# Somaliland National Army

The Somaliland National Army (Somali: Ciidanka Qaranka Soomaaliland, Arabic: الجيش صوماليلاندي), is the land force and largest branch of the Somaliland Armed Forces is based in the Somaliland capital of Hargeisa. The Somaliland National Army is composed entirely of professionals and volunteers because the army is not mandatory for conscription. Some Somaliland battalions operate near the Puntland border due to a border dispute.

## History

The history of the Somaliland army dates back to the Protectorate era, which was founded by the British Army as the Somaliland Camel Corps in the 20th. In 1941 World War II Italy invaded British Somaliland. In December 1941 after the liberation of British Somaliland from Italy.
Somaliland Scouts has dissolution of the Somaliland Camel Corps in 1942, which was formerly tasked with the defense of the protectorate.
The Somaliland National Army was established in 1993 and was established by the Somaliland reconciliation.

## Structure

The Somaliland Army is governed by the Ministry of Defence, and headquartered in Hargeisa. The Somaliland Armed Forces' Chief of Staff's office is in Hargeisa. He is the Chief of Staff of the Army, as well as the Navy and Air Forces, although the latter two typically report to the Ministry of Defence.
The Army currently operates 5 Divisions across 2 military regions. Each Division is equipped with a mechanised brigade with 3 specifically equipped with artillery batteries.
Each Division consists of 3 light infantry brigades.
* Army Command HQ- Birjeex (Hargeisa)
* 31st Division (Qeybta 31aad)
** JSL 31st Infantry Brigade (Qeyta 31aad Ee Hargeisa)
** JSL Specialised Infantry Battalion
** JSL Mechanized Brigade
** JSL Commandos Regiment ( Ciidamada Kamaandowsta)
** JSL Army Band
** JSL Tank Brigade
* 12th Division (Qeybta 12aad) Burco
** JSL 12th Infantry Brigade (Qeyta 12aad Ee Burco)
** JSL Mechanized Battalion
** JSL Field Artillery Corps (Xeerada Gaaska Ee Burco)
* 3rd Division (Qeybta 3aad) Ceerigaabo
** JSL 3rd Infantry Brigade (Qeyta 3aad Ee Ceerigaabo)
** JSL Mechanized Battalion
** JSL Commandos Regiment ( Ciidamada Kamaandowsta)
* 7th Division (Qeybta 7aad) Laascaanood – Taliska Guud Ee Aaga Bari Goojacade
** JSL 7th Infantry Brigade (Qeyta 7aad Ee Laascaanood)
** JSL Tank Brigade
** JSL Commandos Regiment ( Ciidamada Kamaandowsta)
** JSL Specialised Infantry Battalion
** JSL Field Artillery Corps (Xeerada Gaaska Ee Goojacade)
* 19th Division (Qeybta 19aad) Goroyo Cawl
** JSL Specialised Infantry Battalion
** JSL Mechanized Battalion

## Vehicles, Equipment and Camouflage

* Main Battle Tank
** T-55A (1974–1976) (MBT) – 87 in service and 42+ in operational service
** T-54B (1974–1976) (MBT) – 40 in service and 31+ in operational service
** T-72B (MBT) – current numbers unknown
* Armoured Fighting Vehicles
** Fiat 6614 (APC) – 5+ in both operational service and regular service
** Fiat 6616 (Turret – 20 mm, APC) 1+ in both operational service and regular service
** Fiat 6616 (UB-16 Rockets, Turret – 20 mm) – 3+ in both operational service and regular service
** Panhard AML
* Transport Vehicles
** Iveco LMV (4x4)
** Renault GBC-180 (6×6)
** M939 Truck (6×6)
** Toyota Landcruiser J79
** Toyota Hilux
** Nissan Frontier
** Ford F350 (Armoured Gun Truck)
** Humvee
* Self-Propelled Artillery
** BM-21 Grad (Multiple Rocket Launcher – 122 mm) – estimated 100 in both regular service and operational service
** Humvee (Multiple Rocket Launcher)
* Towed Artillery
** D-44 (85 mm)
** M101 (105 mm)
** D-30 (122 mm)
** D-74 (122 mm)
** M-46 (130 mm)
* Mortar
** M-224 (60 mm)
** M1938 (120 mm)
* Anti-Aircraft Gun
** ZU-23-2 (Twin-barreled anti-aircraft gun – 23 mm)
** ZPU-4 (Quad-barrelled anti-aircraft gun – 14.5mm)
* Camo
** U.S. Woodland (Primary Camo)
| Weapon | Origin | Notes |
| Assault Rifle |||
| AK-47 | Soviet Union | Imported from Ethiopia and Yemen |
| AKM | Soviet Union | Imported from Ethiopia and Yemen |
| AK-74 | Soviet Union | Imported from Ethiopia and Yemen |
| AK-74M | Soviet Union | Somaliland modernised version of the AK |
| AK-103 | Russia | Imported from Ethiopia |
| FN FAL | Belgium | Current origins of this weapon is unknown |
| M16A1 | United States | Current origins of this weapon is unknown |
| Sidearm |||
| Skorpion vz. 61 | Czechoslovak | Seized after the Somaliland War of Independence |
| TT Pistol | Soviet Union | Seized after the Somaliland War of Independence |
| Sniper Rifle |||
| Dragunov Sniper Rifle | Soviet Union | Seized after the Somaliland War of Independence |
| Barrett M82 | United States | Spotted in the 18 May 2023 independence parade |
| Machine Gun |||
| PK | Soviet Union | Seized after the Somaliland War of Independence |
| DShK | Soviet Union | Seized after the Somaliland War of Independence |
| NSV | Soviet Union | Seized after the Somaliland War of Independence |
| RPK-74 | Soviet Union | Seized after the Somaliland War of Independence |
| Anti Tank Weapons |||
| RPG-7 | Soviet Union | Seized after the Somaliland War of Independence |
| Drill Purpose Rifles |||
| SKS | Soviet Union | Seized after the Somaliland War of Independence |

## Ranks

| Rank group | General / flag officers | General / flag officers | General / flag officers | General / flag officers | General / flag officers | General / flag officers | General / flag officers | General / flag officers | General / flag officers | General / flag officers | Senior officers | Senior officers | Senior officers | Senior officers | Senior officers | Senior officers | Junior officers | Junior officers | Junior officers | Junior officers | Junior officers | Junior officers | Junior officers | Junior officers |
| Somaliland National Army vte | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Somaliland National Army vte | | | | | Sareeye guud | Sareeye guud | Sareeye gaas | Sareeye gaas | Sareeye guuto | Sareeye guuto | Gashaanle sare | Gashaanle sare | Gashaanle dhexe | Gashaanle dhexe | Gashaanle | Gashaanle | Dhamme | Dhamme | Laba xídígle | Laba xídígle | Laba xídígle | Xídígle | Xídígle | Xídígle |
| Rank group | Senior NCOs | Senior NCOs | Senior NCOs | Senior NCOs | Senior NCOs | Senior NCOs | Senior NCOs | Senior NCOs | Senior NCOs | Senior NCOs | Senior NCOs | Senior NCOs | Senior NCOs | Senior NCOs | Senior NCOs | Senior NCOs | Senior NCOs | Senior NCOs | Senior NCOs | Senior NCOs | Senior NCOs | Senior NCOs | Junior NCOs | Junior NCOs | Junior NCOs | Junior NCOs | Junior NCOs | Junior NCOs | Enlisted | Enlisted | Enlisted | Enlisted | Enlisted | Enlisted | Enlisted | Enlisted |
| Somaliland National Army vte | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Somaliland National Army vte | Chief warrant officer Musharax sarkaal | Chief warrant officer Musharax sarkaal | Chief warrant officer Musharax sarkaal | Warrant officer class 1 Sadex xarígle | Warrant officer class 1 Sadex xarígle | Warrant officer class 1 Sadex xarígle | Warrant officer class 2 Laba xarígle | Warrant officer class 2 Laba xarígle | Warrant officer class 3 Xarígle | Warrant officer class 3 Xarígle | Sergeant Sadex alífle | Sergeant Sadex alífle | Sergeant Sadex alífle | Sergeant Sadex alífle | Sergeant Sadex alífle | Sergeant Sadex alífle | Sergeant Sadex alífle | Sergeant Sadex alífle | Sergeant Sadex alífle | Sergeant Sadex alífle | Sergeant Sadex alífle | Sergeant Sadex alífle | Corporal Laba alífle | Corporal Laba alífle | Corporal Laba alífle | Corporal Laba alífle | Lance corporal Alífle | Lance corporal Alífle | Private (or equivalent) Dable | Private (or equivalent) Dable | Private (or equivalent) Dable | Private (or equivalent) Dable | Private (or equivalent) Dable | Private (or equivalent) Dable | Private (or equivalent) Dable | Private (or equivalent) Dable |

## Gallery

* Women in Somaliland Army
* Somaliland Army in Independence Day Parade.
* Training women of the Somaliland Army.
* Somaliland Technical.
* Somaliland BM-21 Grad

## Combat History
### Somaliland War of Independence

The Somaliland War of Independence (Somali: Dagaalkii Xoraynta Soomaaliland, lit. 'Somaliland Liberation War') was a rebellion waged by the Somali National Movement against the ruling military junta in Somalia led by General Siad Barre lasting from its founding on 6 April 1981 and ended on 18 May 1991 when the SNM declared what was then northern Somalia independent as the Republic of Somaliland. The conflict served as the main theatre of the larger Somali Rebellion that started in 1978. The conflict was in response to the harsh policies enacted by the Barre regime against the main clan family in Somaliland, the Isaaq, including a declaration of economic warfare on the Isaaq. These harsh policies were put into effect shortly after the conclusion of the disastrous Ogaden war in 1978.
During the ongoing conflict between the forces of the Somali National Movement and the Somali Army, the Somali government's genocidal campaign against the Isaaq took place between May 1988 and March 1989, with explicit aims of handling the "Isaaq problem", Barre ordered the shelling and aerial bombardment of the major cities in the northwest and the systematic destruction of Isaaq dwellings, settlements and water points. The Siad Barre regime targeted civilian members of the Isaaq group specifically, especially in the cities of Hargeisa and Burao and to that end employed the use of indiscriminate artillery shelling and aerial bombardment against civilian populations belonging to the Isaaq clan.

### Puntland–Somaliland dispute

The Puntland–Somaliland dispute is a territorial dispute over the provinces of Sool, Sanaag and the Buuhoodle district of Togdheer region between the self-declared Republic of Somaliland and the Puntland state of Somalia. The territory was historically part of British Somaliland, a British protectorate that granted independence in 1960 and then formed a union with neighboring Italian colony Trust Territory of Somaliland to form the Somali Republic. When the Somaliland War of Independence was concluded and the Somali Civil War broke out, Somaliland declared independence from Somalia in 1991 as a successor state to the British protectorate and declared independence from Somalia.
The dispute started in 1998, when Puntland was formed as an autonomous state of Somalia and declared the region as part of its territory based on tribal affiliation of the locals.

### Battle of Las Anod

The Battle of Las Anod saw Somaliland forces engage Puntland forces in Las Anod, capital of the Sool region. The ensuing battle resulted in Somaliland ousting the Puntland army from the city. Las Anod had until then been controlled by Puntland, who took control of the regional capital in 2002.
Somaliland had however been aiding local clan militias opposed to Puntland presence in the city. The clan militias were loyal to Ahmed Abdi Habsade, a former Puntland minister who later on defected to Somaliland. In October 2007, the conflict mushroomed into a regional conflict over control of the city of Las Anod, as Somaliland regular army forces mobilized from their base in the town of Adhicadeeye, west of the city, and entered the conflict. Puntland was slow to mobilize a counter-attack, as Puntland's weak economy and overstretched military obligations in Mogadishu prevented a rapid response. After assuming control of the city on October 15, Somaliland moved Sool's regional administration into Las Anod. Between 10 and 20 people were reported to be dead.

### 2010 Ayn clashes

The 2010 Ayn clashes saw Somaliland forces engage Dulbahante clan militia in the Buuhoodle district. The battle was prompted by Ethiopian troops seizing a truck belonging to locals in Buuhoodle, sparking a response from residents and Ethiopian retaliatory attack on Buuhoodle and a Somaliland attack upon Widhwidh. More clashes were reported to have occurred near Widhwidh on 19 July 2010.

### Battle of Tukaraq (2018)

In 2018, the Battle of Tukaraq saw Somaliland forces engage Puntland forces in Tukaraq, a town in the eastern Sool region, on the road between the regional capitals of Las Anod and Garowe. The ensuing heavy clashes resulted in Somaliland ousting the Puntland army from the town. The battle was significant as it was the first time both forces clashed directly.

### Las Anod Conflict (2023)

The 2023 Las Anod conflict is an ongoing armed conflict between the Somaliland National Army and the militia forces of the Dhulbahante in Las Anod, the capital of the Sool region. Fighting erupted on February 6 after Somaliland security forces held a crackdown on civil protests. On 19 October 2023, the Federal Government in Somalia recognized Las Anod and the greater SSC-Khaatumo region as being independent of Somaliland.