# Naval Shipyards (Israel)

Israeli Naval Shipyards is the institution within the Israeli Navy concerned with shipbuilding and ship repairs. Three shipyards—Haifa, Eilat, and Atlit—and several Israeli naval workshops are under the command of this institution. It was established during the 1948 Palestine war along with that of Israeli Navy, its origin traces back to the British Naval Shipyard in Haifa established in 1942 during the Second World War.

## Roles

The roles of the shipyards are
* To maintain the vessels in operational conditions.
* The upgrading of the operational capacity of the vessels by integration of more advanced technologies and changing body structure.
* Mid-life overhaul of a submarines.
* Reception of imported vessels.
* Maintenance of the control system and the coast stations.

## Installations

| Name | Location | Designated occupation |
| Haifa Shipyard | West of Haifa naval base | Ship repairs and construction |
| Engine workshop | near the Mount Carmel naval equipment base | Ship repairs |
| BHD 600 workshop | in Bat Galim near the BHD 600 | Electronic equipment |
| Atlit Shipyard | near the Atlit naval base | a workshop for Shayetet 13 vessels |
| Synchrolift workshop | near the Haifa naval base | Lifting of vessels |
| Eilat Shipyard | near the Eilat Naval Base | Ship repairs |

## Haifa Shipyard
### Establishment of British shipyard

The professional infrastructure in naval engineering in Israel which was used by the navy in its establishment began in the British shipyard in Haifa which operated from the beginning of 1942 and served the British army in handling damaged vessels and adapting them to a military purpose in real time. At the height of its activity, the shipyard employed about 1000 people. Father Khushi expressed its future importance in writing in one of the memos that appear in his archives : "It may be possible after the war to purchase all the equipment and the workshops and it would be appropriate for this factory to be transferred to a trust . "
At that time, World War II was at its peak. Most of the coast of the Mediterranean, except for Turkey and Spain, is under the control of the Axis Powers. The Allies held Egypt, Mandatory Palestine and later Syria and Lebanon. At the end of 1942, within the Haifa Port area, the PWD Public Works Department under the management of the Jewish engineer Peretz Willard Etx erected three or four buildings, some of them made of concrete with tin roofs and some made of wood with tin roofs. The entire complex was surrounded by a high fence and the entrance to it was through a gate for pedestrians and a gate for vehicles identified as gate number 11. The area was highly classified and guarded. The British shipyard in Malta was responsible for the shipyard in Haifa. On December 25, 1942, the shipyard was registered under the company Shipwrights & Engineers ME LTD. The purpose of this company was to conduct marine engineering business in the repair, construction and maintenance of steamships. The senior workers at the shipyard were brought from Malta and their terms of employment were according to the contract in Malta. In Haifa, technical personnel were recruited through the labor office of the Haifa Workers' Council and the employment office of the Arab sector. The manpower was diverse and included carpenters, plumbers , engravers, solders and welders, metal workers, instrument makers, boiler makers, builders and general workers. In addition, manual workers were recruited for "beard scraping" jobs, etc., and most of them were day laborers . The payment to the simple day laborers was daily.
Inside the buildings that were erected for the shipyard were two halls where the maritime professionals worked and where they repaired parts of ships that were damaged. A floating probe was brought from Malta which was the only one in the port. From time to time, special work tools were brought from there to repair ships. The shipyard worked seven days a week on Saturdays and holidays and fully responded to the needs of the Royal Navy. In one case the shipyard converted a cargo ship into a passenger ship and the ship was the Tripolitania.
The shipyard's offices were located in Haifa at the offices of HAIFA SHIPPING AGENCY LTD on 82 Malkim Street in one of the Aziz Khayat buildings . One of the shipyard's employees was the engineer Levy, whose daughter Hana Levy worked in the shipyard's secretariat. The chief secretary of the shipyard was Rebecca Watson, the wife of Lionel Watson, the engineer of the city of Haifa. The engineer Aryeh Gutesman was the chief foreman. Aryeh Mehulel was the director of the labor department and his title was Chief Time Keeper, Aryeh who was a man of the Echelon was pulled from the shipyard by the CID, arrested at his home on March 2, 1944, and exiled to Eritrea .
On July 30, 1945, a notice was published in the official newspaper of the Palestine government (The Palestine Gazette in the English edition), issue number 1424, regarding the voluntary liquidation of the company and John Cuthbert Kochs was appointed liquidator. The floating test was returned to Malta.

### Construction of Israeli shipyard

The core of the professional workforce for the construction of the Israeli Navy shipyard infrastructure came from three professional bodies:
* The two workshops of the shipyards in Israel during the days of the mandate: Shipwrights & Engineers and Kirstein & Greenspon, headed by Herzl Greenspon.
* Yishuv volunteers for the British Royal Navy.
* Navy personnel from the American Navy and the Royal Navy.
A company Shipwrights & Engineers operated in Mandatory Palestine to repair ships of the British military fleet and the commercial fleet. The company ceased its activities in Israel at the end of World War II. The company employed professionals from the settlement who in this way acquired their experience working in ship repair and workshop management.
A new company, "Haifa Engineering Factories"- Kirstein & Grinshpon started operating in Israel. Kirstein was a qualified engineer for marine engineering, who became the expert of the British Royal Navy in all naval ship repairs in the Middle East. When the Shipwrights & Engineers left, the Israeli workers, moved to the Kirstein & Grinshpon company, which developed and took over most of the shipping work in Israel. A large workshop was opened at the intersection of Sderot, Ha-Histadrut and Kfar-Ata. Before that, the name of this intersection was "Pilar Locomotive". After the 1948 Palestine war, Kirstein & Grinshpon entered into a partnership with " Soll Bona ", and "Hima" was established. The "Hima" company was the precursor of "Israel Shipyards".
The Kirstein & Greensphon factory worked for the "Haganah", and its main work was in the production of mines, grenades, mortar bombs, mortars and armored vehicles. In addition, the factory built small naval vessels.

### Ship conversions

During the 1948 Palestine war, the workforce at the Kirstein & Greensphon factory worked under economic lockout orders. During the day they worked in the factory, and during the night the workers went on guard and security duties. At the same time, as part of the effort to occupy the Hebrew labor in the Port of Haifa, the members of the port company arrived with Yohai Ben Nun and a group of professionals was formed in preparation for the process of converting the civilian ships of the Shadow Fleet into the first naval ships. From intelligence reports that reached the Hagana, they learned of the intention of the British, who were still in control of the port even though they had evacuated the country, to blow up the ships and close the port. This information reached Israel as early as 1946 but later proved to be false.
Amidst fears that British authorities would sink ships in the port of Haifa, the shipyard workers took them out of the harbor and dismantled everything essential to the operation of the ship. The equipment was hidden somewhere in the port. The Wedgwood and the Haganah were steamships, therefore all the pressure gauges, the rudder, everything that could be disassembled was disassembled from them so that it would be impossible to take the ships out independently, but only to tow them. In this way, the possibility of drowning in the middle of the sea was neutralized. When the British left the port the ships were reassembled and smuggled out of the port, of which three large ships were of Eilat (a -16) class, named the State of the Jews, the Regius, and the Haganah.
In 1957, Colonel Aryeh Kaplan "Kippi" saw that there was one old ship left in the port and it was the Nevertheless. With the help of the anchor company and the naval shipyard, the ship was cut into four parts and was moved to its designated place as a museum.

### The establishment of the shipyard

The initial recruitment for the Israeli Navy was conducted at 29 Jaffa Street by the head of personnel of the naval services, Shlomo Jacobson, from the Yishuv volunteers for the British Royal Navy . Jacobson referred the navy volunteers to the navy, many of the Royal Navy personnel were professionals and with a background of an organized war navy and the initial technical avenue in the navy was formed.
The naval shipyards were established at the initiative of Joe Novek, a Yishuv volunteer for the British Royal Navy. The beginning of the shipyard was at the intersection of Sderot al-Malikim and the German colony where the workshops of the British Public Works Department were situated. The first shipyard workers were Joe Novick and five Yishuv volunteers. The shipyard's initial equipment came from the collection of a variety of equipment from Arab workshops that were abandoned in Haifa during the 1948 Palestine war. The initial camp in the Haifa area was at Hoof Shemen and later he was located at the Haifa naval base in Bat Galim.
With the growth of the shipyard and the workshops, the need arose for a large and orderly building in the port. Warehouse building 4 was bombed by the Egyptians, therefore the Port Authority offered this destroyed building to the Israeli Navy as the shipyard site. The engineering personnel moved to the workshops in the Port of Haifa near the customs house in warehouse 4 near the entrance to the fuel dock. Most of the manpower was from civilian workshops and without an understanding of the professional organizational side of a shipyard as well as an understanding of the structure and requirements of a military shipyard. There was a shortage of manpower and Joe Novick realized that he would not accept soldiers for the shipyard, so he recruited civilians with relevant professions, who became civilian Israel Defense Forces (IDF) workers at the shipyard.
Beyond that, there was a need to establish professional bodies such as electrical department, electronics department, ship hull workshop, damage control, carpentry, underwater work, instrumentation.
The following five officers from the Yishuv volunteers to the British Royal Navy came to fill these positions :
* Benjamin Castle - mechanical engineer
* Halperin - construction engineer
* Lauterbach and Steuer - electrical engineers.
* Levin - chemical engineer
In addition, following volunteers also came:
* Shmuel Winterfeld - electrical trains for transport
* Izzy Moser - Israeli Navy officer
* Jacob Krauss - Ship Workshop
Dick Rosenberg came to the Electronics Division from the United States Navy. He was trained as an artillery officer and was assigned to become a liaison officer later a professor at the Technion in the Faculty of Industry and Management on the subject of behavioral sciences and Rusk who returned to the United States.
The engineering and inspection officer headquarters came from the Yishuv volunteers to the British Royal Navy such as Luther an electrical engineer, Messinger a mechanical engineer, Edmond Wilhelm Brillant a mechanical engineer, Thorpe an electrical engineer.
With the arrival of Paul Shulman, other professionals arrived from the United States Navy and received appointments in the Israeli Navy, for example Jonathan Lev a United States Naval Academy graduate was entrusted with the naval gunnery. Philip Strauss with the inspection of the machinery departments of the ships at sea and the engineering division on the shore, Haim Gershoni was appointed supervisor of shipyard operations and the position of corrections officer. During the conversion of the qualifying ships into a makeshift war fleet, friction arose between Gershoni and Joe Novick. One of the cases that caused friction between Gershoni and Novik was the installation of cannons on the ships of the Shadow Fleet. Napoleonics were Italian cannons from 1912, these were the first cannons that were able to be bought in Italy at the end of 1948. and these were the cannons that were assembled. Four such guns arrived, and they had to be mounted on the corvettes, Wedgwood and Haganah. The cannons were assembled from improvised materials found in Israel, and a week later the cannons were assembled. Due to the circumstances Gershoni left and later described this period in his autobiographical book The Way it Was.
Qualified engineers who were officers came from the US Navy. Among them Robert Allen who was a ship engineer certified by Webb Institute in New York and MIT, decided to stay in Israel. He settled in Haifa with his wife and son and received Israeli citizenship. Alan advanced to the position of head of the naval architecture branch in the Ministry of Defense (Israel) at the rank of lieutenant colonel. In 1956 the family decided to leave Israel.

### Establishment of hall

In 1950, the Navy wanted to invite the prime minister of Israel, David Ben-Gurion, to the graduation ceremony of the recruits. The prime minister expressed his willingness to come but the security, ruled out the Palace Cinema for security reasons emphasizing arrangements in a naval installation. So the shipyard built a hall measuring one hundred and twenty by thirty metres (394 by 98 ft). The hall where the ceremony took place was called "David" barracks after the prime minister in whose honor it was built.

### Suez Crisis

During the Suez Crisis, a major operations of the shipyard was the transfer of torpedo ships on carriers from Haifa to Eilat. Moreover, an Egyptian destroyer, Ibrahim Al Awwal, was captured and towed to the Port of Haifa and was restored by the navy's shipyard and its name was K-38 AHI Haifa.

### Six Day War

On the eve of the Six Day War, the shipyard very quickly finished the renovations of the destroyer Eilat which returned to service after the INS Haifa (K-38) had ceased to be active.

## Eilat Shipyard
### Establishment

The branch of the shipyard in Eilat was established to serve the vessels in the Eilat Naval Base during the War of Attrition. In order to establish it, Lt. Col. Chaim Shtoyer was sent there.

### History

On January 24, 1970, a disaster hit the Port of Eilat and the navy shipyard known as the ammunition truck disaster after the raid on Shadoan Island. In this disaster, 24 soldiers were killed, along with 5 civilian shipyard workers.
Lt. Col. Moshe Omen Oxman was appointed as the first shipyard commander in 1973 and established Mesha Synchrolift.
In 1981, the shipyard repaired the hull of INS Geash, after the unwanted beaching on the Saudi Arabian coast. The activity included salvage and flooding from the Saudi coast, towing to the Eilat Naval Base, shipping and repair to an operational condition.

## Atlit Shipyard
### Establishment

After the establishment of Shayetet 13, the research and planning division of the Weapons Development Authority, began a project based on sabotage boats that were manufactured in Italy and which were used to sink Emir Farooq. A new model passed the tests in Shipyard until March 1954 and in April of that year it was tested by the Navy and its production began. In 1956 the boats entered operational use in the Navy.

### Integration into Naval Shipyards

After the integration of Shayetet 13 into the Navy, the Shayetet 13 shipyard was subordinated to the Naval Shipyard. In 1958, bodies of pigs were developed by Lt. Col. Haim Shachel. The design was outsourced to the Orlight plant in Ness Ziona and in 1963 a molded fiberglass model was launched as a unified body and not composed of separate parts.
Covert repairs and operations were also carried out in this shipyard.

## Sources and references

* ↑ "סקירה על המספנה ותפקידה השונים". Israel Defense Monthly.
* ↑ "יותר-ספינות-חיל-הים-עוברות-שדרוג". 2013.
* ↑ "360 אלף שעות שיפוץ: צוללת פורקה והורכבה מחדש". Ynet. 5 November 2014. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
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* ↑ Yuval Dan Gor. "master's thesis operating the shipyard in the format of a closed economy, developing an integrative model of management indicators" (PDF). Retrieved 6 September 2021.
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* ↑ An article in the Haifa Heritage newspaper, the British shipyard in the port of Haifa, Aryeh Mehulel and attorney Eli Roman
* ↑ "Subscription of Peretz Willard Etx as a district engineer of PWD p.724" (PDF). Nevo Database. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
* ↑ "הקמת חברת Shipwrights & Engineers M.E LTD ורישומה" (PDF). Nevo legal database. p. 78.
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