# Demographics of Luxembourg

Demographic features of the population of Luxembourg include population density, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.
The following is an overview of the demographics of Luxembourg. Demographic topics include basic statistics, most populous cities, and religious affiliation.
The population of Luxembourg as of 1 January 2024 was 672,050 (52.7% Luxembourgers and 47.3% of foreign nationality).
The people of Luxembourg are called Luxembourgers.

## Population size and structure

The population of Luxembourg in 2024 is 672,050.

### Age structure of the population

| Age Group | Male | Female | Total | % |
| Total | 319 456 | 315 274 | 634 730 | 100 |
| 0–4 | 16 900 | 16 355 | 33 255 | 5.24 |
| 5–9 | 17 641 | 16 618 | 34 259 | 5.40 |
| 10–14 | 17 291 | 16 590 | 33 881 | 5.34 |
| 15–19 | 17 179 | 15 892 | 33 071 | 5.21 |
| 20–24 | 19 975 | 18 739 | 38 714 | 6.10 |
| 25–29 | 24 373 | 23 227 | 47 600 | 7.50 |
| 30–34 | 25 947 | 25 103 | 51 050 | 8.04 |
| 35–39 | 24 798 | 24 587 | 49 385 | 7.78 |
| 40–44 | 24 400 | 23 790 | 48 190 | 7.59 |
| 45–49 | 23 728 | 22 533 | 46 261 | 7.29 |
| 50–54 | 24 324 | 22 633 | 46 957 | 7.40 |
| 55–59 | 22 789 | 21 070 | 43 859 | 6.91 |
| 60–64 | 18 034 | 17 477 | 35 511 | 5.59 |
| 65-69 | 13 904 | 14 266 | 28 170 | 4.44 |
| 70-74 | 11 176 | 11 828 | 23 004 | 3.62 |
| 75-79 | 7 593 | 8 844 | 16 437 | 2.59 |
| 80-84 | 5 290 | 7 492 | 12 782 | 2.01 |
| 85-89 | 2 853 | 5 009 | 7 862 | 1.24 |
| 90-94 | 1 100 | 2 493 | 3 593 | 0.57 |
| 95-99 | 148 | 657 | 805 | 0.13 |
| 100-104 | 10 | 67 | 77 | 0.01 |
| 105-109 | 2 | 3 | 5 | <0.01 |
| 110+ | 1 | 1 | 2 | <0.01 |
| Age group | Male | Female | Total | Percent |
| 0–14 | 51 832 | 49 563 | 101 395 | 15.97 |
| 15–64 | 225 547 | 215 051 | 440 598 | 69.42 |
| 65+ | 42 077 | 50 660 | 92 737 | 14.61 |

## Vital statistics

The following table chronicles factors such as population, birth rates, and death rates in Luxembourg since 1900.
| | Average population | Live births | Deaths | Natural change | Crude birth rate (per 1000) | Crude death rate (per 1000) | Natural change (per 1000) | Fertility rates |
| 1900 | 234,000 | 7,037 | 5,109 | 1,928 | 30.1 | 21.9 | 8.2 |
| 1901 | 236,000 | 7,444 | 4,300 | 3,144 | 31.5 | 18.2 | 13.3 |
| 1902 | 238,000 | 7,416 | 4,460 | 2,956 | 31.1 | 18.7 | 12.4 |
| 1903 | 241,000 | 7,279 | 4,686 | 2,593 | 30.3 | 19.5 | 10.8 |
| 1904 | 243,000 | 7,535 | 4,952 | 2,583 | 31.0 | 20.4 | 10.6 |
| 1905 | 245,000 | 7,431 | 4,851 | 2,580 | 30.3 | 19.8 | 10.5 |
| 1906 | 248,000 | 7,516 | 4,844 | 2,672 | 30.3 | 19.6 | 10.8 |
| 1907 | 250,000 | 7,738 | 4,482 | 3,256 | 30.9 | 17.9 | 13.0 |
| 1908 | 253,000 | 7,639 | 4,933 | 2,706 | 30.2 | 19.5 | 10.7 |
| 1909 | 256,000 | 7,264 | 4,752 | 2,512 | 28.4 | 18.6 | 9.8 |
| 1910 | 258,000 | 7,065 | 4,321 | 2,744 | 27.4 | 16.7 | 10.6 |
| 1911 | 260,000 | 7,126 | 4,892 | 2,234 | 27.4 | 18.8 | 8.6 |
| 1912 | 262,000 | 7,051 | 4,556 | 2,495 | 26.9 | 17.4 | 9.5 |
| 1913 | 264,000 | 7,009 | 4,383 | 2,626 | 26.5 | 16.6 | 9.9 |
| 1914 | 266,000 | 6,781 | 4,446 | 2,335 | 25.5 | 16.7 | 8.8 |
| 1915 | 265,000 | 5,701 | 4,126 | 1,575 | 21.5 | 15.6 | 5.9 |
| 1916 | 264,000 | 4,958 | 4,246 | 712 | 18.8 | 16.1 | 2.7 |
| 1917 | 263,000 | 4,516 | 4,730 | -214 | 17.1 | 18.0 | -0.8 |
| 1918 | 263,000 | 4,413 | 5,611 | -1,198 | 16.8 | 21.4 | -4.6 |
| 1919 | 262,000 | 4,638 | 4,627 | 11 | 17.7 | 17.7 | 0.0 |
| 1920 | 261,000 | 5,621 | 3,404 | 2,217 | 21.6 | 13.1 | 8.5 |
| 1921 | 261,000 | 5,494 | 3,444 | 2,050 | 21.1 | 13.2 | 7.9 |
| 1922 | 262,000 | 5,094 | 3,538 | 1,556 | 19.5 | 13.5 | 5.9 |
| 1923 | 263,000 | 5,468 | 3,581 | 1,887 | 20.8 | 13.6 | 7.2 |
| 1924 | 266,000 | 5,369 | 3,421 | 1,948 | 20.2 | 12.9 | 7.3 |
| 1925 | 268,000 | 5,619 | 3,791 | 1,828 | 21.0 | 14.1 | 6.8 |
| 1926 | 270,000 | 5,639 | 4,100 | 1,539 | 20.9 | 15.2 | 5.7 |
| 1927 | 278,000 | 5,864 | 3,909 | 1,955 | 21.1 | 14.1 | 7.0 |
| 1928 | 287,000 | 6,114 | 4,017 | 2,097 | 21.3 | 14.0 | 7.3 |
| 1929 | 292,000 | 6,210 | 4,553 | 1,657 | 21.3 | 15.6 | 5.7 |
| 1930 | 297,000 | 6,377 | 3,876 | 2,501 | 21.4 | 13.0 | 8.4 |
| 1931 | 300,000 | 5,988 | 3,971 | 2,017 | 20.0 | 13.3 | 6.7 |
| 1932 | 299,000 | 5,295 | 3,949 | 1,346 | 17.7 | 13.2 | 4.5 |
| 1933 | 298,000 | 4,895 | 3,725 | 1,170 | 16.4 | 12.5 | 3.9 |
| 1934 | 298,000 | 4,665 | 3,535 | 1,130 | 15.7 | 11.9 | 3.8 |
| 1935 | 297,000 | 4,523 | 3,740 | 783 | 15.2 | 12.6 | 2.6 |
| 1936 | 298,000 | 4,514 | 3,433 | 1,081 | 15.2 | 11.5 | 3.6 |
| 1937 | 299,000 | 4,514 | 3,555 | 959 | 15.1 | 11.9 | 3.2 |
| 1938 | 301,000 | 4,486 | 3,811 | 675 | 14.9 | 12.7 | 2.2 |
| 1939 | 300,000 | 4,511 | 3,804 | 707 | 15.0 | 12.7 | 2.4 |
| 1940 | 296,000 | 3,959 | 3,580 | 379 | 13.4 | 12.1 | 1.3 |
| 1941 | 292,000 | 4,029 | 4,065 | -36 | 13.8 | 13.9 | -0.1 |
| 1942 | 290,000 | 4,506 | 4,220 | 286 | 15.6 | 14.6 | 1.0 |
| 1943 | 289,000 | 4,277 | 4,437 | -160 | 14.8 | 15.4 | -0.6 |
| 1944 | 285,000 | 4,128 | 5,406 | -1,278 | 14.5 | 18.9 | -4.5 |
| 1945 | 284,000 | 3,775 | 4,585 | -810 | 13.3 | 16.2 | -2.9 |
| 1946 | 286,000 | 4,263 | 3,525 | 738 | 14.9 | 12.3 | 2.6 |
| 1947 | 289,000 | 4,178 | 3,548 | 630 | 14.5 | 12.3 | 2.2 |
| 1948 | 292,000 | 4,162 | 3,400 | 762 | 14.3 | 11.6 | 2.6 |
| 1949 | 294,000 | 4,026 | 3,676 | 350 | 13.7 | 12.5 | 1.2 |
| 1950 | 296,000 | 4,116 | 3,401 | 715 | 13.9 | 11.5 | 2.4 |
| 1951 | 297,000 | 4,176 | 3,456 | 720 | 14.0 | 11.6 | 2.4 |
| 1952 | 299,000 | 4,535 | 3,557 | 978 | 15.2 | 11.9 | 3.3 |
| 1953 | 301,000 | 4,565 | 3,737 | 828 | 15.2 | 12.4 | 2.7 |
| 1954 | 303,000 | 4,713 | 3,421 | 1,292 | 15.6 | 11.3 | 4.3 |
| 1955 | 305,000 | 4,962 | 3,453 | 1,509 | 16.3 | 11.3 | 5.0 |
| 1956 | 307,000 | 4,833 | 3,878 | 955 | 15.8 | 12.6 | 3.1 | 2.08 |
| 1957 | 309,000 | 4,954 | 3,811 | 1,143 | 16.1 | 12.4 | 3.7 | 2.13 |
| 1958 | 310,000 | 4,959 | 3,512 | 1,447 | 16.0 | 11.3 | 4.7 | 2.13 |
| 1959 | 312,000 | 5,037 | 3,607 | 1,430 | 16.1 | 11.6 | 4.6 | 2.16 |
| 1960 | 314,000 | 5,019 | 3,716 | 1,303 | 16.0 | 11.8 | 4.1 | 2.37 |
| 1961 | 317,000 | 5,112 | 3,616 | 1,496 | 16.1 | 11.4 | 4.7 | 2.42 |
| 1962 | 321,000 | 5,137 | 4,037 | 1,100 | 16.0 | 12.6 | 3.4 | 2.41 |
| 1963 | 324,000 | 5,112 | 3,929 | 1,183 | 15.8 | 12.1 | 3.7 | 2.37 |
| 1964 | 328,000 | 5,229 | 3,857 | 1,372 | 16.0 | 11.8 | 4.2 | 2.40 |
| 1965 | 332,000 | 5,297 | 4,057 | 1,240 | 16.0 | 12.2 | 3.7 | 2.39 |
| 1966 | 334,000 | 5,194 | 4,133 | 1,061 | 15.6 | 12.4 | 3.2 | 2.36 |
| 1967 | 335,000 | 4,957 | 4,166 | 791 | 14.8 | 12.4 | 2.4 | 2.25 |
| 1968 | 336,000 | 4,780 | 4,138 | 642 | 14.2 | 12.3 | 1.9 | 2.14 |
| 1969 | 338,000 | 4,503 | 4,202 | 301 | 13.3 | 12.5 | 0.9 | 2.03 |
| 1970 | 339,000 | 4,476 | 4,168 | 308 | 13.2 | 12.3 | 0.9 | 1.97 |
| 1971 | 342,000 | 4,512 | 4,416 | 96 | 13.2 | 12.9 | 0.3 | 1.96 |
| 1972 | 347,000 | 4,138 | 4,120 | 18 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 0.1 | 1.75 |
| 1973 | 351,000 | 3,847 | 4,184 | -337 | 11.0 | 11.9 | -1.0 | 1.58 |
| 1974 | 355,000 | 3,925 | 4,291 | -366 | 11.1 | 12.1 | -1.0 | 1.57 |
| 1975 | 359,000 | 3,997 | 4,376 | -379 | 11.1 | 12.2 | -1.1 | 1.55 |
| 1976 | 361,000 | 3,915 | 4,507 | -592 | 10.8 | 12.5 | -1.6 | 1.48 |
| 1977 | 362,000 | 4,053 | 4,083 | -30 | 11.2 | 11.3 | -0.1 | 1.49 |
| 1978 | 362,000 | 4,072 | 4,187 | -115 | 11.2 | 11.6 | -0.3 | 1.47 |
| 1979 | 363,000 | 4,078 | 3,985 | 93 | 11.2 | 11.0 | 0.3 | 1.47 |
| 1980 | 364,000 | 4,169 | 4,113 | 56 | 11.4 | 11.3 | 0.2 | 1.50 |
| 1981 | 365,000 | 4,414 | 4,105 | 309 | 12.1 | 11.2 | 0.8 | 1.55 |
| 1982 | 366,000 | 4,300 | 4,133 | 167 | 11.8 | 11.3 | 0.5 | 1.49 |
| 1983 | 366,000 | 4,185 | 4,129 | 56 | 11.4 | 11.3 | 0.2 | 1.44 |
| 1984 | 366,000 | 4,192 | 4,072 | 120 | 11.5 | 11.1 | 0.3 | 1.42 |
| 1985 | 367,000 | 4,104 | 4,027 | 77 | 11.2 | 11.0 | 0.2 | 1.38 |
| 1986 | 368,000 | 4,309 | 3,970 | 339 | 11.7 | 10.8 | 0.9 | 1.44 |
| 1987 | 371,000 | 4,238 | 4,012 | 226 | 11.4 | 10.8 | 0.6 | 1.39 |
| 1988 | 374,000 | 4,603 | 3,840 | 763 | 12.3 | 10.3 | 2.0 | 1.51 |
| 1989 | 378,000 | 4,665 | 3,984 | 681 | 12.4 | 10.6 | 1.8 | 1.52 |
| 1990 | 382,000 | 4,936 | 3,773 | 1,163 | 12.9 | 9.9 | 3.0 | 1.62 |
| 1991 | 387,000 | 4,986 | 3,744 | 1,242 | 12.9 | 9.7 | 3.2 | 1.60 |
| 1992 | 392,000 | 5,149 | 4,022 | 1,127 | 13.1 | 10.3 | 2.9 | 1.67 |
| 1993 | 397,000 | 5,353 | 3,915 | 1,438 | 13.5 | 9.8 | 3.6 | 1.69 |
| 1994 | 403,000 | 5,451 | 3,800 | 1,651 | 13.5 | 9.4 | 4.1 | 1.72 |
| 1995 | 409,000 | 5,421 | 3,797 | 1,624 | 13.3 | 9.3 | 4.0 | 1.67 |
| 1996 | 414,000 | 5,689 | 3,895 | 1,794 | 13.7 | 9.4 | 4.3 | 1.76 |
| 1997 | 419,000 | 5,503 | 3,937 | 1,566 | 13.1 | 9.4 | 3.7 | 1.71 |
| 1998 | 425,000 | 5,386 | 3,901 | 1,485 | 12.7 | 9.2 | 3.5 | 1.67 |
| 1999 | 430,000 | 5,582 | 3,793 | 1,789 | 13.0 | 8.8 | 4.2 | 1.71 |
| 2000 | 436,000 | 5,723 | 3,754 | 1,969 | 13.1 | 8.6 | 4.5 | 1.78 |
| 2001 | 442,000 | 5,459 | 3,719 | 1,740 | 12.4 | 8.4 | 3.9 | 1.66 |
| 2002 | 446,000 | 5,345 | 3,744 | 1,601 | 12.0 | 8.4 | 3.6 | 1.63 |
| 2003 | 452,000 | 5,303 | 4,053 | 1,250 | 11.7 | 9.0 | 2.8 | 1.62 |
| 2004 | 458,000 | 5,452 | 3,578 | 1,874 | 11.9 | 7.8 | 4.1 | 1.66 |
| 2005 | 465,000 | 5,371 | 3,621 | 1,750 | 11.5 | 7.8 | 3.8 | 1.62 |
| 2006 | 473,000 | 5,514 | 3,766 | 1,748 | 11.7 | 8.0 | 3.7 | 1.64 |
| 2007 | 480,000 | 5,477 | 3,866 | 1,611 | 11.4 | 8.1 | 3.4 | 1.61 |
| 2008 | 489,000 | 5,596 | 3,595 | 2,001 | 11.5 | 7.4 | 4.1 | 1.60 |
| 2009 | 498,000 | 5,638 | 3,657 | 1,982 | 11.3 | 7.3 | 4.0 | 1.59 |
| 2010 | 507,000 | 5,874 | 3,760 | 2,114 | 11.6 | 7.4 | 4.2 | 1.63 |
| 2011 | 518,000 | 5,639 | 3,819 | 1,820 | 10.9 | 7.4 | 3.5 | 1.51 |
| 2012 | 531,000 | 6,026 | 3,876 | 2,150 | 11.4 | 7.3 | 4.1 | 1.57 |
| 2013 | 543,000 | 6,115 | 3,822 | 2,293 | 11.2 | 7.0 | 4.2 | 1.55 |
| 2014 | 556,000 | 6,070 | 3,841 | 2,229 | 10.9 | 6.9 | 4.0 | 1.50 |
| 2015 | 576,000 | 6,115 | 3,983 | 2,132 | 10.9 | 7.0 | 3.9 | 1.47 |
| 2016 | 590,000 | 6,050 | 3,967 | 2,083 | 10.4 | 6.8 | 3.6 | 1.40 |
| 2017 | 602,000 | 6,174 | 4,263 | 1,911 | 10.4 | 7.1 | 3.3 | 1.39 |
| 2018 | 608,000 | 6,274 | 4,318 | 1,956 | 10.3 | 7.1 | 3.2 | 1.38 |
| 2019 | 613,900 | 6,230 | 4,283 | 1,947 | 10.0 | 6.9 | 3.1 | 1.34 |
| 2020 | 626,100 | 6,459 | 4,609 | 1,850 | 10.2 | 7.3 | 2.9 | 1.37 |
| 2021 | 634,730 | 6,690 | 4,489 | 2,201 | 10.4 | 7.0 | 3.4 | 1.38 |
| 2022 | 645,397 | 6,495 | 4,449 | 2,046 | 9.8 | 6.7 | 3.1 | 1.31 |
| 2023 | 660,809 | 6,320 | 4,431 | 1,889 | 9.5 | 6.6 | 2.9 | 1.25 |
| 2024 | | | 4,471 | | | | | |

### Current vital statistics

| Period | Live births | Deaths | Natural increase |
| January - September 2022 | 4,686 | 3,313 | +1,373 |
| January - September 2023 | 4,594 | 3,252 | +1,342 |
| Difference | -92 (−1.96%) | -61 (−1.84%) | -31 |

### Fertility

In 2020, 64% of children born in Luxembourg were to mothers of foreign origin, both from other EU member states and from non-EU countries.

### Life expectancy

| Period | Life expectancy in Years | Period | Life expectancy in Years |
| 1950–1955 | 66.0 | 1990–1995 | 75.8 |
| 1955–1960 | 67.6 | 1995–2000 | 77.0 |
| 1960–1965 | 69.1 | 2000–2005 | 78.3 |
| 1965–1970 | 69.8 | 2005–2010 | 79.5 |
| 1970–1975 | 70.2 | 2010–2015 | 81.2 |
| 1975–1980 | 71.5 | 2015–2020 | 82.0 |
| 1980–1985 | 72.9 | 2020–2025 | 82.8 |
| 1985–1990 | 74.5 | 2025–2030 | 83.6 |
Source: UN World Population Prospects

## Nationality

Luxembourg does not formally collect ethnic or racial data of its citizens. The foreign population resident in Luxembourg currently numbers over 313,407, corresponding to 47.43% of the total population (compared to 13.2% in 1961). That means there are currently almost as many immigrants as there are native citizens. These immigrants are overwhelmingly nationals of EU countries (accounting for over 80%), by far the greater part of whom originally come from Portugal, Italy and the two neighbouring countries, France and Belgium. For some years, there has also been a large increase in the number of immigrants and asylum seekers from the countries of Eastern Europe, and especially the new republics to have emerged from the former Yugoslavia (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Montenegro). These immigrants include a considerable proportion of young people. Immigrants (especially asylum seekers) have a strong impact on the birth rate, accounting for nearly 50% of births in Luxembourg. The population of Ukrainian immigrants increased dramatically following the 2022 invasion of Ukraine, representing nearly a percent of the total population as of 2023.
A more detailed breakdown by nationality shows that the Portuguese community is still the largest group, accounting for around 30% of the foreign population. The Italian population has been stable for the past ten years at approximately 20,000. Some 80,000 foreigners come from bordering countries (France, Belgium and Germany).
Nationality :
| 1 January 2023 |||
| 1 | Luxembourg | 347,402 |
| 2 | Portugal | 92,101 |
| 3 | France | 49,104 |
| 4 | Italy | 24,676 |
| 5 | Belgium | 19,205 |
| 6 | Germany | 12,678 |
| 7 | Spain | 9,068 |
| 8 | Romania | 6,625 |
| 9 | Ukraine | 5,238 |
| 10 | Poland | 5,130 |
| 11 | India | 4,657 |
| 12 | China | 4,295 |
| 13 | Greece | 4,268 |
| 14 | Netherlands | 3,956 |
| 15 | United Kingdom | 3,924 |
| 16 | Syria | 3,231 |
| 17 | Brazil | 3,050 |
| 18 | Montenegro | 2,806 |
| 19 | Cape Verde | 2,488 |
| 20 | Ireland | 2,372 |
| - | Other | 54,535 |

### Net migration

Luxembourg net migration, 2015-present :
| Year | Total Immigration | Total Emigration | Total Net Migration | Luxembourg Nationals Arrivals | Luxembourg Nationals Departures | Net Migration for Luxembourg Nationals |
| 2015 | 23,803 | 12,644 | 11,159 | 1,195 | 2,199 | -1,004 |
| 2016 | 22,888 | 13,442 | 9,446 | 1,331 | 2,106 | -775 |
| 2017 | 24,379 | 13,831 | 10,548 | 1,199 | 2,248 | -1,049 |
| 2018 | 24,644 | 13,985 | 10,659 | 1,291 | 2,339 | -1,048 |
| 2019 | 26,668 | 15,593 | 11,075 | 1,518 | 2,585 | -1,067 |
| 2020 | 22,490 | 14,870 | 7,620 | 1,520 | 2,822 | -1,302 |
| 2021 | 25,335 | 15,959 | 9,376 | 1,577 | 3,063 | -1,486 |
| 2022 | 31,433 | 17,227 | 14,206 | 1,582 | 3,273 | -1,691 |
| 2023 | 26,964 | 16,588 | 10,376 | 1,820 | 3,102 | -1,282 |

## Language

| Census 2011 | Luxembourgish | Portuguese | French | German | Italian | English | Dutch | Spanish | Serbian | other |
| main language | 55.8 | 15.7 | 12.1 | 3.1 | 2.9 | 2.1 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.5 | |
| spoken at home | 64.9 | 8.8 | 31.2 | 11.6 | 5.1 | 7.2 | | | | 10.4 |
| use in school | 79.6 | 10.2 | 49.1 | 39.3 | 1.7 | 20.4 | | | | 6.5 |
| use at the workplace | 60.5 | 14.6 | 68.2 | 34.2 | 4.8 | 28.5 | | | | 7.3 |
The linguistic situation in Luxembourg is complicated. The "national language" is Luxembourgish, a West Germanic language based on the same German dialect as in the neighbouring part of Germany. Three languages are used by the administration: Luxembourgish, French and German. French is the only language of legislation.
According to the census of 2011, the residents of Luxembourg answer very differently about their use of language, depending on the context (see table).

## Religion

The predominant religion of the Luxembourg population is Roman Catholic, with Protestant, Anglican, Jewish, Muslim and Hindu minorities. According to a 1979 law, the government forbids collection of data on religious practices, but over 90% is estimated to be baptized Catholic (the Virgin Mary is the Patroness of the city of Luxembourg).
The Lutherans are the largest Protestant denomination in the country. Muslims are estimated to number approximately 6,000 persons, notably including 1,500 refugees from Montenegro; Orthodox (Albanian, Greek, Montenegrin, Serbian, Russian, and Romanian) adherents are estimated to number approximately 5,000 persons, along with approximately 1,000 Jews. Freedom of religion is provided by the Luxembourg Constitution.