OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol

Sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerols, abbreviated SQDG, are a class of sulfur-containing phosphorus-free lipids (sulfolipids) found in many photosynthetic organisms.

## Discovery and properties

In 1959 A. A. Benson and coworkers discovered a new sulfur-containing lipid in plants and identified it as sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol (SQDG). The sulfolipid structure was defined as 1,2-di-O-acyl-3-O-(6-deoxy-6-sulfo-α-D-glucopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol (SQDG). The distinctive feature of this substance is carbon bonded directly to sulfur as C-SO$_3$. Sulfonic acids of this type are chemically stable and strong acids.

## Biological occurrence and functions

SQDGs have been found in all photosynthetic plants, algae, cyanobacteria, purple sulfur and non-sulfur bacteria and is localised in the thylakoid membranes, being the most saturated glycolipid.
SQDGs have been found to be closely associated with certain membrane proteins. In some cases the (electrostatic) interactions may be very strong, as suggested by the inability of saturated SQDG molecules associated with purified chloroplast CF0-CF1 ATPase to exchange with other acidic lipids. It was shown also that SQDGs protect CF1 against cold inactivation in the presence of some ATP. CF1 bound to membranes was found to be much more resistant to heat and cold than solubilised protein. Mitochondrial coupling factor F1 is similarly protected by phospholipids and SQDGs although, in that case, both were equally effective.
Information about SQDG and the Rieske protein interaction in the cyt b6f structures is also present. SQDGs seem to be involved in the turnover of cyt f in a similar manner like D1 and raises the question of whether a similar mechanism underlies the role of SQDG in the assembly of both subunits.
Extensive SQDG accumulation was observed in apple shoot bark and wood (Okanenko, 1977) and in pine thylakoid during the autumn hardening, while heat and drought action upon wheat, at NaCl action in the halophyte Aster tripolium.
SQDG also inhibits viral development by interfering with DNA-polymerase and reverse transcriptase activity.

## Biosynthesis

In cyanobacteria and plants, SQDG is synthesized in two steps. First, UDP-glucose and sulfite are combined by UDP-sulfoquinovose synthase (SQD1) to produce UDP-sulfoquinovose. Second, the sulfoquinovose portion of UDP-sulfoquinovose is transferred to diacylglycerol by the glycosyltransferase SQDG synthase, to form SQDG.

## Degradation

SQDGs degrade during sulfur starvation in some species such as Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. This response is for the redistribution of its sulfur to make new protein. A wide range of bacteria cleave SQDG to form sulfoquinovose, and then metabolize the sulfoquinovose through a process termed sulfoglycolysis. SQDG are cleaved by enzymes termed sulfoquinovosidases.
# Ourida Chouaki

Ourida Chouaki (1953 or 1954 – 12 August 2015) was an Algerian women's rights activist. Founder of an association campaigning for reform to the Algerian Family Code she coordinated the 20 ans, barakat! which successfully brought about the replacement of the law in 2004. She also worked for the Marche mondiale des Femmes.

## Life

Chouaki was the sister of education activist and Democratic and Social Movement member Salah Chouaki who was killed by militants from the Armed Islamic Group of Algeria in the 1990s. She said later that it was important to honour the memory of those who lost their lives to Islamist forces by combating extremist ideology and discrediting jihad.
Chouaki was a lecturer in physics at the University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene in Bab Ezzouar. She was a keen proponent of women's rights and was head of the Tarwa n'Fadhma n'Soumer association, campaigning for family code reform and equality. The organisation was named after Lalla Fatma N'Soumer, a 19th-century Algerian feminist. Chouaki co-ordinated the 2003 20 ans, barakat! (20 years is enough!) campaign to reform the 1984 Algerian Family Code. The campaign sought to ensure that child and other maintenance support payments were required after a divorce, to outlaw polygamy, to provide equal rights to each party over custody of their children, to outlaw matrimonial guardians and to provide equal rights to a divorce for men and women. Chouaki organised public lectures, conferences, poster campaigns and made use of the internet to promote her cause.
The movement was successful in getting the Algerian parliament to implement a revised family code in 2004. However Chouaki was critical of the new law which she said contained too many ambiguities and retained the use of matrimonial guardians. She was concerned that men would force women to accept a matrimonial guardian and saw it as a concession to the Islamic Movement of Society for Peace who had opposed the new law. Chouaki was also concerned that too much power rested with judges, particularly in divorce cases. Such was her influence that she has been described as a participant in all of the struggles for democracy and women's rights in Algeria.
Chouaki was a member of the International Africa Secretariat of the Marche mondiale des Femmes and of the supervising committee of the Forum Social Maghrébin. She died at the Beni Messous Hospital in Algiers on 14 August 2015 at the age of 61 after suffering from a swift-acting disease. The day prior to her death she had been making preparations for a women's march against poverty and inequality to be held in Marseille, France. The Tarwa n'Fadhma n'Soumer would have sent a delegation to the march.
# Madiha Abdalla

Madiah Abdalla is a Sudanese journalist and the first female chief editor of the Sudanese newspaper El Meidan since 2011, the Sudanese Communist Party newspaper. She is among the pioneer women in journalism following the steps of women's rights activists, such as Fatima Ahmed Ibrahim in the early forties, who issued the Women's Voice newspaper.

## Career

Abdalla started her career as a journalist at the El Meidan newspaper in 1985. She then worked for different newspapers, such as Alayam. Abdalla also wrote a number of columns in El Meidan after the Comprehensive Peace Agreement CPA in Sudan.

## Work

Abdalla is a women's rights activist, calling for women's equality and strives to reduce the gender discrimination gap in Sudan. She has written articles about women's issues in different online portals, such as the popular forum Sudaneseonline.

## Arrest and court case

As a result of her writing, Abdalla has been subject to detention and faced trial in April 2017. In another case in 2014, where Abdalla faced accusations by the Sudan National Intelligence and Security Service (NISS) of publishing false news, she was found guilty.
# R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Fire Brigades Union

R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Fire Brigades Union [1995] UKHL 3 is a House of Lords case concerning the awarding of compensation under the Criminal Injuries Compensation Scheme. The case is considered significant in constitutional terms for its ruling on the extent of ministerial prerogative powers.

## Facts

The Fire Brigades Union, representing members who had been victims of violent crimes, claimed that the Secretary of State (meaning in this case the Home Secretary, Michael Howard) had a statutory duty to bring a new Criminal Injuries Compensation Scheme into force. The Criminal Justice Act 1988 provided compensation to violent crime victims, calculated on the same basis as actions in tort, but under Section 171, would only come into force "on such day as the Secretary of State may ... appoint". The Secretary of State had not appointed a day, and in 1993 said they would not. A compensation scheme had been running since 1964 under the Crown's prerogative power, but instead of moving to a statutory scheme, the Secretary of State said that a new non-statutory tariff scheme would be introduced with compensation fixed according to tariffs, that were less beneficial than the common law.
In July 1994, the House of Commons, by the Appropriation Act 1994, approved the supply of money for these tariffs for the criminal injury compensation scheme. The FBU argued the Secretary of State had:
* acted unlawfully under the Criminal Justice Act by failing or refusing to bring the scheme into force, and
* abused his prerogative powers.
The Court of Appeal ruled that there was no enforceable duty on the Home Secretary to bring the legislation into force at any particular time. The Home Secretary was held to have the discretion to implement the legislation when he felt it was appropriate and to compel the Home Secretary to act would be to interfere with the legislative process. However, it would be an abuse of power to not implement the legislation as the Home Secretary was under a duty to keep the question of when the legislation should be implemented under review.

## Judgment

The House of Lords held by a majority that Section 107 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988 imposed a continuing duty on the Secretary of State to consider whether to bring the statutory scheme into force under Sections 108–117, and that he could not lawfully bind himself to not exercise the discretion that was conferred on him. The tariff scheme was also held to be inconsistent with the statutory scheme. This meant the Secretary of State's decision to not bring Sections 108–117 into force and introduce the tariff scheme had been unlawful. However, Section 171(1) did not impose a legally enforceable duty on the Secretary of State to bring Sections 108–117 into force at any particular time.
# Rzeplin, Lublin Voivodeship

Rzeplin is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ulhówek, within Tomaszów Lubelski County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, close to the border with Ukraine. It lies approximately 6 km (4 mi) east of Ulhówek, 31 km (19 mi) east of Tomaszów Lubelski, and 125 km (78 mi) south-east of the regional capital Lublin.
# Micragrotis puncticostata

Micragrotis puncticostata is a species of moth of the family Noctuidae first described by George Hampson in 1902. It is found in Africa, including South Africa.
# North Shore Art Association

The North Shore Art Association of East Gloucester, Massachusetts is one of the oldest art associations in the United States. Founded in 1922, it was the gathering place of some of the great American artists of the 20th century.
Childe Hassam, Emile Gruppe, Harry Aiken Vincent, Paul Strisik, Fredrick Mulhaupt, Winslow Homer and many others were early members of the NSAA. Other members include Louise Herreshoff.
# Øyvind Sørensen

Øyvind Sørensen (29 April 1887 – 11 October 1962) was a Norwegian illustrator. He was born in Fredrikstad, Norway. Most of his career was spent as an illustrator for the newspaper Aftenposten, where he worked for over a period of fifty years. Also, there were records of him working for some satirical magazines. Many of his illustrations where represented on various museums and institutions, including the National Gallery of Norway, Oslo Bymuseum and Bergen Museum.
During various points in his life, Øyvind Sørensen trained under Johan Nordhagen, Bernard Naudin, Stanley Anderson and Rowland Hilder.

## Career at Aftenposten

Øyvind Sørensen's first stint at Aftenposten began in 1909. It lasted until 1914, when he left to work for other publications. He joined Aftenposten again in 1918, and worked there until 1957. Besides Aftenposten, his work also appeared in magazines, comic books and Christmas booklets. His work in the Christmas booklets, especially the portraits, were highly popular. One of his best works of illustration was in Henry Haugstøls's books on the old Christiania and Trangviksposten.
Sørensen held many solo exhibitions during his career. In 1964, the Artists' Association in Oslo organized a memorial exhibition in his honor. Sørensen was also commercially successful because his works were bought by several famous institutions. Among his clients were the National Museum of Fine Arts, Oslo City Museum, Bergen Museum and the University of Oslo.
# World Health Imaging, Telemedicine, and Informatics Alliance

The World Health Imaging, Telemedicine and Informatics Alliance (WHITIA) is a non-profit global health technology and social venture established in 2006 by affiliates of Northwestern University near Chicago, Illinois. WHITIA was formerly known as the World Health Imaging Alliance (WHIA) until it formally expanded its scope in June 2009.
WHITIA's first formal public launch was in April 2009 at the Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society (HIMSS) Annual Conference & Exhibition in Chicago, Illinois. WHITIA announced strategic partners including SEDECAL, Carestream Health and Merge Healthcare, receiving extensive coverage in Health IT magazines and publications. At the 2009 Annual Conference of the Society for Imaging Informatics in Medicine (SIIM) in Charlotte, North Carolina, WHITIA announced its partnership with SIIM, which will allow both organizations to collaborate on specific initiatives. WHITIA was recently ranked #15 of the top 25 most influential people, institutions, and organizations in the radiology industry.
At the 2009 RSNA Annual Meeting, WHITIA launched, Remi-d, a remote-operated screening X-ray system for use in the developing world. Its strengths in these areas stem from the higher burden of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Tuberculosis (TB) co-infection, high incidents of Black Lung disease, or outbreaks of other infectious respiratory diseases. The teleradiology and remote-controlled features of Remi-d allow resource-limited areas such as sub-Saharan Africa, South and Central America and Southeast Asia, where Radiologists and Radiographers are in short supply to have a functioning X-ray service.
WHITIA currently has pilot integrated digital X-ray sites in South Africa and Guatemala at established clinics in need and is expanding to new qualified sites in partnership with NGOs such as Rotary International while cooperating with the local and national governments.

## Guatemala clinics

The Guatemala pilot sites in urban Guatemala City and rural Río Hondo provide essential healthcare technology to thousands of people in the communities served. They are designed to be models for the wider expansion of the WHITIA network throughout the clinics in need in urban and rural Guatemala. The system's specific design for Guatemala City is an integration of some of WHITIA's partners' strengths and generosity:
* SEDECAL provides the X-ray generator and controls
* Carestream Health donates the computed radiography (CR) digital scanner and plates
* Kane X-ray donates personnel to perform installation and set up of the CR and PACS
This project was largely funded by several US and Guatemalan Rotary clubs along with the key resource support of the Guatemalan municipal and national governments.
# The Money Channel

The Money Channel was a TV channel of Realitatea-Caţavencu, owned by Sorin-Ovidiu Vântu.
The Money Channel was the first business TV channel in Romania. It broadcast information about the Stock Exchange in Romania, and also news, mainly economic, but also politics, weather and sport. It was launched in May 2006 and closed in April 2015.
# Thomas Peter Friedl

Thomas Peter Friedl (born January 3, 1967, in Munich) is a German media entrepreneur and film producer.

## Biography

He started his career in the film industry in 1989 at Germany’s media house Constantin Film. Until 2008, Friedl was member of the board and served as President, Distribution & Marketing and COO of Constantin Film AG, a company he left at the beginning of 2008 after 18 years.
Friedl distributed the two most successful German films: Michael Bully Herbig's Der Schuh des Manitu and Traumschiff Surprise.
As an international distributor, Friedl was in charge of productions such as the first three Resident Evil films, The House of the Spirits or Perfume: The Story of a Murderer. Friedl also led various campaigns for the Academy Awards, including Nowhere in Africa (Academy Award for Best Foreign Film 2001) and Downfall (nominated for Best Foreign Film 2005).
In 2008, Friedl joined UFA Cinema and took over responsibility as producer and CEO of UFA Cinema’s operations.
Friedl’s producer credits include – among others – the movie adaptation of the children’s and young-adult bestsellers Devil's Kickers [de] and The Twins at St. Clare's (Hanni & Nanni), plus the comedy Pigeons on the Roof [de] and Sabine Kuegler's autobiographical bestseller Jungle Child. Other titles include the thrillers The Fourth State directed by Dennis Gansel and The Coming Days, the romantic comedy Jesus Loves Me and The Weekend, which was adapted from the eponymous bestseller by Bernhard Schlink.
Friedl left UFA Cinema end of 2012 to join forces with leading German producer and CEO of X Filme Creative Pool, Stefan Arndt. Friedl and Arndt’s new production entity The Amazing Film Company (TAF) which focuses on high commercial English speaking feature movies for worldwide exploitation.
Currently Friedl is preparing the international productions A Year in the Merde, Honky Tonk Pirates, Prototype, Cathy's Book and Fatherland - Fatherland is based on Robert Harris best-selling novels.
Friedl is a member of the European and German Film Academy, where he served many years as creative director and producer of the German Film Awards. He is also Chairman of the Supervisory Board of the Children Charity Organisation "Artists for Kids", which he founded in 1999 together with his friend and partner, Bernd Eichinger.
# Sumin, Tomaszów Lubelski County

Sumin is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Tarnawatka, within Tomaszów Lubelski County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 3 km (2 mi) north-east of Tarnawatka, 12 km (7 mi) north of Tomaszów Lubelski, and 97 km (60 mi) south-east of the regional capital Lublin.
# Taqi Rafat

Mirza Taghi Khan Raf'at (Persian: میرزا تقی خان رفعت; c. 1989–1920) was the son of Agha Mohammad Tabrizi. He was educated in Istanbul and during World War I returned to Tabriz to teach French in high school. He was a modernist poet who wrote in Turkish and French as well as Persian. Politically, he was a follower of Mohammad Khiabani, and edited the latter's newspaper, Tajaddod ("Modernity"), an organ of the Democratic Party of Azerbaijan, as well as the magazine Azadistan. When Khiabani's movement was violently crushed, Rafat committed suicide in a small village near Tabriz.
His arguments with Malek-osh-Sho'arā Bahār (Persian: مَلِک‌الشعراء بهار), a traditionalist poet and the chief of all poets of Iran (a high conceptual title given to the oldest and wisest poet in the country by the royal court of Persia which entitled the Malekoshoara to receive pensions from the court and to moderate and govern the cultural activities of all other poets in Persia), are famous. he was a reformist with a hot tongue who criticized the old ways of literature in Iran and was pushing for reforms in both form and content in order to revolutionize the core of Persian Literature, especially in poetry.
# Ram Narayan Sharma

Ram Narayan Sharma /Ram Narain Sharma (31 August 1915 – 11 April 1985) was a freedom fighter from Dhanbad district, Jharkhand. His father’s name was Lt. Chandramauli Sharma and his wife's name was Bhagmati Devi. He was born in Sarain-bux village, post office Garkha, district Saran, Bihar. He was born on 31 August 1915. After the death of his first wife, he married Sundar Pati Devi. He came to Dhanbad in 1938. He has sons namely Narendra Kumar Sharma, Ravindra Kumar Sharma, Devendra Sharma, and Jitendra Sharma, and daughters namely, Lt. Sushila Thakur, Urmila Sharma, and Lilawati Singh. He was MLA for five terms. He also worked for a trade union. He had participated in the 1942 Quit India Movement and due to this he was arrested and sent to jail for three years. He was released from jail on 30 August 1945. From 1941-to 45 he participated in individual satyagraha, satyagraha, and other mass movements and for these activities, he was in jail for three and half years. He was General Secretary, Dhanbad District Congress. He was a member of Bihar P.C.C., President of INTUC Working Committee, Bokaro Steel Workers’ Union, and Vice President. He attended the ILO Coal Committee meeting at Pitsburg in 1949, represented Indian Miners at International Miners Federation’s Annual Conference held in Stockholm in 1960, and also participated in Trade Union Seminar in Denmark in 1965. In 1971 he was elected as Lok Sabha Member. He was also involved in social activities such as being a member of the District Development Committee, Dhanbad and Governing Council of Sindri College, President of Gram Dan Pragati Samiti, Dhanbad, and was associated with the cooperative movement in the Dhanbad district. He was interested in volleyball, tennis, and swimming. He died on 11 April 1985.
He was an Indian National Congress politician and served as a member of the 5th Lok Sabha, representing Dhanbad in Jharkhand, India, between 1971 and 1977.
He also represented various constituencies of Dhanbad district in the Bihar Legislative Assembly:
* 1952 and 1957 he was returned for Tundi cum Nirsa;
* 1957 to 1962, he represented Nirsa;
* 1962 to 1967, he was elected for Jorapokhar
* 1967 to 1968 saw him representing Nirsa once more