# Flin Flon

Flin Flon (pop. 5,185 in 2016 census; 4,982 in Manitoba and 203 in Saskatchewan) is a mining city, located on a correction line on the border of the Canadian provinces of Manitoba and Saskatchewan, with the majority of the city located within Manitoba. Residents thus travel southwest into Saskatchewan, and northeast into Manitoba. The city is incorporated in and is jointly administered by both provinces.

## Etymology

The town's name is taken from the lead character in a 1905 paperback novel, The Sunless City by J. E. Preston Muddock. Josiah Flintabbatey Flonatin piloted a submarine into a bottomless lake where he sailed through a hole lined with gold to enter a strange underground world. A copy of the book was allegedly found and read by prospector Tom Creighton.
When Tom Creighton discovered a high-grade exposure of copper, he thought of the book and called it Flin Flon's mine, and the town that developed around the mine adopted the name. Flin Flon shares the distinction of being named after a character in an adventure novel with Tarzana, California and Le Plessis-Robinson, France.
The character of "Flinty", as he is locally known, is of such importance to the identity of the city that in 2003, the local Chamber of Commerce commissioned the minting of a $3.00 coin which was considered legal tender amongst locally participating retailers until September 2004 and a $5.00 coin which was in circulation until December 31, 2008. A statue representing Flinty was designed by cartoonist Al Capp and is one of the points of interest of the city. In 1978, the National Film Board of Canada produced the short documentary Canada Vignettes: Flin Flon about the origin of the city's name.

## History

Flin Flon was founded in 1927 by Hudson Bay Mining and Smelting (Hudbay) to exploit the large local copper and zinc ore resources. In the late 1920s, HBM&S invested in a railway, mine, smelter, and a hydroelectric power plant at Island Falls, Saskatchewan. By 1928, the rail line reached the mine.
The town grew considerably during the 1930s as those impoverished by the Great Depression came to work at the mines. A significant number of farmers abandoned their farms and were among those looking for work. The municipality was incorporated on January 1, 1933, and reached city status in 1970. The city has continued to be a mining centre with the development of several mines adding to its industrial base, although its population has been in decline since the 1960s. With a scenic setting and a number of nearby lakes, Flin Flon has also become a popular tourist destination.

## Geography

Flin Flon straddles the provincial boundary of Manitoba and Saskatchewan with the majority of the city located in Manitoba. The 2016 census reported 4,982 residents in the Manitoba portion and 203 in the Saskatchewan section; the Manitoba portion has a land area of 13.88 km$^2$ (5.4 sq mi), while the Saskatchewan portion has a land area of 2.37 km$^2$ (0.91 sq mi). Due to the zig-zag nature of the Saskatchewan-Manitoba boundary correction lines, the Saskatchewan section of town lies south of the Manitoba section, not west. Main Street crosses the provincial boundary just south of its intersection with Church Street; Hudson Street crosses the provincial boundary between its intersections with 5 Ave E. and Harrison Street, adopting the new name South Hudson Street at the point of crossing; an undeveloped stretch of Channing Drive briefly crosses into Saskatchewan before reentering Manitoba just west of the city's rural Channing neighbourhood.
For Canada Post purposes, residents in the Saskatchewan portion of the city retain the local Manitoba R8A postal code, and often use a Flin Flon, MB address. For telephone service, however, they are located in Saskatchewan's area code 306 as part of the Creighton telephone exchange, rather than Manitoba's area code 204. However, residents in Saskatchewan may use either Saskatchewan's SaskTel or Manitoba's Bell MTS systems for cellular services. Electrical service is received from Manitoba Hydro for both the Manitoba and Saskatchewan parts of the city.
The majority of Flin Flon's surface topology is exposed Canadian Shield bedrock, hence the nickname "the city built on rock". Due to this and climatic factors, agriculture is generally not possible although grain farming is found 130 kilometres (80 mi) southeast in The Pas, Manitoba, which is south of the Canadian Shield. The extensive bedrock exposure led to some interesting adaptations. In the northwestern areas of the city, there is often not enough overburden to bury water and sewer lines, so "sewer boxes" exist above surface to house the infrastructure. Many of these are used as ad-hoc sidewalks.

### Climate

Flin Flon experiences a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb). There is a wide range in seasonal temperatures, with warm summers and bitterly cold winters. Temperatures in January have an average low of −22.9 °C (−9.2 °F) and an average high of −14.7 °C (5.5 °F). Temperatures in July have an average high of 24.1 °C (75.4 °F) and an average low of 13.6 °C (56.5 °F). The highest (reliable) temperature ever recorded in Flin Flon was 101 °F (38.3 °C) on 19 July 1941. The coldest temperature ever recorded was −51 °F (−46.1 °C) on 15 January 1930.
Climate data for Flin Flon, 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1927–present :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 9.5 (49.1) | 11.7 (53.1) | 18.0 (64.4) | 29.4 (84.9) | 33.5 (92.3) | 36.0 (96.8) | 38.3 (100.9) | 35.6 (96.1) | 32.5 (90.5) | 25.0 (77.0) | 15.5 (59.9) | 8.3 (46.9) | 38.3 (100.9) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −14.7 (5.5) | −10.2 (13.6) | −2.1 (28.2) | 7.3 (45.1) | 15.0 (59.0) | 21.1 (70.0) | 24.1 (75.4) | 22.6 (72.7) | 15.0 (59.0) | 6.3 (43.3) | −5.0 (23.0) | −12.4 (9.7) | 5.6 (42.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −18.9 (−2.0) | −14.9 (5.2) | −7.6 (18.3) | 1.8 (35.2) | 9.4 (48.9) | 15.8 (60.4) | 18.9 (66.0) | 17.5 (63.5) | 10.8 (51.4) | 3.0 (37.4) | −8.0 (17.6) | −16.2 (2.8) | 1.0 (33.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −22.9 (−9.2) | −19.6 (−3.3) | −13.0 (8.6) | −3.6 (25.5) | 3.8 (38.8) | 10.4 (50.7) | 13.6 (56.5) | 12.4 (54.3) | 6.5 (43.7) | −0.4 (31.3) | −11.0 (12.2) | −20.0 (−4.0) | −3.6 (25.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −46.1 (−51.0) | −43.3 (−45.9) | −40.0 (−40.0) | −29.4 (−20.9) | −15.0 (5.0) | −2.8 (27.0) | 0.0 (32.0) | 0.0 (32.0) | −10.0 (14.0) | −21.7 (−7.1) | −34.4 (−29.9) | −43.3 (−45.9) | −46.1 (−51.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 17.5 (0.69) | 16.7 (0.66) | 15.1 (0.59) | 20.3 (0.80) | 40.9 (1.61) | 69.0 (2.72) | 77.9 (3.07) | 63.7 (2.51) | 63.4 (2.50) | 29.0 (1.14) | 21.7 (0.85) | 22.5 (0.89) | 457.6 (18.02) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.2 (0.01) | 7.9 (0.31) | 39.3 (1.55) | 69.3 (2.73) | 77.9 (3.07) | 63.7 (2.51) | 64.2 (2.53) | 21.0 (0.83) | 1.1 (0.04) | 0.0 (0.0) | 344.5 (13.56) |
| Average snowfall cm (inches) | 17.5 (6.9) | 16.7 (6.6) | 15.0 (5.9) | 12.4 (4.9) | 1.6 (0.6) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.7 (0.3) | 8.1 (3.2) | 20.6 (8.1) | 22.9 (9.0) | 115.5 (45.5) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 6.6 | 5.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 8.6 | 9.9 | 12.2 | 10.4 | 10.6 | 7.4 | 6.4 | 6.6 | 93.5 |
| Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.11 | 2.1 | 8.4 | 10.0 | 12.2 | 10.4 | 10.5 | 5.4 | 0.36 | 0.0 | 59.3 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) | 7.0 | 5.6 | 4.6 | 2.5 | 0.38 | 0.04 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.20 | 2.3 | 6.0 | 6.7 | 35.3 |
| Source: Environment Canada ||||||||||||||

## Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Manitoba portion of Flin Flon had a population of 4,940 living in 2,280 of its 2,533 total private dwellings, a change of 0% from its 2016 population of 4,991. With a land area of 13.14 km$^2$ (5.07 sq mi), it had a population density of 376.0/km$^2$ (973.7/sq mi) in 2021.
Also in the 2021 census, the Saskatchewan portion of Flin Flon had a population of 159 living in 73 of its 100 total private dwellings, a change of 0% from its 2016 population of 203. With a land area of 2.01 km$^2$ (0.78 sq mi), it had a population density of 79.1/km$^2$ (204.9/sq mi) in 2021.
| Canada 2006 Census | Canada 2006 Census | Population | % of total population |
| Visible minority group Source: | South Asian | 15 | 0.3 |
| Visible minority group Source: | Chinese | 0 | 0 |
| Visible minority group Source: | Black | 10 | 0.2 |
| Visible minority group Source: | Filipino | 30 | 0.5 |
| Visible minority group Source: | Latin American | 0 | 0 |
| Visible minority group Source: | Arab | 0 | 0 |
| Visible minority group Source: | Southeast Asian | 0 | 0 |
| Visible minority group Source: | West Asian | 0 | 0 |
| Visible minority group Source: | Korean | 0 | 0 |
| Visible minority group Source: | Japanese | 10 | 0.2 |
| Visible minority group Source: | Other visible minority | 0 | 0 |
| Visible minority group Source: | Mixed visible minority | 0 | 0 |
| Total visible minority population | Total visible minority population | 65 | 1.1 |
| Aboriginal group Source: | First Nations | 290 | 5 |
| Aboriginal group Source: | Métis | 655 | 11.4 |
| Aboriginal group Source: | Inuit | 0 | 0 |
| Total Indigenous population | Total Indigenous population | 950 | 16.5 |
| European | European | 4,755 | 82.4 |
| Total population | Total population | 5,770 | 100 |

## Transportation
### Road

Flin Flon is accessed by Manitoba Provincial Trunk Highway 10, Saskatchewan Highway 106 and Saskatchewan Highway 167. The city also runs a small public bus system.

### Air

The city operates Flin Flon Airport, which is located southeast of the city, immediately west of the Bakers Narrows Provincial Park. The airport has a single asphalt runway, and has regular flights to and from Winnipeg through Calm Air. There is also an airport in nearby Channing, MB for small aircraft use.

### Rail

The Hudson Bay Railway operates railway freight service on its railway line between The Pas and Flin Flon.
The rail line to Churchill was washed out in June 2017 and remained out of service for over a year when then-owner Omnitrax refused to repair it. The City of Flin Flon purchased shares in One North, one of the partners of purchasing consortium Arctic Gateway Group Limited Partnership. The rail line was subsequently repaired by Cando Rail Services and Paradox Access Solutions.

## Economy
### Main employers

Note that the number of workers with the classification of "Mining" will be highly variable following the June 2022 closure of the 777 mine and the planned impending closure of the majority of the Hudbay Flin Flon operations.
Flin Flon's five largest private-sector employers (circa 2007) :
| Company | Service | Number of employees |
| Hudbay | Mining | 900 |
| Flin Flon School Division | Education | 137 |
| Victoria Inn | Hotel | 57 |
| Walmart | Retail | 32 |
| Canadian Tire | Automotive supplies and service | 30 |

### Mining

The economy of Flin Flon was primarily reliant on base metal production (primarily copper and zinc with lesser gold and silver). Since the late 1910s, approximately 17 mines have operated in the Flin Flon vicinity. The most recent mine, the 777 Mine, closed in June 2022 with decommissioning completed shortly thereafter.
Sphalerite (zinc) concentrate was produced and processed on-site to refined zinc while chalcopyrite (copper) concentrate was produced and sold for external copper production. Prior to the smelter closure in 2010, the chalcopyrite concentrate was refined on location. Although processing of any sulphide material usually emits large amounts of sulfur dioxide, the Hudbay plant uses a zinc pressure leaching (ZPL) process which greatly reduces emissions.

### Marijuana production

Flin Flon gained international notoriety in 2002 when the Government of Canada awarded a four-year contract to Saskatoon-based Prairie Plant Systems for the production of medicinal marijuana. The company set up operations in a mined-out area of the then-active Trout Lake Mine, an underground copper/zinc mine located just over 5 km (3 miles) northeast of Flin Flon city limits and owned by the Hudson Bay Mining and Smelting Company (later Hudbay) to produce approximately 400 kilograms (882 lbs) of medicinal marijuana annually. The entire operation was situated approximately 120 metres (400') underground for security and climate control reasons.
In 2009, Prairie Plant Systems discontinued operation at the mine due to the expiry of their lease and the uncertainty regarding the pending closure of the mine, which occurred in 2011.

## Culture
### Arts

Flin Flon has an active local arts and culture scene. The Flin Flon Arts Council has been instrumental in building the local arts scene, and has also brought high-quality performers, such as the Royal Winnipeg Ballet, into the community for special events. The R.H. Channing Auditorium in the Flin Flon Community Hall hosts concerts and theatrical performances, including those produced by the local theatre troupe "Ham Sandwich".
In 2010, the Northern Visual Arts Centre (or NorVA) was established as a studio and gallery space for local visual artists. NorVA frequently hosts workshops, concerts and other community arts-based events.
Every two years, the Flin Flon Community Choir performs a largely extravagant musical production for the community. In 2013, the Flin Flon Community Choir presented Chicago: The Musical, to great acclaim. They presented Les Miserables in 2015, Grease in 2017, and Mama Mia in 2019. Past performances have included Beauty and the Beast, Fiddler on the Roof, and Bombertown, among many others.
Culture Days, a national festival celebrating arts and culture, is a popular event in Flin Flon. Culture Days is held on the last weekend of September each year. In 2018, Flin Flon ranked second in the country, only following Winnipeg, for the number of free events (including concerts, workshops, artist talks and kids' activities) offered to community members and visitors. Toronto followed Flin Flon with the number of events, ranking third, down from second in 2017.
Flin Flon is the fictional home of the comic book superhero Captain Canuck.

### Petting zoo

The city operates the Joe Brain Petting Zoo. It is open from June through August, weather permitting. It features a picnic area, playground, basketball hoops, and a wading pool.

### Sports

Flin Flon is the home of the Flin Flon Bombers of the Saskatchewan Junior Hockey League and the birthplace of NHL great and Hall of Fame member Bobby Clarke. As captain of the team, he led the Philadelphia Flyers to two NHL Stanley Cup championships in the 1970s, and was a star on the 1972 Team Canada Summit Series roster. Other NHLers hailing from Flin Flon include Ken Baird, Ken Baumgartner, Matt Davidson, Kim Davis, Dean Evason, Al Hamilton, Ted Hampson (who was captain of the Flin Flon Bombers Memorial Cup team in 1957 and the second player to ever receive the Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy), Gerry Hart, Ron Hutchinson, George Konik, Ray Maluta, Tom Gilmore, Dunc McCallum, Eric Nesterenko, Mel Pearson, Reid Simpson, David Struch, and Ernie Wakely.

## Media

Newspapers & magazines
* The Reminder – published every Wednesday – Flin Flon's only newspaper
* Northroots Magazine – a bi-monthly glossy, regional publication, northroots.ca published February, April, June, August, October and December. In-flight reading on Calm Air.
* Cottage North Magazine – local interest, local stories, and local people – ceased publication in September 2015
Books
* Tales From a Town With a Funny Name – by Doug Evans
Radio
* CFAR 590 (AM), 102.9 (FM)
* CBWF-FM 90.9 (CBC Radio One)
* CKSB-4-FM 99.9 (Ici Radio-Canada Première)
* CIFF-FM 101.1 (NCI)
Television
* CKYF-TV channel 13 (CTV, analogue repeater of CKY-DT Winnipeg)
* Shaw Communications operates a community programming channel; CATV Channel 11: Shaw TV
Television in Flin Flon began in June 1962 with the opening of CBC Television station CBWBT channel 10. The station broadcast kine recordings, sent to the transmitter from CBWT Winnipeg. On March 1, 1969, the province-wide microwave system replaced the kine recordings originating at CBWT, giving citizens of Flin Flon access to live television. The repeater (along with Radio-Canada repeater CBWFT-2 channel 3) closed down July 31, 2012, due to the CBC's closure of its rebroadcasters.

## Law and government
### Municipal

The operations of the City of Flin Flon are administered by the city council, whose members set the policies. The city council consists of a mayor and six councillors who are elected and serve a term of four years. The current council was elected on October 24, 2018, and consists of the following members:
Flin Flon City Council :
| Position | Name |
| Mayor | George Fontaine |
| Councillor | Alison Dallas-Funk |
| Councillor | Judy Eagle |
| Councillor | Bill Hanson |
| Councillor | Steve Lytwyn |
| Councillor | Heather Richardson |
| Councillor | Mike Slipp |

### Provincial

Flin Flon federal election results :
| Year | Year | Liberal | Liberal | Conservative | Conservative | New Democratic | New Democratic | Green | Green |
| | 2021 | 13% | 259 | 45% | 887 | 29% | 579 | 3% | 60 |
| | 2019 | 10% | 234 | 45% | 1,037 | 38% | 881 | 5% | 113 |
Flin Flon Manitoba provincial election results :
| Year | Year | PC | PC | New Democratic | New Democratic | Liberal | Liberal |
| | 2019 | 38% | 658 | 52% | 887 | 5% | 85 |
| | 2016 | 27% | 480 | 33% | 583 | 26% | 453 |
Flin Flon, Saskatchewan, provincial election results :
| Year | Year | Saskatchewan | Saskatchewan | New Democratic | New Democratic |
| | 2020 | 40% | 16 | 56% | 22 |
| | 2016 | 58% | 39 | 29% | 20 |
Flin Flon is in the southwest corner of the Manitoba provincial electoral district of the same name, and is the only urban centre within the district. The current Member of the Legislative Assembly is Tom Lindsey of the NDP. He has served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba since 2016.
The Saskatchewan portion of Flin Flon is in the electoral district of Cumberland. It is represented by Doyle Vermette of the NDP. He has served in the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan since 2008.

### Federal

The Manitoba portion of Flin Flon is in the federal riding of Churchill—Keewatinook Aski, whose current Member of Parliament (MP) is NDP member Niki Ashton. She has served in the House of Commons of Canada since 2008.
The Saskatchewan portion of Flin Flon is in the electoral district of Desnethé—Missinippi—Churchill River, whose current MP is CPC member Gary Vidal. He has served in the House of Commons since 2019.

## Notable people

* Jared Abrahamson, actor
* Roger Avary, film and television director, screenwriter, and producer
* Ken Baumgartner (born 1966), ice hockey player
* Bobby Clarke (born 1949), hockey player
* Caroline Cochrane, 13th Premier of the Northwest Territories
* Kim Davis, hockey player
* Dean Evason (born 1964), hockey coach
* Tom Gilmore (born 1948), hockey player
* Al Hamilton (born 1946), hockey player
* Ted Hampson (born 1936), hockey player, hockey coach, amateur hockey scout
* Marshall Lawrence (born 1956), blues musician and psychologist
* Ray Martynuik (1950–2013), hockey player
* Andrea Menard (born 1971), actress and singer
* Eric Nesterenko (1933–2022), hockey player
* Mel Pearson (1938–1999), hockey player
* Dennis Schneider (1942–2023), politician
* Birk Sproxton (1943–2007), poet and novelist