OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Spine shelving

Spine shelving is a book-shelving technique where the spine faces downward resting on the shelf.
Books are usually shelved upright with the spines facing out. When a book is taller than the distance between shelves, it is usually placed sideways or shelved horizontally i.e., flat. Shelving with the spine facing outwards protects the book from damage and makes it easier to see the information about a book. Spines normally include the book title, the author's name, and the publisher. In libraries, they may also include the call number.
The opposite, with the spine facing inwards, is called foredge shelving.

## History

Prior to the invention of the printing press, books were sparse and early libraries did not require formal shelving techniques; books were usually stored on sloped shelves for display or stacked horizontally with their spines facing into the shelf. The Chained Library was created in the late Middle Ages as a way to provide broad access to books. Available books were chained to shelves as security measures, and faced fore-edge out so the chain could be attached without causing damage. Libraries would often provide a list of books at the end of the row or shelf marks on the fore-edge of the book. Some libraries and private collections added handwritten titles or fore-edge paintings on the base related to the topic to identify the book. Early book spines did not contain wording or information, as they were not seen when books were shelved.
Production of more books in the 16th century required better storage to fit more on shelves. A change from horizontal to vertical shelving became commonplace in the early 17th century. As collections grew, it became difficult to retrieve books of interest under heavy horizontal stacks, and chains became entangled; vertical storage allowed for easy retrieval. Spine shelving started on lower shelves where books were placed spine out to protect them from potential damage by foot traffic.
The beginnings of adding information on spines date back to the early 1500s. Later, in the mid-16th century, it became fashionable for collectors to display books decoratively with many rebinding books in similar material shelving spine out to display the craftsmanship. Marking book design with information became necessary to distinguish bound materials, and a way for booksellers to promote their publications.
# Imtiaz Ahmad

Imtiaz Ahmad (1940-2023) was an Indian sociologist, author, and professor known for his pioneering work on caste dynamics within Indian Muslim society. He served as a professor of political sociology at Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) in New Delhi for three decades.

## Early life and education

Born in Gonda, Uttar Pradesh Ahmad completed his undergraduate and postgraduate studies at Lucknow University, earning a master's degree in social anthropology in 1960. He furthered his research at the University of Delhi and the University of Chicago, where he was a Fulbright Fellow from 1967 to 1968. During his time at Chicago, he developed the foundational ideas for his seminal work on caste among Indian Muslims.

## Career

Ahmad began his academic career as a senior research analyst at the Institute of Economic Growth at Delhi University in 1964. He later became a lecturer in sociology at the same institution. After a stint as a visiting professor of anthropology at the University of Missouri, USA, he joined JNU in 1972 as an associate professor in political sociology and was promoted to full professor in 1983. He retired from JNU in 2002.
Throughout his career, Ahmad also held visiting professorships at institutions such as the University of Missouri, the Institute of Higher Studies in Paris, and York University in Canada.

## Contributions and Works

Ahmad's research interests encompassed social stratification, communalism, ethnic conflicts, social movements, Islamic transformations, refugees and migrants, child rights, poverty alleviation, and development. His groundbreaking book, Caste and Social Stratification among Muslims in India (1973), challenged the prevailing notion of a monolithic Muslim community by highlighting the existence of caste-like divisions among Indian Muslims. This work opened new avenues for sociological research on Indian Muslim society.
Other publications include Family, Kinship and Marriage among Muslims in India (1976) and Modernisation and Social Change among Muslims in India (1983), which further explored the complexities of Muslim social structures and their evolution in the Indian context.

## Awards and Honors

Ahmad received the Pandit Jagpal Krishna Gold Medal from Lucknow University in 1960. He was also a Senior Fellow of the Indian Council of Social Sciences, New Delhi.
# Muhammad Sharif Butt

Muhammad Sharif Butt (15 January 1926 – 8 June 2015) was a Pakistani sprinter who competed in the 1948, 1952, and 1956 Summer Olympics. He won the gold medal in the 200 m and silver medal in the 4 × 100 m relay events at the 1954 Asian Games. In the 4 x 100 m relay, they were second to a Japanese team which ran the race in 41.2, a then Games record, compared to the Pakistanis' time of 41.5 second. Butt also won the bronze medal in the 4 × 100 m relay event at the 1958 Asian Games.

## Competition record

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| Representing Pakistan ||||||
| 1952 | Olympics | Helsinki, Finland | 3rd, Heat 7 | 100 m | 11.17/11.0 |
# Jan Hanzlík

Jan Hanzlík (born March 21, 1982) is a Czech professional ice hockey player. He currently plays for BK Mladá Boleslav of the Czech Extraliga.
He previously played for HC Kometa Brno between 2013 and 2016 and HC Sparta Praha from 2003 to 2013.

## Career statistics

| | | | Regular season | Regular season | Regular season | Regular season | Regular season | Playoffs | Playoffs | Playoffs | Playoffs | Playoffs |
| Season | Team | League | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| 1999–00 | HC Sparta Praha U20 | Czech U20 | 43 | 2 | 9 | 11 | 69 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2000–01 | HC Sparta Praha U20 | Czech U20 | 46 | 9 | 25 | 34 | 50 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2000–01 | HC Sparta Praha | Czech | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2000–01 | HC Mladá Boleslav | Czech3 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 21 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2001–02 | HC Sparta Praha U20 | Czech U20 | 10 | 2 | 6 | 8 | 61 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2001–02 | HC Sparta Praha | Czech | 34 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 28 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
| 2001–02 | HC Berounští Medvědi | Czech2 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2002–03 | HC Sparta Praha U20 | Czech U20 | 8 | 1 | 5 | 6 | 14 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
| 2002–03 | HC Sparta Praha | Czech | 39 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 14 | 7 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 8 |
| 2003–04 | HC Sparta Praha | Czech | 50 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 65 | 11 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 12 |
| 2004–05 | HC Sparta Praha | Czech | 52 | 4 | 7 | 11 | 95 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
| 2005–06 | HC Sparta Praha | Czech | 51 | 5 | 7 | 12 | 68 | 17 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 30 |
| 2006–07 | HC Sparta Praha | Czech | 51 | 6 | 2 | 8 | 88 | 16 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 12 |
| 2007–08 | HC Sparta Praha | Czech | 52 | 4 | 5 | 9 | 97 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| 2008–09 | HC Sparta Praha | Czech | 52 | 2 | 14 | 16 | 54 | 11 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 18 |
| 2009–10 | HC Sparta Praha | Czech | 52 | 4 | 10 | 14 | 99 | 7 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 8 |
| 2010–11 | HC Sparta Praha | Czech | 52 | 3 | 11 | 14 | 34 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2011–12 | HC Sparta Praha | Czech | 36 | 3 | 6 | 9 | 36 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| 2012–13 | HC Sparta Praha | Czech | 29 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 12 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2013–14 | HC Kometa Brno | Czech | 52 | 2 | 7 | 9 | 20 | 14 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 39 |
| 2014–15 | HC Kometa Brno | Czech | 52 | 3 | 16 | 19 | 58 | 12 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 10 |
| 2015–16 | HC Kometa Brno | Czech | 35 | 0 | 8 | 8 | 22 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
| 2016–17 | BK Mladá Boleslav | Czech | 52 | 0 | 12 | 12 | 22 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| 2017–18 | BK Mladá Boleslav | Czech | 52 | 0 | 6 | 6 | 52 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2018–19 | BK Mladá Boleslav | Czech | 24 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 20 | — | — | — | — | — |
| Czech totals | Czech totals | Czech totals | 824 | 42 | 128 | 170 | 886 | 138 | 1 | 17 | 18 | 159 |
# Fontaine-l'Évêque

Fontaine-l'Évêque (French pronunciation: ; Walloon: Fontinne-l'-Eveke) is a city and municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Hainaut, Belgium.
On January 1, 2006, Fontaine-l'Évêque had a total population of 16,687. The total area is 28.41 km$^2$ which gives a population density of 587 inhabitants per km$^2$.
The municipality consists of the following districts: Fontaine-l'Évêque, Forchies-la-Marche, and Leernes.
# Hensies

Hensies (French pronunciation:; Picard: Hinzi; Walloon: Inzî) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Hainaut, Belgium.
It has 6,857 inhabitants, as of January 1, 2017. The total area is 25.99 km$^2$, giving a population density of 258 inhabitants per km$^2$.
The municipality consists of the following districts: Hainin, Hensies, Montrœul-sur-Haine, and Thulin.
# Star (newspaper)

Star or The Star is the name of various newspapers:
Mohammad Daffalla Eissa RCMP-GRC White City, Saskatchewan Community Safety Officer.

## Asia

* Star (Ceylon), a defunct Ceylonese newspaper
* The Philippine Star, a Manila-based Philippine newspaper
* The Star (Hong Kong)
* The Star (Amman newspaper), an English-language newspaper published in Amman, Jordan
* The Star (Malaysia)
* The Star (Pakistan), a Pakistani evening newspaper
* Star (Turkey)

## Europe

* The Star (1788), a London evening newspaper founded in 1788, now defunct
* The Star (1888), a London evening newspaper founded in 1888, merged with another newspaper in 1960
* The Star (Sheffield newspaper), an English local newspaper

## North America
### Canada

* Toronto Star
* Sudbury Star
* Windsor Star
* Montreal Star, 1869-1979

### United States

* Star, a glossy celebrity magazine, originally a supermarket tabloid newspaper
* The Star (Chicago newspaper), a Chicago, Illinois, newspaper group
* The Star (Florida), a weekly newspaper published in Port St. Joe, Florida, U.S.
* The Star, an African American paper in Newport News, Virginia
* The Star (Tinley Park), Chicago
* The Star (Auburn), a daily newspaper in Auburn, Indiana
* The Indianapolis Star, Indianapolis, Indiana
* The Kansas City Star, Kansas City, Missouri
* The Meridian Star, Meridian, Mississippi
* Omaha Star, a historic African American newspaper in North Omaha, Nebraska
* Seattle Star, a daily newspaper in Seattle, Washington (1899–1947)
* Seattle Star (2002–2005), a free, neighborhood newspaper in Seattle, Washington
* Tribune-Star, a daily newspaper in Terre Haute, Indiana, a successor to The Terre Haute Star
* Washington Star, published in Washington, D.C. between 1852 and 1981

## Oceania

* Auckland Star, a New Zealand daily published from 1870 to 1991
* The Star (Christchurch), a New Zealand daily published from 1868 to 1991
* The Star (Ballarat), an Australian newspaper published from 1855 to 1924
* The Star (Sydney), an Australian newspaper published from 1887 to 1909, then as The Sun until 1988
# Gina Adams

Gina Adams (born 1965) is an American interdisciplinary artist and activist.

## Family

Gina Adams' parents were Philip F. Adams (1937–2002), born in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and Elaine Rose Theriault Adams who lived in Kittery, Maine. Her family members operated the Kittery Trading Post in the town.
Adams has controversially claimed to be of White Earth Ojibwe and Lakota descent, providing no proof of these claims. She said that her paternal grandfather lived on the White Earth Indian Reservation and was removed at age eight to attend Carlisle Indian Industrial School, which closed in 1918. Genealogists said that Adams' maternal grandfather "was a white man named Albert Theriault, who was born in Massachusetts to French-Canadian parents."
Adams has also said that her great-great-grandfather was Ojibwe chief Wabanquot (1830–1898). The enrollment director of the White Earth Band of the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe, Shahoon Heisler (White Earth Ojibwe) stated: "We don't have her, or her parent or grandparent, with any links to this tribe.... People are upset because she's been claiming she's a descendant. I can't find any documentation that would link her or her family to White Earth."

## Education

Gina Adams earned a BFA from the Maine College of Art and an MFA from the University of Kansas. According to her website, she studied visual art, curatorial practice, and critical theory.

## Career

Adams was a professor at Naropa University in Boulder, Colorado, in the visual arts faculty.
She joined Emily Carr University in August of 2019 as assistant professor, Foundation. Emily Carr hired Adams as part of a cluster hire of Indigenous professors. She resigned from Emily Carr on August 25, 2022.
Adams is known for her antique quilt artwork; however, her work spans a wide range of styles, including mediums such as sculpture, ceramics, painting, printmaking, and drawing.
Adams's work revolved around broken treaties between the U.S. and Native American tribes. Her artwork has been published in The New Yorker, Hyperallergic, and The Huffington Post.

## Additional work

Gina's work was also featured in the "March Madness" exhibit in the Meatpacking district of New York. Her work displayed vintage photographs of a girls' basketball team at Osage Boarding School; a school which attempted to assimilate Indigenous children by erasing their Native culture. This school denied children the right to speak their native language, and even denied the right to say their own name.
# Ministry of Justice (Mali)

The Ministry of Justice and Human Rights for Mali prepares and executes the national policy on justice, human rights, and the seals of the state. Other responsibilities include the following:
* Civil, criminal and commercial legislation
* Sentencing enforcement
* Administration of judicial and penitentiary services
* Overseeing statutes pertaining to the judiciary and legal and judicial professions
* Protecting human rights
* Aiding in the fight against terrorism, organized crime, human trafficking, corruption, and other forms of economic and financial crime

## List of ministers (Post-1960 upon achieving independence)

* Jean-Marie Kone (1960-1962)
* Mamadou Madeira Keita (1963-1968)
* Ibrahima Sall (1968-1969)
* Hamicire N'Doure (1969-1970)
* Joseph Mara (1972-1975)
* Mamadou Sanogo (1976-1979)
* Boubacar Sidibe (1979-1982)
* Issa Ongoiba (1982-1985)
* Django Sissoko (1985-1988)
* Oumar Ba (1988-1989)
* Mamdou Cissoko (1990)
* Samou Soumare (1991)
* Mamadou Ouattara (1991)
* Amadou Mody Diall (1992)
* Mag Koudissa Traore (1993)
* Hamidou Diabate (1993-1994)
* Boubacar Gaoussou Diarra (1994-1995)
* Cheickna Dettenha Kamissoko (1995-1997)
* Hamidou Diabate (1997-2000)
* Abdoulaye Ogotembely Poudiougou (2000-2004)
* Fatoumata Sylla [fr] (2004-2007) [1st female]
* Maharafa Traoré [fr] (2007-2012)
* Malick Coulibaly [fr] (2012-2013)
* Mohamed Aly Bathily (2013-2015)
* Mahamadou Diarra (2015-2016)
* Sanogo Aminata Mallé [fr] (2015-2016)
* Mamadou Ismaïla Konate (2016-2017)
* Hamidou Younoussa Maiga (2018)
* Mohamed Sidda Dicko (5 October 2020- 24 May 2021)
* Boubacar Sidiki Samaké (24 May 2021 - )
# Salat al-Fatih

In Sufism, the Salat al-Fatih (Arabic: صَلَاةُ الْفَاتِحِ, "opener's prayer") was transmitted to the Muslims by Sheikh Muhammad ibn Abi al-Hasan al-Bakri, a successor of Abu Bakr al-Siddiq later this is accepted and litany (wird) prayer for Muhammad practiced individually or in congregation by followers (murids) in the Tijaniyya order..

## Presentation

Salat al-Fatih is commonly known as Durood Fatih in the Indian subcontinent and Sholawat Fatih in Far East Asia.
This litany was transmitted to Muslims by the Sheikh Muhammad ibn Abi al-Hasan al-Bakri, a descendant of Abu Bakr al-Siddiq.
It is also attributed to Sheikh Ahmad al-Tijani, the founder of the Tijaniyya Sufi order, and this prayer is actually recited by millions of Tijaniyya adherents (murids) across the world as part of their daily wird.
The full text and authentic formula of this litany and prayer for Muhammad is as follows:
   Arabic: اللَّهُمَّ صَلِّ عَلَى سَيِّدِنَا مُحَمَّدِ الْفَاتِحِ لِمَا أُغْلِقَ، وَالْخَاتِمِ لِمَا سَبَقَ، نَاصِرِ الْحَقِّ بِالْحَقِّ، الْهَادِي إِلَى صِرَاطِكَ الْمُسْتَقِيمِ، وَعَلَى آلِهِ حَقَّ قَدْرِهِ وَمِقْدَارِهِ الْعَظِيمِ.
   English: O Allah, send prayers upon our master Muhammad, the opener of what was closed, and the seal of what had preceded, the helper of the truth by the Truth, and the guide to Your straight path. May Allah send prayers upon his Family according to his greatness and magnificent rank.
# Mladost Stadium (Kruševac)

Stadion Mladost (English: Youth Stadium) is a multi-use all-seated stadium in Kruševac, Serbia. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of Napredak Kruševac. The stadium has a seating capacity for 10,331 people. The stadium was the venue for the final of the 2011-12 Serbian Cup.

## History

The stadium was built in 1976 in a record time of 60 days. At the time of its establishment, it had a capacity for 25,000 people.

### 2011-12 reconstruction

Reconstruction of Mladost Stadium began in November 2011; a sum of the equivalent of €1.5 million funded the project. The renovation was complete by the end of April 2012 and the stadium was chosen to be the venue of the 2012 Serbian Cup Final on 16 May 2012. The stadium was officially reopened on 24 April 2012 by Oliver Dulić.

## Notable matches
### International matches

| Date | | Result | | Competition |
| 27 March 2003 | Serbia and Montenegro | 1–2 | Bulgaria | Friendly |
| 10 October 2019 | Serbia | 1–0 | Paraguay | Friendly |

## Gallery

* Mladost Stadium in 2010 before reconstruction began
* The East stand bears the word "Čarapani" in Serbian Cyrillic
* The new LED score display
# Shabankareh, Razavi Khorasan

Shabankareh (Persian: شبانكاره, also Romanized as Shabānkāreh) is a village in Tus Rural District, Central District, Mashhad County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 69 in 14 families.
# Ashley Williams (boxer)

Ashley Williams (born 2 June 1991) is a Welsh professional boxer, fighting in the 49 kg Light flyweight category. He represented Wales at the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow. Williams currently fights professional bare knuckle with BYB Extreme.

## Amateur boxing career

Williams was born in Bridgend, Wales in 1991. Williams, a professional soldier, holding the rank of Lance Corporal in the 1st Battalion The Royal Welsh, he trains with the GB Army team.
In 2012 Williams was selected to represent Wales at the amateur Olympic Gloves tournament in Estonia. There he reached the final, but lost to English fighter Jack Bateson. In 2013 Williams was again selected by the Welsh Amateur Boxing Association to again represent Wales in the 49 kg category at the Popenchenko Memorial tournament in Moscow. In the semi-final he beat Basyzbev Baratov of Russia before beating his Scottish counterpart 3–0 in the final. As well as taking the gold in Moscow he was awarded the best technical boxer of the tournament. Leading into the amateur World Championships Williams was awarded the Howard Winstone Challenge Belt, an annual prize that recognises up-and-coming amateur boxers.
In May 2014 Williams was named as the light flyweight entry for the Wales boxing team for the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow. Williams was also chosen as the squad captain for the team, despite the initial line-up of eleven fighters including a defending Commonwealth champion (Sean McGoldrick) and Olympic silver medalist (Fred Evans).
# Orgoglio

Orgoglio is a literary character in Edmund Spenser's famous epic The Faerie Queene. He appears in the seventh canto of Book One as a beast and attacks the main character, Redcrosse, who symbolizes the ultimate Christian knight, during a moment of weakness. "Orgoglio" means "pride" in Italian. In chapter IX of Waverley, by Sir Walter Scott, the manor of Bradwardyne is compared to the castle of Orgoglio.
# Nia Misikea

Nia Misikea (born 27 December 1993 in Auckland, New Zealand) is a Niuean track and field athlete who specializes in shot put and javelin. He competed for Niue at the 2014 Commonwealth Games in the men's javelin throw and the 2018 Commonwealth Games in the men's shot put and men's javelin throw. At the 2014 Commonwealth Games, Misikea threw a distance of 47.95 metres and finished 22nd of 22 athletes that competed, his fellow athlete Ikipa Misikea came 21st and set a new national records of 51.68 metres, neither of them qualified for the final. This national records Nia Misikea broke later at the 2017 Pacific Mini Games with a distance of 53.91 metres. At the 2018 Commonwealth Games, Misikea competed in men's shot put and men's javelin throw along with Loe Kaufisi. In both events, Misikea beat Kaufisi but in both events they finished below all of the other competitors. Misikea did however, set a new national record in the shot put after he registered a 12.13 metre put, he still finished 3.69 metres behind the next closest athlete, Mustafa Fall from Fiji and did not qualify to the final. In the javelin throw, his best throw was 47.73 metres, this finished him 5.11 metres behind the next closest competitor, Imo Fiamalua from Tuvalu and didn't qualify for the final once again.
# The Ambassador (Indianapolis, Indiana)

The Ambassador is a historic apartment building located at Indianapolis, Indiana. It was built in 1924, and is a large six-story, tan cinder brick building. The first floor has Chicago school style commercial storefronts. It has a recessed entrance with detailed metal canopy and features Sullivanesque terra cotta ornamental detailing.$^{:Part2,p.48–49}$
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.
# Jessica Taylor (athlete)

Jessica Taylor (born 27 June 1988 in Manchester) is a British track and field athlete who competes in the heptathlon. At the 2014 Commonwealth Games held in Glasgow, Taylor represented England and finished third in the women's heptathlon.
# The Beeches (St. Albans, West Virginia)

The Beeches, also known as the Huntington-Skinner House and Woman's Club of St. Albans, is a historic home located at St. Albans, West Virginia. It was built about 1874 for Henry Edwards Huntington in the Italianate style. After its purchase in 1903 by locale magnate J. V. R. Skinner, the two story home was transformed with a mix of formal interior and exterior details and additions. It commands an excellent view of Kanawha Terrace, a principal street of St. Albans, atop a hill that descends in a gentle slope shaded with trees and shrubbery.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.