OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Privatus

In Roman law, the Latin adjective privatus makes a legal distinction between that which is "private" and that which is publicus, "public" in the sense of pertaining to the Roman people (populus Romanus).
Used as a substantive, the term privatus refers to a citizen who is not a public official or a member of the military. Increasingly throughout the Middle and Late Republic, the privatus was nevertheless sometimes granted imperium during a crisis; the definition of crisis was elastic, and the amassing of power by unelected individuals (privati) contributed to the breakdown of the checks and balances of the republican system.

## Legal terms

* Res privatae, private property, or "things belonging to individuals," in contrast to res publicae.
* Res privata Caesaris, the property of the emperor that was purely private.
* Ager privatus, privately owned land as distinguished from ager publicus.
* Actiones privatae, actions protecting an individual's private interests; similar to iudicia privata, referring to civil trials presided over by the iudex privatus (below).
* Iter privatum, a private road.
* Carcer privatus, a private prison. This form of incarceration was used for slaves, and in early time for debtors who failed to pay their creditors (see nexum). The emperors Zeno and Justinian prohibited private prisons.

### Iudex privatus

The iudex privatus was a sole arbitrator or lay judge who conducted a civil case to which the parties had consented and who usually nominated him. In the event that the parties could not agree on a judge, he was chosen from an official list of potential judges drawn up by the praetor. He was also called a iudex unus.
# Men's rugby league Ashes (modern series)

The Ashes series, similar to the cricket series of the same name, is a best-of-three series of test matches between Australia and England national rugby league football teams.
The inaugural tournament will take place in 2025 and is a revival of the original Ashes series between Australia and Great Britain which was contested 39 times between 1908 and 2003.

## History
### Origins

The original Ashes series was a best-of-three series of test matches between Australia and Great Britain national rugby league football teams. It had been contested 39 times from 1908 until 2003 largely with hosting rights alternating between the two countries.
By the time of the series demise in 2003, Australia led Great Britain 20 series win to 19, with Australia winning a record thirteen consecutive title since 1973.

### Planned revivals

In 2009 with the prospect of not contesting them until after the 2013 World Cup, Britain's Rugby Football League (RFL) challenged the Australian Rugby League (ARL) to play the round-robin stage match of the Four Nations tournament with the Ashes at stake. The one-off game would be a departure from the usual three-match series, additionally the contest would be between England, rather than Great Britain, and Australia. The ARL initially agreed to the proposal but later, facing hostility from former Ashes players and fans who thought the proposals devalued the Ashes, the two governing bodies decided not to proceed.
In 2016, newly appointed Australian team coach Mal Meninga, who as a player was selected to a record 4 Kangaroo Tours (the last two as captain) and played in a record 6 Ashes series (1982, 1984, 1986, 1990, 1992 and 1994 - playing a record 17 Ashes tests, only missing 1988 through injury), publicly advocated for a return of the Kangaroo Tours which would see The Ashes revived in 2020. The proposed 2020 series was cancelled in June 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It was later suggested that the series may instead be played in 2022, however this never eventuated. In October 2022, Meninga stated that talks were underway for a potential Ashes tour of England in 2024.

### Modern series

On 3 August 2023, the revival of The Ashes was announced by International Rugby League as part of their new 7-year international calendar and long-term strategy for growth of the international game. The revamped competition will also feature a women's test series for the first time, with the first edition to take place in 2025.

## Results

| Year | Winner | Score | Runners-up |
| 2025 | | | |
| 2028 | | | |
# Ridgewood (Evanston, Illinois)

Ridgewood is a historic apartment building located at 1703–1713 Ridge Avenue (at Church Street) in Evanston, Illinois. The Chicago architectural firm of Atchison & Edbrooke designed the building in 1905; while the firm was only active from 1904 to 1908, it designed several buildings in Evanston. The building has a Prairie School design, a popular residential style at the time that was nonetheless unusual for an apartment complex. The three-story brick building is shaped in a "U" and features half-octagonal bays at regular intervals. Six apartments are on each floor; each features Prairie woodwork, cabinets built into the walls, and a fireplace.
The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 4, 1978.
# Clive Efford

Clive Stanley Efford (born 10 July 1958) is a British Labour Party politician who has served as Member of Parliament (MP) for Eltham and Chislehurst, previously Eltham, since 1997.

## Early life

Efford was born in London and educated at Walworth School and Southwark College. He worked in his family jewellery business, until he completed The Knowledge and qualified as London taxi driver in 1987. In 1986, he became an elected councillor in the London Borough of Greenwich, and continued in both these occupations until being elected to Parliament in 1997.

## Political career

Efford was first elected to Greenwich Council in 1986 for the Eltham Well Hall Ward, becoming the Labour Group Chief Whip in 1990. After first contesting the seat of Eltham at the 1992 general election, he successfully won the seat five years later in 1997. He went on to win the seat at the ensuing general elections in 2001, 2005 and 2010, with his majority declining after each until the 2015 general election and increased further in 2017.
He made his maiden speech in the House of Commons on 25 June 1997.
In Parliament, he has served on a number of Select committees, including being a member of the Transport Select Committee from 2001 to 2008. In 2003, he was one of the Labour MPs who rebelled against the government and voted against UK involvement in the Iraq War. In 2005, Efford was responsible for the reformation of the previously defunct Tribune Group, though unlike its previous incarnation, membership was restricted to backbench Labour MPs. In 2008, he became the Parliamentary Private Secretary to Housing Minister Margaret Beckett, later becoming the PPS to John Healey in the same role from 2009 to 2010.
He was one of the first MPs to declare his support for Ed Miliband, the successful candidate, in the 2010 Labour leadership election. Miliband subsequently appointed him to the Opposition Front Bench in 2011 as a Shadow Home Office Minister under new Shadow Home Secretary Yvette Cooper. In the reshuffle of October 2011, he became the Shadow Minister for Sport.
Clive Efford was one of 36 Labour MPs to nominate Jeremy Corbyn as a candidate in the Labour leadership election of 2015 and he retained his position in Corbyn's shadow cabinet. He resigned from Corbyn's shadow cabinet following a large number of resignations from the Labour front bench on 28 June 2016. He supported Owen Smith in the failed attempt to replace Jeremy Corbyn in the 2016 Labour Party (UK) leadership election.
Efford was shortlisted for the Grassroot Diplomat Initiative Award in 2015 for his work on National Health Service Bill, and he remains in the directory of the Grassroot Diplomat Who's Who publication.
Efford relaunched the Tribune Group of MPs in April 2017, aiming to reconnect with traditional Labour voters while also appealing to the centre ground.
Efford endorsed Keir Starmer in the 2020 Labour Party leadership election.
# George Nicolescu

George Nicolescu (Romanian pronunciation:; 12 March 1950, Ploiești – 26 March 2024, Bucharest) was a Romanian musician.

## Life and career

Born in Ploieşti, Nicolescu has four sisters. He attended the Bucharest School for Amblyopia Patients (1957–1959), middle school and high school (1960–1968) and the School for the Blind in Cluj (1968–1972). Self-taught, he made his singing debut in Cluj and in 1970 won first prize at the Tinereţe pe portativ ("Youth on the Scale") festival. A few years later, the composer George Grigoriu began to influence him, and the two began collaborating. In 1973, his first hit, "Eternitate" ("Eternity"), was released, and the following year came four hits released on a 45, under Grigoriu's name.
In 1972 he gained admission to the University of Bucharest's Faculty of Romance Languages, French-Romanian section. He graduated in 1976 and the following April began teaching French at the School for the Blind in Buzău, where he remained until 1985. That year, he was hired as a vocal soloist at the Buzău Youth House. After the Romanian Revolution of 1989, he was engaged for several months (March–November 1990) as a soloist with the ensemble "Optimiştii", a troupe of blind performers.
Nicolescu retired in 1992, taking part in various shows and singing in restaurants in order to earn a living. In autumn 2002, ten years after retiring, Nicolescu returned to the top of the Romanian charts through a duet with the band UNU'. The hit single was called "Cântec pentru sănătatea ierbii" ("Song for the Grass's Health"). He also performed "Îndrăgostit" ("In Love") with the young singer Jorge. In December 2007, he released the album Muzică uşoară...lăutărească ("Light Music, Lăutar-style"), featuring songs by other musicians of his age such as Dan Spătaru, Mirabela Dauer, Gabriel Dorobanţu and Corina Chiriac.
Nicolescu died on 26 March 2024, at the age of 74.

## Discography

* Şi cântau mandolinele (1974)
* Ordinea de zi (1984)
* Prefă-te inimă în stea (1989)
* Muzică uşoara...lăutărească (2007)
* Unu feat. George Nicolescu - Mai avem nevoie si de iarba ( 2007 )
* Shift feat. George Nicolescu - Viata-i de vina (2012)
# Anat Fort

Anat Fort (Hebrew: ענת פורט; born March 8, 1970, near Tel Aviv) is an Israeli jazz pianist and composer who has recorded several acclaimed albums and performed across Europe and the United States.
Fort studied music at William Paterson University in New Jersey and moved to New York in 1996 to develop her skills in jazz improvisation under the guidance of pianist Paul Bley and study composition with Harold Seletsky before releasing her debut self-produced album Peel in 1999. Her first album for ECM Records, A Long Story (2007) arose from an association with drummer Paul Motian. This was followed by the first album by her regular working group - the Anat Fort Trio, And If, in 2010.

## Discography

* Peel (Orchard, 1999)
* A Long Story (ECM, 2007)
* And If (ECM, 2010)
* Birdwatching (ECM, 2016), with Anat Fort Trio featuring Gianluigi Trovesi
* Bubbles (Hypnote Records, 2019), with Lieven Venken & Rene Hart
* Colour (Sunnyside Records, 2019), with Anat Fort Trio
# Randy Borror

Randy L. Borror (born 25 July 1957) is a former Republican member of the Indiana House of Representatives, representing the 84th District since 2001.
He grew up in Wells County, graduating from Bluffton High School before completing his bachelor's degree at Indiana University Bloomington.
# Alex Bugnon

Alex Bugnon (born October 10, 1958) is a jazz pianist and composer from Montreux, Switzerland. He is a nephew of Donald Byrd.
Bugnon studied at the Paris Conservatory and the Mozart Academy in Salzburg. At age nineteen, he moved to the U.S. and attended the Berklee School of Music.
His recording career began with his 1988 debut studio album Love Season for Orpheus Records, which reached the Billboard 200 albums chart and the top 40 of the R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, as did his follow-up Head Over Heels.

## Discography

| Title | Album details | Peak chart positions | Peak chart positions | Peak chart positions |
| Title | Album details | US | US R&B | US Jazz |
| Love Season | Released: 1988 Label: Orpheus Records | 127 | 34 | — |
| Head Over Heels | Released: 1990 Label: Orpheus Records | 131 | 32 | — |
| 107° In the Shade | Released: 1991 Label: Epic Records | — | 74 | — |
| This Time Around | Released: June 1, 1993 Label: Epic Records | — | 39 | — |
| Tales From the Bright Side | Released: 1995 Label: RCA | — | 51 | 6 |
| ...As Promised | Released: February 1, 2000 Label: Narada Jazz | — | — | 9 |
| Soul Purpose | Released: November 6, 2001 Label: Narada Jazz | — | — | 13 |
| Southern Living | Released: October 7, 2003 Label: Narada Jazz | — | — | 27 |
| Free | Released: October 4, 2005 Label: Narada Jazz | — | — | 28 |
| Going Home | Released: January 8, 2010 Label: Xela Records | — | — | — |
| Harlem | Released: November 29, 2013 Label: Xela Records | — | — | — |
| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. |||||
# Tommy Ross (footballer)

Thomas Ross (27 February 1946 – 18 May 2017) was a Scottish professional footballer who played as an inside forward in the Football League for Peterborough United and York City, in the Highland League for Ross County and in non-League football for Wigan Athletic and Rossendale United. He holds the Guinness World Record for the fastest time to score a hat-trick.
Ross joined Ross County in 1961, at the age of 15, and scored his first goal for the club in his debut season. During the 1964–65 season, he scored 44 goals, including a record-breaking hat-trick against Nairn County on 28 November 1964, where he scored three goals within a 90-second period. His record was not recognised until April 2004, with the official record being held by Jimmy O'Connor of Dublin side Shelbourne, for his 2m 14s treble against Bohemians on 19 November 1967.
After his playing career ended, Ross managed Tain St Duthus in the 1990s. His sons Stuart and Andrew now form the management team of the club, which was revived in 2016. Ross also worked as a scout for Tottenham Hotspur.
His death was reported on the website of St Duthus FC on 19 May 2017.
# Dionysios Demetis

Dionysios Demetis (Greek: Διονύσιος Δεμέτης) (also Dionisis) is a Greek composer, born in 1979 in Athens. He studied piano at the Ethnikon Odion in Athens. He is best known for two of his compositions, "Moonlight" and "Abyss". He released his first CD of piano compositions in 2000, The Heart Wreck on SpinRecords, a California record label. In 2006, he released his second CD, The Mark of Innocence. Demetis is also the composer of the anthem of the International Society for Spacetime Physics.
# Chub shiner

The chub shiner (Alburnops potteri) is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish in the family Leuciscidae, the shiners, daces and minnows. This fish is found in the Brazos River drainage of Texas and Red River drainage of Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Louisiana. It is also found in limited areas of the Mississippi River in Louisiana, and in lower parts of the Colorado River and Galveston Bay drainages.
# Elmer Abatayo

Elmer Metoda Abatayo is a Filipino international lawn bowler. He reached a career high ranking of world number 10 in October 2024.

## Career

Abatayo came to prominence when he won a silver medal at the 2019 SEA Games in Pampanga. Bowling with Christopher Dagpin and Hommer Mercado in the triples event they were defeated into second place by the favourites Malaysia.
In 2023, he won the gold medal (with Rodel Labayo) at the 14th Asian Lawn Bowls Championship in Kuala Lumpur.
He was selected as part of the team to represent the Philippines at the blue riband event of the sport, the 2023 World Outdoor Bowls Championship. He competed in the men's pairs and the men's fours events.
Abatayo successfully defended his pairs crown (with Labayo) at the 15th Asian Lawn Bowls Championship, held in Pattaya, Thailand, during March 2024.
# Batei Neitin

Batei Neitin is a complex of buildings originally constructed as an expansion of the Mea Shearim neighbourhood in Jerusalem.

## Construction of the neighbourhood

The Batei Neitin neighbourhood was established in 1901 by Rabbi Shmuel Zanvil Spitzer, and named after the famous philanthropist and donor, Rabbi Menachem Neitin, who immigrated from the United States to Israel and settled in Jerusalem. He founded the "Menahem Tzion" synagogue in the Jewish Quarter of Jerusalem, which became known for its professional craftsmen and artisans who regularly prayed there.
Several prominent figures prayed at the synagogue in the neighbourhood, including the Kabbalist Rabbi Aharon Shlomo Maharil, Rabbi Meir Heller, Rabbi Aharon Yaakov Porush, Rabbi Chaim Yosef Dinkels, Rabbi Yosef Rothman, Rabbi Yaakov Yehuda Salant, and Rabbi Shmuel Teplinsky.

## Location and population

Although the idea behind its construction was to expand Mea Shearim, Batei Neitin gained its "independence" and is now considered a separate neighbourhood. In Batei Neitin, synagogues were established for various Hasidic courts and factions in Jerusalem. The Toldos Aharon Rebbi built the central Toldos Aharon Yeshiva in the Batei Neitin complex. Along with the central yeshiva, a Talmud Torah for the children of the Hasidim was also established. Furthermore, most of the neighbourhood is inhabited by members of the Toldos Aharon community.
Like the neighbouring Mea Shearim, Batei Neitin was built as an enclosed area, distinct from its surroundings. The homes in the neighbourhood were constructed as a separation between Mea Shearim and its surroundings, serving as a 'border' between the inner Mea Shearim area and the outer areas beyond the Batei Neitin neighbourhood. Batei Neitin has two main entrances, which pass through the main street buildings of the Mea Shearim neighbourhood, directed inward. These two covered entrances serve as the main passageways in Mea Shearim.
The main street of the neighbourhood is named Z. Spitzer Street, after the founder of Batei Neitin, Rabbi Zanvil Spitzer. The neighbourhood borders Batei Ungarin and Mea Shearim and connects to Mea Shearim Street.
# Tanveer Ahmed (boxer)

Tanveer Ahmed (born 25 October 1968) is a retired Scottish boxer. He fought for the WBO Inter-Continental lightweight title, but drew in the fight.

## Personal life

He resided in Glasgow, Scotland. He is married to Thierry MacIntyre.

## Professional career

Tanveer was a successful pro boxer until injury curtailed his career and was rated as a former British number 1.

## Title fights

He fought for the WBO Inter-Continental lightweight title in 1997 against David Armstrong at the Thistle Hotel, Glasgow, but fight was drawn.
He also fought Wayne Rigby for the vacant British lightweight title at York Hall, Bethnal Green, London but lost on points.

## Retirement

He fought his last fight on 1998 but the fight was stopped after the refer wouldn't let him fight on due to an injury, thus losing by way of Referee technical decision. He had to retire in 1999 after picking up a hand injury during the fight.
# Guillermo Rivarola

Guillermo Daniel Rivarola (born April 28, 1967, in Villa Huidobro, Argentina) is an Argentine former footballer. He played as a defender for many clubs in Argentina and Mexico such as River Plate, San Lorenzo, Racing Club. He retired playing for Racing.
Rivarola won 3 Primera Division Argentina with River Plate and 1 with San Lorenzo. He had a short tenure in Mexico playing for Pachuca and for Monterrey. As manager he coached Racing Club and Olimpo. On June 4, 2009, he was named Manager of C.F. Pachuca where he won the 2009–10 CONCACAF Champions League. Later he was the Director of Pachuca Youth System Development.
On December 21, 2010, Guillermo Rivarola was named Manager of Sporting Cristal from Peruvian First Division League for the 2011 season. On March 20, 2011, he was involved in a bitter dispute with fellow Argentine manager Marcelo Trobbiani of Cienciano after protesting to the referee in order to get him sent off.
Accomplishments as River Plate Technical Secretary Copa Sudamerica 2014 Recopa Sudamerica 2014 Copa Libertadores de America 2015 Copa Suruga Bank 2015 Recopa Sudamerica 2015 Copa Argentina 2016 and 2017 Supercopa Argentina 2017

## Honours
### Player
#### River Plate

* Primera Division Argentina: Apertura 1991, Apertura 1993, Apertura 1994
* Copa Libertadores: 1996

#### San Lorenzo

* Primera Division Argentina: Clausura 2001

### Manager
#### Pachuca

* CONCACAF Champions League: 2009–10
# Baltic people in the United Kingdom

Baltic people in the United Kingdom are those born or raised in the UK, or residents, who are of ethnically Baltic, meaning Latvian or Lithuanian, origin.

## History, population and settlement

In the early 20th century, many Latvian and Lithuanian refugees began to settle in Glasgow and at its height in the 1950s, there were around 10,000 in the Glasgow area.
Significant numbers of Baltic people moved to the UK in 1947 under a government-backed scheme called Westward Ho. The first group of displaced persons (DPs) from the British zone of occupation of Germany arrived in the UK in 1947, called the Balt Cygnets.
The 2011 UK Census recorded 95,730 Lithuanian-born residents in England, 1,353 in Wales, 4,287 in Scotland, and 7,341 in Northern Ireland. The census recorded 53,977 Latvian-born residents in England, 692 in Wales, 4,475 in Scotland, and 2,297 in Northern Ireland.
The previous, 2001 UK Census, had recorded 4,363 UK residents born in Lithuania and 4,275 born in Latvia.
There is a Latvian section at the Brookwood cemetery near London.
# Xylonic acid

Xylonic acid is the organic compound with the formula HOCH$_2$CH(OH)CH(OH)CH(OH)CO$_2$H. It is an oxidized derivative of xylose. Xylonic acid is a colorless, water-soluble solid. Several isomers are known, all being classified as sugar acids, several of which can be obtained by oxidation of the corresponding pentoses. The C-2 epimer of xylonic acid is known as lyxonic acid.
Like other sugar acids, xylonic acid readily converts to a lactone (RN 15384-37-9) by dehydration. Lyxonic acid behaves similarly.
Genetically engineered Pseudomonas fragi converts D-xylose to D-xylonic acid. Decarboxylation of the xylonic acid by a strain of Escherichia coli give 1,2,4-butanetriol, which is of commercial interest.
# Lê Ngọc Bảo

Lê Ngọc Bảo (born 27 March 1998) is a Vietnamese professional footballer who plays as a center back for V.League 2 club PVF-CAND.

## Club career

Bảo joined V.League 1 side Than Quảng Ninh in 2016 after graduating from the PVF Football Academy. He was part of the V.League winning squad but did not make any appearance during the season. He was released after one season and joined Cần Thơ, where he had more game time but did not start regularly.
In 2019, Bảo joined V.League 2 team Phố Hiến, the first team of his former academy PVF. He quickly became the leader of the team's defense and lead the team finish as runner-up in the 2019 season. Bảo suffered from a anterior cruciate ligament injury in 2020 which made him unavailable for most of the 2021 season.
In 2022, Bảo signed for V.League 1 side Bình Định.
On 21 March 2024, Thép Xanh Nam Định announced the signing of Ngọc Bảo to the team on a loan deal until the end of the 2023–24 season.
In September 2024, Ngọc Bảo signed for his former club PVF-CAND in the V.League 2.

## International career

In 2019, Bảo was named in Vietnam national under-23 team squad for the 2019 SEA Games. He featured in 5 matches during the tournament as the Vietnam's men side win their first SEA Games Gold Medal since the country's unification.
In December 2023, Bảo received his first call up to be Vietnam national team and was named in the preliminary squad for the 2023 AFC Asian Cup. On 9 January 2024, he made his international debut, playing 30 minutes in Vietnam's 1–2 defeat against Kyrgyzstan. Later, he featured in Vietnam's 26-men squad for the Asian Cup.

## Honours

Than Quảng Ninh
* V.League 1: 2016
* Vietnamese Super Cup: 2016
Phố Hiến
* V.League 2 runner-up: 2019
Quy Nhơn Bình Định
* V.League 1 third place: 2022
* Vietnamese National Cup runner-up : 2022
Thép Xanh Nam Định
* V.League 1: 2023–24
Vietnam U23
* SEA Games: Gold medal : 2019