OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Amagat

An amagat (denoted amg or Am) is a practical unit of volumetric number density. Although it can be applied to any substance at any conditions, it is defined as the number of ideal gas molecules per unit volume at 1 atm (101.325 kPa) and 0 °C (273.15 K). It is named after Émile Amagat, who also has Amagat's law named after him.

## SI conversion

The amg unit for number density can be converted to the SI unit of moles per cubic meter (mol/m$^3$) by the formula $1\ {\text{amg }}{\overset {\frown }{=}}\ {\frac {n_{0}}{N_{A}}}{\text{ mol/m}}^{3}\approx 44.615{\text{ mol/m}}^{3},$ where
    ≘ indicates correspondence, since the SI unit is of molar concentration and not number density;
    n$_0$ is the Loschmidt number;
    N$_A$ is the Avogadro constant.
The number density of an ideal gas at absolute pressure p and absolute temperature T can be calculated as $\eta ={\frac {p}{p_{0}}}\ {\frac {T_{0}}{T}}\ {\text{ amg}},$ where T$_0$ = 273.15 K, and p$_0$ = 101.325 kPa (STP before 1982).

## Example

Number density of an ideal gas (such as air) at room temperature (20 °C) and 1 atm (101.325 kPa) is
    $\eta =\left({\frac {1\ {\text{atm}}}{p_{0}}}\right)\left({\frac {273.15\ {\text{K}}}{(273.15+20)\ {\text{K}}}}\right)\ {\text{amg}}=0.932\ {\text{amg}}.$
# Amagents

"Amagents" is a single by South African singer and songwriter Samthing Soweto, released on June 24, 2022 by Youbuntu. It debuted number one in South Africa. The song was certified gold by the Recording Industry of South Africa (RiSA).

## Background

Samthing first teased the song "Amagents" on his Instagram account in March 2022. After many delays the song was released 2 months later on June 24, 2022.

## Commercial Performance

It debuted at number one in South Africa. The song was certified gold by the Recording Industry of South Africa (RiSA), 20 days after its initial release day.

## Charts

Chart performance for "Amagents" :
| Chart (2022) | Peak position |
| South Africa (RISA) | 1 |

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format | Version | Label | Ref. |
| Worldwide | June 24, 2022 | Digital download | Original | Youbuntu | |
# Keg River Formation

The Keg River Formation is a stratigraphic unit of Givetian age in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin.

## Description

It takes the name from the Keg River, a community along the Peace River, and was first described in the California Standard Steen River 2-22-117-5W6M well (situated north of Zama Lake) by J. Law in 1955.

### Lithology

The Keg River Formation is composed of dark dolomite with intercrystalline or vuggy porosity and wackestone limestone.
The Rainbow Member and upper Keg River Member are reef formations deposited in the Rainbow, Zama and Bitscho sub-basins.

### Distribution

The Keg River Formation occurs in the subsurface from northeastern to northwestern Alberta and its southern border is defined by the Peace River Arch. It varies in depth from 10 metres (30 ft) to 300 metres (980 ft).

### Relationship to other units

The Keg River Formation is conformably overlain by the Muskeg Formation and unconformably overlays the Chinchaga Formation.
It is equivalent to the Pine Point Formation, Hume Formation and Nahanni Formation in north-eastern British Columbia and the Northwest Territories and to the Winnipegosis Formation in Saskatchewan and eastern Alberta.

## Economic geology
### Petroleum geology

Oil is produced from the Keg River reefs in the Zama Lake and Rainbow Lake areas of north-western Alberta.
# Kelly Canyon

Kelly Canyon is an alpine ski area in eastern Idaho, in the Targhee National Forest. Northeast of Idaho Falls, it straddles the county line in the southeastern corner of Jefferson County and also in southern Madison County. The ski area opened in 1957, founded by E. Bud Johnson.
The summit is at an elevation of 6,600 feet (2,012 m) above sea level with a vertical drop of 1,000 feet (305 m), on 640 acres (2.6 km$^2$) of slopes. Lift service includes four double chairlifts and a rope tow on the north-facing slopes. The terrain is rated at 35% easiest, 45% more difficult, and 20% most difficult.
The annual snowfall is 200 inches (510 cm), supplemented with snowmaking. The ski area is open seven days a week.
Kelly Canyon also has Nordic skiing and snowshoeing trails, just beyond the alpine lifts. The snowshoe trails are designated with Atlas Snowshoe markers for easy navigation.
# Suzanne Edmondson

Suzanne Edmondson is the founder of several programs such as Tales for the Rising Moon and The Friends of Eddie Warrior Foundation, all aiding in the rehabilitation and education of incarcerated women. The program allocates funds for textbooks and tuition that allows inmates the opportunity to earn their associate of arts degree through Connors State College. Among other honors, Edmondson was inducted into the Oklahoma Women's Hall of Fame in 2009.

## Early life

Suzanne Edmondson (b. 1945) was born in Moline, Illinois and grew up in the Quad Cities area. She attended high school in Rock Island, Illinois. Edmondson attended Marycrest College, a women's college in Davenport, Iowa and eventually transferred to the University of San Diego College for Women. She met her husband, Jim, in San Diego as he was stationed there as a lieutenant in the Navy. Suzanne did not finish her degree but instead married and raised her children. She remained very involved with community work through Girl Scouts, the YMCA, and the PTA. For six years, Edmondson served as President of Friends of the Library in Muskogee.

## Volunteer Work

In 1996, she began training for a certification in Laubach Literacy. She took her training and became a literacy tutor for several years, working with incarcerated women. In 1997, Edmondson incorporated Friends of the Eddie Warrior Foundation. The Foundation's purpose is to help provide a college education for women incarcerated at Eddie Warrior. The funds cover tuition and books and allow inmates to earn their associate of arts degrees through Connors State College. Edmondson also started a writing program that helps incarcerated women become writers, offering classes and prompts. Another one of her programs, Tales for the Rising Moon, a program in which inmates are recorded reading books to their children, has been featured in People magazine.
Edmondson was inducted into the Oklahoma Women's Hall of Fame in 2009. She also received the Medal of Honor from the Daughters of the American Revolution and was named Volunteer of the Year by Oklahoma Department of Corrections for her service to female inmates.
# Amara famelica

Amara famelica (also known as early sunshiner) is a species of ground beetles from a family of Carabidae, genus Amara.
# Amara exarata

Amara exarata is a species of seed-eating ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It is found in North America.
# Svastra petulca

Svastra petulca is a species of long-horned bee in the family Apidae. It is found in Central America and North America.

## Subspecies

These two subspecies belong to the species Svastra petulca:
* Svastra petulca petulca (Cresson, 1878)
* Svastra petulca suffusa (Cresson, 1878)
# Susan R. Fussell

Susan Runyon Fussell is an American psychologist, communications researcher, and information scientist known for her contributions to human–computer interaction. She is Liberty Hyde Baily Professor of Communication and Information Science at Cornell University, and a member of the CHI Academy.

## Education and career

Fussell graduated from Tufts University in 1981, with a bachelor's degree in psychology and sociology. She went to Columbia University for graduate study in social and cognitive psychology, earning a master's degree there in 1983 and completing her Ph.D. in 1990. Her dissertation, The Coordination of Knowledge in Communication: People's Assumptions about Others' Knowledge and Their Effects on Referential Communication, was supervised by Robert M. Krauss.
While doing her graduate studies, Fussell also worked at Bell Labs from 1987 to 1988. After postdoctoral research at Princeton University, she became an assistant professor at Mississippi State University in 1993, but returned to industry as a researcher at Bell Communications Research in 1995. She worked as a scientist and later a research professor at Carnegie Mellon University from 1997 to 2008, when she moved to Cornell. She has also been a program director at the National Science Foundation from 2010 to 2012, and director of graduate studies in communication at Cornell since 2013.

## Recognition

Fussell was elected to the CHI Academy in 2016. She was co-chair of the 2017 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems with Gloria Mark, and became Liberty Hyde Baily Professor at Cornell in 2018.
# Suuri-Pieksä

Suuri-Pieksä is a medium-sized lake of Finland. It belongs to the Vuoksi main catchment area. It is located in the Northern Savonia region and Juankoski municipality.
# Bangladesh–Nigeria relations

Bangladesh–Nigeria relations refer to the bilateral relations between Bangladesh and Nigeria. Bangladesh has a high commission in Abuja. Nigeria used to have a high commission in Dhaka, which is now closed. Nigeria is represented by a non-resident high commissioner in New Delhi. Both Bangladesh and Nigeria are members of international organizations including the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Commonwealth of Nations and Developing 8 Countries.

## High level visits

In 2010, Prime Minister of Bangladesh Sheikh Hasina paid an official visit to Abuja.

## Cooperation

Trade and investment, agriculture and tourism are chief areas for cooperation between the two countries.

## Economic relations

Bangladesh and Nigeria have expressed mutual interest to expand bilateral trade and investment. Bangladeshi pharmaceuticals, knitwear, cement, jute and jute goods, ceramics, ocean-going vessels, light engineering, leather and plastic goods have been identified as products with huge potential in the Nigerian market. Nigeria has urged Bangladeshi businessmen to invest in its agriculture, food-processing, pharmaceuticals, medical equipments, ICT and education sectors. Trade between the two countries stood at US$14 million in 2012. In 2014, Bangladesh Tariff Commission prepared a feasibility study for the benefits of signing new free/preferential trade agreements with African states and recommended Nigeria along with Mali as the most promising countries for signing such agreements.

## Sports

Nigerian footballer Eleta Kingsley is a known figure in Bangladesh club leagues. He was to be playing for Bangladesh national football team after getting Bangladeshi nationality, but could not due to non-approval from AFC.
# Koh Dek Koul

Koh Dek Koul Khmer: កោះដេកកោល, Nail island is a small island in the Gulf of Thailand located about 7 km off the coast of Sihanoukville city, in southern Cambodia. The exclusive Mirax Resort is based on Koh Dek Koul.
10°38′07″N 103°27′24″E﻿ / ﻿10.63528°N 103.45667°E﻿ / 10.63528; 103.45667
# Éringes

Éringes (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
# William Briwere

William Briwere (died 1244) was a medieval Bishop of Exeter.

## Early life

Briwere was the nephew of William Brewer, a baron and political leader during King Henry III of England's minority. Nothing else is known of the younger Briwere's family or where he was educated. He owed the office of precentor at Exeter Cathedral to his uncle's influence, receiving that office about 1208.
Briwere was nominated around 25 November 1223 and consecrated on 21 April 1224. His elevation had been supported by Hubert de Burgh as a means of drawing Briwere's uncle over to the side of de Burgh.

## Crusading bishop

Briwere participated in the Sixth Crusade as a proxy for his uncle, who died before he was able to fulfill his crusading vows. The elder Briwere had taken the cross in 1189, but was excused temporarily because of his administrative duties. The nephew had released for his use 4000 marks that had been deposited with the Templars in the Holy Land by his uncle. Briwere went on the crusade with Peter des Roches, who was Bishop of Winchester. An army of other crusaders accompanied them to the East, although whether they were English or mercenaries recruited on the Continent is unclear. The contingent left from Brindisi in August 1227.
Both bishops were influential advisors to Frederick II the Holy Roman Emperor. Pope Gregory IX had ordered that no one collaborate with Frederick, who was at the time excommunicate, but both bishops ignored the papal orders and worked closely with Frederick's agents and Frederick himself. The financial resources both bishops brought were especially appreciated by the crusaders.
Both bishops witnessed the treaty on 18 February 1229 with the Sultan of Cairo that restored Jerusalem to the Christians, the Treaty of Jaffa. Briwere visited Jerusalem after this. How quickly Briwere returned to England is uncertain. Some historians have it that he was back in England by 1229. Others, however point out that he is not attested as being in England until April 1231, and maintain that he travelled with des Roches, who dawdled in Italy for a time.

## Time in England

While bishop, Briwere introduced the Dominican Order into his diocese. He also set up the offices of dean and chancellor of the Exeter Cathedral chapter, allowing the chapter to elect those officers. He also issued a set of statutes for the diocese, based on those recently issued for the diocese of Salisbury.
Briwere was also employed by the king on diplomatic missions, going twice to France and also escorting Henry's sister Isabella to her marriage to the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II in 1235.
Briwere died on 24 October 1244. He had sought permission from the pope to resign before his death, but Pope Innocent IV only granted the permission after Briwere's death.
Excavations in the quire of Exeter Cathedral in 2023 found a number of stone-lined tombs including one identified as Briwere's.
# Lists of opera companies

To view inclusive lists of opera companies by location see the following:
* List of Latin American and South American opera companies
* List of North American opera companies
* List of opera companies in Africa and the Middle East
* List of opera companies in Asia, Australia, and Oceania
* List of opera companies in Europe
# Switched-On

Switched-On may refer to:

## Music
### Albums

* Switched-On Bach, a 1968 electronic and baroque album by Wendy Carlos
* Switched-On Bacharach, a 1969 electronic album by Christopher Scott
* Switched-On Rock, a 1969 Electronic rock album by The Moog Machine
* Switched On Santa, a 1969 Christmas album by Sy Mann
* Switched-On-Country, a 1970 electronic album by Rick Powell
* Switched On Nashville (Country Moog), a 1972 electronic by Gil Trythall
* Switched-On Bach II, a 1973 electronic and baroque album by Wendy Carlos
* Switched-On Brandenburgs, a 1979 electronic and baroque album by Wendy Carlos
* Switched On, a 1992 post-rock compilation album by Stereolab
* Refried Ectoplasm (subtitled Switched On, Volume 2), a 1995 compilation album Stereolab
* Aluminum Tunes (subtitled Switched On, Volume 3), a 1998 compilation album by Stereolab
* Switched On, a 2011 electronic album by Mr. Chop
* Switched-On Eugene, a 2018 electronic album

### EPs

* Switched On (EP), a 2014 EP by Madchild
* Switched on Christmas, a 2000 Christmas EP by Venus Hum

### Songs

* "Switched On", a song by the Beastie Boys from Hello Nasty
* "Switched On", a song by Vaux from There Must Be Some Way to Stop Them

## Books

* Switched On (book), a 2016 book by John Elder Robison
# Alpujarras (disambiguation)

Alpujarras or Las Alpujarras may refer to various places in Spain:
* Alpujarra Almeriense, a comarca in Almeria Province
* Alpujarra Granadina, a comarca in Granada Province
* Alpujarra de la Sierra, a municipality in Granada Province
* Alpujarras, La Rioja, a mountain range and natural region in La Rioja, Spain
* Alpujarras, Andalucía, Spain
* La Alpujarra Administrative Center, in Antioquia, Colombia
** Alpujarra station, a Medellín Metro station servicing the area
# Lake Johanna

Lake Johanna may refer to:
* Lake Johanna (Ramsey County, Minnesota)
* Lake Johanna Township, Pope County, Minnesota
# Ken Froewiss

Kenneth C. Froewiss was a Clinical Professor of Finance at the New York University Stern School of Business, and specialized investment banking, mergers and acquisitions, and corporate governance. Professor Froewiss also taught for the TRIUM Global Executive MBA Program, an alliance of NYU Stern, the London School of Economics and HEC School of Management, and served as Academic Director of Executive Programs at NYU Stern.

## Biography

Prior to joining Stern in 1997, Froewiss was a managing director in the investment banking area of JP Morgan Chase, and was responsible for the firm's relationships with insurance company and mutual fund clients in North America. He advised on many merger and restructuring transactions in the financial services industry, and was involved in public and private offerings of securities for a variety of companies. Earlier in his career, Professor Froewiss worked as an economist in the bond-trading area of JP Morgan Chase and Goldman Sachs and as a member of the Research Department at the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco. He is currently a member of the board of directors of several mutual funds and of an insurance company.

## Publications

Froewiss has published numerous articles and reviews in a variety of economic journals.
* Froewiss, K. (June 22, 1994). Determining an Insurer's Future Stability. Madrid: presented at the International Insurance Society Seminar.
* Froewiss, K. (Spring 1978). GNMA Futures: Stabilizing or Destabilizing?. Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Economic Review.
* Froewiss, K. (Sep 1988). Review of "A Practical Guide to Finite Risk Insurance and Reinsurance" by R. George Monti and A. Barile. Vol. 65. The Journal of Risk and Insurance.
* Froewiss, K. (Dec 1997). Review of "Principles of Insurance: Life, Health, and Annuities" by H. Jones and D. Long. Vol. 64. The Journal of Risk and Insurance.
* Froewiss, K. (Summer 1977). Risk Premiums in International Securities Markets: The Canadian-U.S. Experience. Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Economic Review.
* Froewiss, K. (1993). Strategic Considerations: Who Should Consider Demutualizing? in "Demutualization of Life Insurers. New York: Practising Law Institute.
* Froewiss, K. and B. Friedman (1977). Bank Behavior in the Brunner-Meltzer Model. Vol. 3. Journal of Monetary Economics.
* Froewiss, K. and B. Friedman (1981). More on Bank Behavior: Reply to Van Loo. Vol. 7. Journal of Monetary Economics.
* Froewiss, K. and J. Judd (Fall 1979). Optimal Control and Money Targets: Should the Fed Look at 'Everything'?. Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Economic Review.

## Education

Professor Froewiss received his Ph.D. in economics from Harvard University, where he also did his undergraduate work in economics. He studied for a year at the Indian Statistical Institute on a Rotary International Fellowship and served in the United States Army as a Russian translator.
# Tash Rabat

Tash Rabat is a well-preserved 15th-century stone caravanserai in At-Bashy District, Naryn Province, Kyrgyzstan, located at an altitude of 3,200 metres (10,500 ft).

## Geography

Tash Rabat is located somewhat east of the main north-south highway. To the south are Lake Chatyr-Kul and Torugart Pass. To the north is Koshoy Korgon, a ruined fortress of uncertain date. The area is a center for hiking and horse-trekking. The caretakers of Tash Rabat offer horseback riding and lodging in yurts that are built in the vicinity of the caravanserai from May till September. Meals may also be served, but with advance notice; there are no grocery stores or supply stores nearby.

## Research

There has been some debate about whether Tash Rabat was originally built as a caravanserai or a temple. As early as 1888, Russian doctor and traveler Nicolay Lvovich Zeland suggested that the site was originally an East Syrian or Buddhist monastery.
Research undertaken at the end of the 1970s and beginning of the 1980s by the Institute of History of the Kyrgyz Academy of Sciences concluded that Tash Rabat was originally built as a Nestorian monastery in the 10th century, although no Christian artifacts were found during excavations. Later it was determined to be a Buddhist monastery as all inscriptions, artifacts and references were found to be Buddhist in nature. This was further supported by the fact that its inhabitants were Buddhist during the period of its construction.

## Architecture

The structure consists of 31 rooms, including chambers in the central hall. The rooms are square and topped with domes which have openings for light at the top; transition from a quadrangular frame to a dome is done using a squinch. Tash Rabat is completely made of rubble stone on clay mortar with gypsum mortar sealing joints. One of the furthest rooms also has a deep hole in the floor that reminds a well.
# Klingenhorn Castle

Klingenhorn Castle is a ruined castle in the municipality of Malans of the Canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

## History

While nothing is known about the castle's foundation, it was probably built in the 13th century perhaps for the Lords of Vaz or of Aspermont. It was probably held by a ministerialis family, unfree knights in service to a higher noble. By 1372 it was owned by the von Matsch family, who offered it as collateral for 200 marks from Rudolf von Underwegen. Part of the agreement stipulated that the castle must remain open to the Matsch family at any time. In 1420 it was mentioned as the property of Ulrich Seger, the vogt and judge over Malans, but the castle appears to have been uninhabitable at that time. It appears that the castle was probably gutted by a fire. By 1441 it appears to have been a ruin. Around 1470 the Schlandersberg family acquired the castle and in 1497 Deipold von Schlandersburg granted the ruins and the castle hill to Hans Sutter of Malans. However, if he was to rebuild the castle he had to return the hill to them. The castle was never rebuilt.

## Castle site

The castle is located on a hill above the village of Malans. The ruins are visible from the valley floor. The tower is protected by a ditch which encircles much of the hilltop. The main tower still shows the Pietra Rasa construction, where the mortar that holds the rough stones together is also used as a plaster to them. After plastering with mortar, lines are incised into the mortar to give the appearance of regular bricks or stones. Only three stories of the tower are still standing and a high entrance on the second story, which was later walled up, is still visible. Two fireplaces built into the walls can still be seen. The castle was protected with a dry stone wall, parts of which are still standing.

## Gallery

* Holes for wooden beams to support the floor inside the tower
* Interior of the tower
* Exterior view of the tower entrance
* Interior of the entrance
* A window inside the tower
* Interior of the tower