OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Michel Combes

Michel Combes (born 29 March 1962) is a French businessman and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of SoftBank Group International ("SBGI"). Previously, he was CEO at Sprint, and has held CEO roles at Vodafone Europe, Alcatel-Lucent and Altice.

## Early life and education

Combes was born on 29 March 1962. He attended the Lycée Louis-le-Grand in Paris, then graduated from École Polytechnique in 1983, Télécom ParisTech, Paris Dauphine University and Conservatoire national des arts et métiers (Cnam).

## Career

After holding several positions at ministries, France Télécom and TDF, Combes was CEO of Vodafone Europe from 2008 to 2012.
On 22 February 2013 the Alcatel-Lucent board of directors appointed Combes as the company's CEO, succeeding Ben Verwaayen (effective April 1). On 19 June 2013 Combes announced plans to focus Alcatel-Lucent's operations on networking products and high-speed broadband in order to cut costs by 1 billion euros by 2015. He left Alcatel-Lucent in September 2015, after Nokia announced its intention to buy the company but before the merger was complete, to join Altice as COO. He became Altice's CEO in 2016, and resigned in November 2017.
Combes was appointed as the CFO of Sprint in January 2018, and CEO in May of the same year. His tenure ceased when Sprint merged with T-Mobile US in April 2020.
Following Sprint, Combes joined SoftBank Group International as President in April 2020 and was appointed to his current position of CEO on 28 January 2022, where he oversees SBGI’s operating and investment portfolios, including the SoftBank LatAm Funds. He is on several boards of directors of SoftBank portfolio companies, including WeWork, Cybereason, Contentsquare, Jellysmack, Kavak, OneWeb, Sorare, Swile, TelevisaUnivision and Vestiaire Collective.

## Personal life

Combes is married to Christie Julien, an acclaimed French concert pianist. Combes has three children.
# HMS Fortitude (1780)

HMS Fortitude was a 74-gun third-rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, built by John Randall & Co. and launched on 23 March 1780 at Rotherhithe.
Under Captain Richard Bickerton, Fortitude served in the English Channel. In April 1781 she participated in the second relief of Gibraltar. In May 1781, during the Fourth Anglo–Dutch War, Vice-Admiral Hyde Parker's shifted his flag from HMS Victory to Fortitude. On 5 August, Fortitude fought in the Battle of Dogger Bank as Parker's flagship. After a desperate, bloody battle in which neither combatant gained any advantage, both sides drew off.

## French Revolutionary Wars

In 1793, under Captain William Young she sailed for the Mediterranean to join Admiral Sir Samuel Hood's fleet there.
On 7 February 1794 Fortitude, under the command of Captain William Young, and Juno attacked a tower at Mortella Point, on the coast of Corsica. The tower, though manned by only 33 men and heavily damaged by the ships' guns, held out for two days before surrendering to land-based forces under Sir John Moore, having lost two men mortally wounded. In her unsuccessful bombardment, Fortitude suffered extensive damage to her hull, masts, rigging and sails, particularly from heated shot, and had three lower-deck guns disabled. In all, she lost six men killed and 56 men wounded, including eight dangerously. The design of the tower so impressed the British that they made it the model for Martello Towers that they would later construct in Great Britain and many of their colonies.
Under Captain Thomas Taylor Fortitude was involved in actions off Genoa on 13 March 1795, and Hyères on 13 July 1795. The action on 13 March resulted in Admiral William Hotham's Mediterranean Fleet chasing the French fleet and capturing Ça Ira and Censeur, with the two fleets then sailing off in opposite directions. The action on 13 July was also indecisive, though the British captured a French 74-gun ship. Admiral Hotham resigned on 1 November 1795.
On 25 September 1795, Fortitude set sail for Britain with a large convoy. On 7 October 1795 the convoy sighted a large French squadron, off Cape St. Vincent, which sailed in pursuit of them. Before the French arrived, Censeur lost her fore topmast and had only a frigate's main mast left, rendering her useless. She was also lightly manned and short of powder. In the subsequent exchange the French recaptured Censeur, along with 30 ships of the convoy. The rest continued on to England.

## Fate

Fortitude served as a prison ship from 1795 and as a powder hulk at Portsmouth from 1802. She was broken up there in 1820.

## Citations and notes

* 1 2 3 Lavery, Ships of the Line, vol. 1, p. 180.
* ↑ "Engagement with the French off Ushant (History of HMS Victory)". Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2010.
* ↑ "No. 13631". The London Gazette. 11 March 1794. pp. 221–223.
* ↑ "No. 13823". The London Gazette. 17 October 1795. pp. 1074–1075.
# Ralph Poppell

Ralph Poppell is a Florida Republican (United States) politician who served as a Representative in the House of Representatives of the U.S. state of Florida. He was first elected to the Florida House in 2002 and left office due to term limitation in 2010.
Rep. Poppell was born on April 30, 1941. He is married to Connie Poppell, who is from Vero Beach, Florida. They have four children, a girl and three boys, Tamra, Tim, Tyler, and Doug.
From 1960 to 1965, he worked as an assistant production manager for Indian River Exchange Packers. He then worked as a production manager till 1969 for Neving Ideal. He was general manager for Pulitzer Groves from 1969 till 1979. He owned two businesses, Poppell Groves from 1971 to 1997, and Float-On Trailers from 1985 to 2000.
# Ervin Tjon-A-Loi

Ervin Tjon-A-Loi (born 6 April 1995) is a Surinamese professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Suriname Major League club Inter Moengotapoe.

## International career

Tjon-A-Loi made his debut for Suriname in a 2–1 loss to Jamaica on 17 November 2018.
# Olga Núñez Abaunza

Olga Núñez Abaunza (22 March 1920 – 1971) was the first female Nicaraguan lawyer and first female notary. She was the first woman to serve in a Ministerial capacity and the first woman Deputy to serve in the National Assembly of Nicaragua. She was an ardent feminist, attending feminist conferences, forming a feminine wing of the liberal party, and running for office on a feminist platform.

## Biography

Olga Núñez Abaunza was born on 22 March 1920 in Masaya, Nicaragua to Arturo Núñez Arteaga and Filomena Abaunza Zúñiga. She went to primary school at the Colegio de Señoritas de Masaya, where she ran the school newspaper. To obtain a secondary education, she began at the all-boys' school, Instituto de Varones de Masaya and concluded her studies at Instituto Nacional Central Ramírez Goyena in Managua. The school was considered the best in the country at that time and she finished in 1938 with high marks.
Though attempts were made to dissuade her from studying law, Núñez enrolled at the Central University of Nicaragua. In 1945, she graduated as the first female attorney from Nicaragua, and first notary; the first male lawyer, Miguel de Larreynaga, graduated in 1801. Her thesis was “La posición de la mujer en la Constitución y el Derecho Penal de Nicaragua”. (The position of women in the constitution and criminal laws of Nicaragua). That year, she won the national literature prize Premio Nacional de Literatura Rubén Darío for her unpublished novel Renunciation. She went on to at the University of Pennsylvania and Johns Hopkins University with a focus on international human rights and completed a Master's at the American University of Washington College of Law.
While she was studying, Núñez was also attending feminist conferences. In 1945, she attended the Chapultepec Conference (the fore-runner to Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance) and served as a delegate to the Inter-American Commission of Women (known now as CIM). In 1947, she attended the Primer Congreso Interamericano de Mujeres in Guatemala City, Guatemala, as the representative of CIM.
In 1950, she was named vice-minister of education, the first woman to ever hold the post. She held that post until 1956, when she was elected to the Chamber of Deputies. In 1955, she had founded the Ala Femenina Liberal (Women's Liberal Wing) of Somozas’ Nationalist Liberal Party and ran on a feminist platform. In 1957, Núñez and the two alternates also elected—Mirna Hueck de Matamoros and Mary Coco Maltez de Callejas—were the first women candidates to run for office. Núñez was the first woman deputy to serve in the National Assembly of Nicaragua. During her tenure, she introduced many pieces of international legislation and also legislation for various municipalities. In one case, she was able to resolve a long-running dispute between two towns in the Estelí Department, by helping La Trinidad obtain its designation as a city in 1962.
She served until her early death in 1971.

## Private life

In 1953, she married fellow attorney, Efrén Saballos and had four daughters.
# Skiatook Public Schools

Skiatook Public Schools is a school district headquartered in Skiatook, Oklahoma.
It operates five schools: Marrs Elementary, Skiatook Elementary, Skiatook Intermediate Elementary, Newman Middle School, and Skiatook High School.
Within Tulsa County, the district includes most of Skiatook. It also includes all of Skiatook in Osage County.
As of 2022 the school has Osage language as a class for world languages.

## History

Rick Thomas became the superintendent in 2011.
In 2019 the district enacted a strategic plan.
Rick Thomas was superintendent until July 1, 2022, when he retired. Melissa Bush became the new superintendent on July 1, 2022. Bush, who originated from Skiatook, continued the strategic plan.
# Mohammad Aftab Alam

Mohammad Aftab Alam (Nepali: मोहम्मद अफताब आलम Listen) is a Nepali politician from the Nepali Congress and a suspended member of the House of Representatives of the federal parliament of Nepal. He was a member of the first constituent assembly as well. He is also a former Minister for Labour and Transport Management.

## Career

Alam was elected from Rautahat-2 to the Pratinidhi Sabha in the 1999 election and the 2008 Constituent Assembly election but was defeated in the 2013 election from the same constituency.
Alam was elected to parliament in the 2017 legislative election from Rautahat-2 constituency, as a candidate from Nepali Congress. He defeated his nearest rival Kiran Kumar Shah by acquiring 18,833 votes to Shah's 16,865. Following his election to parliament, he was appointed a member of the House Industry, Commerce, Labour and Consumer Interest Committee.

## Arrest

Alam was arrested from Rajapur municipality-1, Rautahat, on 13 October 2019 on charges of murder and causing an explosion over his alleged involvement in the 9 April 2008 bomb blast in Rautahat and the subsequent murders of the injured. According to a report by The Himalayan Times, it has been alleged that Alam had employed several people, tasked with making bombs to be used for capturing booths in the 2008 constituent assembly elections. When a bomb went off in a massive explosion that injured as many as 18 people, Alam allegedly dumped them at a brick kiln, killing them. República, however, reported that 14 people died in the blast while those and an additional eight injured were thrown in the furnace of the brick kiln, murdering the injured and destroying evidence. According to The Kathmandu Post, at least two victims had died in the initial explosion and as many as two dozen injured were dumped alive into the brick furnace.
He was suspended from his position in the House of Representatives following his arrest.
A single bench of Judge Deepak Dhakal, Rautahat District Court, denied him bail on 15 November 2019, after a preliminary hearing where Alam was allowed to make a statement. Alam's lawyers had argued that there was no such bomb explosion in Rautahat in 2008, that Alam was innocent, and was being framed by the government with a fake list of victims.
# School boards in England and Wales

School boards were ad hoc public bodies in England and Wales that existed between 1870 and 1902, and established and administered elementary schools.

## Creation

The Elementary Education Act 1870 (33 & 34 Vict. c. 75) permitted the creation of school boards in areas where they were needed. The legislation followed campaigning by George Dixon, Joseph Chamberlain and the National Education League for elementary education free from Anglican doctrine. Education was still not free of fees.
The first schedule of the 1870 Act permitted school boards for:
* the Metropolitan Board of Works area
* the district of the Oxford Local Board of Health
* every municipal borough except Oxford
* every civil parish (or part of a civil parish) that was outside of the above.
Around 2,500 school boards were created between 1870 and 1896.

## Powers and functions

Each board could:
* raise funds from a rate
* build and run non-denominational schools where existing voluntary provision was inadequate
* subsidise church schools where appropriate
* pay the fees of the poorest children
* if they deemed it necessary, create a by-law making attendance compulsory between the ages of five and 13 until the Elementary Education Act 1880, which made it compulsory for all
* not provide any religious education other than simple Bible reading.

## Election of members

Members were directly elected, not appointed by borough councils or parish vestries.
Unusually for the time, women were eligible to win election to school boards. When the first elections were held, in 1870, nine women were elected across the country: Elizabeth Garrett Anderson and Emily Davies in London, Anne Ashworth and Caroline Shum in Bath, Catherine Ricketts in Brighton, Lydia Becker in Manchester, Marian Huth in Huddersfield, Eleanor Smith in Oxford, and Jennetta Temple in Exeter.

## Abolition

School boards were abolished by the Education Act 1902, which made the councils of counties and county boroughs into local education authorities.
# Caroline Corby

Caroline Corby (born 27 January 1965) is the Chair of the Parole Board for England and Wales and the Chair of the Professional Standards Authority for Health and Social Care.

## Early life

Corby was born in 1965 and grew up in North London. She has a degree in mathematics and statistics.

## Career

Corby’s early career was in private equity in the City of London.
She left the City in 2000 for a career break to raise her three daughters. During this period she had six historical books published in the Before They Were Famous series.
In 2007 she joined the board of the London Probation Trust (LPT) and she was chair from 2012 to 2014. LPT worked with over 60,000 offenders a year to protect the public and reduce re-offending.
Corby joined the Management Committee of the Parole Board in 2015 and became chair in April 2018, succeeding Nick Hardwick. The Parole Board is an independent body which decides whether prisoners in England and Wales can be safely released into the community. It determines around 15,000 cases each year. It has around 300 members who make the assessments and decisions. These members are supported by 130 staff.
In 2021 Corby became chair of the Professional Standards Authority (PSA). The PSA reviews the work of the ten statutory regulators of health and care professionals, accredits organisations that register health and care practitioners in unregulated occupations and gives policy advice and encourages research to improve regulation.
Corby was a board member (2014-2019) of the Criminal Cases Review Commission, which reviews possible miscarriages of criminal justice in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, She has been a board member of Cafcass, (2014-2021) which safeguards the welfare of children in the Family Courts in England. Corby was a panel chair for a number of the statutory regulators including the Nursing and Midwifery Council and the General Social Care Council.
She was a magistrate from 2006-2010.
Corby became chair of the Peabody Trust in January 2024.

## Selected publications

* Julius Caesar: The Curse of the Gods
* William the Conqueror: Nowhere to Hide
* Pocahontas: The Prophecy of Doom: A Princess Betrayed
* Boudica: The Secrets of the Druids
* Lady Jane Grey: Queen for Sale
* Cleopatra: Escape Down the Nile
# Uwe Beginski

Uwe Beginski (13 December 1959 – 16 January 2025) was a German football player. He spent three seasons in the Bundesliga with Hamburger SV and SV Darmstadt 98.

## Honours

* European Cup finalist: 1979–80
* Bundesliga champion: 1978–79
* Bundesliga runner-up: 1979–80
# Aichi Gakusen College

Aichi Gakusen College (愛知学泉短期大学, Aichi Gakusen Tanki Daigaku) is a private junior college in Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.

## History and outline

The school was founded in 1912 as a school called Anjō Saihō Jogakkō (安城裁縫女学校). It was chartered as a junior college in 1950 and renamed Anjō Gakuen Joshi Tankidaigaku (安城学園女子短期大学部). In 1966, the college foundation, Anjō Gakuen Educational Corporation, established Aichi Gakusen University. In April 1982, the junior college was renamed Aichi Gakusen Joshi Tankidaigaku (愛知学泉女子短期大学). The junior college became coeducational in 2001.
# GDDR7 SDRAM

Graphics Double Data Rate 7 Synchronous Dynamic Random-Access Memory (GDDR7 SDRAM) is a type of synchronous graphics random-access memory (SGRAM) specified by the JEDEC Semiconductor Memory Standard, with a high bandwidth, "double data rate" interface, designed for use in graphics cards, game consoles, and high-performance computing. It is a type of GDDR SDRAM (graphics DDR SDRAM), and is the successor to GDDR6.

## History

* At Samsung Tech Day 2022, Samsung announced GDDR7 as the successor of GDDR6X, which could deliver up to 36 GT/s. Samsung announced two months later that it would use PAM-3 signaling to achieve the highest transfer rate.
* On March 8, 2023, Cadence announced the verification solution tool for preliminary GDDR7 SDRAM production.
* On June 30, 2023, Micron announced that it will be manufactured using 1β node (equivalent to 12–10 nm process node), slated to release in H1 2024.
* On July 18, 2023, Samsung announced the first generation of GDDR7, which can reach up to 32 Gbps per pin (100% higher bandwidth per pin compared to 16 Gbps per pin on GDDR6), 40% higher bandwidth (1.5 TB/s) compared to GDDR6 (1.1 TB/s) and 20% more energy efficient. For packaging material, it will use epoxy molding compound (EMC) along with IC architecture optimization, which will reduce thermal resistance by 70%. Later, on a Q&A session, Samsung mentioned that it will be manufactured using D1z node (equivalent to 15–14 nm) and will operate on 1.2V. A 1.1V version with reduced clockspeeds will also be made available at some point in to the future after the release of the 1.2V version.
* On March 5, 2024, JEDEC published the GDDR7 Graphics Memory formal standard and specifications.

## Technologies

GDDR7 SDRAM employs three-level (-1, 0, +1) pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM-3) instead of NRZ in GDDR6 and PAM-4 in GDDR6x. PAM-3 enables the transfer of three bits of data within two cycles, while NRZ transfer of one bits of data within one cycle. PAM-3 is 20% more energy-efficient than NRZ while running at a higher bandwidth. Manufacturing equipment will be less costly than PAM-4.
GDDR7 adds on-die error correction code, error checking and scrubbing features for chip reliability, mainly useful for compute/AI use cases.
Initial data rates are at 32 Gbps/pin, while memory manufacturers have noted that rates up to 36 Gbps/pin are readily attainable. The standard has future bandwidth up to 48 Gbps/pin, and chip capacities up to 64 Gbit - compared to GDDR6X's 16 Gbit.
# Expedition 15

Expedition 15 was the 15th expedition to the International Space Station (ISS). Four crew members participated in the expedition, although for most of the expedition's duration only three were on the station at any one time. During Expedition 15, the ISS Integrated Truss Structure was expanded twice: STS-117 brought the S3/S4 truss, and STS-118 brought the S5 truss.

## Crew

| Position | First Part (April to June 2007) | Second Part (June to October 2007) |
| Commander | Fyodor Yurchikhin, RSA Second spaceflight | Fyodor Yurchikhin, RSA Second spaceflight |
| Flight Engineer 1 | Oleg Kotov, RSA First spaceflight | Oleg Kotov, RSA First spaceflight |
| Flight Engineer 2 | Sunita Williams, NASA First Spaceflight | Clayton Anderson, NASA First spaceflight |

### Crew Notes

Flight engineer Sunita Williams was the first Expedition 15 crew member to arrive. She participated in Expedition 14 until Expedition 15 commander Fyodor Yurchikhin assumed command of the station. Williams arrived at the station on 11 December 2006 aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery flight STS-116. Yurchikhin and flight engineer Oleg Kotov arrived the station on 9 April 2007 aboard Soyuz TMA-10.
On 26 April 2007, NASA announced that Williams would return to Earth on STS-117, flown by Space Shuttle Atlantis, instead of STS-118 as originally planned. Williams was replaced by Clayton Anderson, who arrived at the station aboard Atlantis, which docked on 10 June 2007.
Expedition 15 ended officially after Expedition 16 commander Peggy Whitson arrived at the station aboard Soyuz TMA-11 and the official change of command ceremony took place on 19 October 2007.

## Backup crew

* Roman Romanenko Commander – RSA
* Mikhail Korniyenko Flight Engineer – RSA
* Gregory Chamitoff Flight Engineer – NASA (for Anderson)

## Mission details

* Launch: 7 April 2007 17:31 UTC
* Docking: 9 April 2007 07:10 UTC
* Undocking: 21 October 2007 07:14 UTC
* Landing: 21 October 2007 10:46 UTC
* LandingSite: Ballistic Trajectory Landing Site northwest of Arkalyk
On 21 October 2007, after the separation of the Soyuz TMA-10 capsule, Moscow Mission Control reported that the Soyuz had entered into a ballistic trajectory, which resulted in a landing that was 340 kilometres (210 mi) short of the intended Kazakhstan landing site. Landing occurred without incident, and by 10:55 UTC, all crew members were out of the capsule, and the vehicle was secured. Until then, the only other time a Soyuz landing had resulted in a ballistic trajectory was the landing of Soyuz TMA-1, for Expedition 6. Another ballistic trajectory occurred with the landing of Soyuz TMA-11 on 19 April 2008 for Expedition 16.

### EVAs

* EVA 1: 30 May 2007 – Yurchikhin/Kotov, 5 hours, 25 minutes.
* EVA 2: 6 June 2007 – Yurchikhin/Kotov, 5 hours, 37 minutes.
* EVA 3: 23 July 2007 – Yurchikhin/Anderson 7 hours, 41 minutes.
# Italian mountain community

A mountain community (Italian: Comunità montana) in Italy is a territorial association of mountain and foothill municipalities. Mountain communities were established by law on 3 December 1971 as statutory bodies with compulsory municipal membership within their defined territory. It is constituted by the president of the regional council and the mountain and foothill comuni, even those that may be located in different provinces. Their purpose is to jointly exercise certain municipal functions and to execute their functions specifically assigned by the region.

## Debate

Mountain communities are the subject of much debate in Italy. In Sicily, they were abolished in 1986. In Friuli-Venezia Giulia, they were abolished in 2001, were later reintroduced in 2004, and were once again abolished on 1 August 2016. In Sardinia, they were abolished in 2007. In Molise, after proposing a reduction in the number of mountain communities, they were abolished. In Lombardy, since 2009, the number of mountain communities dropped from 30 to 23. Puglia abolished mountain communities, but the Constitutional Court of Italy declared the act partially unlawful. In Liguria, their number was reduced from 19 to 12 in 2009, and were abolished altogether on 1 May 2011. The mountain communities of Piedmont, after a reorganization in 2010, were abolished in 2012.