# United States Intelligence Community

The United States Intelligence Community (IC) is a group of separate U.S. federal government intelligence agencies and subordinate organizations that work both separately and collectively to conduct intelligence activities which support the foreign policy and national security interests of the United States. Member organizations of the IC include intelligence agencies, military intelligence, and civilian intelligence and analysis offices within federal executive departments.
The IC is overseen by the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI), which is headed by the director of national intelligence (DNI) who reports directly to the president of the United States. The IC was established by Executive Order 12333 ("United States Intelligence Activities"), signed on December 4, 1981, by President Ronald Reagan. The statutory definition of the IC, including its roster of agencies, was codified as the Intelligence Organization Act of 1992 (Pub. L. 102–496, H.R. 5095, 106 Stat. 3188).
The Washington Post reported in 2010 that there were 1,271 government organizations and 1,931 private companies in 10,000 locations in the United States that were working on counterterrorism, homeland security, and intelligence, and that the intelligence community as a whole would include 854,000 people holding top-secret clearances.

## Etymology

The term Intelligence Community was first used during LTG Walter Bedell Smith's tenure as Director of Central Intelligence (1950–1953).

## History

Intelligence is information that agencies collect, analyze, and distribute in response to government leaders' questions and requirements. Intelligence is a broad term that may entail for example:
   Collection, analysis, and production of sensitive information to support national security leaders, including policymakers, military commanders, and members of Congress. Safeguarding these processes and this information through counterintelligence activities. Execution of covert operations approved by the president. The IC strives to provide valuable insight on important issues by gathering raw intelligence, analyzing that data in context, and producing timely and relevant products for customers at all levels of national security—from the war-fighter on the ground to the president in Washington.
Executive Order 12333 charged the IC with six primary objectives:
* Collection of information needed by the president, the National Security Council, the secretary of state, the secretary of defense, and other executive branch officials for the performance of their duties and responsibilities;
* Production and dissemination of intelligence;
* Collection of information concerning, and the conduct of activities to protect against, intelligence activities directed against the U.S., international terrorist and/or narcotics activities, and other hostile activities directed against the U.S. by foreign powers, organizations, persons and their agents;
* Special activities (defined as activities conducted in support of U.S. foreign policy objectives abroad which are planned and executed so that the "role of the United States Government is not apparent or acknowledged publicly", and functions in support of such activities, but which are not intended to influence United States political processes, public opinion, policies, or media and do not include diplomatic activities or the collection and production of intelligence or related support functions);
* Administrative and support activities within the United States and abroad necessary for the performance of authorized activities and
* Such other intelligence activities as the president may direct from time to time.
Before the CIA's establishment, several military intelligence agencies, and the FBI to a limited extent, fulfilled its role.

## Organization

The IC is headed by the Director of National Intelligence (DNI), whose statutory leadership is exercised through the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI). The other members of the IC are:

### List of members

| Organization | Parent organization | Federal department | Date est. |
| Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI) | U.S. Navy | Defense | 1882 |
| Coast Guard Intelligence (CGI) | U.S. Coast Guard | Homeland Security | 1915 |
| Bureau of Intelligence and Research (INR) | United States Department of State | State | 1945 |
| Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) | Executive Office of the President of the United States | Independent agency | 1947 |
| National Air and Space Intelligence Center (USAF ISR Enterprise) | U.S. Air Force | Defense | 1954 |
| National Security Agency (NSA) / Central Security Service (CSS) | Department of Defense | Defense | 1952 |
| National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) | Department of Defense | Defense | 1961 |
| Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) | Department of Defense | Defense | 1961 |
| U.S. Army Intelligence (Office of the G-2) | U.S. Army | Defense | 1885 |
| Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence (OICI) | Department of Energy | Energy | 1977 |
| Marine Corps Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Enterprise | U.S. Marine Corps | Defense | 1920 |
| National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) | Department of Defense | Defense | 1996 |
| Office of Intelligence and Analysis (OIA) | Department of the Treasury | Treasury | 2004 |
| Intelligence Branch (IB) | Federal Bureau of Investigation | Justice | 2005 |
| Office of National Security Intelligence (ONSI) | Drug Enforcement Administration | Justice | 2006 |
| Office of Intelligence and Analysis (I&A) | Department of Homeland Security | Homeland Security | 2007 |
| National Space Intelligence Center (NSIC) (USSF ISR Enterprise) | U.S. Space Force | Defense | 2020 |