# List of pending United States Supreme Court cases

This is a list of cases before the United States Supreme Court that the Court has agreed to hear and has not yet decided.
Future argument dates are in parentheses; arguments in these cases have been scheduled, but have not, and potentially may not, take place.

## October Term 2024 cases

| Case | Docket no. | Question(s) presented | Certiorari granted | Oral argument |
| A. J. T. v. Osseo Area Schools | 24-249 | Whether the ADA and Rehabilitation Act require children with disabilities to satisfy a uniquely stringent "bad faith or gross misjudgment" standard when seeking relief for discrimination relating to their education. | January 17, 2025 | (April 28, 2025) |
| Advocate Christ Medical Center v. Kennedy | 23-715 | Whether the phrase "entitled ... to benefits," used twice in the same sentence of the Medicare Act, means the same thing for Medicare part A and Supplemental Social Security benefits, such that it includes all who meet basic program eligibility criteria, whether or not benefits are actually received | June 10, 2024 | November 5, 2024 |
| Ames v. Ohio Department of Youth Services | 23-1039 | Whether, in addition to pleading the other elements of a federal employment discrimination claim, a plaintiff in a reverse discrimination case – here, a heterosexual woman alleging that she was the victim of discrimination based on her sexual orientation – must also show “background circumstances to support the suspicion that the defendant is that unusual employer who discriminates against the majority.” | October 4, 2024 | February 26, 2025 |
| Barnes v. Felix | 23-1239 | Whether courts should apply the “moment of the threat” doctrine, which looks only at the narrow window in which a police officer’s safety was threatened to determine whether his actions were reasonable, in evaluating claims that police officers used excessive force. | October 4, 2024 | January 22, 2025 |
| Kennedy v. Braidwood Management, Inc. | 24-316 | Whether the court of appeals erred in holding that the structure of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force violates the Appointments Clause, U.S. Const. Art. II, § 2, Cl. 2, and in declining to sever the statutory provision that it found to unduly insulate the Task Force from the HHS Secretary’s supervision. | January 10, 2025 | (April 21, 2025) |
| BLOM Bank SAL v. Honickman | 23-1259 | Whether Rule 60(b)(6)'s stringent standard applies to a post-judgment request to vacate for the purpose of filing an amended complaint. | October 4, 2024 | March 3, 2025 |
| Catholic Charities Bureau, Inc. v. Wisconsin Labor & Industry Review Commission | 24-154 | Does a state violate the First Amendment's Religion Clauses by denying a religious organization an otherwise-available tax exemption because the organization does not meet the state's criteria for religious behavior? | December 13, 2024 | (March 31, 2025) |
| CC/Devas Ltd. v. Antrix Corp | 23-1201 24-17 | Whether plaintiffs must prove minimum contacts before federal courts may assert personal jurisdiction over foreign states sued under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act. | October 4, 2024 | March 3, 2025 |
| Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Zuch | 24-416 | Whether a proceeding under 26 U.S.C. § 6330 for a pre-deprivation determination about a levy proposed by the Internal Revenue Service to collect unpaid taxes becomes moot when there is no longer a live dispute over the proposed levy that gave rise to the proceeding. | January 10, 2025 | (April 22, 2025) |
| Cunningham v. Cornell University | 23-1007 | Whether a plaintiff can state a claim by alleging that a plan fiduciary engaged in a transaction constituting a furnishing of goods, services, or facilities between the plan and a party in interest, as proscribed by 29 U.S.C. § 1106(a)(1)(C), or whether a plaintiff must plead and prove additional elements and facts not contained in the provision’s text. | October 4, 2024 | January 22, 2025 |
| Delligatti v. United States | 23-825 | Whether a crime that requires proof of bodily injury or death, but can be committed by failing to take action, has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force. | June 3, 2024 | November 12, 2024 |
| Diamond Alternative Energy, LLC v. EPA | 24-7 | Whether a party may establish the redressability component of Article III standing by relying on the coercive and predictable effects of regulation on third parties. | December 13, 2024 | (April 23, 2025) |
| EPA v. Calumet Shreveport Refining | 23-1229 | Whether venue for challenges by small oil refineries seeking exemptions from the requirements of the Clean Air Act's Renewable Fuel Standard program lies exclusively in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit because the agency’s denial actions are "nationally applicable" or, alternatively, are "based on a determination of nationwide scope or effect." | October 21, 2024 | (March 25, 2025) |
| Esteras v. United States | 23-7483 | Whether, even though Congress excluded 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2)(A) from 18 U.S.C. § 3583(e) list of factors to consider when revoking supervised release, a district court may rely on the Section 3553(a)(2)(A) factors when revoking supervised release. | October 21, 2024 | February 25, 2025 |
| FCC v. Consumers' Research | 24-354 24-422 | (1) Whether Congress violated the nondelegation doctrine by authorizing the Commission to determine, within the limits set forth in Section 254, the amount that providers must contribute to the Fund; and (2) whether the Commission violated the nondelegation doctrine by using the Administrator's financial projections in computing universal service contribution rates; and (3) whether the combination of Congress's conferral of authority on the Commission and the Commission's delegation of administrative responsibilities to the Administrator violates the nondelegation doctrine.; and (4) whether this case is moot due to the challengers' failure to seek preliminary relief before the Fifth Circuit. | November 22, 2024 | (March 26, 2025) |
| FDA v. R.J. Reynolds Vapor Co. | 23-1187 | Whether a manufacturer may file a petition for review in a circuit (other than the D.C. Circuit) where it neither resides nor has its principal place of business, if the petition is joined by a seller of the manufacturer's products that is located within that circuit. | October 4, 2024 | January 21, 2025 |
| FDA v. Wages and White Lion Investments, L.L.C. | 23-1038 | Whether the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 5th Circuit erred in setting aside FDA’s denial orders of respondents' applications for authorization to market new e-cigarette products as arbitrary and capricious. | July 2, 2024 | December 2, 2024 |
| Feliciano v. Department of Transportation | 23-861 | Whether a federal civilian employee called or ordered to active duty under a provision of law during a national emergency is entitled to differential pay even if the duty is not directly connected to the national emergency. | June 24, 2024 | December 9, 2024 |
| Free Speech Coalition v. Paxton | 23-1122 | Whether the court of appeals erred as a matter of law in applying rational-basis review to a law burdening adults’ access to protected speech, instead of strict scrutiny as this Court and other circuits have consistently done. | July 2, 2024 | January 15, 2025 |
| Fuld v. Palestine Liberation Organization | 24-20 24-151 | Whether the PSJVTA violates the Fifth Amendment. | December 6, 2024 | (April 1, 2025) |
| Bondi v. VanDerStok | 23-852 | (1) Whether “a weapon parts kit that is designed to or may readily be completed, assembled, restored, or otherwise converted to expel a projectile by the action of an explosive” under 27 C.F.R. § 478.11 is a “firearm” regulated by the Gun Control Act of 1968; and (2) whether “a partially complete, disassembled, or nonfunctional frame or receiver” that is “designed to or may readily be completed, assembled, restored, or otherwise converted to function as a frame or receiver” under 27 C.F.R. § 478.12(c) is a “frame or receiver” regulated by the act. | April 22, 2024 | October 8, 2024 |
| Gutierrez v. Saenz | 23-7809 | Does Article III standing require a particularized determination of whether a specific state official will redress the plaintiff's injury by following a favorable declaratory judgment? | October 22, 2024 | February 24, 2025 |
| Hewitt v. United States | 23-1002 23-1150 | Whether the First Step Act’s sentencing reduction provisions apply to a defendant originally sentenced before the FSA’s enactment when that original sentence is judicially vacated and the defendant is resentenced to a new term of imprisonment after the FSA’s enactment. | July 2, 2024 | January 13, 2025 |
| Laboratory Corp. of America Holdings v. Davis | 24-304 | Whether a federal court may certify a class action pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(b)(3) when some members of the proposed class lack any Article III injury. | January 24, 2025 | (April 29, 2025) |
| Kerr v. Planned Parenthood South Atlantic | 23-1275 | Whether the Medicaid Act's any-qualified-provider provision unambiguously confers a private right upon a Medicaid beneficiary to choose a specific provider. | December 18, 2024 | (April 2, 2025) |
| Kousisis v. United States | 23-909 | (1) Whether deception to induce a commercial exchange can constitute mail or wire fraud, even if inflicting economic harm on the alleged victim was not the object of the scheme; (2) whether a sovereign's statutory, regulatory, or policy interest is a property interest when compliance is a material term of payment for goods or services; and (3) whether all contract rights are "property." | June 17, 2024 | December 9, 2024 |
| Louisiana v. Callais | 24-109 24-110 | (1) Did the majority err in finding that race predominated in the Legislature's enactment of S.B. 8?; and (2) Did the majority err in finding that S.B. 8 fails strict scrutiny?; and (3) Did the majority err in subjecting S.B. 8 to the Gingles preconditions?; and (4) Is this action non-justiciable? | November 4, 2024 | (March 24, 2025) |
| Mahmoud v. Taylor | 24-297 | Do public schools burden parents' religious exercise when they compel elementary school children to participate in instruction on gender and sexuality against their parents' religious convictions and with-out notice or opportunity to opt out? | January 17, 2025 | (April 22, 2025) |
| Martin v. United States | 24-362 | (1) Whether the Constitution’s Supremacy Clause bars claims under the Federal Tort Claims Act when the negligent or wrongful acts of federal employees have some nexus with furthering federal policy and can reasonably be characterized as complying with the full range of federal law. (2) Whether the discretionary-function exception is categorically inapplicable to claims arising under the law enforcement proviso to the intentional torts exception. | January 27, 2025 | (April 29, 2025) |
| McLaughlin Chiropractic Associates v. McKesson Corp | 23-1226 | Whether the Hobbs Act required the district court in this case to accept the Federal Communications Commission’s legal interpretation of the Telephone Consumer Protection Act. | October 4, 2024 | January 21, 2025 |
| Medical Marijuana, Inc. v. Horn | 23-365 | Whether economic harms resulting from personal injuries are injuries to "business or property by reason of" the defendant's acts for purposes of a civil treble-damages action under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act. | April 29, 2024 | October 15, 2024 |
| Nuclear Regulatory Commission v. Texas | 23-1300 23-1312 | (1) Whether the Hobbs Act, which authorizes a “party aggrieved” by an agency’s “final order” to petition for review in a court of appeals, allows nonparties to obtain review of claims asserting that an agency order exceeds the agency’s statutory authority; and (2) whether the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 and the Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 permit the Nuclear Regulatory Commission to license private entities to temporarily store spent nuclear fuel away from the nuclear-reactor sites where the spent fuel was generated. | October 4, 2024 | March 5, 2025 |
| Oklahoma Statewide Charter School Board v. Drummond | 24-394 24-396 | (1) Whether the academic and pedagogical choices of a privately owned and run school constitute state action simply because it contracts with the state to offer a free educational option for interested students; and (2) Whether a state violates the Free Exercise Clause by excluding privately run religious schools from the state’s charter-school program solely because the schools are religious, or whether a state can justify such an exclusion by invoking antiestablishment interests that go further than the Establishment Clause requires. | January 24, 2025 | (April 30, 2025) |
| Oklahoma v. EPA | 23-1067 23-1068 | Whether a final action by EPA taken pursuant to its Clean Air Act authority with respect to a single state or region may be challenged only in the D.C. Circuit because EPA published the action in the same Federal Register notice as actions affecting other states or regions and claimed to use a consistent analysis for all states. | October 21, 2024 | (March 25, 2025) |
| Parrish v. United States | 24-275 | Whether a litigant who files a notice of appeal after the ordinary appeal period expires must file a second, duplicative notice after the appeal period is reopened. | January 17, 2025 | (April 21, 2025) |
| Perttu v. Richards | 23-1324 | In cases subject to the Prison Litigation Reform Act, do prisoners have a right to a jury trial concerning their exhaustion of administrative remedies where disputed facts regarding exhaustion are intertwined with the underlying merits of their claim? | October 4, 2024 | February 25, 2025 |
| Riley v. Bondi | 23-1270 | (1) Whether the 30-day deadline in 8 U.S.C. 1252(b)(1) for filing a petition for review of an order of removal is jurisdictional; and (2) whether a noncitizen satisfies the deadline in Section 1252(b)(1) by filing a petition for review challenging an agency order denying withholding of removal or protection under the Convention Against Torture within 30 days of the issuance of that order. | November 4, 2024 | (March 24, 2025) |
| Rivers v. Lumpkin | 23-1345 | Whether § 2244(b)(2) applies (i) only to habeas filings made after a prisoner has exhausted appellate review of his first petition, (ii) to all second-in-time habeas filings after final judgment, or (iii) to some second-in-time filings, depending on a prisoner's success on appeal or ability to satisfy a seven-factor test. | December 6, 2024 | (March 31, 2025) |
| Seven County Infrastructure Coalition v. Eagle County | 23-975 | Whether the National Environmental Policy Act requires an agency to study environmental impacts beyond the proximate effects of the action over which the agency has regulatory authority. | June 24, 2024 | December 10, 2024 |
| Smith & Wesson Brands, Inc. v. Estados Unidos Mexicanos | 23-1141 | (1) Whether the production and sale of firearms in the United States is the "proximate cause" of alleged injuries to the Mexican government stemming from violence committed by drug cartels in Mexico; and (2) Whether the production and sale of firearms in the United States amounts to "aiding and abetting" illegal firearms trafficking because firearms companies allegedly know that some of their products are unlawfully trafficked. | October 4, 2024 | March 4, 2025 |
| Soto v. United States | 24-320 | Given the Federal Circuit's holding that a claim for compensation under 10 U. S. C. §1413a is a claim "involving ... retired pay" under 31 U. S. C. §3702(a)(l)(A), does 10 U. S. C. §1413a provide a settlement mechanism that displaces the default procedures and limitations set forth in the Barring Act? | January 17, 2025 | (April 28, 2025) |
| Stanley v. City of Sanford | 23-997 | Whether, under the Americans with Disabilities Act, a former employee — who was qualified to perform her job and who earned post-employment benefits while employed — loses her right to sue over discrimination with respect to those benefits solely because she no longer holds her job. | June 24, 2024 | January 13, 2025 |
| Thompson v. United States | 23-1095 | Whether 18 U.S.C. § 1014, which prohibits making a "false statement" for the purpose of influencing certain financial institutions and federal agencies, also prohibits making a statement that is misleading but not false. | October 4, 2024 | January 14, 2025 |
| United States v. Miller | 23-824 | Whether a bankruptcy trustee may avoid a debtor’s tax payment to the United States under 11 U.S.C. § 544(b) when no actual creditor could have obtained relief under the applicable state fraudulent-transfer law outside of bankruptcy. | June 24, 2024 | December 2, 2024 |
| United States v. Skrmetti | 23-477 | Whether Tennessee Senate Bill 1, which prohibits all medical treatments intended to allow "a minor to identify with, or live as, a purported identity inconsistent with the minor's sex" or to treat "purported discomfort or distress from a discordance between the minor’s sex and asserted identity," violates the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment. | June 24, 2024 | December 4, 2024 |
| Velazquez v. Bondi | 23-929 | When a noncitizen's voluntary-departure period ends on a weekend or public holiday, is a motion to reopen filed the next business day sufficient to avoid the penalties for failure to depart? | July 2, 2024 | November 12, 2024 |

## October Term 2025 cases

| Case | Docket no. | Question(s) presented | Certiorari granted |
| Barrett v. United States | 24-5774 | Whether the Double Jeopardy Clause permits two sentences for an act that violates 18 U.S.C. § 924(c) and§ 924(j), a question that divides seven circuits but about which the Solicitor General and Petitioner agree. | March 3, 2025 |
| Berk v. Choy | 24-440 | Whether a state law providing that a complaint must be dismissed unless it is accompanied by an expert affidavit may be applied in federal court. | March 10, 2025 |
| Bowe v. United States | 24-5438 | (1) Whether 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b)(1) applies to a claim presented in a second or successive motion to vacate under 28 U.S.C. § 2255; and (2) Whether 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b)(3)(E) deprives this Court of certiorari jurisdiction over the grant or denial of an authorization by a court of appeals to file a second or successive motion to vacate under 28 U.S.C. § 2255. | January 17, 2025 |
| Chiles v. Salazar | 24-539 | Whether a law that censors certain conversations between counselors and their clients based on the viewpoints expressed regulates conduct or violates the Free Speech Clause. | March 10, 2025 |
| Department of Education v. Career Colleges and Schools of Texas | 24-413 | Whether the court of appeals erred in holding that the Education Act does not permit the assessment of borrower defenses to repayment before default, in administrative proceedings, or on a group basis. | January 10, 2025 |