# Heihe

Heihe (Chinese: 黑河; pinyin: Hēihé; lit. 'Black River'; Russian: Хэйхэ) is a prefecture-level city of northern Heilongjiang province, China, located on the Russian border, on the south bank of the Amur (Heilong) River, across the river from Blagoveshchensk. At the 2020 census, 1,286,401 people lived in the prefecture-level city of whom 223,832 lived in the built-up area (or metro) made of Aihui District.
Heihe marks the northeast terminus of the diagonal Heihe–Tengchong Line, which is sometimes used to divide China into east and west.

## History

Heihe, formerly Aihui or Aigun, is one of the five oldest cities in Heilongjiang, along with Qiqihar, Yilan, Acheng and Hulan. Human beings started to settle in Heihe region as early as the Paleolithic Age. Later it became home to local tribes. During the Qing dynasty, Heihe was the first place troops sent to Heilongjiang were stationed. The predecessor of today's Heihe was the town established by the indigenous Ducher people of the Amur Valley in the mid-1650s. It was established some 30 km (19 mi) south of the modern city site (in today's Aihui District) and was known as Aigun, Heilongjiang, or Saghalien Ula. (The two last names both mean "the Black Dragon River" - the name for the Amur River in Chinese and Manchu, respectively).
After the Ducher were evacuated by the Qing to the Sungari or Hurka in the 1650s, the Ducher town was probably vacated. However, in 1683-85 the Manchus re-used the site as a base for their campaign against the Russian fort of Albazin. Aigun was the capital (the seat of the military governor) of Heilongjiang from 1683 to 1690, before the capital was moved to Nenjiang (Mergen). After the capture of Albazin in 1685 or 1686, the Qing governor relocated the town to a new site on the right (southwestern) bank of the Amur, about 3 miles downstream from the original. The new site occupied the location of the former village of the Daurian chief named Tolga. The city became known primarily under its Manchu name Saghalien Ula hoton (Manchu: ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᡠᠯᠠ ᡥᠣᡨᠣᠨ sahaliyan ula hoton) and Chinese name Heilongjiang Cheng (黑龍江城), which both mean "Black River City". Later the governor office was transferred to Qiqihar. However, Aigun remained the seat of the Deputy Lieutenant-General (Fu dutong), responsible for a large district covering much of the Amur Valley within the province of Heilongjiang as it existed in those days.
Aigun was visited around 1709 as a part of a nationwide Sino-French cartographic program by the Jesuits Jean-Baptiste Régis, Pierre Jartoux, and Xavier Ehrenbert Fridelli, who found it a stronghold, serving as the base of Manchus controlling the Amur River basin. The Aigun Treaty was concluded at Aigun in 1858. According to this treaty, the left bank of the Amur River was conceded to Czarist Russia.
After the Xinhai Revolution, Aigun became the county seat of the newly created Aigun County by the Republic of China. On November 15, 1980, Heihe City was established, administering two county-level cities and three counties including Beian, Wudalianchi, Nenjiang, Sunwu and Sunke. Aihui County was abolished, being merged into the Heihe City.

## Geography

Heihe is located at the South bank of the Amur, opposite to the city of Blagoveshchensk in Russia's Amur Oblast. Its jurisdictional area stretches for 54,390 km$^2$ (21,000 sq mi), which spans from 124° 45' to 129° 18' E longitude and 47° 42' to 51° 03' N latitude. Domestically, Heihe City borders Da Hinggan Ling Prefecture to the north, Yichun to the southeast, Suihua to the south, Qiqihar to the southwest, and Hulunbuir (Inner Mongolia) to the west. The Amur has formed the Sino-Russian border since the 1858 Aigun Treaty and 1860 Treaty of Peking. The area north of the Amur had previously belonged to Imperial China.

### Climate

Heihe experiences a monsoon-influenced humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dwb), but Dwa in the south of the prefecture, with long, bitterly cold, windy, but dry winters due to the influence of the Siberian high, and warm, wet summers, due to the East Asian monsoon. Based on data from 1981 to 2010, the monthly daily mean temperature in January, the coldest month, is −22.0 °C (−7.6 °F), and July, the warmest month, averages 21.1 °C (70.0 °F), with an average annual temperature +0.92 °C (33.7 °F). Close to two-thirds of the annual precipitation falls in the months of June to August. Extreme temperatures have ranged from −44.5 °C (−48 °F) to 39.3 °C (103 °F).
Climate data for Heihe (Aihui District), elevation 166 m (545 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1971–2010) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | −0.4 (31.3) | 7.1 (44.8) | 20.4 (68.7) | 28.3 (82.9) | 35.1 (95.2) | 39.3 (102.7) | 37.2 (99.0) | 35.1 (95.2) | 31.1 (88.0) | 28.2 (82.8) | 12.5 (54.5) | 1.1 (34.0) | 39.3 (102.7) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −15.6 (3.9) | −9.9 (14.2) | −0.8 (30.6) | 10.7 (51.3) | 19.4 (66.9) | 24.9 (76.8) | 27.1 (80.8) | 24.9 (76.8) | 18.9 (66.0) | 8.8 (47.8) | −5.2 (22.6) | −15.3 (4.5) | 7.3 (45.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −21.6 (−6.9) | −16.9 (1.6) | −7.2 (19.0) | 4.5 (40.1) | 12.8 (55.0) | 18.9 (66.0) | 21.6 (70.9) | 19.2 (66.6) | 12.4 (54.3) | 2.8 (37.0) | −10.7 (12.7) | −20.6 (−5.1) | 1.3 (34.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −26.2 (−15.2) | −22.6 (−8.7) | −13.3 (8.1) | −1.8 (28.8) | 6.0 (42.8) | 12.7 (54.9) | 16.6 (61.9) | 14.3 (57.7) | 6.8 (44.2) | −2.4 (27.7) | −15.3 (4.5) | −24.8 (−12.6) | −4.2 (24.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −44.5 (−48.1) | −40.9 (−41.6) | −32.8 (−27.0) | −19.1 (−2.4) | −8.4 (16.9) | 1.7 (35.1) | 7.9 (46.2) | 4.0 (39.2) | −5.3 (22.5) | −19.1 (−2.4) | −32.8 (−27.0) | −38.9 (−38.0) | −44.5 (−48.1) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 5.0 (0.20) | 5.1 (0.20) | 7.0 (0.28) | 23.2 (0.91) | 55.8 (2.20) | 87.5 (3.44) | 147.0 (5.79) | 112.9 (4.44) | 66.4 (2.61) | 27.6 (1.09) | 11.1 (0.44) | 8.1 (0.32) | 556.7 (21.92) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 7.4 | 4.6 | 4.9 | 6.6 | 10.9 | 12.8 | 14.3 | 14.1 | 11.0 | 7.7 | 7.3 | 7.9 | 109.5 |
| Average snowy days | 10.4 | 7.3 | 7.4 | 4.6 | 0.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 4.9 | 9.7 | 11.2 | 56.1 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 67 | 62 | 56 | 50 | 54 | 68 | 76 | 78 | 70 | 61 | 66 | 69 | 65 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 174.3 | 208.5 | 256.3 | 245.0 | 257.0 | 263.1 | 249.5 | 232.7 | 219.9 | 192.4 | 165.4 | 153.0 | 2,617.1 |
| Percentage possible sunshine | 65 | 73 | 69 | 59 | 54 | 54 | 51 | 53 | 59 | 59 | 62 | 62 | 60 |
| Source 1: China Meteorological Administration ||||||||||||||
| Source 2: Weather China ||||||||||||||

## Administrative divisions

Aihui
Xunke County
Sunwu County
Bei'an (city)
Wudalianchi (city)
Nenjiang (city) :
| Name | Hanzi | Hanyu Pinyin | Population (2010 est.) | Area (km$^2$) | Density (/km$^2$) |
| Aihui District | 爱辉区 | Àihuī Qū | 211,313 | 13,993 | 15.1 |
| Bei'an city | 北安市 | Běi'ān Shì | 436,444 | 6,313 | 69.1 |
| Wudalianchi city | 五大连池市 | Wǔdàliánchí Shì | 326,390 | 9,800 | 33.3 |
| Nenjiang city | 嫩江市 | Nènjiāng shì | 495,519 | 15,360 | 32.3 |
| Xunke County | 逊克县 | Xùnkè Xiàn | 101,411 | 17,020 | 6.0 |
| Sunwu County | 孙吴县 | Sūnwú Xiàn | 102,821 | 4,454 | 23.1 |

## Transportation

The transportation to and from Heihe is as follows:
* Highways
** China National Highway 202: Heihe–Dalian via Harbin, Jilin City and Shenyang
** Provincial highways: Heihe–Mohe, etc.
** Blagoveshchensk–Heihe Bridge, completed at the end of 2019, is a 2-lane highway bridge over the Amur to link Blagoveshchensk and Heihe.
* Railway (China Railway): Heihe–Bei'an to Harbin, Qiqihar and Daqing
* Air: Heihe Aihui Airport
The world's first international cable car to Blagoveshchensk has also been proposed to open in 2022.

## Energy

West of Heihe, there is an HVDC back-to-back station for realizing an interconnection between the power grids of Russia and China with 750 MW transmission capacity.

## Tourism

Heihe has tourist attractions such as Amur River and Wudalianchi Lake [zh] and Wudalianchi Volcanic Range [zh], where people can take a trip to local volcanoes. The Old City of Aigun is a famous historical scenic spot, in which the Treaty of Aigun between China and Russia was signed in the 19th century.

## Sport

Heihe University (黑河学院) has requested the Russian bandy club SKA Neftyanik to send a coach, offering a one-year contract.

## Sister cities

* Blagoveshchensk, Amur Oblast, Russia
* Krasnoyarsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia
* Yakutsk, Sakha Republic, Russia