# Waterloo (song)

"Waterloo" is a song recorded by Swedish pop group ABBA, with music composed by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus and lyrics written by Stikkan Anderson. It is first single of the group's second album of the same name, and their first under the Atlantic label in the United States. This was also the first single to be credited to the group performing under the name ABBA. The title and lyrics reference the 1815 Battle of Waterloo, and use it as a metaphor for a romantic relationship. The Swedish version of the single was backed with the Swedish version of "Honey, Honey", while the English version featured "Watch Out" on the B-side.
In 1974, after winning the 14th edition of the Melodifestivalen, "Waterloo" represented Sweden in the 19th edition of the Eurovision Song Contest held in Brighton, winning the contest and beginning ABBA's path to worldwide fame. It topped the charts in several countries, and reached the top 10 in the United States.
In 2005, at Eurovision fiftieth anniversary competition Congratulations: 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest, "Waterloo" was chosen as the best song in the contest's history.

## Background
### Writing, recording, and meaning

On 10 February 1973, ABBA as "Agnetha, Anni-Frid, Björn and Benny" competed with "Ring Ring" in the 13th edition of the Melodifestivalen, placing third. After this good position, Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus composed the music, and Stikkan Anderson wrote the lyrics, of "Waterloo" specifically for the group to enter in the 14th edition of the Melodifestivalen.
Recording of the song commenced in 1973, with instrumental backing from Janne Schaffer (who came up with the main guitar and bass parts), Rutger Gunnarsson, and Ola Brunkert. The song's production style was influenced by Phil Spector's "Wall of Sound": prior to recording "Ring Ring", engineer Michael B. Tretow had read Richard Williams's book Out of His Head: The Sound of Phil Spector, which inspired him to layer multiple instrumental overdubs on the band's recordings, becoming an integral part of ABBA's sound. Furthermore, ABBA had also originally cited the song "See My Baby Jive", by English glam rock band Wizzard, as a major influence (it was produced in the same style and has a similar structure); in the wake of their Eurovision victory, they were quoted as saying that it would not surprise them if artists such as Wizzard would consider entering the Eurovision in the future.

#### Waterloo as a metaphor

The song's lyrics begin with: "My, my, at Waterloo, Napoleon did surrender. Oh yeah, and I have met my destiny in quite a similar way.... Waterloo, I was defeated, you won the war, Waterloo, promise to love you forevermore", using the metaphor of Napoleon's defeat at the Battle of Waterloo for a famous failure and major turning point in history. The fighting took place about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) away from the town of Waterloo, Belgium where the British had set up quarters, naming the events after it, literally writing history. French forces and Napoleon never reached Waterloo itself, and Napoleon did not surrender personally to become a prisoner of war, but he had to surrender control over the battlefield, and chased by Prussian cavalry, the remaining forces under his command retreated in disarray back towards Paris where he abdicated, surrendering aspirations and putting an end to his Hundred Days. Failing to escape to America, he finally surrendered in person to the British Royal Navy at the French Atlantic coast, about 700 km away from Waterloo, and four weeks later.

### Melodifestivalen 1974

In 1974, the group considered submitting "Hasta Mañana" to the 14th edition of the Melodifestivalen, but decided on "Waterloo" since it gave equal weight to both lead vocalists Agnetha Fältskog and Anni-Frid Lyngstad, while "Hasta Mañana" was sung only by Fältskog.
On 9 February 1974, ABBA competed with the Swedish-language version of "Waterloo" in the Melodifestivalen final. The song won the competition with 302 points, beating the 211 points of the runner-up. As that Melodifestivalen was organised by Sveriges Radio (SR) to select its song and performer for the 19th edition of the Eurovision Song Contest, the song became the Swedish entrant, and ABBA the performers, for Eurovision.
Subsequently, the group recorded the German and French versions of the song in March and April 1974, respectively: the French version was adapted by Alain Boublil, who would later go on to co-write the 1980 musical Les Misérables, and the German version was adapted by Gerd Müller-Schwanke. During ABBA's promotional visit to Spain, in May 1974, newspaper reports said that the group would be recording a Spanish version of the song while in the country. Because it was never released, it is not certain whether the recording for this version ever existed or if it remains unreleased.

### Promo video

SR released a promo video for "Waterloo", directed by Lasse Hallström, that was recorded at SVT Studios in Stockholm at the same time as that for Ring Ring. The group appears performing the song with its four members dressed in the same outfits they wore in the Melodifestivalen and would wear at Eurovision. The video clip was incorporated into Abba's DVDs The Definitive Collection, ABBA Number Ones, ABBA: 16 Hits, ABBA Gold, and The Last Video.

### Eurovision

On 6 April 1974, the Eurovision Song Contest was held at The Dome in Brighton hosted by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), and broadcast live throughout the continent. ABBA performed the English-language version of "Waterloo" eighth on the evening, following "Generacija '42" by Korni Grupa from Yugoslavia and preceding "Bye Bye I Love You" by Ireen Sheer from Luxembourg. Sven-Olof Walldoff, dressed as Napoleon, conducted the event's live orchestra in the performances of the Swedish entry.
At the end of voting, the song scored 24 points placing first and winning the contest, beating runner-up "Sì" by Gigliola Cinquetti from Italy by six points.
The song differed from the standard "dramatic ballad" tradition at the contest by its flavour and rhythm, as well as by its performance. ABBA gave the audience something that had rarely been seen before in Eurovision: flashy costumes (including silver platform boots), a catchy uptempo song and simple choreography. It was the first winning entry in a language other than that of their home country; prior to 1973, all Eurovision singers had been required to sing in their country's native tongue, a restriction that was lifted briefly for the contests between 1973 and 1976 (thus allowing "Waterloo" to be sung in English), then reinstated before ultimately being removed again in 1999. Compared to later ABBA releases, the singers' Swedish accents are decidedly more pronounced in "Waterloo".

### Aftermath

"Waterloo" was re-released in 2004 (with the same B-side), to celebrate the 30th anniversary of ABBA's Eurovision win, reaching No. 20 on the UK charts.
"Waterloo" was one of fourteen songs chosen by Eurovision fans and a European Broadcasting Union (EBU) reference group, from among the 992 songs that had ever participated in the contest, to participate in the fiftieth anniversary competition Congratulations: 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest held on 22 October 2005 in Copenhagen. It won the competition ranking as the best song in the contest's history. It received the same honour in a 14-country open vote in the run-up to the Eurovision Song Contest 2021, placing first above Sweden's winning songs in 2012 and 2015, "Euphoria" by Loreen and "Heroes" by Måns Zelmerlöw, respectively.
On 11 July 2023, at the celebrations for the 175th anniversary of London Waterloo station, where ABBA were photographed following their win at the 1974 Eurovision Song Contest, a choir performed Waterloo as part of a selection of songs.

## Track listing

Swedish version
* "Waterloo" (Swedish version) – 2:45
* "Honey Honey" (Swedish version) – 2:55
English version
* "Waterloo" (English version) – 2:46
* "Watch Out" – 3:46
Official versions
* "Waterloo" (English version)
* "Waterloo" (English alternate version)
* "Waterloo" (French version) – recorded 18 April 1974 in Paris, France
* "Waterloo" (French/Swedish version) – overdubs of French and Swedish versions
* "Waterloo" (German version)
* "Waterloo" (Swedish version)

## Critical reception

Cash Box said that this "is not a brash rocker, it's just solid rock with a very competent lady up front." Record World said that "Napoleon's downfall shall be this act's victory."
Harry Witchel, physiologist and music expert at the University of Bristol, named "Waterloo" the quintessential Eurovision song.
In 2017, Billboard ranked the song number 9 on their list of the 15 greatest ABBA songs, and in 2021, Rolling Stone ranked the song number 10 on their list of the 25 greatest ABBA songs.

## Commercial performance

The song shot to No. 1 in the UK and stayed there for two weeks, becoming the first of the band's nine UK No. 1's, and the 16th biggest selling single of the year in the UK. It also topped the charts in Belgium, Denmark, Finland, West Germany, Ireland, Norway, South Africa, and Switzerland, while reaching the Top 3 in Austria, France, the Netherlands, Spain, and ABBA's native Sweden. (The song was immensely popular in Sweden, but did not reach No. 1 there due to Sweden having a combined Album and Singles Chart at the time: at the peak of the song's popularity, its Swedish and English versions reached No. 2 and No. 3, respectively, while the No. 1 spot was held by the album Waterloo.) The song also spent 11 weeks on Svensktoppen (24 March – 2 June 1974), including 7 weeks at No. 1.
As of September 2021, it is ABBA's eleventh-biggest song in the UK, including both pure sales and digital streams.
Unlike other Eurovision-winning tunes, the song's appeal transcended Europe: "Waterloo" also reached the Top 10 in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Rhodesia, and the United States (peaking at No. 6, their third-highest-charting US hit after No. 1 "Dancing Queen" and No. 3 "Take a Chance on Me"). The Waterloo album performed similarly well in Europe, although in the US it failed to match the success of the single.

### Certifications and sales

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| Belgium | — | 200,000 |
| Denmark (IFPI Danmark) | Gold | 45,000$^‡$ |
| France | — | 500,000 |
| Kenya | — | 10,000 |
| Portugal | — | 20,000 |
| Spain (PROMUSICAE) | Gold | 30,000$^‡$ |
| United Kingdom (BPI) Original release | Silver | 489,000 |
| United Kingdom (BPI) | Platinum | 600,000$^‡$ |
| United States | — | 800,000 |
| Yugoslavia | Gold | 100,000 |
| Summaries |||
| Worldwide | — | 5,000,000 |
| $^‡$ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. |||

## Release history

| Region | Date | Title | Label | Format | Catalog |
| Sweden | 4 March 1974 | "Waterloo" (Swedish) / "Honey, Honey" (Swedish) | Polar | Single | POS 1186 |
| Sweden | 4 March 1974 | "Waterloo" (English) / "Watch Out" | Polar | Single | POS 1187 |
| UK | 1974 | "Waterloo" / "Watch Out" | Epic | Single | EPC 2240 |
| US | 1974 | "Waterloo" / "Watch Out" | Atlantic | Single | 45-3035 |
| West Germany | 1974 | "Waterloo" (German) / "Watch Out" | Polydor | Single | 2040 116 |
| France | 1974 | "Waterloo" (French) / "Gonna Sing You My Lovesong" | Vogue | Single | 45. X. 3104 |

## Legacy
### Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again

"Waterloo" is featured in the 2018 film Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again performed by Hugh Skinner, as Young Harry, and Lily James, as Young Donna. This version was released on 1 June 2018 as the second single from the Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again: The Movie Soundtrack album, by Capitol and Polydor Records. It was produced by Benny Andersson.

#### Charts

| Chart (2018) | Peak position |
| Hungary (Single Top 40) | 40 |
| Scotland (OCC) | 70 |

#### Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| United Kingdom (BPI) | Silver | 200,000$^‡$ |
| $^‡$ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. |||

### Other cover versions

* In 1986, Doctor and the Medics covered the song, reaching number 45 in the UK charts; Roy Wood, the lead singer and writer of "See My Baby Jive" performed saxophone and backing vocals.
* In 2018, Cher covered the song on her ABBA covers album Dancing Queen. During her Here We Go Again Tour she performed "Waterloo" together with "SOS" and "Fernando". On 31 October 2018, "The Shoop Shoop Song (It's in His Kiss)" and "Take Me Home" were cut from her Classic Cher concert residency and "Waterloo", "SOS" and "Fernando" were added. On 18 September 2019, Cher also performed "Waterloo" at the season 14 finale of America's Got Talent, to promote the album and her Here We Go Again Tour.

### Musicals

* The song is featured in the encore of the musical Mamma Mia!. The song does not have a context or a meaning within the musical; rather, it is merely performed as a musical number in which members of the audience are encouraged to sing, dance and clap along.
* The song is performed by the cast over the closing credits of the film Mamma Mia!, but is not featured on the official soundtrack. The song is also performed in the sequel, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, by Hugh Skinner and Lily James.

### Appearances in other media

* ABBA perform parts of the song live in the 1977 film ABBA: The Movie.
* The Australian film Muriel's Wedding (1994), features "Waterloo" in a pivotal scene in which lead Toni Collette bonds with the character played by Rachel Griffiths. The film's soundtrack, featuring five ABBA tracks, is widely regarded as having helped to fuel the revival of popular interest in ABBA's music in the mid-1990s.
* "Waterloo" features prominently in the 2015 science-fiction film The Martian. The song plays as the film's lead, played by Matt Damon, works to ready his launch vehicle for a last-chance escape from Mars.
* "Here I Go Again", the 11th episode of the third season of Legends of Tomorrow (19 February 2018), begins in medias res, with the titular time-traveling team having apparently just restored a time-transplanted Napoleon from the 1970s, where he had come into possession of a copy of the record. The song is also stuck in the head of one member of the team, until he erases his own memory to get it out.
* In "Mother Simpson", the eighth episode of the seventh season of The Simpsons, Mr. Burns plays "Ride of the Valkyries" from a tank about to storm the Simpson home, but the song is cut-off and "Waterloo" is played, to which Smithers apologizes, advising he "must have accidentally taped over that".