OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Benjamin Gower Hardy

Benjamin Gower Hardy, GC (28 August 1898 – 5 August 1944), known as Ben Hardy, was an Australian soldier who was posthumously awarded the George Cross for the gallantry he showed during the Cowra breakout, on 5 August 1944, when Japanese prisoners of war staged a mass escape from a prisoner-of-war camp at Cowra, New South Wales.

## Early life and Second World War

Hardy was born in Marrickville, Sydney, in 1898. He enlisted in the Australian Army in September 1941 at the age of 43. He was considered too old for active service and was attached to the 7th Garrison Battalion where he was known as an expert on the Vickers machine gun. He was posted to the 22nd Garrison Battalion at Cowra on 12 February 1944.

## Cowra breakout

On the night of 5 August 1944, Japanese prisoners armed with improvised knives and clubs stormed the guard posts with what a military court of inquiry termed "a suicidal disregard of life." A total of 231 prisoners were killed during the ensuing fighting and 108 wounded. All of the remaining escapees were recaptured within days. Hardy was killed in the outbreak, as was Private Ralph Jones, who was also awarded the George Cross. Private Charles Henry Shepherd was the third Australian victim of the fighting at the camp, while Lieutenant Harry Doncaster was ambushed and killed while recapturing the escapees. Hardy was manning the Number 2 Vickers machine gun alongside Jones when they were overwhelmed by Japanese prisoners and killed. Before he was killed, Hardy disabled the gun by removing the firing bolt and throwing it away, thus rendering the gun useless to the escaping Japanese. The court of inquiry found that the Australian soldiers had ceased fire as soon as they had re-established control of the camp, and that many of the dead had either killed themselves or been killed by fellow prisoners, while many of the wounded had self-inflicted injuries.
# Beaver Township, Benson County, North Dakota

Beaver Township is a civil township in Benson County, North Dakota, United States. As of the 2000 census, its population was 39.
# Big Hole National Forest

Big Hole National Forest was established as the Big Hole Forest Reserve by the U.S. Forest Service in Montana and Idaho on November 5, 1906 with 1,917,100 acres (7,758 km$^2$). It became a National Forest on March 4, 1907. On July 1, 1908 Big Hole was divided between Beaverhead, Deerlodge and Bitterroot National Forests and the name was discontinued.
# Cheirocerus goeldii

Cheirocerus goeldii, is a species of demersal catfish of the family Pimelodidae that is native to Purus River basin and Das Velhas River basin of Brazil and Peru.
It grows to a length of 15.2 cm.
It is clearly distinguished from other species with 23-27 gill rakers.
# Leucine-responsive regulatory protein

Leucine responsive protein, or Lrp, is a global regulator protein, meaning that it regulates the biosynthesis of leucine, as well as the other branched-chain amino acids, valine and isoleucine. In bacteria, it is encoded by the lrp gene.
Lrp alternatively activates and represses the expression of acetolactate synthase's (ALS) several isoenzymes. Lrp, in E. coli, along with DAM plays a role in the regulation of the fim operon, a group of genes needed for successful synthesis and trafficking of Type I Pili. These hair like structures are important virulence factors for different pathogenic strains of Bacteria as they can mediate biofilm formation and adhesion to host epithelia. Other examples include Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
More generally, Lrp facilitates the proliferation and pathogenesis of bacteria in their hosts.

## Lrp in E. coli

Lrp plays a crucial role as a significant regulator in E. coli and other bacterial species. The E. coli Lrp is the most extensively researched member of the Lrp family. Its role includes the detection of changes and variations in nutrient conditions and is in charge of regulating the coordination relating to virulence, cellular motility, and nutrient acquisition.
# James Cowan (Scottish cricketer)

James Ferguson Cowan (17 May 1929 – 31 August 2022) was a Scottish first-class cricketer.
Cowan was born in May 1929 at Penicuik, Midlothian. He was educated at George Watson's College, before matriculating to the University of Edinburgh. A club cricketer for Watsonians Cricket Club, Cowan made his debut for Scotland in first-class cricket against Ireland at Paisley in 1960. He played two further first-class matches for Scotland, both against Warwickshire at Edgbaston on Scotland's 1961 and 1962 tours of England. In his three first-class matches, Cowan scored 52 runs at an average of 10.40, with a highest score of 18. He died in Midlothian on 31 August 2022, at the age of 93.
# Megachile conjugalis

Megachile conjugalis is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae. It was described by Mitchell in 1930.
# Barnen från Frostmofjället

Barnen från Frostmofjället is a 1945 Swedish film, directed by Rolf Husberg. It is based on the novel with the same name by Laura Fitinghoff. The story concerns seven orphans and a goat named Gullspira travelling in northern Sweden during the 1860s. The name of the goat, Gullspira, is now used for the award for the best children's film maker.

## Cast

* Hans Lindgren as Ante
* Siv Hansson as Maglena
* Anders Nyström as Månke
* Ann-Sophie Honeth as Anna-Lisa (credited as Fiffi Hornett)
* Ulf Berggren as Per-Erik
* Paula Jagæus as Brita-Kajsa (credited as Paula Jageus)
* Christina Jagæus as Märta-Greta (credited as Kristina Jageus)
* John Ericsson as Sko-Pelle
* Dora Söderberg as Britta
* Ragnar Falck as Artur Grape
* Britta Brunius as Mrs. Grape
* Birger Åsander as Stor-Anders
* Karin Högel as Dordi
* Ingrid Luterkort as Brita
* Helge Hagerman as Oskar Niva
* Solveig Hedengran as Mrs. Niva
* Gunnar Sjöberg as Vicar
* Axel Högel as Peasant
* Carl Deurell as Stor-Jon, a peasant (credited as Karl Deurell)
* Carl Ericson as a peasant (credited as Karl Eriksson)
# Gézaincourt

Gézaincourt (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

## Geography

The commune is situated on the D128 road, some 25 miles (40 km) east-northeast of Abbeville, near the banks of the river Authie.

## Personalities

Mother St. Joseph was born here on March 8, 1756
# Bernd Helmschrot

Bernd Helmschrot (born 18 March 1947) is a former German footballer. He played as a goalkeeper.
Helmschrot began his career with Hannover 96 and made his professional debut for the club in a 2-2 draw with Hamburger SV in the Bundesliga on 17 February 1968. He remained as Hannover's first-choice goalkeeper for the next nine months, but after losing his position due to injury, he struggled to re-establish himself in the starting line-up. In 1968, he toured east Asia with the West Germany amateur international squad, making two appearances. He left Hannover in 1971 for TSV 1860 München, where he was managed by former West Germany international goalkeeper Hans Tilkowski.
Helmschrot went on to play for Kickers Offenbach, Olympia Wilhelmshaven, Viktoria Köln and Fortuna Köln, for whom he played in the 1983 final of the DFB cup, which his team lost 1-0 to local rivals 1. FC Köln. After retiring in 1987 he worked as an advertising manager.
# Brian Henderson (academic)

Brian Henderson (26 March 1936 – 20 August 2017) was an English solid-state spectroscopic physicist whose career included spells at Atomic Energy Research Establishment (AERE), Keele University, Trinity College Dublin (TCD), and the University of Strathclyde.

## Life and career

Brian Henderson was born near Doncaster, and was educated at Maltby Grammar School, then in the West Riding of Yorkshire. He attended the University of Birmingham, obtaining his BSc (in physical metallurgy) in 1958 and PhD in 1960 with a thesis on "The Lattice Spacings of Alloys with Reference to Electronic Constitution".
He became senior scientific officer at the Basic Ceramics Group at AERE (Harwell) in 1962, and joined the staff at Keele University in 1968, being promoted to Reader in Physics there in 1972. Upon the retirement of Nobel laureate Ernest Walton from TCD in 1974, Henderson moved to Ireland and became Erasmus Smith's Professor of Natural and Experimental Philosophy, a position he held for 10 years. TCD elected him a Fellow in 1976, and awarded him an honorary ScD in 1979. (In 1999, long after he had left TCD, he was awarded an honorary Fellowship there.)
Henderson moved back to the UK in 1984, becoming Freeland Professor of Natural Philosophy at Strathclyde University in Glasgow. He later served as Dean of Science and university vice-principal, but retired from there due to ill health in 1997. He had been elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1986.
Henderson wrote over 200 papers, authored or co-authored 4 books, and had thirty PhD students. The International Medical University in Malaysia awarded him an honorary DSc in 2006.

## Selected books

* Crystal-Field Engineering of Solid-State Laser Materials, by Brian Henderson & Ralph H. Bartram (Cambridge University Press, 2005)
* Optical Spectroscopy of Inorganic Solids, by Brian Henderson & George F. Imbusch (Clarendon, 1989)
# Gilberto Cardoso

Gilberto Cardoso (born 11 February 1968) is a Brazilian former handball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1992 Summer Olympics.
# Interception (water)

Interception refers to precipitation that does not reach the soil, but is instead intercepted by the leaves, branches of plants and the forest floor. It occurs in the canopy (i.e. canopy interception), and in the forest floor or litter layer (i.e. forest floor interception). Because of evaporation, interception of liquid water generally leads to loss of that precipitation for the drainage basin, except for cases such as fog interception, but increase flood protection dramatically, Alila et al., (2009).
Intercepted snowfall does not result in any notable amount of evaporation, and most of the snow falls off the tree by wind or melts. However, intercepted snow can more easily drift with the wind, out of the watershed. Conifers have a greater interception capacity than hardwoods. Their needles gives them more surface area for droplets to adhere to, and they have foliage in spring and fall, therefore interception also depends on the type of vegetation in a wooded area.
Mitscherlich in 1971 calculated the water storage potential as interception values for different species and stand densities. A storm event might produce 50 – 100 mm of rainfall and 4 mm might be the maximum intercepted in this way. Grah and Wilson in 1944 did sprinkling experiments where they watered plants to see how much of the intercepted is kept after watering stops.
Trees like Norway maple and a small-leaved lime have an interception of approximately 38% of the gross precipitation in temperate climate.
The interception depends on the leaf area index and what kind of leaves they are.
Interception may increase erosion or reduce it depending on the throughfall effects.
# Joseph Raphson

Joseph Raphson (c. 1668 – c. 1715) was an English mathematician and intellectual known best for the Newton–Raphson method.

## Biography

Very little is known about Raphson's life. Connor and Robertson give his date of birth as 1668 based on a 1691 book review giving his age as 22; mathematical historian Florian Cajori preferred dates around 1648–1715. His parents were probably Ruth and James Raphson, in which case he is likely to be a Joseph Raphson baptised at St John the Baptist, Pinner, Middlesex in the 1660s.
Raphson was made a Fellow of the Royal Society on 30 November 1689, after being proposed for membership by Edmund Halley. In 1692 he graduated with an M.A. in 1692 from Jesus College which at the time was primarily a training college for Church of England clergy, however as the degree was awarded Royal warrant he probably did not actually study there. He described himself as "of London" on his Royal Society bond form and from Middlesex on the Jesus College register.
Raphson's most notable work is Analysis Aequationum Universalis, which was published in 1690. It contains a method, now known as the Newton–Raphson method, for approximating the roots of an equation. Isaac Newton had developed a very similar formula in his Method of Fluxions, written in 1671, but this work would not be published until 1736, nearly 50 years after Raphson's Analysis. However, Raphson's version of the method is simpler than Newton's, and is therefore generally considered superior. For this reason, it is Raphson's version of the method, rather than Newton's, that is to be found in textbooks today.
Raphson was a staunch supporter of Newton's claim, and not that of Gottfried Leibniz, to be the sole inventor of calculus. In addition, Raphson translated Newton's Arithmetica Universalis into English.
Raphson coined the word pantheism, in his work De Spatio Reali, published in 1697, where it may have been found by John Toland, who called Raphson's work "ingenious". In De Spatio Reali, Raphson begins by making a distinction between atheistic panhylists (from the Greek pan 'all' and hyle 'wood, matter'), who believe everything derives from matter, and pantheists who believe in "a certain universal substance material as well as intelligent, that fashions all things that exist out of its own essence." Raphson further believed the universe to be immeasurable in respect to a human's capacity of understanding, and that humans would never be able to comprehend it.
A book by Raphson became a part of the long-running priority dispute on who invented calculus after his death. Newton apparently took control of the publication of Raphson's posthumous book Historia fluxionum and added a supplement with letters from Leibniz and Antonio Schinella Conti to support his position in the dispute.
The lack of sources about Raphson's life and background has been described as surprising. He may have been of Irish descent.
# Leucopogon cryptanthus

Leucopogon cryptanthus, commonly known as small-flowered leucopogon, is a species of flowering plant in the heath family Ericaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is slender, diffuse, much-branched shrub that typically grows to a height of about 15 cm (5.9 in). Its leaves are erect and linear, 2–6.5 mm (0.079–0.256 in) long, rigid and sharply pointed. The few flowers are small and inconspicuous, arranged singly, in short spikes or in clusters at the ends of branches in cymes with leaf-like bracts and bracteoles at the base. The sepals are less than 2 mm (0.079 in) long, the petals joined at the base, forming a tube shorter than the sepals, the petal lobes about as long as the petal tube.
The species was first formally described in 1868 by George Bentham in Flora Australiensis from specimens collected by James Drummond in the Swan River Colony. The specific epithet (cryptanthus) means "hidden-flowered".
Leucopogon crassiflorus is listed as extinct under the Australian Government Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999.
# Islam Day (Hawaii)

Islam Day was a day of recognition for Islam and Muslims in Hawaii on September 24, 2009, designated by a symbolic resolution of the State Legislature.

## Establishment

Hawaii House Concurrent Resolution 100 to establish the day was proposed by Lyla Berg and passed unanimously on May 6, 2009. The Hawaii Senate passed the resolution 22 to 3 to recognize "the rich religious, scientific, cultural and artistic contributions of the Islamic world". It was set for November 21 the founding of Islam, but moved to September 24 on the day Mohammad arrived in Medina in 644, allegedly because it conflicted with Aloha (Makahiki) Festivals. It was a state-designated day of recognition and not a holiday and no government funds were designated to it, to preserve the "separation of church and state". Muslims and supporters have seen it as an opportunity to repair the image of Islam, damaged by Islamic extremism. The public in Hawaii had a largely indifferent reaction to the news of the new day.

## First Celebration

On September 24, 2009, Hawaii celebrated its first Islam Day with events held at the University of Hawaii and around the islands. At Ala Moana Beach Park a festival was held by the Muslim Association of Hawaii with more than 1000 people attending. "We expected 200 to 300, so we're very pleased with the turnout." Twelve police and guards were present but no protest or disturbance took place.
# Grass Valley

Grass Valley may refer to:

## Places

* Grass Valley, Western Australia, a small town in the Avon Valley

### United States

* Grass Valley, Oregon, a city in Sherman County
* Grass Valley (Piute and Sevier counties, Utah), a valley in Piute and southern Sevier counties in central Utah

#### California, Nevada, Utah, Colorado

* Roman Catholic Diocese of Grass Valley, a former diocese based in the eponymous California city in Nevada County, formerly covering Northeastern California and most of Nevada; most of Utah, and part of Colorado

#### State of California

* Grass Valley, California, a city in Nevada County
* Grass Valley, Oakland, California, a neighborhood
* Grass Valley Wilderness, a wilderness area in the Mojave Desert managed by the BLM

#### State of Nevada

* Grass Valley, Nevada, census-designated place in Pershing County
* Grass Valley (Eureka and Lander counties, Nevada), a valley in Nevada
* Grass Valley (Pershing and Humboldt counties, Nevada), a valley in Nevada

## Other uses

* Grass Valley (company), a television and film technology company
# Brian Hemmings

Brian Arthur Hemmings FRS is a British biochemist, and Senior Group Leader, at the Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research. He is a member of the Faculty of 1000.

## Education

He was educated at the University of Nottingham (BSc, 1972) and the University of East Anglia (PhD, 1975).
# Bilkhiriya Kalan

Bilkhiriya Kalan is a village in the Bhopal district of Madhya Pradesh, India. It is located in the Huzur tehsil and the Phanda block.

## Demographics

According to the 2011 census of India, Bilkhiriya Kalan has 293 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 65.36%.
Demographics (2011 Census) :
| | Total | Male | Female |
| Population | 1372 | 721 | 651 |
| Children aged below 6 years | 197 | 96 | 101 |
| Scheduled caste | 79 | 39 | 40 |
| Scheduled tribe | 75 | 37 | 38 |
| Literates | 768 | 458 | 310 |
| Workers (all) | 506 | 400 | 106 |
| Main workers (total) | 425 | 376 | 49 |
| Main workers: Cultivators | 31 | 30 | 1 |
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers | 12 | 9 | 3 |
| Main workers: Household industry workers | 18 | 15 | 3 |
| Main workers: Other | 364 | 322 | 42 |
| Marginal workers (total) | 81 | 24 | 57 |
| Marginal workers: Cultivators | 3 | 1 | 2 |
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers | 5 | 0 | 5 |
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers | 3 | 1 | 2 |
| Marginal workers: Others | 70 | 22 | 48 |
| Non-workers | 866 | 321 | 545 |
# Bush City, Kansas

Bush City is an unincorporated community in Anderson County, Kansas, United States.

## History

Bush City had a post office from 1880 until 1956, but the post office was called Haskell until 1921.
# Les Strand

Les Strand (born Leslie Strandt 1925-2002) was an American jazz organist. He was considered a pioneer, Jimmy Smith referred to him as "the Art Tatum of the organ".

## Recordings

* Les Strand at the Baldwin Organ (Fantasy, 1956)
* Plays Jazz Classics on the Baldwin Organ (Fantasy, 1956)
* Plays Duke Ellington (On the Hammond Organ) (Fantasy, 1958)
* The Winners: Les Strand & the Yamaha with Their Friends, Barney Kessel & Shelly Manne (Yamaha, 196?)
# Ivar Waller

Ivar Waller (11 June 1898 – 12 April 1991) was a Swedish professor of theoretical physics at Uppsala University. He developed the theory of X-ray scattering by lattice vibrations of a crystal, building upon the prior work of Peter Debye. The Debye–Waller factor, which he introduced in his doctoral thesis in 1925, is the definitive treatment of the effect of thermal vibrations in X-ray crystallography. He was a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences from 1945, and the Nobel Committee for Physics 1945-1972.
One of his notable doctoral students was the quantum chemist Per-Olov Löwdin.
# Grass Valley (Eureka and Lander counties, Nevada)

Grass Valley is a valley in the U.S. state of Nevada.
Grass Valley was so named for the grass which covers its floor.
# Gümüşhane (disambiguation)

Gümüşhane is a city and the capital district of Gümüşhane Province, Turkey.
Gümüşhane means "silver house" in Turkish. It may refer to:
* Gümüşhane Province, a province of Turkey
* Gümüşhane Airport, in the province
* Gümüşhane University, in the city
* Gümüşhanespor, a sports club based in the city
* Gümüşhane, Ardanuç, a village in the district of Ardanuç, Artvin Province, Turkey
# Bucculatrix trifasciella

Bucculatrix trifasciella is a moth in the family Bucculatricidae. It was first described by James Brackenridge Clemens in 1866 and is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Maine, New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Kentucky, Ohio and Ontario.
The larvae feed on Quercus species. They mine the leaves of their host plant.
# Gehyra papuana

Gehyra papuana, also known as the Papua four-clawed gecko or Papua dtella, is a species of gecko endemic to New Guinea. It occurs in both Papua New Guinea and Western New Guinea (Indonesia).
# Gille

Gille may refer to:
* Gille (singer) (born 1987), Japanese singer
* Gille (surname)
* Gille dynasty, a royal house of Norway
* The singular of Gilles, a carnival costume tradition of Belgium
# International Journal of Circumpolar Health

The International Journal of Circumpolar Health is a peer-reviewed healthcare journal covering issues related to the health of indigenous peoples in Arctic and Antarctic environments. It is published by the International Association of Circumpolar Health Publishers. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2015 impact factor of 0.707.

## Overview

The journal was established in 1972 as the Nordic Council for Arctic Medical Research Report. It was renamed in 1984 as Arctic Medical Research, obtaining its current name in 1997, reflecting a broader scope. In 2012 the journal moved to an online only open access format in partnership with Co-Action Publishing. Articles are published ongoing as they are ready for publication, and supplemental issues and special clusters of articles are also published.
# Güirila

A güirila is a sweet type of tortilla made from young white maize. They are usually eaten with crema (sweet or sour cream) and cuajada, a type of salty Nicaraguan crumbled white cheese.
The güirilas are made from shelling sweet young maize, milling it and cooking or grilling the mixture in banana leaves to prevent them from sticking or burning. Sugar and/or salt are usually the only additions to the mix itself, although adding milk is common for street vendors who wish to stretch out the mixture. They are also typically enjoyed alongside meat or pork, or as a snack by itself.
Güirilas originated in Matagalpa, in the north of Nicaragua. The city made history when they made a güirila that was just over 650ft. in circumference at the National Corn Fair.
# Letnica (river)

Letnica is a river of Poland, a tributary of the Obra. The river flows through the town of Grodzisk Wielkopolski.
* This article related to a river in Poland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Isares

Isares may refer to:
* Isares (EP), a 2014 EP by Manual
* Macrobrochis or Isares, a genus of moth