OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Antonio Palacios Lanza

Antonio Palacios Lanza (born 13 November 1952) is a Venezuelan chess International Master (IM) (1978), Venezuelan Chess Championship winner (1976), Chess Olympiad individual silver medal winner (1988).

## Biography

From the mid-1970s to the end of the 1980s, Antonio Palacios Lanza was one of Venezuela's leading chess players. He won Venezuelan Chess Championship in 1976. In 1981 Antonio Palacios Lanza participated in Pan American Chess Championship.
Antonio Palacios Lanza played for Venezuela in the Chess Olympiads:
* In 1976, at second board in the 22nd Chess Olympiad in Haifa (+3, =3, -4),
* In 1980, at third board in the 24th Chess Olympiad in La Valletta (+4, =8, -1),
* In 1982, at second board in the 25th Chess Olympiad in Lucerne (+4, =3, -6),
* In 1988, at second board in the 28th Chess Olympiad in Thessaloniki (+6, =2, -1) and won individual silver medal.
Antonio Palacios Lanza played for Venezuela in the World Student Team Chess Championships:
* In 1976, at second board in the 21st World Student Team Chess Championship in Caracas (+2, =4, -2),
* In 1977, at first board in the 22nd World Student Team Chess Championship in Mexico City (+3, =5, -4).
In 1978, Antonio Palacios Lanza was awarded the FIDE International Master (IM) title. He was the trainer and captain of the Women's Venezuelan team in the 40th Chess Olympiad (women) (2012).
# Solenosteira

Solenosteira is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Pisaniidae.

## Species

Species within the genus Solenosteira include:
* Solenosteira anomala (Reeve, 1846)
* Solenosteira cancellaria (Conrad, 1846)
* Solenosteira capitanea Berry, 1957
* Solenosteira fusiformis (Blainville, 1832)
* Solenosteira gatesi Berry, 1963
* Solenosteira macrospira (Berry, 1957)
* Solenosteira mendozana (Berry, 1959)
* Solenosteira pallida (Broderip & G. B. Sowerby I, 1829)
* † Solenosteira subcarinata (Lamarck, 1803)

### Synonyms

* Solenosteira elegans Dall, 1908: synonym of Hesperisternia elegans (Dall, 1908) (original combination)
* † Solenosteira mengeana Dall, 1890: synonym of † Urosalpinx mengeana W.H. Dall, 1890

### Taxa inquirenda

* † Solenosteira cochlearis Guppy, 1911
* † Solenosteira semiglobosa Guppy, 1911
# Tuhaise

Tuhaise is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Mildred Tuhaise (born 1990), Ugandan news anchor
* Percy Tuhaise (born 1960), Ugandan lawyer and judge
# Veljul Negreștilor

The Veljul Negreștilor is a left tributary of the river Velju Mare in Romania. It flows into the Velju Mare near Mădăras. Near Homorog much of its flow is diverted by the Criș Collector Canal towards the Crișul Negru near Tămașda.
# La Bélgica

La Bélgica is a small town in Bolivia.
# Wilhelm Hofmeister (automobile designer)

Wilhelm Hofmeister (1912–1978) was the BMW design chief from 1955 to 1970.
Trained as an engineer at the Hamburg Wagenbauschule, he was more a skillful manager than a stylist. He is credited with the design of the BMW New Class and the Hofmeister kink is named after him.
Hofmeister's predecessor at BMW was Peter Szymanowski and his successor was Paul Bracq.
# Kolmogorov's criterion

In probability theory, Kolmogorov's criterion, named after Andrey Kolmogorov, is a theorem giving a necessary and sufficient condition for a Markov chain or continuous-time Markov chain to be stochastically identical to its time-reversed version.

## Discrete-time Markov chains

The theorem states that an irreducible, positive recurrent, aperiodic Markov chain with transition matrix P is reversible if and only if its stationary Markov chain satisfies
    $p_{j_{1}j_{2}}p_{j_{2}j_{3}}\cdots p_{j_{n-1}j_{n}}p_{j_{n}j_{1}}=p_{j_{1}j_{n}}p_{j_{n}j_{n-1}}\cdots p_{j_{3}j_{2}}p_{j_{2}j_{1}}$
for all finite sequences of states
    $j_{1},j_{2},\ldots ,j_{n}\in S.$
Here p$_{ij}$ are components of the transition matrix P, and S is the state space of the chain.
That is, the chain-multiplication along any cycle is the same forwards and backwards.

### Example

Consider this figure depicting a section of a Markov chain with states i, j, k and l and the corresponding transition probabilities. Here Kolmogorov's criterion implies that the product of probabilities when traversing through any closed loop must be equal, so the product around the loop i to j to l to k returning to i must be equal to the loop the other way round,
    $p_{ij}p_{jl}p_{lk}p_{ki}=p_{ik}p_{kl}p_{lj}p_{ji}.$

## Proof

Let $X$ be the Markov chain and denote by $\pi$ its stationary distribution (such exists since the chain is positive recurrent).
If the chain is reversible, the equality follows from the relation $p_{ji}={\frac {\pi _{i}p_{ij}}{\pi _{j}}}$.
Now assume that the equality is fulfilled. Fix states $s$ and $t$. Then
    ${\text{P}}(X_{n+1}=t,X_{n}=i_{n},\ldots ,X_{0}=s|X_{0}=s)$$=p_{si_{1}}p_{i_{1}i_{2}}\cdots p_{i_{n}t}$$={\frac {p_{st}}{p_{ts}}}p_{ti_{n}}p_{i_{n}i_{n-1}}\cdots p_{i_{1}s}$$={\frac {p_{st}}{p_{ts}}}{\text{P}}(X_{n+1}$$=s,X_{n}$$=i_{1},\ldots ,X_{0}=t|X_{0}=t)$.
Now sum both sides of the last equality for all possible ordered choices of $n$ states $i_{1},i_{2},\ldots ,i_{n}$. Thus we obtain $p_{st}^{(n)}={\frac {p_{st}}{p_{ts}}}p_{ts}^{(n)}$ so ${\frac {p_{st}^{(n)}}{p_{ts}^{(n)}}}={\frac {p_{st}}{p_{ts}}}$. Send $n$ to $\infty$ on the left side of the last. From the properties of the chain follows that $\lim _{n\to \infty }p_{ij}^{(n)}=\pi _{j}$, hence ${\frac {\pi _{t}}{\pi _{s}}}={\frac {p_{st}}{p_{ts}}}$ which shows that the chain is reversible.

## Continuous-time Markov chains

The theorem states that a continuous-time Markov chain with transition rate matrix Q is, under any invariant probability vector, reversible if and only if its transition probabilities satisfy
    $q_{j_{1}j_{2}}q_{j_{2}j_{3}}\cdots q_{j_{n-1}j_{n}}q_{j_{n}j_{1}}=q_{j_{1}j_{n}}q_{j_{n}j_{n-1}}\cdots q_{j_{3}j_{2}}q_{j_{2}j_{1}}$
for all finite sequences of states
    $j_{1},j_{2},\ldots ,j_{n}\in S.$
The proof for continuous-time Markov chains follows in the same way as the proof for discrete-time Markov chains.
# Tsimshian mythology

Tsimshian mythology is the mythology of the Tsimshian, an Aboriginal people in Canada and a Native American tribe in the United States. The majority of Tsimshian people live in British Columbia, while others live in Alaska.
Tsmishian myth is known from orally-passed tales. An adaawx(or true tellings) is a story concerning animal spirits in human guise and is usually linked to the origin of the Earth and the peoples on it. A malesk, in contrast, is an adventure or history tale that purports to entertain rather than explain.
The Raven spirit is known as We-gyet or Txamsem. Txamsem is said to have a brother named Logobola who is responsible for the lack of fresh and clear water as well as the existence of the fog into which Txamsem became lost.

## The Raven

The Raven, known as Txamsem or Giant, is a central figure in Tsimshian mythology, part of the Raven Tales mythology connecting the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast. The Raven is viewed as the creator of the universe and an intermediary between its physical and spiritual incarnations.$^{:160}$
Tsimshian creation myth presupposes a dark and still universe populated by a variety of animal spirits.$^{:165}$ An animal chief pampers his son, causing him to fall sick and die, and his intestines are burned. The next day a new youth appears in the bed, healthy and visible in the darkness, "bright as fire." The boy is adopted by the chief. Initially, this boy does not eat, but slave spirits trick him into eating scabs. This triggers an enormous appetite in the boy, who begins to eat so much that the chief and villagers send him away with a raven blanket. The boy leaves, and becomes Raven.$^{:165}$
As Raven arrives in the mainland, he is insatiably hungry, causing great disruptions to those he meets. At various points of the myth he serves as a trickster.$^{:171}$ For example, after creating a slave from rotted wood, he disguises himself as a king and arrives in a village. The villagers tell the slave to invite Raven for dinner, but the slave says Raven is not hungry, and takes the food for himself. Raven builds a bridge from cabbage and as the slave crosses, he falls to his death. Raven descends into the valley to eat the food from the dead slave's belly.$^{:171}$
As Raven begins to develop a sense of generosity, he hosts a potlatch, in which he shares food with many guests. As he speaks, he wishes they would all turn to stone, and they do, giving form to a previously immaterial world.$^{:176}$
# MSU Dome

MSU Dome is a 10,000-seat multi-purpose arena in the north central United States, located at 11th Ave NW on the campus of Minot State University in Minot, North Dakota. Built in the early 1980s, is home to the Minot State Beavers basketball team. It is also regularly used for the Prairie Rose State Games, Regional Special Olympics, Math Track Meets, and Minot High School and MSU graduation ceremonies. The MSU Dome is also home to several North Dakota High School Championships each year, of these the North Dakota State Class B Basketball Championship is the biggest attraction to Minot and the Dome.

## 2011 Souris River Flood

The Dome was used as an evacuee shelter during the 2011 Souris River Flood.
# Monica Kraft

Monica Kraft is an American scientist, medical professor and researcher. She is the System Chair of the Department of Medicine at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Health System. She is also the Murray M. Rosenberg Professor of Medicine.
Kraft is the recipient of Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers 2000.

## Education

Kraft received her MD from the University of California in San Francisco, and completed her residency at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center.

## Career

At University of Arizona, Kraft was the Robert and Irene Flinn Endowed Professor and Chair of the Department of Medicine and Deputy Director of the Asthma and Airways Disease Research Center. At Duke University, she was former Chief of the Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine; the Charles Johnson Distinguished Professor; and Director of the Asthma, Allergy and Airway Center.
Kraft has also served as director of the Carl and Hazel Felt Laboratory in Adult Asthma Research and as medical director of the pulmonology physiology unit at the National Jewish Health in Denver.
Kraft has served as president of the American Thoracic Society in 2012 and 2013. As of 2022, Kraft is the System Chair of the Department of Medicine at Mount Sinai Health System and the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai.

## Research

Kraft specializes in translational asthma research. Her research centers around asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and complex airway disease. The extensive studies done by her and her team on inflammation mechanisms and innate immunity has made contributions to the understanding of airway biology, the development of asthma treatment guidelines, and advancements in precision medicine. She has received a USD 7 million grant from National Institutes of Health for her research to gain understanding of the mediators responsible for regulating lung inflammation and to develop new therapies that can effectively mitigate severe asthma attacks.

## Publications

In addition to writing numerous journal articles, Kraft is an Associate Editor of the American Journal of Medicine, and a former Associate Editor of the European Respiratory Journal and the American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology.

## Awards and recognition

* Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers
* The American Thoracic Society Distinguished Career Award
* The Elizabeth A. Rich Mentorship Award
* The American College of Chest Physicians Distinguished Educator Award
* Arizona Bioscience Researcher of the Year
# John Estlin

John Estlin may refer to:
* John Prior Estlin (1747–1817), English Unitarian minister
* John Bishop Estlin (1785–1855), English ophthalmic surgeon, son of the minister
# Massey Lopes, 2nd Baron Roborough

Massey Henry Edgcumbe Lopes, 2nd Baron Roborough, JP (4 October 1903 – 30 June 1992) of Maristow in the parish of Tamerton Foliot, Devon, was a British peer and officer of the British Army.

## Early life

Lopes was the only son of Henry Lopes, 1st Baron Roborough and Lady Albertha Louise Florence Edgcumbe, the daughter of William Edgcumbe, 4th Earl of Mount Edgcumbe and Katherine Elizabeth Hamilton. He was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford, before joining the Royal Scots Greys in 1925.

## Career

From 1936 to 1937, Lopes was aide-de-camp to George Villiers, 6th Earl of Clarendon, the Governor-General of South Africa. He left the regiment in 1938, when he succeeded his father as Baron Roborough, but he rejoined in 1939 with the outbreak of the Second World War. Lopes served throughout the war, being twice wounded.
Lopes became Vice-Lieutenant of Devon in 1951, and then Lord Lieutenant of Devon in 1958, a post he held for the next twenty years. Among a number of posts, he served as a Justice of the Peace and a governor of Exeter University.

## Personal life

Lopes was married to Helen Dawson, only daughter of Lt.-Col. Edward Alfred Finch Dawson of Launde Abbey and the former Myra Battiscombe (eldest daughter of Maj. W.B. Battiscombe). Together, they were the parents of two sons and one daughter:
* Hon. Myra Bertha Ernestine Lopes (1937–1979)
* Henry Massey Lopes, 3rd Baron Roborough (1940–2015), who married Robyn Carol Zenda Bromwich, eldest daughter of John Bromwich, of Bacchus Marsh in Victoria, Australia, in 1968. They divorced in 1986 and he married, his first cousin once removed, Sarah Anne Pipon Baker (b. 1951), a daughter of Colin Harris Baker and Penelope Elizabeth Pipon (eldest daughter of Vice-Admiral Sir James Murray Pipon and Hon. Bertha Lopes, a daughter of Henry Lopes, 1st Baron Roborough) in 1986.
* Hon. George Edward Lopes (b. 1945), who married Hon. Sarah Violet Astor, daughter of Gavin Astor, 2nd Baron Astor of Hever and Lady Irene Haig.
Lord Roborough died on 30 June 1992.

### Descendants

Through his son George, he was a grandfather of Harry Marcus George Lopes (b. 1977), who was married on 6 May 2006 to Laura Parker Bowles, daughter of Andrew Parker Bowles and Camilla Shand (later Queen Camilla after her wedding to King Charles III), at St. Cyriac's Church, Lacock, Wiltshire.

## Coat of arms

The Arms of Lopes, as granted to Manasseh Masseh Lopes, are blazoned Azure, a chevron or charged with three bars gemelles gules between three eagles rising of the second on a chief of the second five lozenges of the first
# Veljo Käsper

Veljo Käsper (13 May 1930 Tallinn – 16 March 1982 Tallinn) was an Estonian film director and scenarist.
In 1964 he graduated from Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography.
Since 1960 he worked at Tallinnfilm.
As a film director, he often dared to experiment with points of view that were not always in line with the will of the communist party ideology that was ruling at the time.

## Filmography

* 1974 "Dangerous Games" (feature film; director)
* 1977 "A Time to Live and a Time to Love" (feature film; director)
* 1979 "Strateegia ja reservid" (documental film; director and scenarist)
* 1980 "Kutsumus" (documental film; director and scenarist)
* 1981 "Pihlakaväravad" (feature film; director and scenarist)
# Tembo (Kitembo) language

Tembo is a Bantu language spoken by people in the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of Congo, particularly in the provinces of North Kivu and Ituri.

## Writing System

Tembo alphabet :
| a | aa | b | ch | e | ee | f | h | i | ii | k | l | m | mb | mv | n |
| nd | ng | nj | ny | nz | o | oo | p | r | s | sh | t | u | uu | w | y |
# Hacı İlbey

Hacı İlbey (also known as Hadji Ilbeg or Haji Bey; c. 1305-1365 or 1371) was an Ottoman commander during the early years of the empire.

## Early years

He was probably born around 1305 in Balıkesir, northwestern Anatolia. He was a commander of the Beylik of Karasi, a principality situated at the Asiatic coast of the Dardanelles strait. However, during the interregnum in the beylik after the 1340s, Hacı İlbey left Karasid territory and took service in the Ottoman beylik, the future Ottoman Empire, situated at the north of the Karasids. In 1361, all territory of Karasids was annexed by the Ottomans during the reign of Orhan. It was around this time that the capital of the Ottoman state was moved from Bursa to Edirne.

## Ottoman commander

Hacı İlbey was tasked with conquests in Rumeli (European portion of Turkey), where the Turks under Süleyman Pasha, son of the Ottoman Beylik's second ruler Orhan, had set foot in 1354. In Rumeli, Hacı İlbey proved himself as a competent commander. He captured Lüleburgaz (medieval Arkadiapolis) and possibly Edirne (medieval Adrianopolis), which soon became the capital of the empire.

## Battle of Çirmen

While the new sultan Murad I was occupied in capturing Biga (Pigas of the antiquity) in Anatolia, a Crusader army appeared near the river Maritsa in Rumeli. Hacı İlbey was sent with a relatively small expedition force over to Crusaders. He defeated the Crusaders in a surprise night attack. There is no consensus on the date of this event. According to Ottoman chronicles, the battle took place in 1364 and according to western sources in 1371.

## Death

Shortly after the battle of Çirmen, Hacı İlbey died. According to a legend, he was poisoned by Lala Şahin Pasha, a senior Ottoman commander, who was Hacı İlbey's rival and worried of his increasing reputation.
# Arhopala metamuta

Arhopala metamuta is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It was described by William Chapman Hewitson in 1863. It is found in the Indomalayan realm.

## Description

Dark blue purple forewings and much lighter lustrous azure hindwings. This species is recognisable at once by the different blue of the two wings, The genitalia are specialised, with very strong short scimitar-shaped hooks ; the clasps have bilobed extremities, the outer lobe having a somewhat pointed tongue-shaped tip, and the inner lobe being spatulate, the incision being marked and moderately deep ; the penis is of medium size, with a globose orifice.

## Subspecies

* A. m. metamuta Peninsular Malaya, Sumatra
* A. m. hilda (Evans, 1957) Borneo
# Jane Hannay

Jane Ewing Hannay CBE (8 February 1868 – 4 April 1938) was a women's welfare and employment activist and a teacher.

## Early life and education

Jane Wilson was born in New Abbey, Dumfries to the family of Rev. James Stewart Wilson and Jane Ewing Brown. She studied at St Leonards School in St Andrews, following which she went on to pursue her higher education at Girton College, Cambridge. After passing the Classical Tripos at Cambridge University in 1899, she returned to St Leonards School to teach Classics and German between 1890 and 1899. In 1899 she married Robert Kerr Hannay (1867–1940) and the two had a child in 1900.

## Activism

During the First World War, Jane Hannay was involved in organising voluntary women's patrols in Edinburgh and was an honorary secretary of a training school for policewomen and patrols in Glasgow.

## Memberships and awards

* The Edinburgh Local Employment Committee
* Ministry of Labour Committee
* Central Committee on Training and Employment of Women
* Awarded the CBE (1933)
# Turkmenistan at the 2010 Asian Para Games

Turkmenistan participated tn the 2010 Asian Para Games–First Asian Para Games in Guangzhou, China from 13 to 19 December 2010. Athletes from Turkmenistan achieved two bronze medals and finished 29th on the medal table.
# Stomachic

Stomachic is a historic term for a medicine that serves to tone the stomach, improving its function and increase appetite. While many herbal remedies claim stomachic effects, modern pharmacology does not have an equivalent term for this type of action.
Herbs with putative stomachic effects include:
* Agrimony
* Aloe
* Anise
* Avens (Geum urbanum)
* Barberry
* Bitterwood (Picrasmaa excelsa)
* Cannabis
* Cayenne
* Centaurium
* Cleome
* Colombo (herb) (Frasera carolinensis)
* Dandelion
* Elecampane
* Ginseng
* Goldenseal
* Grewia asiatica (Phalsa or Falsa)
* Hops
* Holy thistle
* Juniper berry
* Mint
* Mugwort
* Oregano
* Peach bark
* Rhubarb
* White mustard seeds
* Rose hips
* Rue
* Sweet flag (Acorus calamus)
* Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium)
The purported stomachic mechanism of action of these substances is to stimulate the appetite by increasing the gastric secretions of the stomach; however, the actual therapeutic value of some of these compounds is dubious. Some other important agents used are:
* Bitters: used to stimulate the taste buds, thus producing reflex secretion of gastric juices. Quassia, Aristolochia, gentian, and chirata are commonly used.
* Alcohol: increases gastric secretion by direct action and also by the reflex stimulation of taste buds.
* Miscellaneous compounds: including insulin which increases the gastric secretion by producing hypoglycemia, and histamine, which produces direct stimulation of gastric glands.
# Mount Isa Inlier

Mount Isa Inlier, an interim Australian bioregion, is located in the Queensland, and comprises 6,778,263 hectares (16,749,450 acres).
The bioregion has the code MII. There are three subregions.
IBRA regions and subregions: IBRA7 :
| IBRA region / subregion | IBRA code | Area | States |
| Mount Isa Inlier | MII | 6,778,263 hectares (16,749,450 acres) | Qld |
| Southwestern Plateaus and Floodouts | MII01 | 1,333,519 hectares (3,295,200 acres) | Qld |
| Thorntonia | MII02 | 802,892 hectares (1,983,990 acres) | Qld |
| Mount Isa | MII03 | 4,641,851 hectares (11,470,260 acres) | Qld |
# Wenxing Subdistrict

Wenxing Subdistrict (Chinese: 文星街道; pinyin: Wénxīng Jiēdào) is a subdistrict and the county seat of Xiangyin in Hunan, China. It was reformed through the amalgamation of Bainihu Township (白泥湖乡), Changkang Town (长康镇), Shitang Township (石塘乡), the former Wenxing Town (文星镇) and Yuanjiapu Town (袁家铺镇) on November 20, 2015. The town is located in the west central Xiangyin County, it is bordered by Miluo City to the west, Jinlong Town and Yuhua Township to the south, Helonghu Town and Jinghe Township to the west, Santang Town to the north. The town has an area of 208.43 km$^2$ (80.48 sq mi) with a population of 223,000 (as of 2015). Through the amalgamation of the village-level divisions in 2016, it was divided into 23 villages and 27 communities, its seat is Xieping Village (谢坪村).

## History

After the establishment of the Communist State in 1949, the Chengguan District (城关区) was set up. It was renamed "Chengguan Town" (城关镇) in 1951. During the Great Leap Forward, its name was changed to "Bayi Commune" (八一公社; 'August First Commune'). It was renamed "Wenxing Town" (文星镇) in 1995 and "Wenxing Subdistrict" (文星街道) in 2019.

## Geography

It lies at the eastern of Xiangyin County, bordering Helonghu Town to the west, the towns of Yuhua and Jinghe to the south, the towns of Dongtang and Santang to the north, and Baishui Town to the east.
The Xiang River flows through the town south to north.
The East Lake is a lake in the subdistrict.

## Hospitals

* Xiangyin County No.1 Hospital
* Chinese Medicine Hospital of Xiangyin County

## Transportation

The G0421 Xuchang–Guangzhou Expressway passes across the subdistrict north to south.
The National Highway G240 is a south–north highway in the subdistrict.

## Tourist attractions

* Wangbin Park (望滨公园)
* East Lake Park
* Yangsha Lake Tourist Resort (洋沙湖旅游度假区)
* Xiangyin Confucian Temple
* Nanquan Temple
* Wenxing Pagoda (文星塔)
* Zuo Zongtang Cultural Park

## Gallery

* Wenxing Pagoda
* Statue of Zuo Zongtang in Zuo Zongtang Cultural Park
* Dacheng Gate, Xiangyin Confucian Temple
* Mahavira Hall, Nanquan Temple
# Hakan Yavuz

Hakan Yavuz (born 1 June 1960 in Istanbul, Turkey) is a Turkish professional basketball coach, who is now coaching Denizli Basket.
# Ariamnes corniger

Ariamnes corniger is a species of comb-footed spider in the family Theridiidae. It is found in Hawaii.