OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1919 German presidential election

The 1919 German presidential election (Reichspräsidentenwahl) was the first election to the office of President of the Reich (Reichspräsident), Germany's head of state during the 1919−1933 Weimar Republic. The constitution that stipulated a direct popular vote was not completed before 11 August 1919. Because a head of state was needed immediately the 1919 presidential election was held indirectly, by the National Assembly, on 11 February 1919. The winner was SPD chairman Friedrich Ebert, who beat former (Imperial) Secretary of the Interior Arthur von Posadowsky-Wehner in the first round of voting by 277 to 49 votes. Ebert was supported by the SPD, the German Centre Party and the German Democratic Party (DDP), the parties of the "Weimar Coalition", which held more than 77 per cent of the seats in the National Assembly. He became President of Germany, holding the office until his death in 1925.
With the subsequent 1925 and 1932 German presidential elections held with direct universal suffrage, this election would be the sole indirect presidential election held until the end of World War II. Further, Ebert would also remain the sole Social Democrat elected President of Germany until the election of Gustav Heinemann in 1969, and the only socialist to serve in that position between 1919 and the end of the war in 1945.

## Results

| Candidate (Party) | Supported by | Votes | % |
| Friedrich Ebert (SPD) | SPD, DDP, Zentrum | 277 | 73.1 % |
| Arthur Graf von Posadowsky-Wehner (DNVP) | DNVP | 49 | 12.9 % |
| Philipp Scheidemann (SPD) | N/A | 1 | 0.3 % |
| Matthias Erzberger (Zentrum) | N/A | 1 | 0.3 % |
| Delegates eligible to vote | Delegates eligible to vote | 423 | 100.0 % |
| Cast votes | Cast votes | 379 | 89.6 % |
| Valid votes | Valid votes | 328 | 86.5 % |
| Invalid votes | Invalid votes | 51 | 13.5 % |
# Laser science

Laser science or laser physics is a branch of optics that describes the theory and practice of lasers.
Laser science is principally concerned with quantum electronics, laser construction, optical cavity design, the physics of producing a population inversion in laser media, and the temporal evolution of the light field in the laser. It is also concerned with the physics of laser beam propagation, particularly the physics of Gaussian beams, with laser applications, and with associated fields such as nonlinear optics and quantum optics.

## History

Laser science predates the invention of the laser itself. Albert Einstein created the foundations for the laser and maser in 1917, via a paper in which he re-derived Max Planck’s law of radiation using a formalism based on probability coefficients (Einstein coefficients) for the absorption, spontaneous emission, and stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation. The existence of stimulated emission was confirmed in 1928 by Rudolf W. Ladenburg. In 1939, Valentin A. Fabrikant made the earliest laser proposal. He specified the conditions required for light amplification using stimulated emission. In 1947, Willis E. Lamb and R. C. Retherford found apparent stimulated emission in hydrogen spectra and effected the first demonstration of stimulated emission; in 1950, Alfred Kastler (Nobel Prize for Physics 1966) proposed the method of optical pumping, experimentally confirmed, two years later, by Brossel, Kastler, and Winter.
The theoretical principles describing the operation of a microwave laser (a maser) were first described by Nikolay Basov and Alexander Prokhorov at the All-Union Conference on Radio Spectroscopy in May 1952. The first maser was built by Charles H. Townes, James P. Gordon, and Herbert J. Zeiger in 1953. Townes, Basov and Prokhorov were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1964 for their research in the field of stimulated emission. Arthur Ashkin, Gérard Mourou, and Donna Strickland were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2018 for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics.
The first working laser (a pulsed ruby laser) was demonstrated on May 16, 1960, by Theodore Maiman at the Hughes Research Laboratories.
# Clifford Dukes

Clifford Dukes (born June 26, 1981) is a former American arena football defensive lineman. He played college football at Michigan State from 2000 to 2004. He was signed as an undrafted free agent by the St. Louis Rams in 2005. Dukes has also been a member of the New Orleans Saints. After not having a chance to play in the NFL, Dukes signed with the Tampa Bay Storm of the AFL in 2008. In 2010, he saw his first chance for real playing time with the Storm. As a result, he was named to the All-Arena team in 2010. In 2011, he led the league with 12.5 sacks and was named the 2011 Game Tape Exchange Defensive Lineman of the Year. He was traded to the Kansas City Command in 2012, only to be traded to the Arizona Rattlers two days later.

## Early life

Born the son of Gloria Dukes, Cliff attended Great Mills High School in Great Mills, Maryland. There he was a standout member of the football team according to his coaches and peers. A two ways player, he played both fullback and linebacker. On defense his senior season, he recorded 105 tackles (56 solos, 49 assists), including eight for losses, and intercepted two passes, while also forced four fumbles and recovered three. On offense, he rushed for 619 yards on 119 carries and scored seven touchdowns.

## College career

Upon high school graduation, Dukes accepted a football scholarship to Michigan State University where he majored in family community services, and was a member of the football team.

## Professional career
### Tampa Bay Storm

After not having a chance to play in the NFL, Dukes signed with the Tampa Bay Storm of the AFL in 2008. In 2010, he saw his first chance for real playing time with the Storm. As a result, he was named to the All-Arena team in 2010. In 2011, he led the league with 12.5 sacks and was named the 2011 Game Tape Exchange Defensive Lineman of the Year.

### Kansas City Command

On February 7, 2012, Dukes was traded to the Kansas City Command in 2012, for quarterback Stephen Wasil.

### Arizona Rattlers

On February 9, 2012, Dukes was traded by the Command to the Arizona Rattlers for defensive back J. C. Neal. Dukes helped the Rattlers reach ArenaBowl XXVI in 2013, where they defeated the Soul for their second consecutive championship.

### Baltimore Brigade

On July 26, 2018, Dukes was assigned to the Baltimore Brigade, just days prior to ArenaBowl XXXI.
# Clay Township, St. Joseph County, Indiana

Clay Township is one of 13 townships in St. Joseph County, in the U.S. state of Indiana. As of the 2020 census, its population was 34,235.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, Clay Township covers an area of 19.84 square miles (51.4 km$^2$); of this, 19.7 square miles (51 km$^2$) (99.28 percent) is land and 0.14 square miles (0.36 km$^2$) (0.72 percent) is water.

### Cities, towns, villages

* Indian Village
* Mishawaka (partial)
* Roseland
* South Bend (partial)

### Census Designated Places

* Georgetown
* Granger (west quarter)
* Notre Dame (Partial)

### Unincorporated towns

* Dreamwold Heights at 41°45′10″N 86°15′15″W﻿ / ﻿41.7528°N 86.2542°W﻿ / 41.7528; -86.2542
* Maple Lane at 41°42′00″N 86°13′01″W﻿ / ﻿41.7000°N 86.2170°W﻿ / 41.7000; -86.2170
* State Line at 41°45′30″N 86°15′15″W﻿ / ﻿41.7584°N 86.2542°W﻿ / 41.7584; -86.2542
(This list is based on USGS data and may include former settlements.)

### Adjacent townships

* Milton Township, Cass County, Michigan (northeast)
* Harris Township (east)
* Penn Township (southeast)
* Portage Township (southwest)
* Bertrand Township, Berrien County, Michigan (west)
* German Township (west)
* Niles Township, Berrien County, Michigan (northwest)

### Cemeteries

The township contains Stuckey Cemetery.

### Major highways

* Indiana Toll Road
* I-80
* I-90
* SR 23
* SR 933

### Lakes

* Juday Lake
* Tawny Lake

### Landmarks

* Saint Mary's College (north quarter)
* University of Notre Dame (partial)
* St. Patrick's Farm was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013.

## School districts

* South Bend Community School Corporation

## Political districts

* Indiana's 2nd congressional district
* State House District 5
* State House District 6
* State House District 8
* State Senate District 10
* State Senate District 11
# Yelahanka (insect)

Yelahanka is a genus of leafhopper belonging to the tribe Ledrini. The genus name was derived from Yelahanka, the suburban locality of Bangalore where the type species Petalocephala bainbriggei described by W L Distant in 1916 was found breeding on trees of Polyalthia longifolia.

## Species

* Yelahanka canaraica (Viraktamath, Webb & Yeshwanth, 2021) - India: Karnataka, Kerala
* Yelahanka granulosa (Distant, 1920) - India: Karnataka (=Petalocephala bainbriggei Distant 1916)
* Yelahanka kodaiensis (Viraktamath, Webb & Yeshwanth, 2021) - India: Tamilnadu
* Yelahanka montana (Viraktamath, Webb & Yeshwanth, 2021) - India: Tamilnadu
* Yelahanka nepalica (Viraktamath, Webb & Yeshwanth, 2021) - Nepal
* Yelahanka punctata (Walker, 1851) - India: Arunachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra
* Yelahanka shillongensis (Viraktamath, Webb & Yeshwanth, 2021) - India: Meghalaya, West Bengal
* Yelahanka sikkimensis (Viraktamath, Webb & Yeshwanth, 2021) - India: Sikkim
* Yelahanka trifida (Viraktamath, Webb & Yeshwanth, 2021) - India: Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh
# Paul Emsley

Paul Emsley (born 25 August 1947) is a British artist who worked in South Africa until 1996 and is now resident in Bradford-on-Avon, Wiltshire, England. He is a former lecturer at the Stellenbosch University and the 2007 winner of the BP Portrait Award for portrait painting. His work can be found in most public collections in South Africa, The National Portrait Gallery London and The British Museum. He is known for his large detailed images of people, animals and flowers. There was a major retrospective of his work in 2012 at the Sasol Art Gallery in Stellenbosch. He is represented in the UK by the Redfern Gallery and in South Africa by Everard Read. Emsley's portrait of the Princess of Wales is on permanent display at the National Portrait Gallery in London. Other notable portraits include Nelson Mandela, Sir V. S. Naipaul, Michael Simpson and William Kentridge.

## Biography

Paul Emsley was born in Glasgow on 25 August 1947. Having grown up in South Africa, he moved to the UK in 1996, and currently resides in Bradford-upon-Avon, although retaining an ongoing presence in South Africa. In 2012 he was commissioned to paint the official Portrait of Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge, which he completed in three and a half months.

## Artist statement

“I have always loved drawing. The dryness of the paper and the chalk demand precision and exactness. It quickly exposes one’s shortcomings allowing no room for clever tricks. I try to emphasise the singularity and silence of the form. By a careful balancing of tones I explore the way in which light and shade fall across the subject. By creating a settled half-light I try to transform the existence of the object from the ordinary to something more profound.”

## Awards

* UWE. Drawing Prize. RWA Autumn Exhibition. 2008
* BP Portrait Award. First Prize. 2007
* Silver Award for Works on Paper. British Interior Design Association. Art London 2005
* UWE Drawing Prize. RWA Autumn Exhibition 2004
* 3rd Prize; Singer & Friedlander Sunday Times Watercolour Competition 2003
* 1st Prize; Singer & Friedlander Sunday Times Watercolour Competition 2002
* 3rd Prize; Singer & Friedlander Sunday Times Watercolour Competition 2001
* Commended; RWA 1st Painting Open 2001
* Bovis-Architects Journal Special Award; Royal Academy Summer Exhibition 2000
* Merit Award; Standard Bank National Drawing Competition 1987
# Pawłówka, Lublin Voivodeship

Pawłówka is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Rachanie, within Tomaszów Lubelski County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 2 km (1 mi) south of Rachanie, 12 km (7 mi) north-east of Tomaszów Lubelski, and 107 km (66 mi) south-east of the regional capital Lublin.
# 1963 Wiley Wildcats football team

The 1963 Wiley Wildcats football team represented Wiley College as a member of the Southwestern Athletic Conference (SWAC) during the 1963 NCAA College Division football season. Led by 33rd-year head coach Fred T. Long, the Wildcats compiled an overall record of 4–5, with a conference record of 2–5, and finished tied for sixth in the SWAC.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance |
| September 28 | Alcorn A&M | Wildcat StadiumMarshall, TX | W 10–7 | |
| October 5 | Bishop* | Wildcat StadiumMarshall, TX | W 27–20 | |
| October 14 | vs. Prairie View A&M | Cotton BowlDallas, TX (State Fair Classic) | L 10–27 | |
| October 19 | at Arkansas AM&N | Pumphrey StadiumPine Bluff, AR | L 13–14 | |
| October 26 | Texas Southern | Wildcat StadiumMarshall, TX | L 13–34 | 3,000 |
| November 2 | at Jackson State | Alumni FieldJackson, MS | L 12–34 | |
| November 9 | Southern | Wildcat StadiumMarshall, TX | W 16–13 | |
| November 16 | at Grambling | Grambling StadiumGrambling, LA | L 8–34 | |
| November 28 | at Dillard* | Alumni StadiumNew Orleans, LA (Thanksgiving Day Classic) | W 13–12 | |
| *Non-conference gameHomecoming ||||||
# Little Bunny Foo Foo

"Little Bunny Foo Foo" is a children's poem and song. The poem consists of four-line sung verses separated by some spoken words. The verses are sung to the tune of the French-Canadian children's song "Alouette" (1879), which is melodically similar to "Down by the Station" (1948) and the "Itsy Bitsy Spider". The person performing the song usually includes hand gestures, e.g. for "scooping" and "bopping".
The song has many different variations and is often passed on as childlore. Beverly Cleary's 1970 children's book Runaway Ralph mentions "Little Rabbit Fru-Fru" as a song heard at summer camp, and a 1970 issue of The New Yorker acknowledges "Little Bunny Phoo Phoo, a character in a children's story."
"Bunny Foo Foo", a 35-foot statue of a leaping rabbit that is named for the poem, is installed at a winery in St. Helena, California.

## Lyrics

   Little Bunny Foo Foo,
   Hopping through the forest, Scooping up the field mice,
   And bopping them on the head.
   (Spoken)
   Down came the Good Fairy, and she said,
   "Little Bunny Foo Foo, I don't want to see you, Scooping up the field mice And bopping them on the head."
   (Spoken) "I'll give you three chances, And if you don't behave, I'm gonna turn you into a goon!"
   The next day... or That evening... or Later that night... or A few moments later...
The verses then repeat three more times, with the spoken verse altered to reflect Little Bunny Foo Foo's decreasing number of chances. The alteration appears in the first line of the verse, which changes to "I'll give you two more chances" and "I'll give you one more chance", in the second and third iterations, respectively.
In the fourth and final iteration, when the bunny has run out of chances, the entire spoken verse is altered as follows:
   "I gave you three chances,
   And you didn't behave, And now I'm gonna turn you into a goon. POOF!"
Sometimes "bopping" is replaced with "kissing".
One common ending has Little Bunny Foo Foo turned into a goon, with a pun ending "And the moral of the story is: Hare today, goon tomorrow." This form of story telling with a pun ending is also known as a feghoot.
# Côte D'Azur (album)

Côte D'Azur is The Rippingtons' sixteenth album which was released in 2011. The album features French, Latin, Gypsy and Euro rhythms. Saxophonist Jeff Kashiwa is featured on the album, returning for the second album in a row.

## Track listing

All songs composed by Russ Freeman, except Tracks 1 & 10 composed by Russ Freeman and Yaredt Leon.
* "Cote D'Azur" - 4:21
* "Le Calypso" - 3:32
* "Bandol" - 3:50
* "Sainte Maxime" - 4:15
* "Postcards From Cannes" - 4:22
* "Passage To Marseilles" - 3:40
* "Provence" - 4:25
* "Riviera Jam" - 3:25
* "Rue Paradis" - 4:34
* "Mesmerized" - 3:24

## Personnel

The Rippingtons
* Russ Freeman – keyboards, guitars, guitar synthesizer, main performer on album
* Bill Heller – keyboards
* Rico Belled – bass
* Dave Karasony – drums
* Jeff Kashiwa – saxophones, additional performer on album

### Production

* Andi Howard – executive producer, management
* Russ Freeman – producer, executive producer, recording, mixing, additional package illustration
* Bernie Grundman – mastering at Bernie Grundman Mastering (Hollywood, California)
* Larissa Collins – art direction
* Devon Guillery – graphic design
* Bill Mayer – cover illustration
* Dave Hopley – photography
# Louisiade fantail

The Louisiade fantail (Rhipidura louisiadensis) is a species of bird in the family Rhipiduridae that is endemic to the D'Entrecasteaux Islands and the Louisiade Archipelago to the east of New Guinea. This species was formerly considered to be a subspecies of the Australian rufous fantail (Rhipidura rufifrons).

## Taxonomy

The Louisiade fantail was formally described in 1899 by the German ornithologist Ernst Hartert based on specimens collected by Albert Stewart Meek on Rossel Island within the Louisiade Archipelago to the southeast of New Guinea. Hartert placed it with the fantails in the genus Rhipidura and coined the binomial name Rhipidura louisiadensis. The Louisiade fantail was formerly considered to be a subspecies of the rufous fantail (renamed the Australian rufous fantail) (Rhipidura rufifrons) but is now treated as a separate species mainly based on the genetic differences. The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.
# El Forn

El Forn (Catalan pronunciation:) is a hamlet in Andorra, located in the parish of Canillo. El Forn de Canillo is well known as the site of a slow-moving landslide.
# Peresołowice

Peresołowice is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Werbkowice, within Hrubieszów County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 16 km (10 mi) (10 mi) from the Ukraine border, 7 km (4 mi) west of Werbkowice, 15 km (9 mi) south-west of Hrubieszów, and 96 km (60 mi) south-east of the regional capital Lublin.
# Clinis

In Greek mythology, Clinis or Kleinis (Ancient Greek: Κλεῖνις, romanized: Kleínis) was a native of Babylon and father, by Harpe, of three sons, Harpasus, Lycius, and Ortygius, and of a daughter Artemiche.

## Mythology

Clinis venerated Apollo and Artemis diligently and was in return favored by the two gods so much that Apollo once took him to the land of the Hyperboreans, where he visited the shrine of the Hyperborean Apollo.
Upon return home, Clinis decided that from now on, he should honor Apollo by sacrificing donkeys to him, just like the Hyperboreans did. But when everything was ready for the sacrifice, Apollo warned Clinis against doing so because donkeys offered by non-Hyperboreans were not the right kind of sacrifice for the god. Then a heated argument arose between the children of Clinis whether to continue with the sacrificial rite or not: Lycius and Harpasus insisted on sacrificing the donkeys nevertheless, while Ortygius and Artemiche maintained that the god's word should be obeyed. Finally, Lycius and Harpasus drove the donkeys to the altar; at the moment, Apollo struck the animals with madness, which caused them to attack and devour Clinis and his family. Poseidon took pity of Harpe and Harpasus and transformed them into birds of the same names; Leto and Artemis implored Apollo to save Clinis, Ortygius and Artemiche, who were not guilty of the impious act, which the god did, changing the rest of the family into birds as well: Clinis into a hypaietos ("under-eagle"), Lycius into a white raven (which became black after the incident with Coronis), Artemiche into a lark, and Ortygius into a tit (Greek aigithos), because he had suggested that his father sacrificed goats (Greek aiges) instead of donkeys.
The story is solely known from Antoninus Liberalis' Metamorphoses; as his own sources, the author cites Boeus and Symmias.

## Note

* ↑ Λιβεράλις, Ἀντωνίνος. "Μεταμορφώσεων Συναγωγή". Βικιθήκη (in Greek). Wikisource. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
* ↑ Antoninus Liberalis, 20
# 1999 Toledo Rockets football team

The 1999 Toledo Rockets football team represented the University of Toledo during the 1999 NCAA Division I-A football season. They competed as a member of the Mid-American Conference (MAC) in the West Division. The Rockets were led by head coach Gary Pinkel.

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Opponent | Site | TV | Result | Attendance |
| September 2 | 8:00 p.m. | Syracuse* | Glass BowlToledo, OH | ESPN Plus | L 12–35 | 27,900 |
| September 18 | 2:00 p.m. | at Ball State | Ball State StadiumMuncie, IN | | W 23–10 | 15,460 |
| September 25 | 7:00 p.m. | UMass* | Glass BowlToledo, OH | | W 24–3 | 20,916 |
| October 2 | 7:00 p.m. | at Bowling Green | Doyt Perry StadiumBowling Green, OH (rivalry) | ESPN Plus | L 23–34 | 23,918 |
| October 9 | 7:00 p.m. | Kent State | Glass BowlToledo, OH | | W 47–7 | 18,011 |
| October 14 | 8:00 p.m. | at No. 15 Marshall | Marshall University StadiumHuntington, WV | ESPN | L 13–38 | 30,203 |
| October 23 | 1:00 p.m. | Eastern Michigan | Glass BowlToledo, OH | | L 13–20 | 18,801 |
| October 30 | 1:00 p.m. | Louisiana Tech* | Glass BowlToledo, OH | | L 17–34 | 17,904 |
| November 6 | 12:00 p.m. | at Central Michigan | Kelly/Shorts StadiumMount Pleasant, MI | FSN | W 32–13 | 9,012 |
| November 13 | 1:00 p.m. | Northern Illinois | Glass BowlToledo, OH | | W 44–14 | 14,910 |
| November 20 | 1:00 p.m. | Western Michigan | Glass BowlToledo, OH | | W 45–21 | 11,557 |
| *Non-conference gameHomecomingRankings from AP Poll released prior to the gameAll times are in Eastern time ||||||||
# Half a Hero

Half a Hero is a 1953 American comedy film starring Red Skelton and Jean Hagen. Directed by Don Weis, the film was written by Max Shulman and released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

## Plot

Freelance writer Ben Dobson (Skelton) lands his first full-time writing job at a national magazine, tasked with rewriting other authors' work. His wife Martha (Hagen) uses this as the perfect time to start their family, and four years later pressures Ben into moving from New York City to the suburbs, where he's swiftly living beyond his means. His boss then wants him to write a story on those suburbs, titled "slums of tomorrow."
Martha happily embraces her new environment and friendly neighbors, but Ben is cynical about their life there and decides they should return to the city. However, while showing their home to another prospective buyer, Ben realizes he would miss the home's personal touches, and they should stay.

## Cast

* Red Skelton as Ben Dobson
* Jean Hagen as Martha Dobson
* Charles Dingle as Mr. Bascomb
* Willard Waterman as Charles McEstway
* Mary Wickes as Mrs. Watts
* Frank Cady as Mr. Watts
* Hugh Corcoran as Pete Dobson
* Dorothy Patrick as Edna Radwell
* King Donovan as Sam Radwell
* Billie Bird as Ernestine
* Dabbs Greer as George Payson
* Kathleen Freeman as Welcomer
* Polly Bergen as herself

## Reception

In the week ended September 2, 1953, Half a Hero grossed $20,000 at the Loew's Capitol Theatre in Washington, D.C. According to MGM records the film earned theatrical rentals of $661,000 in the US and Canada and $230,000 elsewhere, resulting in a profit of $68,000.