OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Pinault's law

Pinault's law (/piˈnoʊ/ pee-NOH) is a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) phonological rule named after the French Indo-Europeanist Georges-Jean Pinault who discovered it.
According to this rule, PIE laryngeals disappear between an underlying non-syllabic consonant (i.e. an obstruent or sonorant) and *y. Examples can be seen in the formation of imperfective verbs by appending *-yeti to the stem. Compare:
* PIE root *werh₁- 'to say' → imperfective *wéryeti 'to be saying' (cf. Ancient Greek εἴρω, eirō, 'to tell')
* PIE root *h₂erh₃- 'to plow' → imperfective *h₂éryeti 'to be plowing' (cf. Old Irish airid 'to be plowing')
* PIE root *snéh₁- 'to spin' → imperfective *snéh₁yeti 'to be spinning' (cf. Old Irish sníid, 'to spin'). Here the laryngeal */h₁/ is not deleted since it is preceded by a vowel.

## General references

* Pinault, G-J. (1982). "A neglected phonetic law: The reduction of the Indo-European laryngeals in internal syllables before yod". In Ahlqvist A. (ed.). Papers from the 5th International Conference on Historical Linguistics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. pp. 265–272.
* Kapović, Mate (2008). Uvod u indoeuropsku lingvistiku (in Croatian). Zagreb: Matica hrvatska. ISBN 978-953-150-847-6.
* Ringe, Don (2017). From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic. A Linguistic History of English (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 16–17. doi:10.1093/OSO/9780198792581.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-879258-1. OCLC 972772031. OL 27415350M.
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# Amy Hoffman

Amy Hoffman (born 1952) is an American writer, editor, and community activist.

## Early life

Hoffman was born to a traditional Jewish family. She is the eldest of six children, and grew up in Rutherford, New Jersey.
Hoffman graduated from Brandeis University in 1976. She received her Masters of Fine Arts from the University of Massachusetts Amherst.

## Career

Hoffman worked as an editor for Boston's Gay Community News from 1978 to 1982. As features editor, she was responsible for putting together the June 1979 Stonewall tenth anniversary issue. She also served a development director for Massachusetts Foundations for the Humanities and the Women's Lunch Place.
During the mid-1980s, Hoffman worked with Cindy Patton to publish a sex-positive magazine for several years. Named Bad Attitude, it was part of what became known as the lesbian sex wars. Lesbian pornography had previously been created with the pleasure of straight men in mind. Patton and Hoffman sought to create a magazine that would celebrate the erotic potential of women with women in a way that affirmed lesbian sexuality, and de-centered straight men's pleasure.
Hoffman published her first book, Hospital Time, in 1997, with a foreword by Urvashi Vaid. The book recollects her friendship with Mike Riegle in the wake of his death from AIDS.
In 2007, Hoffman wrote the memoir An Army of Ex-Lovers about her time as an editor for Gay Community News. The memoir was met with positive reviews in LGBT and mainstream media, and was a finalist for the Publishing Triangle Judy Grahn Award and a Lambda Book Award in 2008.
Hoffman was editor-in-chief of Women's Review of Books from 2003 to 2004 and from 2006 to 2018. Women's Review of Books had shut down between these periods due to lack of financing; Hoffman was the party most responsible for reviving the magazine.
Hoffman is faculty-at-large at Lasell University's Creative Nonfiction MFA program.
Hoffman is the editor, along with Jyotsna Vaid, of the forthcoming book The Dream of a Common Movement: Selected Writings of Urvashi Vaid. Vaid, who died in 2022, was a LGBTQ+ activist, author, and civil rights lawyer. The book of writings and speeches will be published by Duke University Press, available on April 15, 2025.

## Personal life

Amy Hoffman is married to Roberta Stone.

## Publications
### Memoirs

* Hoffman, Amy (1997). Hospital Time. Duke University Press. ISBN 9780822383031.
* Hoffman, Amy (2007). An Army of Ex-Lovers: My life at the Gay Community News. University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 9781558496217.
* Hoffman, Amy (2013). Lies About My Family. University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 9781625340030.

### Novels

* Hoffman, Amy (2019). The Off Season. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 9780299314606.
* Hoffman, Amy (2022). Dot & Ralfie. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 9780299333645.

### Panels

* Moderated Gay Community News at 50: Content, Controversy, & Coverage panel at Massachusetts Historical Society in partnership with The History Project.
# Tina Onassis Niarchos

Athina Mary "Tina" Onassis Niarchos (née Livanos; Greek: Αθηνά (Τίνα) Λιβανού, pronounced; 19 March 1929 – 10 October 1974) was an English-born Greek-French socialite and shipping heiress, the second daughter of the Greek shipping magnate Stavros Livanos and Arietta Zafirakis. She was known best as the first wife of Aristotle Onassis, but she later married her older sister Eugenia's widower, Stavros Niarchos. She was also the elder sister of George Stavros Livanos.

## Marriages and family

She was married three times. Her husbands were:
* Aristotle Onassis (28 December 1946 – 1960); with him she had two children, Alexander Onassis (1948–1973) and Christina Onassis (1950–1988). She divorced him upon her discovering that he was having an affair with the opera singer Maria Callas.
* John Spencer-Churchill, Marquess of Blandford (23 October 1961 – March 1971), later 11th Duke of Marlborough.
* Stavros Niarchos (21 October 1971 – 1974), her sister Eugenia's widower.
After her divorce from Aristotle Onassis, she resumed using her maiden name, Livanos, until her marriage to Spencer-Churchill.
Her son with Onassis, Alexander Onassis, died at the age of 24 on 23 January 1973, as a result of injuries sustained during an airplane crash in Athens.
Athina Niarchos died on 10 October 1974 in the Hôtel de Chanaleilles, the Parisian mansion that she shared with her husband. Her death was officially ruled by pathologists as having resulted from an acute edema of the lung, but has also been attributed to her suffering a drug overdose. She was buried next to her sister at the Bois-de-Vaux Cemetery in Lausanne, Switzerland.
Her daughter, Christina Onassis, sued Stavros Niarchos, her mother's widower, for her mother's estimated US$250 million (in 1974 dollars) estate, claiming the marriage should be annulled by Greek law. Christina later ended the lawsuit and Niarchos returned all of his wife's money as well as her jewelry, artwork and other personal effects to Christina.
Her only living descendant is her namesake granddaughter, Athina Onassis, Christina's daughter.
# Tom Dodd (baseball)

Thomas Marion Dodd (born August 15, 1958) is an American former professional baseball player. He had a short two-week stint in the major leagues with the 1986 Baltimore Orioles, but is likely best remembered for being one of the players included in the deal that brought Fred McGriff to the Toronto Blue Jays as a minor league prospect.

## Yankee farmhand

A highly touted prospect himself, Dodd was drafted by the Oakland Athletics out of the University of Oregon in the second round of the 1979 Major League Baseball draft, but did not sign. A year later, he was drafted by the New York Yankees in the first round (seventh overall) of the secondary phase of the 1980 Major League Baseball draft.
Dodd was an outfielder when he joined the Fort Lauderdale Yankees in 1980, though he played some first base and catcher during his minor league career as well. In 1981, Dodd hit 29 home runs and had 95 runs batted in as a member of the Greensboro Hornets.

## McGriff deal

Early in the 1982 season, he, fellow Yankees farmhand Jeff Reynolds and first baseman Dave Revering were traded to the Toronto Blue Jays for John Mayberry. After the season, the Yankees reacquired Dodd and relief pitcher Dale Murray for Fred McGriff, Dave Collins and Mike Morgan. Third baseman Graig Nettles was also supposed to be included in the deal, but when the Jays refused to give him a hefty bonus, the Yankees included cash in the deal to compensate.

## MLB debut

The Yankees released Dodd the following May. Shortly afterwards, he signed with the Chicago White Sox, with whom he remained through the 1984 season. The ChiSox released him just before the start of the 1985 minor league season. He signed with the Baltimore Orioles, and batted .300 for the first time in his career for the Orioles' Southern League and Carolina League affiliates.
Dodd's best season was 1986, when he batted .306 with thirty home runs for the Charlotte O's and Rochester Red Wings. Along the way, he earned a promotion to the big league club. He made his major league debut on July 25, drawing a walk in his only at-bat.
He entered seven games as a pinch hitter, remaining in one at third base, despite the fact that he had made very few appearances as a third baseman in his minor league career. He hit his only major league home run in his only major league start on August 1 when manager Earl Weaver used Dodd as his designated hitter against the Toronto Blue Jays.
Despite hitting a career high and team-record 37 home runs for the Charlotte O's in 1987, Dodd never returned to the majors. He spent three more seasons in the Kansas City Royals' and Seattle Mariners farm systems before retiring. In his final season as a pro, Dodd led the Pacific Coast League in RBI with 114 for the Calgary Cannons.
# Yuan Mingcan

Yuan Mingcan (Chinese: 袁明灿; born 12 December 1989) is a Chinese footballer currently playing as a midfielder for Jiangxi Beidamen.

## Career statistics
### Club

    As of 24 August 2021.
| Club | Season | League | League | League | Cup | Cup | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Wuhan Zall | 2013 | Chinese Super League | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Wuhan Zall | 2014 | China League One | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Wuhan Zall | Total | Total | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Jiangxi Beidamen | 2014 | China League Two | – | – | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Jiangxi Beidamen | 2015 | China League One | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Jiangxi Beidamen | 2016 | China League Two | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 9 | 0 |
| Jiangxi Beidamen | 2017 | China League Two | 17 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 19 | 8 |
| Jiangxi Beidamen | 2018 | China League Two | 16 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 17 | 4 |
| Jiangxi Beidamen | 2019 | China League Two | 19 | 8 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 25 | 10 |
| Jiangxi Beidamen | 2020 | China League One | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
| Jiangxi Beidamen | 2021 | China League One | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
| Jiangxi Beidamen | Total | Total | 63 | 17 | 4 | 0 | 9 | 5 | 77 | 22 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 63 | 17 | 5 | 0 | 9 | 5 | 78 | 22 |

#### Notes

* 1 2 3 4 Appearances in the Chinese FA Cup
* 1 2 3 4 Appearances in the China League Two playoffs
# Hubert Graczyk

Hubert Graczyk (born 28 February 2003) is a professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Premier League club Manchester United. Born in Poland, he has represented England internationally at youth level.

## Early life

Graczyk was born on 28 February 2003 in Skwierzyna, Poland. The son of a father from Kłodawa, Poland and a mother from Trzebiszewo, Poland, he moved with his family to England at the age of two.

## Club career

Graczyk joined the youth academy of English Premier League side Everton at the age of fourteen. In 2017, he joined the youth academy of English Premier League side Arsenal, where he started his senior career. On 28 February 2021, he signed his first professional contract with the club. Subsequently, he was sent on loan to English side Slough Town in 2023. One year later, he joined the youth academy of English Premier League side Manchester United.
# Adventure in Dairyland

Adventure in Dairyland is a television serial that aired in 1956 on ABC as part of the second season of The Mickey Mouse Club. The serial starred Mouseketeer Annette Funicello and Sammy Ogg of Spin and Marty, and featured Kevin Corcoran in his first Walt Disney production.

## Plot

Annette Funicello and Sammy Ogg visit the 560-acre McCandless Sunny Acres Dairy Farm in Wisconsin. They get to know the members of the McCandless family and learn about the operation of a dairy farm.

## Production

The serial was filmed at the Sisk Farm on Sugar River Road in Verona, Wisconsin.

## Tie-in

The serial was produced in co-operation with the American Dairy Association who published a 16-page paper pamphlet that presented material from the serial.
# Isuzu 4200R

The Isuzu 4200R was a mid-engine concept sports car that Isuzu displayed at the 1989 Tokyo Motor Show. The development theme was the establishment of a sporty performance and image, in a traditional European taste. Lotus and Isuzu were connected at the time, both being in the GM group, and Shirō Nakamura, who was with Isuzu at the time (later moving to Nissan) worked together with designer Julian Thompson from Lotus to create a dynamic, elegant style.

## Features

It is notable that while being a mid engine car, it was designed to accommodate two adults and two children and to be practical enough to use for long drives. The transversely mounted engine was Isuzu's newly developed 4.2 L, DOHC 32-valve V8 engine, and its light weight and high power was it strong point. The 4200R had active suspension developed in conjunction with Lotus which balanced both control stability and ride quality. The interior contained a navigation system, a video deck, a high performance audio system, and a fax machine.
The commercial sale of the 4200R combining high tech and sportiness was strongly desired by fans. Isuzu also prototyped a 3.5L V12 DOHC engine, and performed test drives with it mounted in a Lotus F1. Isuzu went on to mount this engine in a mid-engine, multipurpose vehicle, the Isuzu Como F1 concept, and displayed it at the Tokyo Motor show of the same year.
However, in 1993, Isuzu ceased the development and manufacture of all small passenger cars, and has focused only on commercial vehicles since 2002. The concept car was dismantled around 1993, when Isuzu were to exit the small passenger car market. The car would however be digitally recreated for Gran Turismo 5 in 2010.
* Interior
* Interior
* Isuzu 4.2L V8 ceramic engine
# James v. Illinois

James v. Illinois, 493 U.S. 307 (1990), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court forbade the admission of evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment for the use of impeaching statements made by a defense witness.

## Background

On August 30, 1982, a group of eight boys was confronted by another group of boys who demanded money. The group of eight refused and was fired upon, resulting in the death of one boy and injury to another. After police arrived on the scene the group of eight acted as witnesses by recounting their experience to the police. Darryl James was eventually brought into custody as a suspect. He was arrested in his mother's beauty salon. The police questioned him about his hair color to which he responded that although his hair was currently black and curly it had previously been reddish-brown and slicked back. After arriving at the police station James was again questioned and he then told police he changed his hair color to alter his appearance.
James was eventually indicted for murder and attempted murder. James attempted to suppress the statements he had previously made about his hair as being "fruit of the poisonous tree" obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment, as there had been no probable cause for his arrest.

### Lower courts

At trial the state's witnesses testified that the shooter had reddish hair that was slicked back. Each witness also identified James from weeks prior where they admitted he met the description, although one witness, Henderson, said James' hair was black on that day. Although James objected to the testimony, the trial court allowed James' statements regarding his hair to impeach Henderson, and James was subsequently convicted.
The Illinois Appellate Court reversed the conviction, holding that James' statements should have been suppressed as "fruit of the poisonous tree", even to impeach Henderson. The Illinois Supreme Court reversed this decision, holding that there was no Fourth Amendment violation and thereby reinstating the murder conviction.

## Opinion of the Court

Justice Brennan delivered the opinion of the Court in a 5–4 decision in favor of James, reversing both his conviction and the decision of the Illinois Supreme Court. He noted that James' statements could not be used in a court of law and that the Illinois Supreme Court "wrongly expanded the practice" of illegally obtaining evidence to impeach a defendant's own testimony. Justice Brennan noted that this expansion "would frustrate rather than further the purposes underlying the exclusionary rule."
# Casuaria

Casuaria is a genus of snout moths (family Pyralidae, subfamily Pyralinae). It was described by Francis Walker in 1866 and has been recorded in Brazil.

## Species

* Casuaria armata Walker, 1866
* Casuaria catocalis (Ragonot, 1891)
* Casuaria crumena (C. Felder, R. Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875)
* Casuaria excissimalis (Dyar, 1923)
# National Archives and Records Administration v. Favish

National Archives and Records Administration v. Favish et al., 541 U.S. 157 (2004) is a United States Supreme Court ruling about the Freedom of Information Act concerning the release of photos surrounding the suicide of Vince Foster, then Deputy White House Counsel. The court ruled unanimously that a family has the right to invoke a deceased individual's right to privacy and the unwarranted invasion of privacy exception in the Act must have evidence of improper conduct to overturn the exception.
# Nobelman v. American Savings Bank

Nobelman v. American Savings Bank, 508 U.S. 324 (1993), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court disallowed cram-downs (the involuntary imposition by a court of a reorganization plan over the objections of creditors in a bankruptcy proceeding) for primary residences. Michael J. Schroeder argued on behalf of the mortgage creditor, American Savings Bank.
# Owasso Independent School District v. Falvo

Owasso Independent School District v. Falvo, 534 U.S. 426 (2002), was a case in which the United States Supreme Court held in favor of Owasso Independent School District that students scoring each other's tests and calling out the grades do not violate the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (FERPA). Justice Kennedy wrote the opinion of the court. Justice Scalia wrote a concurring opinion in which he agreed with the ruling but took issue with parts of Kennedy's opinion. The case originated in the District Court of and for Tulsa County, Oklahoma, where the court ruled in Owasso's favor. Falvo appealed to the United States District Court for the Northern District of Oklahoma, where they overturned the district judge's decision and ruled in favor of Falvo. It was then appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the 10th Circuit, where they partially reversed the lower court's judgment and partially affirmed it. They affirmed in regards to the 14th Amendment complaint, but reversed on the FERPA claim, stating that the peer grading act did violate the terms of FERPA. The school board then appealed this to the Supreme Court of the United States, where it was heard on November 27, 2001, and decided on February 19, 2002.
# Reves v. Ernst & Young

Reves v. Ernst & Young, 494 U.S. 56 (1990), was a United States Supreme Court case regarding whether the sale of "uncollateralized and uninsured promissory notes payable on demand by the holder" by the Farmers Cooperative of Arkansas and Oklahoma were securities under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
The majority opinion authored by Associate Justice Thurgood Marshall held that the "demand notes were securities within the meaning of section 3(a)(10) of the 1934 Act" and "rejected the application of the Howey and Landreth Timber tests to note transactions".
Instead, the Court established the Reves test, based on a family resemblance test created by the Second Circuit.
   … the traditional rule is that bonds are securities and loans aren’t. This rule is sometimes cited to a 1990 case called Reves v. Ernst & Young, in which the US Supreme Court said that "the phrase 'any note'" in the definition of a security "should not be interpreted to mean literally 'any note.'" It set out a very woolly test for when a loan is a security:
# Rousey v. Jacoway

Rousey v. Jacoway, 544 U.S. 320 (2005), was a bankruptcy case decided by the United States Supreme Court in which the Court held that Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs) qualify for certain exemptions under Title 11 of the United States Code.

## Background

Richard and Betty Jo Rousey filed a joint Chapter 7 bankruptcy petition in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Western District of Arkansas. They petitioned the court to shield portions of their IRAs from their creditors under section 522(d)(10)(E) of the United States Bankruptcy Code (11 U.S.C. § 522(d)(10)(E)). Jill Jacoway, the Chapter 7 trustee, objected to the petition, and the court sustained the objection. The Bankruptcy Appellate Panel and the Eight Circuit Court of Appeals both affirmed.

## Opinion of the Court

Justice Thomas delivered the opinion of the unanimous court.
The Court held that IRAs qualify for exemption because such plans are intended to substitute income (like other plans and programs specifically listed in the statute) and payments from the plan are because of one's age, thus satisfying the section's requirements.
# Least pygmy squirrel

The least pygmy squirrel (Exilisciurus exilis), also known as the plain pygmy squirrel, is a species of rodent in the family Sciuridae. This plain olive-brown squirrel is endemic to forests, mostly below an altitude of 750 m (2,500 ft) but locally significantly higher, on the Southeast Asian islands of Borneo, Sumatra and Banggi. Together with the African pygmy squirrel, the least pygmy squirrel is the smallest squirrel in the world, having a total length of 10–14 cm (3.9–5.5 in) and a weight of 12–26 g (0.42–0.92 oz).