# Texas Senate

The Texas Senate is the upper house of the Texas Legislature, with the Texas House of Representatives being the lower house. Together, they compose the state legislature of the state of Texas.
There are 31 members of the Senate, representing single-member districts across the U.S. state of Texas, with populations of approximately 940,000 per constituency, based on the 2020 U.S. Census. Elections are held in even-numbered years on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November.
There are no term limits. Terms are four years in length, with one two-year term each decade. Senators are divided into two groups based in part on the intervening Census:
* In elections in years ending in "2" (the election after the Census), all 31 seats are up for election.
* Once the Senate meets in session after said election, the Senators will participate in a drawing to determine their election cycle:
** One-half will have a 2-4-4 cycle, whereupon the seat would stand for election after two years (the year ending in "4"), then again in four years (the year ending in "8"), then finally in another four years (coinciding with all seats standing for election in the year ending in "2").
** The other half will have a 4-4-2 cycle, whereupon the seat would stand for election after four years (the year ending in "6"), then again in four years (the year ending in "0"), then finally in only two years (coinciding with all seats standing for election in the year ending in "2").
As such, every two years, about half of the Texas Senate is on the ballot.
The Senate meets at the Texas State Capitol in Austin. The Republicans currently control the chamber, which is made up of 20 Republicans and 11 Democrats.

## Leadership

The Lieutenant Governor of Texas serves as the President of the Senate. Unlike most lieutenant governors who are constitutionally designated as presiding officers of the upper house, the Lieutenant Governor regularly presides over the chamber rather than delegate this role to the President Pro Tempore. The Lieutenant Governor's duties include appointing chairs of committees, committee members, assigning and referring bills to specific committees, recognizing members during debate, and making procedural rulings. The Lieutenant Governor may also cast a vote should a Senate floor vote end in a tie. If the Senate votes to dissolve itself into the Committee of the Whole, in which all members are part of the Committee, the President Pro-Tempore presides over the proceedings, with the Lieutenant Governor acting as a regular voting member. Due to the various powers of committee selection and bill assignment, the Lieutenant Governor of Texas is considered one of the most powerful lieutenant governorships in the United States.
Unlike other state legislatures, the Texas Senate does not include majority or minority leaders. Instead, the President Pro Tempore is considered the second most powerful position, and can be reserved to any political party in the chamber regardless if the party is a majority or not. Presidents Pro Tempore are usually the most senior members of the Senate. The President Pro Tempore presides when the Lieutenant Governor is not present or when the legislature is not in regular session.

### Leaders

| Position | Name | Party | Residence | District |
| Lieutenant Governor/President of the Senate | Dan Patrick | Republican | Houston | Elected Statewide |
| President Pro Tempore | Charles Schwertner | Republican | Georgetown | 5 |

## History
### Quorum-busting

There have been at least three cases of quorum-busting in Texas Senate history. The first case was in 1870, with the Rump Senate, followed by the 1979 Killer Bees and finally the "Texas Eleven" in August 2003 during the controversial mid-decade redistricting plan at the time.

## Committee structure

The following represents the Senate committee structure for the 88th Legislature (numbers in parentheses are the number of committee members, as appointed by the President of the Texas Senate).
* Administration (7)
* Border Security (5)
* Business and Commerce (11)
* Criminal Justice (7)
* Education (13)
** Under this Committee, a Subcommittee on Higher Education (5)
* Finance (17)
* Health & Human Services (9)
* Jurisprudence (5)
* Local Government (9)
* Natural Resources and Economic Development (9)
* Nominations (9)
* State Affairs (11)
* Transportation (9)
* Veteran Affairs (7)
* Water, Agriculture and Rural Affairs (9)
In addition to these committees, there are also six joint committees composed of members of both the State Senate and House:
* Criminal Justice Legislative Oversight
* Legislative Audit Committee
* Legislative Budget Board
* Legislative Reference Library Board
* Sunset Advisory Commission
* Texas Legislative Council

## Current composition

| 11 | 20 |
| Democratic | Republican |
| Affiliation | Party (shading indicates majority caucus) | Party (shading indicates majority caucus) | Total | |
| Affiliation | Republican | Democratic | Total | Vacant |
| 2011–12 | 19 | 12 | 31 | 0 |
| 2013–14 | 19 | 12 | 31 | 0 |
| 2015-16 | 20 | 11 | 31 | 0 |
| 2017–18 | 20 | 11 | 31 | 0 |
| 2019–20 | 19 | 12 | 31 | 0 |
| 2021–22 | 18 | 13 | 31 | 0 |
| 2023–24 | 19 | 12 | 31 | 0 |
| 2025-26 | 20 | 11 | 31 | 0 |
| Latest voting share | 64.5% | 35.5% | | |

## Current members, 2025–2027

| District | Senator | Party | Residence | First elected | Next election |
| 1 | Bryan Hughes | Rep | Mineola | 2016 | 2026 |
| 2 | Bob Hall | Rep | Edgewood | 2014 | 2026 |
| 3 | Robert Nichols | Rep | Jacksonville | 2006 | 2026 |
| 4 | Brandon Creighton | Rep | Conroe | 2014† | 2026 |
| 5 | Charles Schwertner | Rep | Georgetown | 2012 | 2026 |
| 6 | Carol Alvarado | Dem | Houston | 2018† | 2028 |
| 7 | Paul Bettencourt | Rep | Houston | 2014 | 2028 |
| 8 | Angela Paxton | Rep | McKinney | 2018 | 2028 |
| 9 | Kelly Hancock | Rep | Fort Worth | 2012 | 2026 |
| 10 | Phil King | Rep | Weatherford | 2022 | 2028 |
| 11 | Mayes Middleton | Rep | Friendswood | 2022 | 2026 |
| 12 | Tan Parker | Rep | Flower Mound | 2022 | 2028 |
| 13 | Borris Miles | Dem | Houston | 2016 | 2026 |
| 14 | Sarah Eckhardt | Dem | Austin | 2020† | 2028 |
| 15 | Molly Cook | Dem | Houston | 2024† | 2028 |
| 16 | Nathan Johnson | Dem | Dallas | 2018 | 2028 |
| 17 | Joan Huffman | Rep | Houston | 2008† | 2028 |
| 18 | Lois Kolkhorst | Rep | Brenham | 2014† | 2026 |
| 19 | Roland Gutierrez | Dem | San Antonio | 2020 | 2026 |
| 20 | Juan Hinojosa | Dem | McAllen | 2002 | 2028 |
| 21 | Judith Zaffirini | Dem | Laredo | 1986 | 2026 |
| 22 | Brian Birdwell | Rep | Granbury | 2010† | 2026 |
| 23 | Royce West | Dem | Dallas | 1992 | 2028 |
| 24 | Pete Flores | Rep | Pleasanton | 2022 | 2026 |
| 25 | Donna Campbell | Rep | New Braunfels | 2012 | 2028 |
| 26 | Jose Menendez | Dem | San Antonio | 2015† | 2026 |
| 27 | Adam Hinojosa | Rep | Corpus Christi | 2024 | 2028 |
| 28 | Charles Perry | Rep | Lubbock | 2014† | 2026 |
| 29 | Cesar Blanco | Dem | El Paso | 2020 | 2028 |
| 30 | Brent Hagenbuch | Rep | Denton | 2024 | 2028 |
| 31 | Kevin Sparks | Rep | Midland | 2022 | 2026 |
† Elected in a special election

### Notable past members

* Edward Clark, Lieutenant Governor of Texas (1859–1861), Governor of Texas (1861).
* Wayne Connally, Senator from Wilson County (1967–1973), brother of Governor John Connally.
* Lloyd Doggett, Texas Supreme Court Justice (1989–1994), U.S. House of Representatives (1995–present).
* Robert L. Duncan, State Senator from Lubbock, 1996–2014; Chancellor of the Texas Tech University System since 2014
* Chet Edwards, U.S. House of Representatives (1991–2011).
* Pat Fallon, U.S. House of Representatives (2021–present)
* James W. Flanagan, U.S. Senate (1870–1875).
* Sylvia Garcia, U.S. House of Representatives (2019–present)
* Glenn Hegar, current Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts (2015–present).
* John Ireland, Texas Supreme Court Justice (1876), Governor of Texas (1883–1887).
* Eddie Bernice Johnson, U.S. House of Representatives (1993–2023).
* Rienzi Melville Johnston, U.S. Senate (1913).
* Barbara Jordan, U.S. House of Representatives (1973–1979).
* Earle Bradford Mayfield, U.S. Senate (1923–1929).
* William Neff "Bill" Patman, Senator from Jackson County (1961–1981), U.S. House of Representatives (1981–1985).
* Dan Patrick, current Lieutenant Governor of Texas (2015–present).
* Jerry E. Patterson, Commissioner of the Texas General Land Office (2003–2015).
* Lawrence Sullivan Ross, Governor of Texas, (1887–1891).
* Joseph D. Sayers, Lieutenant Governor of Texas (1879–1881), U.S. House of Representatives (1885–1899), Governor of Texas (1899–1903).
* Allan Shivers, Lieutenant Governor of Texas (1946–1949), Governor of Texas (1949–1957).
* Preston Smith, Governor of Texas (1969–1973).
* Frank Tejeda, U.S. House of Representatives (1993–1997).
* James W. Throckmorton, Governor of Texas (1866–1867), U.S. House of Representatives (1875–1879, 1883–1887).
* Carlos Truan, Senator from Corpus Christi (1977–2003); author of Texas Bilingual Education Act.
* Jim Turner, U.S. House of Representatives (1997–2005).
* Matthias Ward, U.S. Senate (1858–1859).
* Kirk Watson, Mayor of Austin (1997-2001, 2023–present)
* Ferdinand C. Weinert, Texas House and Texas Senate (1893–1935), Texas Secretary of State (1913).
* Louis Wigfall, U.S. Senate (1859–1861).
* Charles Wilson, U.S. House of Representatives (1973–1997).
* Roy Blake, Sr., Senator from Nacogdoches County, Texas, (1978-1989), [President Pro Tempore] (1987–1989).

## Past composition of the Senate

The Senate was continuously held by Democrats from the end of the Reconstruction era until the Seventy-fifth Texas Legislature was seated in 1997, at which point Republicans took control. The Republican Party has maintained its control of the Senate since then.

### Obsolete districts

* Texas Senate, District F (1846–1848)
* Texas Senate, District 32 (1853–1866)
* Texas Senate, District 33 (1853–1866)