OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Gangadhar Rao

Gangadhar Rao Newalkar (1797 – 21 November 1853) was the 5th Raja of Jhansi situated in northern India, a vassal of Maratha Empire. He was a Marathi Karhade bhatt Brahmin. He was the son of Shiv Rao Bhau and a descendant of Raghunath Hari Newalkar (who was the first governor of Jhansi under Maratha rule). He was the husband of the Rani of Jhansi, who became a symbol of resistance to British forces during the Indian Rebellion of 1857.

## Biography

The ancestors of Maharaj Gangadhar Rao hailed from a Brahmin family of Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra. Some of them moved to Khandesh, when Peshwa rule began and served important posts in the Peshwa and Holkar armies. Subhedar Raghunath Haripant Newalkar alis Raghunath Rao II, strengthened Maratha polity in Bundelkhand, however as he grew old, he handed over the reins of Jhansi to his younger brother Raja of Jhansi Shiv Rao Bhau. On the death of Raghunath Rao III son of Shiv Rao Bhau in 1838, the British rulers accepted his brother Gangadhar Rao as the Raja of Jhansi in 1843.
He was an able administrator and he improved the financial condition of Jhansi, which had deteriorated during his predecessor's rule. He took corrective steps to ensure the growth and development of the town of Jhansi. He controlled an army of around 5,000 men. He possessed wisdom, diplomacy, and was a lover of art and culture; even the British were impressed by his statesmanlike qualities. Maharaj Gangadhar Rao possessed considerable taste and some scholarship; he collected a fine library of Sanskrit manuscripts and enriched the architecture of the town of Jhansi.
He was first married to Ramabai, who died soon after. She never became queen consort of Jhansi as Maharaj Gangadhar Rao started to hold the title of Raja (King) in 1843, after Maharani Ramabai's death. On 19 May 1842, Maharaja Gangadhar Rao married a young girl named Manikarnika Tambe, later renamed as Lakshmibai, who was directly given the title of Rani (Queen Consort) after marriage. She eventually became the Queen of Jhansi and revolted against the British during the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
Margashirsh Shukla Ekadashi, December 1851, she gave birth to a boy, named Damodar Rao, who died in March 1852. Later that year, Raja Gangadhar Rao adopted a child called Anand Rao, the son of his cousin Vasudev Newalkar of Parola, who was renamed Damodar Rao, on the day before he died. The adoption was in the presence of the British political officer who was given a letter from the Raja requesting that the child should be treated with kindness and that the government of Jhansi should be given to his widow for her lifetime. After the death of the Raja in 21 November 1853 because Damodar Rao was adopted, the British East India Company, under Governor-General Lord Dalhousie, applied the Doctrine of Lapse, rejecting Damodar Rao's claim to the throne and annexing the state to its territories.
# Pietro Testa

Pietro Testa (1611–1650) was an Italian High Baroque artist active in Rome. He is best known as a printmaker and draftsman.

## Biography

He was born in Lucca, and thus is sometimes called il Lucchesino. He moved to Rome early in life. One source states he was ejected from the Cortona studio in 1631, soon after joining the workshop. Others state Testa trained under Pietro Paolini or under Domenichino, for whom he worked under the patronage of Cassiano dal Pozzo. He was friends with Nicolas Poussin and Francesco Mola.
Some of his etchings, which often include work in drypoint, have a fantastic quality reminiscent of Jacques Callot, or embellishments of his Genoese contemporary Giovanni Benedetto Castiglione and even presciently suggest William Blake. His Sacrifice of Iphigenia appears to have influenced Tiepolo's rendition at Villa Valmarana Ai Nani in Vicenza. His early prints, from the 1630s, were often religious and were influenced by Federico Barocci. These achieve very delicate effects of light; his later ones became harder and more austere in style, as he attempted a personal version of neo-classicism, under the influence of the Carracci. Many of his later subjects were original classical subjects, the most ambitious reflecting his personal struggles. His prints were successful and frequently copied.
Between 1638 and 1644, Testa completed what is perhaps his most important work, a set of complex and highly detailed etchings on the theme of The Seasons, which served as an expression of his interest in Platonic philosophy. Sympathetic contemporaries considered these his "finest and most important works."
Testa was influenced by Leonardo da Vinci to favor direct observation of natural phenomena, a fact that may have limited his productivity as an artist and might even have caused his death. Accounts of Testa's death are confused and contradictory, some suggesting murder or suicide. Testa was described as melancholic in temperament; his difficult personality caused problematic dealings with his patrons such as Niccolò Simonelli, and a series of projects had ended in frustration. Yet his earliest biographer, the 17th-century author Filippo Baldinucci, indicates that the death was accidental. Commenting on Testa's habit of "depicting night scenes and changes in the atmosphere and in the sky," Baldinucci states that Testa was standing on a Tiber riverbank, "drawing and observing some reflections of the rainbow in the water," when he fell in and drowned.

## Some works

* Garden of Venus & Sacrifice of Iphigenia
* Sacrifice of Isaac
* Alcibiades Interrupts Socrates' Symposium
* Return of the Prodigal Son
* Nymphs and Satyrs in a Landscape
# Duncan Forbes (Royal Marines officer)

Major-General Duncan Graham Forbes, is a senior Royal Marines officer. He served as Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff (Policy) from 2024 to 2025.

## Military career

Forbes joined the Corps of Royal Marines and was mentioned in despatches for service in Afghanistan in July 2007. He was deployed to Afghanistan again in spring 2010. He became commanding officer of 45 Commando in 2017, Director of the Naval Staff in May 2021, and commander of 3 Commando Brigade in September 2022. Promoted to major-general, he became Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff (Policy) in March 2024.
# Ramakant Yadav (politician)

Ramakant Yadav (born 1 July 1957) is an Indian politician belonging to the Samajwadi Party and currently serving as Member of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly representing Phoolpur Pawai and former Member of Lok Sabha representing Azamgarh.

## Political career

Ramakant Yadav switched from the Samajwadi Party to the Bahujan Samaj Party in 2004 parliament elections, before finally joining the Bharatiya Janata Party in 2008. Samajwadi Party supremo Mulayam Singh Yadav fought Member of parliament election against Ramakant Yadav and was able to win with very low margin.
He has a brother named Umakant Yadav, former BSP MP. One of his sons Arun Kumar Yadav is former BJP MLA from Phoolpur Pawai in Azamgarh district of Uttar Pradesh. In 2019 he contested from Bhadohi Lok Sabha constituency Loksabha seat on the Congress Party ticket but faced humiliating defeat. He got only 25000 votes. In the 2022 assembly elections, he defeated his opponent Ramsoorat Rajbhar by 25000 votes and worked to win 10 seats of Azamgarh.

## Positions held

| 1985-95 | Member, Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly (four terms) |
| 1996 | Elected to 11th Lok Sabha |
| 1999 | Re-elected to 13th Lok Sabha (2nd term) |
| 1999-2004 | Member, Committee on Commerce |
| 2000-2004 | Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Railways |
| 2004 | Re-elected to 14th Lok Sabha (3rd term) |
| 2004-2008 | Member, Committee on Food, Consumer Affairs & Public Distribution |
| 2008 | Ceased to be a member w.e.f. 28.1.2008 |
| 2009 | Re-elected to 15th Lok Sabha (4th term) |
| 31 Aug. 2009 | Member, Committee on Food, Consumer Affairs and Public Distribution |
| 5 Oct 2019 | Joined Samajwadi Party.. |
| 2022 | Member, Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly (fifth term) |
# Lecanoromycetes

Lecanoromycetes is the largest class of lichenized fungi. It belongs to the subphylum Pezizomycotina in the phylum Ascomycota. The asci (spore-bearing cells) of the Lecanoromycetes most often release spores by rostrate dehiscence.
The group is monophyletic (composed only of all the descendants of a common ancestor).

## Genera of uncertain placement

There are several genera in the Lecanoromycetes that have not been placed into any order or family. These are:
* Argopsis Th.Fr. (1857) – 1 sp.
* Ascographa Velen. (1934) – 1 sp.
* Bartlettiella D.J.Galloway & P.M.Jørg. (1990) – 1 sp.
* Bouvetiella Øvstedal (1986) – 1 sp.
* Buelliastrum Zahlbr. (1930) – 2 spp.
* Haploloma Trevis. (1857) – 1 sp.
* Hosseusia Gyeln. (1940) – 3 spp.
* Korfiomyces Iturr. & D.Hawksw. (2004) – 1 sp.
* Maronella M.Steiner (1959) – 1 sp.
* Notolecidea Hertel (1984) – 1 sp.
* Petractis Fr. (1845) – 3 spp.
* Piccolia A.Massal. (1956) – 10 spp.
* Ravenelula Speg. (1881) – 2 spp.
* Robincola Velen. (1947) – 1 sp.
* Roburnia Velen. (1947) – 1 sp.
# Nick Brett

Nick Brett (born 14 May 1974) is an English lawn and indoor bowler. He reached a career high ranking of world number 19 in August 2024.

## Bowls career

Brett bowls for the Huntingdon indoor bowls club and Brampton outdoor bowls club. He was ranked the indoor world number 1 in 2015 and 2016. and also won an outdoors National Title in 1999 and subsequent singles at the British Isles Bowls Championships in 2000.
Brett's greatest achievement before 2016 was winning the 2014 World Indoor Bowls Championship Pairs title partnering Greg Harlow. It was during the 2016 World Indoor Bowls Championship that Brett became the World Singles Champion for the first time beating Robert Paxton in a competitive final.
Brett followed up his 2016 success by winning the mixed pairs title at the 2017 World Indoor Bowls Championship with Claire Johnston of Scotland. He then joined an exclusive group of players who have won five or more world indoor titles after winning both the open pairs and mixed pairs at the 2020 World Indoor Bowls Championship and he narrowly failed to become the first player to win the treble after losing to Paxton in the open singles final. Other major indoor wins include the 2015 International Open and the 2013 and 2014 Scottish International Open.
In 2020, he was selected for the 2020 World Outdoor Bowls Championship in Australia but the event was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. World ranked number one indoors he was unable to participate in the 2021 World Indoor Bowls Championship because he broke his arm following an accident playing golf.
In 2022, he competed in the men's triples and the men's fours at the 2022 Commonwealth Games. The team of Brett, Louis Ridout and Jamie Chestney won the triples gold medal and in the fours he also secured a bronze medal. The success during 2022 continued when he secured a second national title, winning the 2022 pairs with Lewis Baker.
At the 2023 World Indoor Bowls Championship, Brett won the Open Pairs with Greg Harlow again, defeating Jason Greenslade and Michael Stepney in the final. It was Brett's sixth title over all disciplines.
In 2023, he was selected as part of the team to represent England at the 2023 World Outdoor Bowls Championship. He participated in the men's triples and the men's fours events. In the triples with Jamie Walker and Louis Ridout, he won a bronze medal.
Brett started 2024 in good form winning the 2024 World Indoor Bowls Championship mixed pairs with Julie Forrest, as the pair bowled together for the first time in the Championships.

## Personal life

Brett is a supervisor by trade and is married with two children. Due to injury in 2021 he was unable to compete in the World Indoor Championships and consequently joined the commentary team for the event.
# Moses Judah Hays

Moses Judah Hays (1799 – 12 November 1861) was a Canadian businessman and municipal leader. He established and managed the first water-works in Montreal, and served as the city's chief of police from 1854 until his death.

## Early life

Moses Judah Hays was born into a prominent Jewish family in Montreal. His mother, Brandele Abigail (née David; 1762–1840), was the sister of fur trader David David. His father, Andrew Hays (1742–1835), one of the founders of the Shearith Israel Synagogue, came from a well-established Sephardic family which emigrated from Holland to the United States in the first quarter of the eighteenth century. Among his relatives were lawyer Daniel P. Hays, ophthalmologist Isaac Hays, police officer Jacob Hays [Wikidata], and painter William J. Hays [fr].

## Career

Hays began his career as a clerk in Montreal's Royal Engineers Department and continued to contribute to civic life for many years thereafter. He joined the Montreal Mechanics' Institution in 1829. When Montreal was incorporated as a city in 1832, Hays established its first municipal water system, which he operated until selling it to the city at a loss in 1845. He was also a director of Joseph Masson's gas company and of the Montreal Provident and Savings Bank, and between 1836 and 1840 served as a judge on the Court of Special Sessions, which administered the city. In 1837, he and Benjamin Hart were appointed magistrates, becoming the first Jews in Canada to be appointed to that office.
He opened Hays House in Dalhousie Square in 1847. The four-storey block of buildings included a hotel, a shopping area, and a theatre, and featured a panoramic view extending over the entire city. It became a centre of activity for Montreal's nouveau riche. The theatre hosted concerts by Anna Bishop, Nicolas-Charles Bochsa, the Germania Musical Society, and others, as well as theatrical performances. After the burning of the Parliament Buildings in April 1849, Hays leased the building to Parliament to serve as its temporary seat. It was destroyed in the Great Fire of 1852.
Hays was active in the Montreal Jewish community, serving as gabbai and later president of the Shearith Israel Synagogue. He planned and superintended the construction of a new building for the Synagogue, which opened in 1838. In 1847, he and Rev. Abraham de Sola organized the Hebrew Philanthropic Society to assist poor Jewish immigrants.
Outside the Jewish community, Hays served as president of the Montreal Agricultural Society, secretary of the Montreal Mechanics' Institute, and a member of the Provincial Grand Lodge. In 1849, he was appointed to Montreal's Central Board of Health. In 1854, he was installed as Chief of Police.
Hays died of a sudden heart attack on the morning of 12 November 1861.
# Venetian Province

The Venetian Province (Venetian: Provinsa Veneta, German: Provinz Venedig) was the name of the territory of the former Republic of Venice ceded by the French First Republic to the Habsburg monarchy under the terms of the 1797 Treaty of Campo Formio that ended the War of the First Coalition. The province's capital was Venice.
In the course of the French Italian campaign of 1796–1797, the Signoria of Venice under Doge Ludovico Manin had rejected an alliance with the France, whereupon General Napoleon Bonaparte occupied the city on 14 May 1797, leading to the fall of the Republic of Venice and the establishment of the Provisional Municipality of Venice. In exchange for renouncing all rights to the Austrian Netherlands and recognizing the French Cisalpine Republic, Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor gained the conquered Venetian territory including the Dalmatian coast but not the smaller Ionian Islands, beyond.
As with the other Habsburg realms of the time, this new province of Venice was held as a de jure separate entity in a personal union, with Francis taking the additional title of "Duke of Venice". Like many of his other realms it was not subject to the Holy Roman Empire. The province was directed by an Austrian governor, but continued to use former Venetian legislation and maintained its currency, the Venetian lira. The western border of the province was shifted in favour of the Cisalpine Republic by the 1801 Treaty of Lunéville, and drawn up along the thalweg of the lower Adige river.
Unlike the previous 1,100-year-old republic, the province did not have a long existence. After the Grande Armée had defeated the forces of the Austrian Empire at Austerlitz, Francis, as per the 1805 Treaty of Pressburg, had to cede the Venetian territory to the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy. In 1815, it was returned to Austria under the terms of the Final Act of the Congress of Vienna and became part of the crown land of Lombardy–Venetia.
# Ivan Bohun

Ivan Bohun (Ukrainian: Іван Богун) (died 1664) was a Zaporozhian Cossack colonel. A close associate and friend of Bohdan Khmelnytsky, he opposed both the pacts with the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (Treaty of Hadiach of 1658) and with the Tsardom of Russia (Pereiaslav Agreement of 1654).

## Biography

Bohun was born into a Cossack-Ruthenian nobility family. He took part in the Khmelnytsky Uprising against Polish rule in Ruthenia. In June 1651 he was elected colonel of troops of Bracław and took part in the Battle of Berestechko against Polish troops led by King John II Casimir Vasa, which the Cossacks lost. Surviving the defeat he regathered his forces and in June 1652 took part in the battle of Batih. In this instance the Cossacks were successful; the Polish commander Marcin Kalinowski was killed and the future hetman Stefan Czarniecki barely escaped with his life. The Polish defeat was complete and allowed the Cossack forces to start a successful offensive and effectively gain control over large parts of the Ukrainian lands. Until 1657 Ivan Bohun also led his forces in minor skirmishes against Polish forces, notably at Bratslav and Uman. He also fought against the Crimean Tatars who had switched sides in the effect of the Treaty of Zboriv of 1649 (they were initially allied with the Cossacks but supported the Commonwealth in later year).
Initially Bohun opposed the Pereiaslav Agreement of 1654. After the Battle of Konotop, Ivan Bohun led an armed pro-Russian uprising against his former ally Ivan Vyhovsky near Konotop and defeated his army in the autumn of 1659.
After being captured by the Poles in 1663, Bohun was offered freedom in exchange for taking part in a new military campaign against the Tsardom of Russia. During the retreat after the disastrous Siege of Hlukhiv Bohun was executed by a firing squad for handing over important military information to the besieged Russian garrison.

## Legacy

Ivan Bohun became a popular Ukrainian folk hero, immortalized by Henryk Sienkiewicz in the novel With Fire and Sword, where the character Jurko Bohun was loosely based on him. In the film based on the novel, directed by Jerzy Hoffman, Bohun was played by Aleksandr Domogarov.
Ivan Bohun is also well described in Bohun, a modern, historical novel about Polish-Cossack wars, written by Jacek Komuda.
His death is still commemorated annually in Lviv.
# Klaus Umbach

Klaus Umbach (24 April 1936 – 28 January 2018) was a German culture journalist, who became known through his trenchant articles and glosses in the magazine Der Spiegel, but also as an author of books.

## Life

Umbach studied law. He subsequently worked as an editor at EMI, also at Deutsche Welle.
From 1969 to 2007 he was music editor in the cultural section of the German news magazine Der Spiegel.
Umbach died in Cologne at age 81.

## Work
### Books

* Klaus Umbach (edit.): Richard Wagner – ein deutsches Ärgernis. Rowohlt Verlag, Hamburg 1982, ISBN 3-499-33034-2.
* Klaus Umbach: Geldschein-Sonate. Das Millionenspiel mit der Klassik. Ullstein Verlag, Berlin 1990, ISBN 3-550-06450-0.
* Klaus Umbach: Celibidache, der andere Maestro. Piper Verlag, Munich 1995, ISBN 978-3-492-22553-3.

### Musical theatre

* Klaus Umbach: Wahnfried Ein deutsches Stammlokal Die wunderbare Welt der Wagners. Ein kleines Gesamtkunstwerk. World premiere on 27 August 2006, Ruhrtriennale, staging: Markus Dietze.
# Hilda Bettermann

Hilda Bettermann (October 22, 1942 – January 28, 2023) was an American politician who served in the Minnesota House of Representatives from 1991 to 1999.
Bettermann died on January 23, 2023, at the age of 80. She was living in Diamond Willow assistant living and memory care in Alexandria, Minnesota, at her time of death. Bettermann was a Lutheran.
# Class Library for Numbers

Class Library for Numbers (CLN) is a free library for arbitrary precision arithmetic. It operates on signed integers, rational numbers, floating point numbers, complex numbers, modular numbers, and univariate polynomials. Its implementation programming language is C++.

## Details

CLN uses object oriented techniques and operator overloading to achieve a natural algebraic syntax: The sum x of two variables a and b is written as x = a + b, as opposed to the function sum(&x, a, b).
CLN uses class inheritance to model the natural subsets of the available number types: E.g. the integer class is a subtype of the rational class, just as the integer numbers are a subset of the rational numbers. The complex numbers and all its subtypes behave exactly like the types of numbers known to the Common Lisp language, giving CLN another meaning: it becomes an abbreviation of Common Lisp Numbers. Due to this, CLN can be and is used for implementations of Common Lisp, other interpreted languages, or computer algebra systems.
The implementation is efficient. It can be configured to use the GNU Multi-Precision Library as kernel for speed-critical inner loops and implements advanced algorithms like Schönhage–Strassen multiplication, binary splitting for computing certain mathematical constants and others. All CLN objects are either immediate or reference counted, providing for non-interruptive garbage collection with no burden on the main application.
# Ptilotus chamaecladus

Ptilotus chamaecladus is a species of flowering plant in the family Amaranthaceae and is endemic to Western Australia. It is a prostrate spreading to ascending annual herb, with leaves that are hairy at first, later glabrous, and oval or cylindrical spikes of purple-mauve flowers.

## Description

Ptilotus chamaecladus is a prostrate spreading to ascending annual herb that typically grows to 5–60 cm (2.0–23.6 in) high with several stems that are hairy at first, later glabrous. Its leaves are egg-shaped, 4–130 mm (0.16–5.12 in) long and 1–48 mm (0.039–1.890 in) wide. The flowers are densely arranged in oval or cylindrical, purple-mauve spikes. The bracts are dark brown, 4–5.6 mm (0.16–0.22 in) long and the bracteoles 3.5–4.6 mm (0.14–0.18 in) long but not awned. The outer tepals are 5.5–5.9 mm (0.22–0.23 in) long, the inner tepals 5.4–5.7 mm (0.21–0.22 in) long. The style is 1.9–2.6 mm (0.075–0.102 in) long, curved and eccentrically fixed to the ovary. Flowering occurs from July to December.

## Taxonomy

Ptilotus chamaecladus was first formally described in 1904 by Ludwig Diels in Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie from specimens collected near Carnarvon. The specific epithet (chamaecladus) means 'branch-on-the-earth'.

## Distribution and habitat

Ptilotus chamaecladus grows on flodplains, creek beds and claypans in the Avon Wheatbelt, Carnarvon, Coolgardie, Gascoyne, Geraldton Sandplains, Gibson Desert, Great Victoria Desert, Little Sandy Desert, Murchison, Pilbara and Yalgoo bioregions of Western Australia.

## Conservation status

This species of Ptilotus is listed as "not threatened" by the Government of Western Australia Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.