# Cabinet Secretary (United Kingdom)

The cabinet secretary is the most senior civil servant in the United Kingdom and is based in the Cabinet Office. The person in this role acts as the senior policy adviser to the prime minister and Cabinet, and as the secretary to the Cabinet is responsible to all ministers for the efficient running of government. The role is currently occupied by Sir Chris Wormald.

## Origin

The position of cabinet secretary was created in 1916 for Sir Maurice Hankey, when the existing secretariat of the Committee of Imperial Defence, headed by Hankey, became secretariat to a newly organised War Cabinet.

## Responsibilities
### Civil Service

Since 1981 (except for a period 2011–2014), the position of cabinet secretary has been combined with the role of Head of the Home Civil Service. The cabinet secretary used to also hold the position of the permanent secretary of the Cabinet Office, but this has been passed to the chief executive of the civil service. The first means that the cabinet secretary is responsible for all the civil servants of the various departments within government (except the Foreign Office), chairing the Permanent Secretaries Management Group (PSMG) which is the principal governing body of the civil service. The second means that the cabinet secretary is responsible for leading the government department that provides administrative support to the prime minister and Cabinet. The post is appointed by the prime minister with the advice of the out-going cabinet secretary and the First Civil Service Commissioner.

### Cabinet

The responsibilities of the job vary from time to time and depend very much on the personal qualities of both the prime minister and cabinet secretary of the day. In most cases the true influence of the cabinet secretary extends far beyond administrative matters, and reaches to the very heart of the decision-making process. For instance, the cabinet secretary is responsible for administering the Ministerial Code which governs the conduct of ministers (also known as the Rule Book and formerly Questions of Procedure for Ministers). In this duty the cabinet secretary may be asked to investigate leaks within government, and enforce Cabinet discipline. Unusually in a democracy, this gives the unelected cabinet secretary some authority over elected ministers (a situation satirised in the BBC sitcom Yes, Prime Minister), although the constitutional authority of the code is somewhat ambiguous.

### Intelligence

The cabinet secretary is responsible for overseeing the intelligence services and their relationship to the government, though since 2002 this responsibility has been delegated to a full-time role (initially as Security and Intelligence Co-ordinator, now the National Security Adviser), with the cabinet secretary focussing on civil service reforms to help deliver the government's policy programme.

## Appointment

Previously the Cabinet Secretary was appointed on the advice of the outgoing incumbent. The 2024 appointment process consisted of shortlisted candidates took "leadership assessments" and an interview chaired by the First Civil Service Commissioner Gisela Stuart, Brian McBride (Lead Non Executive Director MoD, and Non-Executive member of the Civil Service Senior Leadership Committee), Gus O’Donnell (former Cabinet Secretary) and Dame Sharon White (former Second Permanent Secretary at HM Treasury). The appointment will be made by the Prime Minister.

## 2011 restructuring

It was announced on 11 October 2011 that Gus O'Donnell would retire at the end of 2011, and following this the three roles then performed by the cabinet secretary would be split: the cabinet secretary would provide policy advice to the prime minister and Cabinet; the Head of the Civil Service would provide leadership for the whole civil service; and the permanent secretary would oversee the Cabinet Office. It was announced later that the officeholders would be Jeremy Heywood as cabinet secretary, Bob Kerslake as Head of the Civil Service, and Ian Watmore as permanent secretary at the Cabinet Office.
In July 2014 it was announced that Kerslake would step down and Heywood would take the title of head of the Civil Service with a chief executive of the Civil Service reporting to Heywood and holding Watmore's post at the Cabinet Office. Heywood's retirement on health grounds was announced on 24 October 2018, and he was replaced by Mark Sedwill. As of January 2025, Sir Chris Wormald is Cabinet Secretary and Head of the Home Civil Service and Cat Little is Cabinet Office Permanent Secretary and COO of the Civil Service; as such, the 2011 restructuring has been partially undone and two of O'Donnell's roles are again held by the same person, while the third has remained separate.

## List of cabinet secretaries

| # | Name (birth–death) | Term of office | Term of office | Concurrent office(s) | Peerage |
| 1 | Sir Maurice Hankey (1877–1963) | 1916 | 1938 | Clerk of the Privy Council | Baron Hankey in 1939 |
| 2 | Sir Edward Bridges (1892–1969) | 1938 | 1946 | Head of the Home Civil Service Permanent Secretary to the Treasury | Baron Bridges in 1957 |
| 3 | Sir Norman Brook (1902–1967) | 1947 | 1962 | Head of the Home Civil Service Permanent Secretary to the Treasury | Baron Normanbrook in 1962 |
| 4 | Sir Burke Trend (1914–1987) | 1963 | 1972 | | Baron Trend in 1974 for life |
| 5 | Sir John Hunt (1919–2008) | 1973 | 1979 | | Baron Hunt of Tanworth in 1980 for life |
| 6 | Sir Robert Armstrong (1927–2020) | 1979 | 1987 | Head of the Home Civil Service | Baron Armstrong of Ilminster in 1988 for life |
| 7 | Sir Robin Butler (b. 1938) | 1988 | 1998 | Head of the Home Civil Service | Baron Butler of Brockwell in 1998 for life |
| 8 | Sir Richard Wilson (b. 1942) | 1998 | 2002 | Head of the Home Civil Service | Baron Wilson of Dinton in 2002 for life |
| 9 | Sir Andrew Turnbull (b. 1945) | 1 September 2002 | 1 March 2005 | Head of the Home Civil Service | Baron Turnbull in 2005 for life |
| 10 | Sir Gus O'Donnell (b. 1952) | 1 March 2005 | 31 December 2011 | Head of the Home Civil Service | Baron O'Donnell in 2012 for life |
| 11 | Sir Jeremy Heywood (1961–2018) | 1 January 2012 | 24 October 2018 | Head of the Home Civil Service | Baron Heywood of Whitehall in 2018 for life |
| 12 | Sir Mark Sedwill (b. 1964) | 24 October 2018 | 9 September 2020 | Head of the Home Civil Service | Baron Sedwill in 2020 for life |
| 13 | Simon Case (b. 1978) | 9 September 2020 | 16 December 2024 | Head of the Home Civil Service |
| 14 | Sir Chris Wormald (b. 1968) | 16 December 2024 | | Head of the Home Civil Service | |