# National Capital Region (India)

The National Capital Region (NCR; Rāṣṭrīya Rājadhānī Kṣētra) is a planning region centred upon the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi in India. It encompasses Delhi and several districts surrounding it from the states of Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, and Rajasthan. The NCR and the associated National Capital Region Planning Board (NCRPB) were created in 1985 to plan the development of the region and to evolve harmonized policies for the control of land-uses and development of infrastructure in the region. Prominent cities of the NCR include Delhi, Faridabad, Ghaziabad, Gurgaon and Noida.
The NCR is a rural-urban region, with a population of over 46,069,000 and an urbanisation level of 62.6%. As well as cities and towns, the NCR contains ecologically sensitive areas like the Aravalli ridge, forests, wildlife and bird sanctuaries. The Delhi Extended Urban Agglomeration, a part of the NCR, had an estimated GDP of $370 billion (measured in terms of GDP PPP) in 2015–16.
Despite being a part of the NCR, the Government of India's think tank, NITI Aayog, listed the Nuh district of Haryana as the most underdeveloped compared to all of India's 739 districts.

## History

The National Capital Region (NCR) and its planning board were created under the National Capital Region Planning Board Act of 1985. That 1985 Act defined the NCR as being the whole of Delhi; the Haryana districts of Gurgaon (then including the Nuh district), Faridabad and Sonipat, Rohtak (then including Jhajjar tehsil) and the Rewari tehsil then in Mahendragarh district; and the Uttar Pradesh districts of Bulandshahr, Muzaffarnagar, Meerut (then including Baghpat tehsil), and Ghaziabad (then including Hapur tehsil), and some part of the Rajasthan district of Alwar. The 1985 boundary of the NCR covered an area of 34,144 square kilometres (13,183 sq mi).$^{:3}$
Prior to the creation of the NCR, an area described as the Delhi Metropolitan Area (DMA) was described in the 1962 Master Plan for Delhi. That plan defined the DMA as comprising the National Capital Territory and the ring towns of Ghaziabad, Faridabad, Ballabhgarh, Gurgaon, Bahadurgarh and Loni, also certain rural areas, which had a population of the somewhat less than 2.1 million in 1951. The following "Master Plan for Delhi", approved in August 1990, added Noida, Bahadurgarh and the then-proposed township of Kundli to the DMA, which consequently covered an area of 3,182 km$^2$.
Gautam Budh Nagar district was created in 1997 out of the existing NCR districts of Ghaziabad and Bulandshahr. The city of Noida was the location of the new district's headquarters. Also in 1997 Baghpat district was created from Baghpat tehsil of Meerut district.
In July 2013, the NCR was expanded to include three more districts, Bhiwani, and Mahendragarh in the state of Haryana, as well as Bharatpur in the state of Rajasthan. This brought the number of districts in the NCR to 19 (outside Delhi NCT), with the total NCR area increasing 34% to 45,887 km$^2$. Subsequently, Charkhi Dadri district was separated from Bhiwani district in 2016.
On 9 June 2015, the Government of India approved the inclusion of three more districts in NCR – Jind, Panipat, Karnal in the state of Haryana and Muzaffarnagar in Uttar Pradesh. covering a total area of 50,566 km$^2$. Shamli district of U.P. was added to the NCR in December 2017. As of 2021, there are a total of 24 districts in the NCR, excluding the 11 districts of Delhi.

### Proposed extensions

On 9 January 2018, the government of Uttar Pradesh formally proposed the extension of the NCR to cover the districts Aligarh, Bijnor, Hathras and Mathura.

### Proposed reductions

Under the "Draft Regional Plan 2041", it has been proposed to limit the NCR region to 100-km radius from Rajghat in Delhi for more focused and sustainable development of the region. Government of Haryana has requested NCRPB for at least one-third reduction of its share in the NCR region.

## Component districts

A total of 24 districts in three neighbouring states of Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan along with whole of the National Capital Territory of Delhi constitute the National Capital Region (NCR) of India.
The areas and populations (per 2011 census, prior to the addition of Muzaffarnagar, Jind, Karnal and Shamli) of these component districts are set out below:$^{:3,6}$
| State/UT | Districts | Area (km$^2$) | Population (in thousands) |
| Delhi | Central Delhi | 1,483 | 16,788 |
| Delhi | East Delhi | 1,483 | 16,788 |
| Delhi | New Delhi | 1,483 | 16,788 |
| Delhi | North Delhi | 1,483 | 16,788 |
| Delhi | North East Delhi | 1,483 | 16,788 |
| Delhi | North West Delhi | 1,483 | 16,788 |
| Delhi | Shahdara | 1,483 | 16,788 |
| Delhi | South Delhi | 1,483 | 16,788 |
| Delhi | South East Delhi | 1,483 | 16,788 |
| Delhi | South West Delhi | 1,483 | 16,788 |
| Delhi | West Delhi | 1,483 | 16,788 |
| Haryana | Bhiwani | 25,327 | 11,031 |
| Haryana | Charkhi Dadri | 25,327 | 11,031 |
| Haryana | Faridabad | 25,327 | 11,031 |
| Haryana | Gurgaon | 25,327 | 11,031 |
| Haryana | Jhajjar | 25,327 | 11,031 |
| Haryana | Jind | 25,327 | 11,031 |
| Haryana | Karnal | 25,327 | 11,031 |
| Haryana | Mahendragarh | 25,327 | 11,031 |
| Haryana | Nuh | 25,327 | 11,031 |
| Haryana | Palwal | 25,327 | 11,031 |
| Haryana | Panipat | 25,327 | 11,031 |
| Haryana | Rewari | 25,327 | 11,031 |
| Haryana | Rohtak | 25,327 | 11,031 |
| Haryana | Sonipat | 25,327 | 11,031 |
| Rajasthan | Alwar | 13,447 | 3,674 |
| Rajasthan | Bharatpur | 13,447 | 3,674 |
| Uttar Pradesh | Baghpat | 14,826 | 14,576 |
| Uttar Pradesh | Bulandshahr | 14,826 | 14,576 |
| Uttar Pradesh | Gautam Buddh Nagar | 14,826 | 14,576 |
| Uttar Pradesh | Ghaziabad | 14,826 | 14,576 |
| Uttar Pradesh | Hapur | 14,826 | 14,576 |
| Uttar Pradesh | Meerut | 14,826 | 14,576 |
| Uttar Pradesh | Muzaffarnagar | 14,826 | 14,576 |
| Uttar Pradesh | Shamli | 14,826 | 14,576 |
| Total | Total | 55,083 | 46,069 |

## Regional planning

The planning body for the region is the National Capital Region Planning Board (NCRPB). It has issued two regional plans, the "Regional Plan 2001, National Capital Region" approved in 1988, and the "Regional Plan 2021, National Capital Region" approved in 2005. Topics covered by the 2001 plan included transport, telecommunications, power and water supply, waste and sewerage, education, health, the environment, housing and the "counter magnet" areas. The 2021 plan extended these with the additional topics of social infrastructure, heritage, tourism, rural development, and disaster management.
The 51% of pollution in NCR is caused by the industrial pollution, 27% by vehicles and 8% by crop burning, consequently there are plans to create a 1,600 km long and 5 km wide The Great Green Wall of Aravalli green ecological corridor along Aravalli range from Gujarat to Delhi to be connected to Sivalik hill range with the planting of 1.35 billion (135 crore) new native trees over 10 years. About 46% of the National Capital Region, home to 40 to 50 million people, is not connected to sewage networks. Sewage from these areas flows into stormwater drains that empty directly into the Yamuna.
A Sports University is proposed to be established in Meerut district of UP Sub-Region.

## Judicial System

Delhi NCR has only one high court, which is in Delhi. While it is highly suggested in Regional Plan 2041, Delhi NCR that high court bench must be set up in western Uttar Pradesh, large part of which falls in Delhi NCR. There has been long standing demand for high court bench in Meerut.
Regional Plan 2041, Delhi NCR suggests that industrial growth of western Uttar Pradesh's part of Delhi NCR is being hampered due to unavailability of judicial system. Almost 54% of all cases reaching the High Court originate from the 22 districts of Western UP.
People have to travel 700 km away to Allahabad for hearings. In fact, 6 high courts (Shimla, Delhi, Jaipur, Chandigarh, Nainital, Jammu) from other states are closer than Allahabad from western Uttar Pradesh. Even Lahore high court is closer than Allahabad.

## Transport
### Delhi Meerut RRTS

To ease with Transportation within National Capital Region. India's first Regional Rapid Transit System (RRTS) was developed in Delhi NCR. The first line that will become operational in November, 2023 will be Delhi Meerut RRTS. It is an 82.15 km (51.05 mi) long, semi-high speed rail corridor which will be India's first Regional Rapid Transit System currently under construction.
Out of eight RRTS corridors identified and targeted for development prior to the formation of the NCRTC, the following three were prioritized by India's Planning Commission:
* Delhi-Ghaziabad-Meerut (Under Construction, Sahibabad-Duhai 17-km stretch operational, Duhai-Meerut South expected to be inaugurated in March 2024.)
* Delhi-Gurugram-SNB-Alwar (Pre-construction, expected to start construction sometime in 2024.)
* Delhi-Panipat (Proposed)
The RapidX trains will have maximum speed for 180 km/h (110 mph) and operation max speed would be 160 km (99 mi).

### Expressways

The region has the following operation and upcoming expressways -
* Delhi Meerut Expressway
* Yamuna Expressway (Noida.- Agra)
* Noida - Greater Noida Expressway
* DND Flyway
* Ganga Expressway (Meerut - Varanasi) (India's widest 14 lane expressway)
* Eastern Peripheral Expressway
* Western Peripheral Expressway
* Dwarka Expressway
* Delhi Mumbai Expressway
* UER 2 Expressway
* Delhi Dehradun Expressway
* Delhi-Amritsar-Katra Expressway

### Dedicated Freight Corridor

For regional logistic transportation both Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor and Western Dedicated Freight Corridor will pass through Delhi NCR. Sites like Meerut and Dadri are planned to be proposed logistic hub.
Ashok Agarwal, national president, Indian Industries Association (IIA), said “We have also received queries related to the allotment of land along the Ganga Expressway from investors. Most of the queries are for land in Meerut, Budaun and its adjoining areas”.
* Meerut along Delhi Meerut Expressway
* Dadri Noida Ghaziabad Investment Region

### Proposed Orbital Rail Corridor (ORC)

A total of three orbital rail corridors of proposed connected important districts of Meerut, Palwal, Sonipat, Noida, Gurugram, Faridabad and covering NCR area in circular fashion by rails for passenger trains and goods.
* ORC - I: Haryana developing ORC by 2025 connecting Palwal-Sonipat. Uttar Pradesh is also planning to develop ORC connecting Palwal - Khurja - Meerut - Bagapat - Sonipat, to complete the Orbital Circle 1. This is expected to be made fully operational by 2028.
* ORC - II: As “Regional Orbital Rail Corridor (RORC)” connecting Panipat- Shamli- Meerut- Jewar- Nuh- Bhiwadi- Rewari- Jhajjar- Rohtak- Panipat (along CREII) to enable fast regional movement of passenger and goods avoiding CNCR area.
* ORC - III: As “Outer Orbital Rail Corridor (OORC)” along CRE-III, is planned by 2041.

### Railways

It is also proposed in Regional Plan 2041, Delhi NCR that all railway lines in NCR should be 4 tracks by 2030 and 06 tracks by 2040, 100% electrified, broad gauge and of high speed, with latest safety systems, Train Autonomous Cicrumambutation System (TACS), Centralised Traffic Control (CTC), etc.

### Airports

Currently there is only one international airport, which is Indira Gandhi Internal Airport Delhi. Another airport, Jewar Airport Noida which could become one of Asia's largest airports once full operational is expected to be completed in 2025. Another airport in Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar Meerut Airport is proposed in Regional Plan 2041, Delhi NCR.

### Metro

The city has several metro transit system where the largest network being Delhi Metro which serves Delhi and other regions of NCR including Faridabad, Noida, Gurgaon and Ghaziabad. Noida Metro and Meerut Metro that are separately managed by Uttar Pradesh Metro Rail Corporation are the other transit metro systems currently in operation in the city. While Gurgaon Metro set to be operated by Haryana Mass Rapid Transport Corporation Limited is under construction.

## Central National Capital Region

The 2001 Regional Plan defined the "Delhi Metropolitan Area" (DMA) as comprising the controlled areas of contiguous towns of Ghaziabad–Loni and Noida in Uttar Pradesh; Faridabad–Ballabhgarh, Gurgaon, Bahadurgarh, Kundli and extension of Delhi Ridge in Haryana. The total area of DMA was 1,696 km$^2$ (655 sq mi), excluding the area of Delhi.
Under the 2021 Regional plan, the Delhi Metropolitan Area was redesignated as "Central National Capital Region" (CNCR) wherein new areas were added. The CNCR comprises controlled areas of contiguous towns of Ghaziabad–Loni and Noida in Uttar Pradesh; Gurgaon–Manesar, Faridabad–Ballabhgarh, Bahadurgarh, and Sonipat–Kundli in Haryana. The total area of CNCR (excluding NCT of Delhi) is approximately 2,000 km$^2$ (770 sq mi).
The 2021 plan estimated the 2001 population of the CNCR outside of Delhi to be over 2.8 million, while Delhi's population was 13.8 million, yielding a total CNCR population of 16.6 million. As of 2016 the most recent population estimates have spanned 25.7 to 26.5 million people.

## Challenges to NCR

Delhi NCR faces its own set of challenges.
* Pollution - Due to high industrial growth, pollution from vehicles and stubble burning in Haryana & Punjab. Delhi NCR has the worst Air Quality index in the world.
* Judicial - The western Uttar Pradesh part of NCR contributes more than 50% of revenue to Uttar Pradesh Government. It has lost and risks losing a lot of corporate investments due to the unavailability of the Judicial System in West Uttar Pradesh. High courts of 6 other Indian states are closer to western Uttar Pradesh than the High court of the state of Uttar Pradesh — Allahabad High court. NCR planning board has suggested setting up a high court bench in Meerut to prevent loss of possible investments.
* Air Connectivity - Delhi NCR has only 1 international airport, which is Indira Gandhi Airport in Delhi. The upcoming airport in Jewar, Noida is under construction.

## Counter magnets

The 1985 Act (§2.c and §8.f) gives the NCRCB the ability to select districts outside of the NCR to act as counter magnets, with a view to developing them further.$^{:2,10}$ Counter-magnet cities are identified as those that can be developed as alternative centres of growth and attract migrants to them rather than Delhi.$^{:121}$ The criteria for selecting counter magnet towns are: that they should have their own established roots and potential of growth,$^{:121}$ and should not be centres of either religious, strategic or environmental importance. The counter magnet cities should be given priority when allocating funding for development of land, housing and infrastructure.$^{:126}$
Following are the nine Counter-Magnet Areas to NCR spread across six states:
* Hisar and Ambala in Haryana
* Bareilly and Kanpur in Uttar Pradesh
* Kota and Jaipur in Rajasthan
* Patiala in Punjab
* Gwalior in Madhya Pradesh
* Dehradun in Uttarakhand