# Sankarabharanam (1980 film)

Shankarabharanam (transl. The jewel of Shankara) is a 1980 Indian Telugu-language musical drama film written and directed by K. Viswanath. Produced by Edida Nageswara Rao under Poornodaya Movie Creations, the film stars J. V. Somayajulu, Manju Bhargavi, Chandra Mohan, and Rajyalakshmi. The soundtrack was composed by K. V. Mahadevan. The film explores the cultural divide between Indian classical and Western pop music through the perspectives of characters from different generations.
Released on 2 February 1980, Shankarabharanam opened to near-empty halls, but quickly gained widespread popularity, eventually running for over 25 weeks in many centres. In Tamil Nadu, the film was a major sensation, showing in packed houses in its original version. In Bangalore, it ran for over a year without dubbing. It was later dubbed into Tamil and Malayalam, with the Malayalam version also enjoying a year-long theatrical run.
The film received significant acclaim, winning the Prize of the Public at the Besançon Film Festival, France in 1981. It was screened at several international festivals, including the 8th International Film Festival of India, the Tashkent Film Festival, the Asia Pacific Film Festival, and the Moscow International Film Festival in May 1980. Shankarabharanam was also featured in an online poll by CNN-IBN in 2013, where it ranked eleventh for the "greatest Indian film ever" as part of the centenary celebration of Indian cinema. The film was honoured with four National Film Awards, including Best Popular Feature Film, making it the first South Indian film to receive this award. It also received seven state Nandi Awards. Following its success, Viswanath directed a Hindi remake titled Sur Sangam (1985). Forbes India included J. V. Somayajulu's performance in Shankarabharanam in its list of "25 Greatest Acting Performances of Indian Cinema."

## Plot

Shankara Sastri, a widower with a daughter named Sarada, is one of the most popular Carnatic singers of the day, famed for having mastered the raga Sankarabharanam. Tulasi is the daughter of a devadasi, who admires Sastri from afar. Once, when Sastri came to their town on tour, Tulasi met him on the riverbank when Sastri was teaching his own daughter.
One morning Tulasi was so thrilled by Sastri's singing that she begins dancing on the riverbank, oblivious of her surroundings. Sastri sees her, and Tulasi also comes to her senses and abruptly stops. She expects Sastri to rebuke her. But he appreciates her sincerity and continues singing.
Tulasi's mother wants her to follow in the family tradition of becoming a courtesan, believes she can extract a high price for Tulasi from a rich man. Once the deal was struck, the man raped Tulasi. Seeing a photo of Sastri in Tulasi's room, he breaks it and taunts her by saying that she is now free to be the old Sastri's mistress. The enraged Tulasi stabs her rapist with a shard of glass from the broken frame of Sastri's photo, killing him.
At the subsequent murder trial Sastri engages a close friend, a lawyer, to defend Tulasi. Tulasi's mother is sent to jail for engaging in prostitution, while Tulasi goes free but finds herself homeless. When Sastri takes Tulasi to his own house, the rumour spreads that Tulasi has become Sastri's mistress. Engaged to sing at a temple, everyone, including Sastri's musical accompanists, leaves on seeing Tulasi. Feeling responsible for this public insult to the man she reveres, Tulasi leaves Sastri's home.
Over time, while pop music is on the ascendant, the popularity of classical music wanes, Sastri loses his audience and, with them his comfortable lifestyle. Ten years later, Sastri is living in a small house with his daughter, who has grown into adulthood. Meanwhile, Tulasi has inherited her mother's property after her mother's demise.
Tulasi has a ten-year-old son, the result of her rape, and desires that he become Sastri's student. She intends to make her son, the outcome of an evil, an ornament to adorn Shankara Sastri as his disciple, just as how a venomous snake becomes an ornament of Lord Shiva (Shankara - Shiva , aabaranam- ornament) and therefore, Shankara's aabharanam - Shankarabharanam. Tulasi gets her son to pretend to be homeless, entering Sastri's household as a servant. Tulasi is content to watch from a distance as her son gradually becomes Sastri's musical protege.
Pamulaparti Venkata Kameswara Rao, a schoolteacher by profession but a dilettante singer at heart, falls in love with Sarada. Although Sastri rejects the alliance at first, he agrees after hearing the man sing at the village temple.
Tulasi arranges for a concert on the day of Sarada's wedding, in a new auditorium which she named for her mentor. Sastri sings at the concert but suffers a heart attack part-way through it. His disciple, Tulasi's son, takes over from the sidelines and continues singing the song.
As Sastri watches his student with pride, he also sees Tulasi at the side of the hall and realizes that the boy is Tulasi's son. A doctor is brought to attend to Sastri, but Sastri waves him off, knowing that his end is near. As Tulasi's son completes the song, Sastri symbolically anoints the boy as his musical heir by giving his "aabharanam" (his leg bracelet, or "Ganda Penderam"), once bestowed by society to honor him and effectively became a part of him, to him and dies. Tulasi comes running to her guru, and dies at his feet. The film ends on this tragic but uplifting note, as Sastri's newly-wed daughter and son-in-law take charge of Tulasi's son.

## Cast

* J. V. Somayajulu as 'Shankarabharanam' Shankara Sastry
* Manju Bhargavi as Tulasi
* Chandra Mohan as Kameswara Rao
* Rajyalakshmi Chendu as Sarada
* Tulasi as Shankaram
* Allu Ramalingaiah as Madhava
* Nirmalamma as Bamma
* Sakshi Ranga Rao as Gopalam
* Dubbing Janaki as cook
* Jith Mohan Mitra as Dasu
* Baby Varalakshmi as Young Sarada
* Jhansi as Ratna Papa
* Pushpa Kumari
* Arja Janardhana Rao as Tulasi's maternal uncle
* Edida Sriramprasad
* S. Bheemeswara Rao as Zamindar
* Dhum
* Srigopal
* Ganeswara Rao

## Production
### Development

After hearing the plot, the producers were initially taken aback due to the parallel cinema tone to the subject matter, but finally Edida Nageswara Rao agreed to produce the film. He wanted Akkineni Nageswara Rao to enact the role of Shankara Sastry, K. Viswanath wanted Sivaji Ganesan to perform the role, but couldn't approach him for various reasons and also wanted Krishnam Raju for the role, but later refused as Viswanath felt his image as a star would ruin the role and he chose a debutant J. V. Somayajulu, a stage artist for the role. K. Viswanath scripted and directed the film, while Jandhyala gave the dialogues. Balu Mahendra performed the cinematography while the film is edited by G. G. Krishna Rao. Thota Tharani worked as the film's production designer. Vamsy, who went on to direct films like Sitaara, Anveshana and Ladies Tailor was one of the assistant directors in the film.

### Filming

The shooting of the film was completed in 60 days. The film was mostly shot in Rajahmundry, Raghudevapuram, Polavaram, Ramachandrapuram, Annavaram, and Somavaram in Andhra Pradesh, Thiruvanmiyur in Madras, Belur and Halebeedu in Karnataka.

## Soundtrack

The music, largely Carnatic based, was composed by K.V. Mahadevan. M. Balamuralikrishna was the original choice for the male playback singer, due to the heavy classical content of the compositions. Since M. Balamuralikrishna was not so much inclined to sing in the movie, K. V. Mahadevan, having faith in the mettle of S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, insisted on him taking up this challenge. The soundtrack has lyrics by Veturi and vocals by S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki and Vani Jayaram
All music is composed by K. V. Mahadevan

## Release and reception

Released on 2 February 1980, the film was released in only a very few theatres and opened to almost empty halls. However, in a week through positive reviews and word of mouth theatres were packed. The film had 216-day run at Royal theatre, Hyderabad. The film was dubbed into Malayalam and released in New Theatre, Thiruvananthapuram and Kavitha Theatre, Ernakulam on 12 September 1980, where it ran successfully for over 200 days. It is considered a cult classic in Telugu cinema especially due to the use of carnatic music that is more true to the classical form than for film.
The Tamil dubbed version of the film was rereleased on 13 March 2015. M. Suganth of The Times of India wrote that "This film is a textbook example of how music and storytelling can go hand-in-hand to create a brilliant film".

## Accolades
### International recognition

* The film won the Prize of the Public at the "Besançon Film Festival of France" in the year 1981.
* On the centenary of Indian cinema in 2013, Forbes included J. V. Somayajulu's performance in the film on its list of "25 Greatest Acting Performances of Indian Cinema".
* In 2013, in an online poll conducted by CNN-IBN on their website as part of the hundred years celebration of Indian cinema, Shankarabharanam came eleventh in the poll for finding the "greatest Indian film ever."

### National recognition

The film won four National Film Awards, primarily in the Music categories. This makes Shankarabharanam the only Telugu film to win four National Film Awards at the time. The film is one of the three Telugu films to win the National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment. The film also won seven Nandi Awards, including the Nandi Award for Best Feature Film. Four of the seven Nandi Awards are from the Music categories.
| Award | Category | Nominee(s) | Result |
| National Film Awards | National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment | Edida Nageswara Rao | Won |
| National Film Awards | National Film Award for Best Music Direction | K. V. Mahadevan | Won |
| National Film Awards | National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam | Won |
| National Film Awards | National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer | Vani Jayaram | Won |
| Filmfare Awards South | Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu | J. V. Somayajulu | Won |
| Nandi Awards | Nandi Award for Best Feature Film | Edida Nageswara Rao | Won |
| Nandi Awards | Nandi Award for Second Best Story Writer | K. Viswanath | Won |
| Nandi Awards | Nandi Award for Best Male Playback Singer | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam | Won |
| Nandi Awards | Nandi Award for Best Female Playback Singer | Vani Jayaram | Won |
| Nandi Awards | Nandi Award for Best Music Director | K. V. Mahadevan | Won |
| Nandi Awards | Nandi Award for Best Lyricist | Veturi | Won |
| Nandi Awards | Nandi Award for Best Child Actress | Tulasi | Won |

## Legacy

The success of this film triggered a sequence of classical films in Telugu, including Tyagayya (by Bapu), Meghasandesam (by Dasari N. Rao), and Viswanath's own follow-ups: Saptapadi, Saagara Sangamam, Swathi Muthyam, Sruthi Layalu, Swarna Kamalam, Swayam Krushi, Sirivennela, Swarabhishekam, Swati Kiranam. S.P. Balasubrahmanyam, the Telugu playback singer who rendered all the songs of Sastri's character, has often said this movie was the highlight of his career. It got S. P. Balasubrahmanyam his first National Award, and made him a household name across all of South India. Film critic Gudipoodi Srihari called it the best Telugu film he has seen after Mayabazar.