# Okomu National Park

The Okomu National Park, formerly the Okomu Wildlife Sanctuary, has been identified as one of the largest remaining natural rainforest ecosystem. Due to the high biodiversity seen in the Okomu National Park, a Wildlife Sanctuary was first established there.
It is a forest block within the 1,082 km$^2$ (418 sq mi) Okomu Forest Reserve in the Ovia South-West Local Government Area of Edo State in Nigeria and is located between latitudes 6° 15ʹ and 6° 25ʹ North and longitude 5° 9ʹ and 5° 23ʹ East. The park is about 60 km (37 mi) north west of Benin City. The park holds a small fragment of the rich forest that once covered the region, and is the last habitat for many endangered species. It is the smallest of Nigeria's seven national parks, with a total land size of about 200 km2 and continues to shrink as villages encroach on it, and is now less than one third of its original size. Powerful corporations are involved in plantation development and logging concessions around the park, which also pose a threat.

## History

The park holds a remnant of the Nigerian lowland forests that once formed a continuous 50–100 km (31–62 mi) wide belt from the Niger River west to the Dahomey Gap in Benin. To the south and southeast the forest was separated from the coast by mangrove and swamp forests, while to the north it merged into the Guinean Forest-Savanna Mosaic ecoregion. Human pressure is not new. In the Okomu park there is an extensive layer of charcoal and pottery below the forest, indicating that it was cleared and then regenerated over the last 700 years. By the start of the 20th century the forest survived only in disconnected blocks, which were under intense pressure from human activity.
The 200 km$^2$ (77 sq mi) wildlife sanctuary, a rainforest ecosystem that is the habitat for many endangered species of flora and fauna, was gazetted from the Okomu Forest Reserve in 1935. A survey of southwestern forests in Nigeria in 1982 led to a recommendation for a determined effort to conserve the sanctuary. The state government formally defined the sanctuary in 1986, with an area of just 66 km$^2$. The Nigerian Conservation Foundation (NCF) took over management of the sanctuary in 1987, and extended it to 114 km$^2$ (44 sq mi) by adding a 1.6-kilometre-wide (1 mi) buffer zone.
The NCF was diverted into assisting migrant farmers in the surrounding areas, in an attempt to help the villagers find alternative means of living without encroaching on the forest. The NCF agricultural initiatives had the perverse effect of attracting immigrants from poorer areas, and thus increasing the pressure from illegal hunting and logging. In 1997 it was also found that several NCF employees had been involved in illegal logging within the sanctuary. In May 1999 the sanctuary was taken over by the National Park Service.

## Environment

The park is drained by the Osse River which defines its eastern boundary. The Okomu River forms the western boundary. Rainfall is between 1,524 and 2,540 mm per year. Soils are acidic, nutrient-poor sandy loam. Vegetation is Guinea–Congo lowland rain forest, including areas of swamp-forest, high forest, secondary forest, and open scrub. Among the common trees are Kapok, Celtis zenkeri, Triplochiton scleroxylon, Antiaris africana, Pycnanthus angolensis and Alstonia congensis. The park is probably the best example of mature secondary forest in southwest Nigeria.
The park is accessible to tourists, and has well marked trails. There are two tree houses, one 140 feet high in a silk-cotton tree, from which visitors can view the park from above and observe bird life. visitors can stay at chalets built on stilts, just outside the park entrance, surrounded by fig trees that are often occupied by Mona monkeys. Guides are available for forest walks, and will point out such things as termite nests and the many medicinal plants.

## Fauna

The park has diverse fauna, with 33 species of mammals including the African buffalo and the endangered African forest elephant. Elephant sightings are rare, although in 2007 a one-year-old elephant carcass was found, unlikely to have died from natural causes. Park officials claim that elephant poaching no longer occurs, despite the high prices commanded for ivory in Lagos.
There is a population of the vulnerable white-throated guenon, a primate. Although no thorough study of the primate population has been done since 1982, chimpanzees were reported to be present in the region in 2009. The number of chimpanzees estimated to live in the Okomu Forest reserve was guessed to be 25–50 in 2003, and some may use the national park at times. Other animals found in the park include dwarf crocodiles, red river hog, sitatunga, warthog, civet cat, Maxwell's duiker, grass cutter, mona monkey, Thomas's galago and tree pangolin and the red-capped mangabey (Cercocebus torquatus)
About 150 species of birds have been identified. These include Angolan pitta, grey parrot, wrinkled hornbill, fish eagle, hawks, woodpeckers, great owl, grey hornbill, cattle egret, black-casqued hornbill, yellow-casqued hornbill, Sabine's spinetail, Cassin's spinetail, black spinetail, white-breasted negrofinch, chestnut-breasted negrofinch, pale-fronted negrofinch and yellow-throated cuckoo.
Terrestrial molluscs seem exceptionally vulnerable to extinction, and low diversity may indicate subtle environmental problems. A survey of land molluscs in a small area of the forest found 46 species in 11 molluscan families, of which Streptaxidae snails accounted for over a third. This is much lower diversity than has been found in Cameroon and Sabah. However, it may be due to the very limited sample in just one area. Perhaps of greater interest to most visitors, the park has over 700 species of colourful butterflies.

## Flora

In the Okomu Forest Reserve, one can find many native plant species. There are a total of 90 of these plants, which belong to 45 different plant families. Among these families, Euphorbiaceae and legumes have the most species; 22 plant families have just one species each in the reserve. A survey was conducted to identify and catalog beneficial medicinal plants within the Okomu Forest Reserve. The results revealed a total of 60 distinct species, consisting of 50 leafy plants and 10 types of mushrooms. These plants have been recognized as valuable resources for traditional healthcare practices among the residents of various communities in the South-South region of Nigeria.

## Threats

Visitors must follow strict regulations to avoid degrading the environment. However, the park is threatened by large-scale illegal logging, the expansion of large rubber and oil-palm plantations nearby, and incursions by a growing human population involved in farming and hunting. In 2009, the executive director of LifeTag, a non-governmental organisation (NGO) based in Lagos, called for urgent action by the Edo State government to prevent further illegal encroachment and destructive logging activities in the park, which both threaten the rare species and will destroy the long-term revenue to be earned from eco-tourism. The Federal government has said that it is eager to partner with foreign investors to develop eco-tourism in Okomu and other National Parks.
In October 2010, representatives of the park's management met with leaders from the seven major communities bordering the park and established a Local Advisory Committee. The conservator of the park, Mohammed Yakubu Kolo, said the committee was to "provide a platform for the park management and the local communities to work together on issues of mutual interest, in order to achieve the park's set-goals." He went on to say "The establishment of LAC for Okomu Park is the most significant move ever made to guarantee the continuous protection of its diverse rich biological resources and splendour". A forestry officer said the move would help the communities work together to stop poaching.
The protected area of the Okomu National Forest is too small and too vulnerable. Without further efforts to improve protection, it is unlikely that the forest will remain viable long into the future.

## Conservation Technique

The conservation of Okomu National Park is faced with a pressing challenge—the encroachment of human activities into its boundaries. This intrusion into the park's pristine environment is largely characterized by unlawful actions, including farming, hunting (often involving poaching), illegal logging, and the collection of non-timber forest products, all of which run counter to established legal restrictions.
The primary driver of this encroachment is habitat loss and alteration, largely attributed to human endeavors. Farmers, seeking arable land for cultivation, have encroached upon the park, raising questions about land use rights and the economic livelihoods of the adjacent communities.
Illegal hunting and poaching, activities that pose a significant threat to the park's wildlife, including rare and endangered species, continue to be a persistent challenge.
Moreover, unauthorized logging within the park has led to deforestation, timber resource depletion, and the disruption of vital habitats, all of which undermine the ecological balance of the park.
Similarly, the collection of non-timber forest products, while motivated by subsistence and economic needs, has the potential to negatively affect plant and animal populations and disturb the park's overall ecological equilibrium.
To address these pressing issues, a comprehensive conservation approach is essential. This approach involves improved park management, community engagement, stringent law enforcement, and the implementation of sustainable resource management practices. These strategies aim to strike a balance between preserving the unique natural heritage of Okomu National Park and addressing the essential needs and concerns of local communities. This multifaceted conservation technique is pivotal to safeguarding the park's ecological integrity while striving to harmonize conservation with the livelihoods of nearby communities.

## Economic impact

Okomu National Park in Nigeria has both direct and indirect economic impacts on the surrounding region and the nation as a whole. These impacts are primarily associated with eco-tourism and conservation efforts. Here are some of the key economic impacts of Okomu National Park:
1. Tourism Revenue: Okomu National Park attracts visitors interested in eco-tourism and nature-based activities. Tourists pay entrance fees, engage in guided tours, and spend money on accommodations, food, and local crafts. This revenue contributes to the local economy through job creation in the tourism and hospitality sectors.
2. Employment: The operation and management of the national park require a workforce for various functions, including park rangers, guides, maintenance staff, and administrative personnel. The employment opportunities generated by the park provide a source of income for local communities.
3. Support for Local Businesses: The presence of the park boosts local businesses, such as hotels, restaurants, transportation services, and souvenir shops. These businesses benefit from increased customer traffic generated by tourists visiting the park.
4. Conservation Initiatives: Okomu National Park is instrumental in conserving the biodiversity of the region. The park supports research and conservation activities that can lead to funding and grants from both governmental and non-governmental organizations, contributing to the local and national economy.
5. Community Livelihoods: The park encourages sustainable activities like beekeeping and palm oil production, which can provide a source of income for local communities. These activities can offer alternative economic opportunities while minimizing the negative impact of deforestation.
6. Revenue Sharing: In some cases, revenue generated from the park is shared with local communities as part of community-based conservation efforts, contributing to their economic well-being.
7. Promotion of Sustainable Practices: Okomu National Park promotes sustainable practices, including responsible tourism and forest conservation. These practices contribute to the long-term economic stability of the region by safeguarding natural resources for future generations.
It's critical to remember that national parks like Okomu have an economic impact that extends beyond short-term profits. By fostering a robust ecosystem that can yield long-term advantages like clean water, climate management, and biodiversity preservation, these parks are essential to the preservation of the environment.
But there are drawbacks as well, such having to reconcile development with preservation and deal with possible risks to the park's resources. To guarantee that the long-term economic impact is beneficial while protecting the environment, sustainable management practices are essential.

## Tourism and Recreation
### Visitor Amenities

Within Okomu Forest Reserve, visitors can access various amenities designed to enhance their experience while preserving the natural environment. These include well-maintained visitor centers providing information about the reserve, its flora, and fauna. Additionally, the reserve offers comfortable accommodation options for those looking to extend their stay. There are also an extensive network of trails and pathways for hiking and exploration, as well as designated picnic areas for a leisurely escape amidst the lush surroundings.

### Ecotourism Activities

Okomu Forest Reserve offers a range of ecotourism activities to immerse visitors in its remarkable natural beauty. Guided nature walks are a popular choice, allowing tourists to explore the diverse ecosystems and encounter the rich biodiversity that thrives within the reserve. Bird enthusiasts will appreciate the opportunity for bird watching, with a chance to spot numerous avian species. Wildlife viewing is a highlight, offering encounters with primates, antelopes, and other forest-dwelling animals. For a unique perspective, canopy tours are available, allowing visitors to soar among the treetops. River cruises, when conditions permit, offer a serene voyage through the reserve's waterways. Educational guided tours are also accessible, providing insights into the conservation efforts and local ecology.

### Educational Programs

Okomu Forest Reserve is committed to raising awareness about conservation and biodiversity. It offers a range of educational programs, including environmental education for schools and students. Workshops and seminars are conducted to promote understanding of the importance of preserving natural habitats. Students and scientists alike can take advantage of research opportunities within the reserve, contributing to our knowledge of the region's ecology. The reserve frequently organizes events and initiatives with a focus on conservation, such as tree planting and wildlife protection activities, to engage visitors in safeguarding this unique ecosystem.

### Partnerships and Collaborations

Okomu National Park has forged valuable partnerships and collaborations with various educational institutions, conservation organizations, and governmental agencies to support its educational programs and conservation efforts. These partnerships play a crucial role in advancing the park's mission of environmental protection and sustainable management.
1. Governmental Agencies: Okomu National Park collaborates closely with governmental agencies, particularly the Nigerian Conservation Foundation (NCF) and the National Parks Service (NPS). These partnerships involve joint initiatives to enforce environmental regulations, protect wildlife, and promote sustainable land use practices within and around the park. The NPS, in particular, is responsible for the oversight and management of national parks in Nigeria, providing vital support to Okomu's conservation objectives.
2. Educational Institutions: The park has established affiliations with local educational institutions and universities, offering opportunities for research and hands-on learning. This includes hosting students for research projects, internships, and field visits. These partnerships not only advance scientific understanding of the region's ecology but also encourage future generations of environmental stewards.
3. Conservation Organizations: Collaborations with conservation organizations like the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) and the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) have been instrumental in securing funding, technical expertise, and additional resources for Okomu's conservation initiatives. These organizations provide support for research, community engagement, and wildlife protection efforts.
4. Community Involvement: The park also works closely with local communities to ensure their active participation in conservation and sustainable land use practices. These community partnerships help in promoting responsible tourism and fostering a sense of shared responsibility for the park's protection.
These partnerships and collaborations highlight the multifaceted approach taken by Okomu National Park in its commitment to biodiversity conservation and environmental education. By working together with a range of stakeholders, the park is better equipped to achieve its conservation goals and promote the long-term sustainability of this vital ecosystem.