# Resuscitation

Resuscitation is the process of correcting physiological disorders (such as lack of breathing or heartbeat) in an acutely ill patient. It is an important part of intensive care medicine, anesthesiology, trauma surgery and emergency medicine. Well-known examples are cardiopulmonary resuscitation and mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.
Adequate resuscitation and end-organ perfusion is best indicated by urine output of 0.5-1 mL/kg/h. For the average adult male weighing ~70 kg this would mean a urine output of 35 mL/h (70 x 0.5 = 35 mL/h). Heart rate, mental status, and capillary refill may be affected by underlying disease processes and are thus less reliable markers for adequate resuscitation.

## Documentation

For subsequent treatment, resuscitations have to be properly recorded. One example is trauma care. Even though there is a strong expansion of electronic health records, within the healthcare industry, rresuscitation documentation is still often handwritten, increasing the risk of incomplete documentation. Novel options like tablet-based solutions help to digitalize this process. For improved documentation quality, future solutions have to be accepted by clinicians and well-integrated into their workflows.

## Variables

| System | Example causes | Example causes | Biomarker | Biomarker | Treatment |
| Hypoperfusion (Circulatory shock) | Haemorrhagic shock | Hypovolemia (Hypovolemic shock) | Intravascular volume status (Preload) | Heart rate (Tachycardia) / Systolic blood pressure (Hypotension) / Decreased urine output | Intravenous fluid / Intraosseous infusion / Blood transfusion with packed red blood cells |
| Hypoperfusion (Circulatory shock) | Cardiogenic shock | Cardiogenic shock | Cardiac output | Heart rate (Tachycardia) / Systolic blood pressure (Hypotension) / Decreased urine output | Positive inotropic agents / Chronotropes |
| Hypoperfusion (Circulatory shock) | Distributive shock | Sepsis (Septic shock) | Vascular permeability | Heart rate (Tachycardia) / Systolic blood pressure (Hypotension) / Decreased urine output | Vasopressors |
| Hypoperfusion (Circulatory shock) | Distributive shock | Neurogenic shock | Total peripheral resistance | Heart rate (Tachycardia) / Systolic blood pressure (Hypotension) / Decreased urine output | Vasopressors |
| Hypoperfusion (Circulatory shock) | Obstructive shock | Cardiac tamponade | Beck's triad | Beck's triad | Pericardiocentesis/Thoracotomy with pericardial window |
| Hypoperfusion (Circulatory shock) | Obstructive shock | Tension pneumothorax | | | Thoracentesis/Chest drain |
| Hypoperfusion (Circulatory shock) | Obstructive shock | Pulmonary embolism | | | Thrombolysis/Embolectomy |
| Acid–base imbalance | Acidosis | Acidosis | pH | pH | Sodium bicarbonate |
| Acid–base imbalance | Alkalosis | Alkalosis | pH | pH | Interventional/Supportive |
| Gas exchange (Respiratory failure) | Hypercapnia | Hypercapnia | PaCO2 | PaCO2 | Interventional/Supportive |
| Gas exchange (Respiratory failure) | Hypoxia | Hypoxia | PaO2 | PaO2 | Oxygen therapy |
| Altered level of consciousness | Coma | Narcosis (Drug overdose) / Stroke (Intracranial hemorrhage) | Glasgow Coma Scale | Glasgow Coma Scale | Interventional/Supportive |
| Blood sugar regulation | Hyperglycemia | Hyperglycemia | Blood sugar | Blood sugar | Insulin |
| Blood sugar regulation | Hypoglycemia | Hypoglycemia | Blood sugar | Blood sugar | Glucose |
| Electrolyte imbalance | Hyperkalemia | Hyperkalemia | Serum potassium | Serum potassium | Calcium chloride/Calcium diglutamate, others |
| Electrolyte imbalance | Hypokalemia | Hypokalemia | Serum potassium | Serum potassium | Potassium | Potassium |
| Coagulopathy | Hypocoagulability | Hypocoagulability | Coagulation screen | Coagulation screen | Fresh frozen plasma/Cryoprecipitate/Platelets |