OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# George W. Stidham

George W. Stidham (September 8, 1818 – December 26, 1888) was an American farmer and Confederate States Army officer. He was born in Lexington County, South Carolina, to Zachariah and Jane Stidham. In c. 1839, he married Martha George of Georgia, having eight children together. He moved to Smith County, Texas, owning a farm there by 1860. In 1863, he enlisted as a lieutenant colonel in the 1st Texas State Cavalry Regiment. He later served as a private under James G. Bourland. He died on December 26, 1888, in Smith County, and was buried in Swan.
# George W. Snyder

George W. Snyder (c.1780 – February 10, 1841) was an American watchmaker, silversmith and inventor from Paris, Kentucky. He is credited with inventing the first American-made fishing reel in 1820.

## Kentucky Reel

Snyder was born in the same county as Daniel Boone — Bucks County, Pennsylvania. In about 1803 he went to Paris, Kentucky (then called Hopewell), and died there on February 10, 1841, aged 60 years old. He was a skillful watchmaker and silversmith; being a good practical angler, and seeing the necessity for a rapid multiplying reel for black bass fishing with the live minnow, he proceeded to invent one. Snyder's first reel was made for his own use, about 1810. He afterward made reels for members of his club, and others.
Snyder's reel was a trolling reel designed for fly fishing, named the Kentucky Reel. Without patent or trademark protection, the Kentucky Reel was quickly copied by many others, including Meek, Milam, Sage, Hardman and Gayle. These artisans were trained in jewelry fabrication and were experienced in cutting gears, constructing small parts, and doing precision work. In time, the Kentucky Reel was mass-produced by the emerging factories located in the Northeast, where they could be produced at a fraction of the cost and time required for hand-built construction. The availability of more affordable fly reels greatly stimulated the sales and popularity of fly fishing equipment, and was soon applied to bait casting reels, resulting in a surge in the popularity of fishing as a pastime among all levels of American society.

## New York Reel

During the middle of the 19th century, another fly reel was invented in New York City. The "New York Reel" was usually made out of brass or nickel silver, and it was much heavier than the Kentucky Reel. It had a serpentine crank or a "ball-handle".
# Whitetopping

Whitetopping is the covering of an existing asphalt pavement with a layer of Portland cement concrete. Whitetopping is divided into types depending on the thickness of the concrete layer and whether the layer is bonded to the asphalt substrate. Unbonded whitetopping, also called conventional whitetopping, uses concrete thicknesses of 20cm (8") or more that is not bonded to the asphalt. Bonded whitetopping uses thicknesses of 5 to 15cm (2-6") bonded to the asphalt pavement and is divided into two types, thin and ultrathin. The bond is made by texturing the asphalt. Thin whitetopping uses a bonded layer of concrete that is 10 - 15cm (4-6") thick while an ultrathin layer is 5 to 10 cm (2-4") thick. Ultrathin whitetopping is suitable for light duty uses, such as roads with low traffic volume, parking lots and small airports. Fiber reinforced concrete is used in some thin whitetopping overlays and almost all ultrathin whitetopping overlays.
Whitetopping is suitable for asphalt pavement with little deterioration, although repairs can be made to the asphalt if necessary. If the pavement is badly damaged, it should be completely removed and a new concrete pavement should be installed. The pavement should be relatively hard, as well. Deterioration of overlays is significantly increased on asphalt bases with high viscosity. If a grade or a distance between the pavement and a bridge needs to be preserved, the asphalt can be milled so that the height of the pavement does not change. However, whitetopping requires the asphalt layer to be at least 7.5cm (3") thick. If necessary, a section of new concrete roadway can be placed under a bridge with gentle slopes on either side that meet up with the whitetopped portions of the road.
# Subhash Bhaskar Nair

Subhash Bhaskar Nair (1964–2004)[citation needed] was a gangster and hitman, who was shot dead by the Gujarat police during an encounter in Valsad in June 2004. He was convicted of multiple murders, including that of the former Daman MP Kalidas Patel on 6 January 2003. For many years, Subhash Nair topped the list of Gujarat's most wanted criminals.[citation needed]

## Background

Subhash Nair was born in a Keralite family and joined the Indian Army when he was 18 years of age. He served for 10 years and was discharged in 1993 for bad conduct. After this he turned to criminal activities by robbing a petrol pump in Surat. He came to the attention of the Gujarat law enforcement agencies after he murdered two labourers in 1995.
Nair was attacked and severely injured by gangster Mahalingam Shiva in 2003.. In April 2004, he murdered Deepak Patel, a famous bootlegger of Surat. At the time of his death, Nair was accused in more than 20 cases of murder and attempt to murder. Among his associates were Kartar Singh and Sojan Mathew.
# Moschini

Moschini is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Celia Baudot de Moschini (1910–2006), Argentine chess player
* Francesco Moschini (born 1948), Italian architect, art historian, historian and professor of architecture
* Giacomo Moschini (1896–1943), Italian film actor
* Giannantonio Moschini (1773–1840), Italian author and art critic
* Rolando Mosca Moschini (born 1939), Italian army general
* Silvina Moschini (born 1972), Argentine entrepreneur
# Guanyinge Subdistrict, Jining

Guanyinge Subdistrict (simplified Chinese: 观音阁街道; traditional Chinese: 觀音閣街道; pinyin: Guānyīngé Jiēdào; lit. 'Guanyin Temple') is a subdistrict in Shizhong District, Jining, Shandong province, China. As of 2011, it has 12 residential communities (社区) and two villages under its administration.
# Tourbières-de-Lanoraie Ecological Reserve

Tourbières-de-Lanoraie Ecological Reserve is an ecological reserve in Quebec, Canada. It was established in 1994.
# Šmartinske Cirkovce

Šmartinske Cirkovce (pronounced) is a dispersed settlement in the Municipality of Velenje in northern Slovenia. It lies in the hills above the right bank of the Paka River northeast of Velenje. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. The entire municipality is now included in the Savinja Statistical Region.
# Townhill (electoral ward)

Townhill is an electoral ward of Swansea, Wales, UK. It is named after the Townhill area of Swansea.
The electoral ward consists of some or all of the following geographical areas: Cwm-Gwyn, Mayhill, and Townhill in the parliamentary constituency of Swansea West. The ward is bounded by the wards of Cockett and Cwmbwrla to the north; Castle to the east; and the Uplands to the south.
For electoral purposes the local council divides Townhill into a number of polling districts, which are: Pryderi, Dyfed Avenue, Gwynedd Avenue, Gors Avenue, Mayhill North and Mayhill South. The ward returns three councillors who are Geoffrey Burtonshaw, David Hopkins and Billy Jones, all of whom represent the Labour Party.

## 2008 local council elections

For the 2008 local council elections, the turnout for Townhill was 26.9%. The election results were:
| Candidate | Party | Votes | Status |
| David Henry Hopkins | Labour | 772 | Labour hold |
| Nicholas Stuart Bradley | Labour | 749 | Labour hold |
| William Edwin Alan Jones | Labour | 682 | Labour hold |
| Jacqueline Church | Liberal Democrats | 382 | |
| James Sheridan | Liberal Democrats | 375 | |
| Terence Porter | Independents | 330 | |
| Thomas Caldas | Liberal Democrats | 284 | |
| Hazel Pouline McKnight | Plaid Cymru | 235 | |
| Susan Rosemary Sturgess | Independents | 183 | |
| Simon David Clason Bevan | Conservatives | 119 | |
| Vincent Bishop | Conservatives | 109 | |
| Dayne Ryan Powell | Conservatives | 91 | |

## Districts
### Townhill

The district of Townhill is spread over a steep hill of the same name bordering Mayhill and visible from the Swansea city centre. The area overlooks Swansea City Centre, the docklands and Swansea Bay.

### Mayhill

The district of Mayhill is spread over the top of a steep hill just north west of the city centre.
51°37′42″N 3°57′58″W﻿ / ﻿51.62833°N 3.96624°W﻿ / 51.62833; -3.96624
# Grudaš

Grudaš is a village in the municipality of Žitorađa, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 280 people.
# Gruda (surname)

Gruda is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Agnès Gruda, Polish-born Canadian journalist and fiction writer
* Ayşen Gruda (1944–2019), Turkish actress and comedian
* Brajan Gruda (born 2004), German football player
* Ildi Gruda (born 1999), Albanian football player
* Mirsad Gruda (born 1986), Albanian football player
* Sandrine Gruda (born 1987), French basketball player
* Suad Gruda (born 1991), Macedonian-born Swedish football player
* Yılmaz Gruda (1930–2023), Turkish actor, poet, playwright, and translator
# Tormentic acid

Tormentic acid is a chemical compound isolated from Luehea divaricata and Agrimonia eupatoria. Tormentic acid derivatives have been synthesized and studied.
# Total Force 2

Total Force 2 (also known as Absolute Force) is a 1997 action film co-produced, written and directed by Steven Kaman and starring Timothy Bottoms and Oleg Taktarov. The film is a sequel for Total Force (1996), that was also written and directed by Kaman and starred by Bottoms.

## Premise

A corrupt politician intends to use a powerful weapon to execute an evil plan

## Cast

* Timothy Bottoms as Lt. John Drake
* Oleg Taktarov as Agent Borris Checkniov
* Tom Bresnahan as Spike
* Warren A. Stevens as Stax
* Calista Carradine as August
# Total Fucking Necro

Total Fucking Necro is a compilation album comprising two complete Anaal Nathrakh demos, Anaal Nathrakh and Total Fucking Necro, and one previously unreleased track from the unreleased We Will Fucking Kill You demo (2001). This album was originally released on Leviaphonic Records in 2000 with only 8 tracks and a different track order. A re-issue of the album was released on June 11, 2021. The re-issue includes a limited edition run of special vinyls, along with a jewel case CD.

## Reception

Pedro Avezedo from Chronicles of Chaos gave the album 8/10 in his review. He praised the aggressive nature of the album, also stating that the album was more destructive than Ulver's Bergtatt – Et eeventyr i 5 capitler. However, Avezedo criticized the production of the album.

## Personnel

* V.I.T.R.I.O.L. – vocals
* Leicia – bass
* Irrumator – all other instruments
# Torneo Nacional de Clubes 2016

The Torneo Nacional de Clubes 2016 (2016 Clubs National Tournament) was the 41st edition of the main clubs handball tournament organised by the Confederación Argentina de Handball, it was held between 04–08 October at the city of Comodoro Rivadavia.

## Groups Stage
### Group A

| Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD |
| SAG Villa Ballester | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 95 | 78 | 17 |
| Municipalidad de Maipú | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 93 | 83 | 10 |
| CISD Nueva Generacion | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 77 | 80 | -3 |
| EMH Viedma | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 60 | 84 | -24 |

### Group B

| Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD |
| UNLu | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 106 | 61 | 45 |
| Colegio Ward | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 99 | 68 | 31 |
| Belgrano de San Nicolas | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 55 | 104 | -49 |
| CSD Petroquimica | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 55 | 82 | -27 |
* Teams qualified to the semi-finals

## Knockout stage
### Championship bracket

| Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final |
| 12 September | 12 September |
| SAG Villa Ballester | 31 |
| SAG Villa Ballester | 31 | 13 September | 13 September |
| Colegio Ward | 25 | 13 September | 13 September |
| Colegio Ward | 25 | SAG Villa Ballester | 34 |
| 12 September | 12 September | | SAG Villa Ballester | 34 |
| 12 September | 12 September | UNLu | 36 |
| UNLu | 31 | UNLu | 36 |
| Municipalidad de Maipú | 19 | | |
| Municipalidad de Maipú | 19 | Third place game | Third place game |
| | | 13 September | 13 September |
| | | Colegio Ward | 31 |
| | | Municipalidad de Maipú | 23 |

### 5–8th place bracket

| Semifinals | Semifinals | Fifth place game | Fifth place game |
| 12 September | 12 September |
| CISD Nueva Generacion | 18 |
| CISD Nueva Generacion | 18 | 12 September | 12 September |
| CSD Petroquimica | 22 | 12 September | 12 September |
| CSD Petroquimica | 22 | CISD Nueva Generacion | 33 |
| 12 September | 12 September | | CISD Nueva Generacion | 33 |
| 12 September | 12 September | EMH Viedma | 32 |
| Belgrano de San Nicolas | 22 | EMH Viedma | 32 |
| EMH Viedma | 26 | | |
| EMH Viedma | 26 | Seventh place game | Seventh place game |
| | | 12 September | 12 September |
| | | CSD Petroquimica | 39 |
| | | Belgrano de San Nicolas | 28 |

## Final

| 8 october 2016 13:20 | SAG Villa Ballester | 34–36 | UNLu | Comodoro Rivadavia Referees: Marina, Acuna (ARG) |
| 8 october 2016 13:20 | Aizen 7 | (19–18) | Fernandez 11 | Comodoro Rivadavia Referees: Marina, Acuna (ARG) |
| 8 october 2016 13:20 | 3× 4× 1× | Report | 1× 5× | Comodoro Rivadavia Referees: Marina, Acuna (ARG) |

## Final standing

| Rank | Team |
| 1 | UNLu |
| 2 | SAG Villa Ballester |
| 3 | Colegio Ward |
| 4 | Municipalidad de Maipú |
| 5 | CISD Nueva Generación |
| 6 | EMH Viedma |
| 7 | Belgrano de San Nicolas |
| * | CSD Petroquimica (invited) |
* Team qualified to the 2017 Pan American Men's Club Handball Championship

## Awards
### All-star team

* Goalkeeper: Tomás Villarroel
* Right Wing: Ramiro Martínez
* Right Back: Federico Pizarro
* Playmaker: Nicolás Bono
* Left Back: Juan Pablo Fernández
* Left Wing: Leonardo Werner
* Pivot: Mariano Canepa
# Torneo Islantilla Golf

The Torneo Islantilla Golf was a golf tournament on the Challenge Tour. It was played 1993 in Islantilla, Spain.

## Winners

| Year | Winner | Score | To par | Margin of victory | Runner-up | Ref. |
| 1993 | Magnus Persson | 283 | −5 | 1 stroke | Antonio Garrido | |
# Trachypepla indolescens

Trachypepla importuna is a moth of the family Oecophoridae and was first described by Edward Meyrick in 1927. This moth is thought to have been introduced to New Zealand, but is presumed to be native to Australia. T. importuna has been collected in both the North and South Islands of New Zealand. It inhabits native scrub and adults are on the wing in January and February. The placement of this species in the genus Trachypepla is regarded as unsatisfactory and in need of revision.

## Taxonomy

This species was first described by Edward Meyrick in 1927 using a male specimen collected by George Hudson in the suburb of Karori in Wellington. George Hudson discussed and illustrated this species in his book The butterflies and moths of New Zealand. The male holotype is held at the Natural History Museum, London. The classification of this moth within the genus Trachypepla is regarded as unsatisfactory and in need of revision. As such this species is currently also known as Trachypepla (s.l.) indolescens.

## Description

Meyrick described this species as follows:
   ♂ 18 mm. Head white. Palpi white, second joint grey except apex, terminal joint grey anteriorly. Antennal ciliations 1. Thorax light grey, sides of metathorax and patagia except shoulders white. Forewings with costa moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded; brownish-grey; a rather narrow suffused white angulated fascia about ⅓ stigmata forming small cloudy dark fuscous spots, plical hardly beyond first discal, these adjoining preceding fascia; a broad suffused white fascia preceding second discal, in disc extended anteriorly by broad white suffusion to touch stigmata; beyond this the posterior area suffused white except a line of ground colour from costa at 2/3 to tornus, excurved in disc and indented towards costa; a marginal series of triangular dark fuscous dots round posterior part of costa and termen: cilia fuscous-whitish. Hindwings light grey; cilia ochreous-whitish.

## Distribution

T. importuna, although first described from a specimen collected in New Zealand, is regarded as originating from Australia. In New Zealand, this species has been collected in both the North and South Islands.

## Habitat

This species inhabits native scrub.

## Behaviour

Adults of this species are on the wing in January and February.
# Guadalupe, Costa Rica

Guadalupe is a district of the Goicoechea canton, in the San José province of Costa Rica. It is the head city of the Goicoechea Canton, and now fully incorporated in the Metropolitan Area of San Jose.

## History

Guadalupe acquired the title of city on 10 August 1920

## Geography

Guadalupe has an area of 2.38 km$^2$ and an elevation of 1,204 metres.

## Demographics

For the 2011 census, Guadalupe had a population of 20,663 inhabitants.

## Transportation
### Road transportation

The district is covered by the following road routes:
* National Route 39
* National Route 108
* National Route 200
* National Route 201
* National Route 205
* National Route 218

## Notable people

* Ulises Segura - Soccer player for D.C. United
# Guadalupe, Panama

Guadalupe is a corregimiento in La Chorrera District, Panamá Oeste Province, Panama with a population of 34,242 as of 2010. Its population as of 1990 was 18,015; its population as of 2000 was 26,857. Guadalupe's representative between 2009 and 2012 was Sumaya Judith Cedeño. It is part of the urban area of La Chorrera.
# Gurdwara Lal Khoohi

Gurdwara Lal Khoohi (The Bloody Well), alternatively Gurdwara Lal Khooh or Lal Khoo, literally Gurdwara Well of Blood was a historical Gurdwara located near Mochi Gate in Lahore, Pakistan.

## Historical significance

It was built at the site where the fifth Sikh Guru, Guru Arjan Dev, was incarcerated during the reign of the Mughal Emperor, Jehangir.

## Conversion to an Islamic shrine

It has since been converted into a Muslim shrine, Haq Char Yaar, in reference to the first four caliphs in Islam. In 2007, Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee condemned this act by muslims.

## Gallery

* Mai Di Beri tree situated in the site of Lal Khoohi
# Gurdwara Mata Sunder Kaur

Gurdwara Mata Sunder Kaur is a historical site visited by Mata Sundari, Baba Deep Singh and Bhai Mani Singh during their trip to Delhi after the evacuation of Guru Gobind Singh, his family and Khalsa Army from Anandpur Sahib. The Gurdwara is located in Sector 70, Mohali, Punjab. The Gurdwara is controlled by Budha Dal Nihang Sikhs.
# Translation Changes Everything

Translation changes everything: Theory and practice is a collection of essays written by translation theorist Lawrence Venuti. during the period 2000–2012.
Venuti conceives translation as an interpretive act with far-reaching social effects, at once enabled and constrained by specific cultural situations. The selection sketches the trajectory of his thinking about translation while engaging with the main trends in research and commentary. The issues covered include basic concepts like equivalence, retranslation, and reader reception; sociological topics like the impact of translations in the academy and the global cultural economy; and philosophical problems such as the translator's unconscious and translation ethics.

## Essays within book

| Essay | First published in | Year of publication |
| 1. Translation, Community, Utopia | The Translation Studies Reader | 2000 |
| 2. The Difference that Translation Makes: The Translator's Unconscious | Translation Studies: Perspectives on an Emerging Discipline | 2002 |
| 3. Translating Derrida on Translation: Relevance and Disciplinary Resistance | The Yale Journal of Criticism | 2003 |
| 4. Translating Jacopone da Todi: Archaic Poetries and Modern Audiences | Translation and Literature | 2003 |
| 5. Retranslations: The Creation of Value | Bucknell Review | 2004 |
| 6. How to Read a Translation | Words without Borders | 2004 |
| 7. Local Contingencies: Translation and National Identities | Nation, Language & the Ethics of Translation | 2005 |
| 8. Translation, Simulacra, Resistance | Translation Studies | 2008 |
| 9. Translation on the Book Market | | |
| 10. Teaching in Translation | Teaching World Literature | 2009 |
| 11. The Poet's Version; or, An Ethics of Translation | Translation Studies | 2011 |
| 12. Translation Studies and World Literature | Routledge Companion to World Literature | 2012 |
| 13. Translation Trebled: Ernest Farré's Edward Hopper in English | | |
| 14. Towards a Translation Culture | The Iowa Review | 2011 |

## Scholarly reviews

Wei Liu in Perspectives Studies in Translatology published 1 December 2013.
John-Mark Philo in Oxford Comparative Criticism & Translation (OCCT) published 6 August 2014.
Anthony Pym in The European Legacy published 3 October 2015.
# Tory Action

Tory Action was a right-wing pressure group within the British Conservative Party, founded in November 1974 by George Kennedy Young and Airey Neave and right-wing defectors from the Monday Club.

## Activities

It was a secretive outfit in which membership was only open to Conservative Party members of two or more years standing, although their 'Aims' simply say "paid-up members". Its published 'Aims' state that "we do not have a corporate creed and our membership holds a variety of views but most feel strongly on sound public finance, on the need for denationalisation, European Union reform, law and order, combatting subversion, halting the growth of the non-European population in the UK, and a repatriation programme."
It published a newsletter entitled The Round Robin.
The group claimed to have a "country-wide network of Conservative office-holders and activists" and claimed credit for canvassing for Margaret Thatcher in her constituency for the 1979 General Election. In 1981, George Young claimed it had the support of at least 25 Conservative MPs, including Ronald Bell who had hosted a Tory Action reception in the House of Commons in December 1980.
By 1990, the Tory Action Committee consisted of (Chairman) ?, Adrian Davies, Stephen Derry, Geoffrey W Bevan, Michael R Wheddon.
The group ceased activities in the early 1990s.
# Totem Bight State Historical Park

Totem Bight State Historical Park is a 33-acre (13 ha) state park in the U.S. state of Alaska. It is located north of Ketchikan.

## Description and history

The park is located on the former site of a traditional Native campground known as Mud Village and Mud Bight Village. It contains a collection of totem poles and a replica of a traditional chieftain's house. This wood-frame structure has a low oval entrance, leading into a square chamber with a central fire pit, decorated with carved "house posts". A stylized raven adorns the main facade. The carvings on the house were executed by Charles Brown, a Native of Saxman.
The United States Forest Service used Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) funds to hire skilled carvers from among the older Native Alaskans to repair or duplicate totem poles that were abandoned when the natives moved to communities where work was available. The CCC project built the community house and placed 15 totem poles, most of them replicas of 19th-century poles. At statehood in 1959, title to the land passed from the federal government to the State of Alaska.
The historic site, comprising 8.5 acres (3.4 ha) of the park, was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 27, 1970.
# Track circuit interrupter

A track circuit interrupter may be fitted at catch points, trap points or buffer stops to maintain a track circuit in the 'occupied' state in the event of a derailment. The track circuit remains de-energised until the interrupter is replaced.
GK/RT0011 specifies the requirements for the provision of track circuit interrupters.
# Gunapala

Gunapala is both a given name and a surname. Notable people with the name include:
* Gunapala Amarasinghe, Sri Lankan academic
* Gunapala Malalasekera (1899–1973), Sri Lankan academic
* Gunapala Rathnasekara (born 1961), Sri Lankan academic
* Gunapala Tissakuttiarachchi, Sri Lankan politician
* Sarath Gunapala, Sri Lankan physicist