OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ulcer index

The ulcer index is a stock market risk measure or technical analysis indicator devised by Peter Martin in 1987, and published by him and Byron McCann in their 1989 book The Investors Guide to Fidelity Funds. It is a measure of downwards volatility, the amount of drawdown or retracement over a period.
Other volatility measures like standard deviation treat up and down movement equally, but most market traders are long and so welcome upward movement in prices. It is the downside that causes stress and the stomach ulcers that the index's name suggests. (The name predates the discovery that most gastric ulcers are caused by a bacterium rather than stress.)
The term ulcer index has also been used (later) by Steve Shellans, editor and publisher of MoniResearch Newsletter for a different calculation, also based on the ulcer-causing potential of drawdowns. Shellans' index is not described in this article.

## Calculation

The index is based on a given past period of N days. Working from oldest to newest a highest price (highest closing price) seen so far is maintained, and any close below that is a retracement, expressed as a percentage:
$R_{i}=100\times {\frac {{\text{price}}_{i}-{\text{max price}}}{\text{max price}}}$
For example, if the high so far is $5.00 then a price of $4.50 is a retracement of −10%. The first R is always 0, there being no drawdown from a single price. The quadratic mean (or root mean square) of these values is taken, similar to a standard deviation calculation.
${\text{Ulcer}}={\sqrt {R_{1}^{2}+R_{2}^{2}+\cdots R_{N}^{2} \over N}}$
Because the R values are squared it is immaterial whether they are expressed as positives or negatives; both result in a positive Ulcer Index.
The calculation is relatively immune to the sampling rate used. It gives similar results when calculated on weekly prices as it does on daily prices. Martin advises against sampling less often than weekly though, since for instance with quarterly prices a fall and recovery could take place entirely within a period and thereby not affect the index.

## Usage

Martin recommends his index as a measure of risk in various contexts where usually the standard deviation (SD) is used for that purpose. For example, the Sharpe ratio, which rates an investment's excess return (return above a safe cash rate) against risk, is:
${\text{Sharpe ratio}}={\frac {{\text{return}}\ -\ {\text{risk-free return}}}{\text{SD}}}$
The ulcer index can replace the SD to make an ulcer performance index (UPI) or Martin ratio:
${\text{UPI}}={\frac {{\text{return}}\ -\ {\text{risk-free return}}}{\text{ulcer index}}}$
In both cases, annualized rates of return would be used (net of costs, inclusive of dividend reinvestment, etc.).
The index can also be charted over time and used as a kind of technical analysis indicator, to show stocks going into ulcer-forming territory (for one's chosen time-frame), or to compare volatility in different stocks. As with the Sharpe Ratio, a higher value of UPI is better than a lower value (investors prefer more return for less risk).
# Mall walking

Mall walking is a form of exercise in which people walk or jog through the usually long corridors of shopping malls as a substitute for a running track or other walking venue. Many malls open early so that people may mall walk; stores and other such facilities generally do not open at this time, though vending machine concessions are available. Many choose to mall walk as the indoor climate is comfortable, secure, and there is easy access to amenities, such as benches, toilets, Wi-Fi for fitness tracking, media access, and water fountains. Others are attracted to mall walking strictly for the opportunity to spectate other visitors of the mall. Clean and level surfaces also provide a safe walking environment.
Mall walking is undertaken individually, in groups, or as part of an organized mall walking program. Mall walking in the United States is especially popular amongst senior citizens. Many mall walkers cite the camaraderie of walking in groups.

## In popular culture

Mall walking was featured in the television show Better Call Saul on episode 9 of season 3, named "Fall".
# The Pineland

The Pineland, also known as Black Swamp Plantation Summer House, is a historic home located near Garnett, Hampton County, South Carolina. It is an example of late Federal–early Greek Revival residential design with Victorian-era alterations and additions. The house evolved from a summer house for nearby Black Swamp Plantation during the period ca. 1800–1865 to a main residence since 1865. The house is a one-story, double pile, lateral gable, composition shingle-clad roofed residence set upon a high stuccoed brick pier foundation with diagonal wood lattice infill.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.
# Luke Gunn

Luke Gunn (born 22 March 1985) is a British male track and field athlete who competed in the 3000 metres steeplechase. He married fellow athlete Hannah England in 2013.
Born in Derby, Derbyshire, England, Luke Gunn studied Sport and Material Science at Birmingham University, graduating in 2006.
Gunn was AAA National Champion for Steeplechase in 2009. He was United Kingdom 3000 m Steeplechase Champion between 2009 and 2012. Gunn was placed 4th in the Men's 3000 metres steeplechase at the 2005 Summer Universiade.
Luke Gunn was placed 5th in the 3000 metres steeplechase at the 2014 European Team Championships Super League. Gunn was 5th in the 3000 metres steeplechase at the 2010 European Team Championships Super League. Gunn was placed 6th in the Men's 3000 metres steeplechase at the 2007 European Athletics U23 Championships. Gunn finished 6th in the Men's 3000 metres steeplechase at the 2005 European Athletics U23 Championships. Gunn was 7th in the Junior men individual 5.64km at the 2004 European Cross Country Championships.
Gunn represented England at the Commonwealth Games in 2006, 2010 and 2014. Gunn came 12th in the Men's 3000 metres steeplechase at the 2006 Commonwealth Games. Gunn was placed 7th in the Men's 3000 metres steeplechase at the 2010 Commonwealth Games. Gunn was 7th in the Men's 3000 metres steeplechase at the 2014 Commonwealth Games.
Luke Gunn finished 72nd in the Senior men's race at the 2011 IAAF World Cross Country Championships. He used to represent ASICS but towards the end of his career moved to the Copper Fox.
# Macduff distillery

57°39′28.37″N 2°30′45.90″W﻿ / ﻿57.6578806°N 2.5127500°W﻿ / 57.6578806; -2.5127500
Macduff distillery is a single malt Scotch whisky distillery in Macduff in the Highland whisky producing area of Scotland.

## History

The Macduff Distillery Company was founded in 1960 by the Macduff Distillers Ltd.
The distillery's official name In 1972, Macduff was acquired by William Lawson Distillers but official bottlings come mostly under the former.
In 1972, Macduff was acquired by William Lawson Distillers Ltd. which became part of the Martini & Rossi corporation in 1980.
In 1992, Martini & Rossi were acquired by the Bacardi Corporation. Bacardi put their subsidiary John Dewar & Sons in charge of the Macduff distillery.
Macduff was transferred to John Dewar & Sons by the Bacardi Corporation. Dewar & Sons still manage the distillery today, and Macduff is a major component in their blends like William Lawson.
# The Political Machine 2008

The Political Machine 2008 is a government simulation game from Stardock and the second game in The Political Machine series, in which the player leads a campaign to elect the President of the United States. The player accomplishes this goal by traveling from state to state and engaging in a variety of activities to either raise money or raise poll numbers. It is the sequel to The Political Machine released in 2004. The Political Machine 2008 features new candidates such as Barack Obama and John McCain. The game focuses on much more current issues and the constant need for money.
The game features three more scenarios, election in the American Civil War, an election taking place in an alternative European Union, and an alien world.
The developers said that they would add new content into the game before November 4 (the election) and update the issues as they changed in importance. New candidates were also planned once minor bugs were ironed out.

## Presidential candidates
### Democrats

* Fmr. President Bill Clinton (D-AR)
* Secretary of State Hillary Clinton (D-NY)
* Fmr. Sen. John Edwards (D-NC)
* Fmr. Vice President Al Gore (D-TN)
* Sen. John Kerry (D-MA)
* Sen. Barack Obama (D-IL)
* Gov. Bill Richardson (D-NM)
* Fmr. President Jimmy Carter (D-GA) - unlock
* Fmr. President John F Kennedy (D-MA) - unlock
* Fmr. President Lyndon B. Johnson (D-TX) - unlock
* Fmr. President Woodrow Wilson (D-NJ) - unlock
* Fmr. President Thomas Jefferson (DR-VA) - unlock
* Fmr. Senator Mike Gravel (D-AK) - download
* Rep. Dennis Kucinich (D-OH) - download
* Sen. Joe Biden (D-DE) - download

### Republicans

* Lord Kona (fictional)
* President George W. Bush (R-TX)
* Vice President Dick Cheney (R-WY)
* Fmr. New York City Mayor Rudy Giuliani (R-NY)
* Sen. John McCain (R-AZ)
* Rep. Ron Paul (R-TX)
* Fmr. Governor Mitt Romney (R-MA)
* Fmr. President Ulysses S. Grant (R-OH) - unlock
* Fmr. President Richard Nixon (R-CA) - unlock
* Fmr. President Ronald Reagan (R-CA) - unlock
* Fmr. President Theodore Roosevelt (R-NY) - unlock
* Fmr. President George Washington (VA) -unlock
* Fmr. President Abraham Lincoln (R-IL) - unlock
* Fmr. Governor Mike Huckabee (R-AR) - download
* Governor Sarah Palin (R-AK) - download
It is not possible to run as a third-party or independent candidate.

## Reception

Aggregate score :
| Aggregator | Score |
| Metacritic | 73/100 |
Review scores :
| Publication | Score |
| 1Up.com | C |
| GamePro | |
| GameSpot | 7.5/10 |
| GameSpy | |
| IGN | 7.3/10 |
| PC Format | 79% |
| PC Gamer (US) | 81% |
| PC Zone | 81% |
| Wired | |
The game received "average" reviews according to video game review aggregator Metacritic. IT Reviews said that "the gameplay is sufficiently engrossing and varied to keep your interest". GameSpy called it "a really solid 'beer & pretzels' strategy game". 1UP.com complained that "with more focus on the real-world conflicts and unpredictable events that plague campaigns, running for office might be a bit less tiresome".
# Andrew Louth

Andrew Louth FBA (/laʊθ/; born 11 November 1944) is an English theologian. He is an emeritus professor of patristic and Byzantine studies in the Department of Theology and Religion of Durham University. Louth has been at Durham University since 1996. Previously he taught at the University of Oxford (mostly patristics) and at Goldsmiths' College in Byzantine and early medieval history. He is a fellow of the British Academy and was a member of the British Academy Council from 2011 to 2014. He was President of the Ecclesiastical History Society (2009–10).
Born on 11 November 1944 in Louth, Lincolnshire, he was educated at the universities of Cambridge and Edinburgh.
Formerly an Anglican priest, he converted to Eastern Orthodoxy in 1989 and was ordained as an Eastern Orthodox priest in 2003.

## Selected publications

* Louth, Andrew (2007), Greek East and Latin West: The Church, AD 681–1071, Church History, 3, St. Vladimirs Seminary Press, ISBN 978-0881413205
* Louth, Andrew (2002), St. John Damascene: Tradition and Originality in Byzantine Theology, Oxford early Christian studies., Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780199275274
* Louth, Andrew; Raitt, Jill (1998), Wisdom of the Byzantine Church: Evagrios of Pontos and Maximos the Confessor, Paine Lectures in Religion, 1997, Dept. of Religious Studies, University of Missouri, OCLC 38570047
* Louth, Andrew (1996), Maximus the Confessor, Early Church Fathers, Routledge London, ISBN 0203991273
* Louth, Andrew (1989), Discerning the Mystery: An Essay on the Nature of Theology, Clarendon, ISBN 0198261969
* Louth, Andrew; Oden, Thomas C.; Conti, Marco (2001). Genesis 1–11; Volume 1. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 1579582206.
# 2009 North African Cup Winners Cup

The 2009 North African Cup Winners Cup was the second edition of the competition initiated in 2008 by the UNAF. CS Sfaxien of Tunisia were crowned champions after defeating Ahly Benghazi of Libya in the final on the away goals rule.

## Participating teams

* Chabab Riadhi de Belouizdad (2008-09 Algerian Cup winners)
* Ahly Benghazi (Invited)
* Forces Armées Royales Rabat (2008-09 Coupe du Trône winners)
* Club Sportif Sfaxien (2008-09 Tunisian President Cup winners)

## Draw

The draw was made in Djerba, Tunisia on 25 July 2009 at a FNAF meeting.

### Semi-finals
#### Second Legs

CS Sfaxien win 5–1 on aggregate.
Ahly Benghazi win 1–0 on aggregate.

### Final
#### Second leg

Ahly Benghazi 1–1 CS Sfaxien on aggregate. CS Sfaxien win on the away goals rule
* 2009 North African Cup Winners Cup Winners
* CS Sfaxien First title
# Hemagglutination

Hemagglutination, or haemagglutination, is a specific form of agglutination that involves red blood cells (RBCs). It has two common uses in the laboratory: blood typing and the quantification of virus dilutions in a haemagglutination assay.

## Blood typing

Blood type can be determined by using antibodies that bind to the A or B blood group antigens in a sample of blood.
For example, if antibodies that bind the A blood group are added and agglutination occurs, the blood is either type A or type AB. To determine between type A or type AB, antibodies that bind the B group are added and if agglutination does not occur, the blood is type A. If agglutination does not occur with either antibodies that bind to type A or type B antigens, then neither antigen is present on the blood cells, which means the blood is type O.
In blood grouping, the patient's serum is tested against RBCs of known blood groups and also the patient's RBCs are tested against known serum types. In this way the patient's blood group is confirmed from both RBCs and serum. A direct Coombs test is also done on the patient's blood sample in case there are any confounding antibodies.

## Viral hemagglutination assay

Many viruses attach to molecules present on the surface of RBCs. A consequence of this is that at certain concentrations, a viral suspension may bind together (agglutinate) the RBCs, thus preventing them from settling out of suspension. Since agglutination is not linked to infectivity, attenuated viruses can therefore be used in assays while an additional assay such as a plaque assay must be used to determine infectivity. By serially diluting a virus suspension into an assay tray (a series of wells of uniform volume) and adding a standard amount of blood cells, an estimation of the number of virus particles can be made. While less accurate than a plaque assay, it is cheaper and quicker (taking just 30 minutes).
This assay may be modified to include the addition of an antiserum. By using a standard amount of virus, a standard amount of blood cells, and serially diluting the antiserum, one can identify the concentration of the antiserum (the greatest dilution which inhibits hemagglutination).
# Gloria Akuffo

Gloria Akuffo (born 31 December 1954) is a Ghanaian lawyer and politician who served as the Attorney General of Ghana and Minister for Justice from 2017 until 2021. She also served as Deputy Attorney General and Aviation Minister in the John Kuffuor administration.

## Early life and education

She was born on 31 December 1954 in Accra and comes from Akropong-Akuapem in the Eastern Region and Shai Osudoku in the Greater Accra Region. Gloria Akuffo graduated in 1979 from the University of Ghana with a B.A. (Hons) in Law and Political Science. She became a barrister and solicitor of the Supreme Court of Judicature of Ghana, enrolling at the Ghana Bar Association in 1982.

## Career

She was a founding partner in a private legal firm, Owusu-Yeboa, Akuffo & Associates, in Accra. She is Head of Litigation at Blay and Associates. She was appointed Attorney General and Minister of Justice by President Nana Akufo Addo upon his assumption of power in 2017. As Attorney General, Akufo represented Ghana in a maritime boundary dispute with Ivory Coast at International Tribunal for Law of the Sea(ITLOS). The case at the tribunal had travel for years and successive governments. Akufo and predecessor, Mariata Brew Appiah Oppong successfully defended Ghana's interest and in September 2017, the ITLOS ruled in favour of the Ghana, stating that Ghana had not violated the maritime boundaries in her oil exploration efforts. According the court ruling, a ny new boundary was to pass the West of Tweneboa, Enyenra, Ntomme oil and gas fields. The ruling saved Ghana some $49 billion. In March 2023, Nana Akufo-Addo bestowed national honours on the team of lawyers including Gloria Akufo who secured a favourable decision for Ghana in the maritime border dispute with the Ivory Coast. Akufo's appointment as Attorney General and Minister of Justice was not renewed by Akufo-Addo after he secured a second-term mandate as president in 2020. She was replaced by her deputy, Godfred Yeboah Dame, in 2021.

## Politics

She is a member of the New Patriotic Party. From 2001 to 2005, Akuffo was Deputy Minister of Justice and Deputy Attorney General, the first woman to hold these positions. From 2005 to 2006, Akuffo was Deputy Minister for the Greater Accra Region. Akuffo served as the first Minister of Aviation from 2006 till July 2008. She was appointed Ambassador to Ireland in July 2008. She was the lead counsel in the dispute involving the 2013 election petition case before the Supreme Court in Ghana.

## 2012 Election Petition

Gloria was a key member of the legal team of New Patriotic Party during the 2012 election petition with Philip Addison as the lead counsel.
# Arguis

Arguis is a municipality located in the province of Huesca, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality had a population of 61 inhabitants.
The Master of Arguis derives his name from a painting which once hung in the town church.
The municipality includes the village Bentué de Rasal.
# Ignacio Figueredo

Ignacio Ventura Figueredo (July 31, 1899, in Algarrobito, Apure – September 3, 1995, in San Fernando de Apure), was a Venezuelan folk musician and harpist.
# Josepha Abiertas

Josepha Abiertas (1894–1929) was a Filipino lawyer and feminist. She was the first woman to graduate with a degree from the Philippine Law School.

## Life

Abiertas was born in Capiz in the Philippines. She had a younger brother and they were orphaned when she was 8 years old. She was educated at the Baptist Home School in Capiz, after it was opened in 1904 by missionaries, then Capiz High School. Abiertas was valedictorian for her class.
She moved to Manila to attend the Philippine Law School and became the first woman to graduate with a law degree from the school. Whilst studying, Abiretas won the First Annual Oratorical Contest held at the school on 18 March 1917. She was admitted to the bar on September 27, 1920, with the highest rating in the examination.
As a lawyer, Abiertas fought for workers rights and farmers rights. Abiertas was also involved in advocating for equal rights for women in the Philippines, including women's suffrage. She wrote a lecture called "The New Age for Women."
Abiertas was a Baptist, supporter of the YMCA and a member of the Women's Christian Temperance Union of Manila.
Abiertas died in 1929 of tuberculosis.

## Legacy

After her death, the Josepha Abiertas House of Friendship in Quezon City, which supported "unwed mothers and fatherless children" was founded. One of the founders was social worker and suffragist Josefa Jara Martinez.
# The Ridge (Derwood, Maryland)

The Ridge is a historic home located at Derwood, Montgomery County, Maryland, United States. It is a 1+1⁄2-story Flemish bond brick house on a fieldstone foundation. The decorative detailing in the main house reflects Georgian, Federal, and Greek Revival influences. Also on the property is an 18th-century two-story log building. It was the home of Zadok Magruder and his descendants, until 1956.
The Ridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.
# ZEP-RE

ZEP-RE (PTA Reinsurance Company) is a specialised institution of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) created under charter. The Company is currently headquartered in Nairobi, Kenya.

## Overview

ZEP-RE (PTA Reinsurance Company) is an institution of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), established by an Agreement signed by Heads of States and Governments on 23 November 1990 in Mbabane, Swaziland. The signatory Member States to the Agreement establishing the Company include: Angola, Burundi, Comoros, Democratic Republic of Congo, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Rwanda, Somali, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe. As a result of the multinational agreement the company was formed in 1992.
The key objectives of the company as outlined in its charter include fostering the development of the insurance and reinsurance industry in the COMESA sub-region, promotion of the growth of national, sub-regional and regional underwriting and retention capacities and supporting sub-regional economic development.

## Credit rating

ZEP-RE is rated of B++ (Financial Strength Rating) and ‘bbb’ (Long-Term Issuer Credit Rating) by A.M. Best. The Company also holds a claim paying ability rating of AA+ with the Global Credit Rating (GCR) agency of South Africa.

## Shareholders

As of December 2016, ZEP-RE has 36 shareholders composed of COMESA member states and institutional shareholders
* Government of Djibouti
* Government of Kenya
* Government of Mauritius
* Government of Rwanda
* Government of Sudan
* Government of Zambia
* AfDB
* DEG
* GXA
* SOCABU
* Assurances BICOR
* Kenya-Re
* Blue Shield Insurance Company
* Mayfair Insurance Company Ltd.
* Apollo Insurance Company Ltd.
* EMOSE
* SONARWA
* SORAS
* United Insurance Company Ltd. (Sudan)
* Sheikan Ins. & Reins. Ltd
* Juba Insurance Company Ltd
* National Insurance Corporation Ltd. (Tanzania)
* Zanzibar Insurance Corporation
* PPF
* National Insurance Corporation Ltd. (Uganda)
* Lion Assurance of Uganda Ltd.
* Statewide Insurance Company Ltd
* Zambia State Insurance Corporation Ltd.
* Zambia State Insurance Corporation – Pension Trust
* COMESA Secretariat
* TDB
* Baobab Reinsurance Company Ltd.
* CMAR (NY Havana)
* SONAS
* National Insurance Corporate of Eritrea S.C.
* Amerga

## Locations

ZEP-RE is headquartered in Nairobi, Kenya with regional and operates hubs and country offices in Cameroon, Cote d’Ivoire, Ethiopia, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Sudan. It enjoys mandatory concessions that grant it at least 10 percent of the reinsurance business in several countries.