# Treaty of Batum

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History of Azerbaijan :
Prehistory Stone Age  • Bronze Age  • Iron Age
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Modern history Transcaucasian Commissariat 1917–1918       • March Days 1918 Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic 1918 Baku Commune 1918 Centrocaspian Dictatorship 1918 Republic of Aras 1918–1919 Mughan Soviet Republic 1919 Azerbaijan Democratic Republic 1918 - 1920       • Armenian–Azerbaijani War 1918–1920           • Battle of Baku 1918       • Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan 1920Azerbaijan Socialist Soviet Republic 1920–1922       • Treaty of Kars 1921Soviet Union 1922–1991       • Transcaucasian SFSR 1922–1936           • Azerbaijan SSR 1922–1936       • Azerbaijan SSR 1936–1991           • World War II 1941–1945           • Black January 1990       • Republic of Azerbaijan 1991 :
Contemporary history Republic of Azerbaijan 1991–present       • I Nagorno-Karabakh War 1988–1994           • Bishkek Protocol 1994       • II Nagorno-Karabakh War 2020           • Ceasefire Agreement 2020 :
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The Treaty of Batum was signed in Batumi on 4 June 1918, between the Ottoman Empire and the three Transcaucasian states: the First Republic of Armenia, the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and the Democratic Republic of Georgia. It was the first treaty of the First Republic of Armenia and the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and had 14 articles.

## Background

On 5 December 1917, the armistice of Erzincan was signed between the Russians and the Ottomans, ending the armed conflicts between Russia and the Ottoman Empire in the Persian Campaign and Caucasus Campaign of the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I. This was followed by Russia's exit from World War I on 3 March 1918 under the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. Between 14 March and April 1918, the Trabzon peace conference was held between the Ottoman Empire and the delegation of the Transcaucasian Diet (Transcaucasian Sejm).
Enver Pasha offered to surrender all ambitions in the Caucasus in return for recognition of the Ottoman reacquisition of the east Anatolian provinces at Brest-Litovsk at the end of the negotiations. On 5 April, the head of the Transcaucasian delegation Akaki Chkhenkeli accepted the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk as a basis for more negotiations and wired the governing bodies urging them to accept that position. The mood prevailing in Tiflis was very different. The Armenians pressured the Republic to refuse and acknowledged the existence of a state of war between themselves and the Ottoman Empire. Hostilities resumed, and the Ottoman troops overran new lands to the east, reaching the prewar borders. Approximately 40,000 civilians perished during the retreat of Armenian-Georgian volunteers and the Ottoman advance. According to Clarence Ussher, an American doctor in eastern Anatolia, the number of Armenians killed during the Russian retreat numbered 7,000.

## Treaty

On 11 May, a new peace conference opened at Batum. the Ottomans extended their demands to include Tiflis as well as Alexandropol and Echmiadzin; they also wanted a railroad to be built to connect Kars and Julfa with Baku. The new Armenian state, through which the transport corridor would run, was to give free right of passage. The Armenian and Georgian members of the Republic’s delegation began to stall. Beginning on 21 May, the Ottoman army moved ahead once again into areas of Russian Armenia, leading to the Battle of Sardarapat (21–29 May), the Battle of Karakilisa (24–28 May), and the Battle of Bash Abaran (21–24 May).
The treaty was signed while the Third Army of the Ottoman Empire held positions 7 km from Yerevan and only 10 km from Echmiadzin. The treaty needed to be examined and confirmed by the Central Powers. Fifteen days after the treaty, delegates from Armenia were asked to come to Constantinople. In the surrendered territories the majority of the 1,250,000 pre-war inhabitants had been Armenians, with more than 400,000 in the ceded sector of Yerevan province alone.

## Signatories

Ottoman side:
* Halil Menteshe – Minister of Justice
* Wehib Pasha – commander of the Third Army during the Caucasus Campaign
Armenian side:
* Avetis Aharonian – Chairman of the National Council
* Alexander Khatisian – Minister of Foreign Affairs
* M. Babachanian
* Ghorghanian
Azerbaijani side:
* Mammad Amin Rasulzade – President of the National Council
* Mammad Hasan Hajinski – Minister of Foreign Affairs
Georgian side:
* Noe Ramishvili – Prime Minister
* Ilia Odishelidze – Deputy Minister of Defense
* Giorgi Gvazava – member of the presidium of the National Council
* Grigol Rtskhiladze – member of the National Council

## Statistics

Ethnoreligious composition of territories ceded in the Treaty of Batum :
| Area | Territory occupied | Armenians | Muslims | Georgians | Russians |
| Tiflis Governorate ||||||
| ↳ Akhalkalaki uezd | 1,150 sq mi (3,000 km$^2$) | 64,000 | 8,000 | 8,000 | 8,000 |
| ↳ Akhaltsikhe uezd | 1,100 sq mi (2,800 km$^2$) | 27,000 | 18,000 | 25,000 | 540 |
| Erivan Governorate ||||||
| ↳ Alexandropol uezd | 750 sq mi (1,900 km$^2$) | 173,000 | 3,000 | 420 | 2,000 |
| ↳ Nakhichevan uezd | 1,500 sq mi (3,900 km$^2$) | | | | |
| ↳ Surmalu uezd | 1,400 sq mi (3,600 km$^2$) | 30,000 | 66,000 | | |
| ↳ Sharur-Daralayaz uezd | 600 sq mi (1,600 km$^2$) | 500 | 12,000 | | 60 |
| ↳ Erivan uezd | 700 sq mi (1,800 km$^2$) | 30,000 | 48,000 | | 1,000 |
| ↳ Etchmiadzin uezd | 900 sq mi (2,300 km$^2$) | 76,000 | 42,000 | | 400 |
| Treaty of Batum | 8,100 sq mi (21,000 km$^2$) | 400,500 | 197,000 | 33,420 | 12,000 |
Ethnoreligious composition of the South Caucasus in 1918 :
| Nation | Area (sq mi) | Share of Transcaucasia | Armenians | Muslims | Georgians | Other |
| Armenia | 4,000 | 8% | 470,000 | 168,000 | | 41,000 |
| Georgia | 29,000 | 41% | 535,000 | 200,000 | 1,607,000 | 510,000 |
| Azerbaijan | 36,000 | 51% | 653,000 | 2,138,900 | | 304,000 |