# Table of keyboard shortcuts

In computing, a keyboard shortcut is a sequence or combination of keystrokes on a computer keyboard which invokes commands in software.
Most keyboard shortcuts require the user to press a single key or a sequence of keys one after the other. Other keyboard shortcuts require pressing and holding several keys simultaneously (indicated in the tables below by the + sign). Keyboard shortcuts may depend on the keyboard layout.

## Comparison of keyboard shortcuts

Keyboard shortcuts are a common aspect of most modern operating systems and associated software applications. Their use is pervasive enough that some users consider them an important element of their routine interactions with a computer. Whether used as a matter of personal preference or for adaptive technology, the pervasiveness of common conventions means that a meaningful comparison of keyboard shortcuts can be made across various widely used operating systems.

### General shortcuts

Many shortcuts (such as Ctrl+Z, Alt+E, etc.) are just common conventions and are not handled by the operating system. Whether such commands are implemented (or not) depends on how an actual application program (such as an editor) is written and the frameworks used. Not all applications/frameworks follow (all of) these conventions, so if it doesn't work, it isn't compatible.
Some of the combinations are not true for localized versions of operating systems. For example, in a non-English version of Windows, the Edit menu is not always bound to the E shortcut.
Some software (such as KDE) allow their shortcuts to be changed, and the below list contains the defaults.
| Action | Windows | macOS | Linux | Emacs | Vim | ChromeOS |
| File menu | Alt+F, or F10 then F | Ctrl+F2, then F | Alt+F | Meta+`, then f | Alt+f (gvim) or Ctrl+e (vim + NERDTree) | Ctrl+O |
| Edit menu | Alt+E | Ctrl+F2, then E | Alt+E | Meta+`, then e | Alt+e (gvim) | |
| View menu | Alt+V | Ctrl+F2, then V | Alt+V | | | |
| Undo the last operation | Ctrl+Z, or Alt+← Backspace | ⌘ Cmd+Z | Ctrl+Z | Ctrl+x, then u or Ctrl+/ or Ctrl+_ or Undo | u | Ctrl+Z |
| Redo the last operation | Ctrl+Y, or Alt+Shift+Backspace | ⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+Z | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Z, or Ctrl+Y | Same as undo, when undo is exhausted, it redoes. Move the cursor after one or more undos, and further undos will be redos. Since version 28, also Ctrl+? or Ctrl+Alt+_. | Ctrl+r | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Z |
| Cut the selection and store it in the clipboard | Ctrl+X, or ⇧ Shift+Del | ⌘ Cmd+X | Ctrl+X | Ctrl+w | x or "ax to cut in register "a" or "+x to cut in system clipboard | Ctrl+X |
| Copy the selection into the clipboard | Ctrl+C, or Ctrl+Ins | ⌘ Cmd+C | Ctrl+C | Meta+w, or Ctrl+Ins | y or "ay or "+y | Ctrl+C |
| Paste contents of clipboard at cursor | Ctrl+V,or ⇧ Shift+Ins | ⌘ Cmd+V | Ctrl+V | Ctrl+y, or ⇧ Shift+Ins | p or "ap to paste the content of the "a" register or "+p to paste the content of the system clipboard | Ctrl+V |
| Paste special | ⊞ Win+V | Shift+Opt+Cmd+V | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+V | Meta+y | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+V | Search+V |
| Select all in focused control or window | Ctrl+A | ⌘ Cmd+A | Ctrl+A | Ctrl+x, then h | ggVG, unlikely ever needed as most commands take an optional range parameter. % means "all in focused windows" here so e.g. to copy all the text, use :%y | Ctrl+A |
| Cycle through installed keyboard languages / input methods | Alt+⇧ Shift, Ctrl+⇧ Shift, ⊞ Win+Space, ⊞ Win+⇧ Shift+Space Alt+⇧ Shift changes between languages while Ctrl+⇧ Shift changes between keyboard layouts of the same language. The latter two display a menu with the currently selected input method highlighted, and debuted in Windows 8. ⊞ Win+⇧ Shift+Space goes through the list backwards. For the first two shortcuts going backwards is done by using the right ⇧ Shift key instead of the left. | Fn or ⌘ Cmd+Space on older devices (not MBR) Configure desired keypress in Keyboard and Mouse Preferences, Keyboard Shortcuts, Select the next source in Input menu. | Ctrl+Alt+K via KDE Keyboard Alt+⇧ Shift in GNOME | Ctrl+\ | | Ctrl+Space |
| Print | Ctrl+P | ⌘ Cmd+P | Ctrl+P | | | Ctrl+P |
| Open Help Menu | | | F1 in GNOME | | | Ctrl+Alt+/ |
| Windows Mobility Center | Windows 7: ⊞ Win+X Windows 10: ⊞ Win+X then B | | | | | |
| PowerUser (WinX) Menu | Windows 10: ⊞ Win+X | | | | | |
| Restart Video Driver | Windows 10: Ctrl+⇧ Shift+⊞ Win+B | | | | | |

#### System navigation

| Action | Windows | macOS | Linux | ChromeOS |
| Lock desktop | ⊞ Win+L | Ctrl+⌘ Cmd+Q (macOS High Sierra and greater) or Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Eject or MBR Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Pwr (If "Require password after sleep or screen saver" is enabled in "System Preferences — Security & Privacy") | Super+L (GNOME) or Ctrl+Alt+L | Search+L |
| Log out user | | ⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+Q | Ctrl+Alt+Delete | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Q (Twice) |
| Switch active user | ⊞ Win+L | | | |
| Applications menu | ⊞ Win or Ctrl+Esc | Ctrl+F2, then "n" | Super or Ctrl+Esc | Search |
| Run application | ⊞ Win, enter executable name or ⊞ Win+R, enter executable name | ⌘ Cmd+Space, enter executable name or ⌘ Cmd+↓ | Alt+F2, enter executable name | |
| Search | ⊞ Win, enter executable name or ⊞ Win+S or F3 | ⌘ Cmd+Space | ⊞ Win (Gnome) | Search |
| Show desktop | ⊞ Win+D | Fn+H or F11 | Ctrl+Alt+D | |
| Access SysTray | ⊞ Win+B | | | ⇧ Shift+Alt+S |
| Switch window (next/previous) | Alt+Tab ↹ / ⇧ Shift+Alt+Tab ↹ | ⌘ Cmd+Tab ↹ / ⌘ Cmd+⇧ Shift+Tab ↹ (While in app switching window, ⌘ Cmd+` can be used to select backward, ⌘ Cmd+1 can be used to view selected app's windows) | Alt+Tab ↹ / Alt+⇧ Shift+Tab ↹ or Alt+Tab ↹ / Alt+⇧ Shift+Tab ↹ to switch windows within the same application (Gnome) | Hold Alt, then quickly press Tab ↹ |
| Switch window without dialog (next/previous) | Alt+Esc / ⇧ Shift+Alt+Esc | Only works within single Applications ⌘ Cmd+` / ⌘ Cmd+⇧ Shift+` | | |
| Task manager | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Esc, Ctrl+Alt+Delete | ⌥ Opt+⌘ Cmd+Esc (summons "Force Quit Applications" window) | | Search+Esc |
| File manager | ⊞ Win+E | | Super+F | ⇧ Shift+Alt+M |
| New folder | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+N | ⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+N | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+N | Ctrl+E |
| Rename object | F2 | ↵ Enter or F2 | F2 | Ctrl+↵ Enter |
| Show hidden files | Alt+V, then H, then H again, while in File Explorer, will toggle setting | ⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+., while in Finder, will toggle setting | Ctrl+H, Alt+. in KDE | Ctrl+. |

#### Power management

| Action | Windows | macOS | Linux | ChromeOS |
| Place computer into sleep/standby mode | Windows 10: ⊞ Win+x > u > s Windows 7: ⊞ Win+→+→+↵ Enter Sleep (available on some keyboards) | ⌥ Opt+⌘ Cmd+Eject | Sleep (available on some keyboards, configurable in Control Panel ➢ Power Options ➢ Advanced tab dialog box) | |
| Shut down computer | Windows 10: ⊞ Win+x > u > u | Ctrl+⌥ Opt+⌘ Cmd+Eject (no confirmation, shutdown is immediate) | Ctrl+Alt+⇧ Shift+PageDown (KDE; no confirmation, shutdown is immediate) (GNOME; there is no default shortcut) | Power (Hold for 10 seconds) |
| Restart computer | Windows 10: ⊞ Win+x > u > r Windows 7: ⊞ Win+→+→+↑+↵ Enter | Ctrl+⌘ Cmd+Eject or Ctrl+⌘ Cmd+Power (no confirmation, restart is immediate) | Ctrl+Alt+⇧ Shift+PageUp (KDE; no confirmation, restart is immediate) | |
| Place display in sleep mode | | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Eject | | where is lined |
| Bring up power/sleep dialog box | | Ctrl+Eject | | |
| Force shutdown | Power (Hold for several seconds) | ⌥ Opt+⌘ Cmd+Eject or Hold Power for 10 seconds | | refresh+power |

#### Screenshots

| Action | Windows | macOS | Linux | ChromeOS |
| Save screenshot of entire screen as file | ⊞ Win+Print Screen | ⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+3 | Print Screen | Ctrl+Show Windows |
| Copy screenshot of entire screen to clipboard | ⊞ Win+Print Screen or Print Screen | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+3 | Ctrl+Print Screen | Ctrl+Show Windows |
| Copy screenshot of active window to clipboard | Alt+Print Screen | | Ctrl+Alt+Print Screen | |
| Save screenshot of window as file | | ⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+4 then Space then move mouse and click | Alt+Print Screen (GNOME) | Ctrl+Alt+Show Windows then move mouse and click |
| Copy screenshot of window to clipboard | | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+4 then Space then move mouse and click | Alt+Print Screen (GNOME) | Ctrl+Alt+Show Windows then move mouse and click |
| Save screenshot of arbitrary area as file | | ⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+4 then click+drag mouse over required area | Print Screen click+drag mouse over required area, then ↵ Enter (GNOME) | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Show Windows then click+drag mouse over required area |
| Copy screenshot of arbitrary area to clipboard (Snip) | Windows 10: ⊞ Win+⇧ Shift+S | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+4 then click+drag mouse over required area | Print Screen click+drag mouse over required area, then ↵ Enter (GNOME) | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Show Windows then click+drag mouse over required area |
| Screencasting | | | Ctrl+Alt+⇧ Shift+R (GNOME) | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Show Windows then select the Screen Record button on the toolbar |
| Screenshot Utility | | ⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+5 | Print Screen | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Show Windows |
| Save screenshot of the Touch Bar as file | | ⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+6 | | |

### Text editing

Many of these commands may be combined with ⇧ Shift to select a region of text.
In macOS, holding ⌘ Command while dragging mouse can be used to invert selection, and holding ⌥ Option can be used to select by rectangular area in some apps. (These two functionalities may be combined).
In macOS, the default text editing keyboard shortcuts in Cocoa text views can be overridden and new custom shortcuts can be created, by creating and editing related configuration files.
| Action | Windows | macOS | Linux | Emacs | Vim | ChromeOS |
| Delete char to the right of cursor | Del or Fn+← Backspace | Del or Fn+← Backspace or Ctrl+D | Del | Ctrl+d | x | Alt+← Backspace or Search+← Backspace or Del |
| Delete word to the right of cursor | Ctrl+Del | ⌥ Opt+Del or ⌥ Opt+Fn+← Backspace | Ctrl+Del | Meta+d | dw (delete space too) or de (keep space) | Ctrl+Search+← Backspace |
| Delete word to the left of cursor | Ctrl+← Backspace | ⌥ Opt+← Backspace | Ctrl+← Backspace | Ctrl+← Backspace or Meta+← Backspace | dge (delete space too) or db (keep space) | Ctrl+← Backspace |
| Go to start of line | Home or Fn+← | ⌘ Cmd+← (go to start of line) or Ctrl+A (go to start of paragraph) | Home | Ctrl+a or Home | ^ (go to first non-space) or 0 (go to column 0) | Search+← |
| Go to end of line | End or Fn+→ | ⌘ Cmd+→ (go to end of line) or Ctrl+E (go to end of paragraph) | End | Ctrl+e or End | $ | Search+→ |
| Go to start of document | Ctrl+Home | ⌘ Cmd+↑ | Ctrl+Home | Meta+< or Ctrl+Home | gg | Ctrl+Search+← |
| Go to end of document | Ctrl+End | ⌘ Cmd+↓ | Ctrl+End | Meta+> or Ctrl+End | G | Ctrl+Search+→ |
| Go to previous word | Ctrl+← or Ctrl+/ | ⌥ Opt+← or Ctrl+⌥ Opt+B | Ctrl+← | Meta+b or Ctrl+← or Meta+← | b or ge | Ctrl+← |
| Go to next word | Ctrl+→ | ⌥ Opt+→ or Ctrl+⌥ Opt+F | Ctrl+→ | Meta+f or Ctrl+→ or Meta+→ | w or e | Ctrl+→ |
| Go to previous line | ↑ | ↑ or Ctrl+p | ↑ | Ctrl+p or ↑ | k or ↑ | ↑ |
| Go to next line | ↓ | ↓ or Ctrl+n | ↓ | Ctrl+n or ↓ | j or ↓ | ↓ |
| Go to previous line break (paragraph) | Ctrl+↑ | ⌥ Opt+↑ | Ctrl+↑ (kword or GNOME) | Meta+( or Control+↑ | ( | Ctrl+↑ |
| Go to next line break | Ctrl+↓ | ⌥ Opt+↓ | Ctrl+↓ (kword or GNOME) | Meta+} or Control+↓ | ) | Ctrl+↓ |
| Move the cursor down the length of the viewport | Page Down | ⌥ Opt+PageDn or ⌥ Opt+Fn+↓ or Ctrl+V | Page Down | Ctrl+v or Page Down | Ctrl+f or Page Down | Search+↓ |
| Move the cursor up the length of the viewport | Page Up | ⌥ Opt+PageUp or ⌥ Opt+Fn+↑ | Page Up | Meta+v or Page Up | Ctrl+b or Page Up | Search+↑ |
| Find | Ctrl+F | ⌘ Cmd+F or ⌘ Cmd+E (search with current selection) | Ctrl+F Ctrl+K (GNOME; interactive search) | Ctrl+s | / | Ctrl+F |
| Go to next search result | F3 | ⌘ Cmd+G | Ctrl+G (GNOME) or F3 (KDE) | Ctrl+s | n | Ctrl+G or ↵ Enter |
| Go to previous search result | ⇧ Shift+F3 | ⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+G | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+G (GNOME) or ⇧ Shift+F3 (KDE) | Ctrl+r | N | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+G or ⇧ Shift+↵ Enter |
| Search and replace | Ctrl+H | ⌘ Cmd+F | Ctrl+H (GNOME) or Ctrl+R (KDE) | Meta+% | %s/fosh/fish/gc | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+H |
| Search with a regular expression | | | | Ctrl+Meta+s | All searches use regular expressions. | |
| Search and replace with a regular expression | | | | Ctrl+Meta+% | All searches use regular expressions. | |
| Emoji Picker | ⊞ Win+. or ⊞ Win+; | Ctrl+⌘ Cmd+Space | | | | Search+⇧ Shift+Space |

#### Text formatting

| Action | Windows WordPad | macOS | Linux | Emacs | Vim |
| Bold | Ctrl+B | ⌘ Cmd+B | Ctrl+B | Meta+o, then b | |
| Underline | Ctrl+U | ⌘ Cmd+U | Ctrl+U | Meta+o, then u | |
| Italic | Ctrl+I | ⌘ Cmd+I | Ctrl+I | Meta+o, then i | |
| Uppercase / Lowercase | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+A | ⌥ Opt+⌘ Cmd+C | ⇧ Shift+F3 | Meta+u for upper, Meta+l for lower, Meta+c for capitalized. | gU for upper, gu for lower, ~ to toggle. |
| Superscript | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+= | Ctrl+⌘ Cmd++ (some applications only) | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+P | | |
| Subscript | Ctrl+= | Ctrl+⌘ Cmd+- (some applications only) | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+B | | |
| Selected text larger/smaller | Ctrl+>, Ctrl+< or Ctrl+[, Ctrl/core+] or Ctrl+⇧ Shift+>, Ctrl+⇧ Shift+< | ⌘ Cmd++ ⌘ Cmd+- | | | |
| Selected text Bullets or Numbered Items | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+L | | | | |
| Insert Linebreak/Newline | Ctrl+↵ Enter | ⇧ Shift+↵ Enter or Ctrl+↵ Enter or ⌥ Opt+↵ Enter (may be able to skip some editor-defined input processing) | Ctrl+↵ Enter | | |
| Insert Unicode | Alt+X + character codepoint | ⌥ Opt + character codepoint ("Unicode Hex Input" must be added and active as current input source) | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+U + character codepoint | Ctrl+v+u + character codepoint | Ctrl+X+8 + character codepoint |

### Browsers / Go menu

| Action | Windows | macOS | Linux | ChromeOS |
| Go to Address Bar | Ctrl+L / F6 / Alt+D, Alt+C or Alt+E depending on language | ⌘ Cmd+L or ⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+G | Ctrl+L or Alt+D or F6 | Ctrl+L or Alt+D |
| Go to the previous location in history | Alt+← or ← Backspace | ⌘ Cmd+[ or ⌘ Cmd+← | Alt+← | Alt+← |
| Go to the next location in history | Alt+→ or ⇧ Shift+← Backspace (web browser only) | ⌘ Cmd+] or ⌘ Cmd+→ | Alt+→ | Alt+→ |
| Go up one level in the navigation hierarchy | Alt+↑ (Vista, 7, 8 or 10 only) or ← Backspace (Windows Explorer) | ⌘ Cmd+↑ | Alt+↑ | |
| Go to the starting page defined by the user or application | Alt+Home | ⌘ Cmd+Home | Ctrl+Home (KDE) / Alt+Home (GNOME) | Alt+Search+← |

#### Web browsers

| Action | Windows | macOS | Linux | Emacs-w3m | Vimperator | ChromeOS |
| Bookmarks menu | Ctrl+B | ⌘ Cmd+B (Firefox) | Alt+B | v | :bmarks | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+B |
| URL Shortcuts (Adds www. + .com) | Ctrl+↵ Enter | ⌘ Cmd+↵ Enter (Firefox) or Ctrl+↵ Enter (Chrome) | Ctrl+↵ Enter | | | Ctrl+↵ Enter |
| URL Shortcuts (Adds www. + .org) | | ⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+↵ Enter (Firefox) | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+↵ Enter | | | |
| URL Shortcuts (Adds www. + .net) | | ⇧ Shift+↵ Enter (Firefox) | ⇧ Shift+↵ Enter | | | |
| Add bookmark for current page | Ctrl+D | ⌘ Cmd+D | Ctrl+B / Ctrl+D | a | :bmark | Ctrl+D |
| Add bookmark for current link | | | | Meta+a | | |
| Manage bookmarks | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+O (Microsoft Edge) or Ctrl+B (Internet Explorer) | ⌘ Cmd+⌥ Opt+B (Chrome/Safari) or ⌘ Cmd+⇧ Shift+B (Firefox) | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+R / Ctrl+B | | | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+O |
| Move focus to Web search bar | Ctrl+E | ⌘ Cmd+E (Opera) or ⌘ Cmd+K (Firefox) or ⌥ Opt+⌘ Cmd+F (Safari/Chrome) | Ctrl+k | | t (open in a new tab) or T (open in current tab) | Ctrl+E or Ctrl+K |
| Move focus to address bar | Ctrl+L or F6 or Alt+D | ⌘ Cmd+L | Ctrl+L or Alt+D or F6 | g | O to alter URL, use y to copy it. | Ctrl+L or Alt+D |
| Refresh a webpage | Fn+F5 or Ctrl+R | ⌘ Cmd+R | F5 or Ctrl+R | R | r | ⟲ or Ctrl+R |
| Refresh a webpage ignoring cache | Ctrl+F5 or Ctrl+⇧ Shift+R | ⌥ Opt+⌘ Cmd+E then ⌘ Cmd+R | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+F5 or Ctrl+⇧ Shift+R | | R | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+R |
| Open a new window | Ctrl+N | ⌘ Cmd+N (Chrome, hold shift to open new window in Incognito) | Ctrl+N | | :winopen | Ctrl+N |
| Zoom Options (zoom in / zoom out / zoom 100%) | Ctrl++ / Ctrl+- / Ctrl+0 | ⌘ Cmd++ / ⌘ Cmd+- / ⌘ Cmd+0 | Ctrl++ / Ctrl+- / Ctrl+0 | | zi / zo / zz (text only) or zI / zO / zZ (text and images) | Ctrl++ / Ctrl+- / Ctrl+0 |

#### Tab management

| Action | Windows | macOS | Linux | Emacs-w3m | Vimperator | ChromeOS |
| New tab | Ctrl+T | ⌘ Cmd+T | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+N or Ctrl+⇧ Shift+T or Ctrl+T | Ctrl+c, then Ctrl+t | t | Ctrl+T |
| Close tab | Ctrl+W | ⌘ Cmd+W | Ctrl+W Firefox & Opera & Chrome & GNOME Web & Midori Ctrl+F4 Firefox & Opera & Chrome | | d | Ctrl+W |
| Close all tabs but the current one | | ⌘ Cmd+⌥ Opt+T (Safari) | | Ctrl+c, then Meta+w | | |
| Go to next tab | Ctrl+Tab ↹ | Ctrl+Tab ↹ or ⌘ Cmd+⇧ Shift+→ (Safari) | Ctrl+PageDown or Ctrl+Tab ↹ or Ctrl+. | Ctrl+c, then Ctrl+n | gt | Ctrl+Tab ↹ |
| Go to previous tab | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Tab ↹ | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Tab ↹ or ⌘ Cmd+⇧ Shift+← (Safari) | Ctrl+PageUp or Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Tab ↹ or Ctrl+, | Ctrl+c, then Ctrl+p | gT | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Tab ↹ |
| Go to tab-n | Ctrl+n (Chrome, Firefox, Internet Explorer) | ⌘ Cmd+n (Chrome) | Alt+n (Chrome, Firefox) or Ctrl+n (Chrome) | | First tab: g0 Last tab: g$ | Ctrl+b |
| Go to last tab | Ctrl+9 (Chrome, Firefox, Internet Explorer) | ⌘ Cmd+9 (Chrome) | Alt+9 (Chrome, Firefox) or Ctrl+9 (Chrome) | | First tab: g0 Last tab: g$ | Ctrl+b |
| Move a tab to the left | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Page Up (Chrome, Firefox) | | | | | |
| Move a tab to the right | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Page Down (Chrome, Firefox) | | | | | |
| Open a previously closed tab | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+T | ⌘ Cmd+⇧ Shift+T (Firefox, Opera, Chrome) | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+T (Firefox, Opera, Chrome) | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+T (Firefox) | u | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+T |
| Open a previously closed window | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+N (Firefox) | | | | | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+T |
| Close the current internet tab | Ctrl+W | ⌘ Cmd+F11 | | | | Ctrl+W |

### Window management

| Action | Windows | macOS | KDE | GNOME | Emacs | ChromeOS |
| Force window mode (Application requires functionality for set action) | 0+↵ Enter | ⌥ Opt+Alt+↵ Enter or ⌥ Option+Alt+F or ⌘ Cmd+F or ⌘ Cmd+⌥ Option+F | | | | |
| Pop up window menu | Alt+Space | | Alt+F3 | Alt+Space | Meta+`, then b | |
| Close the focused window | Alt+F4 or Alt+Space then C | ⌘ Cmd+W | Alt+F4 | Alt+F4 | Ctrl+x, then k | Ctrl+W |
| Close all windows of current application | | ⌘ Cmd+⌥ Opt+W | | | | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+W |
| Restore the focused window to its previous size | Alt+Space then R | | Alt+F3 then X | Alt+F5 | Ctrl+x, then r, then j, then letter of the window state register. | |
| Move the focused window | Alt+Space then M then Arrow Keys. Press ↵ Enter to save new location and Esc to cancel | | Alt+Mouse / Alt+F3 then M then Arrow Keys | Alt+Mouse / Alt+F7 then Arrow Keys | | |
| Resize the focused window | Alt+Space then S then Arrow Keys. ↵ Enter to save new size and Esc to cancel | | Alt+F3 then S then Arrow Keys | Alt+F8 then Arrow Keys / Alt+Right Mouse Button | Ctrl+x, then ^ vertically | Alt+] (snap window to right half of screen), Alt+[ (snap window to left half of screen) |
| Keep window always on top | Ctrl+Alt+Esc (toggles on/off) | | | | | |
| Hide the focused window | | ⌘ Cmd+H (Hides all windows of the currently active application) | | | Meta+x, then bury-buffer, then ↵ Enter | |
| Hide all except the focused window | | ⌘ Cmd+⌥ Option+H | | | | |
| Put the focused window furthest back (in tab order and Z axis) | Alt+Esc | | | | | |
| Minimize the focused window | Alt+Space then N or ⊞ Win+↓ (Windows Vista Home Premium, Windows 7+) | ⌘ Cmd+M | Alt+F3 then N | Alt+F9 | Meta+x, then bury-buffer, then ↵ Enter | Alt+- |
| Maximize the focused window | Alt+Space then X or ⊞ Win+↑ (Windows 7+) | ⌘ Cmd+L | Alt+F3 then X | Alt+F10 | Ctrl+x, then 1 | Alt |
| Maximize horizontally | | | Available, but no default | Available, but no default | | |
| Maximize vertically | ⊞ Win+⇧ Shift+↑ (Windows 7+) | Available ('Zoom'), but no default | Available, but no default | Available, but no default | | |
| Minimize all | ⊞ Win+M or ⊞ Win+D | ⌘ Cmd+⌥ Opt+M | Available, but no default | | | |
| Minimize all non focused windows | ⊞ Win+Home (Windows 7+) | | Available, but no default | | | |
| Undo minimize all | ⊞ Win+⇧ Shift+M | | Available, but no default | | | |
| Switch fullscreen/normal size | F11 or ⊞ Win+⇧ Shift+↵ Enter (UWP apps only) | ⌘ Cmd+Ctrl+F or Fn+F | F11 | F11 | | Fullscreen |
| Show the window in full screen mode, with no border, menubar, toolbar or statusbar | | Depends on application, system default: ⌘ Cmd+Ctrl+F and Fn+F | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+F | Ctrl+F11 | | |
| Rollup/down window | Win+D | | Available, but no default | | | |
| Show all open windows | ⊞ Win+Tab ↹ | F3 or F9 or Fn+F9 or Move mouse pointer to configured hot corner or active screen corner | | ⊞ Win works per desktop on Gnome 3+ | Ctrl+x, then Ctrl+b | Show Windows |
| Show all windows of current application | ⊞ Win+Tab ↹ | Ctrl+F3 or F10 or Move mouse pointer to configured hot corner or active screen corner | | Ctrl+` | Ctrl+x, then Ctrl+b | |
| Show all workspaces | ⊞ Win+Tab ↹ (Windows 10) | F8 or Move mouse pointer to configured hot corner or active screen corner | | ⊞ Win | | Show Windows |
| Move window to left/right/up/down workspace | ⊞ Win+←/→ (Windows 7+) | | Available, but no default | Ctrl+Alt+⇧ Shift+← / → | | ⇧ Shift+Search+[/] |
| Move window between multiple monitors | ⊞ Win+⇧ Shift+←/→ (Windows 7+) | | | ⊞ Win+⇧ Shift+←/→/⊞ Win+⇧ Shift+↑/↓ | | Alt+Search+M |
| Move window to workspace n | | | Available, but no default | | | |
| Switch to next/previous workspace list | | | Available, but no default | | | |
| Go to workspace n | | Ctrl+n | Ctrl+Fn | | | ⇧ Shift+Search+n |
| Go to left/right/up/down workspace | | Ctrl+← / Ctrl+→ / Ctrl+↑ / Ctrl+↓ (OS X 10.5 to 10.6), Ctrl+← / Ctrl+→ (OS X 10.7 and later) | Available, but no default | Ctrl+Alt+← / → | | Search+[/] |
| Quit application of current window | Alt+F4 or Ctrl+F4 varies | ⌘ Cmd+Q | Ctrl+Alt+Esc | Alt+F4 or Ctrl+Q | q | Ctrl+⇧ Shift+W |
| Close dialog | Esc (Laptop) ⊞ Win+↓+F4 (Desktop) | Esc or sometimes ⌘ Cmd+. | | Esc | | Esc or Ctrl+⇧ Shift+W |
| Open/Focus (preview) pinned program on the taskbar | ⊞ Win+(#) where "#" is the position of the program on the Windows Taskbar (Windows 7+) | | | ⊞ Win+(#) where "#" is the position of the program on the GNOME Dash | | Alt+(#) where "#" is the position of the program on the Shelf |
| Open new program window of pinned program in Quick Launch | ⊞ Win+(#) where "#" is the position of the program on the Quick Launch toolbar (Windows Vista, 7+) | ⌘ Cmd+A+⇧ Shift | | | | Alt+(#) where "#" is the position of the program on the Shelf |
| Open new program window of the pinned program on the taskbar (if program is already opened) | ⊞ Win+⇧ Shift+(#) where "#" is the position of the program on the Windows Taskbar (Windows 7+) | | | ⊞ Win+Ctrl+(#) where "#" is the position of the program on the GNOME Dash | | Alt+(#) where "#" is the position of the program on the Shelf |
| Focus the first taskbar entry; pressing again will cycle through them | ⊞ Win+T, then ←→ back and forth; hold ⇧ Shift to cycle backwards (Windows 7+) | | | | | |
| Peek at the desktop | ⊞ Win+Space (Windows 7) ⊞ Win+Comma (Windows 8+) | ⌘ Cmd+F3 or F11 or Move mouse pointer to configured hot corner or active screen corner | | | | |
| Bring gadgets to the front of the Z-order and cycle between gadgets | ⊞ Win+G (Windows Vista,7) or ⊞ Win+Space (Vista only, no cycling) | | | | | |
| External display options (mirror, extend desktop, etc.) | ⊞ Win+P (Windows 7+) | | | | | Ctrl+Fullscreen |

### User interface navigation (widgets and controls)

| Action | Windows | macOS | KDE | GNOME |
| Moves keyboard focus to next/previous control | Tab ↹ / ⇧ Shift+Tab ↹ | Tab ↹ / ⇧ Shift+Tab ↹ | Tab ↹ / ⇧ Shift+Tab ↹ | Tab ↹ / ⇧ Shift+Tab ↹ Ctrl+Tab ↹ / Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Tab ↹ |
| Pop up tooltip for currently focused control | ⇧ Shift+F1 | | | Ctrl+F1 |
| Show context-sensitive help for currently focused window or control | ⇧ Shift+F1 | ⌘ Cmd+? (Not context-sensitive, functionally a "Spotlight" for menu bar items and help topics) | ⇧ Shift+F1 | ⇧ Shift+F1 |
| Give focus to next/previous pane | Ctrl+F6 / Alt+F5 | Ctrl+Tab ↹ Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Tab ↹ | | F5 / Alt+F6 |
| Give focus to splitter bar in paned window | | | | F8 |
| Give focus to window's menu bar | F10 or Alt | Fn+M or Ctrl+F2 (or Fn+Ctrl+F2 on some keyboards) | Alt | F10 |
| Pop up contextual menu for currently selected objects (aka context menu) | ⇧ Shift+F10 or ≣ Menu | Varies with laptop / extended keyboard type; enable Mouse keys in Universal Access, then Fn+Ctrl+5 or Ctrl+5 (numeric keypad) or Function+Ctrl+I (laptop) | ≣ Menu | ≣ Menu or ⇧ Shift+F10 |
| Toggle selected state of focused checkbox, radio button, or toggle button | Space | Space | Space | Space |
| Activate focused button, menu item etc. | ↵ Enter | Space (also ↵ Enter for menu items) | ↵ Enter | ↵ Enter |
| Expand a drop-down list | F4 or Alt+↓ | | | |
| Select/move to first/last item in selected widget | | | Home / End | Home / End |
| Scroll selected view by one page up/left/down/right | | PageUp / PageDown ( Fn+↑ / Fn+↓ ) | | PageUp / Ctrl+PageUp / PageDown / Ctrl+PageDown |
| Scroll selected view to top/bottom | | Home / End ( Fn+← / Fn+→ ) | | |
| Switch focus to the next/previous tab/view within a window | Ctrl+Tab ↹ | Ctrl+Tab ↹ Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Tab ↹ | | Ctrl+Tab ↹ -> Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Tab ↹ <- |
| Switch focus to the next/previous panel on the desktop | | | | Ctrl+Alt+Tab ↹ / Ctrl+Alt+⇧ Shift+Tab ↹ |
| Switch focus to the next/previous panel (without dialog) | | | | Ctrl+Alt+Esc / Ctrl+Alt+⇧ Shift+Esc |

### Command line shortcuts

Below is a list of common keyboard shortcuts that are used in a command line environment. Bash and Z shell keybindings are derived from Emacs text editing bindings.
| Action | Windows (cmd.exe) | Windows (PowerShell) | Unix-like (bash, zsh) | Unix-like (POSIX-compliant shell) |
| Scroll through history of typed commands | ↑/↓ | ↑/↓ | ↑/↓ or Ctrl+P/Ctrl+N | ESC K / ESC J |
| Signal end-of-file | Ctrl+Z | | Ctrl+D | |
| Abort current command/typing | Ctrl+C | Ctrl+C | Ctrl+C | Ctrl+C |
| Erase word to the left | Ctrl+← Backspace | Ctrl+← Backspace | Ctrl+W or Esc+← Backspace | |
| Erase word to the right | Ctrl+Delete | Ctrl+Delete | Alt+D | |
| Erase line to the left | Ctrl+Home | Ctrl+Home | Ctrl+U | |
| Erase line to the right | Ctrl+End | Ctrl+End | Ctrl+K | |
| Yank/paste previously erased string | | | Ctrl+Y | |
| Move one word to the left (backward) | Ctrl+← | Ctrl+← | Alt+B | |
| Move one word to the right (forward) | Ctrl+→ | Ctrl+→ | Alt+F | |
| Move to beginning of line | Home | Home | Ctrl+A or Home | |
| Move to end of line | End | End | Ctrl+E or End | |
| Reverse search of history | F8 | F8 | Ctrl+R | |
| Pause execution of the current job | | | Ctrl+Z | |
| Insert the next character typed verbatim | | | Ctrl+V | |
| Autocomplete command/file name | Tab ↹ (enabled by default in Windows XP and later) | Tab ↹ | Tab ↹ (usually once) | Esc (usually twice) |
| Paste contents of clipboard at cursor | Alt+Space then E then P | Ctrl+V | ⇧ Shift+Ins | |
| Scroll window up | ⇧ Shift+PageUp (may not work in some versions of Windows XP) | PageUp | ⇧ Shift+PageUp | |
| Scroll window down | ⇧ Shift+PageDown (may not work in some versions of Windows XP) | PageDown | ⇧ Shift+PageDown | |
| Clear screen | | | Ctrl+L | |

### Accessibility

* In Windows, it is possible to disable these shortcuts using the Accessibility or Ease of Access control panel.
* In GNOME, these shortcuts are possible, if Universal Access is enabled on the system.
| Action | Windows | macOS | KDE | GNOME |
| Utility Manager | ⊞ Win+U | | | |
| Use keyboard to control cursor | Left Alt+Left Shift+Numlock | | | |
| Allow user to press shortcuts one key at a time | ⇧ Shift press 5 times | | | ⇧ Shift 5 times |
| Hear beep when -lock key pressed | Numlock hold 5 seconds | | | |
| Stop/slow repeating characters when key is pressed | Right Shift hold 8 seconds | | | ⇧ Shift hold for 8 seconds |
| Inverse (Reverse Colors) Mode | Left Alt+Left Shift+PrtScn | ⌘ Cmd+⌥ Opt+Ctrl+8 | Meta+⇧ Shift+i (if enabled) | |
| Inverse (Reverse Colors) Mode (Only current window) | | | Meta+⇧ Shift+u (if enabled) | |
| Accessibility Shortcut | Ctrl+⊞ Win+C | | | |