OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Rise and Shine (Randy Travis album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Robert Christgau | |
| People | (favorable) |
Rise and Shine is the fourteenth studio album by American country music artist Randy Travis. It was released on October 15, 2002, by Word Records. It produced the single "Three Wooden Crosses", which in 2003 became his first Number One single on the Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) chart since 1994's "Whisper My Name". The only other single release from this album was "Pray for the Fish", which peaked at No. 48.

## Personnel

* Randy Travis – lead vocals
* John Barlow Jarvis – acoustic piano
* Gordon Mote – keyboards (1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13)
* Pat Flynn – acoustic guitar (1–4, 6–13)
* John Jorgenson – electric guitars (1)
* Brent Mason – electric guitars (2–4, 6–13)
* Larry Beaird – acoustic guitar (5)
* Steve Gibson – electric guitars (5, 7), mandolin (5)
* Billy Joe Walker Jr. – acoustic guitar (7–10)
* Dan Dugmore – steel guitar (1)
* Paul Franklin – steel guitar (2–4, 6–13)
* Doyle Grisham – steel guitar (5)
* David Hungate – bass guitar
* Paul Leim – drums
* Eric Darken – percussion (2–8, 10–13)
* Nina Rodriguez – percussion (2, 3)
* Aubrey Haynie – fiddle (2, 3, 6–12)
* Pastor Matthew Hagee – backing vocals (1, 3, 4)
* Sandra Hagee – backing vocals (1, 3, 4)
* Vicki Hampton – backing vocals (1, 10, 13)
* Wes Hightower – backing vocals (1, 3, 5–12)
* Christina Ketterling – backing vocals (1, 3, 4)
* Lisa Silver – backing vocals (1, 10, 13)
* Cindy Walker – backing vocals (1, 10, 13)
String section on "If You Only Knew"
* Bergen White – arrangements
* Tom McAnich – copyist
* Bob Mason – cello
* Gary Vanosdale and Kris Wilkinson – viola
* David Davidson, Conni Ellisor, Carl Gorodetzky, Lee Larrison and Pamela Sixfin – violin

### Production

* Barry Landis – executive producer
* Kyle Lehning – producer, mixing, string recording (10)
* Jason Lehning – engineer, vocal recording
* Steve Tillisch – engineer
* Casey Wood – overdub recording, assistant engineer, mix assistant, string recording assistant (10)
* Walker Barnard – vocal recording assistant
* Sang Park – string recording assistant (10)
* Robert Hadley – mastering
* Doug Sax – mastering
* The Mastering Lab (Hollywood, California) – mastering location
* Mark Lusk – artist development
* Tammie Harris Cleek – creative administrator
* Karrine Caulkins – art direction, design
* Buddy Jackson – art direction, design
* John Dolan – photography

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| United States (RIAA) | Gold | 500,000$^^$ |
| $^^$ Shipments figures based on certification alone. |||
# 1992 Alcorn State Braves football team

The 1992 Alcorn State Braves football team represented Alcorn State University as a member of the Southwestern Athletic Conference (SWAC) during the 1992 NCAA Division I-AA football season. Led by second-year head coach Cardell Jones, the Braves compiled an overall record of 7–4, with a conference record of 7–0, and finished as SWAC champion.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Rank | Site | Result | Attendance |
| September 5 | at Grambling State | | Eddie G. Robinson Memorial StadiumGrambling, LA | W 33–35 | 14,455 |
| September 19 | No. 7 Alabama State | | Jack Spinks StadiumLorman, MS | W 32–7 | 17,560 |
| September 26 | at Howard* | | William H. Greene StadiumWashington, DC | L 42–48 | |
| October 3 | at Sam Houston State* | | Bowers StadiumHuntsville, TX | L 27–28 | |
| October 10 | Texas Southern | | Jack Spinks StadiumLorman, MS | W 46–36 | |
| October 17 | at Prairie View A&M | | Edward L. Blackshear FieldPrairie View, TX | W 63–0 | |
| October 24 | Southern | | Jack Spinks StadiumLorman, MS | W 35–13 | |
| October 31 | at Jacksonville State* | | Paul Snow StadiumJacksonville, AL | L 45–59 | 12,100 |
| November 7 | at Mississippi Valley State | | Magnolia StadiumItta Bena, MS | W 31–0 | |
| November 21 | at Jackson State | | Mississippi Veterans Memorial StadiumJackson, MS (Soul Bowl) | W 42–35 | |
| November 28 | at No. 2 Northeast Louisiana* | No. 18 | Malone StadiumMonroe, LA (NCAA Division I-AA First Round) | L 27–78 | |
| *Non-conference gameRankings from NCAA Division I-AA Football Committee Poll released prior to the game |||||||
# Cartoon Network (Turkey)

Cartoon Network is a Turkish television channel that mainly broadcasts cartoons. It is run by Warner Bros. Discovery under its EMEA division. The channel primarily airs animated programming.

## History

The channel launched on 28 January 2008.
On 4 April 2011, the channel rebranded with the CHECK IT 1.0 package. Around this time, it also began to play movie sponsorships for The Smurfs and Arthur Christmas.
On 1 January 2015, the channel rebranded itself with new graphics (CHECK IT 3.0). One year later, on 6 October 2016, the channel switched from 4:3 to 16:9 aspect ratio. On 1 January 2017, Cartoon Network started to use graphics from Cartoon Network USA's Dimensional 2016 rebrand package.
# Merry Christmas Strait to You!

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
Merry Christmas Strait to You! is the first Christmas album by American country music artist George Strait, released on September 8, 1986 by MCA Records. It reached #17 on the Billboard Top Country Albums chart and is certified double platinum by the RIAA.

## Personnel

* George Strait – lead vocals
* John Barlow Jarvis – acoustic piano
* Billy Joe Walker Jr. – acoustic guitars
* Larry Byrom – electric guitars
* Reggie Young – electric guitar
* Paul Franklin – steel guitar
* David Hungate – bass guitar
* Eddie Bayers – drums
* Johnny Gimble – fiddle
* Curtis Young – backing vocals

### Production

* Jimmy Bowen – producer
* George Strait – producer
* Bob Bullock – recording, overdub recording, mixing
* Steve Tillisch – overdub recording
* Mark J. Coddington – second engineer
* Tim Kish – second engineer
* Russ Martin – second engineer
* Glenn Meadows – mastering at Masterfonics (Nashville, Tennessee)
* Simon Levy – art direction
* Tal Howard – design
* Mike Drake – illustration
* Peter Nash – photography
* Erv Woolsey – management

## Chart positions

| Chart (1986) | Peak position |
| U.S. Billboard Top Country Albums | 17 |
# ACSF3

Acyl-CoA synthetase family member 3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ACSF3 gene. The enzyme belongs to the acyl-CoA synthetase family.

## Structure

The ACSF3 gene is located on the 16th chromosome, with its specific location being 16q24.3. The gene contains 17 exons. ASCL4 encodes a 64.1 kDa protein that is composed of 576 amino acids; 20 peptides have been observed through mass spectrometry data.

## Function

This gene encodes a member of the acyl-CoA synthetase family of enzymes that activate fatty acids by catalyzing the formation of a thioester linkage between fatty acids and coenzyme A. The encoded protein is localized to mitochondria, has high specificity for malonate and methylmalonate and possesses malonyl-CoA synthetase activity.

## Clinical significance

Mutations in this gene have been shown to cause combined malonic and methylmalonic aciduria (CMAMMA). CMAMMA is a condition characterized by high levels of malonic acid and methylmalonic acid, because deficiencies in this gene cause these metabolites to not be broken down. The disease is typically diagnosed by either genetic testing or higher levels of methylmalonic acid than malonic acid, although both are elevated. By calculating the malonic acid to methylmalonic acid ratio in blood plasma, CMAMMA can be distinguished from classic methylmalonic acidemia. The disorder typically presents symptoms early in childhood, first starting with high levels of acid in the blood (ketoacidosis). The disorder can also present as involuntary muscle tensing (dystonia), weak muscle tone (hypotonia), developmental delay, an inability to grow and gain weight at the expected rate (failure to thrive), low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), and coma. Some affected children can even have microcephaly. Other people with CMAMMA do not develop signs and symptoms until adulthood. These individuals usually have neurological problems, such as seizures, loss of memory, a decline in thinking ability, or psychiatric diseases.
# Charles Churchill (British Army officer, born 1679)

Lieutenant General Charles Churchill (1679 – 14 May 1745) was a British Army General and a Member of Parliament.

## Career

Born the natural (illegitimate) son of Elizabeth Dodd and General Charles Churchill (1656–1714) and so the nephew of the 1st Duke of Marlborough, Churchill spent his early career in the British Army during the War of the Spanish Succession and was then Member of Parliament for Castle Rising from 1715 to 1745.
He was despatched to Vienna in 1721 on a mission to secure the release of a "Mr Knight" who was being held in the Citadel of Antwerp.
In 1727, he was promoted to Brigadier and appointed a Groom of the Bedchamber and in 1728 King George II and Queen Caroline inspected his Regiment of Dragoons.
He was also Governor of the Royal Hospital Chelsea from 1720 until 1722. and Governor of Plymouth.

## Family

He was married to Catherine, younger daughter of Sir Henry Hobart, 4th Baronet; she died on 2 June 1725. Churchill had a relationship with Anne Oldfield, an English actress, by whom he had an illegitimate son, Charles Churchill (of Chalfont). He also had an illegitimate daughter, Harriet, whose mother is uncertain. Harriet married Sir Everard Fawkener and, later, Thomas Pownall.
# Ferdinand Humbert

Jacques-Ferdinand Humbert (8 October 1842, in Paris – 6 October 1934, in Paris) was a French painter who specialized in portraits and historical scenes.

## Life and work

His uncle, Jean Charles Ferdinand Humbert (1813–1881), was a famous landscape painter who had studied with Ingres. He received his education at the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Paris, where he enrolled in 1861. His teachers there included François-Édouard Picot, Alexandre Cabanel and Eugène Fromentin. His first showing at the Salon came in 1865, with a canvas depicting the "Flight of Nero". He received awards at subsequent Salons in 1866, 1867 and 1869.
In 1874, he began what would become his major life's work; "Pro Patria" (For the Homeland), a series of wall paintings at the Panthéon, which were completed in 1900. They comprised a cycle of the history of France and Paris, as well as a celebration of the Republic.
His fame extended outside France and he was especially well known among Parisians as a master of female portraiture. He served as a Professor at the École nationale until 1902, a few years after he opened his own art academy in the former studios of Fernand Cormon. Later, he was awarded the Legion of Honor; eventually becoming a Commander.

## Académie Humbert

While still young, he and his friend, Henri Gervex, gave private painting lessons. In 1898, he opened his own art studio, near the Moulin Rouge on Montmartre. At first, his students were mostly Americans. Later, Georges Braque would meet Marie Laurencin there. Raoul Dufy, Pierre Waidmann and Othon Friesz were also among his students. As time passed, Humbert limited himself to teaching on Saturdays; while Tuesday and Thursday classes were conducted by his friends, François Thévenot [fr] (1856-1943) and Albert-Charles Wallet [fr]. Nude models of various ages were available for an additional annual fee of 320 Francs.
His other notable students included Marius Borgeaud, Marguerite Carpentier, Fernande Cormier, Cecilia Cuţescu-Storck, Andrée Lavieille, Henri Marret, and Francis Picabia.
# Leighton (surname)

Leighton is an English surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Alexander Leighton (1587–1644), Scottish physician and pamphleteer
* Alexander H. Leighton (1908–2007), sociologist and psychiatrist
* Amanda Leighton (born 1993), American actress
* Baron Leighton of St Mellons, UK peerage title
* Bernardo Leighton, Chilean Christian Democrat
* Clare Leighton (1898–1989), English-American wood engraver and artist
* David Keller Leighton, Sr. (1922–2013), American Episcopalian bishop
* Dorothea Leighton (1908–1989), American social psychiatrist and a founder of the field of medical anthropology
* Edmund Blair Leighton (1853–1922), English painter
* Edward Leighton (disambiguation), several people
* F. Thomson Leighton, computer scientist and co-founder of Akamai Technologies
* Florence Winsome Leighton (born 1948), the birth name of British television presenter Wincey Willis
* Frederic Leighton, 1st Baron Leighton (1830–1896), English painter and sculptor
* George N. Leighton (1912–2018), American judge
* Isabel Leighton (1899-1995), American actress and playwright
* Jane Leighton, English healthcare activist and television producer
* Jim Leighton, Scottish footballer
* Kenneth Leighton (1929–1988), British composer
* Laura Leighton (born 1968), US actor
* Michael Leighton (born 1981), Canadian ice hockey goaltender
* Roland Leighton (1895–1915), British poet and soldier who was killed in the First World War, and Vera Brittain's fiancé
* Robert Leighton (author) (1858–1934), British author of historical adventure fiction and books about dogs. Father to Clare Leighton (1898–1989) and Roland Leighton (1985–1915)
* Robert Leighton (bishop) (1611–1684), Scottish preacher, Bishop of Dunblane, Archbishop of Glasgow, & academic
* Robert Leighton (broadcaster) (1956–2008), English broadcaster
* Robert Leighton (cartoonist) (born 1960), American writer, puzzle writer and cartoonist
* Robert Leighton (film editor), British film editor
* Robert B. Leighton (1919–1997), American physicist
* Timothy Leighton (born 1963), British scientist
* Warner E. Leighton, film editor, mainly for Hanna-Barbera
# Shooting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 25 metre rapid fire pistol

The qualification round of Men's 25 metre rapid fire pistol event was held on 28 July 2014 at the Barry Buddon Shooting Centre, while the final was held on 29 July 2014 at the same place. David Chapman from Australia won the gold medal while Harpreet Singh from India Won the silver medal.

## Results
### Qualification

| Rank | Athlete | Country | Stage 1 | Stage 1 | Stage 1 | Stage 1 | Stage 2 | Stage 2 | Stage 2 | Stage 2 | Total |
| Rank | Athlete | Country | 1 | 2 | 3 | Result | 1 | 2 | 3 | Result | Total |
| 1 | Harpreet Singh | India | 97 | 99 | 96 | 292 | 96 | 99 | 86 | 281 | 573 Q |
| 2 | Bruce Quick | Australia | 96 | 99 | 92 | 287 | 98 | 96 | 91 | 285 | 572 Q |
| 3 | David Chapman | Australia | 97 | 94 | 91 | 282 | 95 | 97 | 94 | 286 | 568 Q |
| 4 | Kristian Callaghan | England | 97 | 95 | 84 | 276 | 95 | 93 | 95 | 286 | 559 Q |
| 5 | Metodi Igorov | Canada | 97 | 95 | 87 | 279 | 93 | 93 | 92 | 278 | 557 Q |
| 6 | Hasli Izwan Amir Hasan | Malaysia | 90 | 94 | 91 | 275 | 94 | 90 | 97 | 281 | 556 Q |
| 7 | Vijay Kumar | India | 95 | 93 | 93 | 281 | 96 | 98 | 80 | 274 | 555 |
| 8 | Khalel Abdullah | Malaysia | 95 | 94 | 90 | 279 | 95 | 93 | 86 | 274 | 553 |
| 9 | George Winstanley | Jersey | 94 | 91 | 82 | 267 | 92 | 89 | 77 | 258 | 525 |
| 10 | Graham Cock | Norfolk Island | 87 | 76 | 68 | 231 | 81 | 77 | 60 | 218 | 449 |
| 11 | Ismaeel Shafeeq | Maldives | 90 | 78 | 38 | 204 | 85 | 83 | 60 | 228 | 432 |
| 12 | Arthur Scott | Saint Lucia | 66 | 55 | 61 | 182 | 46 | 79 | 42 | 167 | 349 |
| 13 | Lennox Mondesir | Saint Lucia | 47 | 41 | 17 | 105 | 47 | 25 | 37 | 109 | 214 |
| - | Madu Abdul | Nigeria | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | DNS |
| - | Rhodney Allen | Trinidad and Tobago | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | DNS |
| - | Roger Daniel | Trinidad and Tobago | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | DNS |
| - | Kingsley Okereke | Nigeria | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | DNS |

### Finals

| Rank | Name | Country | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | Total |
| | David Chapman | Australia | 3 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 23 |
| | Harpreet Singh | India | 3 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 21 |
| | Kristian Callaghan | England | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | - | 17 |
| 4 | Metodi Igorov | Canada | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 3 | - | - | 15 |
| 5 | Hasli Izwan Amir Hasan | Malaysia | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | - | - | - | 9 |
| 6 | Bruce Quick | Australia | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 | - | - | - | - | 8 |
# Shooting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 50 metre rifle prone

The Women's 50 metre rifle prone event was held on 28 July 2014 at the Barry Buddon Shooting Centre.

## Results

| Rank | Name | Country | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | Total |
| | Sally Johnston | New Zealand | 102.6 | 102.4 | 103.4 | 104.4 | 104.4 | 103.5 | 620.7 GR |
| | Esmari van Reenen | South Africa | 102.7 | 104.0 | 103.3 | 104.0 | 103.4 | 102.7 | 620.1 |
| | Jennifer McIntosh | Scotland | 102.9 | 103.6 | 104.6 | 101.2 | 102.9 | 104.3 | 619.5 |
| 4 | Robyn Ridley | Australia | 105.4 | 101.4 | 102.0 | 101.9 | 102.5 | 102.5 | 615.7 |
| 5 | Lina Jones | England | 102.6 | 100.8 | 102.9 | 101.8 | 104.5 | 102.8 | 615.4 |
| 6 | Meena Kumari | India | 103.9 | 104.1 | 101.6 | 100.9 | 101.6 | 103.2 | 615.3 |
| 7 | Sarah Henderson | Scotland | 101.4 | 104.1 | 101.7 | 101.1 | 104.2 | 102.7 | 615.2 |
| 8 | Sian Corish | Wales | 103.8 | 102.7 | 104.3 | 99.3 | 102.5 | 101.8 | 614.4 |
| 9 | Muslifah Zulkifli | Malaysia | 102.1 | 101.3 | 102.8 | 102.2 | 102.2 | 102.8 | 613.4 |
| 10 | Jennifer Hens | Australia | 102.7 | 103.1 | 102.6 | 102.3 | 103.7 | 98.9 | 613.3 |
| 11 | Lajja Gauswami | India | 101.6 | 103.1 | 103.2 | 100.6 | 101.0 | 102.8 | 612.3 |
| 12 | Jenny Corish | Wales | 101.0 | 101.9 | 99.5 | 104.3 | 104.0 | 101.6 | 612.3 |
| 13 | Nur Ayuni Farhana Abdul Halim | Malaysia | 99.6 | 102.7 | 101.8 | 103.6 | 103.3 | 101.3 | 612.3 |
| 14 | Jenna Mackenzie | New Zealand | 102.8 | 101.9 | 100.1 | 99.9 | 105.2 | 102.3 | 612.2 |
| 15 | Jasmine Ser | Singapore | 102.2 | 100.7 | 101.9 | 101.7 | 101.6 | 103.9 | 612.0 |
| 16 | Sharon Lee | England | 101.1 | 100.9 | 102.1 | 101.9 | 102.5 | 101.3 | 609.8 |
| 17 | Rachel Glover | Isle of Man | 101.7 | 103.6 | 99.0 | 101.0 | 102.5 | 100.7 | 608.5 |
| 18 | Claudia Mcclung | Northern Ireland | 101.9 | 102.2 | 100.0 | 101.4 | 98.8 | 102.2 | 606.5 |
| 19 | Lara Anne Ward | Isle of Man | 101.0 | 102.0 | 98.1 | 102.9 | 100.9 | 101.2 | 606.1 |
| 20 | Louise Kathryn Aiken | Northern Ireland | 102.1 | 99.1 | 101.5 | 103.2 | 100.0 | 97.6 | 603.5 |
| 21 | Natalie Piri | Gibraltar | 99.4 | 101.9 | 100.3 | 98.6 | 98.9 | 100.4 | 599.5 |
| 22 | Tehani Egodawela | Sri Lanka | 100.5 | 99.1 | 98.8 | 102.2 | 100.7 | 98.0 | 599.3 |
| 23 | Chelsea Rose Benjamin | Saint Helena | 100.5 | 99.8 | 98.1 | 101.9 | 97.6 | 100.8 | 598.7 |
| 24 | Preeyam Kaur Sehmi | Kenya | 99.0 | 101.0 | 100.6 | 100.2 | 99.8 | 96.5 | 597.1 |
| 25 | Madolyn Andrews | Saint Helena | 100.7 | 101.5 | 97.5 | 99.6 | 94.8 | 99.1 | 593.2 |
| 26 | Joyce Jepchirchir Chebii | Kenya | 99.9 | 100.7 | 97.2 | 97.3 | 99.5 | 98.3 | 592.9 |
| 27 | Madushani Gamage | Sri Lanka | 96.6 | 88.7 | 100.1 | 100.6 | 105.5 | 100.0 | 591.5 |
| 28 | Cleopatra Mungoma | Uganda | 94.2 | 94.5 | 97.7 | 98.3 | 95.0 | 94.7 | 574.4 |
| 29 | Zahara Chelimo | Uganda | 88.2 | 90.5 | 82.5 | 90.4 | 97.0 | 87.9 | 536.5 |
| - | Evelyn Ebbey-Esugo | Nigeria | - | - | - | - | - | - | DNS |
| - | Caroline Utho | Nigeria | - | - | - | - | - | - | DNS |
# George O'Day

George Dyer O'Day (May 19, 1923 – July 26, 1987) was an American sailor, Olympic champion and world champion, and boat designer. He was born in Brookline, Massachusetts, and died in Dover, Massachusetts. He graduated from Harvard University in 1945.

## Sailor

O'Day received a gold medal in the 5.5 Metre class at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome. He won the world champion title twelve times in various classes. He was Assistant Helmsman on two successful defenses of the Americas Cup, Weatherly in 1962 and Intrepid in 1967. He was the first to ever to win an Olympic Gold Medal and the America's Cup. He was elected to the National Sailing Hall of Fame in 2014.

## Boat designer

In 1958 O'Day founded the company O'Day Corp. The same year, together with the English boat designer Uffa Fox, O'Day co-designed the Day Sailer. The boat was inducted into the American Sailboat Hall of Fame in 2003. O'Day was inducted into the National Sailing Hall of Fame in 2014.
# Mamiellophyceae

Mamiellophyceae is a class of green algae in the division Chlorophyta.
The class contains three orders containing 25 species.
* Order Dolichomastigales Marin & Melkonian (7 species)
* Order Mamiellales Moestrup (13 species)
* Order Monomastigales B.Marin & Melkonian (5 species)
# Swartland Shale Renosterveld

Swartland Shale Renosterveld (West Coast Renosterveld) is a critically endangered vegetation type of the Western Cape, South Africa.

## Distribution

This unique type of Renosterveld vegetation occurs over the Swartland and Boland areas, on the West Coast lowlands to the north of Cape Town. It extends from north of Piketberg, southwards as far as Somerset West. Around 10 percent of this area lies within the Cape Town metropol (where historically it was the most widespread form of Renosterveld, especially concentrated on the Tygerberg Hills in the northern suburbs) and, overall, over 90 percent of this vegetation has been destroyed for farming and other development. The remaining patches are threatened by invasive alien plants and further development, making this vegetation type critically endangered.

## Description

Undisturbed, it forms tall, open shrubland over undulating valleys and plains. It usually grows in clay soils that are derived from the Malmesbury Group Shales. Termite mounds create large, round hummocks called “heuweltjies”, that are a prominent feature of this vegetation type, appearing as pale spots on the landscape. Indigenous trees and older thicket often occur around these features. The Renosterbos is relatively common in this vegetation, but this may be due to recent overgrazing – the renosterbos is rather inedible and consequently livestock tend to avoid it.

## Threats and conservation

The vast majority of Swartland Shale Renosterveld has been lost (the target of saving 26% is now unattainable, as 90% is already completely transformed for farming). Remnants survive in tiny isolated patches within farmland, usually only on rougher, steeper ground that cannot be cultivated. Only a few pockets are actually protected, and most surviving areas are threatened by invasive alien plants such as Acacia saligna (“Port Jackson”), Acacia mearnsii and a variety of other invasive trees, grasses and herbs.

## List of some endemic plants

There are a great many plant species within this ecosystem which are totally endemic - existing in this vegetation type and nowhere else in the world. A partial list is included below.
* Leucadendron verticillatum
* Aspalathus acanthophylla
* Aspalathus horizontalis
* Aspalathus pinguis subsp. longissima
* Aspalathus pinguis subsp. occidentalis
* Aspalathus puberula
* Aspalathus rectistyla
* Cliffortia acockii
* Lotononis complanata
* Serruria incrassata
* Erepsia ramosa
* Ruschia patens
* Ruschia pauciflora
* Indigofera triquetra
* Aristea lugens
* Babiana angustifolia
* Babiana latifolia
* Babiana odorata
* Babiana secunda
* Hesperantha pallescens
* Hesperantha spicata subsp. fistulosa
* Lachenalia liliflora
* Lachenalia mediana rogersii
* Lachenalia orthopetala
* Lapeirousia fastigiata
* Moraea gigandra
* Moraea tulbaghensis
* Oxalis fragilis
* Oxalis involuta
* Oxalis leptocalyx
* Oxalis levis
* Oxalis macra
* Oxalis perineson
* Oxalis strigosa
* Pelargonium viciifolium

## Gallery

* Hyobanche sanguinea, an indigenous Renosterveld flower
* Swartland Shale Renosterveld in flower, at Tienie Versveld Reserve near the town of Darling.