# Pyrrhoderma noxium

Pyrrhoderma noxium is a species of plant pathogen. It attacks a wide range of tropical plants, and is the cause of brown root rot disease. It has been described as "an aggressive and destructive pathogen". The pathogen invades roots with contact between roots of a potential host with the substrate on which the fungus is growing.

## Infection

P. noxium attacks the roots and lower trunk of trees, causing roots to rot and resulting in dieback (another term for root rot). It causes brown root rot disease, which afflicts over 200 plant species in tropical and subtropical regions. The pathogen can survive in the soil and on dead plant material for more than a decade, and the primary source of infection to other plants and trees is from contact with infected root material to the healthy plant's root.

## Treatment

Fungicides Calixin, Bayleton, and Nustar inhibits growth for P. noxium on agar medium, however was not ultimately found to be effective in eradicating the fungus in infested wood. A mixture of ammonia and urea, as well as just volatile ammonia in itself, was found able to kill P. noxium in infested wood. Strains of Trichoderma applied in mulch around infected P. noxium trees started to grow new roots within 6–8 weeks of application, and the mycelium of P. noxium was eradicated after 8–11 weeks of exposure.

## Distribution

P. noxium has been recorded from tropical regions, as well as Japan and Australia, but has not been reported from South America.

## List of countries where P. noxium is present

| Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Reference |
| Africa ||||
| Angola | Present | CABI and EPPO (1997) |
| Benin | Present | CABI and EPPO (1997) |
| Burkina Faso | Present | CABI and EPPO (1997) |
| Cameroon | Present | CABI and EPPO (1997) |
| Central African Republic | Present | CABI and EPPO (1997) |
| Congo, Democratic Republic of the | Present | CABI and EPPO (1997) |
| Côte d'Ivoire | Present | CABI and EPPO (1997) |
| Gabon | Present | CABI and EPPO (1997) |
| Ghana | Present | CABI and EPPO (1997) |
| Kenya | Present | CABI and EPPO (1997) |
| Nigeria | Present | CABI and EPPO (1997) |
| Sierra Leone | Present | CABI and EPPO (1997) |
| Tanzania | Present | CABI and EPPO (1997) |
| Togo | Present | CABI and EPPO (1997) |
| Uganda | Present | CABI and EPPO (1997) |
| Asia ||||
| China | Present | CABI and EPPO (1997) Wang et al. (2016) |
| Hong Kong | Present | Wang et al. (2016) |
| India | Present | CABI and EPPO (1997) |
| - Assam | Present | CABI and EPPO (1997) |
| - Karnataka | Present | Zhang and Chee (1989) |
| - Kerala | Present | CABI and EPPO (1997) |
| - Tamil Nadu | Present | CABI and EPPO (1997) |
| - Tripura | Present | CABI and EPPO (1997) |
| - Uttar Pradesh | Present | CABI and EPPO (1997) |
| Indonesia | Present | CABI and EPPO (1997) |
| - Java | Present | CABI and EPPO (1997) |
| - Sumatra | Present | CABI and EPPO (1997) |
| Japan | Present | CABI and EPPO (1997) |
| - Bonin Islands | Present | Sahashi et al. (2015) |
| - Ryukyu Islands | Present | CABI and EPPO (1997) |
| Malaysia | Present | CABI and EPPO (1997) |
| - Peninsular Malaysia | Present | CABI and EPPO (1997) |
| - Sabah | Present | CABI and EPPO (1997) |
| - Sarawak | Present | CABI and EPPO (1997) |
| Myanmar | Present | CABI and EPPO (1997) |
| Pakistan | Present | CABI and EPPO (1997) |
| Philippines | Present | CABI and EPPO (1997) |
| Singapore | Present | CABI and EPPO (1997) |
| Sri Lanka | Present | CABI and EPPO (1997) |
| Taiwan | Present | CABI and EPPO (1997) |
| Vietnam | Present | CABI and EPPO (1997) |
| North America ||||
| Costa Rica | Present | CABI and EPPO (1997) |
| Cuba | Present | CABI and EPPO (1997) |
| Puerto Rico | Present | CABI and EPPO (1997) |
| Oceania ||||
| American Samoa | Present | CABI and EPPO (1997) |
| Australia | Present | CABI and EPPO (1997) |
| - New South Wales | Present | CABI and EPPO (1997) |
| - Queensland | Present | CABI and EPPO (1997) |
| Federated States of Micronesia | Present | CABI and EPPO (1997) |
| - Pohnpei | Present | Akiba et al. (2015) |
| Fiji | Present | CABI and EPPO (1997) |
| Niue | Present | CABI and EPPO (1997) |
| Northern Mariana Islands | Present | Hodges and Tenorio (1984) |
| Papua New Guinea | Present | CABI and EPPO (1997) |
| Samoa | Present | CABI and EPPO (1997) |
| Solomon Islands | Present | Liloqula and Johnson (1987) |
| Vanuatu | Present |

## Hosts

| Host | Family | Host status | References |
| Acacia confusa | Fabaceae | Main | Akiba et al. (2015) Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998) |
| Acacia mangium (brown salwood) | Fabaceae | Unknown | Glen et al. (2014) Mohd et al. (2009) |
| Adenanthera pavonina (red-bead tree) | Fabaceae | Unknown | Brooks (2002) |
| Albizia lebbeck (Indian siris) | Fabaceae | Unknown | Hodges and Tenorio (1984) |
| Alstonia scholaris (white cheesewood) | Apocynaceae | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998) |
| Anacardium occidentale (cashew nut) | Anacardiaceae | Unknown | Supriadi et al. (2004) |
| Annona montana | Annonaceae | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) |
| Annona squamosa (sugar apple) | Annonaceae | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) Ann et al. (1999) Tsai et al. (2017) |
| Aralia elata (Japanese aralia) | Araliaceae | Unknown | Sahashi et al. (2007) |
| Araucaria cunninghamii (colonial pine) | Araucariaceae | Main | Ann et al. (1999) Brooks (2002) Chang and Yang (1998) Tsai et al. (2017) |
| Araucaria heterophylla (Norfolk Island pine) | Araucariaceae | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998) |
| Ardisia sieboldii | Primulaceae | Unknown | Akiba et al. (2015) Sahashi et al. (2007) Sahashi et al. (2015) |
| Artemisia capillaris | Asteraceae | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998) |
| Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit) | Moraceae | Main | Brooks (2002) Hodges and Tenorio (1984) |
| Artocarpus heterophyllus (jackfruit) | Moraceae | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) |
| Averrhoa carambola (carambola) | Oxalidaceae | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) Ann et al. (1999) Tsai et al. (2017) |
| Azadirachta excelsa | Meliaceae | Unknown | Farid et al. (2005) Mohd et al. (2009) |
| Barringtonia asiatica (sea poison tree) | Lecythidaceae | Unknown | Brooks (2002) |
| Barringtonia samoensis | | Unknown | Brooks (2002) |
| Bauhinia (camel's foot) | Fabaceae | Unknown | Hodges and Tenorio (1984) |
| Bauhinia purpurea (purple bauhinia) | Fabaceae | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998) |
| Bauhinia variegata (mountain ebony) | Fabaceae | Main | Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998) Huang et al. (2015) Tsai et al. (2017) |
| Bischofia javanica (bishop wood) | Euphorbiaceae | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998) Sahashi et al. (2010) Sahashi et al. (2015) Sahashi et al. (2014) |
| Bombax ceiba (silk cotton tree) | Bombacaceae | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998) |
| Calocedrus formosana | Cupressaceae | Unknown | Tsai et al. (2017) |
| Calophyllum inophyllum (Alexandrian laurel) | Clusiaceae | Main | Akiba et al. (2015) Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998) Sahashi et al. (2010) Sahashi et al. (2015) |
| Calophyllum neoebudicum | | Unknown | Brooks (2002) |
| Camellia japonica (camellia) | Theaceae | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998) |
| Camellia sinensis (tea) | Theaceae | Main | Ann et al. (1999) |
| Cananga odorata (ylang-ylang) | Annonaceae | Unknown | Brooks (2002) |
| Canarium harveyi | Strombidae | Unknown | Brooks (2002) |
| Cassia fistula (Indian laburnum) | Fabaceae | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998) |
| Casuarina (beefwood) | Casuarinaceae | Unknown | Hodges and Tenorio (1984) |
| Casuarina equisetifolia (casuarina) | Casuarinaceae | Main | Akiba et al. (2015) Ann et al. (1999) Sahashi et al. (2007) Sahashi et al. (2010) Sahashi et al. (2015) Sahashi et al. (2014) Tsai et al. (2017) |
| Ceiba speciosa | | Unknown | Akiba et al. (2015) |
| Celtis boninensis | | Unknown | Akiba et al. (2015) Sahashi et al. (2015) |
| Celtis sinensis (Chinese elm) | Ulmaceae | Unknown | Wang et al. (2016) |
| Cerbera manghas | Apocynaceae | Unknown | Brooks (2002) |
| Chorisia speciosa (floss-silk tree) | Bombacaceae | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) |
| Cinnamomum camphora (camphor laurel) | Lauraceae | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998) Huang et al. (2015) Tsai et al. (2017) |
| Cinnamomum doederleinii | Lauraceae | Unknown | Akiba et al. (2015) |
| Cinnamomum japonicum | Lauraceae | Unknown | Sahashi et al. (2007) Sahashi et al. (2010) |
| Cinnamomum kanehirai | Lauraceae | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998) |
| Cinnamomum kotoense | | Unknown | Tsai et al. (2017) |
| Cinnamomum osmophloeum (native cassia bark tree) | Lauraceae | Unknown | Tsai et al. (2017) |
| Cinnamomum pseudopedunculatum | | Unknown | Akiba et al. (2015) Sahashi et al. (2015) |
| Cinnamomum verum (cinnamon) | Lauraceae | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998) |
| Cinnamomum yabunikkei | | Unknown | Akiba et al. (2015) |
| Citrus | Rutaceae | Unknown | Hodges and Tenorio (1984) |
| Citrus limon (lemon) | Rutaceae | Unknown | Tsai et al. (2017) |
| Codiaeum variegatum (garden croton) | Euphorbiaceae | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) |
| Coffea (coffee) | Rubiaceae | Main | |
| Coffea arabica (arabica coffee) | Rubiaceae | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) |
| Cordia alliodora (Ecuador laurel) | Boraginaceae | Unknown | Brooks (2002) |
| Cordia aspera | | Unknown | Brooks (2002) |
| Cordia dichotoma (Indian cherry) | Boraginaceae | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998) |
| Corymbia citriodora (lemon-scented gum) | Lithomyrtus | Unknown | Chang and Yang (1998) Tsai et al. (2017) |
| Crossostylis biflora | | Unknown | Brooks (2002) |
| Cycas taitungensis | Cycadaceae | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998) |
| Dalbergia sissoo | Fabaceae | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) |
| Delonix regia (flamboyant) | Fabaceae | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998) Hodges and Tenorio (1984) Huang et al. (2015) Tsai et al. (2017) |
| Dimocarpus longan (longan tree) | Sapindaceae | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) Tsai et al. (2017) Ann et al. (2002) |
| Diospyros decandra | | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) |
| Diospyros kaki (persimmon) | Ebenaceae | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) Tsai et al. (2017) |
| Diospyros samoensis | Ebenaceae | Unknown | Brooks (2002) |
| Diospyros vera | Ebenaceae | Unknown | Akiba et al. (2015) |
| Distylium lepidotum | Hamamelidaceae | Unknown | Akiba et al. (2015) Sahashi et al. (2015) |
| Distylium racemosum (isu) | Hamamelidaceae | Unknown | Akiba et al. (2015) |
| Duranta erecta (golden dewdrop) | Verbenaceae | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) Tsai et al. (2017) |
| Dypsis lutescens (yellow butterfly palm) | Arecaceae | Unknown | Huang et al. (2015) |
| Dysoxylum samoense | Meliaceae | Unknown | Brooks (2002) |
| Ehretia philippinensis | | Unknown | Akiba et al. (2015) |
| Elaeagnus rotundata | | Unknown | Sahashi et al. (2015) |
| Elaeis guineensis (African oil palm) | Arecaceae | Main | Pinruan et al. (2010) |
| Elaeocarpus serratus | Elaeocarpaceae | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998) |
| Elaeocarpus sylvestris | Elaeocarpaceae | Unknown | Sahashi et al. (2007) Akiba et al. (2015) |
| Elattostachys falcata | | Unknown | Brooks (2002) |
| Eriobotrya japonica (loquat) | Rosaceae | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) Ann et al. (1999) Tsai et al. (2017) |
| Erythrina | Fabaceae | Unknown | Hodges and Tenorio (1984) |
| Erythrina variegata (Indian coral tree) | Fabaceae | Unknown | Akiba et al. (2015) Sahashi et al. (2015) |
| Eucalyptus | Myrtaceae | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) |
| Eucalyptus camaldulensis (red gum) | Myrtaceae | Unknown | Chang and Yang (1998) |
| Eucalyptus grandis (saligna gum) | Myrtaceae | Unknown | Chang and Yang (1998) |
| Eucalyptus pellita (red mahogany) | Myrtaceae | Unknown | Agustini et al. (2014) Glen et al. (2014) |
| Eugenia uniflora (Surinam cherry) | Lithomyrtus | Unknown | Akiba et al. (2015) |
| Euonymus boninensis | | Unknown | Sahashi et al. (2015) |
| Ficus | Moraceae | Unknown | Brooks (2002) |
| Ficus awkeotsang (jelly fig) | Moraceae | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) Ann et al. (1999) Tsai et al. (2017) |
| Ficus benghalensis (banyan) | Moraceae | Unknown | Akiba et al. (2015) Sahashi et al. (2015) |
| Ficus benjamina (weeping fig) | Moraceae | Unknown | Huang et al. (2015) |
| Ficus elastica (rubber plant) | Moraceae | Unknown | Akiba et al. (2015) Sahashi et al. (2015) |
| Ficus microcarpa (Indian laurel tree) | Moraceae | Main | Akiba et al. (2015) Chang and Yang (1998) Huang et al. (2015) Sahashi et al. (2007) Tsai et al. (2017) Wang et al. (2016) |
| Ficus obliqua | | Unknown | Brooks (2002) |
| Ficus pumila (creeping fig) | Moraceae | Unknown | Chang and Yang (1998) |
| Ficus punctata | | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) |
| Ficus religiosa (sacred fig tree) | Moraceae | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998) Tsai et al. (2017) |
| Ficus tinctoria | | Unknown | Akiba et al. (2015) Brooks (2002) |
| Ficus virgata | Moraceae | Unknown | Akiba et al. (2015) Sahashi et al. (2007) |
| Firmiana simplex | Sterculiaceae | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998) |
| Flueggea flexuosa | Euphorbiaceae | Unknown | Brooks (2002) |
| Fraxinus formosana | Oleaceae | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998) |
| Garcinia mangostana (mangosteen) | Clusiaceae | Main | |
| Garcinia subelliptica | Clusiaceae | Unknown | Akiba et al. (2015) Sahashi et al. (2010) |
| Gardenia jasminoides (cape jasmine) | Rubiaceae | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) |
| Glochidion obovatum | Euphorbiaceae | Unknown | Akiba et al. (2015) Sahashi et al. (2007) |
| Glochidion ramiflorum | | Unknown | Brooks (2002) |
| Gmelina arborea (candahar) | Lamiaceae | Unknown | Brooks (2002) |
| Grevillea robusta (silky oak) | Proteaceae | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) |
| Hernandia nymphaeifolia | Hernandiaceae | Unknown | Brooks (2002) Sahashi et al. (2007) |
| Hevea brasiliensis (rubber) | Euphorbiaceae | Main | Brooks (2002) Mohd et al. (2009) Nandris et al. (1988) |
| Hibiscus glaber | Malvaceae | Unknown | Sahashi et al. (2015) |
| Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Chinese rose) | Malvaceae | Unknown | Akiba et al. (2015) Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998) Sahashi et al. (2007) |
| Hibiscus schizopetalus (fringed hibiscus) | Malvaceae | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) |
| Hibiscus tiliaceus (coast cottonwood) | Malvaceae | Unknown | Akiba et al. (2015) Ann et al. (1999) Brooks (2002) Chang and Yang (1998) |
| Hydrangea chinensis | | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) |
| Ilex rotunda (kurogane holly) | Aquifoliaceae | Unknown | Sahashi et al. (2007) |
| Inocarpus fagifer | Fabaceae | Unknown | Brooks (2002) |
| Intsia bijuga (Moluccan ironwood) | Fabaceae | Unknown | Brooks (2002) |
| Ipomoea pes-caprae (beach morning glory) | Convolvulaceae | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998) |
| Jatropha integerrima (peregrina) | Euphorbiaceae | Unknown | Sahashi et al. (2015) |
| Juniperus chinensis var. kaizuka | Cupressaceae | Unknown | Tsai et al. (2017) |
| Keteleeria davidiana var. formosana | | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998) |
| Khaya senegalensis (dry zone mahogany) | Meliaceae | Unknown | Burcham et al. (2015) Wang et al. (2016) |
| Kigelia africana (sausage tree) | Bignoniaceae | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) Tsai et al. (2017) |
| Koelreuteria elegans var. formosana | Sapindaceae | Main | Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998) Tsai et al. (2017) |
| Koelreuteria paniculata (golden rain tree) | Sapindaceae | Habitat/association | |
| Lactuca indica (Indian lettuce) | Asteraceae | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998) |
| Lagerstroemia speciosa (Pride of India) | Lythraceae | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) |
| Lagerstroemia subcostata | Lythraceae | Unknown | Sahashi et al. (2007) |
| Lagerstroemia turbinata | | Unknown | Chang and Yang (1998) |
| Lannea coromandelica | Anacardiaceae | Unknown | Supriadi et al. (2004) |
| Lantana camara (lantana) | Verbenaceae | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998) |
| Leptopetalum grayi | | Unknown | Sahashi et al. (2015) |
| Leucaena leucocephala (leucaena) | Fabaceae | Unknown | Akiba et al. (2015) Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998) Hodges and Tenorio (1984) Sahashi et al. (2015) |
| Ligustrum japonicum (Japanese privet) | Oleaceae | Unknown | Sahashi et al. (2007) |
| Ligustrum micranthum | Oleaceae | Unknown | Akiba et al. (2015) Sahashi et al. (2015) |
| Liquidambar formosana (beautiful sweetgum) | Hamamelidaceae | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998) Tsai et al. (2017) |
| Litchi chinensis (lichi) | Sapindaceae | Unknown | Akiba et al. (2015) Ann et al. (1999) Ann et al. (1999) Tsai et al. (2017) |
| Litsea glutinosa (Indian laurel) | Lauraceae | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998) |
| Litsea hypophaea | | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) |
| Litsea japonica | Lauraceae | Unknown | Akiba et al. (2015) Sahashi et al. (2007) |
| Macaranga harveyana | | Unknown | Brooks (2002) |
| Macaranga stipulosa | | Unknown | Brooks (2002) |
| Macaranga tanarius (parasol leaf tree) | Euphorbiaceae | Unknown | Akiba et al. (2015) Chang and Yang (1998) Ann et al. (1999) |
| Maesa tenera | Myrsinaceae | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) |
| Malpighia emarginata | Malpighiaceae | Unknown | Sahashi et al. (2015) |
| Mangifera indica (mango) | Anacardiaceae | Unknown | Akiba et al. (2015) Dann et al. (2011) Sahashi et al. (2015) Tsai et al. (2017) |
| Melaleuca bracteata | Lithomyrtus | Unknown | Tsai et al. (2017) |
| Melaleuca leucadendra (long-leaved paperbark) | Lithomyrtus | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998) |
| Melia azedarach (Chinaberry) | Meliaceae | Unknown | Akiba et al. (2015) Ann et al. (1999) Sahashi et al. (2010) Sahashi et al. (2015) |
| Michelia compressa | Magnoliaceae | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998) |
| Michelia figo | Magnoliaceae | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) |
| Morinda citrifolia (Indian mulberry) | Rubiaceae | Unknown | Brooks (2002) |
| Morus australis | Moraceae | Unknown | Akiba et al. (2015) Sahashi et al. (2007) Sahashi et al. (2015) |
| Murraya paniculata (orange jessamine) | Rutaceae | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) Sahashi et al. (2007) Tsai et al. (2017) |
| Nandina domestica (Nandina) | Berberidaceae | Unknown | Akiba et al. (2015) Sahashi et al. (2007) |
| Neolitsea sericea | Lauraceae | Unknown | Sahashi et al. (2015) Akiba et al. (2015) |
| Neonauclea forsteri | Rubiaceae | Unknown | Brooks (2002) |
| Nerium oleander (oleander) | Apocynaceae | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998) |
| Ochrosia nakaiana | Apocynaceae | Unknown | Sahashi et al. (2015) |
| Osmanthus fragrans | Oleaceae | Unknown | Tsai et al. (2017) |
| Osmanthus insularis | | Unknown | Akiba et al. (2015) Sahashi et al. (2015) |
| Pachira aquatica (pachira nut) | Bombacaceae | Unknown | Sahashi et al. (2015) Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998) |
| Palaquium formosanum | Sapotaceae | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998) |
| Pandanus boninensis | | Unknown | Sahashi et al. (2015) |
| Persea thunbergii | Lauraceae | Unknown | Akiba et al. (2015) Sahashi et al. (2007) Sahashi et al. (2010) |
| Persea zuihoensis | Lauraceae | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) |
| Pinus thunbergii (Japanese black pine) | Pinaceae | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998) |
| Pipturus argenteus | Urticaceae | Unknown | Brooks (2002) |
| Pistacia chinensis (Chinese pistachio) | Anacardiaceae | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998) |
| Pittosporum tobira (Japanese pittosporum) | Pittosporaceae | Unknown | Akiba et al. (2015) |
| Planchonella grayana | | Unknown | Brooks (2002) |
| Planchonella obovata | Sapotaceae | Unknown | Akiba et al. (2015) Sahashi et al. (2015) |
| Planchonella torricellensis | Sapotaceae | Unknown | Brooks (2002) |
| Podocarpus macrophyllus (Long-leaf podocarpus) | Podocarpaceae | Main | Sahashi et al. (2007) Sahashi et al. (2010) Tsai et al. (2017) Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998) |
| Pometia pinnata (Fijian longan) | Sapindaceae | Unknown | Brooks (2002) |
| Pongamia pinnata (Indian beech) | Fabaceae | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998) |
| Populus deltoides (poplar) | Salicaceae | Unknown | Sujan and Pandey (1989) |
| Prunus armeniaca (apricot) | Rosaceae | Unknown | Tsai et al. (2017) |
| Prunus campanulata (Taiwan cherry) | Rosaceae | Unknown | Akiba et al. (2015) Sahashi et al. (2015) Ann et al. (1999) Tsai et al. (2017) |
| Prunus mume (Japanese apricot tree) | Rosaceae | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998) Tsai et al. (2017) Ann et al. (1999) |
| Prunus persica (peach) | Rosaceae | Unknown | Akiba et al. (2015) Ann et al. (1999) Sahashi et al. (2007) Tsai et al. (2017) |
| Psidium cattleianum (strawberry guava) | Lithomyrtus | Unknown | Sahashi et al. (2015) |
| Psidium guajava (guava) | Lithomyrtus | Unknown | Tsai et al. (2017) |
| Pterocarpus indicus (red sandalwood) | Fabaceae | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998) Tsai et al. (2017) |
| Pyrus communis (European pear) | Rosaceae | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) |
| Pyrus pyrifolia (Oriental pear tree) | Rosaceae | Unknown | Tsai et al. (2017) Ann et al. (1999) |
| Rhaphiolepis indica | Rosaceae | Unknown | Sahashi et al. (2015) |
| Rhaphiolepis indica var. umbellata | | Unknown | Akiba et al. (2015) Sahashi et al. (2007) Sahashi et al. (2010) Sahashi et al. (2015) |
| Rhaphiolepis umbellata (Yedda hawthorne) | Rosaceae | Unknown | Sahashi et al. (2007) |
| Roystonea regia (Cuban royal palm) | Arecaceae | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) |
| Salix babylonica (weeping willow) | Salicaceae | Main | Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998) |
| Samanea saman (rain tree) | Fabaceae | Unknown | Brooks (2002) |
| Schinus terebinthifolius (Brazilian pepper tree) | Anacardiaceae | Unknown | Tsai et al. (2017) |
| Spathodea campanulata (African tulip tree) | Bignoniaceae | Unknown | Tsai et al. (2017) |
| Spondias dulcis (otaheite apple) | Anacardiaceae | Unknown | Brooks (2002) Sahashi et al. (2015) |
| Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (Jamaica vervain) | Verbenaceae | Unknown | Sahashi et al. (2015) |
| Sterculia foetida (Java olive) | Sterculiaceae | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) |
| Sterculia lanceolata | | Unknown | Huang et al. (2016) |
| Swietenia macrophylla (big leaved mahogany) | Meliaceae | Unknown | Brooks (2002) Sujan et al. (1980) |
| Swietenia mahagoni (Cuban mahogany) | Meliaceae | Main | Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998) |
| Syzygium | Lithomyrtus | Unknown | Brooks (2002) |
| Syzygium inophylloides | Lithomyrtus | Unknown | Brooks (2002) |
| Syzygium samarangense (water apple) | Lithomyrtus | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) Ann et al. (1999) Tsai et al. (2017) |
| Taiwania cryptomerioides (taiwania) | Chrysomelidae | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998) |
| Tectona grandis (teak) | Lamiaceae | Main | Farid et al. (2005) Mohd et al. (2009) Mohd et al. (2005) Farid et al. (2005) |
| Terminalia catappa (Singapore almond) | Combretaceae | Unknown | Akiba et al. (2015) Ann et al. (1999) Sahashi et al. (2015) Tsai et al. (2017) |
| Terminalia richii | Combretaceae | Unknown | Brooks (2002) |
| Theobroma cacao (cocoa) | Malvaceae | Main | Brooks (2002) |
| Thespesia populnea (portia tree) | Malvaceae | Unknown | Hodges and Tenorio (1984) |
| Toona sinensis (Chinese Toona) | Meliaceae | Unknown | Tsai et al. (2017) |
| Toxicodendron succedaneum (wax tree) | Anacardiaceae | Unknown | Sahashi et al. (2007) Sahashi et al. (2015) |
| Trachelospermum asiaticum | Apocynaceae | Unknown | Sahashi et al. (2015) |
| Trema orientalis (charcoal tree) | Ulmaceae | Unknown | Akiba et al. (2015) Sahashi et al. (2015) |
| Ulmus parvifolia (lacebark elm) | Ulmaceae | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998) |
| Urena lobata (caesar weed) | Malvaceae | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) |
| Vernicia fordii (tung-oil tree) | Euphorbiaceae | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) Chang and Yang (1998) |
| Virola surinamensis (banak) | Myristicaceae | Unknown | Brooks (2002) |
| Vitis (grape) | Vitaceae | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) |
| Vitis vinifera (grapevine) | Vitaceae | Unknown | Ann et al. (1999) Tsai et al. (2017) |
| Wikstroemia pseudoretusa | Thymelaeaceae | Unknown | Sahashi et al. (2015) |
| Zanthoxylum ailanthoides | Rutaceae | Unknown | Sahashi et al. (2015) |
| Ziziphus mauritiana (jujube) | Rhamnaceae | Unknown | Tsai et al. (2017) |

## Brown root rot

P. noxium causes brown root rot, which is a serious problem in Taiwan and Hong Kong.