OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Sheldon M. Wiederhorn

Sheldon M. Wiederhorn (May 4, 1933 – June 3, 2021) was an American materials scientist affiliated with the National Institute of Standards and Technology.

## Biography

Wiederhorn was born on May 4, 1933, in The Bronx, the son of immigrants. He received his B.S. in chemical engineering from Columbia University in 1956 and was a member of the men's swim team. He then received his M.S. and Ph.D. from the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign.
Wiederhorn's first job after university was at E.I. Du Pont de Nemours & Co., where he did research on the mechanical behavior of ceramic materials. He then joined the National Bureau of Standards to lead research on the mechanical behavior of glasses and ceramic materials and stayed at the institute for the rest of his working and emeritus career. He was known for his research applying fracture mechanics to ceramic materials and experiments he designed to characterize subcritical crack growth in glasses and how water influences crack propagation.
For his research, Wiederhorn received a Samuel Wesley Stratton Award in 1977 by the National Bureau of Standards. He was also elected a member of The American Ceramic Society (ACerS) in 1970 and was made a Distinguished Life Member in 1998. He was editor of the Journal of the American Ceramic Society for 15 years and served on the board of directors of ACerS from 2005 to 2008.
Wiederhorn was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 1991 for "outstanding advancements in the development and application of test methods and basic understanding of the mechanical properties of ceramics."
Wiederhorn died on June 3, 2021, at age 88.
# Shen Zhong

沈重 Shěn Zhòng is a sixth-century Chinese philologist. In his commentary of the Book of Songs he was the first scholar to note that the poems did not rhyme in contemporary pronunciation. He suggested pronouncing words differently in order to make the rhymes work. This practice is referred to as xíe yùn.
# Live 1973

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
| Robert Christgau | (B+) |
Live 1973 is a live album by Gram Parsons and the Fallen Angels. It was recorded at Ultra Sonic Recording Studios in Hempstead, New York on March 13, 1973 during a live radio broadcast from WLIR-FM, a station located in Garden City, New York. The album was recorded in between Parsons' only two solo studio albums, GP and Grievous Angel, though it was not officially released (on LP) until 1982, long after Parsons' 1973 death at age 26.

## Overview

As with both of Parsons' solo studio albums, Emmylou Harris provides prominent duet and harmony vocals. The Fallen Angels, however, were a different band than that which appeared on Parsons' two solo albums. As Parsons and Harris prepared to tour the United States in 1973 to promote his solo debut, GP, James Burton, Ronnie Tutt, and most of the band who performed on the album had prior commitments to Elvis Presley's TCB Band. Parsons instead assembled a crew of roadhouse pickers he dubbed "the Fallen Angels", and they began making their way through America's rock clubs and honky tonks.
The original album had eleven tracks, but included a 7" 45rpm record with the encore medley on side one, and an interview with Parsons, Harris, and Jock Bartley plus a version of the Flying Burrito Brothers' "Hot Burrito #1" performed by Gene Parsons in tribute as the B-side. When later reissued by Rhino Records on CD in 1994. the medley and in between song patter were added but the interview segments and the Gene Parsons track were omitted.

## Track listing

* "We'll Sweep Out the Ashes in the Morning" (Joyce Allsup) - 3:34
* "Country Baptizing" (Jim Shumate) - 3:50
* "Drug Store Truck Drivin' Man" (Roger McGuinn, Gram Parsons) - 4:33
* "Big Mouth Blues" (Gram Parsons) - 4:34
* "The New Soft Shoe" (Gram Parsons) - 5:02
* "Cry One More Time" (Peter Wolf, Seth Justman) - 5:22
* "Streets of Baltimore" (Tompall Glaser, Harlan Howard) - 3:08
* "That's All It Took" (Darrell Edwards, Charlotte Grier, George Jones) - 2:45
* "Love Hurts" (Boudleaux Bryant) - 4:31
* "California Cotton Fields" (Dallas Frazier, Earl Montgomery) - 2:32
* "Six Days on the Road" (Earl Green, Carl Montgomery) - 3:04
* "Encore Medley: Bony Maronie/Forty Days/Almost Grown" (Larry Williams/Chuck Berry) - 5:50

## Personnel

* Gram Parsons – lead vocals, acoustic guitar
* Emmylou Harris – harmony vocals, lead vocals on "Country Baptizing", acoustic guitar

### Fallen Angels

* Neil Flanz – pedal steel guitar
* N. D. Smart II – drums; harmony vocals on "The New Soft Shoe" and "Streets of Baltimore"
* Kyle Tullis – bass guitar
* Jock Bartley – electric guitar
# List of rulers of Rolong

This is a list of rulers of Rolong. The Rolong tribe has had rulers since at least around 1760. The tribe's territory is located in present-day Botswana and South Africa.

## List of Rulers of baRôlông

Kgôsikgolo = Paramount Chief
| Tenure | Incumbent | Notes |
| c. 1760 | Secession of BaRôlông bTshidi segment from other baRôlông segments | Secession of BaRôlông bTshidi segment from other baRôlông segments |
| c.1760 to c.1775 | Tshidi a Tau, Kgôsikgolo | |
| c.1775 to c.1785 | Thutlwa a Tshidi, Kgôsikgolo | |
| c.1785 to c.1790 | Makgêtla a Tau, acting Kgôsikgolo | |
| c.1790 to 1815 | Lesomo a Tshidi, acting Kgôsikgolo | |
| 1815 to 1848 | Tawana a Thutlwa, Kgôsikgolo | |
| 1848 to 1849 | Makgêtla a Tshidi, acting Kgôsikgolo | |
| 1849 to 19 October 1896 | Montshiwa a Tawana, Kgôsikgolo | |
| 1896 to 1903 | Bêsêlê I a Montshiwa, acting Kgôsikgolo (Wessels) | |
| 1903 to 1911 | Badirile a Montshiwa, acting Kgôsikgolo | |
| 1911 to 1915 | Lekôkô a Marumolwa, acting Kgôsikgolo | |
| 1915 to 1917 | Joshua a Molêma, acting Kgôsikgolo | |
| 1917 to 1919 | Bakolopang a Montshiwa, acting Kgôsikgolo | |
| 1919 to 1954 | Letlamoreng I a Kebalepile, Kgôsikgolo (a Montshiwa) | |
| 1954 to 19?? | Tiêgo Tawana a Seleri, acting Kgôsikgolo | |
| 19?? to 1970 | Kebalepile a Lotlamoreng, Kgôsikgolo (Kebalepile Montshiwa) | |
| 1970 to 1977 | Bêsêlê II, Kgôsikgolo (Besele Montshiwa) | 1st Term |
| 1977 to 1982 | R. Motlhatledi, Kgôsikgolo, Tribal Authority | |
| 1982 to 17 June 2001 | Setumo Montshiwa, Kgôsikgolo (Besele Montshiwa) | 2nd Term |
| 23 February 2002 to present | Letlamoreng II, Kgôsikgolo (Letlamoreng Montshiwa) | |
At this point the Barolong found themselves separated by the Botswana - South Africa border. There are other Barolong in South Africa with different leaders but emanating from the same ancestry.
# Live at the House of Blues, New Orleans

Live at House of Blues New Orleans is a live album and DVD released by the band Better Than Ezra on September 28, 2004 as their sixth album, first of two live albums, and their only on Sanctuary Records. The album and DVD were recorded and filmed at two separate shows at the House of Blues in New Orleans during the summer of 2004 and have different track listings. The DVD is longer as it has eight tracks not available on the CD. Additionally, there are two studio tracks featured on the CD that are not on the DVD.
The album features then current band members; Kevin Griffin - lead vocals, guitar (1988–present), Tom Drummond - bass guitar, backing vocals (1988–present), Travis McNabb - drums (1996 - 2009), and James Arthur Payne - Guitar, Keyboards, backing vocals. The album also features three guest musicians; Mark Mullins -trombonist, Eric Lucero - trumpeter, and John Gros - B3 Organ Player.

## CD

* "Intro"
* "Misunderstood"
* "Good"
* "Rolling"
* "Live Again"
* "Get You In"
* "Extra Ordinary"
* "King of New Orleans"
* "Rosealia"
* "At the Stars"
* "A Lifetime"
* "In the Blood"
* "Porcelain"
* "Sincerely, Me"
* "Desperately Wanting"
* "Cold Year" (new studio track)
* "Stall" (new studio track)

## DVD

* "Intro"
* "Recognize" [DVD only]
* "Misunderstood"
* "Good"
* "Rolling"
* "Live Again"
* "Allison Foley" [DVD only]
* "Get You In"
* "Extra Ordinary"
* "King of New Orleans"
* "Rosealia"
* "Beautiful Mistake" DVD only
* "At the Stars"
* "Waxing or Waning" [DVD only]
* "A Lifetime"
* "This Time of Year" [DVD only]
* "Sincerely, Me"
* "Desperately Wanting"
* "Porcelain" [DVD only]
* "In the Blood" [DVD only]
* "Use Me" (Bill Withers cover) [DVD only]

## Personnel

* Kevin Griffin - Lead vocals, guitar
* Travis McNabb - Drums
* Tom Drummond - Bass, backing vocals
* James Arthur Payne - Guitar, Keyboards, backing vocals
* Mark Mullins -trombonist
* Eric Lucero - trumpeter
* John Gros - B3 Organ Player

## Official Site

www.betterthanezra.com
# Livewire Segmentation Technique

Livewire, is a segmentation technique which allows a user to select regions of interest to be extracted quickly and accurately, using simple mouse clicks. It is based on the lowest cost path algorithm, by Edsger W. Dijkstra. Firstly convolve the image with a Sobel filter to extract edges. Each pixel of the resulting image is a vertex of the graph and has edges going to the 4 pixels around it, as up, down, left, right. The edge costs are defined based on a cost function. In 1995, Eric N. Mortensen and William A. Barrett made some extension work on livewire segmentation tool, which is known as Intelligent Scissors.

## Livewire segmentation

The user sets the starting point clicking on an image's pixel, known as an anchor. Then, as he starts to move the mouse over other points, the smallest cost path is drawn from the anchor to the pixel where the mouse is over, changing itself if the user moves the mouse. If he wants to choose the path that is being displayed, he simply clicks the image again.
One can easily see in the right image, that the places where the user clicked to outline the desired region of interest are marked with a small square. It is also easy to see that the livewire has snapped on the image's borders.

## Livewire algorithm

Convolve the image with a Sobel filter to extract edges. Using this filtered image create a graph using pixels as nodes with edges in four directions (up, down, left right). Edges are weighted with features gathered from the Sobel filter making it less costly to stay on an edge. Several different cost methods are possible but the most important is the gradient magnitude
Live-Wire 2-D DP graph search algorithm in pseudocode

## Extension to 3D

In 2010, Leo Grady extended the Livewire algorithm to 3D. This extension treated the 2D Livewire algorithm as enabling a user to specify a 0-dimensional boundary (two points) and finding the minimal 1-dimensional coboundary (curve) connecting those points, where the minimum is defined in terms of image properties. In order to extend the algorithm to 3D, the user is instead asked to specify one or more 1-dimensional boundaries (closed curves) and the algorithm finds the minimal 2-dimensional coboundary (surface) bounded by the 1-dimensional curves, where the minimum surface is defined in terms of image properties. This 3D extension of Livewire leans heavily on concepts of discrete exterior calculus to reinterpret the 2D Livewire algorithm from the standpoint of boundary/coboundary operators and then apply these concepts in 3D. An efficient algorithm for computing the 3D minimal surface is also provided in the Grady paper.
# The Varsity Drag

"The Varsity Drag" is a pop song written by Ray Henderson (music), Buddy DeSylva and Lew Brown (words), which became known in 1927.
The song was written for the musical Good News, from which the song "The Best Things in Life Are Free" also came. The musical premiered on September 6, 1927, at the Chanin's 46th Street Theater (now the Richard Rodgers Theater) in New York. The show had "The Varsity Drag" performed as the final number with a Charleston-like dance choreography. The number was used in the musical when Zelma O'Neal told the other students, "Let the professors worry about their dusty old books, we'll make Tait famous for the Varsity Drag." The dance is introduced in the chorus of the song, starting with the lines:
   Down with the heels, up on the toes,
   Stay after school, see how it goes.
   That's the way to do the varsity drag.
The discographer Tom Lord lists a total of 76 recorded versions of "The Varsity Drag" (as of 2016). Most notable are the original recordings from George Olsen (with vocal by Fran Frey) and Ruth Etting, as well as later versions by Benny Goodman, Patti Page, Spike Jones and His City Slickers, Tito Puente, and the Pasadena Roof Orchestra.
The song was also used in the film adaptations of Good News from 1930 and 1947, as well as in the 1949 film musical You're My Everything. It is sung by Peter O’Toole in the 1972 British satire film The Ruling Class.
# Amphipyra fuscusa

Amphipyra fuscusa is a moth in the family Noctuidae first described by Wei-Chun Chang in 1989. It is found in Taiwan.
# Trend Is Dead! Records

Trend Is Dead! Records (stylized tREND iS dEAD! records) is an independent record label in Normal, Illinois. The label was founded in 1995 and released titles on cassette and vinyl before switching to compact discs.
Trend Is Dead! is recognized for its punk releases, although some have delved into experimental, rock, garage, industrial, and hardcore. The label has released material by Frantics, Dee Dee Ramone, Dade County Resistance, Black Left Pinky, Santa's Dead, Youth Gone Mad, and Sonny Vincent and the Bad Reactions.

## Compilation albums

After some success pressing small runs of tapes of local artists, Trend Is Dead! Records began issuing ten band compilation cassettes involving bands from the Blo/No scene, alongside other groups from across the United States. The first CD released by Trend Is Dead! Records was the Trendy Compilation in 1998.
* tREND iS dEAD! Volume One (1996)
* tREND iS dEAD! Volume Two (1997)
* tREND iS dEAD! Volume Three (1998)
* Trendy Compilation (1998)
* Worse Than Alternative It's Another PUNK COMP (1999)
* Ramones Maniacs (tribute, 2001)
* ¿dEAD iS tREND? Sampler (2005)

## Artists

* Black Left Pinky
* Brothers Boch
* Cletus
* Courtney Ono
* Dade County Resistance
* Dee Dee Ramone
* End Me
* Frantics
* Love Camp 7
* OPIUM
* Pee Pee Touchers
* The Pull-Outs
* Sonny Vincent
* t.r. (Totally Ridiculous)
* Youth Gone Mad
# Armill

An armill or armilla (from the Latin: armillae remains the plural of armilla) is a type of medieval bracelet, or armlet, normally in metal and worn in pairs, one for each arm. They were usually worn as part of royal regalia, for example at a coronation, or perhaps as part of especially grand liturgical vestments. They may have been worn outside ceremonies. Armillae presumably descend from the Ancient Roman armilla, which was a form of military decoration. These in turn seem to have developed from the armlets worn by some "barbarian" nations, including the ancient Celts and Scots. The form is variable; all three examples discussed below have completely different forms.
Medieval survivals are vanishingly rare; the most famous pair is now divided between the Louvre and the Germanisches Nationalmuseum in Nuremberg (illustrated), having once been in the Hermitage Museum. These were found in the tomb of Andrei Bogolyubsky, Grand prince of Vladimir-Suzdal (d. 1174), in Vladimir, and may have been gifts from Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa (r. 1152–90), who received an embassy from the grand-prince in 1165. They are high-quality Mosan work in champlevé enamel on gilded copper, showing the Resurrection of Jesus (Louvre) and Crucifixion (Nuremberg). They probably fitted onto the shoulder, or otherwise would only go part way round the limb, and have holes (six in the Louvre's example) by which they were presumably attached to thongs or bands, or sewn to the clothing below. It is thought they were made for wear by the emperor himself.
A similar pair were drawn sometime before 1765, and described in a book published in 1790. They were then in the Imperial Treasury in Nuremberg, complete with their thongs for attachment, but they have since disappeared. These had scenes of the Nativity of Jesus and the Presentation in the Temple.
It has recently been suggested that the enamelled plates from the Monomachus Crown in Budapest showing, but probably not made for, the Byzantine emperor Constantine IX Monomachos, r. 1042–1055, may in fact come from an armilla rather than a crown, as is normally assumed. These are gold plates, decorated with cloisonné enamel, but despite the lavish materials the workmanship is far from perfect, and the inscriptions contain simple errors; they were perhaps commissioned in a hurry for a special occasion. They were found in 1860 in a field in what is now Slovakia.
The oldest surviving in the Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom, where they are usually called armills, are those of King Charles II, and the newest were created for the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in 1953. The Elizabeth II Armills were presented to the Queen by the governments of various Commonwealth nations and are single-piece round bracelets made of 22 carat gold lined with crimson velvet, with a concealed hinge and spring catch. However most British monarchs have not worn armills when crowned.
The term "armilla" is used in the English Liber Regalis (probably 1382) to describe a stole, like the Byzantine imperial loros, but this is thought to be a confusion as to the meaning of the word.
# Aristaea onychota

Aristaea onychota is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Nigeria, Réunion, São Tomé and Príncipe, South Africa and Zambia.
The larvae feed on Lantana camara, Lantana rugosa, Lippia asperifolia and Lippia javanica. They mine the leaves of their host plant.
# Avair

Avair was an independent Irish airline that operated chartered business flights. It also operated a number of scheduled flights within Ireland, on routes such as Cork-Derry, Dublin-Sligo, Dublin-Waterford, Dublin-Cork and Dublin-Derry, availing of some government subsidies.

## History

Gerry Connolly was the founder and managing director of Avair Ltd. He set up the company in 1978 with investment from Crest Holdings and operated a twice-weekly service between Cork and Derry.
On 13 January 1982, Avair commenced a domestic commuter service between Cork Airport and Dublin. It also flew to Dublin twice weekly from Waterford Airport.
The airline was granted a number of international routes between Dublin and Blackpool, Nottingham, East Midlands and Leeds Bradford in the UK.
The airline closed in February 1984 after failing to get further government subsidies. Iona National Airways took over some of the routes such as Dublin-Sligo, and many of the internal Irish routes are now operated by Aer Lingus Regional.

## Fleet

* 1 x Beech King Air
* 1 x Beech King Air C90
* 2 x Short 330
# Kawe, Kinondoni

Kawe (Kata ya Kawe, in Swahili) is an administrative ward in Kinondoni District of the Dar es Salaam Region in Tanzania. The north is bordered by Wazo and Kunduchi. The Indian Ocean borders the ward on its eastern side. The ward is bordered by Msasani and Mikocheni to the south. The ward is bordered to the west by the wards of Mbezi Juu and Makongo. The Mbezi River mouth is located at the Mbezi Beach neighborhood in Kawe ward. According to the 2012 census, the ward has a population of 67,115.

## Administration

The postal code for Kawe ward is 14121. The ward is divided into the following neighborhoods (Mitaa):

### Government

The ward, like every other ward in the country, has local government offices based on the population served. The Kawe Ward administration building houses a court as per the Ward Tribunal Act of 1988, including other vital departments for the administration the ward. The ward has the following administration offices:
* Kawe Police Station
* Kawe Government Office (Afisa Mtendaji)
* Kawe Tribunal (Baraza La Kata) is a Department inside Ward Government Office
In the local government system of Tanzania, the ward is the smallest democratic unit. Each ward is composed of a committee of eight elected council members which include a chairperson, one salaried officer (with no voting rights), and an executive officer. One-third of seats are reserved for women councillors.

## Demographics

The Zaramo people lived in the ward and a major portion of the district at one time. As the city progressed, the ward transformed into an international neighborhood. There are 67,115 people living in the ward.

## Education and health
### Education

The ward is home to these educational institutions:
* Mbezi Beach Primary School
* Libermann Primary School
* Valentine Primary School, Kawe
* Foundation School
* Kawe "A" Primary school
* Kawe "B" Primary school
* Lugalo Primary School
* Ukwamani Primary School
* Feza Primary School
* Ali Hassan Mwinyi Primary school, Kawe
* Tumaini Primary School, Kawe
* Kawe Ukwamani Secondary School
* Mbezi Beach Secondary School
* Mwambao Secondary School, Kawe
* Feza Girls High School, Kawe
* Qiblatain Islamic Secondary School
* Braeburn International School, Mbezi Beach
* ESACS Secondary School
* Crown Secondary School

### Healthcare

The ward is home to the following health institutions:
* Ukwamani Dispensary
* Mbezi Beach Medical Clinic
* OCC Doctors Health Center
* Tsunny Medical Center
# Kaktovik Numerals (Unicode block)

The Kaktovik Numerals are a Unicode block for the Kaktovik numerals, a base-20 system of numerical digits created by Alaskan Iñupiaq. It was first encoded in Unicode version 15 in 2022. It contains 20 characters for representing each of the digits 0-19 in the base-20 place value numeral system of Iñupiaq and related Inuit, Yupik, and Unangan languages.
Kaktovik Numerals Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) :
| | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F |
| U+1D2Cx | 𝋀 | 𝋁 | 𝋂 | 𝋃 | 𝋄 | 𝋅 | 𝋆 | 𝋇 | 𝋈 | 𝋉 | 𝋊 | 𝋋 | 𝋌 | 𝋍 | 𝋎 | 𝋏 |
| U+1D2Dx | 𝋐 | 𝋑 | 𝋒 | 𝋓 | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Notes 1.^ As of Unicode version 16.0 2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points |||||||||||||||||

## History

The following Unicode-related documents record the purpose and process of defining specific characters in the Kaktovik Numerals block:
| Version | Final code points | Count | L2 ID | Document |
| 15.0 | U+1D2C0..1D2D3 | 20 | L2/20-070 | Silva, Eduardo Marín (2020-02-09), Exploratory proposal to encode the Kaktovik numerals |
| 15.0 | U+1D2C0..1D2D3 | 20 | L2/20-105 | Anderson, Deborah; Whistler, Ken; Pournader, Roozbeh; Moore, Lisa; Constable, Peter; Liang, Hai (2020-04-20), "14. Kaktovik Numerals", Recommendations to UTC #163 April 2020 on Script Proposals |
| 15.0 | U+1D2C0..1D2D3 | 20 | L2/20-102 | Moore, Lisa (2020-05-06), "Action Item 163-A59: Allocate U+1D250..U+1D26F for Kaktovik Numbers.", UTC #163 Minutes |
| 15.0 | U+1D2C0..1D2D3 | 20 | L2/20-262 | Silva, Eduardo Marín (2020-08-24), Request to move the tentative location of Kaktovik numerals on the roadmap |
| 15.0 | U+1D2C0..1D2D3 | 20 | L2/20-250 | Anderson, Deborah; Whistler, Ken; Pournader, Roozbeh; Moore, Lisa; Constable, Peter; Liang, Hai (2020-10-01), "20. Kaktovik Numerals", Recommendations to UTC #165 October 2020 on Script Proposals |
| 15.0 | U+1D2C0..1D2D3 | 20 | L2/21-058R | Silva, Eduardo Marín; Miller, Kirk; Strand, Catherine (2021-04-29), Unicode request for Kaktovik numerals |
| 15.0 | U+1D2C0..1D2D3 | 20 | L2/21-073 | Anderson, Deborah; Whistler, Ken; Pournader, Roozbeh; Moore, Lisa; Liang, Hai (2021-04-23), "16. Kaktovik Numerals", Recommendations to UTC #167 April 2021 on Script Proposals |
| 15.0 | U+1D2C0..1D2D3 | 20 | L2/21-066 | Moore, Lisa (2021-05-05), "Consensus 167-C7", UTC #167 Minutes |
| ↑ Proposed code points and characters names may differ from final code points and names |||||
* ↑ "Unicode character database". The Unicode Standard. Retrieved 2023-07-26.
* ↑ "Enumerated Versions of The Unicode Standard". The Unicode Standard. Retrieved 2023-07-26.
# Aldhal, Raichur

Aldhal is a village in Raichur district in the southern state of Karnataka, India. Administratively, it is part of the Janekal gram panchayat in Manvi Taluka.
# Aldhal

Aldhal may refer to:
* Aldhal, Belgaum, village in Hukeri Taluka, Belgaum District, Karnataka, India
* Aldhal, Shahapur, village in Shahapur Taluka, Yadgir District, Karnataka, India
* Aldhal, Shorapur, panchayat village in Shorapur Taluka, Yadgir District, Karnataka, India
* Aldhal, Raichur, village in Manvi Taluka, Raichur District, Karnataka, India