OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Interior Characterization of Europa using Magnetometry

The Interior Characterization of Europa using Magnetometry (ICEMAG) is a multi-frequency magnetometer that was proposed to be flown on board the Europa Clipper mission to Jupiter's moon Europa, but its inclusion was cancelled in March 2019. Magnetic induction is a powerful tool for probing the subsurface and determine Europa's ocean depth, salinity, and ice shell thickness, as well as detecting erupting plume activity.
The Principal Investigator is Carol Raymond, at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
On March 5, 2019, NASA's Associate Administrator for the Science Mission Directorate, Thomas Zurbuchen, announced that ICEMAG would no longer be part of the Europa Clipper mission, primarily citing recurring cost increases (over three times the original cost put forward in the proposal). A less complex magnetometer will be included on the mission.

## Overview

Magnetic induction is a powerful tool for probing the subsurface. ICEMAG would have observed the magnetic field near Europa with greatly enhanced sensitivity compared to a similar instrument carried by NASA's Galileo spacecraft, which orbited Jupiter from 1995 to 2003. The magnetic field induced in Europa over many frequencies would reveal the ocean depth and ice shell thickness, especially when combined with the REASON ice penetrating radar data and the PIMS instrument. Knowledge of the ocean properties would help understand Europa's evolution and allow evaluation of processes that have cycled material between the depths and the surface, and would help assess the ocean's potential habitability. ICEMAG would have helped in understanding not only what Europa is made of, but also the processes that link the ocean to the surface, and how the system works.
ICEMAG was to utilize fluxgate magnetic field sensors and helium sensors in an integrated magnetic measurement system. Electromagnetic waves between 10$^{−2}$ to 1 hertz could reveal localized mass flow of ions arising from plumes and the atmosphere; that is, localized transient currents indicate plume activity. In general, ICEMAG data would have combined synergistically with other data sets to improve knowledge of interior properties and exosphere activity.
The instrument was put under review in the summer of 2018 due to out of control costs. By March 6, 2019, the instrument was cancelled in favor of finding a more affordable, less complex replacement. The cause of the cost increases was traced to the helium sensors used to detect the direction and strength of a magnetic field.

## Objectives

The objectives of the ICEMAG investigation were to be:
* Constrain Europa's thermal evolution and current interior state
* Identify the source of the Europan atmosphere and processes by which it is lost
* Understand coupling between Europa and Jupiter's ionospheres and coupling of plumes to the flowing plasma
* Determine the location, thickness and salinity of the Europan ocean
* Locate of any active vents, plumes, and ionized plasma trails, the strength of plumes, and loss rates from the atmosphere
* Determine the strength of electric currents and plasma coupling Jupiter to Europa
# Gümüşhane, Ardanuç

Gümüşhane is a village in the Ardanuç District, Artvin Province, Turkey. Its population is 74 (2021).
# Mitchell Wolfson

Mitchell Wolfson Sr. (1900 – January 28, 1983) was an American businessman, theatre owner, politician, and founder of Wometco Enterprises.

## Biography

Wolfson was born in 1900 in Key West, Florida. He went to school in Key West and at Erasmus Hall High School in Brooklyn, New York, and then graduated from Columbia University. After school, he went to work for the East Coast Wholesale Corp in Miami, founded by his father in 1884.
In 1925, he partnered with his brother-in-law, Sidney Meyer, forming the Wolfson-Meyer Theater Company and began construction on a state of the art theater in downtown Miami. The Capital Theatre was completed in 1926 at the cost of $300,000 and featured an early form of air conditioning. They built the company into a business conglomerate using the portmanteau, Wometco Enterprises. In 1949, Wometco founded the first television station in Miami, WTVJ. Wometco went on to own and operate the largest chain of movie theaters in South Florida, six television stations, a cable television company, a soft drink bottling franchise, and tourist attractions including the Miami Seaquarium. At the time of his death, Wometco had over $500 million in sales.
Wolfson served two terms as city councilman in Miami Beach, Florida, before being elected its first Jewish mayor in 1943. He resigned after one term to fight Nazi Germany in World War II.
As a founder and for his later philanthropy towards Miami-Dade College, the downtown campus was named the Wolfson Campus in his honor.

## Personal life

He was married to Frances Meyer (December 16, 1906 – May 9, 1980); they had two sons, Mitchell Wolfson Jr. and Louis Wolfson II. Wolfson died on January 28, 1983, at Mount Sinai Medical Center in Miami.
# Ghosted

Ghosted may refer to:

## Film and television

* Ghosted (2011 film), a British drama film
* Ghosted, a 2020 film by Tracie Laymon
* Ghosted (2023 film), an American romantic action-adventure film
* Ghosted (TV series), a 2017–2018 American sitcom
* Ghosted: Love Gone Missing, a 2019–2021 American reality TV series
* "Ghosted" (NCIS: Sydney), a 2023 TV episode

## Other uses

* Ghosted (comics), a 2013–2015 comic book series created by Joshua Williamson
* Ghosting (behavior), a sudden ending of all communication and contact with another person
* TMS (production team), also known as Ghosted, an English songwriting and record production team
# Caladenia excelsa

Caladenia excelsa, commonly known as the giant spider orchid, is a species of orchid endemic to a small area in the south-west of Western Australia. It is a rare species with a single, hairy leaf and up to three cream-coloured to greenish-cream flowers with long, drooping sepals and petals. It is one of the tallest spider orchids in Western Australia and, with Caladenia splendens, has the largest flowers of any Western Australian orchid.

## Description

Caladenia excelsa is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber and a single erect, hairy leaf, 200–350 mm (8–10 in) long and 6–12 mm (0.2–0.5 in) wide. One or two cream-coloured to greenish-cream flowers 150–300 mm (6–10 in) long and 70–150 mm (3–6 in) wide are borne on a stalk 450–900 mm (20–40 in) tall. The sepals and petals have long, brownish, drooping thread-like tips. The dorsal sepal curves backwards behind the flower, 130–200 mm (5–8 in) long and 3–5 mm (0.1–0.2 in) wide at the base. The lateral sepals are 130–200 mm (5–8 in) long and 5–7 mm (0.2–0.3 in) wide at the base and taper to long, thin tips. The petals are 95–150 mm (4–6 in) long, 3–5 mm (0.1–0.2 in) wide at their bases and taper like the lateral sepals. The labellum is creamy-coloured with a red tip, 25–35 mm (0.98–1.4 in) long, 12–17 mm (0.5–0.7 in) wide and has many thin teeth up to 10 mm (0.4 in) long on its sides. There are four rows of maroon or white calli along the centre line of the labellum. Flowering occurs from late September to early November.

## Taxonomy and naming

Caladenia excelsa was first described by Stephen Hopper and Andrew Brown in 2001 from a specimen collected by Hopper near Margaret River. The description was published in Nuytsia. The specific epithet (excelsa) is a Latin word meaning "high" or "lofty" referring to the tallness of the flower spike.

## Distribution and habitat

The giant spider orchid is found between Dunsborough and Karridale in the Jarrah Forest and Warren biogeographic regions where it grows in forests in deep sandy soils.

## Conservation

Caladenia excelsa is classified as "Threatened Flora (Declared Rare Flora — Extant)" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife and it has also been listed as "Endangered" (EN) under the Australian Government Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act). The main threats to the species are weed invasion, grazing (especially by the Western grey kangaroo), prescribed burning and infrastructure maintenance.
# Midway, Texas

Midway is a city in northeastern Madison County, Texas, United States, at the junction of the La Bahía Road (now Texas State Highway 21) and the Old San Antonio Road (Texas State Highway OSR).
Midway was the birthplace of George McJunkin, who was born a slave.

## Geography

Midway is located at 31°1′23″N 95°45′4″W﻿ / ﻿31.02306°N 95.75111°W﻿ / 31.02306; -95.75111 (31.023176, –95.751081). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.6 square miles (4.1 km$^2$), all land.

## Demographics

Midway racial composition as of 2020 (NH = Non-Hispanic) :
| Race | Number | Percentage |
| White (NH) | 126 | 72.83% |
| Black or African American (NH) | 23 | 13.29% |
| Native American or Alaska Native (NH) | 2 | 1.16% |
| Mixed/Multi-Racial (NH) | 4 | 2.31% |
| Hispanic or Latino | 18 | 10.4% |
| Total | 173 | |
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 173 people, 114 households, and 87 families residing in the city.
As of the census of 2000, 288 people, 120 households, and 86 families resided in the city. The population density was 179.6 inhabitants per square mile (69.3/km$^2$). The 151 housing units averaged 94.2 per square mile (36.4/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the city was 80.90% White, 15.97% African American, 0.35% Native American, 1.39% from other races, and 1.39% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 5.21% of the population.
Of the 120 households, 29.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.5% were married couples living together, 13.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.3% were not families; 25.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 2.83.
In the city, the population was distributed as 24.0% under the age of 18, 10.8% from 18 to 24, 23.6% from 25 to 44, 22.2% from 45 to 64, and 19.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 78.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 79.5 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $36,875, and for a family was $39,167. Males had a median income of $24,145 versus $24,375 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,824. About 6.8% of families and 8.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.7% of those under the age of 18 and 28.9% of those 65 or over.

## Government

The Ferguson Unit, a Texas Department of Criminal Justice prison for men, is located in unincorporated Madison County, near Midway.

## Climate

The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen climate classification system, Midway has a humid subtropical climate, Cfa on climate maps.
# Haematopinus oliveri

Haematopinus oliveri, known commonly as the pygmy hog-sucking louse, is a critically endangered species of insect in the suborder Anoplura, the sucking lice. It is an ectoparasite found only on another critically endangered species, the pygmy hog (Porcula salvania). It is endemic to India and can now only be found in parts of north-western Assam.
# Frank C. Moore (painter)

Frank C. Moore II (June 22, 1953 – April 21, 2002) was a New York-based painter, winner of the Logan Medal of the Arts, and a member of the Visual AIDS Artist Caucus—the organization responsible for the (Red) Ribbon Project, A Day Without Art, and A Night Without Light.
Moore's father, Earle K. Moore, was a communications and civil rights lawyer in Manhattan, who won a landmark case establishing that broadcast stations must serve the interests of their viewers. His sister, Rebecca Moore, would later become a computer scientist, environmentalist, and founder of Google Earth Outreach. Frank Moore was born in Manhattan in 1953, then moved with his family to Long Island, N.Y., first to Great Neck, and then to Roslyn, where he first attended Roslyn Junior High School. He graduated from Roslyn High School in 1971, where he had been active in student politics and served as class president. Moore's work was selected for display for years in the high school halls. They were eventually removed during a renovation and subsequently lost.
He attended Yale, where he graduated summa cum laude in 1975, and he studied at the Cité internationale des arts in Paris from 1977 to 1979. His art began appearing in group exhibitions in 1979, as he worked as a set designer for modern dance choreographer Jim Self in Manhattan.
Deeply indebted to Surrealism, Moore's paintings frequently depict dream scenarios and futuristic landscapes, often with environmental sub-texts (in a picture-postcard Niagara Falls, chemical signatures of pollutants drift in the mist), or references to AIDS (in Viral Romance, 1992, a reversed bouquet blooms human immunodeficiency virus). His political stance was broad and nuanced with homoerotic imagery. He died of AIDS on April 21, 2002, aged 48. Late in 2012, the double exhibition Toxic Beauty, comprising the most comprehensive review of Moore's work, was on view at New York University. His sister Rebecca Moore completed his work setting up the Gesso Foundation for artists after his death.
# Barry Cunningham (Gaelic footballer)

Barry Cunningham (born 1965/6) is an Irish former Gaelic footballer who played for Na Cealla Beaga and the Donegal county team. As of 2009, he was a quantity surveyor.

## Inter-county

Cunningham won the 1987 All-Ireland Under-21 Football Championship with Donegal.
He was a member of Donegal's 1992 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship winning panel. He played as a midfielder and came on as a substitute for calf injury victim Brian Murray in the second half of the 1992 All-Ireland Final as Donegal defeated Dublin by a scoreline of 0–18 to 0–14.

## Club

At club level he played for Na Cealla Beaga. He won five Donegal Senior Football Championships—1988, 1991, 1992, 1995 and 1996. In 1991 he reached the final of the Ulster Senior Club Football Championship.
# James Couchman

James Randall Couchman (11 February 1942 – 16 November 2023) was a British Conservative politician who served as a Member of Parliament from 1983 to 1997.

## Early life

James Randall Couchman was born on 11 February 1942. He was educated at Cranleigh School and the University of Newcastle and was a London Borough of Bexley councillor from 1974 to 1982. He later served as a county councillor in Oxfordshire from 2005 until he retired in 2013.

## Political career

Couchman first stood for Parliament at Chester-le-Street in 1979, but was beaten by Labour's Giles Radice.
Couchman was Member of Parliament (MP) for Gillingham from 1983 until his defeat in 1997 by Labour's Paul Clark. He appeared in a documentary for Channel 4's Cutting Edge entitled Last Year's Tories, which looked at the lives of ten Conservative MPs who had been unseated at the 1997 election, which aired on the first anniversary of their defeat in 1998.

## Death

Couchman died on 16 November 2023, at the age of 81.
# Geco (Geophysical Company of Norway)

Geco (Geophysical Company of Norway) was a European geophysical service company specializing in seismic surveys for petroleum exploration. Starting operating in the North Sea from 1972, the company expanded to operate in most marine areas open for explorations, until Geco was incorporated into Geco-Prakla, with Schlumberger Limited as the solely owner from 1993.

## History

The company started as Geoteam-Computas Ltd. A.S on December 13, 1972. The name was shortly afterwards changed to Geophysical Company of Norway, most commonly referred to as Geco. Anders Farestveit was the founder and the first CEO. The main focus was marine seismic surveys, including developing and equipping seismic vessels and conducting seismic surveys on customer requests. Geco was merged with the competing Norwegian geophysical company at that time, Statex (owned by Statoil and Kongsberg Våpenfabrikk) effective from January 1, 1978. Ownership after the merger was shared between Kongsberg Våpenfabrikk and Det Norske Veritas.
Geco retained its identity and name, but extended its service portfolio and global market share from 1978. Besides seismic surveys, the company offered data processing services and interpretation services. The company was spending its earnings in the area of technology research and development. They succeeded in offering a first commercial available 3D seismic interpretation workstation, "Charisma" software, from 1983. Development of a first digital streamer cable, named "Nessie", was completed and in operation from 1984.
The company enjoyed strong expansion until 1985, when there was a global crisis in the oil industry. In the summer of 1986 Schlumberger Limited purchased first 50%, then in 1988 the entire company. This brought about a merger with Merlin Geophysical (Seismic Profilers), who had been purchased by Schlumberger a year earlier.
Mergers with other geophysical companies followed, including Delft Geophysical, Prakla-Seismos (founded in 1963 by merger of Seismos GmbH (founded 1921) and Gesellschaft für Praktische Lagerstättenforschung (Prakla) GmbH (founded 1937)) and Seismograph Services Ltd (owned at the time by Ratheon and based in Holwood Park, Keston, Kent, UK). Following the merger with Prakla-Seismos in 1993, the company was renamed Geco-Prakla. In 2001, Geco-Prakla was joined with the Western Geophysical division of Baker Hughes in a joint venture named WesternGeco. Schlumberger retained 70% ownership in the venture; Baker Hughes owned the remaining 30%.
In April 2006 Schlumberger acquired the 30% interest from Baker Hughes for $2.4 billion.
Now, this company doesn't exist anymore. All of its assets, employees, and legal identities belong to Schlumberger.
# Chmielówka

Chmielówka may refer to the following villages in north-east Poland:
* Chmielówka, Podlaskie Voivodeship
* Chmielówka, Braniewo County (Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship)
* Chmielówka, Olsztyn County (Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship)
# Victoria Park, Belfast

Victoria Park was opened in 1906 in the Connswater area of Belfast. Belfast Harbour Commissioners investigated the idea in 1854, however the land was very marshy and needed draining near Belfast Lough. It was landscaped by Charles McKimm, who also built the Tropical Ravine in Botanic Gardens. Victoria Park contains a large lake.

## Stations

Victoria Park had a namesake station called Victoria Park which was opened in 1905 by the Belfast and County Down Railway and closed in 1988. Today the Victoria Park can be accessed from Sydenham.

## Belfast Victoria Parkrun

Belfast Victoria Park holds a weekly 5K run which is run by Parkrun.
# Inonotus arizonicus

Inonotus arizonicus is a plant pathogen. I. arizonicus is a locally common saprotrophic polypore that induces white rot in sycamore trees in southwestern North America. Host species include Platanus wrightii (Arizona sycamores) and Platanus racemosa (California sycamores). The fruiting bodies, shaped like hooves or a plate or a stack of plates, can appear on trunks, at the base of living trees, or on stumps or snags. In California this species is generally found south of the San Francisco Bay Area.
# Gúdar-Javalambre

Gúdar-Javalambre is a comarca in Aragon, Spain. The most important town is Mora de Rubielos.
This comarca is located at the southern end of Aragon, bordering the Valencian Community. The area is mountainous with the summits of the Sistema Ibérico rising over towns with little or very little population in which the agricultural houses of the former villages have become summerhouses.
The Sierra de Gúdar and the Sierra de Javalambre dominate the landscape and give their name to the comarca. The summits are covered in snow in the winter. The Aramón Javalambre ski resort is located in this comarca.

## Municipalities

* Abejuela, 65
* Albentosa, 299
* Alcalá de la Selva, 499
* Arcos de las Salinas, 127
* Cabra de Mora, 115
* Camarena de la Sierra, 159
* El Castellar, 77
* Formiche Alto, 202
* Fuentes de Rubielos, 117
* Gúdar, 100
* Linares de Mora, 320
* Manzanera, 516
* Mora de Rubielos, 1,553
* Mosqueruela, 703
* Nogueruelas, 223
* Olba, 233
* La Puebla de Valverde, 551
* Puertomingalvo, 190
* Rubielos de Mora, 699
* San Agustín, 142
* Sarrión, 1.072
* Torrijas, 86
* Valbona, 216
* Valdelinares, 134
# Bernal Islands

The Bernal Islands are a group of four mainly snow-covered islands and a number of rocks lying in Crystal Sound, about 19 km (10 nmi) east of the south end of Lavoisier Island, Biscoe Islands. They were mapped from surveys by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (1958–59) and from air photos obtained by the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition (1947–48), and named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee for John D. Bernal, a British physicist, joint author with Sir Ralph Fowler of a classic 1933 paper on the structure of ice which suggested the location of the hydrogen atoms, known as the ice rules.
# Tuva National Museum

Tuva National Museum is a museum of the Tuva Republic, located in the city of Kyzyl. The museum has collections of Saka art, particularly artifact from the Arzhan kurgan. The museum's first director was V. P. Yermolaev (1892–1982).

## Gallery

* Tuva National Museum
* Arzhan kurgan animal ring
* Arzhan deer pin.
# C. V. Seshadri

Dr. Chetput Venkatasubban Seshadri (14 April 1930 – 17 September 1995) was a distinguished Indian chemical engineer who was chair of chemical engineering at IIT Kanpur. IIT Kanpur today has an endowed chair named for him, the C. V. Seshadri Professorship.

## Career

He received his PhD from Carnegie Mellon University, and was then at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as a postdoctoral research associate. He started his independent academic career as an assistant professor of IIT Kanpur in 1965. Later he became a professor and finally the head of the Chemical Engineering Department of IITK. He also served as the dean of students' affairs at IITK.
He was the founding director of the Shri AMM Murugappa Chettiar Research Centre. During his tenure as a director, this Research Center won Jamnalal Bajaj Award for Application of Science and Technology for Rural Development in 1981.
In 2008, the C. V. Seshadri chair of professorship was instituted at the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur. Prof. Yogesh M. Joshi is the present occupant of this chair.

## Family

He was a Calamur: brother to C. V. Ranganathan and C. V. Karthik Narayanan, brother-in-law to M. R. Srinivasan, cousin to Aryama Sundaram, Nanditha Krishna, and C. V. Karthikeyan, nephew of C. R. Pattabhiraman, grandson of Sir C. P. Ramaswami Iyer, grandnephew of Sir C.V. Kumaraswami Sastri and C.V. Viswanatha Sastri, and great-great-great-grandson of C. V. Runganada Sastri. Extended uncles include Shankaracharya Bharati Krishna Tirthaji, and C. Sivaramamurti.
# Calathus depressus

Calathus depressus is a species of ground beetle from the Platyninae subfamily. It is endemic to Tenerife, the Canary Islands. It occurs in the higher fayal/brezal forest and up into the mixed monteverde/pine forests.