OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Chumak

Chumak (Ukrainian: чумак) was a historical and traditional wagon-based trading occupation in the territory of modern Ukraine in the late Medieval and early Modern periods of history. It involved the delivery of goods (salt, fish, grain, and others) for the purpose of long-distance sales using carts (wagons) harnessed to oxen.
Chumaks developed as a merchant class facilitating the trade in salt from the areas of Halychyna as well as the coastal areas of Black and Azov Seas, in addition to other items.
They prospered until the end of the 19th century, when competition from railroads made longer trade-routes unprofitable. Chumaks transported goods in wagons pulled by two oxen paired with a yoke. The oxen were often of the Bessarabian breed.
Chumaks operated most commonly during the times of the Cossack Hetmanate (17th century), trading between the Moscow state, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Crimean Khanate, and Moldavia. Modernization marginalized traditional economic activity, and relegated Chumak traders to areas in western Ukraine with the lowest levels of service.

## Influence on Ukrainian culture

The chumak way of life had great influence on Ukrainian folklore, language, and overall culture, due to the hardships and perils inherent in that trade.
In the Ukrainian language the Milky Way is called the Chumaks' Way. There is a Ukrainian surname Chumak.
Chumak traders featured prominently in Ukrainian folklore and fables. They feature in the literal as well as artistic works of Taras Shevchenko (1814–1861), of the Crimean-Armenian painter Ivan Aivazovsky (1817–1900), and in the song Ukraina by Taras Petrynenko (1953– ).
# Diodia virginiana

Diodia virginiana is a plant species in the Rubiaceae, common name Virginia buttonweed. It is a spreading, matted perennial with opposite leaves, often mottled because of a virus that attacks the foliage. Flowers are white, cross-shaped with four petals. Fruits are green, often floating on water. The species can become a nuisance weed, hard to eradicate because of underground parts that remain behind when you try to pull up the plant.
Diodia virginiana is native to Cuba, Nicaragua, Mexico, Connecticut, and the south-central and southeastern United States. It is known from every state on the Gulf and Atlantic coasts from Texas to New Jersey as well as all the states in the Tennessee and Ohio River Valleys and the southern Great Plains. The species is also naturalized in Japan, Taiwan and northern California. Its habitats include edges of marshes, savanna margins, and low fields.
# Pirapetinga

Pirapetinga is a municipality in the state of Minas Gerais in the Southeast region of Brazil.
Its estimated population in 2020 was 10,772 inhabitants (IBGE).

## Geography

The municipality is located in the Meso-region of Zona da Mata near the border with the State of Rio de Janeiro. It is 379 kilometres (235 mi) by road from the capital of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte. It has an area of 192 square kilometres (74 sq mi) including the city itself and two districts: Valão Quente and Caiapó.

### Topography, climate, hydrology

The city is at an altitude of 160 metres (520 ft), with the highest point being Pedra Bonita at 797 metres (2,615 ft). The climate is tropical with wet summers and an average annual temperature around 23.5 °C (74.3 °F), with variations between 18 °C (64 °F) (mean minimum) and 31 °C (88 °F) (mean maximum).
The district is watered by the River Pirapetinga a tributary of the Paraíba do Sul.

## Highways

BR-393

## Demographics
### Census Data - 2000

Total Population: 10,034
Urban: 8413
Rural: 1621
Men: 5034
Women: 5000
(Source: AMM )
Population density (inhabitants / km$^2$): 51.8
Infant mortality (per thousand): 25.4
Life expectancy (years): 71.1
Fertility rate (children per woman): 2.2
Literacy Rate: 83.8%
Human Development Index (HDI): 0.759
HDI-M Income: 0.681
HDI-M Longevity: 0.768
HDI-M Education: 0.827
(Source: UNDP / 2000)

## History

The city began as a village that grew up around the chapel erected in honour of Saint Anne in 1850. In 1864, the village became a district of Leopoldina with the name of Santana Pirapetinga.
It became independent of the municipality of Além Paraíba in 1938.
# Abu Ubaidah Youssef al-Annabi

Yazid Mubarak (Arabic: أبو عبيدة يوسف العنابي; born 7 February 1969), better known by his nom-de-guerre Abu Ubaidah Youssef al-Annabi, is an Algerian Islamist militant who is the current leader of the Algerian Islamic militant group Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), formerly the Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (GSPC). In November 2020, he was named emir, replacing Abdelmalek Droukdel who was killed during a French special operation during the Battle of Talahandak.
The U.S. Rewards for Justice Program is offering up to $7 million in exchange for information leading to al-Annabi's apprehension.

## Biography

Youssef al-Annabi was born in Annaba, Algeria. After studying economics at the University of Constantine, he became an active militant of the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS), an Islamist political party created in 1989. A year after the end of the electoral process in January 1992, Youssef al-Annabi, freshly graduated, joined the ranks of the Islamic Salvation Army (AIS) to fight in the Algerian Civil War, then those of the GIA where he met Abdelmalek Droukdel in 1996.
He rose in rank by participating in the creation of the GSPC in 1998. In November 2009, Youssef narrowly escaped death when he fell into an ambush by the Algerian army in the maquis of Imsouhel, in the wilaya of Tizi Ouzou.
After the death of Abdelmalek Droukdel, AQIM announced on 21 November 2020 that Abu Ubaidah Youssef al-Annabi had been appointed to succeed him.
On 29 September 2015, the U.S. State Department designated al-Annabi as a Specially Designated Global Terrorist under Executive Order (E.O.) 13224.
On 28 March 2023, the government of Burkina Faso suspended the broadcasting of French state-owned media France 24 after they aired an interview with al-Annabi. The country's information minister at the time, Jean Emmanuel Ouédraogo, described the channel as, "not only acting as a mouthpiece for these terrorists but worse".
# Tum Mere Kya Ho

Tum Mere Kya Ho (Urdu: تم میرے کیا ہو; English: Who are you to me?) is a 2015 Pakistani romantic drama serial directed by Siraj-ul-Haque, written by Mehrunisa Mustaqeem Khan, produced by Abdullah Kadwani and Asad Qureshi under the 7th Sky Entertainment banner, with Mikaal Zulfiqar as a co-producer. The serial stars Sajal Ali, Mikaal Zulfiqar, Kiran Haq and Umair Rana and was released in October 2015 on PTV Home.
It was the fourth on-screen together appearance of Mikaal Zulfiqar and Kiran Haq after their appearances in Tum Meray Hi Rehna, Sangat and Maan.

## Synopsis

When Ahmer (Mikaal Zulfiqar) loses his wife, Sadia (Mehreen Raheel), in a fatal car accident, he becomes the sole caretaker of his young daughter Hira (Eshal). Meanwhile, his employee Anwar, who is about to get his daughter Hina (Sajal Ali) married, is unable to meet the demands of his daughter's future in-laws and is forced to cancel the wedding. Unable to deal with the shock, Anwar suffers a fatal heart attack. Ahmer steps up and takes the responsibility of supporting Hina.
At the same time, Ahmer’s old friend Maheen (Kiran Haq) leaves her husband and son and enters his life again. Unable to stand his affection for Hina, Maheen plots to get rid of Hina. When Hina also starts getting involved with her class fellow Mustaqeem, Maheen sees an opportunity to make a permanent place for herself in Ahmer’s life. Ahmer is torn between Maheen's advances and his responsibility and love for Hina.
Tum Mere Kya Ho is the story of unrequited love and the difficult choices life leaves us with.

## Cast

* Mikaal Zulfiqar as Ahmer
* Sajal Ali as Hina
* Kiran Haq as Maheen
* Umair Rana as Khalid
* Muhammad Mubarik Ali as Mustaqeem
* Raheela Agha as Nunhi
* Sehrish Khan as Rehman Begum
* Dania Anwar
* Eshal as Hira (child star)
* Ali Muhammad
* Roohi Khan
* Naima Khan
* Saima Saeed Malik
* Humayun Gul as Mr. Ahmed
* Wahaj Khan
* Ali Kumar
* Khalid Butt
* Hooriya Ali

## Soundtrack

The original soundtrack of Tum Mere Kya Ho was composed by Shani Arshad and sung by Nabeel Shaukat and Tehreem.

## Release

It is also available on Amazon Prime Video.
# Jianhe County

Jianhe County (simplified Chinese: 剑河县; traditional Chinese: 劍河縣; pinyin: Jiànhé Xiàn) is in the southeast of Guizhou Province, China. Under the administration of Qiandongnan Prefecture, it is 294 km (183 mi) from the provincial capital of Guiyang, and 98 km (61 mi) from Kaili City, the prefectural seat.

## Administration

Jianhe County administers one subdistrict, 11 towns, and 1 township:

### Subdistrict

* Yang'asha 仰阿莎街道

### Towns

* Liuchuan 柳川镇
* Cengsong 岑松镇
* Nanjia 南加镇
* Nanming 南明镇
* Gedong 革东镇
* Panxi 磻溪镇
* Taiyong 太拥镇
* Jiuyang 久仰镇
* Nanshao 南哨镇
* Nanzhai 南寨镇
* Guanme 观么镇

### Township

* Mindong 敏洞乡

## Demographics

* As of November 1, 2020 the resident population of Jianhe County was 188,507.
* 96% of the minorities populations are mainly Miao and Dong

## Climate

Climate data for Jianhe, elevation 527 m (1,729 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 24.8 (76.6) | 32.7 (90.9) | 34.6 (94.3) | 36.0 (96.8) | 34.9 (94.8) | 36.6 (97.9) | 38.1 (100.6) | 38.3 (100.9) | 37.7 (99.9) | 34.5 (94.1) | 30.9 (87.6) | 26.2 (79.2) | 38.3 (100.9) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 9.5 (49.1) | 12.7 (54.9) | 17.2 (63.0) | 23.0 (73.4) | 26.6 (79.9) | 29.1 (84.4) | 31.6 (88.9) | 31.7 (89.1) | 28.3 (82.9) | 22.7 (72.9) | 18.3 (64.9) | 12.4 (54.3) | 21.9 (71.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 5.8 (42.4) | 8.3 (46.9) | 12.2 (54.0) | 17.5 (63.5) | 21.3 (70.3) | 24.3 (75.7) | 26.2 (79.2) | 25.6 (78.1) | 22.4 (72.3) | 17.6 (63.7) | 13.0 (55.4) | 7.8 (46.0) | 16.8 (62.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 3.4 (38.1) | 5.4 (41.7) | 9.0 (48.2) | 13.9 (57.0) | 17.7 (63.9) | 21.2 (70.2) | 22.7 (72.9) | 22.0 (71.6) | 18.9 (66.0) | 14.6 (58.3) | 9.8 (49.6) | 4.9 (40.8) | 13.6 (56.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −5.0 (23.0) | −4.7 (23.5) | −2.2 (28.0) | 4.1 (39.4) | 7.8 (46.0) | 12.4 (54.3) | 15.5 (59.9) | 16.5 (61.7) | 11.4 (52.5) | 4.4 (39.9) | −1.8 (28.8) | −4.6 (23.7) | −5.0 (23.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 38.5 (1.52) | 36.2 (1.43) | 67.0 (2.64) | 119.7 (4.71) | 168.3 (6.63) | 206.2 (8.12) | 180.7 (7.11) | 124.5 (4.90) | 81.6 (3.21) | 83.9 (3.30) | 51.3 (2.02) | 28.0 (1.10) | 1,185.9 (46.69) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 13.5 | 12.2 | 15.7 | 16.0 | 16.9 | 16.7 | 14.2 | 13.8 | 10.4 | 12.4 | 9.3 | 9.7 | 160.8 |
| Average snowy days | 4.2 | 2.1 | 0.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 8.1 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 79 | 77 | 78 | 79 | 81 | 83 | 80 | 81 | 81 | 82 | 80 | 77 | 80 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 31.5 | 44.1 | 60.1 | 80.1 | 91.8 | 81.4 | 134.2 | 146.3 | 105.6 | 75.0 | 71.3 | 54.4 | 975.8 |
| Percentage possible sunshine | 10 | 14 | 16 | 21 | 22 | 20 | 32 | 36 | 29 | 21 | 22 | 17 | 22 |
| Source: China Meteorological Administration ||||||||||||||
# Jeevan

Jeevan is an Indian sub-continent first name meaning "life" or "bringer of life," which may be used by males or females. The name originates from the Sanskrit language but is more often used as a Nepalese language name, a Sikh or a Hindu name. Alternative spellings are Geevan, Gevan, Jiivan, Jeevan Prabhat Jaivan, Givan, Jevan, Jamaliya, Jamal, Jivanshi or Jivan.

## People

* Jeevan (Hindi actor) (1915–1987), Indian actor
* Jeevan (Tamil actor)
* Jeevan Kumar, Indian politician
* Jeevan Mendis (born 1983), Sri Lankan cricketer
* Jeevan Nalge (born 1989), Indian football player
* Jevan Snead (born 1987), American football player
* Jeevan Thondaman (born 1994), Sri Lankan politician
# Blend

A blend is a mixture of two or more different things or substances.
Blend may also refer to:
* Blend (album), a 1996 album by BoDeans
* Blend (cigarette), a Swedish brand
* Blend (textile), Textile product made out of a mixture of two or more fibers
* .blend (file format), a file format used by the open-source 3D application Blender
* Microsoft Blend, a user interface design tool for WPF and Silverlight
* The Blend (Sirius XM), a satellite radio channel
* "Blend", a song by Aldous Harding from the album Party (Aldous Harding album)
# Hermanos Yaipén

Yaipén Brothers (Spanish: Hermanos Yaipén) is an awarded Peruvian cumbia music group, founded by Walter and Javier Yaipén Brothers.
The group has been awarded several times since 2008, amidst them APDAYC Awards and International Award for "Best Cumbia Group".

## Singles

* "Largate"
* "Ojalá que te mueras"
* "A llorar a otra parte"
* "Corazón Partío"
* "Una rosa lo sabe"
* "Humíllate"
* "Niña Prohibida"
# Khastegi

Khastegi (Persian: خستگی; also known as Tedium and Sex My Life) is a 2008 Persian independent film written and directed by Bahman Motamedian and produced in Iran. It was shown at the 65th Venice International Film Festival in 2008.

## Plot

Khastegi tells the story of seven Iranian transsexuals living in Tehran.

## Screenings

* 24th BFI London Lesbian and Gay Film Festival (BFI) (March 17–31, 2010/ London, England)
* Cinema Digital Seoul Film Festival (CinDi) (August 19–25, 2009 / Seoul, South Korea)
* Chelsea Art Museum (July 15- August 19, 2009 / New York, USA)
* 19th Toronto LGBT Film Festival (May 14–24, 2009 / Toronto, Ontario, Canada)
* 24th Torino GBLT Film Festival (23–3 April 2009 / Torino, Italy)
* Prague international Film Festival (Febiofest) (26 March-3 April 2009 / Prague, Czech Republic)
* Mexico City International Contemporary Film Festival (FICCO) (17 Feb. - 1 Mar. 2009 / Mexico, Mexico City)
* Asia Pacific Festival of 1st Films (4–10 December 2008 / Singapore)
* Three Continents Festival, Nantes (22 November - 2 December 2008 / Nantes, French)
* Sao Paulo Film Festival (17–30 October 2008 / São Paulo, Brazil)
* Venice Film Festival (August 27- September 6, 2008 / Venice, Italy)

## Awards and nominations

* Awards the first prize (24th Torino GBLT Film Festival 23–3 April 2009 / Torino, Italy)
* Special citation (Best producer) (Asia Pacific Festival of 1st Films/ 4–10 December 2008/ Singapore)
* Brian Award (65th Venice International Film Festival / August 27 to September 6, 2008)
* Queer Lion Award (65th Venice International Film Festival / August 27 to September 6, 2008)
# Walter Fahrer

Walter Fahrer (10 December 1939 – 3 March 2025) was an Argentine comic book author and illustrator.

## Life and career

Born in Santa Fe on 10 December 1939, Fahrer began his professional career illustrating covers for the magazine Puño fuerte [es] in 1957. In 1962, he left Argentina for Europe alongside Hugo Pratt, writing stories for Editrice Universo [it], L'Aurore, Le Parisien, and France-Soir. He also wrote a police series published by Casterman titled Mon nom n'est pas Wilson, with the last edition published in 2004.
Fahrer died on 3 March 2025, at the age of 85.

## Publications
### Comics

* Cobalt [fr] (1971)
* Fugue à quatre mains (1976)
* Harry Chase (1976)
* Une femme a disparu (1979)
* Drôle de bobine (1980)
* Piracicaba, mon amour (1980)
* L'assassiné récalcitrant (1981)
* Adieu Pigeon (1981)
* Fugue à quatre mains (1982)
* Danger immédiat (1983)
* Enquête en 7 jours (1984)
* Le Casque et la Fronde (1987)
* Chili con carne (1989)
* Le Casque et la Fronde
* Captain Hard (1989)
* L'Empire Gilgamesh (1989)
* Gato Montes
* Pour l'honneur (1991)
* La croix du Sud (1993)
* A Corsica (1996)
* Mon nom n'est pas Wilson
** Pâleur mortelle (2000)
** Killer (2002)
** Berlin (2004)
* Laetizia (2004)

### Documentaries

* L'Aventure du journal Tintin (1986)

### Youth novels

* Le dernier des Mohicans (1980)
* Huckleberry Finn (1980)
* Sur le lac Ontario (1980)
* Le bossu (1980)

### Collections

* La Bande à Julien (1997)
* La BD fait sa cuisine (1999)
# Asilah, Syria

Asilah (Arabic: أصيلة, also spelled Asileh and Asila) is a village in northwestern Syria, administratively part of the Hama Governorate, located west of Hama. Nearby localities include Khunayzir and Mhardeh to the northeast, Maarzaf to the east, Umm al-Tuyur to the southeast, Deir al-Salib to the south, Hanjur to the southwest, Jubb Ramlah to the west, Tell Salhab to the northwest and Safsafiyah to the north. According to the Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Asilah had a population of 5,790 in the 2004 census. Its inhabitants are predominantly Alawites.

## History

In March of 2012, five villagers were killed by opposition gunmen and a teacher kidnapped, after its residents were accused of taking part in government military operations against the neighboring village of Halfaya. In retaliation, militiamen from the village are widely believed to have taken part in the Al-Qubeir massacre in conjunction with the Syrian Army. Three more villagers were killed on September 6, 2017, after it was shelled by Jaysh al-Izza members, who accused residents of taking part in the killing of eleven civilians in the nearby village of Maarzaf.
# 1928 Dornier J Santos Dumont crash

On 3 December 1928, a Dornier Do J seaplane named after the Brazilian aviation pioneer Alberto Santos Dumont crashed into Guanabara Bay, Brazil, during the celebrations for the return of the aviator to his homeland.
On that occasion, several honours were organized, including the over-flight of the SS Cap Arcona ship by two Do Js flying boats of the Condor Syndicate.

## Accident

The Dornier Do Js, P-BAIA Guanabara and P-BACA Santos Dumont, took off from Guanabara Bay and flew over the Cap Arcona, where they sent welcome messages to Alberto Santos Dumont. The Santos Dumont was flown by August Wilhem Paschen and was carrying nine passengers and crew, including friends of Santos Dumont and personalities of the time.
Due to the error of one of the pilots, the two aircraft entered a collision course, forcing the pilots to perform evasive maneuvers. The Guanabara escaped unscathed from the near collision, but the Santos Dumont crashed into Guanabara Bay, watched by the crew and passengers of the Arcona, including Santos Dumont. Depressed, he suspended the festivities and returned to Paris. Despite rescue efforts led by the Brazilian Navy destroyers Amazonas and Pará, only the mechanic of the aircraft, Walter Hasseldorf, survived the crash, dying hours later.
During the removal of the bodies and the remains of the aircraft, a Brazilian Navy diver died.

## Consequences

After witnessing the accident, Santos Dumont became depressed, canceling the festivities and returning to France. His depression worsened and he ultimately committed suicide in 1932. This was the first accident with a commercial aircraft in Brazil, although it was not operating commercially that day, generating great commotion with the press and public opinion.
# Mill Creek, Cumberland County

Mill Creek is a small community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in Cumberland County.
# Choi Wan South (constituency)

Choi Wan South is one of the 25 constituencies of the Wong Tai Sin District Council. The seat elects one member of the council every four years. Since its creation in 1999, the seat has continuously been held by the Democratic Party, and was held by Shum Wan-wa.

## Councillors represented

| Election | Election | Member | Party |
| | 1999 | Chan Lee-shing | Democratic |
| | 2011 | Shum Wan-wa→vacant | Democratic |

## Election results
### 2010s

Wong Tai Sin District Council Election, 2015: Choi Wan South :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Democratic | Shum Wan-wa | 3,335 | 58.01 | −6.79 |
| | DAB | Kong King-san | 2,414 | 41.99 | +6.79 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 921 | 16.02 | |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 5,766 | 71.13 | |
| | Democratic hold | Democratic hold | Swing | | |
Wong Tai Sin District Council Election, 2015: Choi Wan South :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Democratic | Shum Wan-wa | 2,432 | 64.8 | –2.5 |
| | DAB | Li Mei-lan | 1,321 | 35.2 | +2.5 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 1,111 | 29.6 | –5.0 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 3,797 | 51.6 | |
| | Democratic hold | Democratic hold | Swing | –2.5 | |
Wong Tai Sin District Council Election, 2011: Choi Wan South :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Democratic | Shum Wan-wa | 2,244 | 67.3 | +17.2 |
| | DAB | Anderson Cheung Sze-chun | 1,088 | 32.7 | −17.2 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 1,156 | 34.6 | +33.6 |
| | Democratic hold | Democratic hold | Swing | | |

### 2000s

Wong Tai Sin District Council Election, 2007: Choi Wan South :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Democratic | Chan Lee-shing | 1,448 | 50.5 | |
| | Independent | Chan Kwok-bun | 1,420 | 49.5 | |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 28 | 1.0 | N/A |
| | Democratic hold | Democratic hold | Swing | | |
Wong Tai Sin District Council Election, 2003: Choi Wan South :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes |
| | Democratic | Chan Lee-shing | Uncontested |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | |
| | Democratic hold | Democratic hold | Swing |

### 1990s

Wong Tai Sin District Council Election, 1999: Choi Wan South :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Democratic | Chan Lee-shing | Uncontested | (new) | (new) |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | | | |
# New Sukth Stadium

New Sukth Stadium (Albanian: Stadiumi Sukthi i Ri) is a multi-use stadium in Sukth, Durrës, Albania. The stadium has a seated capacity of 1,000 spectators and is the current home of FK Sukthi.
For some years, the stadium consisted of basic parkland. An initiative from the local municipal and football players brought the stadium up to modern standards.
# Chang Fu-hsing (musician)

Chang Fu-hsing (traditional Chinese: 張福興; simplified Chinese: 张福兴; pinyin: Zhāng Fúxìng, February 1, 1888 – March 5, 1954) was a Taiwanese violinist who was born in Miaoli County [zh] and later settled in Taihoku (today Taipei).$^{:50}$ He was the first Taiwanese musician to study in Japan, and helped train many musicians in Taiwan.

## Life

Chang Fu-hsing was born in Toufenzhuang, Miaoli (now Toufen City, Miaoli County). After graduating from Toufen Public Elementary School, he enrolled in the Taiwan Governor-General's National Language School and graduated in 1907. In 1908, he was recommended for admission to the Tokyo Music School in Ueno, and was the first Taiwanese to study music in Japan. There he was given the opportunity to learn to play the organ, not yet introduced to Taiwan. In order to put his studies into practice, Chang also took violin lessons in his final year of study. Chang's advisor was Akatarō Shimazaki.$^{:61}$ His classmates included the composer Kiyoshi Nobutoki and the cellist Hagiwara Eiichi.$^{:62}$

## Career

After returning to Taiwan in 1910, Chang began teaching at his alma mater and also taught part-time at Taipei Second High School (now Taipei Municipal Chenggong High School). He actively trained local musicians, and in 1920 he founded the Ling Long Hui Orchestra, which gave public concerts from time to time. In addition to teaching, Chang was also an avid collector of Taiwan’s indigenous music. In 1922, he was invited by Government-General of Taiwan to conduct a survey of indigenous music, and in the spring of the same year he went to Sun Moon Lake to investigate indigenous folk songs.$^{:131}$ In October of the same year, Chang submitted his manuscript Traditional Songs and Pestle Songs of the Thao at Sun Moon Lake, which was published on December 25. This was the first book on Taiwan’s indigenous music, and he was the first Taiwanese musician to collect and help organize Taiwan’s indigenous music.
After the Japanese colonial period ended in 1945, Chang continued his work as a music educator. He was a professor at the Department of Music, Taiwan Provincial Teachers College (now renamed National Taiwan Normal University), and an editor of music textbooks for elementary schools. After his retirement, Chang continued to collect Buddhist music until his death in 1954.$^{:121}$