OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Duchy of Lithuania

The Duchy of Lithuania (Latin: Ducatus Lithuaniae; Lithuanian: Lietuvos kunigaikštystė) was a state-territorial formation of ethnic Lithuanians that existed from the 13th century to 1413. For most of its existence, it was a constituent part and a nucleus of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Other alternative names of the territorial formation, used in different periods, were Aukštaitija or Land of Lithuania (13th century), Duchy of Vilnius (14th – early 15th centuries), Lithuania proper, or simply Lithuania (in a narrow sense).

## History

The formation emerged in the central and eastern part of present-day Lithuania, known as Aukštaitija, or the Lietuva Land (Lithuanian: Lietuvos žemė). It is supposed to have formed in central Lithuania on the left bank of the Neris River and swiftly expanded eastwards. This land was mentioned in 1009 as Litua (see Name of Lithuania). The territory was ruled by chieftains of an ethnic Lithuanian tribe, Aukštaitians or "Lithuanians", in the original sense of the term.
After the expansion of the Lithuanian state in the 13th century, when it became known as the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Lithuania (1251–1263), the Duchy of Lithuania became an administrative unit, governed by dukes and inherited through dynastic links. The main administrative center of the Duchy until the late 13th century might have been Kernavė.
It is possible that the Duchy of Lithuania, which became known as the Duchy of Vilnius from the 14th century on, was formed out of the eastern part of the original Duchy of Lithuania under the rule of Grand Duke of Lithuania Vytenis at the end of the 13th century; its southwestern part was turned into a separate Duchy of Trakai, under the dominion of Gediminas, who had established himself in the newly built Senieji Trakai Castle. It is known for certain that the Duchy of Trakai existed as the domain of Kęstutis at the beginning of his rule in 1337. It was a progenitor of the future Trakai Voivodeship.
The last Duke of Lithuania (Latin: Dux Lithuaniae) was Vytautas the Great, who, as a result of the 1392 Astrava Treaty, received the Duchy from Jogaila, who, in turn, had inherited it from his father Algirdas. Since 1397, the Duchy had the status of an Eldership, comparable to that of the Eldership of Samogitia. After the administrative reform of 1413 by Vytautas, based on the Union of Horodło, the Duchy became part of the newly established Vilnius Voivodeship of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
# Tale of the Sleeping Giants

Tale of the Sleeping Giants (Finnish: Tunturin tarina) is a 2021 Finnish nature film directed by Marko Röhr [fi]. It is about the fells of Sápmi and is the standalone third entry in a series of nature films, after Tale of a Forest (2012) and Tale of a Lake (2016).
Originally set for release in 2020, Tale of the Sleeping Giants was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Finland. Without officially being premiered, it topped Finland's box-office solely from preview screenings. The official release date was eventually on December 3 2021.

## Synopsis

Tale of the Sleeping Giants revolves around the fells—barren mountains—of Sápmi in northern Europe. It is about the terrain, wildlife and mythology of the region.

## Production

Tale of the Sleeping Giants is based on an idea by Antti Tuuri and the screenplay was written by Tuuri and Marko Röhr [fi]. The film was produced by Hanna Kauppi and Röhr for MRP Matila Röhr Productions [fi] with support from the Finnish Film Foundation. It is the standalone third film in a trilogy about nature and mythology produced by MRP Matila Röhr Productions. By having an element of dramatic storytelling, it differs from the previous films, Tale of a Forest (2012) and Tale of a Lake (2016), which are straight nature documentaries, and it received funding from the Finnish Film Foundation's drama department, not its documentary department.
Filming took place over three years in northern Finland, Norway and Sweden. Production included sustained filming in temperatures as low as minus 42 degrees Celsius. The team recorded 850 hours of footage, which were edited into the 77 minutes of the finished film.

## Release

Distribution in Finland is handled by Nordisk Film. The Finnish theatrical release was initially set to 25 December 2020, but was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Finland. The premiere took eventually place on December 3 2021.
Because of the delay, there was time to create a subtitled translation in Northern Sami, which was used during some screenings. A 53 minutes long documentary about the making of Tale of the Sleeping Giants was broadcast on Yle TV1 on 5 April 2021. Without officially being premiered and due to the restrictions imposed on cinema operators, Tale of the Sleeping Giants was able to top the Finnish box-office in February 2021 only through preview screenings. As of December 1 2021, it had sold 18,119 tickets in Finland.

## Reception

Leena Virtanen [fi] of Helsingin Sanomat wrote that Tale of the Sleeping Giants follows the formula from the two previous films and it shows that the filmmakers have developed a shared vision, where Virtanen especially complimented the cinematography. She compared the narrative element where fells are portrayed as sleeping giants to Ailo's Journey [fi], which used editing to create a dramatic story from nature footage. Virtanen described Panu Aaltio's soundtrack as powerful and effective in some scenes, but thought other scenes could have gained from not using music.
# St. Louis, Peoria and North Western Railway

The St. Louis, Peoria and North Western Railway was a short-lived and nominally independent railroad of 114.6 miles in length. It extended from near Benld, Illinois, its southern end, to Peoria, Illinois at its northern end. It was constructed in 1911-1913 with $10.0 million in capital raised by the Chicago and North Western Railway (C & NW) to haul coal from Macoupin County mines operated by the Superior Coal Company, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Chicago and Northwestern.

## History

Apparently for legal purposes, the Benld-Peoria railroad project was incorporated in 1911 as an independent railroad. It was, however, always an adjunct of the Chicago and North Western; and in December 1913, when the St. Louis, Peoria, and North Western was completed, the branch line was consolidated into the C & NW. The new branch line entered service in 1914. After the consolidation of the former St. Louis, Peoria and North Western into the C & NW, the branch line was further extended southward to Worden, Illinois.
The St. Louis, Peoria and North Western was not built as a passenger line and deliberately avoided population centers located on or close to its right-of-way. For example, the railroad's right-of-way never approached closer than 3.5 miles to the city center of Springfield, Illinois, and did not provide passenger service to Springfield.
The six Macoupin coal mines served by the St. Louis, Peoria and North Western yielded an estimated 2.0 million tons of coal annually, almost all of which was burned by the Chicago and North Western in its steam railway operations. The C & NW's grain-belt trunk lines did not serve any coal fields, and until 1914, the Chicago-based railroad had been forced to purchase much of its coal from outside suppliers. The development of the St. Louis, Peoria and North Western branch line was meant to create an in-house pipeline of coal supply for the C & NW's overall operations.
The dieselization of the Chicago and North Western reduced the Chicago-based railroad's need for an in-house coal supply. Passage, starting in 1963, of the Clean Air Acts made Macoupin County coal redundant. Coal haulage declined on the Girard-Peoria line, and the branch line went out of use in the 1990s.

## Current events

That section of the roadbed located in Sangamon County, Illinois has been rededicated to rails-to-trails use. In July 2011, part of the right-of-way was reopened as the Sangamon Valley Trail.
One of the abandoned Superior Coal Company Macoupin County coal mines operated by the Chicago and Northwestern as part of its St. Louis, Peoria and North Western operations has apparently caused mine subsidence, which caused severe damage in 2009 to an elementary school in Benld. The school district was forced to tear down the building and rebuild elsewhere. In August 2010, the Gillespie school district sued the Union Pacific, the corporate successor of the C & NW, for $22 million in damages. Almost $10 million was awarded in settlement of the lawsuit. The mine subsidence has expanded to affect private houses adjacent to the school property.
# Daniel Petit

Daniel Petit (born September 27, 1948 in Doische, Belgium) is a Canadian politician.
A lawyer by profession, Petit is a graduate of Université Laval and was called to the Quebec bar in 1973. He is a founder and partner of the firm Petit, Beaudoin, Société nominale d'avocats. Petit specialized in labour and administrative law and has organized for the Conservatives and the Progressive Conservatives since the 1980s.
He was first elected to the House of Commons of Canada in the 2006 federal election as the Conservative Member of Parliament for Charlesbourg—Haute-Saint-Charles. He defeated incumbent Bloc Québécois MP Richard Marceau to win the seat. In the 2011 election, he was defeated by Anne-Marie Day of the NDP.
He currently serves as the legal commission president of the Conservative Party of Quebec.
# Athletics at the 2001 Summer Universiade – Women's heptathlon

The women's heptathlon event at the 2001 Summer Universiade was held at the Workers Stadium in Beijing, China between 28 and 29 August.

## Results

| Rank | Athlete | Nationality | 100m H | HJ | SP | 200m | LJ | JT | 800m | Points |
| | Jane Jamieson | Australia | 14.28 | 1.82 | 13.57 | 25.48 | 6.03 | 46.70 | 2:19.10 | 6041 |
| | Svetlana Sokolova | Russia | 14.09 | 1.73 | 13.43 | 24.67 | 5.92 | 43.66 | 2:15.08 | 5985 |
| | Sonja Kesselschläger | Germany | 13.88 | 1.79 | 14.24 | 25.56 | 6.12 | 38.84 | 2:19.23 | 5973 |
| 4 | Katja Keller | Germany | 13.83 | 1.73 | 13.06 | 24.83 | 6.22 | 38.58 | 2:17.11 | 5948 |
| 5 | Michaela Hejnová | Czech Republic | 13.64 | 1.70 | 12.25 | 25.30 | 5.77 | 48.65 | 2:21.35 | 5841 |
| 6 | Alena Vindyuk | Russia | 14.02 | 1.73 | 12.22 | 24.77 | 6.00 | 38.83 | 2:24.85 | 5705 |
| 7 | Karin Ruckstuhl | Netherlands | 14.17 | 1.79 | 11.98 | 25.21 | 6.21w | 39.11 | 2:28.16 | 5664 |
| 8 | Kateřina Nekolná | Czech Republic | 14.31 | 1.67 | 13.03 | 25.32 | 5.86 | 41.30 | 2:21.33 | 5645 |
| 9 | Virginia Miller | United States | 13.61 | 1.76 | 11.76 | 24.02 | 5.58w | 34.83 | 2:30.40 | 5565 |
| 10 | Ottelien Olsthoorn | Netherlands | 14.09 | 1.70 | 12.79 | 24.93 | 5.98 | 35.99 | 2:31.11 | 5547 |
| 11 | Yuliya Akulenko | Ukraine | 14.49 | 1.67 | 12.84 | 25.41 | 5.69 | 44.17 | 2:26.46 | 5536 |
| 12 | Piia Peltosaari | Finland | 14.71 | 1.67 | 11.93 | 25.39 | 5.78 | 39.31 | 2:23.55 | 5418 |
| 13 | Rutti Luksepp | Estonia | 14.61 | 1.55 | 12.16 | 24.84 | 5.26 | 34.75 | 2:28.37 | 5057 |
| 14 | Valeria Steffens | Chile | 15.98 | 1.64 | 12.12 | 26.55 | 5.05 | 33.75 | 2:25.61 | 4789 |
| 15 | Jaanika Meriküll | Estonia | 14.41 | 1.67 | 8.43 | 26.86 | 5.46 | 27.00 | 2:28.67 | 4708 |
| 16 | Beatriz Pompa | Mexico | 15.27 | 1.52 | 8.10 | 26.86 | 5.21 | 28.88 | 2:20.16 | 4473 |
| | Nicola Gautier | Great Britain | 14.40 | 1.61 | 13.52 | 25.72 | 5.46 | 39.29 | ??.?? | DNF |
| | Kim Schiemenz | United States | 14.34 | 1.67 | 12.43 | 25.48 | 5.13 | 41.07 | ??.?? | DNF |
| | Salla Käppi | Finland | 13.71 | 1.70 | ??.?? | 25.45 | NM | 43.06 | ??.?? | DNF |
| | María Peinado | Spain | 14.08 | 1.61 | 11.51 | 25.30 | 5.54 | DNS | – | DNF |
| | Clare Thompson | Australia | 14.11 | 1.70 | 11.93 | 25.54 | NM | – | – | DNF |
| | Beth Stroud | Canada | ??.?? | DNS | – | – | – | – | – | DNF |
# Asterostroma

Asterostroma is a genus of fungi in the Lachnocladiaceae family. The genus contains 14 species, which collectively have a widespread distribution.

## Species

* A. andinum
* A. apalum
* A. boninense
* A. cervicolor
* A. cremeofulvum
* A. laxum
* A. medium
* A. macrosporum
* A. muscicola
* A. persimile
* A. pseudofulvum
# Josephine Davison

Josephine Davison (born 1973) is a New Zealand actress. She is known for playing Gina Rossi-Dodds in Shortland Street, Suzy Hong in Outrageous Fortune, and Morgana in Power Rangers S.P.D.

## Biography

Josephine Davidson was born in 1973. She began her career with three years in the soap opera Shortland Street as cafe owner Gina Rossi (later Gina Rossi-Dodds), a founding member of the show's cast. In 1992, she appeared in the music video of Greg Johnson's song "Isabelle".
She was in the 1997 New Zealand film Topless Women Talk About Their Lives. She appeared on Outrageous Fortune as Triad wife Suzy Hong. She also appeared on City Life (1996-1998) as Aimee, Street Legal (2000) as Lily Alexander, Mataku (2001–2005) as Sally, Secret Agent Men (2003–2004) as Dakota Jones, Orange Roughies (2006–2007) as Jackie, The Almighty Johnsons (2011–2013) as Elisabet, and Westside (2015) as Lois. Writing for The New Zealand Herald, Kerri Jackson said of Davison's career: "When you take a peek at [it] it's like looking at a snapshot of the country's recent television history".
She portrayed the villain Morgana in Power Rangers S.P.D., and voiced Itassis in Power Rangers Mystic Force and Solon in Power Rangers Dino Fury. She appeared several times in both Hercules: The Legendary Journeys and its spinoff Xena: Warrior Princess, each time playing a different role (Ramina, Princess Alexa, Arachne and Amensu in Hercules; Queen Cleopatra and Artemis in Xena).
She has also acted on stage in The Only Child in New Zealand, an adaptation of Henrik Ibsen's Little Eyolf.
# Durisht

Durisht is a village in the former municipality of Petrelë in Tirana County, Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became part of the municipality Tirana.
# Yousef el Kalai

Youssef El Kalay (born 1 March 1981) is a Portuguese long-distance runner who competes for Portugal.
Born in Tangier, Morocco, El Kalai became a naturalised citizen of Portugal in 2009 and began to compete for his adopted country from 2010. At the Almond Blossom Cross Country in March 2010, he came second behind Kenyan Mark Bett and won the national title as the first Portuguese to finish. He ran at the 2010 IAAF World Cross Country Championships and was Portugal's best performer in 42nd place. He made his championship track debut at the 2010 European Athletics Championships and was eighth in the men's 10,000 metres. He took part in the 2010 European Cross Country Championships in Albufeira and won an individual bronze medal in the senior race as well as the team silver medal.
At the Cinque Mulini in February 2011 he competed for his club, Grupo Deportivo Recreativo Conforlimpia, as part of the European Cross Country Club Championships. He was the runner-up in the race and led his club to the men's team title. At the European Cup 10000m in June, he improved his personal best by ten seconds to win the race in a time of 28:20.03 minutes.

## Achievements

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| Representing Portugal ||||||
| 2010 | European Championships | Barcelona, Spain | 8th | 10,000 m | 29:07.61 |
| 2010 | European Cross Country Championships | Albufeira, Portugal | 3rd | Senior race | |
| 2012 | European Championships | Helsinki, Finland | DNF | 10.000 m | - |
# Janne Salmi

Janne Juhani Salmi (born 17 April 1969) is a Finnish orienteering competitor and world champion. He won the short distance at the 1997 World Orienteering Championships, and a gold medal in the relay at the 2001 World Orienteering Championships. He won a total of three individual world championship medals and four relay medals, and won the Jukola relay three times with the club Turun Suunnistajat.
After his active career Salmi coached the Finnish national orienteering team between 2005 and 2010, and since 2020 he has been head coach for the Norwegian national team.

## Sports career

Salmi won a silver medal in the classic distance at the 1995 World Orienteering Championships, behind winner Jörgen Mårtensson. He was part of the Finnish relay team which won silver medals, and placed eleventh in the short distance. He won a gold medal in the short distance at the 1997 World Orienteering Championships in Grimstad, as well as a second WOC silver medal in the relay. He had one race victory, winning the short distance in Slovakia, and placed ninth overall in the 1998 Orienteering World Cup. At the 1999 World Orienteering Championships he won a bronze medal in the short distance, and his third WOC silver medal in the relay. At the 2001 World Orienteering Championships in Tampere he placed sixth in the long distance, and won a gold medal with the Finnish relay team. He won a bronze medal in the long distance at the 2001 Open Nordic Orieneering Championships (NOC) in Finland. He also won a bronze medal in the middle distance at the 2003 NOC in Sweden. He placed ninth in the middle distance at the 2003 World Orienteering Championships. Married to Swiss orienteer Vroni König-Salmi. Salmi won the Jukola relay in 1994, 1996 and 2001 with his club Turun Suunnistajat.

## Coaching career

Salmi coached the Finnish national team from 2005 to 2010. He also worked some years as sports and development manager at a sports academy in Turku. He was assigned head coach for the Norwegian national orienteering team in 2020, succeeding Jørgen Rostrup. In 2023 he extended his coaching engagement for three more years, until 2026.
# Darrell Bricker

Dr. Darrell Bricker is a Canadian author, pollster, public speaker, political scientist and political commentator.

## Profession
### Pollster

Bricker is the current Global CEO of Ipsos Public Affairs, a polling, research, marketing, and analysis company.
While Bricker was completing his B.A. studies, he began to specialize in research, polling, and analysis methods. This led to further specialization during his M.A. and Ph.D.
After completing his Ph.D. at Carleton University in 1989, Bricker was hired in the Office of Prime Minister Brian Mulroney as the Director of Public Opinion Research. After a year in the Prime Minister's Office, Bricker was hired by the Angus Reid Group, a polling and analysis company that eventually merged with Ipsos.

### Author

Bricker has published several academic articles and five books. All five books have become Canadian bestsellers:
* Searching for Certainty: Inside the New Canadian Mindset, DoubleDay (2001)
* What Canadians Think About Almost Everything, DoubleDay (2005)
* We Know What You’re Thinking, HarperCollins (2009)
* Canuckology, HarperCollins (2010)
* The Big Shift: The Seismic Change in Canadian Politics, Business, and Culture and What It Means for Our Future (with John Ibbitson), HarperCollins (2013)
* Empty Planet: The Shock of Global Population Decline (with John Ibbitson), McClelland & Stewart, 2019

### Honorary Colonel

In 2010, The Queen's York Rangers, a Canadian Forces armoured reconnaissance reserve unit in Toronto, appointed Bricker as an honorary colonel. Honorary colonels are appointed by the Minister of National Defence for being "distinguished Canadians who have contributed to the country through business, politics, the arts, sports, education, entertainment, or through previous military service."

### Media commentator

As a pollster, Bricker is regularly called upon to give media commentary on a variety of topics, including Canadian politics, social demographics, immigration, military policy, industry and business affairs, and federal and provincial affairs. Bricker regularly writes columns for The National Post and The Globe and Mail.

### Other

Bricker also holds numerous other positions:
* Senior Fellow, Centre for International Governance Innovation
* Board Member, Laurier Institute for the Study of Public Opinion and Policy
* Member, Fundraising Cabinet, Fort York's Visitor Centre
* Member, Royal Canadian Military Institute
* Advisor, Economic Development Committee, Business Advisory Group for the City of Toronto
* Member, American Association of Public Opinion Research
* (Former) Doctoral Fellow, Social Science and Humanities Research Council

## Education

Bricker completed his B.A. in 1983 and his M.A. in 1984, both at Wilfrid Laurier University. He completed his Ph.D. at Carleton University in 1989 and received an Honorary LL.D. from Wilfrid Laurier University in 2010.

## Background

Bricker lives in Toronto with his wife, Nina, and his daughter, Emily.
# Paolo Guinigi

Paolo Guinigi (c. 1372 – 1432) was the lord of Lucca from 1400 until 1430.

## Biography

Paolo was born in Lucca in 1372. He was the youngest son of Francesco Guinigi, member of one of the most outstanding families of Lucca. He was sent to London in 1389 and then to Flanders (1390–1392) to care for the family's affairs. In 1392, he entered Lucca's General Council and later held the position of Anziano (Elder). He fought against his brother, Antonio Guinigi, who had killed the head of the family, his elder brother Lazzaro. Another brother Bartolomeo and others died in a plague which had struck Lucca. Paolo also fell ill. Paolo became the effective lord of Lucca on 21 November 1400 when he received the titles of Capitano e Difensore del Popolo.
In the same year he escaped a plot hatched by his distant relative, Nicolao Guinigi, Bishop of Lucca, and he married Maria Caterina Antelminelli, establishing a link with the early 14th century condottieros and lord of Lucca Castruccio Castracani. However, she died childless, and Guinigi married Ilaria del Carretto, a member of a noble Ligurian family, who gave him a son, Ladislao. She too died early, in 1406, and Paolo Guinigi commissioned to sculptor Jacopo della Quercia a funerary monument, now housed in the Cathedral of Lucca. As a patron of the arts, he commissioned another work by Jacopo della Quercia, the "Polyptych of Madonna with Child and Saints Lawrence, Jerome, and Frediano", in the Basilica of San Frediano, as well as the Villa Guinigi within Lucca walls, now home to the Guinigi Museum.
As a lord, Paolo strengthened the fortifications of Lucca and, in 1401, began the reconstruction of the Augustan Fortress built by Castracani in 1322 and dismantled in 1370. He also boosted the commerce of Carrara marble, the bank activities and the manufacturing of silk products, calling masters from all Europe. To obtain this, he held peaceful relationships or alliances with the other Italian states, including the Papal States.
In 1429, the Republic of Florence attacked Lucca due to its alliance with Filippo Maria Visconti of Milan. The Florentine troops, led by Niccolò Piccinino, ravaged the Lucchese countryside and besieged the city. Only the intervention of Ladislao Guinigi and Francesco Sforza saved the city. However, a popular revolt followed, causing Guinigi's fall in 1430 and the restoration of the Republic. He was sentenced to death and arrested.
He died captive in Pavia in 1432.