# Cassidinae

The Cassidinae (tortoise and leaf-mining beetles) are a subfamily of the leaf beetles, or Chrysomelidae. The antennae arise close to each other and some members have the pronotal and elytral edges extended to the side and covering the legs so as to give them the common name of tortoise beetles. Some members, such as in the tribe Hispini, are notable for the spiny outgrowths to the pronotum and elytra.

## Description

The "cassidoids" have a rounded outline with the edges of the pronotum and elytra expanded, spreading out to cover the legs and head. They are often colourful and metallic, with ornate sculpturing; a few species have the ability to change the colour due to water movements within the translucent cuticle. All members of the subfamily have the mouthparts reduced into a cavity in the head capsule, the legs have four segmented tarsi. The hispoids have larvae that are ecological diverse as leaf miners or cryptic exophagous feeders, while the cassidoids feed freely externally on the plant surfaces. Within cassidoids, the tortoise beetles are diagnosed by the larvae recycling their feces and cast exuviae into a discrete structure held on the caudal processes (or, urogomphi). Fecal shields are thought to provide protection (thermal, solar, wind, predators, parasites, parasitoids) and the experimental evidence are mixed.
A few species in two closely related tribes (Mesomphaliini and Eugenysini, putative sister taxa) show maternal care of larvae. These species can be viewed as subsocial or parasocial, with evidence pointing to there being two evolutionary origins of subsociality within this one lineage.

## Taxonomy

It includes both the former subfamily "Hispinae" (leaf-mining beetles), as well as the former more narrowly defined subfamily Cassidinae (familiar as tortoise beetles) which are now split into several tribes that include the tribe Cassidini, and in all include over 125 genera. The traditional separation of the two groups was based essentially on the habitats of the larvae and the general shapes of the adults. The name Cassidinae for the merged subfamily is considered to have priority.
The former grouping of "Hispinae" (sometimes called leaf-mining beetles, or "hispoids") included the tribes Alurnini, Anisoderini, Aproidini, Arescini, Bothryonopini, Callispini, Callohispini, Cephaloleiini, Chalepini, Coelaenomenoderini, Cryptonychini, Cubispini, Eurispini, Exothispini, Gonophorini, Hispini, Hispoleptini, Hybosispini, Leptispini, Oediopalpini, Oncocephalini, Promecothecini, Prosopodontini, Sceloenoplini and Spilophorini. Most members of these tribes are elongated, slightly flattened beetles with parallel margins, and antennal bases close together on their small heads. They often have punctate elytra and pronotum, sometimes with spines both on and along the edges. The former grouping of Cassidinae (sometimes called tortoise beetles, or "cassidoids") included the tribes Aspidimorphini, Basiprionotini, Cassidini, Delocraniini, Dorynotini, Eugenysini, Goniocheniini, Hemisphaerotini, Mesomphaliini, Notosacanthini, Omocerini and Physonotini.
BioLib currently (March 2024) includes the following tribes:

### Aspidimorphini

Auth. Chapuis, 1875; genera:
* Aspidimorpha Hope, 1840
* Conchyloctenia Spaeth, 1902
* Hybosinota Spaeth, 1909
* Laccoptera Boheman, 1855
* Mahatsinia Weise, 1910
* Nilgiraspis Spaeth, 1932

### Basiprionotini

Auth. Gressitt, 1952; genera:
* Androya Spaeth, 1911
* Basiprionota Chevrolat, 1837
* Cassidopsis Fairmaire, 1899
* Craspedonta Chevrolat, 1837
* Epistictina Hincks, 1950
* Megapyga Boheman, 1850
* Metriopepla Fairmaire, 1882
* Pseudandroya Spaeth, 1952

#### Hemisphaerotini Monrós & Viana, 1951
### Imatidiini

Auth. Hope, 1840 (= Cephaloleiini); genera:
* Aslamidium Borowiec, 1984
* Calliaspis Dejean, 1837
* Cyclantispa Sekerka, 2014
* Demotispa Baly, 1858
* Imatidium Fabricius, 1801
* Katkispa Sekerka, 2014
* Lechispa Sekerka, 2014
* Parentispa Sekerka, 2014
* Parimatidium Spaeth, 1938
* Pseudostilpnaspis Borowiec, 2000
* Spaethaspis Hincks, 1952
* Stilpnaspis Weise, 1905
* Weiseispa Sekerka, 2014
* Windsorispa Sekerka, 2014

### Notosacanthini

Auth. Gressitt, 1952
* Herminella Spaeth, 1913
* Hermosacantha Borowiec & Świetojańska, 2014
* Notosacantha Chevrolat, 1837

#### Spilophorini Chapuis, 1875 (= Oediopalpini)
### Stolaini

Auth. Hincks, 1952
* Acromis Chevrolat, 1837
* Amythra Spaeth, 1913
* Anacassis Spaeth, 1913
* Anepsiomorpha Spaeth, 1913
* Botanochara Dejean, 1837
* Chelymorpha Chevrolat, 1837
* Convexocoleus Shin, 2013
* Cyrtonota Chevrolat, 1837
* Echoma Chevrolat, 1837
* Elytrogona Chevrolat, 1837
* Eutheria Spaeth, 1909
* Hilarocassis Spaeth, 1913
* Mesomphalia Hope, 1839
* Nebraspis Spaeth, 1913
* Ogdoecosta Spaeth, 1909
* Omaspides Chevrolat, 1837
* Paraselenis Spaeth, 1913
* Phytodectoidea Spaeth, 1909
* Poecilaspidella Spaeth, 1913
* Stoiba Spaeth, 1909
* Stolas Billberg, 1820
* Terpsis Spaeth, 1913
* Trilaccodea Spaeth, 1902
* Xenicomorpha Spaeth, 1913
* Zatrephina Spaeth, 1909
In addition, Borowiec & Świętojańska (2014) included:

#### Aproidini

* Aproida Pascoe, 1863

#### Cubispini

The subfamily names Cassidinae and Hispinae are both founded by Gyllenhal in the same 1813 book, but following the Principle of the First Reviser, Chen in this case, priority is given to the name Cassidinae.
* Deloyala guttata, mottled tortoise beetle, showing typical shape and patches of metallic coloration
* Hispella testacea in copula (Hispini)
* Leaf beetle Chalepus sanguinicollis, Grand Cayman
* Blue and orange tortoise-beetle Stolas cf. conspersa from Brazil
* Stolas lebasii, Panama
* Stolas lebasii, Panama
* Plagiometriona clavata
* Charidotella sexpunctata, larva protected by fecal shield
* Charidotella sexpunctata, adult