OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Skid (aerodynamics)

In a straight flight, the tail of the airplane aligns the fuselage into the relative wind. However, in the beginning of a turn, when the ailerons are being applied in order to bank the airplane, the ailerons also cause an adverse yaw of the airplane. For example, if the airplane is rolling clockwise (from the pilot point of view), the airplane yaws to the left. It assumes a crab-like attitude relative to the wind. This is called a slip. The air is flowing crosswise over the fuselage. In order to correct this adverse slip, the pilot must apply rudder (right rudder in this example). If the pilot applies too much rudder, the airplane will then slip to the other side. This is called a skid.

## Stall

The skid is more dangerous than the slip if the airplane is close to a stall. In the slip, the raised wing — the left one if the airplane is turning to the right — will stall before the lowered one, and the airplane will reduce the bank angle, which prevents the stall. In the skid, the lowered wing will stall before the raised one, and the airplane will tighten the turn, and the stall can develop to a spin.
At high altitudes, there is plenty of space for recovery. But during the final approach, when the airplane is close to the ground, a stall-spin accident is often fatal. A common cause of this accident is to enter a skidding turn in the airfield traffic pattern on the turn from base leg to final approach, unconsciously using excessive rudder in an attempt to tighten the turn and avoid overshooting the runway centreline.

## Deliberate skid

Deliberate skids are used in aerobatics and aerial combat. Deliberate slips done with vigorous application of roll and opposite rudder (lower the right wing and step on the left rudder) can be used as a dive brake. By balancing the roll's turn to the right with the rudder's yaw to the left, the plane continues to fly straight ahead but it presents its side rather than its nose to the airstream. The drag from this aerodynamically "dirty", clumsy position slows the otherwise sleek airplane. By modulating the amount of skid with rudder and aileron, the pilot can modulate the braking. Thus the plane can be slowed quickly in level flight or the descent to a landing can be dramatically steepened while holding the approach speed to a desired value.
# Skif

Skif or SKIF may refer to:
* Skif (ATGM), a Ukrainian anti-tank guided missile system
* SKIF Nizhny Novgorod, a professional ice hockey team in Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
* Skif Paragliding, a Ukrainian paraglider manufacturer
* Sotsyalistishe Kinder Farband (S.K.I.F.), a Jewish Socialist political party and the youth organization of the Jewish Labour Bund
* Skif, an alternative name for the Soviet spacecraft Polyus (spacecraft)
* Skif PLUS (Skif Dnipropetrovsk Oblast Organization of Scouts), a Ukrainian scouting organization in Dnipropetrovsk Oblast
* Skifterat, a nickname of the professional football club KF Gjilani based in Gjilan, Kosovo
* Sergey Kuryokhin International Festival (SKIF), a music festival in the Kuryokhin Center of Saint Petersburg, Russia
# A. V. George

Dr. Aikara Varkey George (born 1956) is an environmental scientist, teacher and social activist from India.
He was Vice Chancellor of Mahatma Gandhi University until he was dismissed by Kerala Governor Sheila Dikshit on 12 May 2014 due to ineligibility.

## Biography

A. V. George was born in 1956 in a remote village in Kerala, as the son A. U. Varkey of the Aikara House.
He did his undergraduate work in Geology at University College Trivandrum and PG and Phd from the University of Kerala. Later he took an MSc in Environmental Sciences from Sikkim Manipal University of Medical Science and Technology. He also took a diploma in Environmental Management. He began teaching in 1987 and has offered courses on Disaster Management, Hydrogeology, Structural Geology and Geophysics. He served in the faculties of Christ College, Irinjalakuda, the School of Environmental Sciences of MG University and Cochin University of Science and Technology.
He was Head of the Department of Environmental Science, at Central University of Kerala. In 2014, he was dismissed from the post of Vice Chancellor of Mahatma Gandhi University.

## Research and publications

George's principal areas of research are geological environmental appraisal, particularly regarding landslides, disaster management and hydrology.
He has been involved in drafting development schemes, extension work, community services, etc., undertaken by universities, colleges, Rotary Clubs, Municipal Corporations etc. and established numerous ‘botanical gardens’ under various government organizations and NGOs in Kerala. He is also a member in Disaster Management Committees of government and non-government organizations.
George is a Fellow and Life member of the Geological Society of India, the Mineralogical Society of India, the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, the Tropical Institute of Ecological Sciences and the Indian Science Congress. He has acted as a member of the River Sand Committee of the Govt of Kerala's Committee on the Mullaperiyar Dam Issue.

## Awards and recognition

George has received Awards for Best Teachers BOLT (Broad Outlook Learner Teacher) Award of Air India, Prof. M M Gani Award, St Bergman's’ Award etc. constituted by universities and Government.
# Sitona gemellatus

Sitona gemellatus is a species of beetle belonging to the family Curculionidae.
It is native to Europe.
# Trupanea maculigera

Trupanea maculigera is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus Trupanea of the family Tephritidae.

## Distribution

United States.
# 7517 Alisondoane

7517 Alisondoane (prov. designation: 1989 AD) is a dark background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 3 January 1989, by Japanese amateur astronomer Takuo Kojima at the YGCO Chiyoda Station in the northern Kantō region of Japan. The carbonaceous C-type asteroid has a rotation period of 9.7 hours and measures approximately 9 kilometers (5.6 miles) in diameter. It was named after Alison Doane (1958–2017), curator of astronomical photographs at the Harvard College Observatory.

## Orbit and classification

Alisondoane is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8–3.1 AU once every 3 years and 10 months (1,397 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.26 and an inclination of 6° with respect to the ecliptic.

## Naming

This minor planet was named in honor of Alison Doane (1958–2017), curator of astronomical photographs at the Harvard College Observatory. She was also principal oboe with the Boston Philharmonic Orchestra from 1982 to 2001. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 25 December 2015 (M.P.C. 97567).

## Physical characteristics

Alisondoane has been characterized as a carbonaceous C-type asteroid by PanSTARRS photometric survey, as well as by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS).

### Lightcurves

A rotational lightcurve analysis by Czech astronomer Petr Pravec in 2007 rendered a rotation period of 9.701±0.001 hours with a high brightness amplitude of 1.13 in magnitude (U=3). A modeled lightcurves using photometric data from various sources, gave a sidereal period of 9.70943 hours and two spin axes of (123.0°, −51.0°) and (314.0°, −60.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β).

### Diameter and albedo

According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Alisondoane measures between 8.52 and 9.99 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.04 and 0.122. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL) calculates a smaller diameter of 5.16 kilometers based on an assumed albedo of 0.18 for an X-type asteroid.
# 96WEFM

96WEFM is an FM radio station broadcasting on 96.1 MHz in the country of Trinidad and Tobago. The commercial radio station is privately owned by Trinidad and Tobago Radio Network Limited and began broadcasting on December 16, 1993.
The radio station's format is based on Urban Caribbean (soca, dancehall), R&B and hip-hop music, and seeks an audience bases of youth and teenagers.
DJ groups from WEFM have revolutionized the art of DJing in the country, with present and former DJs such as Rodney King, Ishmael, Dawg E. Slaughter & X-Caliber, Hoppy (Hypa-Hoppa) of RadioActive, Shal Marshall & Barry Perryman (Jugglers Sound), Akil and associate degree, Tweez, Arelon the ArtMan, Trevlyn and Umba D' Sheppard.
Additionally, morning show hosts Paul Richards and Nicky Crosby and Rachel Price and Tweez - The price is right are renowned for their quick wit, sense of humor and their level of fairness towards all issues. One of the nations highest-rated radio time slots belongs to Stephenson "Shal" Marshall.

## News

The radio station provides news, through Newsfeed bulletins throughout the weekday. Along with STAR 947 and 107.7 FM Music For Life, short news summaries are provided roughly hourly on the half-hour during the daytime hours.
# Trigonothops

Trigonothops is a genus in the beetle family Carabidae. There are about 12 described species in Trigonothops found in Oceania.

## Species

These 12 species belong to the genus Trigonothops:
* Trigonothops dimidiatus (W.J.MacLeay, 1888) (Australia)
* Trigonothops fasciatus W.J.MacLeay, 1888 (Australia)
* Trigonothops flavofasciatus Chaudoir, 1877 (Australia)
* Trigonothops lateralis Darlington, 1968 (Indonesia and New Guinea)
* Trigonothops longiplaga Chaudoir, 1877 (Australia)
* Trigonothops occidentalis Blackburn, 1892 (Australia)
* Trigonothops ornatus W.J.MacLeay, 1888 (Australia)
* Trigonothops pacificus (Erichson, 1842) (Australia and New Zealand)
* Trigonothops pallidicollis W.J.MacLeay, 1864 (Australia)
* Trigonothops pallidior W.J.MacLeay, 1888 (Australia)
* Trigonothops pescotti (Oke, 1951) (Australia)
* Trigonothops vittipennis Sloane, 1908 (Australia)
# Joe Gayton

Joe Gayton (c. 1956/1957 – May 14, 2023) was an American writer, director and producer of film and television. He co-created the television series Hell on Wheels (2011–2016) and wrote the screenplays of the films Uncommon Valor (1983), Bulletproof (1996) and Faster (2010).

## Personal life and death

Gayton was married to Jen Winter and had a stepdaughter. His brother is Tony Gayton. He graduated from Merritt Island High School in 1974.
He died on May 14, 2023, after a four-year battle of prostate cancer.

## Filmography
### As director

* Warm Summer Rain (1989)
* Mind Ripper (1995)
* Sweet Jane (1998)

### As writer only

* Uncommon Valor (1983)
* Shout (1991)
* Bulletproof (1996)
* The Shepherd: Border Patrol (2008)
* Faster (2010)

### Television

* Hell on Wheels (2011–2016; co-creator)
# Troy, Minnesota

Troy is an unincorporated community in Saratoga Township, Winona County, Minnesota, United States.

## Geography

The small community is located near the junction of State Highway 74 and Winona County Road 6. Trout Run Creek flows through it. Nearby places include St. Charles, Saratoga, Clyde, and Chatfield.

## History

Troy had a post office from 1858 to 1905. The community was named after Troy, New York. The village was the initial home of Evergreen Masonic Lodge # 46. The lodge was chartered in 1864. It shared space with a local chapter of the Grange. In 1898 the lodge moved five miles to the east, to Clyde.
# A. Wyatt Tilby

Aubrey Wyatt Tilby, known as A. Wyatt Tilby (1 April 1880 – 1 September 1948) was a British author, journalist and traveller. He was born in Addiscombe, Surrey.
After his mother died in 1885, Tilby (known as Alec) was looked after by his uncle, Thomas Martin Tilby and his wife Ellen in Islington, London. Having been told that his health was such that he was unlikely to live to adulthood, his surrogate parents later sent him to live with his Aunt Harriet in Eastbourne, where she educated him herself at home.
As a young adult he spent much of his time travelling and studying in Europe, mainly in Germany, Austria and Italy. In 1905 he joined the editorial staff of the Globe, during which time he also worked on his six-volume history, The English People Overseas. In 1915 he was appointed editor of the Evening Standard, but presumed tuberculosis forced him to reduce his journalistic commitments the following year. The illness left him with a permanently deformed hip which also prevented the continuation of his history writing; instead he turned to writing on philosophy.
A frequent contributor to The Edinburgh Review and The Nineteenth Century, he had a thirty-five-year association with The Glasgow Herald as a reviewer, special correspondent and (from 1944) a leader-writer. He also edited The Outlook from 1924 to 1928 and The Saturday Review from 1930.
Married to Kathleen (née Brewer) for thirty-nine years, he had three children and eight grandchildren. He died in Glasgow.

## Published works

* The English People Overseas Vol I–VI:
** Volume I: The English people overseas. A History (Francis Griffiths, 1908)
** Volume II: British India, 1600–1828 (Constable and Co., 1911)
** Volume III: British North America, 1763–1867 (Constable and Co., 1911)
** Volume IV: Britain in the Tropics, 1527–1910 (Constable and Co., 1912)
** Volume V: Australasia, 1688–1911 (Constable and Co., 1912)
** Volume VI: South Africa, 1486–1913 (Constable and Co., 1914)
* The Evolution of Consciousness (T. Fisher Unwin Ltd, 1922)
* The Quest of Reality (William Heinemann Ltd, 1927)
* Lord John Russell (Cassell & Company, 1930)
* Right, A Study in Physical and Moral Order (Williams and Norgate, 1933)
# Trygve Lange-Nielsen

Trygve Lange-Nielsen (9 July 1921 – 18 April 2014) was a Norwegian barrister and judge.
He was born in Kristiania as a son of Fredrik Lange-Nielsen (1891–1980) and Laura Stang Lund (1893–1961). He was a maternal grandson of Fredrik Stang Lund. In 1953 he married Sissel Herlofson.
He finished his secondary education in 1940 and graduated with the cand.jur. degree in 1947. He was hired in the Office of the Attorney General of Norway in 1951, and worked here until 1972, only interrupted by a few years in his own law firm. From 1956 he was a barrister, with access to working with Supreme Court cases. From 1972 to 1991 he was a presiding judge in Eidsivating Court of Appeal. Despite passing the normal retirement age, he was then an extraordinary judge in Oslo City Court from 1991 to 1995.
His special fields included insurance law—he chaired Norsk forsikringsjuridisk avdeling from 1971 to 1982—and tort law, in which he lectured at the University of Oslo. He did however become better known for unveiling and overturning miscarriage of justice cases, an endeavor to which he dedicated his later life.
Lange-Nielsen also chaired the Norwegian Association of Lawyers from 1971 to 1975. He resided in Skarpsno. He died in April 2014 in Oslo, following three weeks of illness.
# Joachim Melchior Magens (1715–1783)

Joachim (Jockum) Melchior Magens (4 March 1715 – 18 August 1783) was a Danish colonial administrator and planter in the Danish West Indies. He is remembered for publishing a grammar of Negerhollands in 1770. Magens Bay is named after his father. He was the grandfather of Joachim Melchior Magens (1775–1845).

## Early life and background

Magens was born on St. Thomas in the Danish West Indies, the son of planter Jacob Jørgensen Magens (1682–1731) and Maria van Beverhoudt (1675–1718).

## Career

Magens and a Copenhagen-based younger brother inherited plantation No. 7 on St. John. He later served first as skifteforvalter on St. Thomas (1760) and then as bailiff (landfoged) and council chairman (stadshauptmand) on the island.

## Written works

Magens published a grammar of Negerhollands entitled Grammatica over det Creolske Sprog, som bruges paa de trende Danske Eilande, St. Croix, St. Thomas og St. Jans i America (1770).
Magens also translated The Articles of Faith of the Holy Evangelical Church According to the Word of God and the Augsburg Confession as Set Forth in Forty Sermons, originally written by 17th century Danish theologian Petrus Sacharie Nakskow, into English in 1754 for the benefit of local Lutheran clergy and laity while he lived in New York City.
# Joan Davis (cricketer)

Gwladys Joan Davis (née Thomas; 2 June 1911 – 11 October 2004) was a Welsh cricketer who played primarily as a left-arm medium-fast bowler. She appeared in three Test matches for England in 1937, all against Australia. She played domestic cricket for Middlesex.
# Tristan McConnell

Tristan McConnell is a writer and foreign correspondent based in Kenya. He has been a correspondent for The Times, The Economist, Monocle, GlobalPost and Agence France-Presse.

## Early life

McConnell attended The King's School, Canterbury, before studying social anthropology at Magdalene College, Cambridge.

## Career

McConnell has lived and worked in Africa since 2004.
He has reported from dozens of countries, including Somalia, Democratic Republic of Congo, South Sudan, Mali, and Uganda writing both long-form and news stories. In 2016, he won awards from the Overseas Press Club of America, the Prix Bayeux for War Correspondents, and the Society for Features Journalism for his long-form account of a terrorist attack on a Nairobi shopping mall.
He has been a finalist for numerous Kurt Schork awards, including in 2007, 2014 and 2015, and has been short-listed for others.
His articles and essays have appeared in The New Yorker, Harper's Magazine, GQ, Columbia Journalism Review, New York, and Foreign Policy.
# A7 road (Ethiopia)

The A7 Road is a national route in Ethiopia that runs north–south, connecting Modjo and Arba Minch. It has a total length of 425 kilometers.

## Route

The A7 road originates in Modjo, where it connects to the A1, and extends southward to Arba Minch. Modjo is situated approximately 60 kilometers southeast of Addis Ababa, the capital city. The A7 traverses the Rift Valley, a vast region with an elevation of around 1,700 meters, featuring several large lakes. As the road proceeds from Shashamane to Sodo, it shifts from the eastern to the western side of the valley before continuing onward to Arba Minch. Arba Minch is located over 200 kilometers from the Kenyan border.

## History

The A7 road in Ethiopia underwent significant development following World War II. Initially, a main road connected Addis Ababa to Sodo, but it took a western route, serving as an alternative path to Mogadishu and crossing the Rift Valley. The road's extension to the Kenyan border occurred relatively late. Today, the A7 is a link between Ethiopia and Kenya, forming part of the Trans-Africa Highway 4 from Cairo to Cape Town. Historically, the northern section of the A7 was designated as Route 6, connecting Modjo to the Kenyan border, while Route 9 ran parallel to it further west. In 2013, the current trunk road numbering system was introduced, and the A7 absorbed parts of both routes.
Asphaltation of the A7 occurred in phases: the Shashemene to Alaba Kulito section was completed by 2003–2004, and the north–south section up to Soddo was finished around 2009. In 2021, the northern section of the A7 was bypassed with the opening of the initial segment of the Mojo-Hawassa Expressway.
# A7 road (Northern Ireland)

In Northern Ireland, the A7 is a major trunk road running 15.0 miles (24.1 km) from Downpatrick, through Crossgar and Saintfield, to Carryduff. Here the A7 joins the A24 (running from Newcastle) at an at-grade roundabout, and continues to Belfast.
The section between Carryduff and Saintfield was constructed in the latter half of the 19th century, to bypass Ouley Hill, as the previous route along Old Saintfield Road/Killynure Road was proving too arduous for stagecoach horses.

## Composition

The road is standard single-carriageway throughout most of its length, with two short sections of climbing lanes (approx 500m each). The first of these runs northbound, starting about two miles north of Downpatrick at the former site of the Abbey Lodge Hotel. The second runs southbound and begins about a mile south of Saintfield near Doran's Rock.

## Junctions

Apart from its terminus junction with the A24, the A7 road crosses these A and B roads:
* B2 (2 miles north of Downpatrick)
* B7 (Crossgar)
* B6 (Saintfield)
* A21 (Saintfield)
# Skateboarding at the 2023 European Youth Summer Olympic Festival

Skateboarding at the 2023 European Youth Summer Olympic Festival was held in Maribor, Slovenia, from 26 to 27 July 2023.

## Medal table

* Host nation (Slovenia)
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1 | France | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 1 | Poland | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 3 | Israel | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| Totals (3 entries) | Totals (3 entries) | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6 |

## Medalists

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Boys' Street | Max Berguin France | Yakov Terrell Israel | Jean Semaan Poland |
| Girls' Street | Weronika Choromanska Poland | Shani Paz Israel | Cerise Michaud France |

## Participating nations

A total of 34 athletes from 20 nations competed in skateboarding at the 2023 European Youth Summer Olympic Festival:
* Austria (2)
* Belgium (2)
* Czech Republic (2)
* Denmark (2)
* Finland (1)
* France (2)
* Georgia (1)
* Germany (1)
* Greece (2)
* Israel (2)
* Italy (1)
* Latvia (2)
* Lithuania (1)
* Netherlands (2)
* Norway (2)
* Poland (2)
* Portugal (2)
* Slovenia (2)
* Spain (1)
* Switzerland (2)
# A1 motorway (Extremadura)

The A1 or EX-A1 is a 123-kilometre-long (76 mi) motorway in Extremadura, connecting Navalmoral de la Mata and Moraleja. As of 2012, plans to extend the motorway to the Portuguese border at Termas de Montfortinho are on hold.