# Taoiseach

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The Taoiseach (/ˈtiːʃəx/ , TEE-shuhk) is the head of government or prime minister of Ireland. The office is appointed by the President of Ireland upon nomination by Dáil Éireann (the lower house of the Oireachtas, Ireland's national legislature) and the office-holder must retain the support of a majority in the Dáil to remain in office.
The Irish word taoiseach means "chief" or "leader", and was adopted in the 1937 Constitution of Ireland as the title of the "head of the Government or Prime Minister". It is the official title of the head of government in both English and Irish, and is not used for the prime ministers of other countries, who are instead referred to in Irish by the generic term príomh-aire. The phrase an Taoiseach is sometimes used in an otherwise English-language context, and means the same as "the Taoiseach".
The incumbent Taoiseach is Micheál Martin, TD, leader of Fianna Fáil, who took office on 23 January 2025, following the 2024 general election and an agreement between Fianna Fáil, Fine Gael and independent TDs.

## Overview

Under the Constitution of Ireland, the Taoiseach is nominated by a simple majority of the voting members of Dáil Éireann. They are then formally appointed to office by the President, who is required to appoint whomever the Dáil designates, without the option of declining to make the appointment. For this reason, the Taoiseach may, informally, be said to have been "elected" by Dáil Éireann.
If the Taoiseach loses the support of a majority in Dáil Éireann, they are not automatically removed from office. Instead, they are compelled either to resign or to persuade the President to dissolve the Dáil and call new elections. If the President "in his absolute discretion" refuses to grant a dissolution, this effectively forces the Taoiseach to resign. To date, no President has ever refused a dissolution, although the option to exercise this prerogative arose in 1944 and 1994, and twice in 1982. The Taoiseach may lose the support of Dáil Éireann by the passage of a vote of no confidence, or implicitly, through the failure of a vote of confidence. Alternatively, the Dáil may refuse supply. In the event of the Taoiseach's resignation, they continue to exercise the duties and functions of office until the appointment of a successor.
The Taoiseach nominates the remaining members of the Government, who are then, with the consent of the Dáil, appointed by the President. The Taoiseach may advise the President to dismiss cabinet ministers from office; which the President does not have discretion on. The Taoiseach is responsible for appointing eleven members of the sixty members of the Seanad.
The Department of the Taoiseach is the government department which supports and advises the Taoiseach in carrying out their various duties. The Taoiseach is assisted by one or more Ministers of State at the Department of the Taoiseach, one of whom is the Government Chief Whip.

### Salary

Since 2013, the Taoiseach's annual salary is €185,350. It was cut from €214,187 to €200,000 when Enda Kenny took office, before being cut further to €185,350 under the Haddington Road Agreement in 2013.
A proposed increase of €38,000 in 2007 was deferred when Brian Cowen became Taoiseach and in October 2008, the government announced a 10% salary cut for all ministers, including the Taoiseach. However this was a voluntary cut and the salaries remained nominally the same with both ministers and Taoiseach essentially refusing 10% of their salary. This caused controversy in December 2009 when a salary cut of 20% was based on the higher figure before the refused amount was deducted. The Taoiseach is also allowed an additional €118,981 in annual expenses.

### Residence

There is no official residence of the Taoiseach. In 2008, it was reported speculatively that the former Steward's Lodge at Farmleigh adjoining the Phoenix Park would become the official residence of the Taoiseach. However, no official statements were made nor any action taken. The house, which forms part of the Farmleigh estate acquired by the State in 1999 for €29.2 million, was renovated at a cost of nearly €600,000 in 2005 by the Office of Public Works. Former Taoiseach Bertie Ahern did not use it as a residence, but his successor Brian Cowen used it occasionally, as did later Taoisigh Enda Kenny and Leo Varadkar, who each paid €50 per night for the use of the house to avoid benefit-in-kind tax being levied on them for use of the house as a grace and favour mansion.

### Salute

"Mór Chluana" ("More of Cloyne") is a traditional air collected by Patrick Weston Joyce in 1873. "Amhrán Dóchais" ("Song of Hope") is a poem written by Osborn Bergin in 1913. John A. Costello chose the air as his musical salute. The salute is played by army bands on the arrival of the Taoiseach at state ceremonies. Though the salute is often called "Amhrán Dóchais", Brian Ó Cuív argued "Mór Chluana" is the correct title.

## History
### Origins and etymology

The words Taoiseach and Tánaiste (deputy prime minister) are both from the Irish language and of ancient origin. Though the Taoiseach is described in the Constitution of Ireland as "the head of the Government or Prime Minister", its literal translation is 'chieftain' or 'leader'. Although Éamon de Valera, who introduced the title in 1937, was a democratic politician who had in the past associated with paramilitaries, some have remarked that the meaning 'leader' in 1937 made the title similar to the titles of fascist dictators of the time, such as Führer (for Adolf Hitler), Duce (for Benito Mussolini) and Caudillo (for Francisco Franco). Tánaiste, in turn, refers to the system of tanistry, the Gaelic system of succession whereby a leader would appoint an heir apparent while still living.
In Scottish Gaelic, tòiseach translates as 'clan chief' and both words originally had similar meanings in the Gaelic languages of Scotland and Ireland. The related Welsh language word tywysog (current meaning: 'prince') has a similar origin and meaning. It is hypothesised that both derive ultimately from the proto-Celtic *towissākos 'chieftain, leader'.
The plural of taoiseach is taoisigh (Northern and Western Irish:, Southern:).
Although the Irish form An Taoiseach is sometimes used in English instead of 'the Taoiseach', the English version of the Constitution states that they "shall be called … the Taoiseach".

### Debate on the title

In 1937 when the draft Constitution of Ireland was being debated in the Dáil, Frank MacDermot, an opposition politician, moved an amendment to substitute "Prime Minister" for the proposed "Taoiseach" title in the English text of the Constitution. It was proposed to keep the "Taoiseach" title in the Irish language text. The proponent remarked:
   It seems to me to be mere make-believe to try to incorporate a word like "Taoiseach" in the English language. It would be pronounced wrongly by 99 percent of the people. I have already ascertained it is a very difficult word to pronounce correctly. That being so, even for the sake of the dignity of the Irish language, it would be more sensible that when speaking English we should be allowed to refer to the gentleman in question as the Prime Minister... It is just one more example of the sort of things that are being done here as if for the purpose of putting off the people in the North. No useful purpose of any kind can be served by compelling us, when speaking English, to refer to An Taoiseach rather than to the Prime Minister.
The President of the Executive Council, Éamon de Valera, gave the term's meaning as "chieftain" or "Captain". He said he was "not disposed" to support the proposed amendment and felt the word "Taoiseach" did not need to be changed. The proposed amendment was defeated on a vote and "Taoiseach" was included as the title ultimately adopted by plebiscite of the people.

### Modern office

The modern position of Taoiseach was established by the 1937 Constitution of Ireland and is the most powerful role in Irish politics. The office replaced the position of President of the Executive Council of the 1922–1937 Irish Free State.
The positions of Taoiseach and President of the Executive Council differed in certain fundamental respects. Under the Constitution of the Irish Free State, the latter was vested with considerably less power and was largely just the chairman of the cabinet, the Executive Council. For example, the President of the Executive Council could not dismiss a fellow minister on his own authority. Instead, the Executive Council had to be disbanded and reformed entirely to remove a member. The President of the Executive Council also did not have the right to advise the Governor-General to dissolve Dáil Éireann on his own authority, that power belonging collectively to the Executive Council.
In contrast, the Taoiseach created in 1937 possesses a much more powerful role. The holder of the position can both advise the President to dismiss ministers and dissolve Parliament on his own authority—advice that the President is almost always required to follow by convention. His role is greatly enhanced because, under the Constitution, he is both de jure and de facto chief executive. In most other parliamentary democracies, the head of state is at least the nominal chief executive, while being bound by convention to act on the advice of the cabinet. In Ireland, however, executive power is explicitly vested in the Government, of which the Taoiseach is the leader.
Since the Taoiseach is the head of government, and may remove ministers at will, many of the powers specified, in law or the constitution, to be exercised by the government as a collective body, are in reality at the will of the Taoiseach. The Government almost always backs the Taoiseach in major decisions, and in many cases often merely formalises that decision at a subsequent meeting after it has already been announced. Nevertheless, the need for collective decision-making on paper acts as a safeguard against an unwise decision made by the Taoiseach.
Generally, where there have been multi-party or coalition governments, the Taoiseach has been the leader of the largest party in the coalition. One exception to this was John A. Costello, who was not the leader of his party, but an agreed choice to head the government, because the other parties refused to accept then Fine Gael leader Richard Mulcahy as Taoiseach. In 2011 Taoiseach Brian Cowen, resigned as party leader and was succeeded by Micheál Martin, but continued as Taoiseach until the formation of a new government following a general election.
Following the 2020 election, Fianna Fáil and Fine Gael entered coalition together for the first time. The two agreed to rotate the role of Taoiseach, with Micheál Martin going first before being replaced by Leo Varadkar, and later Simon Harris, of the smaller Fine Gael party. The two parties opted to continue this rotating role after the 2024 election.

## List of office holders

Before the enactment of the 1937 Constitution, the head of government was the President of the Executive Council. This office was held by W. T. Cosgrave of Cumann na nGaedheal from 1922 to 1932, and by Éamon de Valera of Fianna Fáil from 1932 to 1937. By convention, Taoisigh are numbered to include Cosgrave; therefore, Micheál Martin is considered the 15th Taoiseach, not the 14th.
President of the Executive Council :
| No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) Constituency | Term of office | Term of office | Party | Exec. Council Composition | Exec. Council Composition | Vice President | Vice President | Dáil (elected) |
| 1 | | W. T. Cosgrave (1880–1965) TD for Carlow–Kilkenny until 1927 TD for Cork Borough from 1927 | 6 December 1922 | 9 March 1932 | Sinn Féin (Pro-Treaty) | 1st | SF (PT) (minority) | | Kevin O'Higgins | 3 (1922) |
| 1 | | W. T. Cosgrave (1880–1965) TD for Carlow–Kilkenny until 1927 TD for Cork Borough from 1927 | 6 December 1922 | 9 March 1932 | Cumann na nGaedheal | 2nd | CnG (minority) | | Kevin O'Higgins | 4 (1923) |
| 1 | | W. T. Cosgrave (1880–1965) TD for Carlow–Kilkenny until 1927 TD for Cork Borough from 1927 | 6 December 1922 | 9 March 1932 | Cumann na nGaedheal | 3rd | CnG (minority) | | Ernest Blythe | 5 (Jun.1927) |
| 1 | | W. T. Cosgrave (1880–1965) TD for Carlow–Kilkenny until 1927 TD for Cork Borough from 1927 | 6 December 1922 | 9 March 1932 | Cumann na nGaedheal | 4th | CnG (minority) | | Ernest Blythe | 6 (Sep.1927) |
| 1 | | W. T. Cosgrave (1880–1965) TD for Carlow–Kilkenny until 1927 TD for Cork Borough from 1927 | 6 December 1922 | 9 March 1932 | Cumann na nGaedheal | 5th | CnG (minority) | | Ernest Blythe | 6 (Sep.1927) |
| 2 | | Éamon de Valera (1882–1975) TD for Clare | 9 March 1932 | 29 December 1937 | Fianna Fáil | 6th | FF (minority) | | Seán T. O'Kelly | 7 (1932) |
| 2 | | Éamon de Valera (1882–1975) TD for Clare | 9 March 1932 | 29 December 1937 | Fianna Fáil | 7th | FF (minority) | | Seán T. O'Kelly | 8 (1933) |
| 2 | | Éamon de Valera (1882–1975) TD for Clare | 9 March 1932 | 29 December 1937 | Fianna Fáil | 8th | FF (minority) | | Seán T. O'Kelly | 9 (1937) |
| Taoiseach |||||||||||
| No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) Constituency | Term of office | Term of office | Party | Government Composition | Government Composition | Tánaiste | Tánaiste | Dáil (elected) |
| (2) | | Éamon de Valera (1882–1975) TD for Clare | 29 December 1937 | 18 February 1948 | Fianna Fáil | 1st | FF (minority) | | Seán T. O'Kelly | 9 ( ···· ) |
| (2) | | Éamon de Valera (1882–1975) TD for Clare | 29 December 1937 | 18 February 1948 | Fianna Fáil | 2nd | FF | | Seán T. O'Kelly | 10 (1938) |
| (2) | | Éamon de Valera (1882–1975) TD for Clare | 29 December 1937 | 18 February 1948 | Fianna Fáil | 3rd | FF (minority) | | Seán T. O'Kelly | 11 (1943) |
| (2) | | Éamon de Valera (1882–1975) TD for Clare | 29 December 1937 | 18 February 1948 | Fianna Fáil | 4th | FF | | Seán Lemass | 12 (1944) |
| 3 | | John A. Costello (1891–1976) TD for Dublin South-East | 18 February 1948 | 13 June 1951 | Fine Gael | 5th | FG–Lab–CnP–CnT–NL–Ind | | William Norton | 13 (1948) |
| (2) | | Éamon de Valera (1882–1975) TD for Clare | 13 June 1951 | 2 June 1954 | Fianna Fáil | 6th | FF (minority) | | Seán Lemass | 14 (1951) |
| (3) | | John A. Costello (1891–1976) TD for Dublin South-East | 2 June 1954 | 20 March 1957 | Fine Gael | 7th | FG–Lab–CnT | | William Norton | 15 (1954) |
| (2) | | Éamon de Valera (1882–1975) TD for Clare | 20 March 1957 | 23 June 1959 | Fianna Fáil | 8th | FF | | Seán Lemass | 16 (1957) |
| 4 | | Seán Lemass (1899–1971) TD for Dublin South-Central | 23 June 1959 | 10 November 1966 | Fianna Fáil | 9th | FF | | Seán MacEntee | 16 (1957) |
| 4 | | Seán Lemass (1899–1971) TD for Dublin South-Central | 23 June 1959 | 10 November 1966 | Fianna Fáil | 10th | FF (minority) | | Seán MacEntee | 17 (1961) |
| 4 | | Seán Lemass (1899–1971) TD for Dublin South-Central | 23 June 1959 | 10 November 1966 | Fianna Fáil | 11th | FF | | Frank Aiken | 18 (1965) |
| 5 | | Jack Lynch (1917–1999) TD for Cork Borough until 1969 TD for Cork City North-West from 1969 | 10 November 1966 | 14 March 1973 | Fianna Fáil | 12th | FF | | Frank Aiken | 18 (1965) |
| 5 | | Jack Lynch (1917–1999) TD for Cork Borough until 1969 TD for Cork City North-West from 1969 | 10 November 1966 | 14 March 1973 | Fianna Fáil | 13th | FF | | Erskine H. Childers | 19 (1969) |
| 6 | | Liam Cosgrave (1920–2017) TD for Dún Laoghaire and Rathdown | 14 March 1973 | 5 July 1977 | Fine Gael | 14th | FG–Lab | | Brendan Corish | 20 (1973) |
| (5) | | Jack Lynch (1917–1999) TD for Cork City | 5 July 1977 | 11 December 1979 | Fianna Fáil | 15th | FF | | George Colley | 21 (1977) |
| 7 | | Charles Haughey (1925–2006) TD for Dublin Artane | 11 December 1979 | 30 June 1981 | Fianna Fáil | 16th | FF | | George Colley | 21 (1977) |
| 8 | | Garret FitzGerald (1926–2011) TD for Dublin South-East | 30 June 1981 | 9 March 1982 | Fine Gael | 17th | FG–Lab (minority) | | Michael O'Leary | 22 (1981) |
| (7) | | Charles Haughey (1925–2006) TD for Dublin North-Central | 9 March 1982 | 14 December 1982 | Fianna Fáil | 18th | FF (minority) | | Ray MacSharry | 23 (Feb.1982) |
| (8) | | Garret FitzGerald (1926–2011) TD for Dublin South-East | 14 December 1982 | 10 March 1987 | Fine Gael | 19th | FG–Lab FG (minority) from Jan 1987 | | Dick Spring | 24 (Nov.1982) |
| (8) | | Garret FitzGerald (1926–2011) TD for Dublin South-East | 14 December 1982 | 10 March 1987 | Fine Gael | 19th | FG–Lab FG (minority) from Jan 1987 | | Peter Barry | 24 (Nov.1982) |
| (7) | | Charles Haughey (1925–2006) TD for Dublin North-Central | 10 March 1987 | 11 February 1992 | Fianna Fáil | 20th | FF (minority) | | Brian Lenihan | 25 (1987) |
| (7) | | Charles Haughey (1925–2006) TD for Dublin North-Central | 10 March 1987 | 11 February 1992 | Fianna Fáil | 21st | FF–PD | | Brian Lenihan | 26 (1989) |
| (7) | | Charles Haughey (1925–2006) TD for Dublin North-Central | 10 March 1987 | 11 February 1992 | Fianna Fáil | 21st | FF–PD | | John Wilson | 26 (1989) |
| 9 | | Albert Reynolds (1932–2014) TD for Longford–Roscommon | 11 February 1992 | 15 December 1994 | Fianna Fáil | 22nd | FF–PD FF (minority) from Nov 1992 | | John Wilson | 26 (1989) |
| 9 | | Albert Reynolds (1932–2014) TD for Longford–Roscommon | 11 February 1992 | 15 December 1994 | Fianna Fáil | 23rd | FF–Lab FF (minority) from Nov 1994 | | Dick Spring | 27 (1992) |
| 9 | | Albert Reynolds (1932–2014) TD for Longford–Roscommon | 11 February 1992 | 15 December 1994 | Fianna Fáil | 23rd | FF–Lab FF (minority) from Nov 1994 | | Bertie Ahern | 27 (1992) |
| 10 | | John Bruton (1947–2024) TD for Meath | 15 December 1994 | 26 June 1997 | Fine Gael | 24th | FG–Lab–DL | | Dick Spring | 27 (1992) |
| 11 | | Bertie Ahern (b. 1951) TD for Dublin Central | 26 June 1997 | 7 May 2008 | Fianna Fáil | 25th | FF–PD (minority) | | Mary Harney | 28 (1997) |
| 11 | | Bertie Ahern (b. 1951) TD for Dublin Central | 26 June 1997 | 7 May 2008 | Fianna Fáil | 26th | FF–PD | | Mary Harney | 29 (2002) |
| 11 | | Bertie Ahern (b. 1951) TD for Dublin Central | 26 June 1997 | 7 May 2008 | Fianna Fáil | 26th | FF–PD | | Michael McDowell | 29 (2002) |
| 11 | | Bertie Ahern (b. 1951) TD for Dublin Central | 26 June 1997 | 7 May 2008 | Fianna Fáil | 27th | FF–Green–PD | | Brian Cowen | 30 (2007) |
| 12 | | Brian Cowen (b. 1960) TD for Laois–Offaly | 7 May 2008 | 9 March 2011 | Fianna Fáil | 28th | FF–Green–PD FF–Green–Ind from Nov 2009 FF (minority) from Jan 2011 | | Mary Coughlan | 30 (2007) |
| 13 | | Enda Kenny (b. 1951) TD for Mayo | 9 March 2011 | 14 June 2017 | Fine Gael | 29th | FG–Lab | | Eamon Gilmore | 31 (2011) |
| 13 | | Enda Kenny (b. 1951) TD for Mayo | 9 March 2011 | 14 June 2017 | Fine Gael | 29th | FG–Lab | | Joan Burton | 31 (2011) |
| 13 | | Enda Kenny (b. 1951) TD for Mayo | 9 March 2011 | 14 June 2017 | Fine Gael | 30th | FG–Ind (minority) | | Frances Fitzgerald | 32 (2016) |
| 14 | | Leo Varadkar (b. 1979) TD for Dublin West | 14 June 2017 | 27 June 2020 | Fine Gael | 31st | FG–Ind (minority) | | Frances Fitzgerald | 32 (2016) |
| 14 | | Leo Varadkar (b. 1979) TD for Dublin West | 14 June 2017 | 27 June 2020 | Fine Gael | 31st | FG–Ind (minority) | | Simon Coveney | 32 (2016) |
| 15 | | Micheál Martin (b. 1960) TD for Cork South-Central | 27 June 2020 | 17 December 2022 | Fianna Fáil | 32nd | FF–FG–Green | | Leo Varadkar | 33 (2020) |
| (14) | | Leo Varadkar (b. 1979) TD for Dublin West | 17 December 2022 | 9 April 2024 | Fine Gael | 33rd | FG–FF–Green | | Micheál Martin | 33 (2020) |
| 16 | | Simon Harris (b. 1986) TD for Wicklow | 9 April 2024 | 23 January 2025 | Fine Gael | 34th | FG–FF–Green | | Micheál Martin | 33 (2020) |
| (15) | | Micheál Martin (b. 1960) TD for Cork South-Central | 23 January 2025 | — | Fianna Fáil | 35th | FF–FG–Ind | | Simon Harris | 34 (2024) |