# Haskell Wexler

Haskell Wexler ASC (February 6, 1922 – December 27, 2015) was an American filmmaker, cinematographer, and documentarian. He won the Academy Award for Best Cinematography twice, in 1966 for Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? and 1976 for Bound for Glory, out of five total nominations. As a director, he was known for his socio-politically provocative documentary and docufiction works, emerging from the civil rights movement and counterculture of the 1960s.
His 1969 film, Medium Cool, fused scripted scenes with cinéma vérité-style documentary footage of the 1968 Democratic National Convention. He also directed, co-directed and/or shot conventional documentaries like Introduction to the Enemy (1974), on opposition to the Vietnam War; and Underground (1976), on the Weather Underground.
Wexler was judged to be one of film history's ten most influential cinematographers in a survey of the members of the International Cinematographers Guild in 2003. In his obituary in The New York Times, he was described as being "renowned as one of the most inventive cinematographers in Hollywood."

## Early life and education

Wexler was born to a Jewish family in Chicago in 1922. His parents were Simon and Lottie Wexler, whose children included Jerrold, Joyce (Isaacs) and Yale. He attended the progressive Francis Parker School, where he was best friends with Barney Rosset.
After a year of college at the University of California, Berkeley, he volunteered as a seaman in the U.S. Merchant Marine in 1941, as the U.S. was preparing to enter World War II. He became friends with fellow sailor Woody Guthrie, who later gained fame as a folk singer. While in the Merchant Marine, Wexler advocated for the desegregation of seamen. In November 1942, his ship was torpedoed by a German submarine and sank off the coast of South Africa. He spent 10 days on a lifeboat before being rescued. After the war, Wexler received the Silver Star and was promoted to the rank of second officer.
He returned to Chicago after his discharge in 1946 and began working in the stockroom at his father's company, Allied Radio. He decided he wanted to become a filmmaker, although he had no experience, and his father helped him set up a small studio in Des Plaines, Illinois. He began by shooting industrial films at Midwest factories. When his studio lost too much money, it was eventually shut down, but the business served as an unofficial film school for Wexler.
He later took freelance jobs as a cameraman, joining the International Photographers Guild in 1947. He worked his way up to more technical positions after beginning as an assistant cameraman on various projects. He made a number of documentaries, including The Living City, which was nominated for an Academy Award.

## Film career

Wexler briefly made industrial films in Chicago, then in 1947 became an assistant cameraman. Wexler worked on documentary features and shorts; low-budget docu-dramas such as 1959's The Savage Eye, television's The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet and TV commercials (he would later found Wexler-Hall, a television commercial production company, with Conrad Hall). He made ten documentary films with director Saul Landau, including Paul Jacobs and the Nuclear Gang, which aired on PBS and won an Emmy Award and a George Polk Award. Other notable documentaries shot and co-directed (with Landau) by Wexler included Brazil: A Report on Torture and The CIA Case Officer and The Sixth Sun: A Mayan Uprising in Chiapas.
In 1963 Wexler self-funded, produced and photographed the documentary The Bus in which a group of Freedom Riders are followed as they make their way from San Francisco to Washington D.C. That same year he served as the cinematographer on his first big-budget film, Elia Kazan's America America. Kazan was nominated for a Best Director Academy Award. Wexler worked steadily in Hollywood thereafter. George Lucas, then 20, met Wexler who shared his hobby of auto racing. Wexler pulled a few strings to help Lucas get admitted to the USC Film School. Wexler would later work with Lucas as a visual consultant for THX 1138 and American Graffiti (1973).
Wexler was cinematographer of Mike Nichols' screen version of Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966), for which he won the last Academy Award for Best Cinematography (Black & White) handed out. The following year had Wexler as the cinematographer for the Oscar-winning detective drama, In the Heat of the Night (1967), starring Sidney Poitier. His work was notable for being the first major film in Hollywood history to be shot in color with proper consideration for a person of African descent. Wexler recognized that standard lighting tended to produce too much glare on that kind of dark complexion making the actors look bad. Accordingly, Wexler toned it down to feature Poitier with better photographic results.
Wexler was fired as cinematographer during filming of Francis Ford Coppola's The Conversation and replaced by Bill Butler. He was also fired from Miloš Forman's 1975 film One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest and again replaced by Bill Butler. Wexler believed his dismissal on Cuckoo's Nest was due to his radical left political views as highlighted by his concurrent work on the documentary Underground, in which the left-wing urban guerrilla group The Weather Underground were being interviewed while hiding from the law. However, Forman said he had terminated Wexler over mere artistic differences. Both Wexler and Butler received Academy Award nominations for Best Cinematography for One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, though Wexler later said there was "only about a minute or two minutes in that film I didn't shoot.”
However, he won a second Oscar for Bound for Glory (1976), a biography of Woody Guthrie, whom Wexler had met during his time in the Merchant Marine. Bound for Glory was the first feature film to make use of the newly invented Steadicam, in a famous sequence that also incorporated a crane shot. Wexler was also credited as additional cinematographer on Days of Heaven (1978), which won a Best Cinematography Oscar for Néstor Almendros. Wexler was featured on the soundtrack of the film Underground (1976), recorded on Folkways Records in 1976.
He worked on documentaries throughout his career. The documentary Paul Jacobs and the Nuclear Gang (1980) earned an Emmy Award; Interviews with My Lai Veterans (1970) won an Academy Award. His later documentaries included; Bus Riders' Union (2000), about the modernization and expansion of bus services in Los Angeles by the organization and its founder Eric Mann, Who Needs Sleep? (2006), the Independent Lens documentary Good Kurds, Bad Kurds: No Friends But the Mountains (2000), Tell Them Who You Are (2004) Bringing King to China (2011), and From Wounded Knee to Standing Rock: A Reporter's Journey (2019).
Wexler also directed fictional movies. Medium Cool (1969), a film written by Wexler and shot in a cinéma vérité style, is studied by film students all over the world for its breakthrough form. It influenced more than a generation of filmmakers. In DVD commentary for Criterion Collection, Wexler recalled that the studio execs were flabbergasted the film, "an edgy, Godardian tale that ricocheted from one hot-button topic to the next (poverty, racism, civil rebellion, the war in Vietnam, the Kennedy and King assassinations)." The making of Medium Cool was the subject of a BBC documentary by Paul Cronin, Look Out Haskell, It's Real: The Making of Medium Cool (2001). "Medium Cool" was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry in 2003.
Produced by Lucasfilm and uncredited George Lucas, Wexler's film Latino (1985) was chosen for the 1985 Cannes Film Festival. He both wrote and directed the work. Another directing project was From Wharf Rats to Lords of the Docks (2007), an intimate exploration of the life and times of Harry Bridges, an extraordinary labor leader and social visionary described as "a hero or the devil incarnate--it all depends on your point of view."
In 1988, Wexler won the Independent Spirit Award for Best Cinematography for the John Sayles film Matewan (1987), for which he was also nominated for an Academy Award. His work with Billy Crystal in the HBO film 61* (2001) was nominated for an Emmy.
In 2021, filmmakers Joan Churchill and Alan Barker released a 26-minute documentary, Shoot From the Heart, about Wexler's life and career. Churchill described her intention in making the film this way: “We were making a film about a man who was a passionate activist, who never gave up hope for the world.”
A "lifelong liberal activist," during the final years of his life, Wexler trained his focus on raising awareness of sleep deprivation and long hours in the film industry, culminating in the documentary Who Needs Sleep? (2006), which "examined the routine overworking of Hollywood film crews." In a first-person article in HuffPost, Wexler wrote, "There's nothing I love more than making films. But the health of my fellow film workers and citizens is more important than anything on the silver screen."

## Personal life

Wexler married the American actress Rita Taggart in 1989. He had two sons, a daughter, four grandchildren; and one great-granddaughter.

### Death

Wexler died in his sleep at the age of 93 on December 27, 2015, at his home in Santa Monica, California.

## Legacy

Six of the films he worked on have been preserved by the National Film Registry for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant": Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf (inducted in 2013), Days of Heaven (2007), Medium Cool (2003), In the Heat of the Night (2002), American Graffiti (1995) and One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1993).
In September 2016, George Lucas created the Haskell Wexler Endowed Chair in Documentary at the USC School of Cinematic Arts. The first holder of the Wexler Chair is Michael Renov, Vice Dean of Academic Affairs at SCA and a professor in the Bryan Singer Division of Cinema & Media Studies.

## Filmography
### Cinematographer
#### Short film

| Year | Title | Director | Notes |
| 1958 | T Is for Tumbleweed | Louis Clyde Stoumen | |
| 1966 | One | Steven North | |
| 1976 | Polaroid Glasses | Himself | |
| 1977 | STP Oil Treatment | Himself | |
| 1977 | Plymouth Fury | | With Conrad L. Hall |
| 1978 | John Wayne for Great Western Savings | Himself | |

#### Feature film

| Year | Title | Director | Notes |
| 1958 | Stakeout on Dope Street | Irvin Kershner | Credited as "Mark Jeffrey" |
| 1959 | The Savage Eye | Ben Maddow Sidney Meyers Joseph Strick | With Jack Couffer and Helen Levitt |
| 1960 | Five Bold Women | Jorge López Portillo | |
| 1960 | Studs Lonigan | Irving Lerner | Uncredited |
| 1961 | The Hoodlum Priest | Irvin Kershner | |
| 1961 | Angel Baby | Paul Wendkos | With Jack Marta |
| 1961 | The Runaway | Claudio Guzmán | With Ray Foster and Wayne Mitchell |
| 1961 | The Fisherman and His Soul | Charles Guggenheim | |
| 1963 | America America | Elia Kazan | |
| 1963 | Face in the Rain | Irvin Kershner | |
| 1963 | Lonnie | William Hale | |
| 1964 | The Best Man | Franklin J. Schaffner | |
| 1965 | The Loved One | Tony Richardson | Also credited as producer |
| 1966 | Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? | Mike Nichols | |
| 1967 | In the Heat of the Night | Norman Jewison | |
| 1968 | Faces | John Cassavetes | Uncredited |
| 1968 | The Thomas Crown Affair | Norman Jewison | |
| 1969 | Medium Cool | Himself | |
| 1972 | The Trial of the Catonsville Nine | Gordon Davidson | |
| 1974 | The Conversation | Francis Ford Coppola | Replaced by Bill Butler |
| 1975 | One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest | Miloš Forman | Replaced by Bill Butler |
| 1976 | Bound for Glory | Hal Ashby | |
| 1978 | Coming Home | Hal Ashby | |
| 1981 | Second-Hand Hearts | Hal Ashby | |
| 1982 | Lookin' to Get Out | Hal Ashby | |
| 1983 | The Man Who Loved Women | Blake Edwards | |
| 1987 | Matewan | John Sayles | |
| 1988 | Colors | Dennis Hopper | |
| 1989 | Three Fugitives | Francis Veber | |
| 1989 | Blaze | Ron Shelton | |
| 1991 | Other People's Money | Norman Jewison | |
| 1992 | The Babe | Arthur Hiller | |
| 1994 | The Secret of Roan Inish | John Sayles | |
| 1995 | Canadian Bacon | Michael Moore | |
| 1996 | Mulholland Falls | Lee Tamahori | |
| 1996 | The Rich Man's Wife | Amy Holden Jones | |
| 1999 | Limbo | John Sayles | |
| 2004 | Silver City | John Sayles | |
| 2007 | From Wharf Rats to Lords of the Docks | Himself | |

#### Television

| Year | Title | Director | Notes |
| 1956 | The Eddy Arnold Show | Ben Park | Episode "Betty Johnson, The Jordanaires" |
| 1998 | Sandra Bernhard: I'm Still Here... Damn It! | Marty Callner | TV special |
| 2001 | 61* | Billy Crystal | TV movie |
| 2007 | Big Love | Adam Davidson | Episode "Rock and a Hard Place" |

#### Documentary works

Short film
| Year | Title | Director | Notes |
| 1953 | The Living City | Himself John Barnes | |
| 1971 | Interviews with My Lai Veterans | Joseph Strick | With Richard Pearce |
| 1978 | War Without Winners | Himself | |
| 1982 | Hail Columbia! | Graeme Ferguson | With Graeme Ferguson, David Douglas, Richard Leiterman, Ronald M. Lautore and Phillip Thomas |
| 1996 | Mexico | Lorena Parlee | With David Douglas, James Neihouse and Álex Phillips Jr. |
| 2000 | The Man on Lincoln's Nose | Daniel Raim | With Daniel Raim and Guido Verweyen |
| 2001 | SOA: Guns and Greed | Robert Richter | With Alan Jacobsen |
| 2013 | Medium Cool Revisited | Himself | |
Film
| Year | Title | Director | Notes |
| 1965 | The Bus | Himself | |
| 1974 | Introduction to the Enemy | Himself | |
| 1976 | Underground | Emile de Antonio Mary Lampson Himself | |
| 1979 | Paul Jacobs and the Nuclear Gang | Jack Willis Penny Bernstein | With Zack Krieger |
| 1980 | No Nukes | Daniel Goldberg Anthony Potenza Julian Schlossberg | Concert film |
| 1982 | Richard Pryor: Live on the Sunset Strip | Joe Layton | Stand-up comedy |
| 1992 | Papakolea: A Story of Hawaiian Land | Edgy Lee | |
| 1997 | The Sixth Sun: Mayan Uprising in Chiapas | Saul Landau | |
| 2000 | Good Kurds, Bad Kurds: No Friends But the Mountains | Kevin McKiernan | With Kevin McKiernan |
| 2000 | Bus Rider's Union | Himself Johanna Demetrakas | |
| 2005 | Bastards of the Party | Cle Shaheed Sloan | With Joan Churchill, Mark Woods and Phil Parmet |
| 2006 | Who Needs Sleep? | Himself | With Alan Barker, Joan Churchill, Tamara Goldsworthy, Kevin McKiernan and Rita Taggart |
| 2009 | In the Name of Democracy: The Story of Lt. Ehren Watada | Nina Rosenblum | |
| 2009 | Something's Gonna Live | Daniel Raim | With Daniel Raim and Guido Verweyen |
| 2010 | Will the Real Terrorist Please Stand Up? | Saul Landau | With Roberto Chile |
| 2011 | Bringing King to China | Kevin McKiernan | |
| 2012 | Occupy Los Angeles | Joseph G. Quinn | |
| 2013 | Eagles: Live at the Capital Centre (March 1977) | Victoria Hochberg | |
| 2013 | Four Days in Chicago | Himself | |
| 2019 | From Wounded Knee to Standing Rock: A Reporter's Journey | Kevin McKiernan | TV movie; Posthumous release |

### Director

Short film
| Year | Title | Director | Producer |
| 1976 | Polaroid Glasses | Yes | |
| 1977 | STP Oil Treatment | Yes | Yes |
| 1978 | John Wayne for Great Western Savings | Yes | Yes |
Feature film
| Year | Title | Director | Writer | Producer | Notes |
| 1969 | Medium Cool | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| 1983 | Bus II | Yes | | | Co-directed with Thom Tyson |
| 1985 | Latino | Yes | Yes | | |
| 2007 | From Wharf Rats to Lords of the Docks | Yes | | | |
Documentary short
| Year | Title | Director | Producer | Notes |
| 1953 | The Living City | Uncredited | Yes | Co-directed with John Barnes (Both were uncredited) |
| 1978 | War Without Winners | Yes | | |
| 2013 | Medium Cool Revisited | Yes | | |
Documentary film
| Year | Title | Director | Writer | Producer | Notes |
| 1965 | The Bus | Yes | Yes | | |
| 1971 | Brazil: A Report on Torture | Yes | | | Co-directed with Saul Landau |
| 1974 | Introduction to the Enemy | Yes | | | |
| 1976 | Underground | Yes | | | Co-directed with Emile de Antonio and Mary Lampson |
| 1980 | No Nukes | Uncredited | | | Documentary footage only |
| 2000 | Bus Rider's Union | Yes | | Yes | Co-directed with Johanna Demetrakas |
| 2006 | Who Needs Sleep? | Yes | | | |
| 2013 | Four Days in Chicago | Yes | Yes | Executive | |

### Acting credits

Film
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 1969 | Medium Cool | Cameraman on Scaffold | Uncredited |
| 1978 | Coming Home | Officer Awarding Medals | Uncredited |
| 2002 | Out of These Rooms | Alice'a husband | |
| 2007 | Battle in Seattle | Himself | |
Short film
| Year | Title | Role |
| 2005 | The Big Empty | Bookstore customer |
| 2014 | The Moving Picture Co. 1914 | Cameraman / Carpenter |

## Accolades and honors

* Wexler received two Academy Awards for Best Cinematography: Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? and Bound for Glory. He was additionally nominated for One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, Matewan, and Blaze.
* In 1970, Wexler was nominated for a Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing – Feature Film for Medium Cool.
* In 1977, Wexler was nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Cinematography for One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest.
* In 1988, Wexler won an Independent Spirit Award for Best Cinematography for Matewan.
* In 1993, Wexler won a Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Society of Cinematographers, the first active cameraman to be awarded.
* In 1996, he was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, the first cinematographer in 35 years to be so honored.
* In 2001, Wexler was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Cinematography for a Limited Series or Movie for the made-for-television film 61*.
* In 2004, Wexler was the subject of a documentary, Tell Them Who You Are, directed by his son, Mark Wexler.
* In 2007, he received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Independent Documentary Association and the same from the Society of Operating Cameramen.
* In 2014, the Location Managers Guild of America awarded Wexler the Humanitarian Award at its inaugural awards show.