# Righteous Among the Nations

Righteous Among the Nations (Hebrew: חֲסִידֵי אֻמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם ḥasidei ummot ha'olam) is a title used by Yad Vashem to describe people who, for various reasons, made an effort to assist victims, mostly Jews, who were being persecuted and exterminated by Nazi Germany, Fascist Romania, Fascist Italy, and other local close allies and collaborators, during the Holocaust. The term originates from the concept of ger toshav, a legal term used to refer to non-Jewish observers of the Seven Laws of Noah.

## Endowment
### Criteria of the Knesset

When Yad Vashem, the Shoah Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority, was established in 1953 by the Knesset, one of its tasks was to commemorate the "Righteous Among the Nations". The Righteous were defined as non-Jews who risked their lives to save Jews during the Holocaust.
Since 1963, a commission headed by a justice of the Supreme Court of Israel has been charged with the duty of awarding the honorary title "Righteous Among the Nations". Guided in its work by certain criteria, the commission meticulously studies all documentation including evidence by survivors and other eyewitnesses, evaluates the historical circumstances and the element of risk to the rescuer, and then decides if the case meets the criteria. Those criteria are:
* Only a Jewish party can put forward a nomination.
* Helping a family member or helping a Jew who converted to Christianity is not ground for recognition.
* Assistance has to be repeated or substantial.
* Assistance has to be given without any financial gain expected in return (although covering expenses such as food is acceptable).
The award has been given without regard to the social rank of the helper. It has been given to royalty such as Princess Alice of Battenberg, Queen Mother Helen of Romania and Queen Elisabeth of Belgium but also to others like the philosopher Jacques Ellul, Salvadoran diplomat José Castellanos Contreras and to Amsterdam department store employee Hendrika Gerritsen.

### Reception in Jerusalem

A person who is recognized as Righteous for having taken risks to help Jews during the Holocaust is awarded a medal in their name, a certificate of honor, and the privilege of having the name added to those on the Wall of Honor in the Garden of the Righteous at Yad Vashem in Jerusalem (the last is in lieu of a tree planting, which was discontinued for lack of space). The awards are distributed to the rescuers or their next of kin during ceremonies in Israel, or in their countries of residence through the offices of Israel's diplomatic representatives. These ceremonies are attended by local government representatives and are given wide media coverage.

#### Israeli citizenship and legal benefits

The Yad Vashem Law authorizes Yad Vashem "to confer honorary citizenship upon the Righteous Among the Nations, and if they have died, the commemorative citizenship of the State of Israel, in recognition of their actions". Anyone who has been recognized as "Righteous" is entitled to apply to Yad Vashem for the certificate. If the person is no longer alive, their next of kin is entitled to request that commemorative citizenship be conferred on the Righteous who has died.
In total, 28,217 (as of 1 January 2022) men and women from 51 countries have been recognized, amounting to more than 10,000 authenticated rescue stories. Yad Vashem's policy is to pursue the program for as long as petitions for this title are received and are supported by evidence that meets the criteria.
Recipients who choose to live in the State of Israel are entitled to a pension equal to the average national wage and free health care, as well as assistance with housing and nursing care.

## Recipients settled in Israel

At least 130 Righteous non-Jews have settled in Israel. They were welcomed by Israeli authorities, and were granted citizenship. In the mid-1980s, they became entitled to special pensions. Some of them had settled in British Mandatory Palestine before Israel's establishment shortly after World War II, or in the early years of Israel, while others came later. Those who came earlier often spoke fluent Hebrew and have integrated into Israeli society. Children and grandchildren of Righteous Gentiles are entitled to a temporary residence visa in Israel, but not Israeli citizenship.

## Non-Jewish initiatives for the Righteous
### Christian honours

One Righteous Among the Nations, Saint Elizabeth Hesselblad of Sweden, has been canonized a saint in the Catholic Church. Seven others have been beatified: Giuseppe Girotti and Odoardo Focherini of Italy, Klymentiy Sheptytsky of Ukraine, Bernhard Lichtenberg of Germany, Sára Salkaházi of Hungary, and Józef and Wiktoria Ulma of Poland (together with their children).
Maria Skobtsova of Paris and her companions are recognised as martyrs in the Eastern Orthodox Church. Her feast day is 20 July.
Giuseppina De Muro, an Italian Catholic nun who saved over 500 people from deportation to concentration camps, was announced in 2024.

### Secular honours

In 2015, Lithuania's first street sign honoring a Righteous Among the Nations was unveiled in Vilnius. The street is named Onos Šimaitės gatvė, after Ona Šimaitė, a Vilnius University librarian who helped and rescued Jewish people in the Vilna Ghetto.
In Zvolen, Slovakia, the Park of Generous Souls commemorates the Righteous Among the Nations from Slovakia.
Beginning in 2018, China's most significant World War II museum, the War of Resistance Museum, features China's Righteous Among the Nations and other Chinese figures who helped Jews escape Europe.

## Number of awards by country

As of 10 August 2023, the award has been made to 28,217 people. Yad Vashem emphasises that the table is not representative of the effort or proportion of Jews saved per country, and notes that these numbers "are not necessarily an indication of the actual number of rescuers in each country, but reflect the cases that were made available to Yad Vashem."
| Country | Number of awards | Notable recipients | 1939 population | Recipients per 100,000 inhabitants |
| Poland | 7,232 | Jan Karski, Maria Kotarba, Irena Sendler, Irena Adamowicz, Benedykt Kraskowski | 34,849,000 | 20.59 |
| Netherlands | 5,910 | Willem Arondéus, Corrie ten Boom, Miep Gies, Frits Philips, Gerrit van der Veen, Bep Voskuijl, Henk Zanoli, Jan Zwartendijk | 8,729,000 | 67.70 |
| France | 4,150 | Anne Beaumanoir, Jeanne Brousse, André and Magda Trocmé | 42,000,000 | 9.88 |
| Ukraine | 2,673 | Klymentiy Sheptytsky | 32,425,000 | 8.24 |
| Belgium | 1,774 | Queen Elisabeth of Belgium | 8,387,000 | 21.15 |
| Lithuania | 924 | Ona Šimaitė, Kazys Binkis, Sofija Kymantaitė-Čiurlionienė, Kazys Grinius | 2,575,000 | 35.88 |
| Hungary | 876 | Endre Szervánszky, Sára Salkaházi | 9,129,000 | 9.60 |
| Italy | 744 | Carlo Angela, Gino Bartali, Giuseppina De Muro, Giuseppe Girotti, Odoardo Focherini, Giorgio Perlasca, Lorenzo Perrone | 43,400,000 | 1.71 |
| Belarus | 676 | | 5,568,994 | 12.14 |
| Germany | 641 | Oskar Schindler, Wilm Hosenfeld, Hans von Dohnanyi, Bernhard Lichtenberg, Gustav Schröder, Karl Plagge | 69,314,000 | 0.92 |
| Slovakia | 621 | Pavel Peter Gojdič | 2,655,000 | 23.39 |
| Greece | 362 | Queen Helen, Queen Mother of Romania, Princess Alice of Battenberg, Damaskinos of Athens | 7,222,000 | 5.01 |
| Russia | 215 | | 108,377,000 | 0.20 |
| Serbia | 139 | | 5,174,000 | 2.69 |
| Latvia | 138 | Jānis Lipke | 1,994,500 | 6.97 |
| Croatia | 130 | Ivan Vranetić | 4,235,000$^{:120}$ | 3.07 |
| Czech Republic | 119 | Victor Kugler | 11,200,000 | 1.06 |
| Austria | 115 | Ella Lingens, Kurt Lingens, Karl Motesiczky | 6,658,000 | 1.73 |
| Moldova | 79 | | 2,468,000 | 3.20 |
| Albania | 75 | Arslan Rezniqi | 1,073,000 | 6.99 |
| Romania | 69 | Queen Helen, Queen Mother of Romania | 19,933,800 | 0.35 |
| Norway | 67 | | 2,945,000 | 2.27 |
| Switzerland | 49 | Paul Grüninger, Carl Lutz | 4,200,000 | 1.17 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 49 | Nurija Pozderac | | |
| Armenia | 24 | | | |
| United Kingdom | 22 | Frank Foley, Sofka Skipwith, Jane Haining | | |
| Denmark | 22 | Danish resistance movement | 3,795,000 | 0.58 |
| Bulgaria | 20 | Dimitar Peshev, Stefan I of Bulgaria, Cyril of Bulgaria | 6,458,000 | 0.31 |
| Slovenia | 15 | | | |
| North Macedonia | 10 | | | |
| Sweden | 10 | Raoul Wallenberg, Elizabeth Hesselblad | | |
| Spain | 9 | Ángel Sanz Briz, Eduardo Propper de Callejón | | |
| United States | 5 | Varian Fry, Martha Sharp, Waitstill Sharp, Roddie Edmonds, Lois Gunden | | |
| Estonia | 3 | Uku Masing | 1,134,000 | 0.26 |
| Indonesia | 3 | Tole Madna, Mima Saina | | |
| Peru | 3 | José Maria Barreto | |
| Portugal | 3 | Aristides de Sousa Mendes, Carlos Sampaio Garrido | | |
| Brazil | 2 | Luis Martins de Souza Dantas, Aracy de Carvalho | | |
| Chile | 2 | Samuel del Campo | | |
| Republic of China | 2 | Ho Feng-Shan, Pan Junshun | | |
| Cuba | 1 | Ámparo Otero Pappo | | |
| Egypt | 1 | Mohammed Helmy | | |
| Turkey | 1 | Selahattin Ülkümen | | |
| Montenegro | 1 | Petar Zanković | | |
| Ecuador | 1 | Manuel Muñoz Borrero | | |
| Japan | 1 | Chiune Sugihara | | |
| Luxembourg | 1 | Victor Bodson | | |
| Vietnam | 1 | Paul Nguyễn Công Anh | | |
| Ireland | 1 | Mary Elmes | | |
| El Salvador | 1 | José Castellanos Contreras | | |
| Georgia | 1 | Sergei Metreveli | | |