OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Swahili city-states

The Swahili city-states were independent, self-governing urban centres that were located on the Swahili coast of East Africa between the 8th and 16th centuries. These were primarily coastal hubs, including Kilwa, Mombasa and Zanzibar, which prospered due to their advantageous locations along Indian Ocean trade networks, enabling interactions between Africa, the Middle East and Asia.

## Rise

Around the 8th century, the Swahili people established trade networks with Arab, Persian, Indian, Chinese, and Southeast Asian merchants, engaging in what became known as the Indian Ocean trade. These extensive trade routes introduced the Swahili to diverse cultural influences from Arabic, Persian, Indian, and Chinese traditions. By the 10th century, numerous including Kilwa, Malindi, Gedi, Pate, Comoros, and Zanzibar, thrived along the Swahili Coast and nearby islands. These city-states were predominantly Muslim, culturally diverse, and politically autonomous.
Their prosperity stemmed from the Swahili people's role as intermediaries, facilitating trade between local merchants and traders from Arabia, Persia, Indonesia, Malaysia, India and China. They competed for access to the lucrative trade of the Great Lakes region, exporting goods such as salt, ebony, gold, ivory, sandalwood and slaves. However, these city-states began to decline in the 16th century, primarily due to the arrival of the Portuguese. This marked the downfall of Swahili trading hubs and the eventual collapse of African-Asian commerce across the Indian Ocean.

## Decline

The rise of Portuguese and Dutch dominance in Indian Ocean trade after 1500 significantly weakened the coastal city-states. Prominent centers like Sofala and Kilwa were transformed into European colonial outposts. The lack of a unified political structure left these city-states unprepared to counter the superior military technology and strategies of the Portuguese and Dutch.
Omani conquest of East Africa Coast.

## Trade

The growth of Indian Ocean trade between Asia and Africa led to the development of influential coastal city-states in East Africa. Trade involved both local and international exchanges. These city states traded with kingdoms like Great Zimbabwe to obtain valuable resources such as gold, ivory and iron, which were the main exports of the region. They imported goods from Asia, including silk, cotton and porcelain.
Imports and Exports of East African City-States :
| Trade Type | Goods | Description |
| Exports | Gold, Ivory, Salt, Ebony, Sandalwood, Slaves | These were highly valued resources sent to markets across the Indian Ocean. |
| Imports | Porcelain, Silk, Spices, Textiles, Beads | Luxurious items brought by merchants from Arabia, India, Persia, China, and Southeast Asia. |
The main trade network was Indian Ocean trade.

## Architecture

* Ruins of Great Mosque of Gede in Kenya
* Kilwa Kisiwani ruins in Tanzania
# Lyme Regis railway station

Lyme Regis railway station was the terminus of the Lyme Regis branch line in the west of the English county of Dorset. Serving the coastal resort town of Lyme Regis, it was sited high above the town centre as a result of the hilly nature of the local area. The line straddled the county boundary so that although the terminus was in Dorset most of the line lay in the neighbouring county of Devon.

## History

Opened under the Light Railways Act 1896, it was operated from the start by the London and South Western Railway. The line then passed on to the Southern Railway in 1923 and the Southern Region of British Railways on nationalisation in 1948. It was then transferred to the Western Region in 1963, but the station and branch line were closed by the British Railways Board in November 1965.
| Preceding station | Disused railways | Following station |
| Combpyne Line and station closed | Western Region of British Railways Lyme Regis branch line | Terminus |

## Buildings

A small wooden building served the single platform. The station also had a signal box and engine shed, and a small goods shed.
The station closed with the branch in 1965.

## The site today

The former site is now a small industrial estate. The station building was moved to Alresford on the Watercress Line, a heritage line in nearby Hampshire.
# Rita Stang

Eleanor Margrethe "Rita" Stang (1 June 1894 – 18 July 1978) was an Australian medical practitioner. She was the senior medical officer for schools in Western Australia and adviser on infant health from 1929 until 1955.

## Early life and education

Eleanor Margrethe Stang was born in South Yarra, Victoria on 1 June 1894, the eldest of the children of public servant and doctor Thomas Newbould Stang and Eleanor Bath Stang (née Eastwood). She attended Presbyterian Ladies' College from 1905, before studying medicine at the University of Melbourne, from which she graduated with an MB BS in 1918. She received a Diploma of Public Health in 1927 from the same university.

## Career

After graduation Stang worked alongside her husband as a general practitioner at Port Fairy. She later acted as resident medical officer at public hospitals in Melbourne. In 1925 she was appointed to replace Roberta Jull as medical officer for schools in Western Australia, on a salary of £500 to £600 per annum.
In July 1928 Stang went to England on exchange as medical inspector on the London County Council. While there, she studied hygiene teaching and practice, maternity and child welfare. She also attended a public health conference in Dublin representing the University of Western Australia and was a proxy participant at the congress of the International Alliance of Women for Suffrage and Equal Citizenship held in Berlin in June 1929.
On her return to Perth, Stang was appointed medical supervisor of infant health for the WA Child's Welfare Department, in addition to her school role.
In 1933 she was awarded a Bachelor of Medicine (ad eundum gradum) by the University of Western Australia.
Stang gave lectures in Perth and country areas and wrote articles promoting hygiene, effective child-rearing and immunisation against disease. She also pushed for pre-school clinics to be established to care for the health of children between two and school-age.
Stang retired from both of her public service positions in 1955 and returned to Victoria where she acted as a locum tenens and also as a ship's doctor.

## Personal

Stang married a fellow doctor, Norman Arthur Albiston, at Auburn Methodist Church, Hawthorn on 10 January 1919. There were no children of the marriage. She petitioned for divorce in 1927 on the ground of desertion.
Stang died in Melbourne on 18 July 1978 and was cremated.
# Zhu Shijie

Zhu Shijie (simplified Chinese: 朱世杰; traditional Chinese: 朱世傑; pinyin: Zhū Shìjié; Wade–Giles: Chu Shih-chieh, 1249–1314), courtesy name Hanqing (漢卿), pseudonym Songting (松庭), was a Chinese mathematician and writer during the Yuan Dynasty. Zhu was born close to today's Beijing. Two of his mathematical works have survived: Introduction to Computational Studies (算學啓蒙 Suan hsüeh Ch'i-mong) and Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns.

## Suanxue qimeng

The Suanxue qimeng (算學啓蒙), written in 1299, is an elementary textbook on mathematics in three volumes, 20 chapters and 259 problems. This book also showed how to measure two-dimensional shapes and three-dimensional solids. The Introduction strongly influenced the development of mathematics in Japan. The book was once lost in China, until the Qing dynasty mathematician Luo Shilin bought a Korean printed edition and republished it in Yangzhou.

## Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns

Zhu's second book, Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns (1303) is his most important work, advancing Chinese algebra. The first four of the 288 solved problems illustrate his method of the four unknowns. He shows how to convert a problem stated verbally into a system of polynomial equations (up to 14th order), by using up to four unknowns: 天 Heaven, 地 Earth, 人 Man, 物 Matter, and then how to reduce the system to a single polynomial equation in one unknown by successive elimination of unknowns. He then solves the high order equation by "Ling long kai fang" method of Southern Song dynasty mathematician Qin Jiushao (from Shùshū Jiǔzhāng, “Mathematical Treatise in Nine Sections” of 1247). This was more than 570 years before English mathematician William Horner's method using synthetic division. Zhu makes use of what is currently known as Pascal's triangle, which he refers to as discovered by Jia Xian before 1050. The final equation and one of its solutions is given for each of the 288 problems.
Zhu also found square and cube roots by solving quadratic and cubic equations, and added to the understanding of series and progressions, classifying them according to the coefficients of the Pascal triangle. He also showed how to solve systems of linear equations by reducing the matrix of their coefficients to diagonal form. He moreover applied these methods to algebraic equations, using a version of the resultant. His methods pre-date Blaise Pascal, William Horner, and modern matrix methods by many centuries. The preface of the book describes how Zhu traveled China for 20 years teaching mathematics.
The methods of Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns form the foundation for Wu's method of characteristic set.
# Cosmopolite (album)

Cosmopolite is an album by American jazz saxophonist Benny Carter recorded at three sessions between 1952 and 1954 and released by Norgran Records. The album features tracks that were released on the 10-inch LP The Urbane Mr. Carter.

## Reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
Allmusic awarded the album 3 stars, stating that the album "showcases altoist Benny Carter in two very different settings. Side one finds him interpreting ballads in front of a string section while the flip side matches Carter with the Oscar Peterson Trio and drummer J.C. Heard. It is a credit to his versatility and talents that Benny Carter plays quite well in both formats."

## Track listing

Tracks 1–6, 11–12 are included on the original The Urbane Mr. Carter 10" album.

## Personnel

* Benny Carter – alto saxophone, arranger
* Oscar Peterson – piano
* Barney Kessel – guitar
* Jack Marshall – guitar
* Ray Brown – double bass
* Red Callender – double bass
* J. C. Heard – drums
* Jackie Mills – drums
* Alvin Stoller – drums
* Hoyt Bohannon – trombone
* Joe Howard – trombone
* Tommy Pederson – trombone
* Juan Tizol – valve trombone
# Susan Traverso

Susan Traverso is the President of Thiel College. She is their first female President, was officially announced as Thiel College's 20th president on May 17, 2016, took office August 1, 2016 and celebrated her inauguration on May 5, 2017. Traverso was Professor of History at North Central College, and then served as the provost of Elizabethtown College from 2007 to 2016. Her Peace Corps service in Yemen and further service of educational coordinator was of interest to the search committee. She also served in Morocco and Yemen.
President Traverso is also a board of trustees member for the Pittsburgh-based Dietrich Foundation. The Dietrich Foundation's primary mission is to benefit higher education, principally in the greater Pittsburgh area, by providing ongoing and increasing financial support to six educational institutions. The Foundation also distributes funds to nine other charitable beneficiaries in western Pennsylvania.
She previously chaired the board of the Lancaster Symphony Orchestra and was a member of the board of the Pennsylvania College of Art and Design.

## Education

She has a bachelor's degree in history and communication from Simmons College (1983) and doctoral and master's degrees in history from the University of Wisconsin-Madison (1989 and 1995).
# Grigor Taylor

Grigor Weston Taylor, born 1943, also known as Greg Taylor, is an Australian former actor, best known for his parts in several television series including Matlock Police and Glenview High.

## Early life, education and teacher

Taylor was born in Penrith, New South Wales and attended Penrith High School. After finishing school, he became an English teacher at Richmond High School.He also taught mathematics at Parramatta Marist High, Westmead NSW.

## Acting career

Grigor Taylor became a professional actor in 1971 and starred in the first 99 episodes of TV series Matlock Police as Senior Detective Alan Curtis. Between 1974–75 Taylor portrayed Steve Hamilton in Silent Number and 1977–78 he portrayed an English high school teacher, Greg Walker, in Glenview High.
Taylor took many other parts in Australian television series such as A Country Practice, Homicide, Special Squad, City West, The Flying Doctors, Butterfly Island, Dearest Enemy and Mission: Impossible.
Taylor also acted in several feature films, including High Rolling, Mad Max 2, and Afraid to Dance.

## Filmography
### Film

| Title | Year | Role | Type |
| 1977 | High Rolling | Alby | Feature film |
| 1981 | Mad Max 2 | | Feature film |
| 1987 | Emma's War | Dr. Friedlander | Feature film |
| 1988 | The Clean Machine | Detetive Sgt. Warren Davis | TV movie |
| 1988 | After Marcuse | Warren | TV movie |
| 1989 | Afraid to Dance | Jim Pratt | Feature film |
| 1991 | Innocent Prey (aka Voyeur) | Rick | Feature film |

### Television

| Title | Year | Role | Type |
| 1971-73 | Matlock Police | Senior Detective Alan Curtis | TV series |
| 1974 | Behind the Legend | Burrowes | TV series |
| 1974 | Silent Number | Steve Hamilton | TV series |
| 1975 | Homicide | Doug Lambert | TV series |
| 1976 | McCloud | Eric Taylor | TV series |
| 1976 | The Outsiders | Otto Benson | TV series |
| 1976 | Bluey | Evan Dillon | TV series |
| 1977-78 | Glenview High | Greg Walker | TV series |
| 1978 | Case for the Defence | Ari Ben-Leon | TV series |
| 1982 | A Most Attractive Man | | |
| 1984 | The Explorers | Leichhardt | TV documentary series |
| 1984 | City West | Jack Chenney | TV series |
| 1983-85 | A Country Practice | 2 roles | TV series |
| 1985 | Special Squad | Bob Daley | TV series |
| 1985-87 | Butterfly Island | Charlie Wilson | TV series |
| 1988 | All the Way | Mike O'Brian | TV miniseries |
| 1988 | The Last Resort | Len | TV series |
| 1988 | Vampire Princess Miyu | Clerk | TV miniseries |
| 1988 | The Flying Doctors | Johnny McDonald | TV series |
| 1989 | Dearest Enemy | Anderson Morley | TV series |
| 1989 | Mission: Impossible | Defence Minister, Ivan Savitch | TV series |
| 1991 | Rafferty's Rules | Warren East | TV series |
# Trip Adler

John R. "Trip" Adler III is an American entrepreneur. He is the former CEO and co-founder of Scribd, a digital library and document-sharing platform, which has 80 million users.

## Background and early career

Adler grew up in Palo Alto, California and attended Gunn High School. He graduated from Harvard University with a biophysics degree. His father, John R. Adler, is a neurosurgeon at Stanford University and also an entrepreneur.
After graduating from Harvard, Adler contemplated starting various online ventures, including a ride-sharing service, a Craigslist-type site for colleges, a call center called 1-800-ASKTRIP, and a social media site called "Rate your happiness."

## Scribd

Adler received inspiration for Scribd from a conversation with his father, who had difficulty publishing an academic paper in a medical journal. Adler then built Scribd with Jared Friedman, a fellow Harvard student, and they attended Y Combinator in the summer of 2006. Scribd was launched from a San Francisco apartment in March 2007. In 2008, it ranked as one of the top 20 social media sites according to Comscore. In June 2009, Scribd launched Scribd Store, and shortly thereafter closed a deal with Simon & Schuster to sell ebooks on Scribd. In 2012, the company became profitable.
In October 2013, Scribd launched a subscription ebook service, and signed a deal with HarperCollins to make their backlist books available on Scribd. Scribd was once known for unlimited audiobooks and downloadable books. In 2016 the subscription limited the number of titles available to subscribers. This was reversed in 2018, wherein readers were offered access to an "unlimited number of books and audiobooks for $8.99 per month".
Scribd has over 300,000 titles from 1,000 publishers in its book subscription service. In August 2017, the company announced a partnership with Zinio, which calls itself the world's largest digital magazine producer and distributor, to add 30 new magazine titles to the Scribd portfolio.

## Personal life

As a member of the Harvard Surfing team, Adler participated in the first Ivy League Surf Championships in May 2003. He also plays the saxophone. In 2007, Adler earned the company's first $17 in revenue by playing the saxophone outside Scribd's office at Christmas time.

## Awards and recognition

* Named to TIME’s list of tech pioneers of 2010
* Named to Bloomberg Businessweek’s list of best young entrepreneurs
* Forbes 30 Under 30
# Glen Keith distillery

57°32′47″N 2°57′26″W﻿ / ﻿57.54639°N 2.95722°W﻿ / 57.54639; -2.95722
Glen Keith distillery is a Speyside, single malt Scotch whisky distillery built by Chivas Brothers owned by the Pernod Ricard group since 2001 within eyesight of their centre piece distillery, the Strathisla Distillery.

## History

Glen Keith is a modern distillery. When it opened in 1958, it was the first new distillery to open in Speyside since the great whisky crash of 1898. It therefore contrasts markedly with Strathisla - the third oldest in Scotland.
Construction started in 1957 on the site of a meal-mill and was completed in 1960, initially with three stills with the intention of triple distillation. In 1970, two more stills were added when production was switched to double distillation. The new production method incorporated the novelty of the first gas-fired stills in Scotland. Three years later, steam coils were also installed.
The output of the distillery was originally used in blends such as Chivas Regal, Passport and 100 Pipers but Chivas Brothers also used it as a laboratory for experiments with innovations in production and processing, for example developing their own strains of yeast.
In the 1990s the distillery released an official bottling under the name Glen Keith 1983. This bottling was replaced a few years later by a 10-year-old single malt. It also produced two peated malts under the names Glenisla and Craigduff.
The Glen Keith distillery was mothballed in 1999. Extensive reconstruction work began in 2012 and the distillery was reopened in June 2013. At the time of the distillery's reopening, Chivas Brothers intended that its annual production would be six million litres of spirit, almost all of which would be used in blended whiskies destined for export.
# Heritage Mill, North Chailey

Heritage Mill, or Beard's Mill is a grade II listed smock mill at North Chailey, Sussex, England, which is maintained as a landmark and open to the public.

## History

A windmill was first recorded at this site in 1596.Heritage Mill, the seventh on this site, was built in 1830 at Highbrook, West Hoathly, where she was known as Hammingden Mill. In 1844 she was moved to Newhaven, replacing a mill that had burnt down. She was made redundant by the erection of a steam mill and was moved again, this time to her current location at Chailey, replacing a post mill. This second move was done by Medhurst, the Lewes millwright. Heritage Mill was working by wind until 1911.
In 1928 the mill was tailwinded, and the cap and sails were blown off. The mill was restored in 1933. The work was done by Neve's, the Heathfield millwrights. A few years later, the mill was tailwinded again, and this time the windshaft snapped between the Brake Wheel and canister. Neve's installed the windshaft from Punnetts Town Windmill, which had been partly dismantled in 1935.

## Description

Heritage Mill is a three-storey smock mill on a single-storey brick base. It has a Kentish-style cap winded by a fantail. When working it had four Patent sails carried on a cast-iron windshaft. The only machinery remaining is the clasp arm great spur wheel.

## Millers

* John Arnold 1841(Hammingden)
* Bollen 1844 (Newhaven)
* Messrs Stone & Towner – 1864 (Newhaven)
* Godley
* Thomas Comber
* H K Wallis 1870
* A G Sparkes 1874
* Lockyer 1878–1911
References for above:-
# Daryl Aiden Yow

Daryl Aiden Yow is a Singapore-based Instagram marketer and photographer who has worked with brands such as Sony, Oppo and Uniqlo. Yow became known on social media as style influencer Andrea Chong's Instagram photographer since 2015. He has accrued more than 100,000 followers on Instagram as of June 2018.

## Plagiarism scandal

Yow gained widespread media attention in June 2018 after some of the images on his Instagram account and personal website were discovered to be edited or composited photos made from stock images, or from images found on sites such as Pinterest and Reddit. Acting on a tip-off, Singapore-based news site Mothership.sg broke the story on 20 June, providing, in two articles, 21 examples of plagiarised photos, together with their originals, including 10 examples in which Yow was digitally added onto the scene. Many photographs carried captions implying authorship, such as "Hours well spent waiting for this!"; one photograph was claimed to be taken with a Sony camera that Yow was engaged to advertise.
The revelations provoked a strong response from members in the local photography and blogging communities, such as Xiaxue and Mrbrown, who condemned Yow for misleading his audience. In response to the allegations of plagiarism, Yow claimed that the image rights have been purchased and that his commercial clients were aware that stock images were used in the collaborative social media posts. He also defended the captions on his Instagram posts, saying he had never claimed that they "were taken live at the scene depicted". Sony Singapore and Uniqlo have declined to comment on whether they were aware of the stock image usage.
Subsequent to the widespread circulation of the story, on 21 June, Yow removed all images from his Instagram feed and issued a statement in which he apologised for making use of others' photographs and misleading his followers with false captions. He maintained that the "end-products" of his collaborations with his friends "remained honest and fair".
On social media, the Daryl Aiden Challenge emerged, which entailed digitally adding oneself into the scene depicted by a stock photo. Corporate brands such as the budget airline Scoot, F&N Seasons and Shopee, and bloggers like Xiaxue updated their social media accounts with posts parodying the incident.
The media attention in June allowed Yow to gain greater popularity and thousands of additional followers by the time he resumed uploading posts to his Instagram feed on 14 September. Yow's first post after the hiatus featured an image of burning prints of the plagiarised photos being thrown into the air. In the same post and in disappearing stories, behind-the-scene videos and photos of the shoot were posted, demonstrating the veracity of the images.
# Totally Gay!

Totally Gay! is an American television special broadcast by VH1. The special premiered on August 18, 2003. It centrally focused on gay pop culture in the United States. The content of the show included sitcoms (Will & Grace), gay icons (Kyle and Lane Carlson, who say they are not gay), and the most popular dog breed (pug).
The somewhat light-hearted tone of the show was balanced at the end by narrator Trev Broudy discussing the assault that he had suffered shortly before the program was recorded, which left him with permanent brain damage.
A follow-up documentary titled Totally Gayer premiered on March 10, 2004.
# Möckern, Thuringia

Möckern (German pronunciation: ) is a municipality in the district Saale-Holzland, in Thuringia, Germany.