# Zuni-Bandera volcanic field

Zuni-Bandera volcanic field (also known as Bandera lava field, Grants Malpais and Malpais volcanic field) is a volcanic field located in the state of New Mexico, United States.
The volcanic field has been considered for geothermal exploitation.
It is on the Trails of the Ancients Byway, one of the designated New Mexico Scenic Byways.

## Origins

The Zuni-Bandera volcanic field lies along the Jemez Lineament, a zone of weakness in the lower crust and upper mantle that allows magma formed in the mantle to reach the surface. The magmas erupted in the field includes both tholeiitic basalt (an iron-rich basalt with a low alkali content) and alkaline basalt. The tholeiitic basalt shows chemical and isotopic signatures of magma formed from the spinel-rich mantle rock of the lithosphere, the outer rigid shell of the Earth that includes the crust and uppermost mantle. The alkaline basalt, by contrast, formed from the garnet-rich mantle rock of the asthenosphere, the ductile region of the mantle just below the lithosphere. Little crustal material was assimilated into the magmas, although the tholeiitic magma experienced some fractional crystallization at shallow depths in the crust.

## Exploration

A significant portion of the volcanic field is part of the El Malpais National Monument. Several of the lava tubes are available for exploration by permit. In addition, hiking trails enable visitors to see the lava field's unique characteristics.

## Bandera Crater

Located on private property at 35°00′N 108°05′W﻿ / ﻿35.0°N 108.08°W﻿ / 35.0; -108.08﻿ (Bandera Crater) and possessing a height of 2,533 metres (8,310 ft), Bandera Crater last erupted between 9,500 and 10,900 years ago.
The nearly 17.5 mile long lava tube emanating from this crater is the longest in North America. Most of the lava tube has collapsed but portions still remain as caves. One of these caves contains an over 900 year old ice cave and can be accessed by the public. The land that contains the ice cave was purchased by Sylvestre Mirabal in the early 1900s. Mirabal mined the ice in the ice cave to cool the beer in a saloon that he operated. His daughter married into the Candelaria family, which continues to own and operate the ice cave to this day. Ice mining was halted in 1946.
The ice cave, itself, never gets above 31 °F. It is currently 20 ft thick and has a green hue due to Arctic algae.

## Other Notable Vents

| Name | Elevation | Coordinates | Last eruption |
| Cerro Bandera | 2,552 metres (8,373 ft) | 35°00′N 108°06′W﻿ / ﻿35.0°N 108.1°W﻿ / 35.0; -108.1﻿ (Cerro Bandera) | - |
| El Calderon | 2,320 metres (7,612 ft) | 34°58′N 108°01′W﻿ / ﻿34.97°N 108.02°W﻿ / 34.97; -108.02﻿ (El Calderon) | - |
| Cerro Colorado | - | - | - |
| Cerro Encierro | 2,298 metres (7,539 ft) | 34°53′N 108°03′W﻿ / ﻿34.88°N 108.05°W﻿ / 34.88; -108.05﻿ (Cerro Encierro) | - |
| Hoyo De Cibola | 2,380 metres (7,808 ft) | 34°53′N 108°07′W﻿ / ﻿34.88°N 108.12°W﻿ / 34.88; -108.12﻿ (Hoyo De Cibola) | - |
| Cerro Hueco (Deer Mountain) | 2,441 metres (8,009 ft) | - | - |
| Laguna | - | - | - |
| Lost Woman | 2,459 metres (8,068 ft) | 34°58′N 108°05′W﻿ / ﻿34.97°N 108.08°W﻿ / 34.97; -108.08﻿ (Lost Woman) | - |
| McCarty's Flow | 2,244 metres (7,362 ft) | 35°00′N 107°48′W﻿ / ﻿35.0°N 107.8°W﻿ / 35.0; -107.8﻿ (McCartys Flow) | 2,500-3,900 years ago |
| Paxton Springs | 2,490 metres (8,169 ft) | 35°04′N 108°04′W﻿ / ﻿35.07°N 108.07°W﻿ / 35.07; -108.07﻿ (Paxton Springs) | - |
| Cerro Rendija | 2,494 metres (8,182 ft) | 34°57′N 108°08′W﻿ / ﻿34.95°N 108.13°W﻿ / 34.95; -108.13﻿ (Cerro Rendija) | - |
| La Tetra (Cerro Tetra) | 2,458 metres (8,064 ft) | 34°59′N 108°03′W﻿ / ﻿34.98°N 108.05°W﻿ / 34.98; -108.05﻿ (La Tetra) | - |
| El Tintero | 2,201 metres (7,221 ft) | - | - |
| Twin Craters | 2,423 metres (7,949 ft) | 34°59′N 108°04′W﻿ / ﻿34.98°N 108.07°W﻿ / 34.98; -108.07﻿ (Twin Craters) | 15,800-17,800 years ago |