OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Theory of functional systems

The theory of functional systems is a model that describes the structure of conduct, which was established by Russian and Soviet biologist and physiologist Pyotr Anokhin.

## Overview

Functional systems were put forward by Anokhin as an alternative to the predominant concept of reflexes. Contrary to reflexes, the endpoints of functional systems are not actions themselves but adaptive results of these actions.
In contrast to reflexes, which are based on linear spread of information from receptors to executive organs through the central nervous system, functional systems are self-organizing non-linear systems composed of synchronized distributed elements.
"The principle of functional systems": association of private mechanisms of the body in a holistic system of adaptive behavioral act, the establishment of "integrative unity".
There are two types of functional systems:
* System of the first type provide homeostasis due to internal (existing) resources of the body, inside its boundaries (e.g. blood pressure).
* System of a second type supports homeostasis due to a change of behavior, interaction with the outside world and are the basis of different types of behavior.

## Stages of the behavioral act

* Afferent synthesis
    Any excitement in the central nervous system there is in interaction with other excitations: the brain analyzes these excitations. Synthesis determines the following factors:
** Motivation
** Pad afferentation (excitation caused by conditioned and unconditioned stimuli)
** Situational afferentation (arousal from familiar surroundings, causing a reflex, and dynamic stereotypes)
** Memory (of species and individual)
* Decision-making
** The formation of action result acceptor (creating the ideal image and its retention goals, presumably, at the physiological level is circulating in the ring interneuron excitation)
** Efferent synthesis (or the stage of the program, integration of somatic and autonomic excitations in a single behavioral act. The action is formed, but is not manifested externally)
* Action (program execution behavior)
* Evaluation result of the action
    At this stage, comparison of the actual running of the ideal image created during the formation of acceptor result of the action (the reverse occurs afferentation) based on a comparison of the action, or adjusted, or terminated.
* Meeting the needs (authorizing termination of stage)
Choice of targets and methods of achieving them are the key factors that regulate behavior. According to Anokhin, in the structure of the behavioral act afferent feedback compared with the acceptor of the result gives a positive or negative situational emotions affect the correction or termination of action (another type of emotion, leading emotions, are associated with satisfaction or dissatisfaction needs in general, with the formation of the target). In addition, the behavior affect the memories of positive and negative emotions.
In general, behavioral act is characterized by meaningful and active role of the subject.
# Autoroute 50

Autoroute 50 may refer to:
* A50 autoroute, in France
* Quebec Autoroute 50, in Quebec, Canada
# Giuliano Teatino

Giuliano Teatino is a comune and town in the province of Chieti in the Abruzzo region of Italy. It is located on a hill between the streams Venna and Dendalo, tributaries of the Foro River, and is a medieval burgh dating from the 11th century. It was a fief, among the others, of the Orsini and the Caracciolo.
# Yonetaro Nakazawa

Yonetaro Nakazawa (中沢 米太郎, Nakazawa Yonetarō, 26 September 1903 – 5 February 1984) is a Japanese track and field athlete. He competed at the 1928 Summer Olympics in the pole vault and decathlon and finished in sixth and 22nd place, respectively. He was the flag bearer for Japan at those Olympics.
He also competed for Japan at the Far Eastern Championship Games (a forerunner to the Asian Games) and was the winner of the pole vault competition in 1923 in Osaka and again in 1927.
# Yonezawa (surname)

Yonezawa (written: 米澤 or 米沢) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Akinori Yonezawa (born 1947), Japanese computer scientist
* Atsushi Yonezawa (米澤 淳司, born 1985), Japanese footballer
* Honobu Yonezawa (born 1978), Japanese writer
* Madoka Yonezawa (米澤 円, born 1982), Japanese voice actress and singer
* Takeshi Yonezawa (born 1969), Japanese footballer
* Toru Yonezawa (米沢 徹, born 1958), Japanese tennis player
* Yoshihiro Yonezawa (1953-2006), Japanese manga author
# This Book Is Broken

This Book Is Broken is a book written by Eye Weekly editor Stuart Berman about the Toronto indie rock band Broken Social Scene, from its inception to its critical acclaim.
# Tholera hilaris

Tholera hilaris is a species of moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found from the southern part of European Russia to the Caucasus region, Transcaucasia, Turkey and Israel.
Adults are on wing from September to October. There is one generation per year.
# Avaz

Avaz may refer to:
* Avaz (music), unmetered vocal section of a mode in Persian music
* Avaz (album), 2005 rock album by the Turkish band Replikas
* Avaz app, a communication app for children with autism and communication disabilities
* Avaz Temirkhan (born 1959), Azerbaijani politician

## Places

* Avaz, Iran, a city in Fars Province
* Avaz, Razavi Khorasan, a village in Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran
* Avaz, South Khorasan, a village in South Khorasan Province, Iran
# Giulio Crimi

Giulio Crimi (May 10, 1885 – October 29, 1939) was an Italian operatic tenor.

## Biography

Crimi was born in Paternò, Italy. He studied in Catania with Adernò and made his debut in Palermo, as Manrico in Il trovatore, in 1910, later appearing in Treviso as Hagenbach in La Wally. He sang throughout Italy, Rome, Milan, etc., and created in Turin the role of Paolo in Zandonai's Francesca da Rimini in 1914. That same year saw his debut in London, where he sang the role of Avito in the local premiere of L'amore dei tre re, at the Royal Opera House.
In 1916, he made his debut at the Teatro Colón in Buenos Aires, and at the Lyric Opera of Chicago. His Metropolitan Opera debut took place in November 1918, as Radames in Aida, the following month (on December 14) he created the roles of Luigi and Rinuccio in the Puccini operas Il tabarro and Gianni Schicchi. He remained at the Met until 1922, singing Rodolfo, Alfredo, Turiddu, Canio, Chénier, Milio.
Other notable roles included des Grieux, Alvaro, Walther, Vasco, etc. He retired from the stage in 1927, and taught in Rome, where he died in 1939. Amongst his pupils were Gino Del Signore and Tito Gobbi.
# Girl of My Dreams

Girl of My Dreams may refer to:
* "Girl of My Dreams" (Juice Wrld and Suga song), 2021
* "Girl of My Dreams" (The Moffatts song), 1999
* "Girl of My Dreams" (Rod Wave song), 2020
* Girl of My Dreams (album), 2022 studio album by Fletcher
* "Girl of My Dreams", song by Chris Brown from Indigo
* "Girl of My Dreams", a song by Bram Tchaikovsky
* "Girl of My Dreams (I Love You) [de]", written by Sunny Clapp [de] (1927); see List of songs recorded by Perry Como
# Girl o' My Dreams

Girl o' My Dreams (a.k.a. Love Race) is a 1934 American college comedy film directed by Ray McCarey and featuring Sterling Holloway and Lon Chaney Jr.

## Plot

Larry Haines is the school's track champion. The “Big Man on Campus”, his success goes straight to his head. His friends, Spec Early, Bobby Barnes, and his girlfriend Gwen, get fed up with him, and his swollen head.
They decide that he needs to get his big head deflated; so, they rig the “Joe Senior” college contest, so Larry comes in second. They make sure Don Cooper wins; and, he begins to go out with Gwen, much to the dismay of his own steady girlfriend Mary.
It soon becomes clear that Mary's not the only thing Don's forgotten about. It looks like both Don and Larry are in such a muddle they, and their school, are going to lose the track meet. Once again, it's up to the girls to sort out the mess, and spur them on to victory.

## Cast

* Mary Carlisle as Gwen
* Sterling Holloway as Spec Early
* Edward J. Nugent as Larry Haines
* Arthur Lake as Bobby Barnes
* Lon Chaney Jr. as Don Cooper
* Tom Dugan as Joe Smiley
* Gigi Parrish as Mary
* Jeanie Roberts as Kittens
* Betty Mae Crane of The Crane Sisters as 'Nip and Tuck' Twin
* Beverly Crane of The Crane Sisters as 'Nip and Tuck' Twin
* Lee Shumway as Coach
* Ted Dahl as Orchestra Leader
# Yoroa taylori

Yoroa taylori is a species of comb-footed spider in the family Theridiidae. It is found in Queensland.
The species was discovered in northern Queensland, the authors describing a new species and revising a previously monotypic genus.
# They Crawl

They Crawl is a 2002 American science fiction horror film directed by John Allardice, and written by Curtis Joseph and David Mason. The film stars Daniel Cosgrove, Tamara Davies, Dennis Boutsikaris and Mickey Rourke. The film is about giant killer cockroaches and was released in Italian television on March 1, 2001. It was subsequently released directly to video in some other countries.
# Thirumalayampalayam

Thirumalayampalayam is a panchayat town in Coimbatore district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is an important suburb of Coimbatore.

## Demographics

As of 2001 India census, Thirumalayampalayam had a population of 11,567. Males constitute 50% of the population and females 50%. Thirumalayampalayam has an average literacy rate of 53%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 60%, and female literacy is 46%. In Thirumalayampalayam, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age.
# Giuseppina Cobelli

Giuseppina Cobelli (1 August 1898 - 10 August 1948) was an Italian operatic dramatic soprano.
She was born in Maderno on Lake Garda on 1 August 1898 and studied in Bologna and Hamburg. Her debut was as La Gioconda in Piacenza in 1924. She performed at La Scala from 1925 to 1942, and created the role of Silvana in Ottorino Respighi's La fiamma in Rome in 1934.
In Grove's Dictionary of Opera Singers she is described as "A beautiful woman with a highly individual voice and dramatic temperament".
She only made two commercial recordings and has been described as "now virtually forgotten star of La Scala" and a "forgotten opera singer".
She died in Barbarano, near Salò, on 10 August 1948.
# Avalanche effect

In cryptography, the avalanche effect is the desirable property of cryptographic algorithms, typically block ciphers and cryptographic hash functions, wherein if an input is changed slightly (for example, flipping a single bit), the output changes significantly (e.g., half the output bits flip). In the case of high-quality block ciphers, such a small change in either the key or the plaintext should cause a drastic change in the ciphertext. The actual term was first used by Horst Feistel, although the concept dates back to at least Shannon's diffusion.
If a block cipher or cryptographic hash function does not exhibit the avalanche effect to a significant degree, then it has poor randomization, and thus a cryptanalyst can make predictions about the input, being given only the output. This may be sufficient to partially or completely break the algorithm. Thus, the avalanche effect is a desirable condition from the point of view of the designer of the cryptographic algorithm or device. Failure to incorporate this characteristic leads to the hash function being exposed to attacks including collision attacks, length extension attacks, and preimage attacks.
Constructing a cipher or hash to exhibit a substantial avalanche effect is one of the primary design objectives, and mathematically the construction takes advantage of the butterfly effect. This is why most block ciphers are product ciphers. It is also why hash functions have large data blocks. Both of these features allow small changes to propagate rapidly through iterations of the algorithm, such that every bit of the output should depend on every bit of the input before the algorithm terminates.

## Strict avalanche criterion

The strict avalanche criterion (SAC) is a formalization of the avalanche effect. It is satisfied if, whenever a single input bit is complemented, each of the output bits changes with a 50% probability. The SAC builds on the concepts of completeness and avalanche and was introduced by Webster and Tavares in 1985.
Higher-order generalizations of SAC involve multiple input bits. Boolean functions which satisfy the highest order SAC are always bent functions, also called maximally nonlinear functions, also called "perfect nonlinear" functions.

## Bit independence criterion

The bit independence criterion (BIC) states that output bits j and k should change independently when any single input bit i is inverted, for all i, j and k.
# Giovan Francesco Locatelli

Giovan Francesco Locatelli (1810–1882) was an Italian painter, mainly of genre subjects.

## Biography

Among his works are: La carità al povero cieco; Un mendicante; Un concerto musicale; Suonatore girovago; Vecchio pezzente; and Musica in famiglia. The father of the 17th-18th century painter Andrea Locatelli was also a painter named Giovanni Francesco. One of his works highlights class conflicts, such as The Rich and the Poor. Another of his works, Three Venetian Girls, is owned by the Tewksbury public library in Massachusetts. His painting of Flora is in the Museo Civico of Padua.
# Giovan Donato Giannoni Alitto

Giovan Donato Giannoni Alitto (1636–1698) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Ruvo (1680–1698).

## Biography

Giovan Donato Giannoni Alitto was born in Bitonto, Italy in 1636. On 11 March 1680, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Innocent XI as Bishop of Ruvo. On 17 March 1680, he was consecrated bishop by Francesco Nerli (iuniore), Archbishop of Florence, with Stefano Brancaccio, Bishop of Viterbo e Tuscania, and Lorenzo Trotti, Bishop of Pavia, serving as co-consecrators. He served as Bishop of Ruvo until his death in 1698.

## Episcopal succession

While bishop, he was the principal co-consecrator of:
* Carolus de Tilly, Bishop of Acerra (1692);
* Francesco Antonio Triveri, Bishop of Andria (1692); and
* Nicola Cirillo, Bishop of Nicastro (1692).
# Supervizion

Supervizion is a business consulting firm founded in 1986 that provide artist management, management consulting and creative services.
The firm is active in the music industry and other creative industries. Supervizion has been involved in record production within electronic dance music and rap music. Supervizion's creative work has been displayed during Fashion Week in Stockholm, the show was broadcast in northern Europe by the TV channel Star!.
# Autobiography of Ahmose Pen-Nekhebet

The Autobiography of Ahmose Pen Nekhbet is a tomb inscription from ancient Egypt, which is significant to Egyptology studies. Ahmose Pen Nekhbet was an ancient Egyptian official who started his career under Ahmose I and served all the pharaohs until Thutmose III. His autobiographical inscriptions are important for the understanding of the history of the early New Kingdom, though less detailed than those of his contemporary Ahmose, son of Ebana. In his tomb, he mentions his brother Khaemwaset and his wife Ipu, (who some have suggested may be the same as the royal nurse Ipu, mother of Queen Satiah). His tomb is located in Nekhen where it is given the designation EK2.
Under Ahmose I, he fought in Northern Canaan; then he followed Amenhotep I to Nubia, accompanied Thutmose I to Naharin, and campaigned with Thutmose II in Sinai.
He held many offices such as wearer of the royal seal, chief treasurer and herald. His autobiography ends with the assertion that he had been the tutor of Neferure, daughter of Hatshepsut.
# Supervolcano (disambiguation)

A supervolcano is a type of volcano.
Supervolcano may also refer to:
* Supervolcano, a 2005 television disaster film
* Supervolcano, a series of novels by Harry Turtledove
# Autobiography of Parley Parker Pratt

The Autobiography of Parley Parker Pratt is the 1874 posthumous autobiography of Latter Day Saint apostle Parley P. Pratt. It was compiled from Pratt's writings by Pratt's son, Parley P. Pratt Jr., with assistance from his wife and apostle John Taylor.
The Autobiography is the most frequently read of Pratt's several works, and it has been suggested that "excluding Lucy Mack Smith's Biographical Sketches ..., it is possibly the most important [Latter Day Saint] historical work written in the nineteenth century". The same author states that due to its accessible prose, it "remains one of the most frequently read texts for Latter-day Saints even in the twenty-first century".
# Frederick Montagu

Frederick Montagu may refer to:
* Frederick Montagu (MP, born 1733) (1733–1800), British member of parliament (MP) for Northampton, and for Higham Ferrers
* Lord Frederick Montagu (1774–1827), British politician, Postmaster General and MP for Huntingdonshire
# Indeterminacy problem

The indeterminacy problem is posed as a kind of paradox in the study of the sociology and history of science. It is often used as an argument against the rational value of scientific thought.
The argument is as follows:
* There are an infinite number of possible theories,
* There can only be a finite amount of experimental evidence,
* Therefore, it is impossible to disambiguate between all viable theories.
While this is true in this abstract form, in practice, parsimony is used to limit the number of theories which are considered useful, and likewise, to limit the number of directions to take experimental research. Occam's Razor, seeking the simplest explanation, forms much of the basis of modern scientific thought; a theory which accounts best for all observed phenomena, does not predict disproven phenomena, and does not introduce unobserved phenomena is to be preferred.
Moreover, data obtained by one experiment can be applied to more than one hypothesis, and proven hypotheses can be applied to more than one theory. For example, the theory of gravity has implications for innumerable other theories. There is not an infinite number of possible theories, since the available theories are limited by the ideas which have actually been imagined by scientists.
# You Bring On the Sun

"You Bring on the Sun" is a song by British-American band Londonbeat, released in June 1992 by Anxious Records as the lead single from their third studio album, Harmony (1992). It was produced by Martyn Phillips and written by the four members of the band, and also received remixes by David Morales and Snowboy. Becoming a major European hit, it was a top-10 hit in several countries, like Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain and Sweden. In the UK, it peaked at number 32, and on the Eurochart Hot 100, it reached number 10 in July 1992. Outside Europe, the song peaked at number 135 in Australia.

## Critical reception

Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic described the song as a "enjoyable" slice of early-'90s "soulful, tuneful dance-pop". British Lennox Herald deemed it "typically catchy and commercial." A reviewer from Music & Media wrote, "As if time stood still, here is vintage Londonbeat, delivering their soulful pop with those heavenly vocals and the trademark twangy guitar in the background. This will exactly fulfil the public's demand." Siân Pattenden from Smash Hits gave it three out of five.

## Music video

A music video was produced to promote the single, featuring the band performing in front of a giant yellow sun. It was later made available on Londonbeat's official YouTube channel in 2013 and had generated more than 6.6 million views as of February 2024.

## Track listings

* 12-inch maxi, Europe (1992)
* "You Bring On the Sun" (Sunshine Samba mix) – 5:15
* "You Bring On the Sun" (7-inch) – 3:35
* "You Bring On the Sun" (Cruise Control mix) – 6:00
* "You Bring On the Sun" (Cruise Control edit) – 3:50
* CD single, UK and Europe (1992)
* "You Bring On the Sun" (7-inch) – 3:39
* "You Bring On the Sun" (Morales club) – 5:45
* "You Bring On the Sun" (Sunshine Samba mix) – 5:17
* "Dreaming of You" (Deep Sleep mix) – 5:03
* CD maxi, UK and Europe (1992)
* "You Bring On the Sun" (7-inch) – 3:39
* "You Bring On the Sun" (Sunshine Samba mix) – 5:17
* "Dreaming of You" (Deep Sleep mix) – 5:03
# Hoyt-Shedd Estate

The Hoyt-Shedd Estate is a historic residential estate at 386-396 Andover Street and 569-579 East Merrimack Street in Lowell, Massachusetts. The houses at 386 and 396 Andover Street are large Stick style mansions, built about the same time (c. 1873) and designed by the same architect. They were built for the friends and business partners E. W. Hoyt and F. B. Shedd. Together they made a fortune selling perfume and related products.
The estate was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 17, 1984, and was included in the Andover Street Historic District on June 2, 2000.
# Yu Ishizu

Yu Ishizu (石津 優, Ishizu Yū, born 8 April 1987, in Hiroshima, Japan) is a Japanese archer. At the 2012 Summer Olympics he competed for his country in the Men's team event and the men's individual event.
In the team event, Japan beat India in the first round after a shootout, before losing by one point to the US. Ishizu was knocked out in the first round of the individual event, losing 7-1 to Simon Terry.
# Howie Jolliff

Howard "Howie" Jolliff (born July 20, 1938) is an American former professional basketball player. Jolliff was selected in the 1960 NBA draft by the Minneapolis Lakers after a collegiate career at Ohio University. In his NBA career, Jolliff averaged 2.8 points, 4.2 rebounds, and 0.8 assists per game while playing for the Lakers.
In 2010, ESPN ranked him as the "least productive player in Lakers history" among players who had played in at least 100 games for the team.

## Career statistics
### NBA

Source

#### Regular season

| Year | Team | GP | MPG | FG% | FT% | RPG | APG | PPG |
| 1960–61 | L.A. Lakers | 46 | 7.7 | .326 | .478 | 3.1 | .3 | 2.2 |
| 1961–62 | L.A. Lakers | 64 | 17.1 | .411 | .526 | 6.0 | 1.2 | 3.9 |
| 1962–63 | L.A. Lakers | 28 | 10.5 | .273 | .667 | 2.2 | .7 | 1.3 |
| Career | Career | 138 | 12.6 | .367 | .527 | 4.2 | .8 | 2.8 |

### Playoffs

| Year | Team | GP | MPG | FG% | FT% | RPG | APG | PPG |
| 1961 | L.A. Lakers | 4 | 8.8 | .462 | – | 6.3 | 2.0 | 3.0 |
| 1962 | L.A. Lakers | 9 | 8.6 | .222 | 1.000 | 3.1 | .8 | 1.3 |
| Career | Career | 13 | 8.6 | .364 | 1.000 | 4.1 | 1.2 | 1.8 |
# Thiomorpholine

Thiomorpholine, HN(CH$_2$)$_4$S, is a heterocyclic compound containing nitrogen and sulfur. It can be considered a thio analog of morpholine.
It can be prepared from cysteamine and vinyl chloride:
    H$_2$NCH$_2$CH$_2$SH + CH$_2$=CHCl → HN(CH$_2$)$_4$S + HCl
# Vong

Vong may refer to:

## People

* Vong Kan, Cambodian politician
* Vong Phaophanit (born 1961), British artist
* Vong Pisen, Cambodian general
* Vong Sarendy (1929–1975), Fleet Admiral in the Khmer Republic
* Vong Savang (1931–1978), Crown Prince to the throne of the Kingdom of Laos
* Vong Lu Veng (born 1950), Hong Kong table tennis player
* Kan En Vong (born 1899), Chinese kindergarten educator
* Sisavang Vong (1885–1959), king of the Kingdom of Luang Phrabang and Kingdom of Laos
* Tep Vong (born 1932), Cambodian Buddhist monk

## Other uses

* VONG, a shortwave relay of CBN (AM) in Newfoundland, Canada
* Vọng cổ, a Vietnamese song and musical structure
* Yuuzhan Vong, a fictional alien species from the Star Wars universe
* Several restaurants owned by French-American chef Jean-Georges Vongerichten
# Thiomonas intermedia

Thiomonas intermedia is a Gram-negative, aerobic, moderately acidophilic bacterium from the genus Thiomonas, which has the ability to oxidise sulfur compounds. Thiomonas intermedia was isolated from an sewage pipe in Hamburg.