OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Terbium(III,IV) oxide

Terbium(III,IV) oxide, occasionally called tetraterbium heptaoxide, has the formula Tb$_4$O$_7$, though some texts refer to it as TbO$_{1.75}$. There is some debate as to whether it is a discrete compound, or simply one phase in an interstitial oxide system. Tb$_4$O$_7$ is one of the main commercial terbium compounds, and the only such product containing at least some Tb(IV) (terbium in the +4 oxidation state), along with the more stable Tb(III). It is produced by heating the metal oxalate, and it is used in the preparation of other terbium compounds. It is also used in electronics and data storage, green energy technologies, medical imaging and diagnosis, and chemical processes. Terbium forms three other major oxides: Tb$_2$O$_3$, TbO$_2$, and Tb$_6$O$_{11}$.

## Synthesis

Tb$_4$O$_7$ is most often produced by ignition of the oxalate or the sulfate in air. The oxalate (at 1000 °C) is generally preferred, since the sulfate requires a higher temperature, and it produces an almost black product contaminated with Tb$_6$O$_{11}$ or other oxygen-rich oxides.

## Chemical properties

Terbium(III,IV) oxide loses O$_2$ when heated at high temperatures; at more moderate temperatures (ca. 350 °C) it reversibly loses oxygen, as shown by exchange with$^{18}$O$_2$. This property, also seen in Pr$_6$O$_{11}$ and V$_2$O$_5$, allows it to work like V$_2$O$_5$ as a redox catalyst in reactions involving oxygen. It was found as early as 1916 that hot Tb$_4$O$_7$ catalyses the reaction of coal gas (CO + H$_2$) with air, leading to incandescence and often ignition.
Tb$_4$O$_7$ reacts with atomic oxygen to produce TbO$_2$, but more convenient preparations are available.
    Tb $_4$O $_7$ (s) + 6 HCl (aq) → 2 TbO $_2$ (s) + 2 TbCl $_3$ (aq) + 3 H $_2$O (l)
. Tb$_4$O$_7$ reacts with other hot concentrated acids to produce terbium(III) salts. For example, reaction with sulfuric acid gives terbium(III) sulfate. Terbium oxide reacts slowly with hydrochloric acid to form terbium(III) chloride solution, and elemental chlorine. At ambient temperature, complete dissolution might require a month; in a hot water bath, about a week.
Anhydrous terbium(III) chloride can be produced by the ammonium chloride route In the first step, terbium oxide is heated with ammonium chloride to produce the ammonium salt of the pentachloride:
    Tb$_4$O$_7$ + 22 NH$_4$Cl → 4 (NH$_4$)$_2$TbCl$_5$ + 7 H$_2$O + 14 NH$_3$
In the second step, the ammonium chloride salt is converted to the trichlorides by heating in a vacuum at 350-400 °C:
    (NH$_4$)$_2$TbCl$_5$ → TbCl$_3$ + 2 HCl + 2 NH$_3$
# Tropical crabgrass

Tropical crabgrass crab. Digitaria and may refer to:
* Digitaria argillacea [Wikidata]
* Digitaria bicornis [Wikidata]
* Digitaria ciliaris
# Samone Castle

Samone Castle (Italian: Castello di Samone), also known as Villa Garda, is a castle located in Samone, Piedmont, Italy.

## History

The castle was built in the second half of the 18th century by Francesco Antonio Garda as a countryside residence, on the remains of a previous 16th-century structure. Over the decades, the building underwent various modifications by his descendants and new owners. Italian art collector and politician Pier Alessandro Garda also lived in the castle.

## Description

The castle stands halfway up the hill overlooking the town of Samone. The building features a Neoclassical style.
# Meenakshi Thapar

Meenakshi Thapar or Meenakshi Thapa (4 October 1984 – 19 April 2012) was an Indian actress who worked in Hindi-language films. Thapar was born in Dehradun. She made her acting debut in the 2011 horror film 404.

## Kidnapping and murder

In April 2012, during the filming of Heroine, Thapa was kidnapped by another actor who had a minor role in the film, Amit Jaiswal, and his girlfriend, Preeti Surin, who were allegedly convinced she belonged to a wealthy family. She was held for a ransom of ₹1.5 million (approximately US$29,000). They told her mother that, if the ransom was not paid, she would be forced into pornographic films. Her mother paid ₹60,000 rupees. Meenakshi was later strangled and decapitated in a hotel in Gorakhpur. Her torso was left in a water tank and her head thrown out of a bus on the way to Mumbai. The perpetrators were caught with the SIM card from her mobile phone and confessed to the crime.

## Aftermath

On 9 May 2018, A sessions court in South Mumbai on Wednesday convicted two junior artistes of the 2012 abduction and murder of Meenakshi Thapar.
Additional Sessions Judge S. G. Shette found Amit Jaiswal, 36, and his girlfriend Preeti Surin, 26, guilty under IPC sections 302 (murder) and 364-A (kidnapping for ransom), and sentenced them to life imprisonment.
"Sessions Judge S.G. Shete found them guilty on three main counts of kidnapping, extortion and murder of Thapa and sentenced them to life imprisonment," Special Public Prosecutor Ujjwal Nikam told the media.
During the arguments on the sentence, Nikam had termed the murder as "the rarest of rare cases" and demanded death sentence for both.

## Filmography
### Films

| Year | Title |
| 2011 | 404 |
| 2012 | Pakauu |
| 2012 | Heroine |
# Dhenuka (raga)

Dhenuka (pronounced dhēnukā) is a rāgam (musical scale) in Carnatic music. It is the 9th Melakarta rāgam in the 72 melakarta rāgam system of Carnatic music.
It is called Dhunibinnashadjam in Muthuswami Dikshitar school of Carnatic music.

## Structure and Lakshana

It is the 3rd rāgam in the 2nd chakra Netra. The mnemonic name is Netra-Go. The mnemonic phrase is sa ri ga ma pa dha ni. Its ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa structure (ascending and descending scale) is as follows (see swaras in Carnatic music for details on below notation and terms):
* ārohaṇa: S R₁ G₂ M₁ P D₁ N₃ Ṡ
* avarohaṇa: Ṡ N₃ D₁ P M₁ G₂ R₁ S
(Suddha Rishabham, Sadharana Gandharam, Suddha Madhyamam, Suddha Dhaivatham, Kakali Nishadham)
As it is a melakarta rāgam, by definition it is a sampoorna rāgam (has all seven notes in ascending and descending scale). It is the Suddha madhyamam equivalent of Shubhapantuvarali, which is the 45th melakarta.

## Asampurna Melakarta

Dhunibinnashadjam is the 9th Melakarta in the original list compiled by Venkatamakhin. The notes used in the scale are the same as Dhenuka.

## Janya Rāgams

Dhenuka has a few janya rāgams (derived scales) associated with it. See List of Janya Rāgams for full list of rāgams associated with Dhenuka.

## Compositions

* Teliyaleru Rama composed by Tyagaraja is one of the most often rendered in concerts.
* Chidhambareshwaram composed by Muthuswami Dikshithar
* Raavayya Rama composed by Dr. M. Balamuralikrishna
* Kamadhenuka by Suddhananda Bharathi

## Film Songs
### Language:Tamil

| Song | Movie | Composer | Singer |
| Aattuviththaal Yaaroruvar | Avandhan Manidhan | M. S. Viswanathan | T. M. Soundararajan |
| Yen Soga Kadhaiye | Thooral Ninnu Pochchu | Ilaiyaraaja | Malaysia Vasudevan,Krishnamoorthi |
| Roja Poonthotam | Kannukkul Nilavu | Ilaiyaraaja | P. Unni Krishnan, Anuradha Sriram |
| Kadhal Ragamum | Indiran Chandiran | Ilaiyaraaja | Mano, K. S. Chitra |
| Malligai Poo Kathilile | Enne Petha Raasa | Ilaiyaraaja | Mano |
| Raathiri Neram Railadi Oram | Bramma | Ilaiyaraaja | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki |
| Maayonae | Maayon | Ilaiyaraaja | Ranjani–Gayatri |
| Unnoda Nadantha | Viduthalai Part 1 | Ilaiyaraaja | Dhanush,Ananya Bhat |
| Uthaya geetham Paaduven | Uthaya Geetham | Ilayaraaja | S.P. Balasubramaniam |

## Related rāgams

This section covers the theoretical and scientific aspect of this rāgam.
Dhenuka's notes when shifted using Graha bhedam, yields 3 other Melakarta rāgams, namely, Shanmukhapriya, Chitrambari and Shoolini. Graha bhedam is the step taken in keeping the relative note frequencies same, while shifting the Shadjam to the next note in the rāgam.
# The Lesser Evil (1912 film)

The Lesser Evil is a 1912 American short silent drama film directed by D. W. Griffith and starring Blanche Sweet. A print of the film survives.

## Cast

* Blanche Sweet as The Young Woman
* Edwin August as The Young Woman's Sweetheart
* Mae Marsh as The Young Woman's Companion
* Alfred Paget as The Leader of the Smugglers
* Charles Hill Mailes as The Revenue Officer / Policeman
* Charles West as The Go-Between
* William A. Carroll as In Smuggler Band
* Charles Gorman as In Smuggler Band
* Robert Harron as In Smuggler Band
* Harry Hyde as Policeman
* J. Jiquel Lanoe as In Smuggler Band
* Owen Moore (unconfirmed)
* Frank Opperman as In Smuggler Band
* Herbert Prior (unconfirmed)
* W. C. Robinson as In Smuggler Band
# David Berbotto

David Berbotto (born 7 July 1980 in Alba, Cuneo) is an Italian freestyle swimmer.
Berbotto's major achievement is the victory with the Italian relay in Budapest 2006, resulting in a new European Record.
David Berbotto made a bet before the European Championship of Budapest 2006 with his club's president Marco Durante. Since Italy won the 4 x 200 relay setting the new European record and Berbotto swum under 1:48.00 (1:47.87), Durante gave him an Alfa Brera.

## Footnotes

* ↑ "Alfa Brera for Berbotto" (in Italian)
# Sprakers, New York

Sprakers is a hamlet in the town of Root, Montgomery County, New York, United States. Its ZIP Code is 12166.

## Notable people

* Jessica Friesen, race car driver
* Stewart Friesen, race car driver
* George A. Mitchell, founder of Cadillac, Michigan
# Lee Yong (footballer, born 1986)

Lee Yong (Korean: 이용; Hanja: 李鎔; Korean pronunciation:; born 24 December 1986) is a South Korean professional footballer who plays for Korean club Suwon FC and the South Korea national football team as a right-back.
In May 2018 he was named in South Korea's preliminary 28 man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia.

## Career statistics
### Club

As of 6 June 2023
| Club performance | Club performance | Club performance | League | League | Cup | Cup | League Cup | League Cup | Continental | Continental | Total | Total |
| Season | Club | League | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| South Korea | South Korea | South Korea | League | League | KFA Cup | KFA Cup | League Cup | League Cup | Continental | Continental | Total | Total |
| 2010 | Ulsan Hyundai | K League 1 | 20 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 0 | — | — | 27 | 0 |
| 2011 | Ulsan Hyundai | K League 1 | 22 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 6 | 0 | — | — | 32 | 0 |
| 2012 | Ulsan Hyundai | K League 1 | 22 | 0 | 2 | 0 | — | — | 10 | 1 | 34 | 1 |
| 2013 | Ulsan Hyundai | K League 1 | 37 | 1 | 2 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 39 | 1 |
| 2014 | Ulsan Hyundai | K League 1 | 31 | 0 | 1 | 0 | — | — | 5 | 0 | 37 | 0 |
| 2015 | Sangju Sangmu (army) | K League 2 | 33 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 33 | 0 |
| 2016 | Sangju Sangmu (army) | K League 1 | 23 | 2 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 23 | 2 |
| 2016 | Ulsan Hyundai | K League 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 1 | 0 |
| 2017 | Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors | K League 1 | 8 | 0 | 1 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 9 | 0 |
| 2018 | Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors | K League 1 | 32 | 0 | 1 | 0 | — | — | 9 | 0 | 42 | 0 |
| 2019 | Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors | K League 1 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | 5 | 0 | 25 | 0 |
| 2020 | Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors | K League 1 | 20 | 0 | 1 | 0 | — | — | 1 | 0 | 22 | 0 |
| 2021 | Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors | K League 1 | 25 | 0 | 1 | 0 | — | — | 8 | 0 | 34 | 0 |
| 2022 | Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors | K League 1 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0 |
| 2022 | Suwon FC (loan) | K League 1 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 13 | 0 |
| 2023 | Suwon FC | K League 1 | 13 | 1 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 13 | 1 |
| Total | South Korea | South Korea | 328 | 4 | 15 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 38 | 1 | 392 | 5 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 328 | 4 | 15 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 38 | 1 | 392 | 5 |
* ↑ Eight appearances in AFC Champions League, two appearances and one goal in FIFA Club World Cup

### International

As of 10 June 2022
| National team | Year | Apps | Goals |
| South Korea | 2013 | 7 | 0 |
| South Korea | 2014 | 11 | 0 |
| South Korea | 2016 | 3 | 0 |
| South Korea | 2017 | 1 | 0 |
| South Korea | 2018 | 16 | 0 |
| South Korea | 2019 | 7 | 0 |
| South Korea | 2021 | 8 | 0 |
| South Korea | 2022 | 4 | 0 |
| South Korea | Total | 57 | 0 |

## Honours

Ulsan Hyundai
* League Cup: 2011
* AFC Champions League: 2012
Sangju Sangmu
* K League 2: 2015
Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors
* K League 1: 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021
* KFA Cup: 2020

### Individual

* K League 1 Best XI: 2013, 2018, 2019
* K League 2 Best XI: 2015
# Maa Danteswari Airport

Maa Danteswari Airport (IATA: JGB, ICAO: VEJR), also known as Jagdalpur Airport, is a domestic airport serving the city of Jagdalpur in the state of Chhattisgarh, India. The Airports Authority of India (AAI) conducted a pre-feasibility study in July 2013 for development of the airport and approved of operations of aircraft under Visual Flight Rules (VFR) conditions. The airport was chosen for an upgrade under the Government's UDAN scheme and the ground breaking ceremony for the construction of a terminal building was performed in January 2017. It was upgraded to 3C category in 2019, allowing the operations of ATR-72 type of aircraft. On 21 September 2020, Alliance Air started flights to Hyderabad and Raipur using an ATR-72 aircraft. The airport's name was changed on 21 September 2020.

## Development

The district administration has floated a proposal to set up a new airport for Jagdalpur in Ulnar village of Bastar district. This airport is expected to be set up in an area measuring 250 hectares. It would have a 1.7 km long and 30 metres wide runway. The airport would also boast of a state of the art airport terminal building. Since about 92% (229 hectares) of the land required is owned by the government, the land acquisition process is expected to be quick leading to a faster development time for the airport.

## Airlines and destinations

| Airlines | Destinations |
| Alliance Air | Bilaspur, Delhi, Hyderabad, Jabalpur, Raipur |
| IndiGo | Hyderabad, Raipur |
# Mariana Aylwin

Laura Mariana Aylwin Oyarzún (born 13 July 1949) is a Chilean teacher, historian and politician. She was born into the Aylwin family; her father, Patricio Aylwin, was the 30th president of Chile from 1990 to 1994, years where he led the beginnings of the Transition to democracy from Augusto Pinochet dictatorship.
During her father's presidency, she worked as an external advisor to the Ministry General Secretariat of the Presidency Directorate of Studies.

## Biography

Since 1972, Aylwin has been married to the historian Carlos Bascuñán, with whom she had four children, including the actress Paz Bascuñán. She completed his secondary studies at the Santa Úrsula College in the capital city Santiago de Chile. Once received, she studied pedagogy in History, Geography and Civic Education at the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile (PUC), graduating in 1976. Later, she obtained a scholarship from the Ibero-American Institute of Cooperation in Madrid.
In 1987, in the late of Augusto Pinochet's regime, she joined to his father's party: the Christian Democracy, organization which reached the proclaiming of Patricio Aylwin as presidencial candidate for the 1989 Chilean presidential election that he won with support from the Socialist Party (PS), the Party for Democracy (PPD), the Radical Party (PR), Humanist Party and other minor faction from these parties; all of them formed part from the centre-left coalition Concertación de Partidos por la Democracia which governed Chile during 20 years (1990–2010).
In 1993, Aylwin was elected as deputy for the 26th District of La Florida. During her spell in the Chamber under the government of the also christian democratic Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle (1994–2000), she was a member of the Permanent Commission on Education, Culture, Sports and Recreation, Family and Health.
On 11 March 2000, she was appointed as Minister of Education by the centre-leftist President Ricardo Lagos (PPD), where Aylwin remained in the charge during the first three years of that presidency (2000–2006). During his management was implemented the controversial Credit with State guarantee (CAE; "Crédito con Aval del Estado"). Nevertheless, as other little achievements there were the approval of the Constitutional Reform that establishes twelve years of compulsory and free schooling or the law which establishes teacher evaluation.

### After the Christian Democracy

On 5 January 2018, she announced her resignation from Christian Democracy alongside other militants members from the centre-right faction "Progresismo con Progreso". Days later, she led the announcing of a new political moviment called "EnMarcha", which was based in Emmanuel Macron's campaign during 2017 French presidential election.
On 28 December 2020, it was reported by La Tercera newspaper that Aylwin was part of Sebastián Sichel's campaign team for 2021 Chilean presidential primaries alongside Juan José Santa Cruz: with whom―alongside Sichel―founded El Dínamo newspaper on 14 November 2010. Then, on 28 January 2021, she rermarked her support to Sichel.
In 2022, she joined Amarillos por Chile.
# Andrew McCrorie-Shand

Andrew William John McCrorie-Shand (born 14 May 1955) is a British composer. He is mostly known for having composed musical scores for children's television programmes, including the original theme tune for Teletubbies, and also the chart topping hit that followed it, Teletubbies say "Eh-oh!". McCrorie-Shand has also composed the music for Rosie and Jim, Brum and Tots TV.

## Biography

He was born in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire into a musical family and taught to play piano from age 5. McCrorie-Shand joined the mid-1970s progressive rock band Druid as the keyboardist for the band's two studio albums on EMI Records. He later worked with other performers of the era such as Curved Air, Leo Sayer, Sally Oldfield, Billy Ocean and Sarah Brightman.
McCrorie-Shand was later looked upon by the children's production company Ragdoll Productions and chosen to work on TV shows such as Teletubbies, Brum, Tots TV, Boohbah, Rosie and Jim (of which fellow Druid member Neil Brewer was a presenter), The Adventures of Abney & Teal, Twirlywoos, B.O.T. and the Beasties.
McCrorie Shand composed music for Carrie and David's Popshop.
McCrorie-Shand appeared in the Rosie and Jim episode "Recording Studio" with Druid bass guitarist Neil Brewer.
He has not returned for the remake of Teletubbies, although the new show features orchestral versions of his original theme.
# Liu Shu-hsien

Liu Shu-hsien (1934-6 June 2016) was a Neo-Confucian philosopher and emeritus professor of philosophy at the Chinese University of Hong Kong in Shatin, Hong Kong.

## Biography

Liu Shu-hsien was born in Shanghai, China in 1934. He graduated from the National Taiwan University and received his Ph.D. from Southern Illinois University. Before joining the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Liu taught at Tunghai University from 1958 to 1962 and at Southern Illinois University from 1966 to 1981. Liu was invited to join the philosophy Department at the Chinese University of Hong Kong in 1974. He formally joined upon his resignation from the Southern Illinois University in 1981 and later became the Chair Professor, a post he held until his retirement in 1999. He had also worked as a researcher at the Institute of Chinese Literature and Philosophy at Academia Sinica in Taiwan. On 6 June 2016, at the age of 82, professor Liu died in Taipei, Taiwan.

## Works

* Understanding Confucian philosophy: classical and Sung-Ming (1998)
* The contemporary significance and religious import of Confucianism (1986)
# Music Is My Silence

Music is My Silence, the first album by Belinda O'Hooley, was released on 13 June 2005 on the Rabble Rouser label, distributed by Cadiz Music. Reviewer David Kidman of Netrhythms.com described it as "a commanding and defiant set of thoroughly contemporary-sounding songs".

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Belinda O'Hooley

## Personnel

* Belinda O'Hooley – piano, vocals, backing vocals, voiceover on track 6, percussion
* Paul Denny – drums
* Chris Price – bass guitar
* Rachel Unthank – cello
* Janet Coyle – flute and accordion
* Steve Waterman – trumpet
* Kevin Holborough – trombone
* Adrian McNally – percussion, backing vocals
* Nicola Swords – voiceover on track 6

## Production

The album was recorded in 2003 by Jerry Barker at Woodman Studios, Elland, West Yorkshire.
# Malaysian Aviation Commission

The Malaysian Aviation Commission (Malay: Suruhanjaya Penerbangan Malaysia; officially abbreviated as MAVCOM) is a regulatory body for the aviation industry in Malaysia under the Ministry of Transport. Established in 2016, it entrusted to regulate the economic and consumer issues of the civil aviation sector.

## History

MAVCOM was established on 1 March 2016 under the Malaysian Aviation Commission Act 2015 (Act 771) to regulate economic and commercial matters related to the Malaysian civil aviation industry. Its key role is to promote a commercially viable, consumer-oriented and resilient civil aviation industry which supports the nation's economic growth. As an independent agency, MAVCOM's role is different from the Civil Aviation Authority of Malaysia (CAAM) and the Ministry of Transport.
In addition, MAVCOM enforces a protection code for air travellers in Malaysia by introduced the Malaysian Aviation Consumer Protection Code (MACPC) in July 2016. This code aims to protect and educate consumers of their travel rights and benefits while ensuring that airlines and airports are fully responsible and accountable for the quality of service it offered.
In June 2018, MAVCOM launches a smart app called FlySmart. The app was developed to made it easier for air traveller to lodge any enquiries and complaints on problems encountered in their flights.

### Proposed merger with CAAM

In December 2019, the Ministry of Transport announced the merger of MAVCOM and CAAM to create a standalone aviation regulator. The proposed merger is said "to optimise staff and financials, as well as making the civil aviation industry more competitive" and will see the CAAM reabsorbing the commission's economic and commercial functions, in addition to its own technical and safety oversight activities. Though the merger was supposed to have been completed by the second quarter of 2021, however, the anticipated merger did not materialized as both MAVCOM and CAAM remains a separate entity.
In October 2023, Transport Minister, Anthony Loke announced that a bill for proposed merger between MAVCOM and CAAM will be tabled on the Parliament in 2024. On 24 June 2024, two new bills for the merger of MAVCOM and CAAM were tabled at the Parliament by the Deputy Transport Minister, Hasbi Habibollah and approved by the Dewan Rakyat two days later. The bills were subsequently passed by the Dewan Negara on 30 July 2024. On 11 September 2024, both bills were granted royal assent and were gazetted on 25 September 2024. On 20 December 2024, the tentative date for the merger of MAVCOM and CAAM has been finalized and will be announced later.

## Act and functions

MAVCOM's functions are clearly defined by the MAVCOM Act 2015. As prescribed in the Act 771, among the functions of the commission include:
* Regulates economic matters related to civil aviation
* Providing mechanism for consumer protection
* Providing mechanism for dispute resolutions between aviation industry players
* Oversees and administers air traffic rights
* Advised the Government on economic issues
* Manages routes under public service obligations