OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Gain graph

A gain graph is a graph whose edges are labelled "invertibly", or "orientably", by elements of a group G. This means that, if an edge e in one direction has label g (a group element), then in the other direction it has label g$^{−1}$. The label function φ therefore has the property that it is defined differently, but not independently, on the two different orientations, or directions, of an edge e. The group G is called the gain group, φ is the gain function, and the value φ(e) is the gain of e (in some indicated direction). A gain graph is a generalization of a signed graph, where the gain group G has only two elements. See Zaslavsky (1989, 1991).
A gain should not be confused with a weight on an edge, whose value is independent of the orientation of the edge.

## Applications

Some reasons to be interested in gain graphs are their connections to network flow theory in combinatorial optimization, to geometry, and to physics.
* The mathematics of a network with gains, or generalized network, is connected with the frame matroid of the gain graph.
* Suppose we have some hyperplanes in R $^n$ given by equations of the form x$_j$ = g x$_i$ . The geometry of the hyperplanes can be treated by using the following gain graph: The vertex set is {1,2,...,n}. There is an edge ij with gain g (in the direction from i to j) for each hyperplane with equation x$_j$ = g x$_i$ . These hyperplanes are treated through the frame matroid of the gain graph (Zaslavsky 2003).
* Or, suppose we have hyperplanes given by equations of the form x$_j$ = x$_i$ + g. The geometry of these hyperplanes can be treated by using the gain graph with the same vertex set and an edge ij with gain g (in the direction from i to j) for each hyperplane with equation x$_j$ = x$_i$ + g. These hyperplanes are studied via the lift matroid of the gain graph (Zaslavsky 2003).
* Suppose the gain group has an action on a set Q. Assigning an element s$_i$ of Q to each vertex gives a state of the gain graph. An edge is satisfied if, for each edge ij with gain g (in the direction from i to j), the equation s$_j$ = s$_i$ g is satisfied; otherwise it is frustrated. A state is satisfied if every edge is satisfied. In physics this corresponds to a ground state (a state of lowest energy), if such a state exists. An important problem in physics, especially in the theory of spin glasses, is to determine a state with the fewest frustrated edges.

## Related concepts

Gain graphs used in topological graph theory as a means to construct graph embeddings in surfaces are known as "voltage graphs" (Gross 1974; Gross and Tucker 1977). The term "gain graph" is more usual in other contexts, e.g., biased graph theory and matroid theory. The term group-labelled graph has also been used, but it is ambiguous since "group labels" may be—and have been—treated as weights.
Since much of the theory of gain graphs is a special case of that of biased graphs (and much of the theory of biased graphs is a generalization of that of gain graphs), the reader should refer to the article on biased graphs for more information and examples.
# James Angus

James Angus may refer to
* James Angus (artist) (born 1970), Australian sculptor
* James Angus (scientist) (born 1949), Australian pharmacologist
* James Stout Angus (1830–1923), Shetland writer
# Vishal Sharma

Vishal Sharma may refer to:
* Vishal Sharma (Delhi cricketer) (born 1978), Indian cricketer
* Vishal Sharma (Hyderabad cricketer) (born 1987), Indian cricketer
* Vishal Sharma (Railways cricketer) (born 1977), Indian cricketer
* Vishal O Sharma, Indian actor
* Vishal V. Sharma, Indian ambassador/permanent representative to UNESCO
# Baba de camelo

Baba de camelo (literally camel slobber) is a typical Portuguese dessert made with condensed milk and eggs with almond or cookie toppings.
Popular urban myth tells the early 20th century story of a lady who had unexpected visitors in the house, but lacked ingredients, so she invented a mousse with the ingredients she had in her kitchen and the choice of the particular name was simply to attract the attention of the guests or to abstain them from tasting it.
# Fujiwara no Kinshi

Fujiwara no Kinshi (藤原（徳大寺）忻子, 1283 – 16 February 1352), also known as Chōrakumon-in (長楽門院), was the empress consort of Emperor Go-Nijō.
She was the eldest daughter of Daijō-daijin Tokudaiji Kintaka. Her mother was Fujiwara no Yoshiko (藤原喜子), the third daughter of Naidaijin Sanjō Kinchika.
In 1303, Kinshi became a court lady of Emperor Go-Nijō. She gained the position of chūgū later the same year. However, she did not bear the emperor any children. In 1308, Go-Nijō died, and Kinshi became a nun. In 1311, she was granted the name Chōrakumon-in.
She died in 1352, at the age of 70.
# Li Xianzhou

Li Xianzhou (李仙洲) (1894 - October 22, 1988) was a Kuomintang general from Shandong. He was a graduate of the Whampoa Military Academy.

## 2nd phase of the Chinese Civil War

After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War in 1945, he was transferred to Jinan as Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Second Appeasement District. In February 1947, the 46th Division and the 73rd Army were ordered to attack Laiwu and Xintai from Mingshui and Zichuan, preparing to attack the East China Field Army from north to south. The East China Field Army launched the Battle of Laiwu and was framed by Communist spy Han Liancheng. Li Xianzhou led all the divisions with more than 65,000 people. Li Xianzhou himself was captured and Wang Yaowu scolded afterwards: "60,000 pigs wouldn't even have capitulated in just half a day. " He was later detained as a war criminal, reformed and educated, and was released on amnesty by the Supreme People's Court in November 1960. He died in his hometown at the age of 94.
# Bedingfeld

Bedingfeld, a variant of Bedingfield, is an English surname. Notable people with this surname include the following:
* Edmund Bedingfeld (1479–1553), English knight
* Frances Bedingfeld (1616–1704), Mother Superior of the English Institute of Mary
* Henry Bedingfeld (1509–1583), eldest son of Edmund Bedingfeld (1479–1553)
# Happenings (Bobby Hutcherson album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| The Penguin Guide to Jazz | |
Happenings is an album by the jazz vibraphonist Bobby Hutcherson, released in 1967 on the Blue Note label. The album contains six compositions by Hutcherson, and one by Herbie Hancock, "Maiden Voyage".

## Track listing

All compositions by Bobby Hutcherson, except as indicated.
* "Aquarian Moon" - 7:45
* "Bouquet" - 8:10
* "Rojo" - 6:03
* "Maiden Voyage" (Hancock) - 5:49
* "Head Start" - 5:16
* "When You Are Near" - 3:51
* "The Omen" - 6:59

## Personnel

* Bobby Hutcherson - vibraphone (tracks 1-6), marimba, drums (track 7 only)
* Herbie Hancock - piano, box full of rocks (track 7 only)
* Bob Cranshaw - bass
* Joe Chambers - drums, marimba (track 7 only), triangle (tracks 2, 7), timpani (track 7 only)
# Grand Prix Central Anatolia

The Grand Prix Central Anatolia is a men's and women's one-day road cycling race held in Turkey. It is rated as a 1.2 event on the UCI Europe Tour.

## Winners
### Men

| Year | Country | Rider | Team |
| 2020 | Ukraine | Mykhaylo Kononenko | Ukraine (national team) |

### Women

| Year | Country | Rider | Team |
| 2020 | Russia | Tamara Balabolina | Russia (national team) |
# Iqbal Suhail

Iqbal Ahmed Khan was born in 1884 (11 Rabi' al-thani, 1303 Hijri) in village Badhariya, Azamgarh, and died on 7 November 1955 and his ancestors belongs to a Village name Ledrahi (Jaunpur). He was a famous Urdu poet, writing under the takhallus, or pen name "Suhail", Islamic scholar, lawyer, educationist and a politician. He was a member of the executive committee of the Azamgarh Muslim Education Society, which manages Shibli National Post Graduate College and other institutions in Azamgarh, Uttar Pradesh. His poetry has been mentioned in many articles about Azamgarh. His work has been featured in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Urdu Literature. edited by .

## Political career

Iqbal Suhail was elected to the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly as a candidate with the Indian National Congress party in 1937. This assembly was constituted by the Act of 1935. He defeated Syed Ali Zaheer, who ran as a Muslim League candidate. Iqbal Suhail was against the partition of the country and opposed the two-nation theory of a separate Muslim homeland. He was a good friend of Zakir Husain.

## Education

Iqbal Suhail's early schooling was under Maulana Mohammed Shafi who was one of the founders of Madarsatul Islah, Sarai Mir, Azamgarh. Maulana Shafi was the father of the famous Urdu poet Khalilur-Rehman Azmi.
* 1918 – Completed M.A. and LL.B. from Aligarh Muslim University. After getting his law degree from Aligarh, Iqbal Sohail returned to Azamgarh to practice. There he became associated with Allama Shibli Nomani, whom he revered very much. He was a regular visitor to Darul Musannifeen (Shibli Academy, the institute founded by Allama Shibli)
* 1916 – Master of Arts
* 1914 Aligarh, During his stay in Aligarh he became famous for his skill in poetry and speech-writing. Dr. Zakir Hussain and Prof. Rasheed Ahmad Siddiqui became his closest friends. He also wrote many speeches for Dr. Hussain. This was acknowledged by Dr. Hussain in the preface he wrote for Tabish-e-Suhail, a collection of poetry written by Iqbal Suhail.
* 1914 – Graduated from Queens College, Varanasi
* 1913 – Completed Intermediate
* 1907-8 – To pursue his education in Arabic and Persian and Islamic studies, he stayed with Maulana Hamiduddin Farahi, who was Arabic professor in MAO College, Aligarh, where he came into contact with Maulana Hasrat Mohani, Maulana Hali and Maulana Wahiduddin Salim Panipati.
# Improvisation No. 30 (Cannons)

Improvisation No. 30 (Cannons) is an oil painting executed between 1911 and 1913 by the abstract painter Vasily Kandinsky. The work was donated by the Chicago lawyer Arthur Jerome Eddy to the Art Institute of Chicago, in whose permanent collection it still remains.

## Interpretation

The artwork, which was painted in Germany in the years leading up to World War I, depicts a world on the verge of war and calamity. The cannons of the title can be readily discerned, as well as buildings and a small group of people (at left).
# Thomas Paget

Thomas Paget may refer to:
* Thomas Paget, 3rd Baron Paget (c. 1544–1590), English peer
* Thomas Paget (Puritan minister) (died 1660), Puritan minister and controversialist
* Thomas Paget, Lord Paget (1689–1742), English writer and politician
* Thomas Paget (British Army officer) (died 1741), British Governor of Menorca
* Thomas Paget (MP for Leicestershire) (1778–1862), British politician, MP for Leicestershire 1831–1832
* Thomas Paget (MP for South Leicestershire) (1807–1892), British Liberal party politician
* Thomas Guy Frederick Paget (1886–1952), known as Guy Paget, British soldier and Conservative Party politician
* Thomas Humphrey Paget (1893–1974), British medallist and designer of coinage bearing George VI's portrait
# Fujiwara no Kinsue

Fujiwara no Kinsue (藤原 公季; 957–1029), also known as Kaikō, was a Japanese statesman, courtier and politician during the Heian period.

## Career

Kinsue served as a minister during the reign of Emperor Go-Ichijō.
* 997 (Chōtoku 3, 7th month): Kinsue was promoted from the office of dainagon to naidaijin.
* 1017 (Kannin 1, 3rd month): Kinsue is made udaijin.
* 1021 (Jian 1, 7th month): Kinsue was promoted from the office of udaijin to daijō daijin.
* 1029 (Chōgen 2, 10th month): Daijō daijin Kinsue died; and he was posthumously named Kai-kō. He was given the posthumous title of as Jingi-kō (仁義公).

## Genealogy

This member of the Fujiwara clan was a son of Morosuke. Kinsue's mother was Imperial Princess Kōshi, daughter of Emperor Daigo. She died in Kinsue's childhood; and he was brought up by his sister Empress Anshi, who was a consort of Emperor Murakami.
Kinsue was the youngest of his four brothers: Kaneie, Kanemichi, Koretada, and Tamemitsu.
Kinsue, also known as Kan'in Kinsue, is the progenitor of Kan'in family (閑院家) which was later divided into Sanjō family, Saionji Family, Tokudaiji family and the Tōin family.
Kinsue was married to a daughter of Imperial Prince Ariakira; and from this marriage, three children were produced:
* Gishi (義子) (974–1053) - married to Emperor Ichijō
* Sanenari (実成) (975–1004) - Chūnagon
* Nyogen (如源) (977–1021) - priest (Sanmai Sōzu, 三昧僧都)
# Ignác Teiszenberger

Ignác Teiszenberger (born 11 December 1880, date of death unknown) was a Hungarian cyclist. He competed in two events at the 1912 Summer Olympics.
# Miningsby

Miningsby is a small village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Revesby, in the East Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England. It is situated about 6 miles (10 km) south-east from the town of Horncastle and 6 miles west-southwest from the town of Spilsby. In 1961 the parish had a population of 55. On 1 April 1987 the parish was abolished and merged with Revesby.
Miningsby lies at the southern edge of the Lincolnshire Wolds, a designated Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.
The village is listed in the 1086 Domesday Book with 48 households, which for the time was considered very large. The Lord of the Manor was Ivo Tallboys.
Miningsby church was dedicated to St Andrew, but was declared redundant by the Diocese of Lincoln on 22 October 1975 and demolished on 14 November 1979, although the churchyard has been retained.
An Anglo-Saxon knotwork stone, which had formerly been in St Andrew's chancel, is now in the City and County Museum, Lincoln.
# Benedict Nightingale

William Benedict Herbert Nightingale (born 14 May 1939) is a British journalist, formerly a regular theatre critic for The Times newspaper. He was educated at Charterhouse and Magdalene College, Cambridge. His first published theatre review was for the Tunbridge Wells Advertiser in 1957, a production of Look Back in Anger by a local amateur group.
He worked for The Guardian as a reporter, and in 1969 was appointed drama critic of the New Statesman in London, a post that he held until 1986 when he was appointed Professor of English with special reference to Drama at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. He spent the whole of the 1983–84 season in New York, writing a series of Sunday theatre columns for The New York Times. His diary of the period was first published by Times Books in 1986 as Fifth Row Center: A Critic's Year On and Off Broadway. He was appointed chief theatre critic for The Times in London in 1990, in succession to Irving Wardle.
After two decades at The Times, on 1 June 2010, Nightingale was replaced by journalist Libby Purves. This, its consequences and Nightingale's career as a critic were discussed by Mark Shenton in his 26 January 2010 theatre blog for The Stage.
In 2010, Nightingale published a novel, What's So Flinking Bunny: The Spoonerisms and Misadventures of Tristram Throstlethwaite. In 2012, he published Great Moments in the Theatre, which examined some of what he considered the greatest moments in the history of the artform, from Aeschylus' Oresteia to Jez Butterworth's Jerusalem.
Nightingale has contributed to many newspapers and journals, including Encounter, London Magazine, The Wall Street Journal, The Daily Telegraph, The Independent, Punch, The Sunday Times, and The Observer. He also appeared on radio and television.

## Family

Nightingale is the son of Ronald Nightingale, an estate agent, and Evelyn Florence Margaret Winifred Gardner, whom he wed in 1937; she had previously been married to the writer Evelyn Waugh. Benedict Nightingale has a sister, the landscape architect Virginia Nightingale.
# Myriacantherpestes

Myriacantherpestes is an extinct genus of spiny millipedes from the Pennsylvanian subperiod of the Carboniferous period, known from fossils in Europe and North America.

## Description

Like other Euphoberiids, Myriacantherpestes had prominent dorsal and lateral spines. Myriacantherpestes differs from other members of Euphoberiidae in part by having much longer lateral spines.

## Taxonomic history

Several species currently assigned to Myriacantherpestes were formerly in the genera Acantherpestes and Euphoberia. The species M. excrescens was originally described as a fossilized cycad seed.
# Ghegheș

The Ghegheș is a right tributary of the river Târnava Mică in Romania. It discharges into the Târnava Mică in Viforoasa. Its length is 18 km (11 mi) and its basin size is 55 km$^2$ (21 sq mi).
# Improvisational Team Synchronization

Improvisational Team Synchronization, Improv Team Sync, or ITS (formerly Improvisational Tribal Style) belly dance is a style of group dance improvisation, often associated with Tribal Fusion and belly dance. ITS is performed by a group of dancers consisting of one of more leaders and followers. The dance relies on a shared vocabulary of movements, each initiated by the leader using a distinct cue movement. After the cue, a short choreographed movement sequence, or combo, is performed by the group. The leader chooses the combo based on their interpretation of the music, which is often done spontaneously during the performance. The result is a dance that appears choreographed, but is in fact structured improvisation. This format of structured group improvisation was first developed by Carolena Nericcio-Bohlman, the founder of American Tribal Style.

## History

ITS was coined in 2006 by Amy Sigil of UNMATA to describe her improv vocabulary, as it evolved away from American Tribal Style to include street dance and hip-hop dance movements, music and aesthetics. Sigil first studied with Antara Nepa (Julia Carrol), director of the Ottoman Traders located in Folsom, California. Later she opened her own dance studio in Sacramento, California, and was introduced to American Tribal Style by Shawna Rai. Sigil used the basic improvisational format of American Tribal Style to develop a new vocabulary of movements, which evolved into ITS.
Other improvisational belly dance styles include: American Tribal Style, Synchronized Group Improv, Tribal Group Improv, American Improv Tribal, Group Improv Tribal. Although the various styles of dance improvisation associated with Tribal Fusion dance are rooted in the United States, Improvisational Tribal Style is taught and performed internationally.

## Characteristics

The ITS format is composed of three major elements: stall movements, combinations, and concepts.

### Stall movements

An ITS stall movement has a minimum number of counts, which can be repeated indefinitely. A stall movement has no cue (but it does have a specific starting position, or "ground zero"), can be repeated indefinitely by the leader, and can usually be used to travel with (rotating leaders, changing formations, etc.).

### Combinations

An ITS combination (or combo) is a sequence of movements that must be initiated by a unique cue, which have a defined beginning and end.

### Concepts

ITS concepts are ideas that can be applied to stall moves. Concepts include formations, fadebacks, directional and timed turns.

## Costuming and aesthetics

Unlike American Tribal Style, which emphasizes elaborate multi-cultural costuming and jewelry, the costuming associated with ITS tends to be simple; often consisting of black pants, a metal belt and a tank top. Elements associated with Tribal Fusion costuming are also commonly incorporated into ITS, such as antique multi-cultural jewelry, and permanent body adornment such as tattoos and piercings. Costuming can vary widely depending on the performance context, however.
# Minami-ku, Kyoto

Minami (南区, Minami-ku) is one of the eleven wards in the city of Kyoto, in Kyoto Prefecture, Japan. Its name means "South Ward." It was established in 1955 when it was separated from Shimogyo-ku. As of April, 2016 the ward has an estimated population of 100,781 people. The Kamo River and the Katsura River flow through the district. It is home to several historical places and temples.
Minami-ku is roughly bound on the east by the Kamo River, on the west by the Katsura River (although it extends over the Katsura River in some places), on the north by Hachijō Street and the JR Kyoto line (leading into Kyoto station), and on the south by the Meishin Expressway (although it extends over the expressway in some places).
The southern portion of Kyoto city (including Minami-ku) is sometimes referred to as Rakunan. This area is the only side of Kyoto not lined with mountains, a feature that historically made Rakunan important as a gateway into Kyoto.
Minami-ku is more working-class than some other Kyoto districts, and includes a large population of Korean nationals known as Zainichi Koreans. Instead of restaurants and clubs, portions of the land near the Kamo River are lined with factories and industrial buildings. Residential areas include both standard houses and apartments, and occasional government-subsidized housing projects.
The area around Kujo Street from around Toji station to the Kamo River is known as Higashi (east) Kujo. This area is particularly working-class, and home to a relatively large number of Korean nationals and other working class members of Japanese society. As such, it has been called "Kyoto's only international town".
Minami-ku has few notable areas of tourist interest compared to other parts of Kyoto. A notable exception is the To-ji Temple.
The Minami-ku ward office is located on Route 1, near its intersection with Kujō Street. The Kyoto City Disaster Prevention Center is also in Minami-ku, near the intersection of Route 1 and Jujō Street.
To the east of Minami-ku is Higashiyama-ku, and to the southeast is Fushimi-ku.

## Temples and landmarks

* Tō-ji a famous Buddhist temple with strong associations to the Buddhist priest Kūkai
* Former site of the Rashomon Gate, the old Southern entrance to the city
* Rokusonnō Shrine, one of the Three Genji Shrines

## Economy

The following companies have their headquarters in Minami:
* the home office of international company Nintendo is near the aforementioned intersection.
* Horiba, a global manufacturer of precision instruments for measurement and analysis
* Nidec, a global electric motor and electronic and optical components company
* Wacoal, a manufacturer of women's lingerie and underwear
* GS Yuasa, a manufacturer of batteries

## Education

* Kyoto Computer Gakuin
The community previously had a North Korean school, Kyoto Korean No. 1 Elementary School (京都朝鮮第一初級学校).
# Bereavement Support Payment

In the United Kingdom, Bereavement Support Payments (also known as bereavement benefits) are paid to the husband/wife or partner of a person who has died in the previous 21 months. It replaced Bereavement Payment and Bereavement Allowance in April 2017, which had previously replaced Widow's benefit in April 2001.
It is a social security benefit that is designed to support people who have recently lost their spouse, and need some financial support to help them get back on their feet. A similar benefit is provided in Malta in accordance to the Widows and Orphans Pension Act of 1927.
The qualifying conditions are as follows:
Bereavement Support Payment consists of 2 parts, firstly:
             (formerly only payable if the deceased spouse met the National Insurance contribution conditions, and was not receiving a Category A State pension).
Secondly:
* a standard rate (equivalent to the former Bereavement allowance), which is payable to surviving partners without children. This runs for up to 18 months from the date of claim or until the claimant reaches retirement age (whichever is sooner).
* a higher rate (equivalent to the former Widowed parent's allowance). This is payable to surviving partners who have dependent children for whom they are in receipt of child benefit. This allowance is payable for up to 18 months from the date of claim.
None of these benefits are payable if the claimant is over state pension age. However, remarriage no longer affects any claim in payment. A person can move from the standard to the higher rate if they begin receiving Child Benefit after the claim has been made.
Bereavement Support Payment does not affect other benefits for a year after the first payment. After a year, remaining money left from the first payment can affect claims for other means-tested benefits.