# Claudia Goldin

Claudia Dale Goldin (born May 14, 1946) is an American economic historian and labor economist. She is the Henry Lee Professor of Economics at Harvard University. In October 2023, she was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences "for having advanced our understanding of women's labor market outcomes”. The third woman to win the award, she was the first woman to win the award solo.
She is a co-director (co-directing with Claudia Olivetti and Jessica Goldberg) of the National Bureau of Economic Research's (NBER) Gender in the Economy study group, and was the director of the NBER's Development of the American Economy program from 1989 to 2017.
Goldin's historical work on women and the American economy is what she is best known for. Regarding that subject, her papers that have been most influential have been those about the impact of the contraceptive pill on women's career and marriage decisions, the education of women and men together in higher education, the history of women's pursuit of career and family, women's last names after marriage as a social indicator, the reasons most undergraduates are now women, and the new life history of women's employment.
In 1990, Goldin became the first woman to be tenured in Harvard's economics department. In 2013 she was the president of the American Economic Association.

## Biography
### Early life and education

Claudia Goldin was born in the Bronx, New York City on May 14, 1946. Her family was Jewish. Her father Leon Goldin (1918—2011) worked as a data processing manager at Burlington Industries, and her mother Lucille Rosansky Goldin (1919—2020) was the principal of Public School 105 in the Bronx. As a child, Claudia was determined to become an archaeologist, but upon reading Paul de Kruif's Microbe Hunters (1926) in junior high school, she became drawn to bacteriology. As a high school junior, she completed a summer school course in microbiology at Cornell University and after graduating from the Bronx High School of Science she entered Cornell University with the intention of studying microbiology.
In her sophomore year, Goldin took a class with Alfred Kahn, "whose utter delight in using economics to uncover hidden truths did for economics what Paul de Kruif's stories had done for microbiology." In 1967 she graduated from Cornell University with a BA in economics, and in 1969 she finished her master's degree in economics at the University of Chicago.
Goldin earned her PhD in Industrial Organization and Labor Economics from the University of Chicago in 1972. She wrote her dissertation ("The Economics of Urban Slavery: 1820 to 1860") on slavery in southern antebellum cities.

### Career

From 1971–1973, she was an assistant professor of economics at the University of Wisconsin. She was also an assistant professor of economics from 1973–1979, at Princeton University. From 1979–1985 she was an associate professor of economics at the University of Pennsylvania, and from 1985–1990 she was a professor of economics there. She joined the economics department at Harvard University in 1990, where she was in 1990 the first woman to be given tenure in that department.
Goldin was the president of the American Economic Association in 2013 and the president of the Economic History Association in 1999/2000. She has been elected fellow of numerous organizations, including the American Academy of Political and Social Science, the Society of Labor Economists, the Econometric Society, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. She is a member of sections 53 (Social and Political Sciences) and 54 (Economic Sciences) of the National Academy of Sciences. She has received several honorary doctorates including the University of Nebraska system, Lund University, the European University Institute, the University of Zurich, Dartmouth College, and the University of Rochester. She was an editor of the Journal of Economic History, from 1984 to 1988.
In 2015, utilizing the funding from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, Goldin and Tatyana Avilova initiated the Undergraduate Women in Economics (UWE) Challenge in hopes of shrinking the gender gap among undergraduate majors in economics. A randomized controlled trial was carried out for one year using twenty institutions to receive the treatment and sixty-eight others as controls to see if light-touch, low-cost interventions could increase the number of female economics majors. It was found that the treatment "may have been successful at liberal arts colleges and possibly at the larger universities that, in addition, had their own RCT [randomized controlled trial]."
For 28 years ending in 2017, Goldin was the director of the Development of the American Economy (DAE) Program at the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER).

## Research
### Historical trends in women’s labor force participation

Claudia Goldin’s research has transformed the understanding of why women’s wages and careers have historically been lower than men’s and uncovered key drivers of gender differences in the labour market.
In the book Understanding the Gender Gap: An Economic History of American Women (1990), she writes about the evolution of the female labor force in the United States from the late eighteenth century to the late twentieth century, focusing on the issue of gender distinction in the workplace and challenging the common previous understanding that women's employment advances were a response to social revolution rather than long-run economic progress. She demonstrates that the gender wage gap has existed for centuries and has been shaped by social norms, labor market structures, and legal restrictions. Goldin tackles the two central "women's issues" in economics today: Why has the female labor force participation rate risen so dramatically over the past half century, particularly for married women? Why has the gap between men and women's earnings been so persistent over this same period?
In her working paper "The U-Shaped Female Labor Force Function in Economic Development and Economic History" (1994) Goldin writes about how female labor force participation follows a U-shaped trend. At the beginning, a great number of women work in agriculture, but as industrialization progresses, their participation declines due to social norms and a change of the labor market into more male-dominated sectors. However, as education improves women return to the labor force, hence the U-shape. This framework helps explain historical and cross-country labor trends.
One of her most cited papers, "A Grand Gender Convergence: Its Last Chapter" (2014), underlines how making jobs more flexible would have a great impact on closing the gender gap. While some industries, like technology, science, and healthcare, have embraced more flexible work structures, these changes have been slower to take hold in fields such as corporate business, finance, and law.
Goldin’s book Career and Family: Women's Century-Long Journey Toward Equity (2021) is a comprehensive synthesis of her extensive research, examining how societal norms, economic forces, and personal choices intersect and have shaped women’s lives and opportunities over the past century. It traces the history of college-educated women dealing with the problem of balancing career and family throughout the twentieth century in the United States, including the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on women's careers. In the book, Goldin challenges conventional oversimplified beliefs about the gender gap, that it’s all about personal choice, free of any need for policy intervention. She adeptly argues that choices are shaped by the constraints created by society, technology, legal frameworks, and personal expectations.

#### The role of social and technological change in women's careers

The article "The Power of the Pill: Oral Contraceptives and Women’s Career and Marriage Decisions" (August 2002), by Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz, highlights how access to birth control revolutionized women's economic opportunities. The pill enables women to delay marriage and childbirth, and allows them to invest in higher education and careers, therefore leading to an increasing labor force participation and professional advancement.
In the article "The Quiet Revolution That Transformed Women's Employment, Education, and Family" (May 2006), Goldin explains how access to birth control, changing aspirations, and workplace policies allowed more women to pursue careers and higher education. Goldin’s research identifies a three-phase transformation in women’s labor force participation throughout the 20th century, culminating in what she calls the "quiet revolution." In the early phases, few married women worked, and economic growth alone was insufficient to increase their participation. However, societal changes, for example the rise of "nice jobs" that reduced the stereotype of married women working, improved access to education, and the introduction of part-time work, also gradually made employment more attractive. By the third phase, starting in the 1960s, young women began planning careers as they were influenced by the availability of the birth control pill, observing rising divorce rates, and shifting social expectations. This shift led to increasing investment in education and career-oriented fields, and therefore contributed to reshaping the role of women in the labor market, more independent from their husbands.

### Other notable work

Goldin wrote regarding the American Civil War and slavery. Notably, with the late Frank Lewis, she wrote the groundbreaking piece "The Economic Cost of the American Civil War: Estimates and Implications" (1975). . Also, in 1976 her book Urban Slavery in the American South, 1820 to 1860: A Quantitative History was published.
"The Homecoming of American College Women: The Reversal of the College Gender Gap" (2006), written by Goldin, Lawrence F. Katz, and Ilyana Kuziemko, published in the Journal of Economic Perspectives (20), gives an explanation of the societal dynamics behind the gender gap in college enrollment from the 1930s, which reached parity in the 1980s, eventually reversing.
Goldin and Katz wrote about education’s interaction with technological advancement in the book The Race Between Education and Technology (2009). The book argues that technological change, education, and inequality have been involved in a kind of race. During the first eight decades of the twentieth century, the increase in educated workers was higher than the demand for them. This had the effect of boosting income for most people and lowering inequality. However, the reverse has been true since about 1980. This educational slowdown was accompanied by rising inequality. The authors discuss the complex reasons for this, and what might be done to ameliorate it. This book was praised as "a monumental achievement that supplies a unified framework for interpreting how the demand and supply of human capital have shaped the distribution of earnings in the U.S. labor market over the twentieth century", and Alan Krueger of Princeton University said that it "represent[ed] the best of what economics has to offer".
Claudia and Katz also worked together in determining the value of a college education in the labor market in their 2016 paper "The Value of Postsecondary Credentials in the Labor Market: An Experimental Study".
Goldin has also worked on various other topics, including the effect of providing clean water and effective sewage systems on infant mortality, and how the stress of aging can be reduced by Japan and the United States.

## Personal life

Goldin is married to fellow Harvard economics professor Lawrence F. Katz. She had Golden Retrievers beginning in 1970, and her first one was named Kelso. Pika, her and her husband's Golden Retriever who died in 2024, was widely recognized for his award in competitive scenting, was trained for obedience competitions, and had been a therapy dog at a local nursing home.

## Awards

* 1990, 2008, 2021: Three times laureate of the Richard A. Lester Award for the Outstanding Book in Industrial Relations and Labor Economics
* 1991: Allan Sharlin Memorial Book Award from the Social Science History Association
* 2005: Carolyn Shaw Bell Award from the American Economic Association
* 2008: R.R. Hawkins Award, The Professional and Scholarly Publishing Division of the Association of American Publishers
* 2009: Jacob Mincer Award from the Society of Labor Economists
* 2009: The John R. Commons Award
* 2016: IZA Prize in Labor Economics "for her career-long work on the economic history of women in education and the labor market"
* 2019: BBVA Foundation Frontiers in Knowledge Award in the category of Economics, Finance, and Management for her contributions to gender gap analysis
* 2020: Clarivate Citation laureate in Economic Sciences
* 2020: Erwin Plein Nemmers Prize in Economics
* 2021: Society for Progress Medal
* 2022: Visionary Award from the Council for Economic Education
* 2023: Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel
* 2023: Included in BBC's 100 Women list
* 2023: Awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences
* 2024: One of twelve women included in Time magazine's annual Women of the Year list
* 2024: Chosen by Miriam’s Cup, which as of 2024 annually "recognizes a Jewish woman of achievement."

## Selected works

* Goldin, Claudia Dale. Understanding the Gender Gap: An Economic History of American Women. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990, ISBN 978-0-19-505077-6.
* Goldin, Claudia Dale et al. Strategic Factors in Nineteenth Century American Economic History: A Volume to Honor Robert W. Fogel. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992, ISBN 978-0-226-30112-9.
* Goldin, Claudia Dale and Gary D. Libecap. Regulated Economy: A Historical Approach to Political Economy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994, ISBN 978-0-226-30110-5.
* Bordo, Michael D., Claudia Dale Goldin, and Eugene Nelson White. The Defining Moment: The Great Depression and the American Economy in the Twentieth Century. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998, ISBN 978-0-226-06589-2.
* Glaeser, Edward L. and Claudia Dale Goldin. Corruption and Reform: Lessons from America's History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006, ISBN 978-0-226-29957-0.
* Goldin, Claudia Dale and Lawrence F. Katz. The Race Between Education and Technology. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-674-02867-8.
* Goldin, Claudia and Alsan, M. "Watersheds in Child Mortality: The Role of Effective Water and Sewerage Infrastructure, 1880 to 1920", Journal of Political Economy 127(2, 2018), pp. 586–638
* Goldin, Claudia and Lawrence F. Katz. Women Working Longer: Increased Employment at Older Ages. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018. ISBN 978-0-226-53250-9
* Goldin, Claudia. Career & Family: Women's Century-Long Journey toward Equity. Princeton, NJ. Princeton University Press, 2021. ISBN 978-0-691-20178-8
* "A Grand Gender Convergence: Its Last Chapter," American Economic Review 104 (April 2014), pp. 1091–119.

## Political views

In June 2024, 16 Nobel Prize in Economics laureates, including Goldin, signed an open letter arguing that Donald Trump’s fiscal and trade policies coupled with efforts to limit the Federal Reserve's independence would reignite inflation in the United States.
In 2025, Goldin said she was concerned about the administration of Donald Trump removing and misusing government data.