# Nagpuri language

Nagpuri (also known as Sadri) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in the Indian states of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Odisha. It is primarily spoken in the west and central Chota Nagpur plateau region.
It is the native language of the Sadan, the Indo-Aryan ethnic group of Chota Nagpur plateau. In addition to native speakers, it is also used as a lingua franca by many tribal groups such as the Kurukh, a Dravidian ethnic group, and the Kharia, Munda, an Austro-asiatic ethnic groups. A number of speakers from these tribal groups have adopted it as their first language. It is also used as a lingua franca among the Tea-garden community of Assam, West Bengal and Bangladesh who were taken as labourers to work in the tea gardens during the British Period. It is known as Baganiya bhasa in the tea garden area of Assam which is influenced by the Assamese language. According to the 2011 Census, it is spoken by 5.1 million people as a first language. Around 7 million speak it as their second language based on a study from 2007.

## Etymology

The language is known by several names, such as Nagpuri, Nagpuria, Sadani, Sadri etc. In the literary tradition, the language is known as Nagpuri, which is the polished and literary language especially used by Hindus and in cities. While Sadri refers to the spoken and non-literary form of the language, especially spoken by tribal groups in the countryside. The name Nagpuri is derived from the region ruled by Nagvanshi, named as Chutia Nagpur (Chota Nagpur Division) by the British to distinguish it from Nagpur of Maharashtra. Similarly, the Sadani term derived from the languages of Sadan ethnolinguistic group of Chotanagpur. The Sadani also refer to closely related Indo-Aryan languages of Jharkhand such as Nagpuri, Panchpargania, Kurmali and Khortha.
Nagpuri language writers are in favour of using Nagpuri as the name of the language. There is an opposition against the use of the word Sadri and giving two names Sadan/Sadri and Nagpuria, to a single language in the upcoming Indian census. According to them, the name of the language is Nagpuri and the native speakers of the language are known as Nagpuria. The British also wrote a grammar using the name Nagpuri in 1906, and Nagpuri is the official name of the language in Jharkhand.

### Alternate names

Alternate names of Nagpuri language include: Sadani, Sadana, Sadati, Sadari, Sadhan, Sadna, Sadrik, Santri, Siddri, Sradri, Sadhari, Sadan, Nagpuria, Chota Nagpuri, Dikku Kaji, Gawari, Ganwari, Goari, Gauuari, Jharkhandhi.

## History

There are different opinions among linguists about the origin of the Nagpuri language. According to Peter Shanti Navrangi, Nagpuriya Sadani or Nagpuri originated from ancient Prakrit. According to professor Keshri Kumar Singh, Nagpuri is an Apabhramsha and descendant of Magadhi Prakrit in his book "Nagpuri bhasa ebam Sahitya". According to Dr. Shravan Kumar Goswami, Nagpuri evolved from Ardhamagadhi Prakrit. According to him, Nagpuri might have originated between the 8th to 11th centuries and developed into a full-fledged language between the 14th to 15th centuries. According to Yogendra Nath Tiwari, Nagpuri is an ancient language that was in existence before Chotanagpur or Jharkhand started to be known as Nagpur and evolved from Jharkhand Prakrit. There is no consensus among scholars from which language Nagpuri has evolved. Several similarities are found between the words of Hindi, Nagpuri, Apabrahmsa, Prakrit and Sanskrit.
The Nagpuri language was the court language of the Nagvanshi dynasty and the official language of Chotanagpur till British rule. Evidence of literature is available from the 17th century. In 1903, Sir George Abraham Grierson classified Nagpuri as the Nagpuria dialect of the Bhojpuri language in his "Linguistic Survey of India".
Nagpuri has been placed in the Bihari group of Indo-Aryan languages. It is sometimes considered a dialect of Bhojpuri. Recent studies demonstrate that the Indo-Aryan languages of the Chota Nagpur plateau such as Nagpuri, Khortha, Panchpargania, Kurmali language, which are called Sadani languages, are distinct languages and are more closely related to each other. Nagpuri has contributed countless words but not received words from its contact Dravidian and Austroasiatic languages.

## Geographical distribution

* Jharkhand (46.7%)
* West Bengal (14.5%)
* Assam (14%)
* Chhattisgarh (12.7%)
* Odisha (6.8%)
* Rajasthan (4.1%)
* Other (1.20%)
The Nagpuri language is mainly spoken in the western Chota Nagpur Plateau region. The geographical distribution of language is tabulated below;
| State | Jharkhand | Chhattisgarh | Odisha |
| District | Ranchi | Jashpur | Sundergarh |
| District | Gumla | Balrampur | Sundergarh |
| District | Lohardaga | Sarguja | Sundergarh |
| District | Latehar | Sarguja | Sundergarh |
| District | Simdega | Sarguja | Sundergarh |
| District | Khunti | Sarguja | Sundergarh |
| District | Hazaribagh | Sarguja | Sundergarh |
| District | Garhwa | Sarguja | Sundergarh |
| District | West Singhbhum | Sarguja | Sundergarh |
It is also spoken by some Tea garden community in Tea garden area of Assam, West Bengal, Bangladesh and Nepal who were taken as labourer to work in Tea garden during British Rule.

### Official status

Historically, Nagpuri was the lingua-franca in the region. It was the court language during the reign of the Nagvanshi dynasty. Nagpuri is accorded as an additional official language in the Indian state of Jharkhand. There is demand to include Nagpuri in the Eighth schedule. Some academics oppose inclusion of Hindi dialects in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution as full-fledged Indian languages. According to them, recognition of Hindi dialects as separate languages would deprive Hindi of millions of its speakers and eventually no Hindi will be left.

## Phonology
### Consonants

| | | Labial | Dental/ Alveolar | Retroflex | Post-alv./ Palatal | Velar | Glottal |
| Nasal | Nasal | m | n | (ɳ) | | ŋ | |
| Stop/ Affricate | voiceless | p | t | ʈ | tʃ | k | |
| Stop/ Affricate | aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | ʈʰ | tʃʰ | kʰ | |
| Stop/ Affricate | voiced | b | d | ɖ | dʒ | ɡ | |
| Stop/ Affricate | breathy | bʱ | dʱ | ɖʱ | dʒʱ | ɡʱ | |
| Fricative | Fricative | | s | | | | h |
| Tap | Tap | | ɾ | | | | |
| Lateral | Lateral | | l | | | | |
| Approximant | Approximant | ʋ | | | j | | |
* [ɳ] occurs from Sanskrit loanwords, or as realisations of /n/.
* /h/ can be voiced as [ɦ] when between vowels.
* /ɖ, ɖʱ/ can be heard as taps [ɽ, ɽʱ] when in word-medial position.
* /ɾ/ can also be heard as retroflex [ɽ] when after back vowels.

### Vowels

Oral vowel sounds :
| | Front | Central | Back | Back |
| High | i iː | | ʊ ʊː | ʊ ʊː |
| Mid | ɛ ɛː | (ə əː) | ʌ ʌː | ɔ ɔː |
| Low | a aː | a aː | | |
Nasal vowel sounds :
| | Front | Central | Back | Back |
| High | ĩ | | ʊ̃ | ʊ̃ |
| Mid | ɛ̃ | | ʌ̃ | ɔ̃ |
| Low | ã | ã | | |
* /i/ can be heard as [i̞] or [ɪ], in short, closed, non-final syllables in free variation.
* /ɛ, ɛː/ can be heard as more close [e, eː] in free variation within word-final syllables.
* /a/ can be heard as front [a] or central [ä] in free variation.
* /ʌ, ʌː/ is heard as more rounded [ʌ̹, ʌ̹] when after bilabial consonants, as [ʌ̞] when in short syllables, and as [ə, əː] when the final syllable contains an /i/, or when following a /ɖ/ or /ɾ/.
* /ɔ, ɔː/ can be heard as [o, oː] in free variation.
Diphthongs :
| | Front | Central | Back | Back |
| High | | | ʊi̯ | ʊi̯ |
| Mid | ɛi̯, ɛʊ̯ | [əɪ̯] | ʌɛ̯, ʌ̃ɛ̯̃, ʌi̯, ʌʊ̯ | ɔɛ̯, ɔ̃ɛ̯̃, ɔi̯, ɔ̃ĩ̯ |
| Low | aɛ̯, ãɛ̯̃, aɪ̯, aʊ̯, ãʊ̯̃ | aɛ̯, ãɛ̯̃, aɪ̯, aʊ̯, ãʊ̯̃ | aɛ̯, ãɛ̯̃, aɪ̯, aʊ̯, ãʊ̯̃ | aɛ̯, ãɛ̯̃, aɪ̯, aʊ̯, ãʊ̯̃ |
* [əɪ̯] is a realisation of /ʌi̯/.

## Vocabulary
### Similarities between words

There are similarities between the words of Nagpuri, Hindi, Apabhramsha, Prakrit and Sanskrit which are given in the table below.
| Nagpuri | Hindi | Apabrahmsha | Prakrit | Sanskrit | English |
| Pachhe | Peechhe | Picchhu | Pachha | Pashcha | Behind |
| Beyir | Suraj | Beri | Rabi | Ravi | Sun |
| Sapna | Sapna | Supan | Suvan | Swapna | Dream |
| Dharam | Dharm | Dham | Dhamm | Dharma | Religion |
| Aayinkh | Aankh | Aankhi | Akiv | Akshi | Eyes |
| Didh | Drudh | Didh | Didh | Dridha | Firm |

### Tenses

Magadhi, Nagpuri and Jharkhand Prakrit use "la" in the past tense, "ta" in the present tense and "ma" in the future tense. The words are given below in the table.
| Nagpuri | Hindi | English |
| Gelon | gaya | went |
| Sutlon | soya | slept |
| Peelon | piya | drank |
| Khalon | khaya | ate |
| Jathon | Ja raha hoon | I am going |
| Sutothon | so raha hoon | I am sleeping. |
| Piyothon | Pee raha hoon | I am drinking. |
| Khathon | Kha raha hoon | I am eating |
| Jamu | jaoonga | I will go. |
| Sutmu | sounga | I will sleep |
| Pimu | Piyunga | I will drink. |
| Khamu | Khaoonga | I will eat. |

### Relationship

Below are some words about relationships in Nagpuri in the table.
| Nagpuri | Hindi | English |
| Mae, Aayo | Ma | Mother |
| Baap, Abba | Pita | Father |
| Badi | Pardadi | Great grandmother |
| Kaka | Kaka | Father's younger brother |
| Didi | Didi | Elder sister |
| Bhai | Bhai | Brother |
| Bahin | Bahen | sister |
| Puth | Putra | Son |
| Nani | Nani | Maternal grandmother |
| Jani | Mahila | woman |
| Sayis | Saas | Mother- in - law |
| Sangat/Yaar | | brother of sister-in-law and brother-in-law |
| Sangatin | | sister of sister-in-law and brother-in-law |

### Words

Below are some words of daily use in Nagpuri, Hindi and English in the table.
| Nagpuri | Hindi | English |
| Charka | Sweth | White |
| Gola | Bhura | Brown |
| Peeyar | Peela | Yellow |
| Laal | Laal | Red |
| Neel | Neela | Blue |
| Aayij | Aaj | Today |
| Aekhane | Abhi | Now |
| Sagar din | Sara din | Whole night |
| Adhberiya | Dopahar | Afternoon |
| Sanjh | Sam/Sanjh/Sandhya | Evening |
| Thanv | Jagah/Sthan | Place |
| Pokhra | Pokhar | Pond |
| Pethiya | Bazar | Market |
| Pahad | Pahad | Mountain |
| Nadi | Nadi | River |
| Masna | Masan/Samsaan | Graveyard |
| Jaad | Jaada | Winter |
| Barkha | Barsa | Rainy season |
| Rait | Raat | Night |
| Paala | Paala | Snow |

## Dialects

The Nagpuri language spoken in different districts such as Ranchi, Gumla, Simdega and Garhwa varies with each other.

## Script

The early inscriptions found in the region are in Brahmi script. The Saridkel Brahmi Inscription from Khunti district is from 3rd century BCE. Several inscriptions of forts, temples and land grants are found from the 10th century, such as from Mahamaya temple of Hapamuni built by Gajghat Rai, Nagfeni, Navratangarh fort of Gumla district, Boreya and Jagannath temple of Ranchi. Some Buddhist inscriptions are undated, such as from Khalari and Jonha Falls. Inscriptions of the modern period are in Devnagari script. Nagpuri poetry has been written in Devnagari and Kaithi script during the 17th century. At present, mainly Devnagari script is used in literature.

## Literature

The Nagpuri language is rich in folk tales, folk songs and riddles. Literature in the Nagpuri language are available since the 17th century. The Nagvanshi king Raghunath Shah and the King of Ramgarh, Dalel Singh, were poets. These poems were composed in Devnagari script and Kaithi script. Some Nagpuri peots were Hanuman Singh, Jaigovind Mishra, Barju Ram Pathak, Ghasi Ram Mahli, Das Mahli, Mahant Ghasi and Kanchan. "Nagvanshavali" (1876), written by Beniram Mehta, is a historical work in the nagpuri language. The poet Ghasi Ram Mahli wrote several works, including "Nagvanashavali", "Durgasaptasati", "Barahamasa", "Vivha Parichhan" etc. There were also great writers like Pradumn Das and Rudra Singh. It is believed that prose writing in the nagpuri language started by Christian missionaries. E.H.Whitley wrote Notes on the Ganwari dialect of Lohardaga, Chhota Nagpur in 1896, which considered the start of writing prose in the nagpuri language. Some Nagpuri language writers and poets in the modern period are Praful Kumar Rai, Sahani Upendra Pal Singh, Shiv Avtar Choudhary, Lal Ranvijay Nath Shahdeo, Bisheshwar Prasad Keshari and Girdhari Ram Gonjhu.
Monthly Nagpuri magazines Gotiya and Johar Sahiya have been published in Ranchi. Several magazines have also been published in Assam, West Bengal's Tarai and Dooars districts.

### Author and Work

Some poets, writers and their works in the nagpuri language are as follows:
| Author | Work |
| Raghunath Shah | first known poet in the Nagpuri language, mostly composed devotional poetry on Krishna |
| Beniram Mahata | Nagvanshavali (1876) |
| Ghasi Ram Mahli | Nagpuri Fag Satak, Lalana Ranjana, Durga Saptasati, Nagvanshavali Jhumar |
| Kanchan | Sudama Charitra, Krishna Charitra, Mahabharat, Lanka Kand, Usha Haran |
| Drugpal Ram Deogharia | Nal Charita, Korambe Upakhyan |
| Dhaniram Bakshi | Jitiya Kahani, Fogli budhia kar Kahani, Narad Moh Lila, Karam Mahatmay, Sri Krishna Charit |
| E.H Whitley | Notes on Ganwari dialects of Lohardaga, Chotanagpur (grammar), 1896 |
| Konrad Bookout | Grammar of the Nagpuria Sadani language |
| Praful Kumar Rai | Son Jhair (collection of stories), 1967 |
| Sahani Upendra Pal Singh | Mewar Keshri, Amba Manjar |
| Bisheshwar Prasad Keshari | Nerua Lota urf Sanskritit Abdharna (nibandh), Thakur Vishwanath Sahi, Kanti |
| Shravan Kumar Goswami | Nagpuri Vyakran, Seva aur Nokri, Teteir Kar Chhaon, Du Dair Bis Phool |
| Girdhari Ram Gonjhu | Mahabali Radhe Kar Balidan, Akhra Nindaye Gelak |
| Naimuddin Mirdaha | Menjur Painkh |
| Baraik Iswari Prasad Singh | Kaka kar Kahani |
| Kali Kumar Suman | Khukhri Rugda |
| Shakuntala Mishra | Nagpuri Sadani Vyakaran, Sadani Nagpuri-Hindi Sabdkosh, Sato Nadi Par |

### Education

Nagpuri taught at some high schools as a subject in Jharkhand. It is also taught at Ranchi University, Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee University, Ranchi Women's College, Suraj Singh Memorial College, J.N College, Ram Lakhan Singh Yadav College, Doranda College, Simdega College and other universities of Jharkhand.

## Sample phrases

| English | Nagpuri | Nagpuri (Devanagari) |
| What is your name? | Tor naam ka heke? | तोर नाम का हेके ? |
| How are you ? | Toen kaisan aahis? | तोयं कईसन आहीस्? |
| How are you ? | Roure kaisan ahi | रउरे कईसन आही? |
| How are you ? | Apne kaisan ahi (respect) | आपने कईसन आही? |
| I am fine. | Moen thik aahon | मोएं ठीक आहों। |
| What? | Ka? | का? |
| Who? | Ke? | के? |
| Why? | Kale? | काले? |
| How? | Kaisan? | कसैन? |
| Which? | Kon? | कोन? |
| Come here. | Hian aao | हीयां आओ |
| I am going to home. | Moen ghar jat hon | मोएं घर जात हों। |
| I have eaten. | Moen kha hon | मोएं खा हों। |
| I will go. | Moen Jamu | मोएं जामु। |
| We go. | Hame jaeil | हामे जाइल। |
| You go. | Toen jais | तोयं जाइस्। |
| You are writing. | Toen likhathis | तोयं लिखतहिस्। |
| You will come. | Toen aabe | तोयं आबे। |
| We are writing. | Hame likhathi | हामे लीखतही। |
| We have written. | Hame likh hi | हामे लीख ही। |
| He/She come. | Oo aawela | उ आवेला। |
| He/She is going. | Oo jat he | उ जात हे। |
| He/She was coming. | Oo aawat rahe | उ आवत रहे। |
| He/She will play. | Oo kheli | उ खेली। |
| They have eaten bread. | Ooman roti kha haen | उमन रोटी खा हयं। |
| They went. | Ooman gelaen | उमन गेलयं। |
| They will go home. | Ooman ghar jabaen | उमन घर जाबयं। |