# Coral Sea Islands

The Coral Sea Islands Territory is an external territory of Australia which comprises a group of small and mostly uninhabited tropical islands and reefs in the Coral Sea, north-east of Queensland, Australia. The only inhabited island is Willis Island. The territory covers 780,000 km$^2$ (301,160 sq mi), most of which is ocean, extending east and south from the outer edge of the Great Barrier Reef and includes Heralds Beacon Island, Osprey Reef, the Willis Group and fifteen other reef/island groups. Cato Island is the highest point in the Territory.

## History and status

The Coral Sea Islands were first charted in 1803. In the 1870s and 1880s the islands were mined for guano but the absence of a reliable supply of fresh water prevented long-term habitation. The Coral Sea Islands became an Australian external territory in 1969 by the Coral Sea Islands Act and extended in 1997 to include Elizabeth Reef and Middleton Reef nearly 800 km further south.
The two latter reefs are much closer to Lord Howe Island, New South Wales, (about 150 km (93 mi)) than to the southernmost island of the rest of the territory, Cato Island. The islands, cays and reefs of the Great Barrier Reef are not part of the territory, belonging to Queensland instead. The outer edge of the Great Barrier Reef is the boundary between Queensland and the Coral Sea Islands Territory.
The territory is a possession or external territory of Australia, administered from Canberra. Previously it was administered by the Attorney-General's Department and the Department of Transport and Regional Services. It is the only external territory not created by transfer from the United Kingdom or by the mandate of the United Nations. Defence is the responsibility of Australia, and the territory is visited regularly by the Royal Australian Navy.
Australia maintains automatic weather stations on many of the isles and reefs, and claims a 200-nautical-mile (370 km) exclusive fishing zone. There is no economic activity (except for a significant but as yet unquantified charter fishing and diving industry), and only a staff of three or four people to run the meteorological station on Willis Island (South Islet), established in 1921. In November 2011, the Australian government announced that a 989,842-square-kilometre (382,180 sq mi) protected area was planned in the Coral Sea.
The Supreme Court of Norfolk Island has jurisdiction over the islands; however, the laws of the Australian Capital Territory apply. The territory's FIPS 10-4 code is CR, whereas ISO 3166 includes it in Australia (AU).
In June 2004, a symbolic political protest run by gay rights activists based in Australia, declared the Coral Sea Islands to be a sovereign micronation. On 17 November 2017 the same group declared the kingdom to be 'dissolved', following the results of the Australian Marriage Law Postal Survey.

## Geography

There are about 30 separate reefs and atolls, twelve being wholly submerged or drying only during low tide, and 18 others with a total of about 51 islets and cays (18 alone on the atoll Lihou Reef), some of which are vegetated. The atolls exhibit a wide range of size, from a few kilometres in diameter to perhaps the second largest atoll in the world by total area (including lagoon): Lihou Reef, with a lagoon size of 100 by 30 kilometres (62 by 19 miles) and an area of 2,500 square kilometres (970 square miles), which compares to a combined land area of the 18 individual islets of only 0.91 square kilometres (0.35 square miles). The islands are all very low.
The Willis Islets are important nesting areas for birds and turtles but contain negligible natural resources. They comprise less than three square kilometres (1.2 square miles) of land. There is no port or harbour, only offshore anchorage.
Most of the atolls fall into two groups, while Mellish Reef to the east, and Middleton Reef and Elizabeth Reef to the south are grouped separately:

### Northwestern Group

* Osprey Reef (submerged atoll roughly oval in shape, measuring 25 by 12 kilometres (15.5 by 7.5 miles), covering around 195 square kilometres (75 square miles), with lagoon up to 30 metres (98 feet) deep)
* Shark Reef (small elongated submerged reef 15 kilometres (9.3 miles) south of Osprey Reef, with a minimum depth of 7.8 metres (25.6 feet))
* Bougainville Reef (small submerged atoll, 2.5 by 4 kilometres (1.6 by 2.5 miles), area 8 square kilometres (3.1 square miles) with lagoon, dries at half tide)
* East Holmes Reef (submerged atoll, about 14 by 10 kilometres (8.7 by 6.2 miles), area 125 square kilometres (48 square miles) with lagoon)
* West Holmes Reef (submerged atoll 6 kilometres (3.7 miles) east of East Holmes Reef, about 18 by 7 kilometres (11.2 by 4.3 miles), area 125 square kilometres (48 square miles) with lagoon that is open on the West side, two small cays)
* Flora Reef (small submerged atoll, 5 by 4 km, about 12 square kilometres (4.6 square miles))
* Diane Bank (sunken atoll, depths of less than 10 m over an area of 65 by 25 km, or 1,300 square kilometres (500 square miles), along the northern edge 3 m deep, with Sand Cay in the Northwest, 3 m high)
* North Moore Reef (small submerged atoll, 4 by 3 km, area 8 square kilometres (3.1 square miles) including lagoon that is open on the Northwest side)
* South Moore Reef (small submerged reef 5 km South of North Moore Reef)
* Willis Islets (sunken atoll, bank 45 by 19 km, bank area more than 500 square kilometres (190 square miles), 3 islets on the Northwestern side: North Cay, Mid Islet almost 8 m high, South Islet or Willis Island 10 m high)
* Magdelaine Cays & Coringa Islets (one large, partially sunken atoll structure, almost 90 by 30 km, bank area about 1,500 square kilometres (580 square miles)), 2 islets of the Magdelaine Cays in the North: North West Islet (area approximately 0.2 square kilometres (0.1 square miles)) and South East Cay (area 0.37 square kilometres (0.14 square miles)); 2 islets of the Coringa Islets 50 to 60 km further Southwest: Southwest Islet or Coringa Islet (area 0.173 km$^2$), and Chilcott Islet (area 0.163 km$^2$)
* Herald Cays, Northeast Cay (encircled by a reef of 3 by 3 km, total area 6 km$^2$, land area 0.34 km$^2$)
* Herald Cays, Southwest Cay (4 km Southwest of Northeast Cay, encircled by a reef of 2 by 2 km, total area 3 km$^2$, land area 0.188 km$^2$)
* Lihou Reef and Cays (largest atoll in the coral sea, with a size of 2500 km$^2$, land area 0.91 km$^2$)
* Diamond Islets & Tregosse Reefs (large, partially sunken atoll, 100 by 52 km, area of the bank over 3000 km$^2$, with 4 islets and 2 small submerged reefs in the Northeast and Southeast: West Diamond Islet, Central Diamond Islet, East Diamond Islet on the Northeastern rim of the former atoll, and South Diamond Islet, East Tregosse Reef and West Tregosse Reef on the Southern rim)
* North Flinders Reef (large atoll, 34 by 23 km, area 600 km$^2$, with 2 islets, Flinders Cay being the larger one with a length of 200 m and a height of 3 m)
* South Flinders Reef (atoll, 15 by 5 km, 60 km$^2$)
* Herald's Surprise (small submerged reef North of Flinders Reefs, 3 by 2 km)
* Dart Reef (small submerged reef Northwest of Flinders Reefs, 3 by 3 km, area 6 km$^2$ including small lagoon that is open to the North)
* Malay Reef (small submerged reef, not clearly defined, no breakers, difficult to see)
* Abington Reef (submerged reef, nearly awash, 4 by 2.5 km, area 7 km$^2$)
* Marion Reef (Large circular atoll formation that is composed of three main units located on the Eastern side: Marion, Long and Wansfell; and a number of smaller reefs on the west. The formation sits atop a submarine feature known as the Marion Plateau which is separated from the larger Coral Sea Plateau to the north by the Townsville Trough. Three small sand cays are located on the eastern side of Marion Reef: Paget Cay, on Long Reef, Carola Cay, south of Long Reef, and Brodie Cay, on Wansfell Reef.)
The atolls of the Northwestern Group, except Osprey Reef and Shark Reef in the north, and Marion Reef in the south, are located on the Coral Sea Plateau (Queensland Plateau), a contiguous area of depths less than 1000 m.
* Flinders Reefs (North and South), Herald's Surprise and Dart Reef form a cluster of reefs of 66 by 26 km.
* Magdelaine Cays, Coringa Islets and Herald Cays are part of the 8856 km$^2$ Coringa-Herald National Nature Reserve, created on 16 August 1982 and located around 400 km east of Cairns and 220 to 320 km from the outer edge of the Great Barrier Reef. The 6 islets of the nature reserve have areas from 0.16 to 0.37 km$^2$, for a total of 1.24 km$^2$.
* Lihou Reef was declared a Nature Reserve on 16 August 1982, with an area of 8440 km$^2$.
The Nature Reserves were created to protect wildlife in the respective areas of the territory; together they form the Coral Sea Reserves Ramsar Site.

### Mellish Reef

* Mellish Reef, being about 300 km to the east of the Northwestern Group, thus the most distant from the Australian continent of all the reefs and atolls of the Coral Sea Islands Territory, is not considered to be part of any group. It has the outline of a boomerang-shaped platform around 10 km in length and 3 km across, area 25 km$^2$. The surrounding reefs, which enclose a narrow lagoon, are completely submerged at high tide. Near the centre of the lagoon is the only permanent land of the reef - Heralds-Beacon Islet. The island is a small cay measuring 600 m by 120 m, area 57,000 m2, only rising a few ms above the high-water mark. The reef was discovered and named by Captain Alexander Bristow in the whaling ship Thames on 5 April 1812. The French aviso Duroc wrecked on the reef on 16 August 1856. HMS Herald erected the first beacon on the cay, using wreckage from Duroc.

### Southeasterly Group

* Frederick Reefs: The reefs form a semi-enclosed lagoon, known as Anchorage Sound, with an opening on the North side. The complex measures about 10 by 4 km, with an area of 30 km$^2$. On the southern side of the reef lies Observatory Cay, the only permanently dry land, although there are a few of others cays that can be awash at high tide.
* Kenn Reefs, submerged atoll of about 15 by 8 km, area 40 km$^2$, islet Observatory Cay in the Southeast, 2 m high
* Saumarez Reefs, southernmost reefs to be located on the Coral Sea Shelf; three main reefs and numerous smaller reefs that form a large crescent-shaped formation open to the northwest, about 27 by 14 km, area less than 300 km$^2$. There are two sand cays: North East Cay and South West Cay.
* Wreck Reefs: atoll 25 by 5 km, area 75 km$^2$, open on the North. Islets found on the reefs include Bird Islet, West Islet and Porpoise Cay.
* Cato Reef: Cato bank 21 by 13 km, area 200 km$^2$ of depths less than 17 m; Cato Reef encircles an area of 3.3 by 1.8 km, area 5 km$^2$ including lagoon; Cato Island, in the West of the lagoon, 650 by 300 m, area 0.15 km$^2$, 6 m high. Close to the Southeast corner of Cato bank is Hutchison Rock, with 1 m depth over. Cato Island is the highest point in the Territory.

### Extreme South

Elizabeth and Middleton reefs, together with reefs around Lord Howe Island (New South Wales) 150 km to the south, are regarded as the southernmost coral reefs in the world. Their location, where tropical and temperate ocean currents meet, contributes to an unusually diverse assemblage of marine species. These mostly submerged atolls which dry only during low tide were added to the territory only in 1989. They are located on the Lord Howe Rise. Already on 23 December 1987, they were protected as the Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs Marine National Park Reserve, which has an area of 1,880 km$^2$.
* Elizabeth Reef, atoll about 8.2 km by 5.5 km, area 51 km$^2$ including lagoon, one islet: Elizabeth Island (Elizabeth Cay), no vegetation, 600 m by 400 m (area 0.2 km$^2$), highest point 0.8 m. At low tides, much of the reef flat is exposed.
* Middleton Reef, atoll about 8.9 km by 6.3 km, area 37 km$^2$ including lagoon, one islet: The Sound, 100 m by 70 m (area 5,000 m$^2$), highest point 1.5 m (close to the northern end). At low tides, much of the reef flat is exposed.

### Overview of islets and cays

| Complex | Type | Islets/cays |
| West Holmes Reef | Atoll | 2 |
| Diane Bank | Atoll (mostly sunken) | Diane Bank Cay |
| Willis Group | Atoll (partially sunken) | South Islet (Willis Island), Mid Islet, North Cay |
| Magdelaine Cays and Coringa Islets | Atoll (partially sunken) | Northwest Islet, Southeast Cay, Southwest, Chilcott Islets |
| Herald Cays (North) | Reef | Northwest Cay |
| Herald Cays (South) | Reef | Southeast Cay |
| Lihou Reef and Cays | Atoll | 18 |
| Diamond Islands and Tregosse Reefs | Atoll (partially sunken) | West Diamond, Central Diamond, East Diamond, Southwest Diamond Islets |
| Flinders Reefs (North) | Atoll | Flinders, Main, Victoria Cays |
| Marion Reef | Atoll | Paget, Carola, Brodie Cays |
| Mellish Reef | Atoll | Heralds-Beacon Islet |
| Frederick Reefs | Atoll | Observatory Cay |
| Kenn Reef | Atoll | Observatory Cay |
| Saumarez Reef | Atoll | Northeast, Southwest Cays |
| Wreck Reef | Atoll | Bird, West Islets, Porpoise Cay |
| Cato Reef | Atoll | Cato Island |
| Middleton Reef | Atoll | The Sound |
| Elizabeth Reef | Atoll | Elizabeth Island |
| Total number of islands/cays | Total number of islands/cays | 51 |

## Man-made structures

Automatic, unmanned weather stations are located on the following reefs or atolls:
* Bougainville Reef
* Cato Island
* Flinders Reef (Flinders Coral Cay)
* Frederick Reef
* Holmes Reef
* Lihou Reef (Turtle Islet)
* Marion Reef
* Moore Reef
Lighthouses are located on following reefs or islands:
* Bougainville Reef
* East Diamond Islet
* Frederick Reefs
* Lihou Reef
* Saumarez Reef
Willis Island, the only inhabited island, has a number of structures.