# Colfax, California

Colfax (formerly Alden Grove, Alder Grove, Illinoistown, and Upper Corral) is a city in Placer County, California, at the crossroads of Interstate 80 and State Route 174. The population was 1,963 at the 2010 census. The town is named in honor of U.S. Vice President Schuyler Colfax (1869–73), a bronze statue of whom stands at Railroad Street and Grass Valley Street. (This is one of two known statues of Schuyler Colfax in the United States, the other located in Indianapolis, Indiana.)
Some of the town's notable features include the newly restored Southern Pacific Railroad colonnade-style depot (which houses the Colfax Museum and Chamber of Commerce) built in 1905, the downtown shops on Main Street, and Colfax High School, which serves a large surrounding area.

## History

Originally inhabited by the Maidu and Miwok Native Americans, by the mid-19th century the city site was known as Alder Grove; however, as development increased, the city became known as Illinoistown, a supply hub for gold mining camps. In April 1852, the Reelfoot Williams Gang robbed a Nevada City stagecoach of $7,000 in gold bullion near Illinoistown. This was the first stagecoach robbery in the gold country.
Later it was renamed Colfax after then Speaker of the House (and later Vice President) Schuyler Colfax who visited the town in 1865 while inspecting progress of construction of the Central Pacific Railroad, the western portion of the first transcontinental railroad. The city was the southern terminus of the Nevada County Narrow Gauge Railroad from 1876 until the railroad's removal in 1942. Historic U.S. Route 40 also runs through the city as well as the more modern Interstate 80. The city is mentioned in Jules Verne’s book, Around the World in Eighty Days.
In July 2015 the Lowell Fire burned thousands of acres nearby, forcing evacuation in Nevada County.
In March 2020, the COVID-19 Pandemic caused a state wide shelter in place order to be issued. This resulted in the long term closure of many local businesses despite the direct opposition from local officials.
On August 4, 2021, the River Fire started in the Bear River Campground, forcing thousands of residents on both the Placer and Nevada county sides of the river to evacuate. The fire was contained nine days later after burning over 2,600 acres (11 km$^2$) and dozens of homes. Acting Mayor Trinity Burruss led the city during the emergency response.
In December 2021, the city was placed under a state of emergency due to severe snow storms. More than 575,000 metered electric customers in Northern California were without power at some point during the storm, with about 141,000 still without power one month after the first major outage. The City was again reliant on the leadership of the Mayor to get supplies and critical support to residents left without a safe heat source.

## Geography

Colfax is located at 39°5′50″N 120°57′14″W﻿ / ﻿39.09722°N 120.95389°W﻿ / 39.09722; -120.95389 (39.097260, −120.954017). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.4 square miles (3.6 km$^2$), all of it land.
The principal geologic structures present are granitic and metamorphic rock formations. Located approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) west of Colfax is a branch of the Melones Fault, running in north to south direction. The fault runs through the old grammar school baseball field so they closed the school. (Earth Metrics, 1989) Another branch of the same fault is located about 1.2 miles (1.9 km) to the east, also aligned in a north–south orientation. No movement has been recorded by the U.S. Geological Survey, and the faults are considered inactive. Bunch Creek is an active water source flowing south to eventually reach a confluence with the North Fork of the American River.
Colfax sits a few miles outside the Tahoe National Forest as I-80 begins its climb into the Sierras. Because of its location it is considered at high risk of wildfire.

### Climate

Colfax has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen Csa) that is characterized by cool, wet winters and hot, dry summers. Summers can be quite hot, especially in the months of July and August where temperatures easily reach 90 °F (32 °C), with plenty of sunshine. Winters, on the other hand, are quite cool with temperatures in December hovering around 46 °F (8 °C), and owing to its altitude above sea level, Colfax some years sees snow accumulation.
Climate data for Colfax, California, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1905–present :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 84 (29) | 88 (31) | 89 (32) | 91 (33) | 100 (38) | 110 (43) | 113 (45) | 110 (43) | 106 (41) | 102 (39) | 86 (30) | 87 (31) | 113 (45) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 54.9 (12.7) | 56.9 (13.8) | 60.3 (15.7) | 65.6 (18.7) | 74.2 (23.4) | 83.4 (28.6) | 92.1 (33.4) | 91.4 (33.0) | 86.4 (30.2) | 75.0 (23.9) | 61.1 (16.2) | 53.5 (11.9) | 71.2 (21.8) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 45.8 (7.7) | 47.1 (8.4) | 49.9 (9.9) | 54.1 (12.3) | 61.6 (16.4) | 69.7 (20.9) | 77.3 (25.2) | 76.2 (24.6) | 71.7 (22.1) | 61.9 (16.6) | 50.9 (10.5) | 44.8 (7.1) | 59.2 (15.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 36.7 (2.6) | 37.4 (3.0) | 39.5 (4.2) | 42.6 (5.9) | 49.1 (9.5) | 56.1 (13.4) | 62.5 (16.9) | 61.1 (16.2) | 57.1 (13.9) | 48.8 (9.3) | 40.8 (4.9) | 36.1 (2.3) | 47.3 (8.5) |
| Record low °F (°C) | 4 (−16) | 15 (−9) | 12 (−11) | 20 (−7) | 25 (−4) | 30 (−1) | 40 (4) | 38 (3) | 30 (−1) | 24 (−4) | 18 (−8) | 9 (−13) | 4 (−16) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 7.83 (199) | 8.02 (204) | 7.24 (184) | 3.58 (91) | 2.27 (58) | 0.70 (18) | 0.02 (0.51) | 0.11 (2.8) | 0.35 (8.9) | 2.11 (54) | 5.15 (131) | 8.52 (216) | 45.90 (1,166) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 0.9 (2.3) | 2.6 (6.6) | 1.2 (3.0) | 0.6 (1.5) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.4 (1.0) | 1.5 (3.8) | 7.2 (18.2) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 11.1 | 11.5 | 10.9 | 7.7 | 5.6 | 2.2 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 1.2 | 4.1 | 9.1 | 11.4 | 75.5 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.01 in) | 0.4 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 3.6 |
| Source: NOAA ||||||||||||||

## Demographics

The 2010 United States Census reported that Colfax had a population of 1,963. The population density was 1,394.7 inhabitants per square mile (538.5/km$^2$). The racial makeup of Colfax was 1,759 (89.6%) White, 4 (0.2%) African American, 26 (1.3%) Native American, 29 (1.5%) Asian, 2 (0.1%) Pacific Islander, 54 (2.8%) from other races, and 89 (4.5%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 178 persons (9.1%).
The Census reported that 1,958 people (99.7% of the population) lived in households, 5 (0.3%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized.
There were 823 households, out of which 286 (34.8%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 334 (40.6%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 131 (15.9%) had a female householder with no husband present, 40 (4.9%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 67 (8.1%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 3 (0.4%) same-sex married couples or partnerships, while 259 households (31.5%) were made up of individuals, and 90 (10.9%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38. There were 505 families (61.4% of all households); the average family size was 2.98.
The population was spread out, with 499 people (25.4%) under the age of 18, 159 people (8.1%) aged 18 to 24, 501 people (25.5%) aged 25 to 44, 580 people (29.5%) aged 45 to 64, and 224 people (11.4%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37.9 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.3 males.
There were 929 housing units at an average density of 660.1 per square mile (254.9/km$^2$), of which 386 (46.9%) were owner-occupied, and 437 (53.1%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 4.0%; the rental vacancy rate was 12.5%; 895 people (45.6% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 1,063 people (54.2%) lived in rental housing units.

## Transportation

Amtrak, the national passenger rail system, provides service to Colfax. The city's passenger rail station is located at 99 Railroad Street in the heart of town. Amtrak Train 5, the westbound California Zephyr, is scheduled to depart Colfax at 11:48 a.m. daily with service to Roseville, Sacramento, Davis, Martinez, and Emeryville across the bay from San Francisco. Amtrak Train 6, the eastbound California Zephyr, is scheduled to depart Colfax at 12:21 p.m. daily with service to Truckee, Reno, Sparks, Winnemucca, Elko, Salt Lake City, Provo, Helper, Green River, Grand Junction, Glenwood Springs, Denver, Omaha, Galesburg, and Chicago. A bronze statue of the town's namesake, Schuyler Colfax, stands near the depot at the Grass Valley Street railroad grade crossing.
Amtrak Thruway 20 provides a daily connection from Colfax Depot to Sacramento Valley Station to the west, and South Lake Tahoe to the east, with a few stops in between.
Placer County Transit provides weekday commuter service to/from Colfax Depot to/from Downtown Sacramento.
* East portal of Tunnel 34, Colfax, on the historic Central Pacific Railroad.
* A statue of the town's namesake U.S. Vice President Schuyler Colfax stands near the railroad station in historic downtown Colfax.
* The historic Stevens Trail's trailhead is in Colfax