# Bonavista, Newfoundland and Labrador

Bonavista (2021 population: 3,190) is a town on the Bonavista Peninsula, Newfoundland in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. Unlike many Newfoundland coastal settlements, Bonavista was built on an open plain, not in a steep cove, and thus had room to expand to its current area of 31.5 km$^2$ (12.2 sq mi). Bonavista is located approximately 300 km by road from the provincial capital of St. John's.

## History

John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto), a freelance Italian explorer, was contracted by England's Henry VII to find new lands, and a sea route to the Orient. Cabot set sail from Bristol, England in his ship the Matthew in 1497. When Cabot first saw land he reputedly said "O Buon Vista" ("Oh, Happy Sight!") giving rise to the name of the town and nearby Cape Bonavista. Cabot landed with "a crucifix and raised banners with the arms of the Holy Father and those of the King of England". The land was inhabited, as the expedition found a trail leading inland, a site where a fire had been, and "a stick half a yard long pierced at both ends, carved and painted with brazil". The harbour was not ideal, eventually requiring the construction of several breakwaters. Despite this Bonavista became one of the most important towns in Newfoundland due to its proximity to the rich fishing and sealing grounds to the north of the peninsula. The Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, French and English fished off Cape Bonavista during the 16th century, but the Spanish and Portuguese presence soon declined, leaving the French and English as the dominant powers. Tension between the French and English sometimes resulted in military action, including an unsuccessful attempt in 1704 by the French to burn the town. The French Shore, which had Bonavista as its eastern terminus, was established by the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713. Fishing rights in the area continued to be a source of tension between the French and English.
Bonavista was a major commercial centre and the evidence for this is preserved at the Ryan Premises, a National Historic Site maintained by Parks Canada. It is a restored example of a large fish merchant's operation.
Bonavista's status was further enhanced by the development of the Fishermen's Protective Union in the early 20th century, and the creation of nearby Port Union. During the peak years of 1891–1901, the Bonavista Peninsula's population of about 20,000 was centred in Bonavista. The Bonavista Cold Storage Co. fish plant, now a Fishery Products International operation, became the centre of fishery production after the decline of salt fish markets.
In 1722, the first school in Newfoundland was built in Bonavista by Rev. Henry Jones.
In 1964 the settlement of Bonavista was incorporated into the town of Bonavista.
In 2010, discussions were held about the potential annexation of Elliston by Bonavista. The proposal arose from concerns about the economic sustainability and administrative challenges of smaller municipalities in the region. A feasibility study was conducted to explore the benefits and drawbacks of merging services and governance. However, the idea was met with mixed reactions from residents, and the annexation did not proceed. Elliston continues to operate as an independent municipality.
In the 20th century, the town's economy switched to being tourism-focused. In 2023, it was reported that up to 80,000 visited each summer, leading to many houses to be converted into vacation rentals (more than 120 in 2023). These conversions flipped the housing market of the town, which twenty years earlier had seen many vacant houses, into one of shortage. As of 2023 a freeze on new vacation rental conversions was declared.

## Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Bonavista had a population of 3,190 living in 1,470 of its 1,732 total private dwellings, a change of -7.5% from its 2016 population of 3,448. With a land area of 31.56 km$^2$ (12.19 sq mi), it had a population density of 101.1/km$^2$ (261.8/sq mi) in 2021.

## Climate

Bonavista has a subarctic climate (Dfc) due to its cold water temperatures surrounding the location, keeping June temperatures below 10 °C (50 °F) in terms of mean temperatures. Although winters are relatively mild by Canadian standards, there is heavy snowfall and frequent cold days. Winter lasts from December through April.
Bonavista is one of the windiest places in Canada with an average wind speed of 32.6 km/h (20.3 mph).
Climate data for Bonavista Canadian Climate Normals 1981-2010 Station Data :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high humidex | 17.5 | 13.1 | 13.0 | 24.0 | 26.9 | 32.9 | 36.2 | 37.0 | 33.0 | 27.9 | 21.9 | 15.7 | 37.0 |
| Record high °C (°F) | 14.9 (58.8) | 11.8 (53.2) | 13.4 (56.1) | 21.5 (70.7) | 25.6 (78.1) | 28.8 (83.8) | 30.6 (87.1) | 30.1 (86.2) | 26.1 (79.0) | 22.8 (73.0) | 17.8 (64.0) | 14.4 (57.9) | 30.6 (87.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −1.3 (29.7) | −2.1 (28.2) | 0.2 (32.4) | 4.7 (40.5) | 9.7 (49.5) | 13.9 (57.0) | 18.8 (65.8) | 19.5 (67.1) | 15.3 (59.5) | 10.2 (50.4) | 5.6 (42.1) | 1.0 (33.8) | 8.0 (46.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −4.8 (23.4) | −5.9 (21.4) | −3.1 (26.4) | 1.5 (34.7) | 5.7 (42.3) | 9.5 (49.1) | 14.4 (57.9) | 15.5 (59.9) | 11.9 (53.4) | 7.3 (45.1) | 2.8 (37.0) | −1.9 (28.6) | 4.4 (39.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −8.2 (17.2) | −9.5 (14.9) | −6.4 (20.5) | −1.8 (28.8) | 1.6 (34.9) | 5.1 (41.2) | 10.0 (50.0) | 11.5 (52.7) | 8.4 (47.1) | 4.4 (39.9) | 0.0 (32.0) | −4.8 (23.4) | 0.9 (33.6) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −24.4 (−11.9) | −24.7 (−12.5) | −24.3 (−11.7) | −13.6 (7.5) | −6.7 (19.9) | −2.8 (27.0) | −2.2 (28.0) | 2.8 (37.0) | 0.8 (33.4) | −3.3 (26.1) | −11.6 (11.1) | −22.2 (−8.0) | −24.7 (−12.5) |
| Record low wind chill | −37.0 | −41.0 | −42.0 | −23.0 | −16.0 | −8.0 | −7.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −12.0 | −23.0 | −37.0 | −42.0 |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 100.7 (3.96) | 104.3 (4.11) | 103.4 (4.07) | 83.2 (3.28) | 75.7 (2.98) | 89.6 (3.53) | 82.1 (3.23) | 79.4 (3.13) | 107.7 (4.24) | 115.2 (4.54) | 104.5 (4.11) | 107.2 (4.22) | 1,152.9 (45.39) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 34.7 (1.37) | 42.8 (1.69) | 53.1 (2.09) | 59.8 (2.35) | 68.7 (2.70) | 89.0 (3.50) | 82.1 (3.23) | 79.4 (3.13) | 107.7 (4.24) | 111.2 (4.38) | 81.0 (3.19) | 54.3 (2.14) | 863.8 (34.01) |
| Average snowfall cm (inches) | 67.8 (26.7) | 63.0 (24.8) | 47.9 (18.9) | 21.7 (8.5) | 6.5 (2.6) | 0.6 (0.2) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 3.4 (1.3) | 22.8 (9.0) | 50.5 (19.9) | 284.3 (111.9) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 17.5 | 16.4 | 18.5 | 17.0 | 17.5 | 16.8 | 15.1 | 14.0 | 16.8 | 18.8 | 19.6 | 20.0 | 208.0 |
| Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 7.1 | 7.1 | 10.3 | 12.5 | 16.4 | 17.0 | 15.1 | 14.0 | 16.8 | 18.1 | 15.5 | 10.7 | 160.6 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) | 14.9 | 13.7 | 13.1 | 7.9 | 3.1 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.7 | 7.6 | 14.5 | 76.6 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 77.5 | 77.0 | 77.4 | 78.2 | 74.4 | 75.5 | 72.9 | 71.7 | 74.7 | 75.8 | 77.9 | 79.7 | 76.1 |
| Source: Environment and Climate Change Canada ||||||||||||||

## Attractions

* The Ryan Premises
* The Matthew Replica
* The Mockbeggar Plantation
* The Dungeon
* White Rock Murals
* Cape Bonavista Light
* Bonavista Archives
* Cabot Stadium
* Puffins, whales, and icebergs

## Notable people

* Adam Pardy, National Hockey League player
* Michael Ryder, National Hockey League player
* Rod Snow, professional rugby union player