# Margaret Hamilton (actress)

Margaret Brainard Hamilton (December 9, 1902 – May 16, 1985) was an American actress, vaudevillian and educator, whose fifty-year career in entertainment spanned theatre, film, radio and television. She often played villains and was best known for her portrayal of the Wicked Witch of the West and her Kansas counterpart Almira Gulch in the 1939 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film The Wizard of Oz.
A former schoolteacher, she worked as a character actress in films for seven years before she was offered the role that defined her public image. In later years, Hamilton appeared in films and made frequent cameo appearances on television sitcoms and commercials. She also gained recognition for her work as an advocate of causes designed to benefit children and animals and retained a lifelong commitment to public education.
Her role as the Wicked Witch of the West is ranked by the American Film Institute as Hollywood's fourth-greatest villain of all time and the all time greatest female villain.

## Early life

Hamilton was born in Cleveland, Ohio, the daughter of W.J. Hamilton and Jennie Adams, and practiced her craft doing children's theater while she was a Junior League of Cleveland member. She attended Hathaway Brown School.
Hamilton began her acting career at the Cleveland Play House as an ensemble member in a production of The Brothers Karamazov, while studying acting and Pantomime under Maria Ouspenskaya. Her first major role at the Play House was as the First Witch in a production of Macbeth. She would go on to play numerous comedic roles, including circus performer Charlotta Ivanovna in Chekov's The Cherry Orchard, and the sultry Miss Prosperine Garnett in Candida. She was praised in the press for her range as both a comedian and a serious actress.
In December of 1929, she starred in a musical vaudeville act titled Heartrending and Humorous Songs of 1840, 1890, and 1929. Before she turned to acting exclusively, her parents insisted she attend Wheelock College in Boston, which she did, later becoming a kindergarten teacher.

## Film career

Hamilton made her screen debut as Helen Hallam in the MGM film adaptation Another Language (1933) starring Helen Hayes and Robert Montgomery. She had previously originated the role of Helen Hallam on Broadway. She went on to appear in These Three (1936), Saratoga, You Only Live Once, When's Your Birthday?, Nothing Sacred (all 1937), The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1938), Mae West's My Little Chickadee (with W. C. Fields, 1940), and The Sin of Harold Diddlebock, with Harold Lloyd, 1947. She strove to work as much as possible to support herself and her son. She never put herself under contract to any one studio and was paid $1,000 a week ($21,900 in today's money).
Hamilton co-starred opposite Buster Keaton and Richard Cromwell in a 1940s spoof of the long-running local melodrama The Drunkard, titled The Villain Still Pursued Her. Later in the decade, she was in a little-known film noir, titled Bungalow 13 (1948), in which she again costarred opposite Cromwell. She appeared regularly in supporting roles in films until the early 1950s and sporadically thereafter.
Opposite Bud Abbott and Lou Costello, she played a heavily made-up witch in Comin' Round the Mountain, where her character and Costello's go toe-to-toe with voodoo dolls representing each other. She appeared, uncredited, in Joseph L. Mankiewicz's People Will Talk (1951) as Sarah Pickett. In 1960, producer/director William Castle cast Hamilton as a housekeeper in his 13 Ghosts horror film, in which 12-year-old lead Charles Herbert's character taunts her about being a witch, including the final scene, in which she is holding a broom in her hand.
On stage and screen, she was known for her rapid fire deadpan delivery, Midwestern accent, and her dark Contralto singing voice. Despite standing at only five feet tall with a slight build, Hamilton's commanding stage presence led to a successful career playing villains.

### The Wizard of Oz

In 1939, Hamilton played the role of the Wicked Witch of the West, opposite Judy Garland's Dorothy Gale in The Wizard of Oz, her most famous role, and one of the screen's most memorable villains. Hamilton was cast after Gale Sondergaard, who was first considered for the role, albeit as a more glamorous witch with a musical scene, declined the role when the decision was made that the witch should appear ugly.
On December 23, 1938, Hamilton suffered a second-degree burn on her face and a third-degree burn on her hand during a second take of her fiery exit from Munchkinland, in which the trap door's drop was delayed to eliminate the brief glimpse of it seen in the final edit. Hamilton had to recuperate in a hospital and at home for six weeks after the accident, before returning to the set to complete her work on the film. She refused to have anything further to do with fire for the rest of the filming.
After she recuperated, she said, "I won't sue, because I know how this business works, and I would never work again. I will return to work on one condition – no more fireworks!" Garland visited Hamilton while the latter recuperated at home looking after her son. Studio executives cut some of Hamilton's more frightening scenes, worrying they would frighten children too much. Later in life, she would comment on the role of the witch in a light-hearted fashion. During one interview, she joked:
   I was in need of money at the time, I had done about six pictures for MGM at the time, and my agent called. I said, 'Yes?' and he said 'Maggie, they want you to play a part on the Wizard.' I said to myself, 'Oh, boy, The Wizard of Oz! That has been my favorite book since I was four.' And I asked him what part, and he said, 'The Witch', and I said, 'The Witch?!' and he said, 'What else?'
Hamilton's stand-in and stunt double for the Witch, Betty Danko, also suffered an on-set accident, on February 11, 1939. Danko made the fiery entrance to Munchkinland, not Hamilton. She was severely burned during the "Surrender Dorothy!" skywriting sequence at the Emerald City. Danko sat on a smoking pipe configured to look like the Witch's broomstick. The pipe exploded on the third take of the scene. She spent 11 days in the hospital and her legs were permanently scarred. The studio hired a new stunt double, Aline Goodwin, to finish the broomstick-riding scene for Danko.
When asked about her experiences on the set of The Wizard of Oz, Hamilton said her biggest fear was that her monstrous film role would give children the wrong idea of who she really was. In reality, she cared deeply about children, frequently giving to charitable organizations. She often remarked about children coming up to her and asking her why she had been so mean to Dorothy. She appeared on an episode of Mister Rogers' Neighborhood in 1975 where she explained to children she was only playing a role and showed how putting on a costume "transformed" her into the witch. She also made personal appearances, and Hamilton described the children's usual reaction to her portrayal of the Witch:
   Almost always they want me to laugh like the Witch. And sometimes when I go to schools, if we're in an auditorium, I'll do it. And there's always a funny reaction, like 'Ye gods, they wish they hadn't asked.' They're scared. They're really scared for a second. Even adolescents. I guess for a minute they get the feeling they got when they watched the picture. They like to hear it but they 'don't' like to hear it. And then they go, 'Ooooooh ... !' The picture made a terrible impression of some kind on them, sometimes a ghastly impression, but most of them got over it, I guess ... because when I talk like the Witch, and when I laugh, there is a hesitation and then they clap. They're clapping at hearing the sound again.
In By Your Leave (1934), she played his housekeeper, and in Saratoga (1937), she has a colloquy with Morgan regarding a cosmetic product he invented, with side glances and eye rolls by Morgan as to its effect on her "beauty"). Hamilton's line from The Wizard of Oz – "I'll get you, my pretty, and your little dog, too!" – was ranked 99th in the 2005 American Film Institute survey of the most memorable movie quotes. Her son, interviewed for the 2005 DVD edition of the film, commented that Hamilton enjoyed the line so much, she sometimes used it in her real life.
A few months after filming Oz, she appeared in Babes in Arms (1939) as Jeff Steele's aunt, Martha, a society do-gooder who made it her goal to send the gang of child actors, led by Mickey Rooney and Judy Garland, to a work farm. In 1945, she played the domineering sister of Oz co-star Jack Haley in George White's Scandals, comically trying to prevent him from marrying actress Joan Davis, even going so far as to throw a hatchet at her. Hamilton and Ray Bolger were cast members in the 1966 fantasy film The Daydreamer, a collection of stories by Hans Christian Andersen. A few years later, they were reunited on Broadway for the short-lived musical Come Summer.

## Radio, television, and stage career

In the 1940s and 1950s, Hamilton had a long-running role on the radio series Ethel and Albert, or The Couple Next Door, in which she played the lovable, scattered Aunt Eva, with her name later changed to Aunt Effie. In 1957, she appeared in two episodes of The Phil Silvers Show. During the 1960s and 1970s, Hamilton appeared regularly on television. She did a stint as a What's My Line? mystery guest on the popular Sunday night CBS-TV program. She played Morticia Addams's mother, Hester Frump, in three episodes of The Addams Family (1965–66). Hamilton had been offered the role of Grandmama, but turned it down.
In 1962, Hamilton played Leora Scofield, a suffragist who arrives in Laramie, Wyoming, to bolster feminist causes in a territory where women had already obtained the right to vote, in the episode "Beyond Justice" of NBC's Laramie.
Having started on the stage in the early 1930s, Hamilton began to work extensively in the theater after leaving Los Angeles. She appeared on Broadway in the musical Goldilocks opposite Don Ameche and Elaine Stritch, gave a lighter touch to the domineering Parthy Anne Hawks in the 1966 revival of Show Boat, dancing with David Wayne. In 1968, she was the tender Aunt Eller in the Lincoln Center revival of Oklahoma!. Hamilton toured in many plays and musicals, even repeating her role of the Wicked Witch in specially written stage productions of The Wizard of Oz. For her last stage role, she was cast as Madame Armfeldt in the Stephen Sondheim musical A Little Night Music, singing the song "Liaisons" for the national tour costarring with Jean Simmons as her daughter Desiree.
Even with her extensive film career, Hamilton took roles in whatever medium she could get if she was free, making her soap opera debut as the nasty Mrs. Sayre on Valiant Lady, who schemed to prevent her daughter from marrying the heroine's son. In the 1960s, Hamilton was a regular on another CBS soap opera, The Secret Storm, playing the role of Grace Tyrell's housekeeper, Katie. For ABC's short-lived radio anthology Theatre-Five, she played a manipulative, ailing Aunt Lettie to Joan Lorring as the unhappy niece Maude in "Noose of Pearls".
In the early 1970s, Hamilton joined the cast of another CBS soap opera, As the World Turns, on which she played Miss Peterson, Simon Gilbey's assistant. She had a small role in the made-for-television film The Night Strangler (1973) and appeared as a befuddled neighbor on Sigmund and the Sea Monsters, a friend of the character played by Mary Wickes. In The Paul Lynde Halloween Special (1976), she portrayed Lynde's housekeeper, reprising the Wicked Witch role, as well as introducing Lynde to the rock group Kiss. When Hamilton reprised her role as the Wicked Witch in a 1976 episode of Sesame Street, "the show's producers were flooded with letters from parents saying it was too frightening for children."
She appeared as herself in three episodes of Mister Rogers' Neighborhood, between 1975 and 1976, because Fred Rogers wanted his viewers to recognize the Wicked Witch was just a character and not something to be afraid of. Hamilton continued acting regularly until 1982. Her last roles were two guest appearances as veteran journalist Thea Taft in 1979 and 1982, on Lou Grant.
Throughout the 1970s, Hamilton lived in New York City's Gramercy Park neighborhood and appeared on local (and some national) public-service announcements for organizations promoting the welfare of pets. Her most visible appearances during this period were as general store owner, Cora, in a national series of television commercials for Maxwell House coffee. On October 30, 1975, she guest-starred on the radio revival series CBS Radio Mystery Theater. In the episode, entitled "Triptych for a Witch", Hamilton played the title role.
In 1973, Hamilton produced the stage production of An Evening with the Bourgeoisie. Her other mid-1970s stage productions, as the producer, were The Three Sisters and House Party.

## Personal life

Hamilton married Paul Boynton Meserve on June 13, 1931, and made her debut on the New York City stage in 1932. While her acting career developed, her marriage began to fail; the couple divorced in 1938. Their separation was publicized, with Hamilton accusing Meserve of physical abuse, including him hitting her and punching her in the face. These allegations were corroborated by the couple's housekeeper, who sued Meserve after alleging he physically attacked her. They had one son, Hamilton "Tony" Wadsworth Meserve, whom she raised on her own after getting sole custody. Hamilton had three grandchildren, Christopher, Scott, and Margaret. She never remarried. Bruce Vilanch, who worked with her later in life, stated that she told him she identified as a lesbian.
Her Gramercy Park neighbor Sybil Daneman reported that Hamilton loved children, but they were often afraid to meet her because of her portrayal of the Wicked Witch of the West in The Wizard of Oz. Daneman's nephew refused to meet Hamilton, because even though he understood she was an actress, he thought it was still possible she really was like the character in the movie.
Hamilton became close friends with The Wizard of Oz castmate Judy Garland, acting as a mentor and confidant. While filming Babes in Arms the same year with Garland, Garland would ask Hamilton to spend time in her dressing room with her, as her mother wouldn't berate her in the presence of another adult. Garland affectionately referred to Hamilton as "my witch".Hamilton also remained a lifelong friend of The Wizard of Oz castmate Ray Bolger (who played the Scarecrow). Hamilton was a regular parishioner of the Presbyterian church. A Republican, she supported the campaign of Dwight Eisenhower during the 1952 presidential election.

## Final years and death

Hamilton's early experience as a teacher fueled a lifelong interest in educational issues. She served on the Beverly Hills Board of Education from 1948 to 1951 and was a Sunday school teacher during the 1950s. Hamilton lived in New York City for most of her adult life, and summered in a cottage on Cape Island, Southport, Maine. In 1979, she was a guest speaker at a University of Connecticut children's literature class.
Hamilton later moved to Millbrook, New York. She was admitted to a nursing home in Salisbury, Connecticut, six months before her death. She died of a heart attack on May 16, 1985, at the age of 82. Hamilton's remains were cremated.

## Filmography
### Film

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 1933 | Zoo in Budapest | Assistant Matron for orphans | Uncredited |
| 1933 | Another Language | Helen Hallam | |
| 1934 | Hat, Coat, and Glove | Madame Du Barry | |
| 1934 | There's Always Tomorrow | Ella | |
| 1934 | By Your Leave | Whiffen | |
| 1934 | Broadway Bill | Edna | |
| 1935 | The Farmer Takes a Wife | Lucy Gurget | |
| 1935 | Way Down East | Martha Perkins | |
| 1936 | Chatterbox | Emily 'Tippie' Tipton | |
| 1936 | These Three | Agatha | |
| 1936 | The Moon's Our Home | Mitty Simpson | |
| 1936 | The Witness Chair | Grace Franklin | |
| 1936 | Laughing at Trouble | Lizzie Beadle | |
| 1937 | You Only Live Once | Hester | |
| 1937 | When's Your Birthday? | Mossy | |
| 1937 | The Good Old Soak | Minnie | |
| 1937 | Mountain Justice | Phoebe Lamb | |
| 1937 | Saratoga | Maizie | Uncredited |
| 1937 | I'll Take Romance | Margot | |
| 1937 | Nothing Sacred | Vermont Drugstore Lady | |
| 1938 | The Adventures of Tom Sawyer | Mrs. Harper | |
| 1938 | A Slight Case of Murder | Mrs. Cagle | |
| 1938 | Mother Carey's Chickens | Mrs. Pauline Fuller | |
| 1938 | Four's a Crowd | Amy | |
| 1938 | Breaking the Ice | Mrs. Small | |
| 1938 | Stablemates | Beulah Flanders | |
| 1939 | The Wizard of Oz | Almira Gulch / The Wicked Witch of the West | |
| 1939 | The Angels Wash Their Faces | Miss Hannaberry | |
| 1939 | Babes in Arms | Martha Steele | |
| 1939 | Main Street Lawyer | Lucy, Boggs' Housekeeper | |
| 1940 | My Little Chickadee | Mrs. Gideon | |
| 1940 | The Villain Still Pursued Her | Mrs. Wilson | |
| 1940 | I'm Nobody's Sweetheart Now | Mrs. Thriffie | |
| 1940 | The Invisible Woman | Mrs. Jackson | |
| 1941 | Play Girl | Josie | |
| 1941 | The Gay Vagabond | Agatha Badger | |
| 1942 | Twin Beds | Norah | |
| 1942 | Meet the Stewarts | Willametta | |
| 1942 | The Affairs of Martha | Guinevere | |
| 1943 | City Without Men | Dora | |
| 1943 | The Ox-Bow Incident | Mrs. Larch | Uncredited |
| 1943 | Johnny Come Lately | Myrtle Ferguson | |
| 1944 | Guest in the House | Hilda – the Maid | |
| 1945 | George White's Scandals | Clarabelle Evans | |
| 1946 | Janie Gets Married | Mrs. Angles | |
| 1946 | Faithful in My Fashion | Miss Applegate | |
| 1947 | The Sin of Harold Diddlebock | Flora | |
| 1947 | Dishonored Lady | Mrs. Geiger | |
| 1947 | Pet Peeves | Haughty Woman | Short film, uncredited |
| 1947 | Driftwood | Essie Keenan | |
| 1948 | Reaching from Heaven | Sophie Manley | |
| 1948 | State of the Union | Norah | |
| 1948 | Texas, Brooklyn & Heaven | Ruby Cheever | |
| 1948 | Bungalow 13 | Mrs. Theresa Appleby | |
| 1949 | The Sun Comes Up | Mrs. Golightly | |
| 1949 | The Red Pony | Teacher | |
| 1949 | The Beautiful Blonde from Bashful Bend | Mrs. Elvira O'Toole | Uncredited |
| 1950 | The Great Plane Robbery | Mrs. Judd | |
| 1950 | Wabash Avenue | Tillie Hutch | |
| 1950 | Riding High | Edna | |
| 1951 | Comin' Round the Mountain | Aunt Huddy | |
| 1951 | People Will Talk | Miss Sarah Pickett – Housekeeper | Uncredited |
| 1960 | 13 Ghosts | Elaine Zacharides | |
| 1962 | The Good Years | Narrator | |
| 1962 | Paradise Alley | Mrs. Nicholson | |
| 1964 | Charlie Weaver | | John Deere film |
| 1966 | The Daydreamer | Mrs. Klopplebobbler | |
| 1967 | Rosie! | Mae | |
| 1969 | Angel in My Pocket | Rhoda | |
| 1970 | Brewster McCloud | Daphne Heap | |
| 1971 | The Anderson Tapes | Miss Kaler | |
| 1972 | Journey Back to Oz | Aunt Em | Voice |

### Television

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 1950–51 | The Bigelow Theatre | Mrs. Greenstreet | Episodes: "Papa Romani" (S 1:Ep 2) "Dear Amanda" (S 1:Ep 15) |
| 1952 | Gulf Playhouse | Guest | Episode: (S 1:Ep 3) |
| 1952 | My Hero | Mrs. Morgan | Episode: "Lady Mortician" (S 1:Ep 2) |
| 1953 | Lux Video Theatre | Charity Ames | Episode: "Wind on the Way" (S 3:Ep 42) |
| 1953 | Ethel and Albert | Aunt Eva | 2 episodes |
| 1953 | Man Against Crime | Mrs. Barker | Episode: "A Family Affair" (S 4:Ep 26) |
| 1953 | A String of Blue Beads | Mrs. Loomis | Television film |
| 1953 | Man Against Crime | Mrs. Parmalee | Episode: "Petite Larceny" (S 5:Ep 11) |
| 1954 | The Campbell Playhouse | Guest | Episode: "An Eye for an Eye" (S 2:Ep 35) |
| 1954 | The Best of Broadway | Sarah | Episode: "The Man Who Came to Dinner" (S 1:Ep 2) |
| 1954 | Center Stage | Guest | Episode: "Lucky Louie" (S 1:Ep 5) |
| 1954 | The Elgin Hour | Gwen | Episode: "Warm Clay" (S 1:Ep 4) |
| 1955 | The Best of Broadway | Usher | Episode: "The Guardsman" (S 1:Ep 7) |
| 1955 | Valiant Lady | Mrs. Sayre | Main cast member |
| 1955 | The Devil's Disciple | Mrs. Dudgeon | TV movie |
| 1955 | The Way of the World | Guest | Short lived TV series |
| 1957 | On Borrowed Time | Demetria Riffle | Television film |
| 1957 | The Phil Silvers Show | Miss Gloria Formby / Hermione Nightengale | 2 episodes |
| 1958 | The Christmas Tree | Miss Finch | Television film |
| 1959 | Once Upon a Christmas Time | Miss Scugg | Television film |
| 1960 | Dow Hour of Great Mysteries | Lizzie Allen | Episode: "The Bat" (S 1:Ep 1), based on the play of the same name by Mary Roberts Rinehart |
| 1960 | The Secret World of Eddie Hodges | Mrs. Grundy | Television film |
| 1961 | Ichabod and Me | Mehitabel Hobbs | Episode: "The Purple Cow (S 1:Ep 6) |
| 1962 | Laramie | Leora Scofield | Episode: "Beyond Justice" (S 4:Ep 9) |
| 1962 | The Danny Thomas Show | Miss Fenwick | Episode: "Bunny, the Brownie Leader" (S 10:Ep 13) |
| 1962 | Car 54, Where Are You? | Spinster | Episode: "Benny the Bookie's Last Chance" (S 2:Ep 17) |
| 1962 | The Patty Duke Show | The Lane Family housekeeper | Episode: "Double Date" (S 1:Ep 10) |
| 1962 | Car 54, Where Are You? | Miss Pownthleroy | Episode: "Here Comes Charlie" (S 2:Ep 23) |
| 1962 | The Patty Duke Show | Mrs. Williams | Episode: "Let 'Em Eat Cake" (S 1:Ep 21) |
| 1964–67 | The Secret Storm | Katie | Recurring |
| 1965–66 | The Addams Family | Hester Frump | Recurring |
| 1967 | Ghostbreakers | Ivy Rumson | Television film |
| 1968 | The Merv Griffin Show | Guest | Judy Garland was guest hosting 2 shows |
| 1970 | As the World Turns | Miss Peterson #2 | Recurring |
| 1971 | Is There a Doctor in the House | Emma Proctor | Television film |
| 1973 | Sigmund and the Sea Monsters | Mrs. Eddels | Recurring |
| 1973 | Gunsmoke | Edsel Pry | Episode: "A Quiet Day in Dodge" (S 18:Ep 19) |
| 1973 | The Night Strangler | Professor Crabwell | Television film |
| 1973 | The Partridge Family | Clara Kincaid | Episode: "Reuben Kincaid Lives" (S 4:Ep 5) |
| 1975–76 | Mister Rogers' Neighborhood | Herself / Margaret H. Witch | 4 episodes |
| 1976 | Sesame Street | Herself / Wicked Witch of the West | Episode: Episode #7.52 (S 7:Ep 52) |
| 1976 | The Paul Lynde Halloween Special | The Wicked Witch of the West | Reprisal for a Halloween Special |
| 1979 | Letters from Frank | Grandma Miller | Television film |
| 1979–82 | Lou Grant | Thea Taft | 2 episodes |
| 1982 | Pardon Me For Living | Miss Holderness | Television film |