# The Deer and the Cauldron

The Deer and the Cauldron, also known as The Duke of Mount Deer, is a historical novel by Jin Yong. It is his last and longest novel, originally serialized in the Hong Kong newspaper Ming Pao from 24 October 1969 to 23 September 1972.

## Title

The novel's title is explained in the first chapter when the poet Lü Liuliang discusses two concepts with his son. The cauldron is a reference to a story in the Zuo Zhuan in which King Zhuang of Chu enquired the weight of the Nine Tripod Cauldrons – revealing his secret desire to seize the Mandate of Heaven. The deer is a reference to a remark by Kuai Tong recorded in the Records of the Grand Historian: "the Qin emperor lost his deer, and all under heaven chased after it". The deer symbolises the common people of China, who are at the mercy of ruthless warlords vying to conquer the lands of the fallen Qin dynasty.
As Lü explains to his son, in Chinese history, the cauldron has been used both to cook hunted deer and as an instrument of torture for human beings. In the Chinese language, "asking about the cauldrons" and "chasing the deer" both signify the desire to become Emperor, while "not knowing who will kill the deer" indicates uncertainty about who will become Emperor. "It may be uncertain who will kill the deer, but the deer gets killed all right. There's no uncertainty about that."
In the afterword, Jin Yong wrote that his intention in writing the novel was to reflect societal and cultural realities instead of encouraging readers to imitate an unprincipled protagonist. In a 2006 interview, Jin Yong revealed that he considered changing the novel's ending to give Wei Xiaobao his just deserts, but he abandoned the idea after receiving pushback from readers.

## Plot

The story centres on a witty, sly, illiterate and lazy protagonist, Wei Xiaobao, who was born in a brothel in Yangzhou in the mid-17th century during the early Qing dynasty. By chance, the teenage scamp helps an outlaw evade the authorities and follows him to Beijing, where Wei is kidnapped and taken to the imperial palace. To survive there, Wei impersonates an eunuch and strikes up an unlikely friendship with a young Kangxi Emperor.
One day, Wei Xiaobao encounters the Tiandihui ("Heaven and Earth Society"), a secret society aiming to overthrow the Qing dynasty and restore the Ming dynasty. He impresses Chen Jinnan, the Tiandihui's leader, who becomes his shifu. Besides, he also becomes one of the Tiandihui's lodge leaders and agrees to serve as their spy in the palace. Later, he is taken captive by the sinister Mystic Dragon Cult and brought to the island where they are based. Through glib talk and flattery, he wins the favour of Hong Antong, the cult leader, and his young wife, Su Quan, becoming one of the cult's five emissaries.
Wei Xiaobao makes a number of seemingly impossible achievements through sheer luck, cunning, and the use of unglamorous means such as cheating and deception. First, he assists the Kangxi Emperor in ousting the autocratic regent, Oboi, from power. Second, he discovers the whereabouts of the missing Shunzhi Emperor, who has been presumed dead, saves him from danger and reunites him with his son, the Kangxi Emperor. Third, he eliminates the Mystic Dragon Cult by stirring up internal conflict, which leads to the cult's self-destruction. Fourth, he weakens Wu Sangui's rebellion by bribing the rebels' allies to withdraw, allowing Qing imperial forces to crush the rebels easily. Finally, he leads a campaign against the Tsardom of Russia and helps the Qing Empire reach a border treaty with the Russians. Earlier on, he had met the Russian regent, Sophia Alekseyevna, and helped her consolidate control over Russia during an uprising. In the process of accomplishing these tasks, he also recommended talents to serve the Qing government, one of whom is Shi Lang, the admiral who led the successful naval campaign against the Kingdom of Tungning in Taiwan.
Throughout the story, Wei Xiaobao exhibits devout loyalty to both the Kangxi Emperor and the anti-Qing Tiandihui. He saves the lives of the emperor and the empress dowager on several occasions. On the other hand, he helps the anti-Qing elements and undermines the Qing forces' attempts to destroy the Tiandihui. Navigating power plays, Wei Xiaobao accumulates immense wealth and high titles from various parties, including the Manchu court's "Duke of Deer Cauldron" (or "Duke of Mount Deer", which is used as an alternative English title for the novel). On top of his achievements, he also encounters seven attractive women on separate occasions, eventually marrying all of them.
Wei Xiaobao's conflicting loyalties ultimately reach a disastrous conclusion. The Kangxi Emperor discovers his affiliation with the Tiandihui, forcing him to choose to either remain loyal to the Qing Empire or become an enemy of the state. Wei Xiaobao faces a dilemma: If he chooses to follow the emperor's orders, he will have to betray his friends in the Tiandihui and help the emperor destroy them; if he refuses, he faces the possibility of death and the extermination of his family. Although he ultimately chooses to go into exile, the emperor still regards him as a close friend and loyal subject so he pardons him and allows him to return to the palace.
Towards the end of the novel, the Kangxi Emperor tries to force Wei Xiaobao to help him eliminate the Tiandihui again. On the other hand, Wei Xiaobao faces an even bigger problem with the Tiandihui. As Chen Jinnan had died recently, the Tiandihui's members look up to Wei Xiaobao and want him to be their new leader.
Wei Xiaobao ponders the issue, realises that he will never be able to reconcile between the two opposing sides, and feels that his divided friendships and split loyalties are tearing him apart. He decides to leave and lead a reclusive life, and brings along his family and immense wealth with him. He is never seen again. It is said that when the Kangxi Emperor went on six inspection tours to the Jiangnan region throughout his reign, his true purpose was to search for Wei Xiaobao.

## Miscellaneous information
### Sutra of Forty-two Chapters

The founders of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty made eight copies of the Sutra of Forty-two Chapters, a classical Buddhist text. After the Qing forces conquered the Central Plains, they looted large amounts of treasure and transported them to a secret location in northeast China. The map to that location was torn into several pieces and hidden in the eight books separately. Each book was given to one of the Eight Banners for safekeeping.
To protect the treasure, the Eight Banners' commanders were not told about the treasure vault. Instead, they were told that the books contained a secret leading to a location containing the "root" of the Qing imperial bloodline, the Dragon's Pulse. If this "root" is disturbed, it will end the fortunes of the Manchus. This is to ensure that none of the nobles will attempt to find this location; they will instead guard the secret with their lives. Only the emperor knows the truth, as evident when the Shunzhi Emperor passes on this knowledge to the Kangxi Emperor.
The books are sought by many, including Hai Dafu, Mao Dongzhu, the Mystic Dragon Cult, the Heaven and Earth Society, the former Princess Changping, Wu Sangui and others. Some of them know the truth about the treasure while others wish to end the Qing dynasty by destroying the Manchu "root". Wei Xiaobao collects the eight books and pieces the map together. He finds the treasure at Mount Deer Cauldron in Heilongjiang, but does not seize it for himself because he holds on to the belief that the treasure is the Qing imperial family's "root".

#### The eight books

| Order of appearance | Banner | Initial holder | Description |
| 1 | Plain White Banner | Suksaha | Oboi seized the book from Suksaha after executing him. The book was confiscated along with Oboi's possessions after Oboi's downfall and ends up with Mao Dongzhu. Wei Xiaobao steals it from a secret compartment in Mao Dongzhu's room. |
| 2 | Bordered Yellow Banner | Oboi | The book was confiscated along with Oboi's possessions after Oboi's downfall and ends up with Mao Dongzhu. Wei Xiaobao steals it from a secret compartment in Mao Dongzhu's room. |
| 3 | Plain Red Banner | Prince Kang | Qi Yuankai stole it from Prince Kang's residence. Wei Xiaobao later finds it hidden under a roof tile. |
| 4 | Bordered Red Banner | Hechabo | Mao Dongzhu sent Ruidong to steal it from Hechabo. Wei Xiaobao kills Ruidong later and takes the book from him. |
| 5 | Bordered White Banner | Unknown | The book was confiscated from the banner commander by the Shunzhi Emperor, who gave it to Consort Donggo. Mao Dongzhu later killed Consort Donggo and took the book from her. Wei Xiaobao eventually steals it from a secret compartment in Mao Dongzhu's room. |
| 6 | Plain Yellow Banner | Shunzhi Emperor | The Shunzhi Emperor gave Wei Xiaobao the book and told him to pass it to the Kangxi Emperor. The book is then stolen by Princess Jianning but is taken away by Jiunan, who returns it to Wei Xiaobao. |
| 7 | Bordered Blue Banner | Eshuoke | The book was taken away by the Thin Monk, who accidentally leaves it behind in Mao Dongzhu's room. Wei Xiaobao finds it and keeps it for himself. |
| 8 | Plain Blue Banner | Jiakun | The book ends up in Wu Sangui's possession when Jiakun is killed in battle in Yunnan. Wei Xiaobao steals it and replaces it with the Bordered Blue Banner's copy. |

### Literary inquisition

In the early years of the reign of the Kangxi Emperor, the regent Oboi monopolised state power and introduced the practice of literary inquisition. Many intellectuals and scholars were persecuted for their writings. Zhuang Tinglong, a merchant from Huzhou, sponsored the publication of an unauthorised book about the history of the Ming dynasty. The book used the Ming emperors' era names, which were considered taboo in the Qing dynasty. Wu Zhirong found out and reported it to the authorities.
Zhuang Tinglong and his family were persecuted and the male members of the Zhuang family were killed. The incident also sparked off a chain reaction, in which several individuals who were not directly involved or linked to the book were similarly rounded up and executed. These individuals included scholars who helped to write and proofread the book, bookstore owners who sold copies of the book, distant relatives of the Zhuang family, and even people who had contact with readers of the book.

## Reception

The Deer and the Cauldron, even among fans of Jin Yong's novels, has divided critical opinions mainly due to the character of Wei Xiaobao. Ni Kuang argued that The Deer and the Cauldron was "the best novel of all time, Chinese or foreign". Wong Kwok-pun of the Chinese University of Hong Kong felt that it was an inferior work compared to the "masterpieces" of the Condor Trilogy and expressed surprise that John Minford chose to translate an abridged version of it.

## English language translation

The Deer and the Cauldron has been translated in highly abridged form (28 chapters) into English by John Minford and David Hawkes. The translation was published by the Oxford University Press in three volumes from 1997 to 2002.

## Works based on the novel

There are books which examine the office politics displayed by the main characters and their applications in real life.
* Qingjing Luding Ji (情境鹿鼎记), ISBN 7-80207-108-9
* Zongcai Wei Xiaobao (总裁韦小宝; Wei Xiaobao the CEO), ISBN 7-80673-728-6
* Poyi Wei Xiaobao (破译韦小宝; Interpreting Wei Xiaobao), ISBN 7-5048-4705-4
* Chuankao Wei Xiaobao (串烤韦小宝), ISBN 7-80661-929-1
* Renjing Wei Xiaobao De Hunshi Fabao (人精韦小宝的混世法宝) ISBN 7-80100-576-7

## Adaptations
### Films

| Year | Production | Main cast | Additional information |
| 1983 | Shaw Brothers Studio (Hong Kong) | Wong Yue, Gordon Liu | See Tale of a Eunuch |
| 1992 | Hong Kong | Stephen Chow, Sharla Cheung, Ng Man-tat, Natalis Chan, Sandra Ng, Chingmy Yau, Damian Lau, Brigitte Lin, Deric Wan | See Royal Tramp |
| 1992 | Hong Kong | Stephen Chow, Sharla Cheung, Ng Man-tat, Natalis Chan, Sandra Ng, Chingmy Yau, Damian Lau, Brigitte Lin, Deric Wan | See Royal Tramp II |
| 1993 | Hong Kong | Tony Leung, Veronica Yip, Dicky Cheung, Kent Tong | See Hero – Beyond the Boundary of Time |
| 2011 | Chinese Entertainment Shanghai (Mainland China) | Hu Ge, Nicky Wu, Cecilia Liu, Lin Gengxin, Annie Liu | An online short film, Chinese title 夢迴鹿鼎記. |

### Television

| Year | Production | Main cast | Additional information |
| 1978 | CTV (Hong Kong) | Wen Hsueh-erh, Cheng Si-chun | |
| 1984 | TVB (Hong Kong) | Tony Leung, Andy Lau, Carina Lau, Sandra Ng, Kiki Sheung, Teresa Mo | See The Duke of Mount Deer (1984 Hong Kong TV series) |
| 1984 | CTV (Taiwan) | Li Hsiao-fei, Chou Shao-tung, Chen Yu-mei, Chou Ming-hui, Ying Hsiao-wei, Lam Sau-kwan, Pei Hsin-yu, Cheng Hsueh-lin | See The Duke of Mount Deer (1984 Taiwanese TV series) |
| 1998 | TVB (Hong Kong) | Jordan Chan, Steven Ma, Rain Lau, Cherie Chan, Vivien Leung, Michelle Fung, Hilary Tsui, Chan On-kei, May Kwong | See The Duke of Mount Deer (1998 TV series) |
| 2001 | TVB (Hong Kong) | Dicky Cheung, Patrick Tam, Ruby Lin, Annie Wu, Athena Chu, Teresa Mak, Monica Chan, Shu Qi, Jess Zhang | See The Duke of Mount Deer (2000 TV series) |
| 2008 | Huayi Brothers Film Investment Company Beijing Cathay Media Ltd. (Mainland China) | Huang Xiaoming, Wallace Chung, Cherrie Ying, He Zhuoyan, Shu Chang, Liu Zi, Liu Yun, Hu Ke, Li Fei'er | See Royal Tramp (TV series) |
| 2014 | Zhejiang Huace Film & TV Production (Mainland China) | Han Dong, Wei Qianxiang, Lemon Zhang, Jia Qing, Zhao Yuanyuan, Viann Zhang, Lou Yixiao | See The Deer and the Cauldron (2014 TV series) |
| 2020 | New Classics Media (Mainland China) | Zhang Yishan, Zhang Tianyang, Tang Yixin, Yang Qiru, Rebecca Wang, Guo Yang | |

### Radio

In 2000, Hong Kong's RTHK broadcast a 100 episodes radio drama based on the novel, with Eason Chan and Roland Leung voicing Wei Xiaobao and the Kangxi Emperor respectively.

### Video games

* Role-playing video games:
** 鹿鼎記 (智冠) (DOS) (Traditional Chinese)
** 鹿鼎記 (歡樂盒)
** 鹿鼎記II
** Heroes of Jin Yong Online (金庸群侠传 Online)
* Java ME games for mobile phones:
** 情圣韦小宝
** 韦小宝笑传