# Postage stamps and postal history of Żarki

A local postal service briefly operated in the Polish town of Żarki during the month of October 1918. Postage stamps were issued, in one design but in three denominations denoted by different colouring. A set of forgeries was made in 1928. The stamps, both genuine and forged, have attracted philatelic attention.

## History

At the time of World War I, Żarki belonged to the district of Dąbrowa. On August 27, 1918, the Żarki city council requested permission from the officer in charge of Civil Affairs to create a local post. On September 18, 1918, the city council requested permission to collect delivery payments and issue stamps. The district military command issued permit number 13. 138. V. A. on September 30, 1918 and requested 5 stamps of each denomination as samples. The post began and ended operation shortly after in October, 1918, only having issued one stamp design featuring the Żarki Catholic church.
Philatelic historians disagree over who is responsible for organizing the effort to start the Żarki local post. Some, including noted Polish stamp expert Stefan Petriuk, believe that the effort was started by the local postmaster Peter Franczak after seeing the efforts in neighboring Sosnowiec and Zawiercie. Others believe that well-known stamp dealer Szlojme Abramsohn (Abramson) persuaded Franczak and authorities to begin the post. Subsequent events (see Forgeries) have shown Abramsohn might have been motivated to do this for his own financial gain.
Delivery service was established with rates denominated in heller (abbreviated as h), the currency of the Austro-Hungarian Empire that occupied the region at the time. Delivery rates were 3h for newspapers and postcards, 5h for letters, and 12h for registered and express mail. Service was also extended to neighboring Cholon, Niegowa, and Włodowice where rates were 5h for newspapers and postcards and 12h for all other mail.

## Translation

The name of the local post as printed on stamps was Poczta miejska w Żarkach, which translates to English as City post in Żarki. In the Polish language, Żarkach is the locative declension of the town name Żarki.

## Printing process

All issued stamps were printed as sheets of fifty stamps organized in five rows of ten stamps using a lithographic process and feature 111⁄2 perforation.

### Plate differences

In the original stamp issue, all printings of the 3h denomination are identical; odd and even plate positions only differ by slightly different vertical centering. The higher 5h and 12h denominations of the first issue and all denominations of the third issue have slight differences around the numeral areas depending on odd or even plate position. Based upon this, it is concluded that the printing process for the 3h issue involved transferring the stamp 50 times to form an entire plate and that the numeral areas in the higher denominations were redesigned 4 times for each future denomination to produce pairs that were then transferred 25 times each to form entire plates.

## Issues

Three issues of stamps, all within the month of October, 1918, are the only stamps to ever be issued by the Żarki local post. All stamps were denominated in heller (abbreviated as h), the currency of the Austro-Hungarian Empire that occupied the region at the time.

### October 10, 1918

10,000 each of denominations 3h (blue), 5h (red), and 12h (yellow-olive) were printed, but only 5,000 of each were issued. The remainder were held and used for surcharging.
Two subtle variations exist of only the 5h and 12h values of this issue depending on odd or even plate position. All 3h values are identical.

#### Type I

Stamps of this type are odd numbered positions in the plate of 50 stamps, counting from left to right, top to bottom.
Identifying features visible on the 5h stamp:
* Left-hand numeral 5 has a thorn at the 1 o'clock position of its curved part
* Left-hand numeral shield inner circle has a spot at the 11 o'clock position
* Right-hand numeral 5 has an interruption at its 1 o'clock position of its curved part
* Right-hand numeral 5 is positioned higher within its numeral shield
Identifying features visible on the 12h stamp:
* Left-hand and right-hand numeral 2 are identical

#### Type II

Stamps of this type are even numbered positions in the plate of 50 stamps, counting from left-to-right, top-to-bottom.
Identifying features visible on the 5h stamp:
* Right-hand numeral 5 is positioned lower within its numeral shield
Identifying features visible on the 12h stamp:
* Right-hand numeral 2 is flattened on the left-hand side

### October 18, 1918

Only a week later, rates were doubled and 5,000 each of newly issued stamps were hand-stamped in pairs with the new values of 6h (blue), 10h (red), and 24h (green). The 6h and 24h values used a red hand-stamp, while the 10h value used a violet hand-stamp. Hand-stamp values using incorrect colors have been identified as forgeries. The hand-stamps read 6, 10, or 24 halerzy, which is the genitive declension of the Polish word halerz that translates to heller in English.
Two subtle variations exist of this issue depending on odd or even plate position.

#### Type I

Stamps of this type are odd numbered positions in the plate of 50 stamps, counting from left to right, top to bottom.
Identifying features:
* Crescent formed by the shadow of the circular church window is smooth and circular
* Rectangular window to the right of the circular window has an interrupted white vertical line on the left-hand side

#### Type II

Stamps of this type are even numbered positions in the plate of 50 stamps, counting from left to right, top to bottom.
Identifying features:
* Crescent formed by the shadow of the circular church window is not smooth and has a visible corner
* Rectangular window to the right of the circular window has an uninterrupted white vertical line on the left-hand side

### October 24, 1918

Yet another week later, stamps were issued using the new rates of 6h (violet), 10h (green), and 24h (orange) without hand-stamps.
Two subtle variations exist of this issue depending on odd or even plate position.

#### Type I

Stamps of this type are odd numbered positions in the plate of 50 stamps, counting from left to right, top to bottom.
Identifying features visible on the 6h stamp:
* Three shading lines are visible between the top of the numeral shield and the inside frame line on both sides.
Identifying features visible on the 10h stamp:
* Right-hand numeral 1 has a sharp top
* Three shading lines are visible between the top of the right-hand numeral shield and the inner frame line
Identifying features visible on the 24h stamp:
* Right-hand numeral 2 has an indentation in the center of the inside of its bow
* First and second shading lines above the right-hand numeral shield converge above the center of the shield so that two lines are visible over its left part and three over its right part

#### Type II

Stamps of this type are even numbered positions in the plate of 50 stamps, counting from left-to-right, top-to-bottom.
Identifying features visible on the 6h stamp:
* Right-hand numeral 6 has an indentation on the bottom
* Two shading lines are visible above each numeral shield
* Top frame line of the left-hand numeral shield is thick
Identifying features visible on the 10h stamp:
* Left-hand and right-hand numerals 1 have flat tops
* Two shading lines are visible above the left part of the right-hand numeral
* Three shading lines are visible above the right part of the right-hand numeral
Identifying features visible on the 24h stamp:
* Two shading lines are visible above both the left-hand and right-hand numeral shields

## Errors

All known instances of the 6h and 24h values with violet hand-stamps are forgeries.
Barefoot states that a variety of the 6h stamp exists where part of the right-hand roof of the church is omitted, leaving a white void. This is referred to as snow on the roof.
Polish philatelic expert Dr. Stanley Kronenberg identified at least one genuine 3h stamp that contained two hand-stamps due to human error. The town clerk used the correct color stamp pad, but mistakenly used the 10h hand-stamp instead of the intended 6h hand-stamp. The clerk decided to correct the error by over-stamping the correct 6h value in black ink to make it more visible.

## Forgeries

After the closure of the local post on October 28, 1918 and all genuine stock was exhausted, Abramsohn sought to fulfill philatelic demand for the original stamps by printing forgeries at the Adolph Panski lithography printing works in Piotrków (now Piotrków Trybunalski) in 1928. The forgeries spread so much through the Polish and German stamp trade that it is estimated now that most stamps in general collections will be found to be forgeries.

### Identification

There exists a number of known ways to identify forgeries. All forgeries that Abramsohn printed used the same design, so forgeries of all nine original issued values share the following properties:

#### Perforation

Genuine stamps were only issued with 111⁄2 perforation. Forged stamps may have this or other perforation and also appear imperforate.

#### Paper

Genuine stamps were printed on paper that fluoresces under a blacklight. Generally, forgeries do not fluoresce.

#### Clouds

Genuine stamps have a very light or no border around the top-center clouds. Forged stamps have a hard dark edge visible around the clouds.

#### Group of Three

On genuine stamps, the group of three people standing near the center of the stamp are all equal height and clearly visible. On forged stamps, the left-most person is shorter than the other two and is possibly touching the person to the right.

#### Rows of White Bricks

On genuine stamps, the church has three rows of white bricks clearly visible in the center of the stamp. On forged stamps, only two white rows are visible.

#### Crescent

On genuine stamps, the crescent formed by the shadow in the circle on the center of the church is aligned to about 8 o'clock. On forged stamps, the crescent is found directly left closer to 9 o'clock.

#### Trees

On genuine stamps, the tree tops fade into the sky. On forged stamps, the trees have a bold outline with solid leaves.

#### Wagon

On genuine stamps, the horse-drawn wagon on the left of the stamp has a white roof that is shaded on the bottom by 10 short fine lines. On forgeries, the wagon is shaded by only 8 heavy lines that extend nearly to the top.

#### Cancellation

Genuine Żarki cancellations are 36mm in diameter, while forged cancellations are 34mm in diameter. Additionally, the spacing between the inner and outer circle is 5.2mm in diameter in the genuine cancellation and only 4.5mm in forged cancellations.

#### Alignment Marks

Forged sheets contain alignment marks that are not present on genuine sheets. The alignment marks are visible before the 21st position and after the 30th position as well as above the 6th position and under the 46th position.

#### 3h Variations

Forged 3h (blue) values are known two contain two variations depending on plate position. Odd numbered positions in the forged sheets contain a small blot northwest of the letter P and a dot below rk. Even numbered positions contain a dot on the left side of the center of the right numeral 3, dots below e, and often above s.

## Closure

The local delivery service ceased operation on October 28, 1918. It is estimated by noted Polish philatelic expert Stefan Petriuk that only about 300 genuine stamps survive, with only a handful appearing on postal matter.