhardia rigida

Engelhardia rigida is a tree in the family Juglandaceae. The specific epithet rigida means 'stiff', referring to the leaves.

## Description

Engelhardia rigida grows up to 50 m (160 ft) tall, with a trunk diameter of up to 90 cm (40 in). It has buttresses up to 3 m (10 ft) high and extending out to 2 m (7 ft). The bark is reddish to grey. The papery leaves are elliptic to ovate and measure up to 7.1 cm (2.8 in) long, occasionally to 16.5 cm (6.5 in) long. The fruits are winged. The tree is sometimes harvested for its timber in Papua New Guinea.

## Distribution and habitat

Engelhardia rigida is native to Borneo, Java, Sulawesi, the Maluku Islands, the Philippines and New Guinea. Its habitat is mixed dipterocarp forests, to elevations of 2,500 m (8,000 ft). It is threatened by conversion of its habitat for urban development and agriculture.
# Can Coşkun

Can Coşkun (born 28 March 1998) is a professional footballer who plays for MSV Duisburg. Born in Germany, he has represented Turkey at youth level.

## Career

After starting out as a youth at Hertha BSC, F.C. Hansa Rostock and Dynamo Dresden, he moved to Regionalliga Nordost club Berliner AK 07 in the summer of 2017, where he also made his first senior appearances. After one season he moved to Regionalliga Bayern club SV Wacker Burghausen. During the following winter break, he moved to SpVgg Greuther Fürth II.
In January 2020 he moved to 3. Liga club FSV Zwickau. Here, he made his first professional appearance when he came on for Nils Miatke in the 54th minute of the game on 25 January, in a 2–1 away win against 1. FC Magdeburg.
On 11 July 2023, Coşkun moved to Regionalliga Nordost club Greifswalder FC. After one season, he was signed by MSV Duisburg.

## Career statistics

    As of 7 March 2025
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition :
| Club | Season | Division | League | League | Cup | Cup | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Berliner AK 07 | 2016–17 | Regionalliga Nordost | 26 | 0 | — | — | 26 | 0 |
| Wacker Burghausen | 2017–18 | Regionalliga Bayern | 13 | 1 | — | — | 13 | 1 |
| Greuther Fürth II | 2016–17 | Regionalliga Bayern | 11 | 0 | — | — | 11 | 0 |
| Greuther Fürth II | 2019–20 | Regionalliga Bayern | 21 | 3 | — | — | 21 | 3 |
| Greuther Fürth II | Total | Total | 32 | 3 | — | — | 32 | 3 |
| FSV Zwickau | 2019–20 | 3. Liga | 13 | 0 | — | — | 13 | 0 |
| FSV Zwickau | 2020–21 | 3. Liga | 32 | 0 | — | — | 32 | 0 |
| FSV Zwickau | 2021–22 | 3. Liga | 28 | 1 | — | — | 28 | 1 |
| FSV Zwickau | 2022–23 | 3. Liga | 24 | 0 | — | — | 24 | 0 |
| FSV Zwickau | Total | Total | 97 | 1 | — | — | 97 | 1 |
| Greifswalder FC | 2023–24 | Regionalliga Nordost | 32 | 4 | — | — | 32 | 4 |
| MSV Duisburg | 2024–25 | Regionalliga West | 23 | 0 | — | — | 23 | 0 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 223 | 9 | — | — | 223 | 9 |
# Eugene Sokolov

Eugene Nikolayevich Sokolov (September 23, 1920 in Nizhny Novgorod – May 14, 2008 in Moscow), also known as Evgeny Nikolaevich Sokolow, Evgeny Nikolaevich Sokolov, Evgeni Sokolov, Ye. N. Sokolov, Evgeniĭ Sokolov, Yevgeny Nikolaevich Sokolov, and Yevgeniy Nikolaevich Sokolov, was a Russian researcher specialized in the field of neuroscience who worked at Moscow State University and founded the Soviet psychophysiology research. He is best known for his work on the orienting reflex and habituation. He authored Orienting Response Information on this subject.
He served as a lecturer at Cambridge and Oxford in 1969, was a visiting professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology since 1974, was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1975 as a foreign associate in the discipline of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, and became an honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1976. In 1984, he was elected to the Finnish Academy of Science and Letters and received the Pavlov Gold Medal Award from the Russian Academy of Sciences. In 1988, the Society for Psychophysiological Research awarded Sokolov a special diploma "for outstanding contributions to psychophysiology". In 1998 he was recognized by the International Organization of Psychophysiology as one of five most acclaimed neuroscientists of the twentieth century.

## Sokolov's Scientific School

Evgeny Sokolov founded his own scientific school, from which many outstanding specialists in the field of Soviet and Russian neuroscience emerged. Among them: Era Golubeva, Pavel Balaban, Nina Danilova, Chingiz Izmailov, Olga Vinogradova, Gennady Arakelov, Alexander Chernorizov, Stanislav Kozlovsky, Alexander Vartanov, Galina Paramey, Olga Sysoeva and many others.
# Jacinto L. Arauz

Jacinto L. Arauz is a town in the Las Colonias Department of Santa Fe Province, Argentina.
# Yuta Koike

Yuta Koike (小池 裕太, Koike Yūta, born November 6, 1996) is a Japanese football player who play as a Left back and currently play for J1 League club, Vissel Kobe.

## Career

Yuta Koike joined J1 League club Kashima Antlers in 2016. On May 18, he debuted in J.League Cup (v Shonan Bellmare).
On 10 January 2025, Koike announcement officially transfer to J1 defending champions club, Vissel Kobe for 2025 season.
# Sa Ty

Sa Ty (born 4 April 2002) is a Cambodian professional footballer plays as a winger or a forward for Cambodian Premier League club Visakha and the Cambodia national team.

## International career

Sa Ty make his Cambodia national team debut in the 2020 AFF Championship coming on as a substitution against Vietnam on 19 December 2021.
On 7 June 2024, he scored his first international goal in a 2–0 victory during the friendly match against Mongolia. On 11 June in the reverse fixtures in Ulaanbaatar, he scored his second international goal.

## International goals
### U23

| No. | Date | Venue | Opponent | Score | Result | Competition |
| 1. | 14 February 2022 | Morodok Techo National Stadium, Phnom Penh, Cambodia | Brunei | 3–0 | 6–0 | 2022 AFF U-23 Youth Championship |
| 2. | 16 May 2022 | Thiên Trường Stadium, Nam Định, Vietnam | Malaysia | 1–1 | 2–2 | 2021 Southeast Asian Games |
| 3. | 6 September 2023 | Prince Sultan bin Abdul Aziz Stadium, Abha, Saudi Arabia | Lebanon | 1–1 | 2–2 | 2024 AFC U-23 Asian Cup qualification |
| 4. | 9 September 2023 | Prince Sultan bin Abdul Aziz Stadium, Abha, Saudi Arabia | Mongolia | 2–0 | 2–1 | 2024 AFC U-23 Asian Cup qualification |

### Senior

| No. | Date | Venue | Opponent | Score | Result | Competition |
| 1. | 7 June 2024 | Phnom Penh Olympic Stadium, Phnom Penh, Cambodia | Mongolia | 2–0 | 2–0 | Friendly |
| 2. | 8 December 2024 | Phnom Penh Olympic Stadium, Phnom Penh, Cambodia | Malaysia | 2–1 | 2–2 | 2024 ASEAN Championship |
# Batishchev

Batishchev (masculine, Russian: Батищев) or Batishcheva (feminine, Russian: Батищева) is a Russian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Oleksandr Batyschev (born 1991), Ukrainian football player
* Stanislav Batishchev (1940–2011), Soviet heavyweight weightlifter
# Smalleyus

Smalleyus is a genus of crabs in the family Pseudothelphusidae, containing the single species Smalleyus tricristatus.
Smalleyus tricristatus was described by Fernando Alvarez in 1989, based on specimens collected in the Los Tuxtlas region of Veracruz, adjacent to the Gulf of Mexico (18°26′N 94°57′W﻿ / ﻿18.433°N 94.950°W﻿ / 18.433; -94.950).
Smalleyus tricristatus is listed as Data Deficient on the IUCN Red List.
# Hasan Rıza Pasha

Hasan Rıza Pasha (1871 – 30 January 1913) was a Turkish general in the Ottoman Army.

## Life

The son of the distinguished Ottoman statesman Mehmed Namık Pasha, who was the Governor of Baghdad where Hasan Riza was born. He was of Turkish origin, as Mehmed Namık's grandfather migrated from Konya to Constantinople. He entered the Ottoman Military Academy in 1892 and graduated on March 13, 1895. He continued his studies in Germany (1899–1900). After serving in Iraq (1901–-1911) he was promoted to the rank of General and assigned as wali of Shkodër.
He was the main commander during the Siege of Shkodër and became the symbol of resistance against the Serbian and Montenegrin invasion. He did his utmost to defend the town, stating "Shkodra is our fate or our grave, but not our shame". He was assassinated by Osman Bali and Mehmed Kavaja, both servants of Essad Pasha.

## Legacy

A Turkish-Albanian college in Shkodër bears his name. He was decorated for "First Class Bravery" (Albanian: "Trimëri e Klasit të Parë) in August 1996, by Albanian President Sali Berisha. and a monument was erected in his honor in 2007.
# Nicaraguan units of measurement

A number of units of measurement were used in Nicaragua to measure measurements in mass, area, volume, etc. In Nicaragua, the metric system was adopted in 1910, and has been compulsory since 1912, by a joint convention between Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and El Salvador.

## Pre-metric units

Before the metric system, a number of modified Spanish (i.e. Spanish Castilian), English and local units were used.

### Mass

Several units were used to measure mass in the above five countries. Some of these units are given below:
1 caja = 16 kg
1 carga = 161 kg

### Area

Several units were used to measure area in these countries. One manzana was equal to 10,000 square varas or 6987.4 m$^2$. (A vara was an obsolete Spanish unit of length equal to 0.8359 m.) One caballeria was equal to 64 manzanas.

### Volume

Several units were used to measure volume in these countries. One botella was equal to 0.63 to 0.67 litres. One cajuela was equal to 16.6 litres. However the capacity of one cuartillo is very variable.
One fanega is 20 cajuela
# Richardos Brousalis

Richardos Brousalis (born 1917, date of death unknown) was a Greek swimmer. He competed in two events at the 1936 Summer Olympics and the water polo tournament at the 1948 Summer Olympics. Brousalis is deceased.
# Ius privatum

Ius privatum is Latin for private law. Contrasted with ius publicum (the laws relating to the state), ius privatum regulated the relations between individuals. In Roman law this included personal, property and civil law. Judicial proceeding was a private process (iudicium privatum). Criminal law was also considered private matters, except where the crimes were particularly severe.

## Lex Aquilia

The lex Aquilia was a plebiscite which codified the law on damage to person and property through a particular fault. It is a forerunner of the modern law of tort.

## Stipulatio

Stipulatio was the basic form of contract in Roman law. It was made in the format of question and answer. The precise nature of the contract was disputed, as can be seen below.

## Vindicatio

Rei vindicatio is a legal action by which the plaintiff demands that the defendant return a thing that belongs to the plaintiff. It may only be used when plaintiff owns the thing, and the defendant is somehow impeding the plaintiff's possession of the thing. The plaintiff could also institute an actio furti (a personal action) in order to punish the defendant. If the thing could not be recovered, the plaintiff could claim damages from the defendant with the aid of the condictio furtiva (a personal action). With the aid of the actio legis Aquiliae (a personal action), the plaintiff could claim damages from the defendant. Rei vindicatio was derived from the ius civile, therefore was only available to Roman citizens.
# PPSM Magelang

Perserikatan Paguyuban Sepakbola Magelang (PPSM; lit. 'Magelang Football Union Association') is an Indonesian football club based in Magelang, Central Java. They play in the third tier of Indonesia football competition, Liga 4.
They were established on 15 March 1919 as Indonesische Voetbal Bond Magelang (IVBM). IVBM is one of PSSI founding member clubs, as E.A. Mangindaan participated on PSSI establishment in Societeit Hadiprodjo Yogyakarta on Saturday 19 April 1930.

## History
### Pre-independence era

Since the founding of Perserikatan, they were named Perhimpunan bola Magelang / Indonesische Voetbal Bond Magelang (IVBM). was founded by Wihardjo along with 4 other clubs, Persatuan Sepakbola Mosvia (Mosvia Football Association), Starmvogels, HKS, and Among Rogo on 15 March 1919.
After PSSI was formed and IVBM became a member, the name IVBM was changed to PPSM. This club became a bond member of PSSI in 1934 along with several clubs such as PSISa Salatiga, VIT Tegal, PSIM Malang, PSTS Tasikmalaya, and PSIS Semarang. Their best achievement at that time was to become the third-place in 1935.

### Perserikatan era

In 1975, PPSM Magelang returned to the highest caste competition of Indonesian football which was then named Kerjurnas PSSI (PSSI National Championship). PPSM managed to qualify for the national level after defeating its opponents in the regional qualification round. they joined in Group C with Persipal Palu, Persebaya Surabaya, PSBS Biak and PSL Langkat. Unfortunately they failed to advance to the quarter-finals after four consecutive defeats. Since then, until now they have not been able to return to the highest caste of the national football competition which is now called Liga 1.

## Dualisme era

The dualism of football competition occurs in Indonesia, there are two leagues with different operators, PT Liga Indonesia (LI) and PT Liga Prima Indonesia Sportindo (LPIS). Many clubs in Indonesia experience dualism and compete in two different competitions. League dualism occurs at the Indonesia Super League and Divisi Utama. PPSM Magelang was also affected by the dualism of competition, so that there were two PPSM clubs competing in Divisi Utama LPIS and Divisi Utama LI.
PPSM Magelang (LPIS) competed in the 2013 LPIS Divisi Utama and was coached by Siswanto, with players such as Dhika Bayangkara, Luki Nur Hakim, Ade Fermanto and Bangun Permana. PPSM Magelang (LPIS) did not succeed in completing the 2013 LPIS Divisi Utama due to several problems. Finally the team officially withdrew in May 2013.

## Supporters

In their journey through the league, PPSM has 3 groups of supporters who are very fanatical, namely SIMOLODRO MAGELANG, SQUADRA MACAN TIDAR, and GATE 1. All three have always been loyal to guard PPSM both at home game or away game.
# Tackett Curtis

Tackett Curtis is an American football linebacker for the Wisconsin Badgers. He previously played for the USC Trojans.

## Early life

Curtis attended Many High School in Louisiana where he was a two-way player and was highly recruited, receiving offers to play college football as a freshman. He totaled 92 tackles and four interceptions on defense as a sophomore and helped Many win the state championship while being named the Class 2A Most Outstanding Defensive Player, The Times Defensive Player of the Year, All-District, All-State, and the defensive most valuable player of the latter two.
The following year, Curtis had 128 tackles, 18 tackles-for-loss, four interceptions and three forced fumbles and was named All-District and the defensive MVP, All-State and defensive MVP, the Louisiana Football Report Co-Defensive Player of the Year and MaxPreps Small School All-American. As a senior, he helped Many win another state title while totaling 112 tackles, 16 tackles-for-loss, six sacks and three interceptions, additionally recording 1,115 rushing yards and 11 touchdowns. He was the first Many athlete to be named the LSWA Mr. Football and received many other additional honors, including: state championship MVP, MaxPreps Louisiana Player of the Year, All-District, district defensive MVP, first-team MaxPreps All-American and being a finalist for the Butkus Award for top linebacker in the U.S. Curtis was ranked a top-100 recruit nationally and committed to the USC Trojans.

## College career

Curtis became a starter immediately as a true freshman at USC in 2023, being the first to start at his position as a true freshman for the school since 2015, and the second since 1978. He ultimately appeared in 12 games for the Trojans in the 2023 season and posted 40 tackles, four tackles-for-loss, two sacks and two fumble recoveries. He entered the NCAA transfer portal after the season. He was ranked the best linebacker in the transfer portal and ultimately committed to the Wisconsin Badgers.
# Ámbar Figueroa

Ámbar Carolay Figueroa Rollino (born 24 October 2007) is a Chilean footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Universidad Católica and the Chile women's national team.

## Club career

Born in Valparaíso, Chile, Figueroa is a product of the women's team of Santiago Wanderers. She was promoted to the under-17 team at the age of ten.
In 2021, Figueroa moved to Santiago and signed with Santiago Morning, then the Chilean champions. In the 2023 season, she was promoted to the first team.
Figueroa signed with Universidad Católica for the 2025 season.

## International career

At under-17 level, Figueroa represented Chile in both the 2022 South American Championship and the 2022 FIFA World Cup.
In 2024, she was included in the Chile squad for the South American U-17 Championship.
At senior level, she received her first call-up to the Chile national team and made appearances in two unofficial matches against Panama in February 2023. She scored a goal in both matches, a 1–3 loss and a 4–0 win. Subsequently, she was called up to the inter-confederation play-off match for the FIFA World Cup against Haiti, making her official debut in the preparation match against Argentina on 17 February, a 4–0 loss.
# Shakir Shuja Abadi

Dr. Shakir Shujabadi (Urdu: شاکر شجاع آبادی) is a prominent Punjabi-language poet (born 25 February 1954) in Shujabad, a small city near Multan, Pakistan.
In 2007, he received his first presidential award. He is very famous modern Punjabi poet.
Governor Awards Honorary PhD Degrees to Shakir Shuja Abadi at The Islamia University of Bahawalpur (IUB).

## Career

His first proper Mushaira (live poetry symposium) was held in 1986. He is also fluent in Persian, Urdu and Hindi.
In 2016, at a book launching ceremony in Lodhran, Punjab, the President of Urdu Department at Allama Iqbal Open University of Islamabad was quoted as saying:
"Shakir Shuja Abadi is a renowned name in Punjabi poetry who holds true heart and feelings. Such poets always hold higher place in the society as their poetry depicts true aspects of personal and social life."
In 2017, he received his second presidential award. He reportedly said to reporters at that event:
"People of different religions and castes love me because of my poetry, regardless of the fact whether I profess the same faith or not. I am the voice of all broken souls and express their feelings through my poetry."

## Selected poetry

* Tu Mehnat Kar, Tay Mehnat Da Silla Jaane Khuda Jaane (Just Work Hard and Reward for that hard work; only God knows what you will get)
* Tu Dewa Baal Kay Rakh Shakir, Hawa Jaane Khuda Jaane (Light the Lamp Shakir, and let the Wind and God decide its fate)

## Awards and recognition

* The awards honorary PhD degrees to Dr. Shakir Shuja Abadi in November 2023
* Sitara-i-Imtiaz (Star of Excellence) Award by the President of Pakistan in 2023.
* Pride of Performance Award by the Government of Pakistan in 2017