# County Armagh

County Armagh (Irish: Contae Ard Mhacha) is one of the six counties of Northern Ireland and one of the traditional thirty-two counties of Ireland. It is located in the province of Ulster and adjoins the southern shore of Lough Neagh. It borders the Northern Irish counties of Tyrone to the west and Down to the east. The county borders Louth and Monaghan to the south and southwest, which are in the Republic of Ireland. It is named after its county town, Armagh, which derives from the Irish Ard Mhacha, meaning "Macha's height". Macha was a sovereignty goddess in Irish mythology and is said to have been buried on a wooded hill around which the town of Armagh grew. County Armagh is colloquially known as the "Orchard County" because of its many apple orchards.
The county covers an area of 1,327 km$^2$ (512 sq mi), making it the smallest of Northern Ireland's six counties by size and the sixth-smallest county on the island of Ireland. With a population of 194,394 as of the 2021 census, it is the fourth-most populous county in both Northern Ireland and Ulster. It is the 10th most populous of Ireland's 32 traditional counties, as well as the fifth-most densely populated. In addition to the city of Armagh and the western portion of the city of Newry, notable towns in the county include Lurgan, Portadown and Craigavon.

## Etymology

The name Armagh derives from the Irish Ard Macha, meaning Macha's height/Macha's high place. Macha is a mythological figure who is mentioned in The Book of the Taking of Ireland. Macha is also said to have been responsible for the construction of the hill site of Emain Macha (now Navan Fort near Armagh City) to serve as the capital of the Ulaid kings (who give their name to Ulster) and is believed to be the high place from which the county takes its name.

## Geography and features

From its highest point at Slieve Gullion, in the south of the county, Armagh's land falls away from its rugged south with Carrigatuke, Lislea and Camlough mountains, to rolling drumlin country in the middle and west of the county. In the north it gives way to flatlands where rolling flats and small hills reach sea level at Lough Neagh.
County Armagh's boundary with Louth is marked by the rugged Ring of Gullion rising in the south of the county, whilst much of its boundary with counties Monaghan and Down goes unnoticed with seamless continuance of drumlins and small lakes. The River Blackwater marks the border with County Tyrone, and Lough Neagh otherwise marks the county's northern boundary.
Numerous uninhabited islands are located in the county's section of Lough Neagh: Coney Island Flat, Croaghan Flat, Padian, Phil Roe's Flat, and the Shallow Flat.

### Climate

Despite lying in the east of Ireland, Armagh enjoys an oceanic climate strongly influenced by the Gulf Stream: featuring damp mild winters, and temperate, wet summers. Overall temperatures rarely drop below freezing during daylight hours, though frost is not infrequent in the months November to February. Snow rarely lies for longer than a few hours even in the elevated south-east of the county. Summers are mild and wet and, although with sunshine often interspersed with showers, daylight lasts for almost 18 hours during high-summer.
On 22 July 2021 the record for highest outside air temperature ever measured in Northern Ireland was set in Armagh City when a reading of 31.4 °C was registered at Armagh Observatory's weather station.
Climate data for County Armagh :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C | 7 | 7.6 | 9.7 | 12.2 | 15.2 | 17.7 | 19.6 | 19.2 | 16.6 | 13 | 9.5 | 7.6 | 12.9 |
| Mean daily minimum °C | 1.7 | 1.7 | 2.9 | 4 | 6.3 | 9.1 | 11.4 | 11 | 9 | 6.7 | 3.5 | 2.4 | 5.8 |
| Average precipitation mm | 79.8 | 57.5 | 64.9 | 55.4 | 54.4 | 55.7 | 52.3 | 71.9 | 67.1 | 81.1 | 72.1 | 83.4 | 759.4 |
| Mean daily maximum °F | 45 | 45.7 | 49.5 | 54.0 | 59.4 | 63.9 | 67.3 | 66.6 | 61.9 | 55 | 49.1 | 45.7 | 55.2 |
| Mean daily minimum °F | 35.1 | 35.1 | 37.2 | 39 | 43.3 | 48.4 | 52.5 | 52 | 48 | 44.1 | 38.3 | 36.3 | 42.4 |
| Average precipitation inches | 3.14 | 2.26 | 2.56 | 2.18 | 2.14 | 2.19 | 2.06 | 2.83 | 2.64 | 3.19 | 2.84 | 3.28 | 29.90 |
| Source: ||||||||||||||

## History

Ancient Armagh was the territory of the Ulaid (also known as Voluntii, Ultonians, Ulidians, Ulstermen) before the fourth century AD. It was ruled by the Red Branch, whose capital was Emain Macha (or Navan Fort) near Armagh. The site, and subsequently the city, were named after the goddess Macha. The Red Branch play an important role in the Ulster Cycle, as well as the Cattle Raid of Cooley. However, they were eventually driven out of the area by the Three Collas, who invaded in the 4th century and held power until the 12th. The Clan Colla ruled the area known as Airghialla or Oriel for these 800 years.
The chief Irish clans of the county were descendants of the Collas, the O'Hanlons and Mac Cana, and the Uí Néill, the O'Neills of Fews. Armagh was divided into several baronies: Armagh was held by the O'Rogans, Lower Fews was held by O'Neill of the Fews, and Upper Fews were under governance of the O'Larkins, who were later displaced by the MacCanns. Oneilland East was the territory of the O'Garveys, who were also displaced by the MacCanns. Oneilland West, like Oneilland East, was once O'Neill territory, until it was then held by the MacCanns, who were Lords of Clanbrassil. Upper and Lower Orior were O'Hanlon territory. Tiranny was ruled by Ronaghan. Miscellaneous tracts of land were ruled by O'Kelaghan. The area around the base of Slieve Gullion near Newry also became home to a large number of the Clan McGuinness as they were dispossessed of hereditary lands held in the County Down.
St. Patrick is considered the first bishop of the Diocese of Armagh. The 9th-century Irish illuminated manuscript Book of Armagh (also known as the Cannon of Patrick) contains accounts of Patricks' life, his Confessio and a complete New Testament. The book is now held at the library of Trinity College Dublin.
During the 17th and 18th centuries, County Armagh was a major center of guerrilla warfare, cattle raiding, and brigandage by local Rapparees; including Count Redmond O'Hanlon, Cormacke Raver O'Murphy, and Séamus Mór Mac Murchaidh.
County Armagh is presently one of four counties of Northern Ireland to have a majority of the population from a Catholic background, according to the 2011 census.

### The Troubles

The southern part of the county has been a stronghold of support for the Provisional IRA, earning it the nickname "Bandit Country". South Armagh is predominantly nationalist, with much of the population being opposed to any form of British presence, especially that of a military nature. The most prominent opposition to British rule was the Provisional IRA South Armagh Brigade.
On 10 March 2009, the Continuity Irish Republican Army (CIRA), a republican paramilitary group that emerged from a split in the Provisional IRA, claimed responsibility for the fatal shooting of a PSNI officer in Craigavon, County Armagh—the first police fatality in Northern Ireland since 1998. The officer was fatally shot by a sniper as he and a colleague investigated "suspicious activity" at a house nearby when a window was smashed by youths causing the occupant to phone the police. The PSNI officers responded to the emergency call, giving a CIRA sniper the chance to shoot and kill officer Stephen Carroll.

## Administration

The county was administered by Armagh County Council from 1899 until the abolition of county councils in Northern Ireland in 1973.
County Armagh remains officially used for purposes such as a Lieutenancy area – the county retains a lord lieutenant who acts as representative of the British Monarch in the county.
Currently the county is covered for local government purposes by three district councils, namely Armagh, Banbridge and Craigavon Borough Council, approximately the western third of Newry, Mourne and Down Council and a part of Mid Ulster District Council, centred around Peatlands Park.
Armagh ceased to serve as an electoral constituency in 1983 but remains the core of the Newry and Armagh constituency represented at Westminster and the Newry and Armagh constituency represented in the Northern Ireland Assembly. County Armagh also remains as a district for legal and property purposes; however, its baronies no longer have any administrative use.
The -XZ suffix is currently used on vehicle registration plates for vehicles registered in County Armagh. Other suffixes have been -IB and -LZ. These marks are followed by up to four numbers, e.g., JLZ 6789

## Demography

Religious Background in Armagh (2021) :
| Religion | Religion | Per cent | Per cent |
| Catholic | Catholic | 58.2% | 58.2% |
| Protestant and Other Christian | Protestant and Other Christian | 34.0% | 34.0% |
| None | None | 6.7% | 6.7% |
| Other faiths | Other faiths | 1.2% | 1.2% |
As of the 2021 Census, County Armagh recorded a population of 194,394. It is one of four counties in Northern Ireland with a Catholic majority, with 58% of the population coming from a Catholic community background. Around 10% of the population was born outside the United Kingdom and Ireland, mainly immigrants from the European Union and concentrated in the Craigavon urban area (Lurgan, Portadown and Craigavon).

### Community background and religion

Religion or religion brought up in (2021 Census) :
| Religion or religion brought up in | Number | (%) |
| Catholic | 113,093 | 58.2 |
| Protestant and Other Christian | 66,021 | 34.0 |
| None (no religion) | 13,018 | 6.7 |
| Other religion | 2,262 | 1.2 |
| Total | 194,394 | 100.0 |
Religion (2021 Census) :
| Religion | Number | (%) |
| Christian | 166,538 | 85.7 |
| Catholic | 107,058 | 55.1 |
| Church of Ireland | 24,437 | 12.6 |
| Presbyterian | 17,560 | 9.0 |
| Methodist | 4,194 | 2.2 |
| Other Christian (including Christian related) | 13,290 | 6.8 |
| Protestant and Other Christian: Total | 59,481 | 30.6 |
| Other | 2,037 | 1.0 |
| Islam | 882 | 0.5 |
| Hinduism | 168 | 0.09 |
| Other religions | 986 | 0.5 |
| None/not stated | 25,820 | 13.3 |
| No religion | 22,944 | 11.8 |
| Religion not stated | 2,876 | 1.5 |
| Total | 194,394 | 100.0 |

### Ethnicity

Ethnic groups (2021 Census) :
| Ethnic group | Number | (%) |
| White: Total | 188,347 | 96.9 |
| White: British/Irish/Northern Irish/English/Scottish/Welsh (with or without non-UK or Irish national identities) | 172,923 | 89.0 |
| White: Other | 14,542 | 7.5 |
| White: Irish Traveller | 675 | 0.3 |
| White: Roma | 207 | 0.1 |
| Asian or Asian British: Total | 2,445 | 1.3 |
| Asian/Asian British: Indian | 615 | 0.3 |
| Asian/Asian British: Chinese | 589 | 0.3 |
| Asian/Asian British: Filipino | 405 | 0.2 |
| Asian/Asian British: Pakistani | 192 | 0.01 |
| Asian/Asian British: Arab | 107 | 0.055 |
| Asian/Asian British: Other Asian | 537 | 0.3 |
| Black or Black British: Total | 1,597 | 0.8 |
| Black/Black British: Black African | 1,086 | 0.6 |
| Black/Black British: Black Other | 511 | 0.2 |
| Mixed: Total | 1,480 | 0.8 |
| Other: Any other ethnic group: Total | 522 | 0.3 |
| Total | 194,394 | 100.0 |

### Country of birth

Country of birth (2021 Census) :
| Country of birth | Number | (%) |
| United Kingdom and Ireland | 175,548 | 90.3 |
| Northern Ireland | 162,213 | 83.4 |
| England | 5,931 | 3.1 |
| Scotland | 1,071 | 0.6 |
| Wales | 234 | 0.1 |
| Republic of Ireland | 6,099 | 3.1 |
| Europe | 14,440 | 7.4 |
| European Union | 13,946 | 7.2 |
| Other non-EU countries | 494 | 0.2 |
| Rest of World | 4,406 | 2.3 |
| Middle East and Asia | 2,356 | 1.2 |
| Africa | 921 | 0.5 |
| North America, Central America and Caribbean | 649 | 0.3 |
| Antarctica, Oceania and Other | 250 | 0.1 |
| South America | 230 | 0.1 |
| Total | 194,394 | 100.0 |

### Languages spoken

Main language of all usual residents aged 3 or over (2021 Census) :
| Main language | Usual residents aged 3+ | (%) |
| English | 171,713 | 92.0 |
| Polish | 3,818 | 2.0 |
| Lithuanian | 2,860 | 1.5 |
| Portuguese | 1,745 | 0.9 |
| Bulgarian | 1,575 | 0.8 |
| Romanian | 725 | 0.4 |
| Irish | 564 | 0.3 |
| All other languages | 3,677 | 2.0 |
| Total (usual residents aged 3+) | 186,677 | 100.0 |

### Knowledge of Irish

Ability in Irish of all usual residents aged 3 or over (2021 Census) :
| Ability in Irish | Number | (%) |
| Speaks, reads, writes and understands Irish | 9,803 | 5.3 |
| Speaks and reads but does not write Irish | 1,206 | 0.6 |
| Speaks but does not read or write Irish | 4,952 | 2.7 |
| Understands but does not read, write or speak Irish | 13,150 | 7.0 |
| Other combination of skills | 2,553 | 1.4 |
| Has some knowledge of Irish: Total | 31,665 | 17.0 |
| No ability in Irish | 155,012 | 83.0 |
| Total (usual residents aged 3+) | 186,677 | 100.0 |
* In County Armagh, 2.95% claim to use Irish daily and 0.29% claim Irish is their main language.

### Knowledge of Ulster Scots

Ability in Ulster Scots of all usual residents aged 3 or over (2021 Census) :
| Ability in Ulster Scots | Number | (%) |
| Speaks, reads, writes and understands Ulster Scots | 1,653 | 0.9 |
| Speaks and reads but does not write Ulster Scots | 723 | 0.4 |
| Speaks but does not read or write Ulster Scots | 1,795 | 1.0 |
| Understands but does not read, write or speak Ulster Scots | 8,813 | 4.7 |
| Other combination of skills | 1,310 | 0.7 |
| Has some knowledge of Ulster Scots: Total | 14,294 | 7.7 |
| No ability in Ulster Scots | 172,383 | 92.3 |
| Total (usual residents aged 3+) | 186,677 | 100.0 |
* 0.98% claim to use Ulster Scots daily in County Armagh.

### National identity

National identity (2021 Census) :
| National identity | Number | % |
| Irish only | 75,841 | 39.0% |
| British only | 48,076 | 24.7% |
| Northern Irish only | 32,569 | 16.8% |
| British and Northern Irish only | 11,039 | 5.7% |
| Irish and Northern Irish only | 3,327 | 1.7% |
| British, Irish and Northern Irish only | 1,521 | 0.8% |
| British and Irish only | 773 | 0.4% |
| Other identity | 21,248 | 10.9% |
| Total | 194,394 | Total |
| All Irish identities | 82,057 | 42.2% |
| All British identities | 62,771 | 32.3% |
| All Northern Irish identities | 49,424 | 25.4% |

## Transport

County Armagh is traversed by two major highways – the M1 linking Belfast to Dungannon crosses the north of the county whilst the A1/N1 from Belfast to Dublin runs in the far south east. Other major roads in the county include the A3 and A29.
Armagh once had a well-developed railway network with connections to, among others, Armagh City, Culloville, Goraghwood, Markethill, Vernersbridge, Tynan (see History of rail transport in Ireland) but today only Newry (Bessbrook), Portadown, Poyntzpass, Scarva, and Lurgan are served by rail.
There is a possible railway re-opening from Portadown to Armagh in the future. Government Minister for the Department for Regional Development, Danny Kennedy MLA indicates railway restoration plans of the line from Portadown to Armagh.
Ulsterbus provides the most extensive public transport system within the county, including frequent bus transfers daily from most towns to Belfast. Northern Ireland Railways/Iarnród Éireann's Enterprise service provides connections to Dublin in little over an hour and Belfast in little over forty minutes, several times daily.

## Inland waterways

County Armagh is traversed by the Ulster Canal and the Newry Canal which are not fully open to navigation.

## Sport

In association football, the NIFL Premiership, which operates as the top division, has one team in the county: Glenavon, with Portadown, Annagh United, Armagh City, Dollingstown, Loughgall and Lurgan Celtic competing in the NIFL Championship, which operates as levels two and three.
The Armagh County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association or Armagh GAA organises Gaelic games in the county.

## People associated with County Armagh

* Frank Aiken (1898–1983), born in County Armagh, Irish Republican, Irish Minister for External Affairs, Tánaiste
* Saint Benignus of Armagh, (died 467), first rector of the Cathedral School of Armagh and Bishop of Armagh
* Brian Boru (941–1014), buried in Armagh City, victor of Clontarf, High King of Ireland
* Sir Robert Hart (1835–1911), born in County Armagh, second Inspector-General of China's Imperial Maritime Customs Service (IMCS) from 1863 to 1911
* Arthur Hunter Palmer (1819–1898), born in County Armagh, 5th Premier of Queensland
* Tommy Makem (1932–2007), born in County Armagh, singer, musician, and songwriter, often called "The Bard of Armagh"
* Seamus Mallon (1936–2020), born in County Armagh, first deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland
* Jim McAllister (1943–2013), born in Crossmaglen, County Armagh, politician and author
* John McCreesh, American politician who served in the Pennsylvania State Senate from 1935 to 1958 was born in Armagh County in 1881.
* Colin Morgan (born 1986), born in County Armagh, actor
* Paul Muldoon (born 1951), born in County Armagh, poet, winner of the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry and the T. S. Eliot Prize
* Andrew Nesbitt (born 1960), raised in Aughnagurgan, County Armagh, professional rally driver and winner of the 2000 and 2002 Irish Tarmac Rally Championship
* Tomás Ó Fiaich (1923–1990), born in County Armagh, Cardinal, Catholic Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland 1977–90
* Eunan O'Neill (born 1982), born in County Armagh, journalist, RT TV network
* Sir William Olpherts (1822–1902), born in County Armagh, soldier and recipient of the Victoria Cross
* Ian Paisley (1926– 2014), born in County Armagh, clergyman, politician, second First Minister of Northern Ireland
* Saint Patrick (fifth century), first Bishop of Armagh
* George William Russell 'Æ' (1867–1919), born in County Armagh, author, critic and painter
* Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh (1759–1822), educated in The Royal School, Armagh. British Foreign Secretary, Secretary for War, Leader of the United Kingdom House of Commons and Chief Secretary for Ireland
* Colin Turkington (born 1982), born in Portadown, County Armagh, professional racing driver and 2009 British Touring Car champion.
* James Ussher (1581–1656), Church of Ireland Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland 1625–1656
* Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley (1760–1842), educated in The Royal School, Armagh. Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and Governor General of India

## Places of interest

* Armagh Observatory, founded in 1790 & Armagh Planetarium, a modern working astronomical research institute with a rich heritage
* Armagh Public Library on Abbey Street in Armagh City, especially rich in 17th and 18th century English books, including Dean Jonathan Swift's own copy of the first edition of his Gulliver's Travels with his manuscript corrections
* Navan Fort, now a tree ring mound which once housed the rulers of Ulster with a modern interactive visitor centre
* Saint Patrick's Church of Ireland Cathedral, founded 445, seat of the Church of Ireland's Archbishop of Armagh, Primate of All Ireland, containing the grave of Brian Boru
* Saint Patrick's Roman Catholic Cathedral, commenced in 1838, seat of the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Armagh, Primate of All Ireland, stands on a hill and dominates the local countryside
* Gosford Castle, mock medieval 19th-century castle with substantial grounds
* Slieve Gullion, extinct volcano with crater lake, highest burial cairn in Ireland, views of 9 counties, a Mass rock, and a visitor centre at its foot

## Gallery

* View of Slieve Gullion
* The Enterprise near Newry
* South Armagh Countryside
* Forkhill Mountain
* Emain Macha
* Moyry Castle
* Killnasaggart Stone, 700 A.D.
* St. Patrick's Anglican Cathedral, est. 445
* Armagh City
* The small town of Markethill
* Clare Glen Forest, Tandragee
* Approach to Crossmaglen
* The Knock Bridge near Portadown on the Newry Canal
* Gosford Castle, outside of Markethill