# Pennsylvania Dutch English

Pennsylvania Dutch English is a dialect of English that has been influenced by the Pennsylvania Dutch language. It is largely spoken in South Central Pennsylvania, both by people who are monolingual in English and bilingual in Pennsylvania Dutch and English. The dialect has been dying out, as non-Amish younger Pennsylvania Germans tend to speak General American English.
Very few non-Amish members of these people can speak the Pennsylvania German language, although most know some words and phrases. The World War II generation of the mid-20th century was the last generation in which Pennsylvania Dutch was widely spoken outside the Amish and Old Order Mennonite communities.

## Features of Pennsylvania German influence

Pennsylvania Dutch English differs from standard English in various ways. Some of its hallmark features include:
* Widespread devoicing of obstruents, such as “round” being pronounced “rount” or “eggs” as “ecks”.
* The use of certain vowel variants in specific phonological contexts.
* The use of Pennsylvania German verb and noun stems in word construction.
* Specific intonation patterns for questions.
* Special placement of prepositional phrases in sentences (so that "Throw some hay over the fence for the horse" might be rendered "Throw the horse over the fence some hay").
* The use of "ain't" and "not" or "say" as question tags.
* The use of "still" as a habitual verbal marker.
* The use of the phrase "what for" to mean "what kind of", as in "What for drink do you have?" (German = "was für")
* Use of the word "yet" to mean "still," such as "do you work at the store yet?" to mean "do you still work at the store?"
* Use of terms such as "doncha know" and "so I do" or "so he does" at the end of declaratory sentences.
* Use of the word "awhile" at the end of sentences proposing simultaneous actions (e.g. "Go get the tea out of the pantry; I'll start boiling the water awhile."). This comes from the semantic calquing of the German word “alleweil,” which means “right now” or “in a little while.” English speakers in contact with Pennsylvanian Dutch speakers adopted the word but phonologically adapted it by replacing “alleweil” for the more familiar, English “awhile.”
* Omitting "to be" from the passive construction in an infinitive following "needs" or "wants" (e.g. "the car needs cleaned" instead of "the car needs to be cleaned").
Other calques include:
| Pennsylvania Dutch English term | Standard English term | Pennsylvania German term | Related Standard German term | Word-for-word Standard German translation |
| Outen the lights. | Turn off the lights. | Mach's Licht aus. | Mach das Licht aus. | "Make the light out." |
| The [noun(s)] is/are all. (e.g. The food is all.) | There is/are no more [noun(s)]. | Die [nouns] sin all, OR Der/Die/Es [noun] is all. | Die [nouns] sind alle, OR Der/Die/Das [noun] ist alle. | "The [nouns] are all." |
| Don't eat yourself full. | Don't fill yourself up. | Iss dich net voll. | Iss dich nicht voll. | "Eat yourself not full." |
| There's cake back yet. | There is cake to come. | Es gibt datt noch Kuche. | Es gibt da noch Kuchen. | "There is still cake." |
| It wonders me. | It makes me wonder. | Es wunnert mich. | Das wundert mich. | "It wonders me." |
| Spritzing | Lightly raining | Schpritze | Spritzen | Spritzing |
| Rutsching | Squirming | Rutsche | Rutschen | "Slipping / Sliding" |
| Schusslich | Clumsy (with things, usually due to hurrying) | Schusslich | Schusselig | "Scatty / Scatterbrained" |
| Doplich / Doppich | Clumsy (with oneself) | Dappich | Täppisch / Tappig | "Clumsy" |
| Yah, well. | Whatever / It makes no difference | Ya, well. | Ja, wohl. | "Yes, well." |
| Wutz | Pig (when someone eats a lot) | Die Wutz | Die Wutz | "The Pig" (regional word) |
| Kutz / Kutzing | Vomit / Vomiting | Der Kotz / Kotze | Die Kotze / Kotzen | "Vomit" |
| Schtriwwelich | Uncombed or stringy | Schtriwwelich | Strubbelig | "Disheveled" |
| Brutzing / Grexing | Whining / Complaining | Brutze / Grexe | Jammern / Klagen | "Whining / Complaining" |
| Wuntz (Once) | For a second / Quickly | Eemols | Einmal | Once / One-time |
| Mox nix | Irrelevant | Macht's nix | (Das) Macht nichts. | "(That) Matters not." |
| Nix nootz / Nix nootzie | Misbehaving (usually referring to a little kid) | Nixnutz | Nichtsnutz | "No-use." |
| Schnickelfritz | Troublemaker (usually referring to a little kid) | Schnickelfritz | Schnacken + Fritz | "Chatting Fritz" |
| Right like | Exactly the same as | Genau wie / Yuscht wie | Genau wie | "Just like" |
Other idioms include "Make wet?" meaning "Is it going to rain?", "hurrieder" meaning "faster", and "dippy eggs/ecks" meaning "over-easy or soft-boiled eggs".