# Sikh Confederacy

The Sikh Confederacy was a confederation of twelve sovereign Sikh states (each known as a Misl, derived from the Arabic word مِثْل meaning 'equal'; sometimes spelt as Misal) which rose during the 18th century in the Punjab region in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent.

## History

In order to withstand the persecution of Shah Jahan and other Mughal emperors, several of the later Sikh Gurus established military forces and fought the Mughal Empire and Simla Hills' Kings in the early and middle Mughal-Sikh Wars and the Hill States–Sikh wars. Banda Singh Bahadur continued Sikh resistance to the Mughal Empire until his defeat at the Battle of Gurdas Nangal.
For several years Sikhs found refuge in the forests and the Himalayan foothills until they organized themselves into guerilla bands known as jathas.
The basis of the Dal Khalsa army was established in 1733–1735 during the period of Sikh nawabship under the Mughals, based upon the numerous pre-existing Jatha militia groups and had two main formations: the Taruna Dal ("youth brigade") and the Budha Dal ("elder brigade"). The Sarbat Khalsa had attempted several times to unite the various, scattered jathas of the Sikhs into more defined institutions or bodies to better-able to defend themselves from Mughal and Afghan attacks.
On the annual meeting of the Sarbat Khalsa in Amritsar in 1748 during either Diwali or Baisakhi, a Gurmata was passed where the Jathas were reorganized into a new grouping called misls, with eleven misls forming out of the various pre-existing Jathas and a unified army known as the Dal Khalsa Ji. However, some of these misls or at-least their names were used prior to this event in 1748. Some argue that instead of there being eleven misls, there were actually twelve, with the inclusion of the Phulkia Misl. However, strictly-speaking, the Phulkia Misl was not a misl in the true-sense of the word, as it had been excluded from the Sarbat Khalsa decision of 1748 to create the confederacy. Ultimate command over the Misls was bestowed to Jassa Singh Ahluwalia.
The misls formed a commonwealth that was described by Swiss adventurer Antoine Polier as a natural "aristocratic republic". Each misl was a confederacy of Sikh horsemen that was headed by a leader known as a sardar, who held the position of misldar. Although the misls were unequal in strength, and each misl attempted to expand its territory and access to resources at the expense of others, they acted in unison in relation to other states. The misls held biannual meetings of their legislature, the Sarbat Khalsa in Amritsar.
According to Hans Herrli, the various misls were not organized along the same lines as one another. Some were akin to large, family clans whilst others resembled brotherhoods (Nishanwalia Misl), or religious-orders (Shaheedan Misl). The size, prominence, and strength of each misl also varied considerably based on any particular point of time. Initially, the most powerful misls were the Ahluwalias, Ramgarhias, and Faizulpurias, but later the Bhangis became hegemonic, especially in the Majha region. Later, the Sukerchakias under Ranjit Singh would finally gain pre-eminance amongst all of its contemporary misls, leading to all of their annexations by the Sukerchakias and the eventual formation of a Sikh Empire in 1799. However, the Phulkian Sikhs and their kingdoms escaped this fate and continued to be independent from the Sukerchakias. In the 19th century, the former misls had lost their political and martial functions, yet their names became caste-markers for certain communities, such as the Thokas adopting the Ramgarhia name and the Kalals adopting the name Ahluwalia.
After the fall of Sirhind, the territory located south of the Sutlej river between Karnal and Ferozepore was jointly administered by the Shaheedan (and Nihangs), Bhangis, Ahluwalias, Dallewalias, Ramgarhias, and Karosinghias misls.

## List of sovereign states under the Sikh Confederacy

List of Misls :
| Name | Founder | Founding clan(s) | Capital(s) | Other notable leaders | Strength in Regular Horseman (1746) | Strength in Regular Horseman (1780) | Misl Period Territory by 1759 | Corresponding Current Area | Fate |
| Phulkian (ਫੂਲਕੀਆਂ Phūlkī'āṅ) | Phul Singh | Sidhu (Jat) | Patiala Nabha Jind Faridkot | Ala Singh Amar Singh | 5,000 | 5,000 | Patiala, Nabha, Jind, Kaithal, Barnala, Bathinda, Sangrur | | Allied with the British and later became the princely states of Faridkot, Jind, Nabha, Malaudh and Patiala |
| Ahluwalia (ਆਹਲੂਵਾਲੀਆ Āhlūwālī'ā) | Sadho Singh | Ahluwalia (Kalal) | Kapurthala | Jassa Singh | 3,000 | 10,000 | Jalandhar district, Kapurthala district, Kana Dhillon, Nurmahal, Talwandi, Phagwara. | | Raja Fateh Singh would be allied with the Sikh Empire under Maharaja Ranjit Singh and later became the princely state of Kapurthala after the second Anglo-Sikh war |
| Bhangi (ਭੰਗੀ Bhangī) | Chhajja Singh | Dhillon (Jat) | Amritsar | Bhuma Singh Hari Singh Jhanda Singh Ganda Singh | 10,000 | 30,000 | Tarn Taran, Lahore | Tarn Taran district, Lahore | Conquered by the Sukerchakia Misl which immediately formed the Sikh Empire |
| Kanhaiya (ਕਨ੍ਹੱਈਆ Kanha'ī'ā) | Jai Singh | Sandhu (Jat) | Sohian | Sada Kaur | 8,000 | 8,000 | Ajnala, Gurdaspur, Dera Baba Nanak, Kalanaur, Pathankot, Sujanpur, Mukerian, | Gurdaspur district, Pathankot district, Hoshiarpur district | Annexed by the Sikh Empire |
| Ramgarhia (ਰਾਮਗੜ੍ਹੀਆ Rāmgaṛhī'ā) | Jassa Singh | Ramgharia (Tarkhan) | Sri Hargobindpur | Jodh Singh Tara Singh Mangal Singh | 3,000 | 5,000 | Batala, Urmar Tanda, Dasuya, Ghoman | Hoshiarpur district, Gurdaspur district, Jalandhar district, north of Amritsar | Annexed by the Sikh Empire |
| Singhpuria (ਸਿੰਘਪੁਰੀਆ Singhpurī'ā) | Khushal Singh Budh Singh | Virk (Jat) | Jalandhar | Khushal Singh Budh Singh | 2,500 | 5,000 | Singhpura, Amritsar, Sheikhupura, Jalandhar, Manauli, Bharatgarh, etc | Amritsar district, Sheikhupura District, Pakistan | Areas above the Sutlej river annexed by the Sikh Empire, areas below the river annexed by the British |
| Panjgarhia (ਪੰਜਗੜੀਆ Panjgaṛī'ā) | Karora Singh | Virk, Dhaliwal, and Sandhu (Jat) | Shamchaurasi Hariana Chhachhrauli (Kalsia) | Baghel Singh Gur Bakhsh Singh Jodh Singh | 12,000 | 10,000 | Buria Hoshiarpur Hariana | Yamunanagar district, Hoshiarpur district | Annexed the British and later became the princely state of Kalsia, all territories above the Sutlej river annexed by the Sikh Empire |
| Nishanwalia (ਨਿਸ਼ਾਨਵਾਲੀਆ Nishānwālī'ā) | Dasaundha Singh | Gill, Shergill (Jat) | Ambala Shahbad Markanda | Sangat Singh Sukha Singh Mehar Singh | 12,000 | 2,000 | Shahbad Markanda, Ambala, Ropar, Sri Anandpur Sahib | Ambala district, Ropar district, Present Chandigarh Area, Yamuna Nagar district, Shahbad Markanda and Kurukshetra | Annexed by the British Raj and Sikh Empire for territories above the Sutlej river |
| Sukerchakia (ਸ਼ੁੱਕਰਚੱਕੀਆ Shukarchakī'ā) | Charat Singh | Sandhawalia, Hayer (Jat) | Gujranwala | Maha Singh Ranjit Singh | 2,500 | 75,000 | Mughal Chak, Qila Didar Singh, Qila Mihan Singh, Ladhe Wala Waraich, Ferozewala, Butala Sham Singh, Marali Wala, Eminabad, Kalaske. | | Formed the Sikh Empire |
| Dallewalia (ਡੱਲੇਵਾਲੀਆ Ḍalēvālī'ā) | Gulab Singh | Khatri, Kang & Badesha (Jat) | Rahon | Tara Singh Ghaiba | 7,500 | 5,000 | Rahon, Nawashahr, Garshankar, Mahilpur, Banga, Phillaur, Nakodar, Shahkot, Dharamkot, Ropar-Sialba, Khanna, etc. | Ludhiana district, Jalandhar district | Annexed by the Sikh Empire |
| Nakai (ਨਕਈ Naka'ī) | Heera Singh | Sandhu, Hundal (Jat) | Chunian | Ran Singh Karmo Kaur Kahan Singh | 2,000 | 7,000 | Baherwal, Khem Karan, Khudian, Gogera, Depalpur, Okara, Pakistan etc. | Okara district, Pakistan | Annexed by the Sikh Empire |
| Shaheedan (ਸ਼ਹੀਦਾਂ Shahīdāṅ) | Baba Deep Singh | Sandhu and Benipal (Jat) | Shahzadpur | Karam Singh Sadhu Singh Phula Singh | 2,000 | 5,000 | Talwandi Sabo, Shahzadpur. | Bathinda district, Panchkula district | Annexed by the Sikh Empire |

## Military

Each Misl was made up of members of soldiers, whose loyalty was given to the Misl's leader. A Misl could be composed of a few hundred to tens of thousands of soldiers. Any soldier was free to join whichever Misl he wished, and was free to cancel his membership of the Misl to whom he belonged. He could, if he wanted, cancel his membership of his old Misl and join another. The Barons would allow their armies to combine or coordinate their defences together against a hostile force if ordered by the Misldar Supreme Commander. These orders were only issued in military matters affecting the whole Sikh community. These orders would normally be related to defense against external threats, such as Afghan military attacks. The profits of a fighting action were divided by the misls to individuals based on the service rendered after the conflict using the sardari system.
The Sikh Confederacy is a description of the political structure, of how all the barons' chiefdoms interacted with each other politically together in Punjab. Although misls varied in strength, the use of primarily light cavalry with a smaller amount heavy cavalry was uniform throughout all of the Sikh misls. Cavalrymen in a misl were required to supply their own horses and equipment. A standard cavalryman was armed with a spear, matchlock, and scimitar. How the armies of the Sikh misls received payment varied with the leadership of each misl. The most prevalent system of payment was the 'Fasalandari' system; soldiers would receive payment every six months at the end of a harvest.

### Cavalry tactics

Fauja Singh considers the Sikh misls to be guerrilla armies, although he notes that the Sikh misls generally had greater numbers and a larger number of artillery pieces than a guerrilla army would. The misls were primarily cavalry based armies and employed less artillery than Mughal or Maratha armies. The misls adapted their tactics to their strength in cavalry and weakness in artillery and avoided pitched battles. Misls organized their armies around bodies of horsemen and their units fought battles in a series of skirmishes, a tactic which gave them an advantage over fighting pitched battles. Bodies of cavalry would attack a position, retreat, reload their muskets, and return to attack it again. The tactics used by misl field armies include flanking an enemy, obstructing river passages, cutting off a unit from its supplies, intercepting messengers, attacking isolated units like foraging parties, employing hit-and-run tactics, overrunning camps, and attacking baggage trains. To fight large armies the misl would completely evacuate the areas in front of the enemy's marching route but follow in the rear of the opposition and reconquer areas the enemy had just captured, threaten agents of the enemy with retribution, and sweep over the countryside in the wake of the enemy's withdrawal.
The Running Skirmish was a tactic unique to the Sikh cavalrymen which was notable for its effectiveness and the high degree of skill required to execute it. George Thomas and George Forster, contemporary writers who witnessed it described its use separately in their accounts of the military of the Sikhs. George Forster noted:
"A party from forty to fifty, advance in a quick pace to a distance of carbine shot from the enemy and then, that the fire may be given with the greatest certainty, the horses are drawn up and their pieces discharged, when speedily, retiring about a 100 paces, they load and repeat the same mode of annoying the enemy. Their horses have been so expertly trained to a performance of this operation that on receiving a stroke of hand, they stop from a full canter."

### Total military strength

In 1746, H. T. Prinsep estimated the total strength of the Sikh Confederacy's military (Dal Khalsa Ji) to be 69,500 horsemen (incl. the Phulkians). Other contemporary estimates are Browne's estimate of 73,000 cavalry and 25,000 infantry or George Thomas' estimate of 60,000 cavalry and 5,000 infantry.

## Administration

   The remainder was separated into Puttees or parcels for each Surkunda, and these were again subdivided and parcelled out to inferior leaders, according to the number of horse they brought into the field. Each took his portion as a co-sharer, and held it in absolute independence.
The Sikh Misls had four different classes of administrative divisions. The patadari, misaldari, tabadari, and jagirdari were the different systems of land tenure used by the misls, and land granted by the misl left the responsibility of establishing law and order to the owner of the land. The land under the direct administration of the chief of the misl was known as the sardari and the tabadari and jagirdari systems used land directly given by the chief from the sardari. The patadari and misaldari systems formed the basis of a misl, while tabadari and jagirdari lands would only be created after large acquisitions of land. The type of system that was used in an area depended on the importance of the chief sardar of the area to the rest of the misl.

### Patadari system

The Patadari system affected newly annexed territories and was the original method used by the misls in administering land. The patadari system relied on the cooperation of surkundas, the rank of a leader of a small party of cavalrymen. The chief of the misl would take his/her portion and divide the other parcels among his Sardars proportional to the number of cavalrymen they had contributed to the misl. The Sardars would then divide their parcels among their Surkundas, and then the Surkundas subdivided the land they received among their individual cavalrymen. The Surkundas receiving parcels of land with settlements were required to fortify them and establish fines and laws for their zamindars and ryots. Parcels of land in the patadari system could not be sold, but could be given to relatives in an inheritance. The soldiers who received parcels from the Patadari system held their land in complete freedom.

### Misaldari system

The Misaldari system applied to sardars with a small number of cavalrymen as well as independent bodies of cavalrymen who voluntarily attached themselves to a misl. They kept the lands they held before joining the misl as an allotment for their cooperation with the misl. The leaders of these groups, called misaldars, could transfer their allegiance and land to another misl without punishment.

### Tabadari system

The Tabadari system referred to land under the control of a misl's tabadars. Tabadars served a similar function to retainers in Europe. They were required to serve as cavalrymen to the misl and were subservient to the misl's leader. Although tabadars received their land as a reward, their ownership was subject entirely on the misl's leader. The tabadari grants were only hereditary on the choice of the chief of the misl.

### Jagirdari system

The Jagirdari system used the grant of jagirs by the chief of the misl. Jagirs were given by the chief of the misl to relations, dependents, and people who "deserved well". The owners of jagirs were subservient to the chief of the misl as their ownership was subject to his/her needs. Like the Tabadars, jagirdars were subject to personal service when the chief of the misl requested. However, because jagirs entailed more land and profit, they were required to use the money generated by their jagirs to equip and mount a quota of cavalrymen depending on the size of their jagir. Jagirdari grants were hereditary in practice but a misl's chief could revoke the rights of the heir. Upon the death of the owner of a tabadari or jagadari grant, the land would revert to direct control of the chief (sardari).

### Rakhi system

The Rakhi system was the payment-for-protection tributary protectorate scheme practiced by the Dal Khalsa of the Sikh Confederacy in the 18th century. It was a large source of income to the Sikh Misls.

## Territory

The two main divisions in territory between the misls were between those who were in the Malwa region and those who were in the Majha region. While eleven of the misls were north of the Sutlej river, one, the Phulkian Misl was south of the Sutlej. The Sikhs north of the Sutlej river were known as the Majha Sikhs while the Sikhs that lived south of the Sutlej river were known as the Malwa Sikhs. In the smaller territories were the Dhanigeb Singhs in the Sind Sagar Doab, the Gujrat Singhs in the Jech Doab, the Dharpi Singhs in the Rechna Doab, and the Doaba Singhs in the Jalandhar Doab.

### Territories of specific misls

The various constituent misls did not have clearly-defined territories from one another yet some areas had higher concentrations of Sikhs allying themselves with a particular misl. The particular tract of territory that each misl dominated are as follows:
* Bhangi Misl: most of western Punjab between Multan and the Hill States, including the settlements of Lahore, Amritsar, Gujrat, and Sialkot
* Sukerchakias: south of the Bhangis, dominating the tract of land between the Chenab and Ravi rivers, including the settlements of Gujranwala and Wazirabad
* Nakai Misl: along the Ravi river, between Multan and Kasur, including the settlements of Sharqpur, Chuniau, Gugera, Dipalpur, Satgarha, and Kot Kamalia
* Kanhaiya Misl: between Amritsar and the Punjab Hills, with Taragarh, Mirthal, Fathepur, and a small territory near Mukerian with Sohian and Hajipur
* Dallewalia Misl: regions on the right-bank of the upper Sutlej river
* Ahluwalia Misl: areas on the left-bank of the Sutlej river
* Ramgarhia Misl: towards the hills between the Ahluwalia and Dallewalia
* Karorsinghia Misl: small territories held eastward from the Sutlej river and also Chhachhrauli (which later formed into Kalsia State)
* Faizulpuria Misl: along the right-bank of the Beas river and on both banks of the Sutlej, controlling settlements such as Ludhiana, Jalandar, Nurpur, and northwestern Ambala
* Nishanwalia Misl: Shahabad, ArnIo, and most of Ambala
* Shaheedan Misl (and Nihangs): jointly controlled parts of the Punjab Plains southward of the Sutlej river, between Karnal and Ferozepore, alongside other misls
* Phulkian Misl: controlled territory between Sirhind and Delhi, forming the Sikh kingdoms of Patiala, Nabha, Jind, and Kaithal

## List of the predecessory jathas of the Sikh Confederacy

List of the contemporary sixty-five jathas of the Sikhs at the time of the founding of the Sikh Confederacy, circa mid-18th century :
| No. | Leader | Affiliation | Associated habitation | Notes |
| 1. | Nawab Kapur Singh Faizullapuria | | | |
| 2. | Jassa Singh Ahluwalia | | Kalal village | |
| 3. | Hari Singh Dhillon | Bhangi | Panjwar village | |
| 4. | Jhanda Singh | Bhangi | | |
| 5. | Ganda Singh | Bhangi | Panjwar village | |
| 6. | Natha Singh | Bhangi | | |
| 7. | Gujjar Singh | Bhangi | | |
| 8. | Garja Singh | | | |
| 9. | Nibahu Singh | Bhangi | | Nibahu Singh was the brother of Gujjar Singh Bhangi. |
| 10. | Lehna Singh Khallon | Bhangi | | |
| 11. | Mehtab Singh | | Khakh village, Amritsar district | |
| 12. | Charat Singh Kanahiya | Kanhaiya | | |
| 13. | Diwan Singh | | | |
| 14. | Phula Singh | | Panawala village | |
| 15. | Sanwal Singh Randhawa | Bhangi | Wagha village | |
| 16. | Gurbakhsh Singh | Bhangi | Doda village | This jatha later joined the Bhangis. |
| 17. | Dharam Singh | Bhangi | Klalwala village | |
| 18. | Tara Singh | Bhangi | Chainpuria village | |
| 19. | Bagh Singh | | Kot Syed Muhammad village | |
| 20. | Haqiqat Singh Kanahiya | Kanhaiya | | |
| 21. | Mehtab Singh | Bhangi | Wadala Sandhuan village | |
| 22. | Jai Singh | | Kahna village | |
| 23. | Jandu Singh | | Kahna village | |
| 24. | Tara Singh | | Kahna village | |
| 25. | Sobha Singh | | Kahna village | |
| 26. | Bhim Singh | | Kahna village | |
| 27. | Amar Singh | | Wagha village | |
| 28. | Sobha Singh | | Bhika village | |
| 29. | Baghel Singh | | Jhabal village | |
| 30. | Gulab Singh | | Dallewal village | |
| 31. | Hari Singh | | Dallewal village | |
| 32. | Naudh Singh | Sukerchakia | | Led by the great-grandfather of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. |
| 33. | Gulab Singh | | Majitha village | |
| 34. | Mehtab Singh | | Julka village | |
| 35. | Karora Singh | | Pangarh village | |
| 36. | Hara Singh | | | |
| 37. | Lajja Singh | | | |
| 38. | Nand Singh | | Sanghna village | |
| 39. | Kapur Singh | Bhangi | Surianwala village | |
| 40. | Amar Singh | Bhangi | Kingra village | Later joined the Bhangis. |
| 41. | Jiwan Singh | Bhangi | Qila Jiwan Singh village | |
| 42. | Sahib Singh | Bhangi | Sialkot | Later joined the Bhangis. |
| 43. | Baba Deep Singh | | | Leader martyred. |
| 44. | Natha Singh | | | Leader martyred. |
| 45. | Madan Singh | | | |
| 46. | Mohan Singh | | Ranian village | |
| 47. | Bagh Singh Hallowal | Bhangi | | |
| 48. | Jhanda Singh | | Sultan Vind village (near Amritsar) | |
| 49. | Mirja Singh Tarkhan | | | |
| 50. | Sham Singh Mann | | Bulqichak village | |
| 51. | Mala Singh | | | |
| 52. | Bahal Singh | | Shekupura village | |
| 53. | Amar Singh | | | |
| 54. | Hira Singh | | | |
| 55. | Ganga Singh | | | |
| 56. | Lal Singh | | | |
| 57. | Tara Singh Mann | | Mannawala village, Amritsar district | Later joined the Bhangis. |
| 58. | Mehtab Singh | | Lalpur village, Tarn Taran district | |
| 59. | Roop Singh | | | |
| 60. | Anoop Singh Nakai | Nakai | | |
| 61. | Dasaunda Singh | Nishanwalia | | |
| 62. | Tara Singh Gheba | | Dallewal | |
| 63. | Dharam Singh Khatri | | Amritsar | |
| 64. | Sukha Singh | | Mari Kamboke village | |
| 65. | Jassa Singh Ramgarhia | | | |

## List of battles fought by the Sikh Confederacy

| Conflict (Period) | Belligerents | Opponents | Outcome |
| Siege of Amritsar (1748) | Sikh Confederacy | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory |
| Siege of Ram Rauni (1748–1749) | Sikh Confederacy | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory |
| Battle of Multan (1749) | Kaura Mal Sikh Confederacy | Shah Nawaz Khan | Kaura Mal and Sikh victory |
| Battle of Nadaun (1752) | Sikh Confederacy | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory |
| Battle of Anandpur (1753) | Sikh Confederacy | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory |
| Battle of Amritsar (1757) | Sikh Confederacy | Durrani Empire | Durrani victory |
| Battle of Mahilpur (1757) | Sikh Confederacy Adina Beg | Durrani Empire | Sikh Victory |
| Siege of Sirhind (1758) | Sikh Confederacy Adina Beg Khan Maratha Empire | Durrani Empire | Alliance Victory |
| Siege of Lahore (1761) | Sikh Confederacy | Durrani Empire | Sikh Victory |
| Battle of Sialkot (1761) | Sikh Confederacy | Durrani Empire | Sikh Victory |
| Battle of Gujranwala (1761) | Sikh Confederacy | Durrani Empire | Sikh Victory |
| Battle of Kup (1762) | Sikh Confederacy | Durrani Empire | Durrani Victory |
| Battle of Harnaulgarh (1762) | Sikh Confederacy | Durrani Empire | Sikh Victory |
| Battle of Sialkot (1763) | Sikh Confederacy | Durrani Empire | Sikh Victory |
| Battle of Kasur (1763) | Sikh Confederacy | Durrani Empire | Sikh Victory |
| Battle of Malerkotla (1763) | Sikh Confederacy | Durrani Empire Malerkotla State | Sikh Victory |
| Battle of Morinda (1764) | Sikh Confederacy | Durrani Empire Ranghar | Sikh Victory |
| Battle of Sirhind (1764) | Sikh Confederacy | Durrani Empire | Sikh Victory |
| Battle of Delhi (1764) | Bharatpur State Sikh Confederacy | Mughal Empire | Bharatpur and Sikh victory |
| Battle of Qarawal (1764) | Durrani Empire Khanate of Kalat | Sikh Confederacy | Durrani Victory |
| Siege of Darbar Sahib (1764) | Sikh Confederacy | Durrani Empire | Durrani Victory |
| Battle of Sutlej (1765) | Durrani Empire Khanate of Kalat | Sikh Confederacy | Durrani Victory |
| Battle of Amritsar (1767) | Sikh Confederacy | Durrani Empire | Sikh Victory |
| Battle of Meerut (1767) | Durrani Empire Mughal Empire | Sikh Confederacy | Durrani Victory |
| Battle of Chunar (1770) | Sikh Confederacy | Bharatpur State Maratha Confederacy | Sikh-victory |
| Sack of Panipat (1770 | Sikh Confederacy | Kingdom of Rohilkhand Mughal Empire | Indecisive |
| Siege of Kunjpura (1772) | Sikh Confederacy | Mughal Empire Durrani Empire Maratha Empire | Sikh victory |
| Siege of Patiala (1779) | Sikh Confederacy | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory |
| Battle of Rohtas (1779) | Sikh Confederacy | Durrani Empire | Durrani Victory Afghans reconquer Rohtas Fort |
| Battle of Shujabad (1780) | Sikh Confederacy | Durrani Empire | Durrani Victory |
| Siege of Multan (1780) | Sikh Confederacy | Durrani Empire | Durrani Victory Afghans reconquer Multan |
| Battle of Delhi (1783) | Sikh Confederacy | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory |
| Battle of Gujrat (1797) | Sikh Confederacy | Durrani Empire | Sikh Victory |
| Battle of Amritsar (1798) | Sikh Confederacy | Durrani Empire | Sikh Victory |