OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Bill Woodrow

Bill Woodrow RA (born 1 November 1948) is a British sculptor.

## Early years and education

Bill Woodrow was born on 1 November 1948 near Henley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire. He received his education at the Winchester College of Art (1967–1968), the Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design in London (1968–1971), and the Chelsea School of Art (1971–1972).

## Artistic career

Woodrow was one of a number of British sculptors to emerge in the late 1970s on to the international contemporary art scene, together with fellow artists like Richard Deacon and Tony Cragg. Materials found in dumps, used car lots and scrap yards formed the raw materials for his early works; by partly embedding them in plaster, he made them seem as if they had been excavated. Subsequently, he turned to large consumer goods like cars and refrigerators. While their original structures could still be discerned, he cut portions out of them and reattached the portions to the main structures so that they appeared to be connected through umbilical cords. He held his first solo exhibition at Whitechapel Art Gallery in London in 1972.
Woodrow's works often featured a narrative element, and in the 1990s when he began to make work in bronze, stories remained an important element of his sculptures. A seminal work was In Awe of the Pawnbroker (1994), in which the meaning of the pawnbroker's symbol was unravelled. This sculpture has a number of elements that add up to what is virtually an installation. One of three artists selected to make a sculpture for the Fourth Plinth in Trafalgar Square, London, in 2000, Woodrow chose to explore a recurring theme in his work – the destruction of the planet and the insistent strength of nature over man – in the piece entitled Regardless of History.

## Major exhibitions

Important solo shows by Woodrow include the XXI São Paulo Art Biennial (Brazil, 1991); Fool's Gold, an exhibition of bronze sculptures at the Tate Modern (London, UK, 1996); and Bee Keeper at the South London Gallery (2001). Several exhibitions at the Royal Academy of Arts in London have featured his works, including Earth: Art of a Changing World (2009) and Modern British Sculpture (2011). Between 30 March and 29 September 2013, Woodrow curated the exhibition Here, There and Somewhere in Between at Hatfield House in Hatfield, Hertfordshire. A joint project between the historic country house and the Royal Academy, the show included Woodrow's piece Endeavour: Cannon Dredged from the First Wreck of the Ship of Fools as well as works by Michael Craig-Martin, Richard Deacon and Gary Hume. A major retrospective of his work was held at the Royal Academy between 7 November 2013 and 16 February 2014.

## Awards and honours

Woodrow was a finalist for the Turner Prize in 1986, and was elected a Royal Academician in the sculpture category in May 2002.
# Joel Edwards (rugby league)

Joel Edwards (born 17 July 1988) is an Australian professional rugby league footballer for the Newcastle Thunder in League 1. He plays as a lock, second-row and prop. He previously played for the Wests Tigers, Newcastle Knights and the Canberra Raiders in the NRL, the Limoux Grizzlies in the Elite One Championship and York City Knights in the RFL Championship.

## Background

Born in Cessnock, New South Wales, Edwards played his junior rugby league for the Cessnock Goannas in the Newcastle Rugby League, before being signed by the Newcastle Knights.

## Playing career
### Early career

In 2008, Edwards played for the Newcastle Knights' NYC team. In 2009, he spent a year back with the Cessnock Goannas before moving on to the Knights' New South Wales Cup team, Central Coast Centurions in 2010.

### 2010

In Round 15 of the 2010 NRL season, Edwards made his NRL debut for the Knights against the Parramatta Eels. On 9 September 2010, he was named on the interchange bench in the 2010 New South Wales Cup Team of the Year.

### 2011

After playing 4 games in 2010, Edwards was recalled to the team in Round 4 of the 2011 NRL season and didn't miss a game for the rest of the year. On 13 September, he won the Once-A-Knight Old Boys Gladiator Award at the Knights' end of season awards night.

### 2012

On 2 August, it was confirmed by Knights CEO Matthew Gidley, that Edwards would quit the club at the end of the season after knocking back 3 separate offers. On 6 August, he signed a 3-year contract with the Canberra Raiders starting in 2013.

### 2013

In Round 1 of the 2013 NRL season, Edwards made his Raiders debut against the Penrith Panthers. On 12 September, he won the Raiders' Coach's Award alongside Brett White at the club's end of season awards night.

### 2014

On 16 April, Edwards re-signed with the Raiders on a 3-year contract.

### 2015

On 28 September, Edwards signed a 2-year contract with the Wests Tigers starting in 2016, after being released from the final 2 years of his Raiders contract.

### 2017

Edwards was named in the Tigers squad for the 2017 NRL Auckland Nines. On 6 September 2017, Edwards was one of the nine players that were released by The Wests Tigers at the end of the season following a poor year on the field for the club. He joined Limoux for their 2017–18 season.
# Ministry of Justice (Qatar)

The Ministry of Justice of Qatar is responsible for the following duties:
* Supervising the practice of law in Qatar
* Defending the federal government in cases that are filed against it
* Overseeing the registration of legal processes
* Reviewing contracts undertaken by other governmental bodies
* Increasing awareness of the law, providing legal training for government employees, and monitoring any law-related professions

## List of ministers (Post-1971 upon achieving independence)

* 'Abd al-Rahman ibn Sa'ud al-Thani (1971-1975)*
* Ahmed bin Saif Al Thani (1989-1992)
* Ahmed bin Saif Al Thani (1992-1995)
* Najeeb Al Nuaimi (1995-1997)
* Ahmad bin Muhammad Ali al-Subayi (1997-1999) [Acting]
* Hasan bin Abdallah al-Ghanim (1999-2013)
* Hassan Lahdan Saqr Al Mohannadi (2013–2018)
* Issa bin Saad Al Jafali Al Nuaimi (2018–2021)
* Masoud bin Mohammed Al Ameri (2021-2024)
* Ibrahim bin Ali bin Issa Al Hassan Al Mohannadi (2024-present)
*The ministry post appears to have been vacant from 1975-1989, based on various sources.
# Frederick A. Cina

Frederick Anthony Cina (February 19, 1908 – October 31, 1984) was an American lawyer and politician.
Cina was born in Aurora, St. Louis County, Minnesota. He graduated from Aurora High School in Aurora, Minnesota and received his law degree from University of Minnesota Law School in 1930. Cina served in the United States Navy during World War II. He lived in Aurora, Minnesota with his wife and family and practiced law in Aurora and Virginia, Minnesota. In 1942, Cina ran for election to the Minnesota Senate and lost the election. Cina served in the Minnesota House of Representatives from 1947 to 1968 and was a Democrat. Cina served on the University of Minnesota Board of Regents from 1969 to 1975. He died at White Community Hospital in Aurora, Minnesota.
# Gerhard Frey

Gerhard Frey (German:; born 1 June 1944) is a German mathematician, known for his work in number theory. Following an original idea of Hellegouarch, he developed the notion of Frey–Hellegouarch curves, a construction of an elliptic curve from a purported solution to the Fermat equation, that is central to Wiles's proof of Fermat's Last Theorem.

## Education and career

He studied mathematics and physics at the University of Tübingen, graduating in 1967. He continued his postgraduate studies at Heidelberg University, where he received his PhD in 1970, and his Habilitation in 1973. He was assistant professor at Heidelberg University from 1969–1973, professor at the University of Erlangen (1973–1975) and at Saarland University (1975–1990). Until 2009, he held a chair for number theory at the Institute for Experimental Mathematics at the University of Duisburg-Essen, campus Essen.
Frey was a visiting scientist at several universities and research institutions, including the Ohio State University, Harvard University, the University of California, Berkeley, the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute (MSRI), the Institute for Advanced Studies at Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and the Instituto Nacional de Matemática Pura e Aplicada (IMPA) in Rio de Janeiro.
Frey was also the co-editor of the journal Manuscripta Mathematica [fr; nl].

## Research contributions

His research areas are number theory and diophantine geometry, as well as applications to coding theory and cryptography. In 1985, Frey pointed out a connection between Fermat's Last Theorem and the Taniyama-Shimura Conjecture, and this connection was made precise shortly thereafter by Jean-Pierre Serre who formulated a conjecture $\varepsilon$ and showed that Taniyama-Shimura+$\varepsilon$ implies Fermat. Soon after, Kenneth Ribet proved enough of conjecture $\varepsilon$ to deduce that the Taniyama-Shimura Conjecture implies Fermat's Last Theorem. This approach provided a framework for the subsequent successful attack on Fermat's Last Theorem by Andrew Wiles in the 1990s.
In 1998, Frey proposed the idea of Weil descent attack for elliptic curves over finite fields with composite degree. As a result of this attack, cryptographers lost their interest in these curves.

## Awards and honors

Frey was awarded the Gauss medal of the Braunschweigische Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft in 1996 for his work on Fermat's Last Theorem. Since 1998, he has been a member of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences.
In 2006, he received the Certicom ECC Visionary Award for his contributions to elliptic-curve cryptography.
# Újezd (Prague)

Újezd is a cadastral area of Prague, Czech Republic and one of its quarters. The cadastral area of Újezd is officially called Újezd u Průhonic, while the municipality (městská část) is officially called Praha-Újezd. It is part of the district of Prague 4 and of the administrative district of Prague 11.
The area itself consists of two settlements:
* Újezd, a smaller village.
* Kateřinky, in the northwestern part of the cadastral area. Around 85% of the population of the cadastral area lives there. It lies very close to the large housing estate of Jižní Město.
# Cleave (album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Hot Press | |
| The Irish Times | |
| Kerrang! | |
| Metal Hammer | |
| The Irish News | |
| Vive Le Rock! | |
Cleave is the fifteenth studio album by the rock band Therapy?, and the first album to be released on new UK label Marshall Records, part of the Marshall Amplification company.

## Background

Produced by Chris Sheldon, who previously produced Troublegum and Semi-Detached, it was released on 21 September 2018. Demo sessions for the album began at Blast Studios in Newcastle in late 2017. The album proper was recorded from 15 January to 8 February 2018 at Blast Studios.
Pre-orders of the album became available on 25 June 2018 through Pledge Music and included a signed CD, LP, coloured LP (limited edition of 500), white label test pressing LP (limited to 10), handwritten lyric sheets and an exclusive T-shirt.
A digital-only single called "Callow" was released on 25 May 2018. A promo video directed by Sitcom Soldiers was premiered a month later on 25 June 2018.
A second digital single called "Wreck It Like Beckett" was released on 7 September 2018, accompanied by a lyric video.
"Kakistocracy" was released as a digital only single on 15 February 2019.
A lyric video for the song "Success? Success Is Survival" was released on 8 August 2019.

## Singles

* "Callow" released 25 May 2018 as a digital-only single.
* "Wreck It Like Beckett" released 7 September 2018 as a digital-only single.
* "Kakistocracy" released 15 February 2019 as a digital-only single.

### Promo videos

* "Callow" (directed by 'Sitcom Soldiers')
* "Kakistocracy"

## Early performances

An acoustic version of "Crutch" was debuted live by Andy Cairns at a session filmed for Audio Production Workshop in the UK on 17 April 2017. New song "Flashback Jack" was first played live at the Parkpop Festival in Netherlands on 23 June 2017. "Expelled" (then called "Spat Out") was played live at a gig in Athens on 24 November 2017. "Callow" was debuted live at a gig in Milton Keynes on 5 March 2018 and has remained in the set since. "Wreck It Like Beckett" was played live at a gig in Aachen on 7 June 2018 and subsequent gigs.

## Track listing

All lyrics by Andrew James Cairns.

## Personnel
### Therapy?

* Andy Cairns – vocals, guitar
* Neil Cooper – drums
* Michael McKeegan – bass

### Technical

* Chris Sheldon – producer, engineer, mixer
* Anthony Mills – assistant producer, engineer, mixer
* Nigel Rolfe – artwork concept/photography
* Tom Hoad – photography
* Paul Burgess – design

## Charts

| Chart (2018) | Peak position |
| Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders) | 76 |
| Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia) | 185 |
| Irish Albums (IRMA) | 31 |
| Scottish Albums (OCC) | 18 |
| UK Albums (OCC) | 43 |
# Frederick P. Memmer

Frederick Philip Memmer Sr. (June 15, 1907 – February 1, 1984) was an American lawyer and politician.
Memmer was born in Saint Paul, Minnesota and went to the Saint Paul parochial and public schools. He graduated from Johnson High School, in Saint Paul, University of Minnesota, and University of Minnesota Law School. He lived in Saint Paul, Minnesota with his wife and family and practiced law in Saint Paul. He served as city attorney for Minneapolis, Minnesota and for Little Canada, Minnesota. Memmer served in the Minnesota House of Representatives from 1939 to 1950 and was a Republican. Memmer died in an automobile accident in Phoenix, Arizona.
# Urias Hardy House

The Urias Hardy House is a historic house at 50 Brown Street in Methuen, Massachusetts.

## Description and history

Urias Hardy was an overseer at the nearby Arlington Mills. The Brown Street house, built in 1900, is a fine example of the large single-family home constructed during a time of rapid middle class expansion. The larger more elaborate home is in contrast to the smaller worker houses being built closer to the mills. The Hardy House was built during a period when Methuen became a "bedroom" community for the more urban Lawrence, and is associated with the last period of single-family house building prior to World War II.
It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 20, 1984.
# Wheeling PJ1

The Wheeling PJ1 was an American single seat homebuilt aircraft equipped with two pulse-jet engines.

## Design and development

The PJ1 was designed and built by Douglas S. Wheeling of Pontiac, Michigan. The aircraft was a low-wing monoplane, with a fixed tricycle undercarriage. The fuselage was of simple design, with the pilot located under a bubble canopy. The wings had no dihedral and had a slightly tapered planform. Cylindrical fuel-tanks were located at the wingtips. Two tailfins were located at the tail of the fuselage.
The aircraft's most notable feature was its propulsion, supplied by two Gluhareff pulse jet engines, mounted to the rear of the canopy. One contemporary image shows the engines positioned close together, on struts rising from the fuselage. Another image shows them on struts which cant inwards from the wing.

## Operational history

Wheeling obtained the FAA registration of N17PJ for the aircraft in May 1980. The PJ1 was shown in a semi-completed state at the 1982 EAA Oshkosh airshow, however it is not known if the aircraft was subsequently completed, or if any flights had been made with it.

## Specifications

Data from Minijets
General characteristics
* Crew: 1
* Max takeoff weight: 661 lb (300 kg) with internal fuel only
* Powerplant: 2 × Gluhareff G8-2-130R pulse jets
Performance
* Maximum speed: 300 kn (340 mph, 550 km/h)
# The Bricker Building

The Bricker Building is a historic building in East Hollywood, Los Angeles, California, U.S.. It was built in 1924. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since January 7, 2011.
# George August Borg

George August Borg (July 3, 1888 – October 27, 1968) was an American businessman and politician.
Borg was born in Carver County, Minnesota and was raised on a farm. He served in the United States Army in the Officers Reserve Corps. Borg went to business school and to University of Minnesota. He lived in Cokato, Wright County, Minnesota and was involved with the banking business and was a director of the Northwest Canning Company. Borg served in the Minnesota House of Representatives in 1925 and 1926. He died in Meeker County, Minnesota.
# N.I. Lobachevsky Institute of Mathematics and Mechanics

N.I. Lobachevsky Institute of Mathematics and Mechanics - N.I. Lobachevsky Institute of Mathematics and Mechanics – one of Kazan Federal University’s Institutes. It was established in 2011 at the premises of the Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics including N.G.Chebotarev Research Institute for Mathematics and Mechanics and the part of TSUHE’s Faculty of Mathematics. The Institute has Bachelor program, Master program, Postgraduate and Doctoral studies.

## History

In 1814 classical university was fully opened with the division of Physics and Mathematics as its part. In 1961 the Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics became independent from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics. In 1978 the Faculty of Computational Mathematics and Cybernetics was segregated from the Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics. In 2011 Nikolai Lobachevsky Institute of Mathematics and Mechanics was established in KFU by merging the Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics of Kazan University and Nikolai Chebotarev Research Institute of Mathematics and Mechanics. Johann Christian Martin Bartels is regarded as the founder of Kazan mathematical school. He was the teacher of outstanding scientists - N. I. Lobachevsky. A. F. Popov, F. M. Suvorov, A. V. Vasilyev, D. M. Sintsov, A. P. Kotelnikov worked at Kazan University in pre-revolutionary period. Corresponding members of the USSR’s Academy of Science, N. G. Chebotaryev, N. G., Chetaev, academicians of the Ukrainian and Belorussian SSRs’ AS, A. Z. Petrov and F. D. Gachov, worked there in post-revolutionary period.

## Structure

Division of Mathematics:
* Department of General Mathematics
* Department of Algebra and Mathematical Logic
* Department of Geometry
* Department of Mathematical Analysis
* Department of Differential Equations
* Department of Theory of Functions and Approximations
Division of Mechanics:
* Department of Theoretical Mechanics
* Department of Aerohydromeachanics
Division of Pedagogical Education:
* Department of Higher Mathematics and Mathematical Modeling
* Department of Theories and Technologies of Mathematics and Information Technology Teaching
Nikolai Chebotarev Research Centre

## Education

The Institute provides the following Bachelor programs: Mathematics, Mathematics and Computer Science, Mechanics and Mathematical Modeling, as well as in three majors of Pedagogical Education. Some majors are offered as Master programs: Algebra, Geometry and Topology, Complex Analysis, Mechanics of Deformable Solids, Fluid Mechanics, Theory of Functions and Information Technology, PDEs, Functional Analysis, Pedagogical Education: Information Technology in Physical and Mathematical Education; Mathematics, Informatics and Information Technologies in Education. The Institute offers doctoral programs according to all Russian Higher Attestation Committee list of specialties in the sphere of mathematical studies.
# Samvel Nikoyan

Samvel Nikoyan (Armenian: Սամվել Պարգևի Նիկոյան, born February 13, 1957) is an Armenian politician and Former President of the National Assembly from 2011 to 2012. In 2013 he served as Deputy Chair of the National Assembly.
In 2005 he was awarded the "Andranik Ozanyan" medal of the Armed Forces of Armenia, and was also rewarded the RA Prime Minister Commemorative Medal.
Nikoyan is married with three children.
# Naag Muni

Naag Muni is a Pakistani supernatural musical romance film directed by Raza Mir. It stars Rani and Waheed Murad in leading roles. The music of the film was composed by Nisar Bazmi and songs by Noor Jehan, Mehdi Hassan and Ahmed Rushdi.

## Plot

A pharmaceutical researchers travels in a mysterious land with his colleague, where he comes across a native girl and falls for her. She too falls for him and they both face the difficulties afterwards, as the girl belongs to a tribe of serpent god.
The plot also deals with the theme of reincarnation.

## Cast

* Rani as Neera / Naag Muni
* Waheed Murad as Dr. Anwar / Rajkumar Surajiya
* Sangeeta as Bindiya
* Masood Akhtar as Sardar Anasha
* Qavi Khan as Dr. Khayal
* Agha Talish as Sardar Shanaka
* Rukhsana as Prema
* Saqi as Usama
* Najam ul Hassan as Maharaaj
* Jalil Afghani as Raajkumar

## Soundtrack

All music is composed by Nisar Bazmi

## Release and reception

The film was released on 7 April 1972. It attained the silver jubilee status in Karachi. The film was also released in Portugal with a Portuguese dubbed version on 24 January 1979.
The Statesman gave the mixed review to the film regarding its direction and stoy, while praised the music.
# George B. Dresbach

George Betz Dresbach (August 27, 1827 – April 11, 1887) was an American politician from Minnesota.
Born in Pickaway County, Ohio, Dresbach served in the Minnesota House of Representatives in 1868 and 1878 as a Democrat. He founded the unincorporated community of Dresbach, Minnesota and was a farmer.

## Early life

George Betz Dresbach was born in Saltcreek in Pickaway County to George Dresbach and his wife Catherine Betz. He was the seventh child and third son (of those who lived to adulthood). He was born on August 18, 1827.
At the age of 20, he attended the Greenfield Academy. He moved to Wisconsin in the year 1855 where it is believed he met and married Mary Casey Nichols. Their first son, George Betz Jr was born there on April 27, 1857.
Shortly after he removed to Minnesota and in 1858 established the township of Dresbach under the Minnesota Township Authorization Act.
# 840s BC

This article concerns the period 849 BC – 840 BC.

## Events and trends

* 842 BC—Shalmaneser III devastates the territory of Damascus; Israel and the Phoenician cities send tribute.
* 841 BC—The Compatriots Rebellion [zh] in Western Zhou dynasty. The Chinese people riot against King Li of Zhou, who is then sent to exile at a place called Zhi. The Gonghe Regency, begins. Records of the Grand Historian (compiled by historian Sima Qian by 91 BC) regards this year as the first year of consecutive annual dating of Chinese history. Any earlier events in Chinese history cannot be confidently dated by historians.
* 841 BC—The First Assyrian Invasion of Israel.

## Deaths

* 845 BC—Pherecles, King of Athens, dies after a reign of 19 years and is succeeded by his son Ariphron.
* 841 BC—Marquis Jing of Jin, the sixth ruler of the state of Jin.
* 841 BC—Baal-Eser II, king of Tyre.