# Red Lion (theatre)

The Red Lion was an Elizabethan playhouse located in Whitechapel (part of the modern Borough of Tower Hamlets), just outside the City of London on the east side.
Built in 1567 for John Brayne, citizen and Grocer, this was the first known attempt to provide a purpose-built playhouse in London for the many Tudor age touring theatrical companies - and perhaps the first purpose-built venue known to have been built in the city since Roman times. Its existence was short-lived.

## Description

The Red Lion had been a farm, but a single gallery multi-sided theatre (constructed by John Williams), with a fixed stage 40 feet (12 m) by 30 feet (9 m) standing 5 feet (1.5 m) above the audience, was built by John Reynolds in the garden of the farmhouse. The stage was equipped with trapdoors, and an attached 30 feet (9 m) turret, or fly tower – for aerial stunts and to advertise its presence. The construction cost £20.
While it appears to have been a commercial success, the Red Lion offered little that the prior tradition of playing in inns had not offered. Situated in open farmland, it was too far from its audiences to be attractive for visiting in the winter. Records of the Court of King’s Bench show that it was an enclosed, walled construction, and was up and running before July 1567. The only play known to have been presented here was The Story of Samson, after some corrections had been made to the structure, and there is little documentary evidence that the theatre survived beyond the summer season of 1567, although the lawsuit, from the little we know of it, dragged on until 1578.
The venture was soon replaced by a more successful collaboration between Brayne and his brother-in-law, the actor-manager James Burbage (husband of Ellen Brayne), at Shoreditch, known as The Theatre. The Red Lion was a receiving house for touring companies, whereas The Theatre accepted long-term engagements, essentially in repertory, with companies being based there. The former was a continuation of the tradition of touring groups, performing at inns and grand houses, the latter a radically new form of theatrical engagement.

## Attestation

The little that is known of the Red Lion comes principally from lawsuits between Brayne and his carpenters, and also with Edward Stowers, a blacksmith of Averstone, Essex (the modern Alphamstone). Edward Stowers was John Brayne's brother-in-law, being married to his sister Margaret Brayne. The suit concerned 6 acres (24,000 m$^2$) of land straddling the Essex-Suffolk border, and alleged that Brayne raised a mortgage on the land, by trickery, to fund the building of the Red Lion. Separate actions were brought against the carpenters. These sources were published and explored by E.K. Chambers (1923) and J.S. Loengard (1983).
On 15 July 1567, John Brayne made the following complaint before the Court of the Carpenters' Company about the standard of the work of William Sylvester, the carpenter who built the Red Lion Theatre scaffolds:
   "Court holden the 15th day of July 1567... by Master William Ruddock, Master Richard More, Henry Whreste, and Richard Smarte, wardens, and Master Bradshaw. (Memorandum that) where certain variance, discord, and debate was between William Sylvester, carpenter, on the one party and John Brayne, grocer, on the other party, it is agreed, concluded, and fully determined by the said parties, by the assent and consent of them both with the advice of the master and wardens above said, that William Buttermore, John Lyffe, William Snelling, and Richard Kyrby, carpenters, shall with expedition go and peruse such defaults as are and by them shall be found of, in, and about such scaffolds as he the said William hath made at the house called the Red Lion in the parish of Stepney, and the said William Sylvester shall repair and amend the same with their advice substantially as they shall think good. And that the said John Brayne on Saturday next ensuing the date above written shall pay to the said William Sylvester the sum of £8 10s lawful money of England, and that after the play which is called The Story of Samson be once played at the place aforesaid the said John shall deliver to the said William such bonds as are now in his custody for the performance of the bargain. In witness whereof both parties hereunto hath set their hands."
The contract for the stage and turret is set forth in a plea brought in January 1569 in the Court of King's Bench by Brayne against John Reynolds, for 20 marks forfeit for breach of fulfilment. This describes the work to be done, with dimensions, by 8 July 1567 (9 Elizabeth I).

## Location

The playhouse is stated to have been constructed within the court or yard lying on the south side of the garden belonging to a house. The exact location remained unknown until early in 2019, when archaeological excavations associated with a building development at Stepney Way, Whitechapel (south of Whitechapel Road) discovered the remains of a rectangular structure, with dimensions corresponding to the Carpenters Company and Kings Bench court cases. It has postholes for galleried seating.
Commentators had previously suggested the eastern edge of Whitechapel, where it meets the western edge of Stepney, as the most likely location. The first reference to playing in one of the speculated locations for the Red Lion is when actors were paid to perform at Mile End (which is within the parish of Stepney) on 6 August 1501. Attempts to locate the original site are made confusing by the various streets and public houses named "The Red Lion" (or "Lyon") which since have arisen thereabouts.
On 10 June 2020, a team of archaeologists from University College London announced that they had discovered the remains of the Red Lion theatre in Whitechapel. Their research, which had commenced in January 2019 following the exposure of a rectangular timber structure, is focused on housing redevelopment site.
Director of the dig, Stephen White from UCL's Institute of Archaeology, believes that all the indicators point to this being the site of the Red Lion: "The strength of the combined evidence – archaeological remains of buildings, in the right location, of the right period – seem to match up with characteristics of the playhouse recorded in early documents."

## References & Reading

* ↑ J. Bowsher and P. Miller, The Rose and the Globe — Playhouses of Shakespeare's Bankside, Southwark (Museum of London, 2010), p. 19. ISBN 978-1-901992-85-4.
* ↑ G. Egan, 'Platonism and Bathos in Shakespeare and Other Early Modern Drama', in J. Holmes and E. Streete (eds), Refiguring Mimesis: Representation in Early Modern Literature (University of Hertfordshire Press, Hatfield 2005), pp. 59–78. Loughborough University Institutional Repository.
* 1 2 C. Phillpotts, 'Red Lion Theatre, Whitechapel, Documentary Research Report' (MoLAS Report for Crossrail, ref 1E0418-C1E00-00004, August 2004), in pdf. Accessed 25 February 2019.
* ↑ C.W. Wallace, 'The First London Theatre: Materials for a History', Nebraska University Studies 13 (January, April, July 1913), pp. 1-297.
* ↑ W. Ingram, The Business of Playing: The Beginnings of the Adult Professional Theater in Elizabethan London (Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London 1992), pp. 92-113 (Google). See also W. Ingram, 'The early career of James Burbage' The Elizabethan Theatre 10 (P.D. Meany, Ontario 1983), pp. 18-36.
* ↑ M. Edmond, 'Yeomen, Citizens, Gentlemen, and Players: The Burbages and Their Connections', in R.B. Parker and S.P. Zitner (eds), Elizabethan Theater: Essays in Honour of S. Schoenbaum (University of Delaware Press/Associated University Presses, Newark/London 1996), pp. 30–49 (Google).
* ↑ See Will of John Brayne, in E.A.J. Honigmann and S. Brock (eds), Playhouse Wills 1558–1642, The Revels Plays Companion Library (Manchester University Press 1993), pp. 45-46 (Google).
* ↑ The National Archives (UK), ref. STAC 5/S31/37 Edward Stowers v John Brayne.
* ↑ J.S. Loengard, 'An Elizabethan Lawsuit: John Brayne, his Carpenter, and the Building of the Red Lion Theatre,' Shakespeare Quarterly, Vol. 34, No. 3 (Autumn 1983), pp. 298–310.
* ↑ B. Marsh, Records of the Worshipful Company of Carpenters, 3 Vols, III: Court Books (Oxford University Press, for the Company, Oxford 1915), pp. xx, 95-96. (Spelling modernized here).
* ↑ GL MS 4329/1, also printed in E.K. Chambers, The Elizabethan Stage, 4 volumes (Clarendon Press, Oxford 1923), II, pp. 379-80 (Internet Archive).
* ↑ KB27/1229 m30, printed and translated at Loengard 1983, pp. 306–310. View original at AALT, KB 27/1229 rot. 30 front, images 35 and 36 (University of Houston/Anglo-American Legal Tradition).
* ↑ "The Gentle Author", 'In Search of the Red Lion Theatre', Spitalfields Life website (26 January 2017).
* ↑ "Archaeologists 'find London's earliest theatre'". BBC News. 10 June 2020.
* ↑ Chambers, E.K.,, The Elizabethan Stage (1923)
* ↑ Account Book of John Heron, Treasurer of the King's Chamber to Henry VII, payment of 3s.4d to the players at Mile End.
* ↑ "Red Lion: Archaeologists 'find London's earliest theatre'". BBC. 11 June 2020.
* ↑ "Ancient London Theatre Assumed Found in New Housing Development Holes". Gizmodo. 11 June 2020.
* An Introduction to Shakespeare's Life and Times
* 'In Search of the Red Lion Theatre', Spitalfields Life website (2017). Contains transcript of the contract between Brayne and Reynolds.