# David Eby

David Robert Patrick Eby KC MLA (/iːbi/; born July 21, 1976) is a Canadian politician and lawyer who has served as the 37th and current premier of British Columbia since November 18, 2022. Eby is a member of the British Columbia New Democratic Party (NDP) and has served as party leader since October 21, 2023. He has represented Vancouver-Point Grey in the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia since 2013.
Eby began his legal career with a focus on civil rights and social justice issues, working at the Pivot Legal Society from 2005 to 2008. He then became the executive director of the British Columbia Civil Liberties Association (BCCLA), serving from 2008 to 2012. During this period, Eby gained recognition for his advocacy on civil liberties and legal reforms, establishing himself as a prominent figure in British Columbia’s legal community. He was also an adjunct professor of law at the University of British Columbia from 2009 to 2013 and served as president of the Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network.
In 2013, Eby was elected to the provincial legislature, representing Vancouver-Point Grey, unseating Christy Clark, who was the incumbent premier at the time. His legislative career has been marked by his work on housing affordability, public safety, and legal reforms. In 2017, he was appointed attorney general in Premier John Horgan's cabinet, where he contributed to policies aimed at addressing housing affordability, money laundering, and electoral reform.
In 2022, Eby became leader of the NDP following the resignation of Premier Horgan, who stepped down due to health concerns. Eby was subsequently elected party leader by acclamation and was sworn in as premier on November 18, 2022. In the 2024 provincial election, he led the NDP as they held on to a narrow majority, securing 47 seats—the smallest possible majority in the legislature.

## Early life and career

Eby was born in 1976 in Kitchener, Ontario. His father, Brian, was a personal injury lawyer and his mother, Laura, was a teacher, and later an elementary school principal. The eldest of four children, he has a sister, Meaghan, and two brothers named Matthew and Patrick. As a teenager, he took his brother to protest against the treatment of circus elephants. He was president of the student council at St. Mary’s High School in his final year.
He studied English at the University of Waterloo and worked for a communications firm after graduation. In 2004, he graduated from the Schulich School of Law in Halifax, Nova Scotia. He articled for the Department of Justice Canada and was called to the bar in June 2005.
He worked at Pivot Legal Society from 2005 to 2008 in Vancouver's Downtown Eastside before becoming the executive director of the British Columbia Civil Liberties Association (BCCLA) from 2008 until 2012. He is the author of The Arrest Handbook: A Guide to Your Rights, published by the BCCLA.
He was an adjunct professor of law at the University of British Columbia (UBC) from 2009 to 2013, and also served as president of the Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network and as a research associate with the Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives.

## Early political career (2008–2017)

In 2008, Eby sought a Vancouver city council nomination from Vision Vancouver, but was unsuccessful.
In 2011, Eby stood as the NDP candidate in the by-election for Vancouver-Point Grey. The riding had been vacated by former premier Gordon Campbell and was being contested by newly sworn-in premier Christy Clark, of the BC Liberal Party, who did not hold a seat in the legislature. Eby placed a close second, only 595 votes behind Clark. Two years later, ahead of the 2013 general election, he again sought the NDP nomination in Vancouver-Point Grey for a rematch against Clark. On election day, Eby defeated Clark in a rare instance of a premier being unseated despite their party winning re-election.
After his election as MLA, Eby was named to the NDP shadow cabinet as critic for advanced education. Eby strongly considered standing in the 2014 British Columbia New Democratic Party leadership election, but declined after learning his then-fiancée was pregnant. He then served as campaign co-chair of John Horgan's successful leadership bid. Later that year, Eby became critic for tourism, housing, gaming and liquor policy. As housing critic, he called for an inquiry into Vancouver's real estate market over a practice called "shadow flipping", suggesting it was being done as part of tax avoidance and money laundering.
In 2016, former NDP premier Glen Clark described Eby as "the future of the NDP".

## Attorney General of British Columbia (2017–2022)

Following the 2017 British Columbia election, which saw the NDP form government with the support of the Green Party, Eby was appointed to the cabinet of John Horgan as attorney general. He additionally became minister responsible for liquor, gaming and the Insurance Corporation of British Columbia (ICBC).
During Eby's tenure, British Columbia passed anti-SLAPP legislation. BC briefly had similar legislation in 2001, enacted by the then-incumbent NDP government that year before being repealed by the subsequent Liberal government. The new law was stronger than the previous version, removing the requirement to prove the person suing had bad intentions and needing only to show that being sued negatively impacted their ability to express an opinions a matter of public interest. Josh Paterson, the executive director of the BC Civil Liberties Association, said the law should be "the model that other provinces should seek to copy."
In 2018, Maclean's described Eby's workload as "handl[ing] every live grenade in BC politics."
On July 19, 2022, Eby stepped down from cabinet in order to stand in the 2022 British Columbia New Democratic Party leadership election.

### ICBC reform

On July 24, 2017, Eby released a report by accounting firm Ernst & Young that concluded that ICBC was in a poor financial situation. The report found the problem to lie in "the rising number and size of claims, larger cash settlements for minor injuries, and more claims costs going towards legal representation than to claimants", and that without significant reform, premiums for drivers would have to rise by almost 30% in two years to avoid significant losses. Over the next few months, Eby enacted measures to help tackle the issue, including a 6.4% rate increase, red light cameras at high-collision intersections, and a pilot program to eliminate distracted driving.
In January 2018, ICBC projected a net loss of $1.3 billion by the end of the current fiscal year. The following day, Eby described ICBC as a "financial dumpster fire" due to the "reckless decisions" and negligence of the previous Liberal government. Eby promised "major reforms to make ICBC financially viable again" would be announced shortly, but ruled out a switch to a no-fault insurance system.
In February 2018, the government announced several major changes to accident coverage. Payments for soft-injury claims were capped, medical benefits and wage loss payments were doubled, common treatments became pre-approved, and payouts changed from a lump-sum to a "care-based model" to cover costs on an as-needed basis. ICBC also changed its dispute resolution mechanism to a new civil resolution system to reduce legal costs. The changes were estimated to save $1 billion a year, though Eby did not rule out a future rate increase.
In September 2018, a new method of calculating insurance premiums came into effect that was more heavily weighted towards driving experience and crash history, and overall determined more by driver than vehicle. The change was expected to be revenue neutral, with two-thirds of drivers seeing their rates reduced but the remaining third of riskier drivers paying substantially more.
In February 2019, ICBC reported a net loss of $860 million in the first nine months of the fiscal year. The corporation blamed the loss on the escalating cost of insurance claims, and Eby said that reports from expert witnesses – some files including as much as six medical experts – were driving the costs. Later in February, Eby announced a cap on expert witnesses, to a maximum of three. On October 24, 2019, the Supreme Court of British Columbia struck down the cap, finding it "infringe[d] on the court's core jurisdiction to control its process". The province did not appeal and instead pursued new legislation to limit the number of expert reports while allowing for judicial discretion on whether additional experts are needed.
In February 2020, Eby announced that ICBC would be moving to a no-fault system. The change limited the types of collision where an ICBC customer can go to court for damage, with disputes instead being handled through the Civil Resolution Tribunal. The change to a no-fault system was justified as dramatically reducing the legal costs of ICBC, quickening payment of benefits, and lowering premiums. The announcement was criticized by the Trial Lawyers Association of BC. The introduction of no-fault insurance came despite Eby having previously ruled it out; Eby justified his change of mind by saying he previously "had too much confidence that the legal system could change more quickly than it actually can." After having been told by ICBC officials that a cap on injury costs would save $1 billion annually but still wasn't enough to prevent a 36% rate increase over the next five years, Eby was convinced the existing set-up was unsustainable. Premier Horgan had given his approval in December 2019.
The government's 2020 budget projected an $86 million surplus for ICBC in the 2020/21 fiscal year, growing to $191 million by 2022/2023. It was the first posted surplus for the corporation since 2015/16. In March 2020, Eby announced plans to introduce legislation to ensure ICBC's profits would remain in the corporation, used to reduce premiums or increase benefits, and prevent governments using it to cover other expenses – a practice Eby had previously criticized the Liberal government for, and that he said had contributed to ICBC's poor financial state.
Later in March 2020, the government announced that the maximum payout for serious disabling injuries would rise from $300,000 to $7.5 million. The move was to be financed by further moving disputes from court to the civil resolution tribunal, expected to save $1.5 billion in legal fees. The legislation was challenged by the Trial Lawyers Association of BC, and on March 3, 2021, the BC Supreme Court struck down the rules. It found that the government's decision to move the determination of accident claims out of the court system to its own tribunals was unconstitutional, and rejected the government's argument that injury cases were clogging the court system. The government appealed the decision, and on May 17, 2022, the BC Court of Appeal reversed the lower court's decision and sided with the government.

### Investigation into money laundering

Upon being appointed minister, Eby was surprised to discover that the scale of money laundering in the province was much larger than he had believed. He found it "incomprehensible that the previous government had not done more to reduce the risk of money laundering and criminal activity in BC gambling facilities". On September 28, 2017, the government officially launched an investigation into the breadth of money laundering being done in the province's casinos. Eby hired Peter German, a former deputy commissioner of the RCMP and Correctional Service Canada and the author of Canada's leading anti-money-laundering law textbook, to lead the investigation. German's 2018 report found that over $100 million of dirty money had been cleaned in BC due to "a collective system failure".
On May 8, 2019, a report by an expert panel on dirty money found that $7.4 billion was laundered in BC in the previous year, with $5.3 billion going through real estate transactions. A week later, on May 15, the government announced a public inquiry into money laundering, to be headed by BC Supreme Court justice Austin Cullen. The inquiry would look into real estate, gaming, financial institutions and the corporate and professional sectors. On June 14, 2022, Cullen's final report was released. It concluded that the federal anti-money laundering regime was not effective, and that the province needed to develop its own system and tools in order to combat the problem. Cullen said that while it is impossible to come up with an exact figure, he estimated that the amount of money laundered in the province was in the billions. He also found no evidence of corruption among previous gaming ministers, and that they had tried to address the issue but admitted that they could have done more.

### Electoral reform

As part of the deal with the Greens, the NDP government committed to holding a referendum on electoral reform. On October 4, 2017, Eby announced that the referendum would be conducted by mail ballot in by the end of November 2018 and would require a simple province-wide majority to be approved. Between November 2017 and February 2018, Eby conducted public consultation on what questions should be on the ballot. On May 30, Eby announced that the ballot would be two questions: the first asking whether to change to from the current first-past-the-post (FPTP) system to a proportional representation (PR) system, and the second asking voters to pick between three different models: dual-member proportional, mixed-member proportional and rural-urban proportional. On December 20, 2018, Elections BC announced that 61.3 percent of ballots voted to keep FPTP.
In a post-referendum interview, Eby explained that the two-question ballot was the result of the public consultations, and reflected a lack of consensus on an alternative system. He admitted surprise at how decisive the result was, but did not think any form of PR would have won in a single-ballot referendum, and concluded, "It does not seem to me British Columbians were in favour of changing the system. They seem happy with the system we have."

### Housing

After the 2020 election, Eby was given the additional role of minister responsible for housing.
In an interview with the Times Colonist in February 2021, Eby outlined his goal to move everyone living in Victoria's parks into shelter by the end of March, and everyone living in Vancouver's Strathcona Park into shelter by the end of April. While this would require "an array of responses" that included temporary pod-like housing, Eby clarified that permanent housing was the end goal. The government later signed deals with the cities of Victoria and Vancouver to this effect.
As minister, Eby vigorously pushed for more homeless shelters, lobbying municipal governments and politicians to approve zoning plans and permit extensions ahead of their votes. Eby's actions drew criticism from some municipal politicians, such as the mayors of Cranbrook and Penticton, but he defended his approach: "I would be incredibly negligent in not [speaking] to municipal leaders that are voting on vitally important projects to prevent entrenched encampments in their communities."
Eby faced notable conflict with the City of Penticton. On March 2, 2021, Penticton city council voted unanimously to deny a temporary-use permit to BC Housing that the agency needed to continue to run an emergency winter homeless shelter past March 31. Eby called the news "profoundly troubling", and noted that the council had assured him that they would grant the permit. Eby further said it was important to keep the shelter open until the agency built an additional supportive housing unit. Two weeks later, on March 18, Eby announced that the government would be using its power of paramountcy to overrule the council. That July, Penticton officially filed with the BC Supreme Court to challenge the provincial government's use of paramountcy powers.
In 2021, the BC government hired accounting firm Ernst & Young to conduct an independent probe of the BC Housing agency; their report, completed in May 2022, found the agency had inadequate oversight, and that unclear roles and responsibilities potentially impacted its ability to manage risks. Following the public release of the report, Eby dismissed the agency's board of commissioners. In July, he ordered a forensic audit of BC Housing.

## Premier of British Columbia (since 2022)
### NDP leadership campaign

In his 2022 leadership campaign, Eby advocated multiple solutions to the province's housing crisis. To combat flipping, Eby proposed a tax on the sale of residences that are sold within two years of being purchased.
Eby was endorsed by 48 of his caucus colleagues. On October 20, 2022, Eby won the leadership race by default after the disqualification of Anjali Appadurai, his only challenger. One source from within the party alleged the disqualification was "a pattern that reflected what...is the party’s “pervasive culture of cheating” to boost preferred candidates. He was declared the leader of the BC New Democratic Party and premier-designate of British Columbia on October 21, 2022.

### Tenure

Eby was sworn in on November 18, 2022, in a ceremony led by the Musqueam First Nation.
He outlined housing, public safety and health care as his priorities. Immediately after being sworn in, Eby announced two tax credits – a one-time credit for electricity bills and a new BC Affordability Credit for low-to-medium income families – to help deal with affordability concerns. Eby also announced in December 2022 that he would direct ICBC to freeze basic auto insurance rates for two years.
In March 2023, an attempt to recall Eby as MLA over the termination of unvaccinated health care workers failed, with the recall petition falling short of the required number of signatures for a recall election.

#### Cost of living

Two years away from a statutory election, Eby inherited a government facing critical issues including housing affordability, inflation, health care concerns, public safety, and natural resource debates. His government's first budget included $6.4 billion over three years for health care, a $400 income-tested tax credit for renters, and increased income assistance, disability assistance, and family benefit payments.
Upon the swearing-in of his cabinet, Eby established a standalone housing ministry, appointing Ravi Kahlon as housing minister. In April 2023, Eby and Kahlon announced a new provincial housing plan, including province-wide zoning changes to permit multi-family homes, thousands of new student housing and social housing units, 10,000 transit-oriented homes, and a tax on house flipping.
In August 2023, Eby wrote to the Bank of Canada requesting a freeze on interest rate increases, which were contributing to high mortgage payments in British Columbia.
In September 2023, Eby's government announced that the province's maximum permitted rent increase for 2024 would be 3.5%, above the previous 2% but below Canada's inflation rate.

#### Economy

In May 2023, as the province's long-critical forestry sector faced curtailments and closures of sawmills, Eby announced a new focus on value-added lumber products, citing the inability to continue relying on high-volume raw log exports as the provinces has in the past. Under the StrongerBC post-secondary education initiative, 1,800 forestry workers will be provided job training to help shift toward value-added products like mass timber.
In June 2023, Eby led a trade mission to Japan, South Korea, and Singapore with the aim of reducing the risk of British Columbia's reliance on China as its second-largest national trading partner.

#### Public safety

In June 2023, after issuing a new bail directive requiring Crown prosecutors to seek jail for alleged violent criminals unless public safety can be reasonably assured by bail conditions, Eby expressed disappointment that federal bail reform legislation was not passed before Parliament's summer break. A September 2023 stabbing attack by a Forensic Psychiatric Hospital patient in Vancouver's Chinatown prompted Eby to order a review into how the patient, previously found not criminally responsible for murder, was granted an unescorted day pass.
In August 2023, Eby announced a province-wide state of emergency as communities like West Kelowna, Kelowna, Lake Country, and the Shuswap were threatened by fast-moving wildfires. The 2023 wildfire season saw more than 400 structures destroyed across British Columbia. Eby and emergency management minister Bowinn Ma announced in September 2023 that they would establish a task force to make recommendations for future wildfire responses, such as increasing volunteer recruitment and providing more effective support for evacuees.
In mid-September, Eby announced that the province would begin to open facilities that would provide involuntary care under the Mental Health Act, allowing healthcare professionals to hold and treat individuals for a mental disorder against their will. This policy targeted people suffering with addictions, brain injury, and other mental-health issues. Eby also announced that his government would expand mental-health capacity at hospitals in BC by building more than 140 new beds and modernizing 280 existing ones.

#### Immigration

In December 2023, Eby claimed the excessive rate of immigration is damaging the labour market and the housing market. In an interview to CBC, the Premier said:
"The numbers are such that we can not support these folks. We're seeing significant exploitation of international students and temporary residents by employers, by landlords. We can't control the number of people coming in at the provincial level"

#### Housing

Eby's government has taken aggressive measures to push more houses on the market, bring down the cost of construction, and build more houses in BC.
In his first 18 months in office, his government:
* Eliminated single-detached exclusionary zoning in all urban communities in BC
* Changed the building code to enable single-stair construction for low-rise apartments
* Forced municipalities to eliminate public hearings for projects that meet legal norms
* Banned short-term rentals in major cities
* Increased allowed density around transit stations
* Created a tax break for first-time home buyers. Properties with a fair market value of under $500,000 will now be completely tax-exempt.
* Eliminated all parking minimums for sites near transit
No other province or state in North America has both ended single family zoning and mandated transit oriented density. Some commentators criticized the Eby reforms for being too extreme and ignoring municipalities, while others praised his reforms.
In December 2023, The Globe and Mail wrote:
"The problems in housing were first felt in B.C. and it’s the first place finally taking action on the scale needed to do something about it. The rest of the country should copy the B.C. blueprint."

#### Education

In 2024, Eby announced a ban on the use of smartphones and tablets in BC Schools.
"We know that beyond just the impact on socialization, kids having access to apps with algorithms that feed them constantly, more enticing, more extreme content has an impact on their health" he said.

#### Healthcare

In March 2023, Eby announced that prescription contraceptives would be provided free of charge beginning on April 1, 2023. The Canadian Society of Obstetricians and Gynecologists applauded the decision.
On June 1, 2023, the BC government expanded the scope of practice for pharmacists. British Columbia pharmacists are now allowed to prescribe treatment for 21 minor ailments. Eby says this will free up doctors and hospitals for those with more complex care.
Toward the end of 2023, Eby's government adopted the International Credentials Recognition Act making it easier for foreign-trained doctors and nurses to work in British Columbia. This law entered into force on November 8, 2023.
After Eby's Minister of Mental Health and Addictions Jennifer Whiteside requested that Vancouver Coastal Health defund the Drug User Liberation Front in October 2023, he stated, "It’s unfortunate because they were providing essential life-saving work. But they were also breaking the law."
In 2024, Eby was publicly accused by Richmond city councillor and former police officer Kash Heed of interfering with the healthcare decision to open an overdose prevention site near the city's hospital during a public health emergency.

## Personal life

His wife, Cailey Lynch, was a registered nurse, and later studied medicine at UBC and is now a family doctor. They have three children. Eby has been a vegetarian since he was 14 after reading Diet for a New America.

## Elections

vte2024 British Columbia general election: Vancouver-Point Grey :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | Expenditures |
| | New Democratic | David Eby | 12,538 | 56.77 | +7.2 |
| | Conservative | Paul Ratchford | 7,622 | 34.51 | +34.5 |
| | Green | Devyani Singh | 1,925 | 8.72 | –8.9 |
| Total valid votes | Total valid votes | Total valid votes | 22,085 | 100.00 | – |
| Total rejected ballots | Total rejected ballots | Total rejected ballots | |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | |
| Registered voters | Registered voters | Registered voters | |
| | New Democratic hold | New Democratic hold | Swing | Swing | –2.7 |
| Note: Change in percentage based off of 2020 redistributed results. |||||||
| Source: Elections BC |||||||
vte2020 British Columbia general election: Vancouver-Point Grey :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | Expenditures |
| | New Democratic | David Eby | 12,602 | 51.32 | −4.62 | $33,547.40 |
| | Liberal | Mark Bowen | 7,712 | 31.41 | −1.75 | $36,024.26 |
| | Green | Devyani Singh | 4,241 | 17.27 | +7.01 | $0.00 |
| Total valid votes | Total valid votes | Total valid votes | 24,555 | 100.00 | – |
| Total rejected ballots | Total rejected ballots | Total rejected ballots | 96 | 0.39 | −0.01 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 24,651 | 59.95 | −3.68 |
| Registered voters | Registered voters | Registered voters | 41,122 |
| | New Democratic hold | New Democratic hold | Swing | Swing | −1.44 |
| Source: Elections BC |||||||
vte2017 British Columbia general election: Vancouver-Point Grey :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | Expenditures |
| | New Democratic | David Eby | 14,195 | 55.94 | +8.35 | $72,150 |
| | Liberal | James Lombardi | 8,414 | 33.16 | −10.03 | $71,630 |
| | Green | Amanda Konkin | 2,604 | 10.26 | +3.49 | $1,525 |
| | Independent | Brian Taylor | 85 | 0.34 | – | $0 |
| | Your Political Party | David Stall | 77 | 0.30 | – | $368 |
| Total valid votes | Total valid votes | Total valid votes | 25,375 | 100.00 | – |
| Total rejected ballots | Total rejected ballots | Total rejected ballots | 101 | 0.40 | +0.12 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 25,476 | 63.63 | +4.66 |
| Registered voters | Registered voters | Registered voters | 40,037 |
| Source: Elections BC |||||||
vte2013 British Columbia general election: Vancouver-Point Grey :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | New Democratic | David Eby | 11,499 | 47.59 |
| | Liberal | Christy Clark | 10,436 | 43.19 |
| | Green | Françoise Raunet | 1,636 | 6.77 |
| | Conservative | Duane Nickull | 392 | 1.62 |
| | Independent | William Gibbens | 72 | 0.30 |
| | Libertarian | Marisa Palmer | 66 | 0.27 |
| | Work Less | Hollis Jacob Linschoten | 51 | 0.21 |
| | Platinum | Bernard Bedu Yankson | 11 | 0.05 |
| Total valid votes | Total valid votes | Total valid votes | 24,163 | 100.00 |
| Total rejected ballots | Total rejected ballots | Total rejected ballots | 69 | 0.28 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 24,232 | 58.97 |
| Source: Elections BC |||||||
vteBritish Columbia provincial by-election, May 11, 2011: Vancouver-Point Grey :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | Expenditures |
| | Liberal | Christy Clark | 7,757 | 48.73 | $98,448 |
| | New Democratic | David Eby | 7,193 | 45.19 | $77,889 |
| | Green | Françoise Raunet | 545 | 3.42 | $309 |
| | First | Danielle Alie | 379 | 2.38 | $35,785 |
| | Independent | William Gibbens | 28 | 0.18 | $388 |
| | Independent | Eddie Petrossian | 16 | 0.10 | $321 |
| Total valid votes | Total valid votes | Total valid votes | 15,918 | 100 |
| Total rejected ballots | Total rejected ballots | Total rejected ballots | 33 | 0.21 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 15,951 | 38.94 |
| Called upon the resignation of Gordon Campbell. |||||||