OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Thirlwall's Law

Thirlwall's law (named after Anthony Thirlwall) states that if long-run balance of payments equilibrium on current account is a requirement, and the real exchange rate stays relatively constant, then the long run growth of a country can be approximated by the ratio of the growth of exports to the income elasticity of demand for imports (Thirlwall, 1979).
If the real exchange rate varies considerably, but the price elasticities of demand for imports and exports are low, the long run growth of the economy will then be determined by the growth of world income times the ratio of the income elasticity of demand for exports and imports which are determined by the structural characteristics of countries. One important example of this is that if developing countries produce mainly primary products and low value manufactured goods with a low income elasticity of demand, while developed countries specialise in high income elasticity manufactured goods the developing countries will grow at a relatively slower rate (Davidson, 1991).
Thirlwall’s balance of payments constrained growth model –or Thirlwall’s Law- is often called the dynamic Harrod trade multiplier result following Roy Harrod’s (1933) static foreign trade multiplier result that Y = X/m, where Y is national income; X is exports and m is the marginal propensity to import, which is derived under the same assumptions as Thirlwall’s Law (O’Hara, 1999).
The assumption of balance of payments equilibrium on current account can be relaxed to allow capital flows (see Thirlwall and Nureldin Hussein, 1982), but for reasonable values of sustainable flows (e.g. 3% of GDP), capital flows make little empirical difference to the growth predictions of the basic model.
Since 1979, the model has been extensively tested (for surveys of the literature see McCombie and Thirlwall 1994, 2004) with broad support for both developed and developing countries. See also "PSL Quarterly Review Vol. 64 No.259 (2011)" and "Models of Balance of Payments Constrained Growth: History, Theory and Evidence (2012)"
The model provides an alternative to the supply side models of neo-classical growth theory which are close economy models with no demand constraints. In the Thirlwall model the ultimate constraint on growth is a shortage of foreign exchange or the growth of exports to which factor supplies can adapt. It is changes in growth that equilibrate the balance of payments, not changes in relative prices in international trade.
# Trà Lĩnh district

Trà Lĩnh is a former district of Cao Bằng province in the Northeast region of Vietnam. As of 2009, the district had a population of 21,558. The district covers an area of 257 km$^2$. The district capital lies at Hùng Quốc.
Trà Lĩnh district was subdivided to 10 commune-level subdivisions, including Hùng Quốc township (district capital) and the rural communes of: Tri Phương, Cô Mười, Quang Hán, Quang Vinh, Lưu Ngọc, Cao Chương, Quốc Toản, Xuân Nội and Quang Trung.
On February 11, 2020, the district was annexed by Trùng Khánh district.

## Border crossing

There is a border crossing into China. The town on the opposite side is Longbang.
# Ayu Islands

The Ayau Islands (Kepulauan Ayau), are a small archipelago south of the Asia Islands and north of Waigeo Island (in the Raja Ampat Islands) in Indonesia; they are separated from Waigeo Island by the Bougainville Strait. This group is formed by two coral atolls. The highest point is 106 m.
In older maps these islands appear as the Ajoe Islands, following the Dutch spelling "Ajoe-eilanden".
The beaches of these islands are a breeding ground for the leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea). The waters off the Ayau Islands are a good snorkeling and scuba diving site.
Administratively the Ayau Islands belong to the Indonesian province of Southwest Papua, and form part of the Raja Ampat Regency.
# Habu, Botswana

Habu is a village in North-West District of Botswana. It is located in the central part of the district, close to the Okavango Delta, and has a primary school. The population was 304 in the 2001 census.
# Thomas Hill (Shrewsbury MP)

Thomas Hill, born Harwood (1693-11 June 1782}, was one of the two MPs for Shrewsbury in the English parliament from 1749 to 1768. He was nephew to the financier Richard Hill of Hawkstone, from whom he took his surname and was succeeded by his son Noel Hill.
# Thomas Hilger

Thomas Hilger is a former West German slalom canoeist who competed from the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s. He won a bronze medal in the K-1 team event at the 1989 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships in Savage River.
# Trusts (Capital and Income) Act 2013

The Trusts (Capital and Income) Act 2013 (c. 1) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which amends the law relating to capital and income in trusts in the United Kingdom.
# Yves Brunier (landscape architect)

Yves Brunier (10 November 1962 – 2 October 1991) was a French landscape architect best known for his collage illustrations and projects done in France and Belgium.

## Education

Brunier was born on 10 November 1962 in Évian-les-Bains, France. He studied architecture in Grenoble, graduating in 1982, and received a diploma in landscape architecture from the Versailles-based École nationale supérieure du paysage in 1986.

## Career

Brunier began what Udo Weilacher described as a "meteoric career" in 1986. He worked at the Office for Metropolitan Architecture (OMA) as Rem Koolhaas' assistant, mostly on projects in Rotterdam, Amsterdam and The Hague. He initially refused to design landscapes, wishing to be an architect instead, but was persuaded by Koolhaas. Their projects include the Museumpark in Rotterdam, Villa dall'Ava in Saint-Cloud, and the unrealized Euralille project. After working at OMA, Brunier went to Paris to resume architecture studies. By then, it was visible that he had AIDS. Upon his return to OMA, Brunier was convinced by Koolhaas to abandon architecture and focus on landscape architecture.
In 1987, he became a projects assistant to Jean Nouvel in Paris, with whom he worked on the gardens of the Hotel St. James in Bouliac and the Hotel des Thermes in Dax, and the Place du Général Leclerc in Tours. From 1988, he collaborated with Isabelle Auricoste. During his five year long career as a landscape architect, Brunier completed 15 projects.
Brunier exploited the clash between culture and nature rather than seeking to create harmonious images of nature in the city. His favorite technique was collage; he created unconventional compositions by fusing fragments of different images, ideas or situations. He also used pencil and watercolor sketches. According to Koolhaas, Brunier's drawings and collages were regularly characterized by impatience and violence. Koolhaas also claimed that Brunier's approach to nature was aggressive, and attributed this to his illness. Nevertheless, Brunier paid a lot of attention to the choice of plants in his projects.
Brunier died aged 28 of an AIDS-related illness in his hometown on 2 October 1991.
# Yusuf ibn Abu Dhaqn

Yusuf ibn Abu Dhaqn, known to the West as Josephus Abudacnus or Josephus Barbatus, was an Egyptian Copt who traveled in Europe mainly teaching Arabic in the 17th century CE. He was born in Cairo around ?1570s CE and learned Greek and Turkish in Egypt. In 1595 he was sent to Rome with a letter from Pope Gabriel VIII of Alexandria to Pope Clement VIII, where he converted to Roman Catholicism and learned Italian and some ancient Greek and Latin. He also went to Paris and England. His Arabic skills, however, were limited as confessed by him to Scaliger and as confirmed later by Erpenius who studied under him. Erpenius, who had already learned some Arabic from William Bedwell, commented to his teacher that Barbatus had taught him 'many Arabic words' but of the 'corrupt language' that was spoken at the time 'by Egyptians and others', he wrote that today only the learned understood Arabic as spoken by the old. He also authored some books, the most well known of which is titled Historia Jacobitarum, seu Coptorum, in Aegypto, Libya, Nubia, Aethiopia, which is not strictly a history but an account of the Coptic liturgical rites of his time. The book was described by Edward Gibbon as being of low value.
# Ayuba

Ayuba is an African name that may refer to

## Surname

* Abubakar Tanko Ayuba, Nigerian politician
* Adewale Ayuba (born 1966), Nigerian singer
* Yosif Ayuba (born 1990), Swedish footballer of Beninese descent
# Yūichi Sasamoto

Yūichi Sasamoto (笹本 祐一, Sasamoto Yūichi, born February 18, 1963) is a Japanese science fiction writer who won Seiun Awards for Hoshi no Pilot 2: Suiseikari, Ariel and also for three non-fiction volumes, Passport to the Universe. He also co-wrote the film Venus Wars with Yoshikazu Yasuhiko. His work Miniskirt Pirates was adapted into an anime television series in 2012.
# Thomas Burdick

Thomas Burdick (November 17, 1795 (or 1797) – November 6, 1877) was a leader in the early Latter Day Saint movement, a Mormon pioneer, and a politician in Los Angeles County, California.
Burdick was born in Canajoharie, New York. He married Anna Higley in 1828. In 1834, the Burdicks heard the preaching of missionary Sidney Rigdon and joined the Church of the Latter Day Saints led by Joseph Smith. The Burdicks moved to Kirtland, Ohio, to join the main gathering of Latter Day Saints and Burdick was made an elder in the church. In 1836, he was given the responsibility of managing the membership records of the church. On November 7, 1837, Burdick became a high priest and a member of the presiding high council at Kirtland. In 1838, Burdick was one of the twelve high priests selected by Bishop Newel K. Whitney to constitute the first sitting of the Common Council of the Church, which heard charges levied by Sylvester Smith against Joseph Smith. Burdick also taught school and was a justice of the peace in Kirtland.
In 1838–39, after the majority of Latter Day Saints left Kirtland, Burdick remained. He was appointed the church bishop in Kirtland on May 22, 1841. After the death of Joseph Smith in 1844, Burdick followed the leadership of Brigham Young and made plans to follow Young west. Burdick remained in Kanesville, Iowa until 1853, when he led a Mormon pioneer company of over 100 wagons to Salt Lake City, Utah Territory.
After arriving in Salt Lake City, most of the company, including Burdick, determined to carry on to the Mormon settlement of San Bernardino, California. In the winter of 1853–54, Burdick and his family settled at San Gabriel Township, California.
In 1855, Burdick was elected as a member of the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors; he served two consecutive one-year terms.
Burdick died in Los Angeles of apoplexy. He and his wife were the parents of seven children. Their son Cyrus Burdick was the co-founder of Pomona, California.
Burdick's sister was Rebecca Burdick Winters, a Mormon pioneer known for her grave site along the Mormon Trail.
# Thomas Burgess (died 1623)

Thomas Burgess (ca. 1540 – 13 August 1623), of Truro in Cornwall, was an English merchant, and was Mayor of Truro in 1589 and an alderman of the town at the time its coat of arms was confirmed in 1620. He was Member of Parliament for Truro in the Parliament of 1604–1611.
# Glyphodes bicoloralis

Glyphodes bicoloralis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Strand in 1912. It is found in Cameroon, the Republic of Congo, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Ghana.
# Azra Kanović

Azra Kanović (Azra Edina Kanović; born September 9, 1993) is a female volleyball player from Bosnia and Herzegovina, playing as a middle-blocker.
Playing for Bosnia's most successful volleyball club OK Bosna, she was a member of the Premier League of Volleyball of Bosnia and Herzegovina national championship winning team 2 times (2013, 2014) and the National Cup of Bosnia and Herzegovina winning team on 3 occasions (2012, 2013, 2014).
# Glyphipterix caudatella

Glyphipterix caudatella is a species of sedge moth in the genus Glyphipterix. It was described by Walsingham in 1897. It is found in the West Indies.
# Glenodinium

Glenodinium is a genus of dinoflagellates with unknown classification.
The genus was first described by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg in 1836.
Species:
* Glenodinium foliaceum
* Glenodinium oculatum
* Glenodinium paululum
# Trustrup

Trustrup is a small railway town, with a population of 790 (1 January 2024), in Norddjurs Municipality, Central Denmark Region in Denmark. It is located 21 km east of Ryomgård, 21 km north of Ebeltoft and 13 km southwest of the municipal seat Grenaa.
Trustrup is served by Trustrup railway station on the Grenaa Line between Aarhus and Grenaa.
Trustrup Church is the most modern church of Djursland finished in 1988 as an affiliated church in Lyngby Parish. The parish church, Lyngby Church, is located in the village of Lyngby 2 km northwest of Trustrup.
# Hacı Zeynalabdin

Hacı Zeynalabdin (also, Hacı Zeynalabdin Tağiyev, Nasoslu, Nasosnaya, Nasosnyy, and Nassosny) is a village and municipality in Sumqayit, Azerbaijan. It has a population of 20,929. The place was named after Zeynalabdin Taghiyev.
# Beacon Rock

Beacon Rock may refer to:
* Beacon Rock (Auckland Islands), New Zealand
* Beacon Rock (Canterbury), New Zealand
* Beacon Rock State Park, United States
# Glacier Lake (Washington)

Glacier Lake is a small alpine freshwater lake located on the northern skirt of Chikamin Peak and Lemah Mountain in Kittitas County, Washington. Because of its proximity to surrounding peaks and mountains at the heart of the Alpine Lakes Wilderness, the lake is a popular area for hiking, camping, and fishing golden trout. Glacier Lake is a short distance between Chikamin Lake and Spectacle Lake at the base of Chikamin Ridge. The Pacific Crest Trail is a short distance from Glacier Lake as well as other Alpine lakes located in the vicinity. To the North is Avalanche Lake and Iceberg Lake at the base of Lemah Mountain.

## Location

Glacier Lake is located northeast of Snoqualmie Pass and The Summit at Snoqualmie, within the Alpine Lakes Wilderness, on land managed by the Okanogan–Wenatchee National Forest. Reaching the lake is only by foot starting on Surprise Creek Trail #1060 east of the old railroad settlement of Scenic, Washington. The trail follows Surprise Creek for nearly 5 miles until it reaches Surprise Lake. The trail eventually follows the eastern shore of Surprise Lake and leads to Glacier Lake after approximately 0.5 miles. There are numerous campsites available around Surprise Lake and Glacier Lake.

## Climate

Glacier Lake is located in a hemiboreal climate, part of the marine west coast climate zone of western North America. The average temperature is 2 °C. The warmest month is August, with an average temperature of 16 °C, and the coldest month is January, at an average of −8 °C. The average rainfall is 1687 millimeters per year. The wettest month is December, with 247 millimeters of rain, and the least in July, with 33 millimeters of rain.
Glacier Lake :
Climate chart (explanation) :
# Beacon Rock (Auckland Islands)

Beacon Rock is a small island in on the north of the Auckland Islands of New Zealand.
# Tsiklauri

Tsiklauri (Georgian: წიკლაური) is a Georgian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Beka Tsiklauri (born 1989), Georgian rugby union player
* Mariam Tsiklauri (born 1960), Georgian poet, children's author and translator
* Nino Tsiklauri (born 1993), Georgian alpine skier
* Tako Tsiklauri (born 1997), Georgian singer
# Tripodal ligand

Tripodal ligands are tri- and tetradentate ligands. They are popular in research in the areas of coordination chemistry and homogeneous catalysis. Because the ligands are polydentate, they do not readily dissociate from the metal centre. Many tripodal ligands have C$_3$ symmetry.

## Coordination chemistry

In their coordination complexes with an octahedral molecular geometry the tridentate tripod ligands occupy one face, leading to a fixed facial (or fac) geometry. The tetradentate tripodal ligands occupy four contiguous sites, leaving two cis positions available on the octahedral metal center. When bound to four- and five-coordinate metal centres, these ligands impose C$_3$ symmetry, which can lead to uncommon ligand field splitting patterns. Tripodal ligands are often able to coordinately saturate metal ions with lower coordination numbers.
One tripodal ligand of commercial significance is nitrilotriacetate, N(CH$_2$CO$_2$$^−$)$_3$ because it is cheaply produced and has a high affinity for divalent metal ions. Other tripodal triamine ligands include tren (N(CH$_2$CH$_2$NH$_2$)$_3$) and cis-1,3,5-triaminocyclohexane. Certain triphosphines such as RC(CH$_2$PPh$_2$)$_3$ are also tripodal. Many kinds of donor groups have been incorporated into the arms of tripodal ligands, including amido (R$_2$N$^−$), and N-heterocyclic carbenes.
* Tripodal Ligands Examples
* A tripodal triphosphines, X can be CR, SiR, Si$^−$, BR$^−$, B, N, P etc.
* Tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine, a tetradentate tripodal ligand popular in bioinorganic chemistry.
* Structure of a metal complex of trispyrazolylborate, an anionic tridentate tripod ligand.
* NTA is a commercially important tripodal ligand. Its three carboxylic acid groups undergo deprotonation upon complexation.
* The Kläui ligand, a dianionic organometallic ligand.
* 1,1,1-Tris(aminomethyl)ethane
* cis,cis-1,3,5-triaminocyclohexane
* citric acid, when triply deprotonated, is an unsymmetrical tripodal ligand.
# Hakan Sürsal

Hakan Sürsal (born 12 July 1963 in Ankara) is a Turkish poet.

## Biography

Turkish writer of short stories, novels, essays, and poetry. Hakan Sürsal graduated from the Geology Department of Istanbul University in Istanbul. Politics, history, and philosophy are the main sources of Sürsal's books.
Hakan Sürsal, his own fiction in the language of the new breath of contemporary Turkish literature.
# Hacıibrahimuşağı

Hacıibrahimuşağı is a village situated in the Ortaköy District, Aksaray Province, Turkey. Its population is 280 (2021).
# Hacıibrahim, İnebolu

Hacıibrahim is a village in the İnebolu District of Kastamonu Province in Turkey. Its population is 51 (2021).
# Tsotsobe

Tsotsobe is a South African Xhosa surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Lonwabo Tsotsobe (born 1984), South African cricketer
* Nomsebenzi Tsotsobe (born 1978), South African rugby union player and model
# Hafiz Farhat Abbas

Hafiz Farhat Abbas is a Pakistani politician who has been a Member of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab since 2024.

## Political career

He was elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as a Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf-backed independent candidate from Constituency PP-157 Lahore-XIII in the 2024 Pakistani general election.
# Gaspard Dughet

Gaspard Dughet (15 June 1615 – 25 May 1675), also known as Gaspard Poussin, was a French painter born in Rome.

## Life

Dughet was born in Rome, the son of a French pastry-cook and his Italian wife. He has always generally been considered as a French painter, although in fact he never visited France. Between around 1631 and 1635 he became a pupil of Nicolas Poussin, who had married his sister Anne five years earlier. Because of this connection he was widely known as "Gaspard Poussin." After leaving Poussin's studio his works developed a more fluid style and developed his pictures of storms which account for 30 out of his 400 known works.
He specialised in painting landscapes of the Roman Campagna becoming, along with his exact contemporary Salvator Rosa, one of the two leading landscape painters of his time. He painted several cycles of frescoes, including one, showing various sites around Rome, at the Colonna Palace. He worked with Pier Francesco Mola, Cozza, and Mattia Preti at the Palazzo Pamphilj in Valmontone. He often collaborated with Guillaume Courtois who painted the staffage in his landscapes. This was the case, for instance, in the works for the Palazzo Pamphilj. There is another fresco cycle by Dughet, though in a bad state of preservation, in San Martino ai Monti.
Dughet died in Rome on 25 May 1675.

## Influence

During the 18th century Dughet's work became especially popular amongst British collectors, to such an extent that his name became attached to almost any classical landscape, and his style proved influential on British landscape painting and garden design. His Sacrifice of Abraham, once the property of the Colonna, is now, with other of his works, in the National Gallery, London. Thomas Gainsborough and John Constable were inspired by Dughet and recommended him as a model.
His pupils included Crescenzio Onofri (1634–1712/14), Jacques de Rooster (fl. late 17th century) and Jan Frans van Bloemen (1662–1749).
# Montserrat worm snake

The Montserrat worm snake (Antillotyphlops monastus) is a species of blind snake that is endemic to the Caribbean Lesser Antilles.
It has a trunk length up to 258 mm, with a tail up to 44 mm long. Its dorsal surface is medium brown, with a lighter ventral surface. It is insectivorous and fossorial.
It is found on Montserrat.
# Beartown, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania

Beartown is an unincorporated community in Caernarvon Township in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, United States. Beartown is located at the intersection of U.S. Route 322 and Pool Forge Road/Narvon Road.
# Haarlovina

Haarlovina is a monotypic genus of daesiid camel spiders, first described by Reginald Frederick Lawrence in 1956. Its single species, Haarlovina nielsi is distributed in Afghanistan.
# Bear Pond (book)

Bear Pond, published by Little, Brown and Company in 1990, is an "infamous book" of nude photography by Bruce Weber and poetry by Reynolds Price.
# Morgan 3-Wheeler

The Morgan 3 Wheeler is a three-wheeled roadster produced by British manufacturer Morgan Motor Company from 2012 to 2021. It was unveiled at the 2011 Geneva Motor Show.

## Technical

The 3 Wheeler was initially said to have a Harley-Davidson Screaming Eagle V-twin engine and a Mazda 5-speed manual transmission, and was estimated to deliver 115 hp (86 kW) at the rear wheel. However, there was a surprise when the prototype that was shown at Geneva had an S&S engine. Production three-wheelers turned out to have S&S engines. The kerb weight was originally estimated to be less than 500 kg (1,102 lb), but the final weight was tested at 550 kg (1,212 lb). The acceleration from zero to 60 mph (97 km/h) was estimated by Morgan as 4.5 seconds, with an (estimated) top speed of 115 mph (185 km/h). The three-wheeler was homologated as a motorcycle in the United States.

## Orders and deliveries

The company states that 850 deposits have been taken since the announcement in 2011. Customer deliveries began in Europe in February 2012. USA deliveries were in June 2012, when the first imported three-wheeler was displayed in New York City and at the Greenwich Concours d'Elegance.

## Appearances on Top Gear

The Morgan 3 Wheeler was featured in a Series 18 episode of UK motoring show Top Gear where presenter Richard Hammond picked the Morgan 3 Wheeler in a comparison of track-day cars. The 3 Wheeler won the "Not-A-Car of the Year 2011" in Top Gear.

## Successor model

The current generation model of the Morgan 3 Wheeler ended production in summer 2021 with a run-out version called the P101. It was replaced by the Morgan Super 3 in 2022.

## Electric variant

Morgan was working on an electric prototype version of the Three Wheeler called the “EV3”. The electric motor was rated at 101 bhp, and was estimated to produce 150 miles of range (240 km) with a 20 kWh lithium-ion battery. Production of the EV3 was cancelled in late 2018.