# Ṣa (Indic)

Indic letters :
Consonants :
| Ka | Ca | Ṭa | Ta | Pa | Ya | Śa |
| Kha | Cha | Ṭha | Tha | Pha | Ra | Ṣa |
| Ga | Ja | Ḍa | Da | Ba | La | Sa |
| Gha | Jha | Ḍha | Dha | Bha | Va | Ha |
| Ṅa | Ña | Ṇa | Na | Ma | | |
| | Ḷa | Ḻa | Ṟa | | | |
Vowels :
| A | I | U | Ṛ | Ḷ | E | O |
| Ā | Ī | Ū | Ṝ | Ḹ | Ai | Au |
Other marks :
Chandrabindu
Anusvara
Visarga
Virama
Nuqta
Avagraha :
Punctuation :
Daṇḍa :
vte :
Ṣa is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Ssa is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter after having gone through the Gupta letter .

## Āryabhaṭa numeration

Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The values of the different forms of ष are:
* ष = 80 (८०)
* षि = 8,000 (८ ०००)
* षु = 800,000 (८ ०० ०००)
* षृ = 80,000,000 (८ ०० ०० ०००)
* षॢ = 8×10$^9$ (८×१०$^९$)
* षे = 8×10$^{11}$ (८×१०$^{११}$)
* षै = 8×10$^{13}$ (८×१०$^{१३}$)
* षो = 8×10$^{15}$ (८×१०$^{१५}$)
* षौ = 8×10$^{17}$ (८×१०$^{१७}$)

## Historic Ṣa

There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Ssa as found in standard Brahmi, was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta . The Tocharian Ssa had an alternate Fremdzeichen form, . The third form of ssa, in Kharoshthi was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.

### Brahmi Ṣa

The Brahmi letter , Ssa, is probably derived from the Aramaic Samekh , and is thus related to the modern Greek Xi. Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Ssa can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period. As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.
Brahmi Ssa historic forms :
| Ashoka (3rd-1st c. BCE) | Girnar (~150 BCE) | Kushana (~150-250 CE) | Gujarat (~250 CE) | Gupta (~350 CE) |
| | No sample | | | |

### Tocharian Ṣa

The Tocharian letter is derived from the Brahmi , and has an alternate Fremdzeichen form used in conjuncts and as an alternate representation of ṣä.
Tocharian ṣa with vowel marks :
| ṣa | ṣā | ṣi | ṣī | ṣu | ṣū | ṣr̥ | ṣr̥̄ | ṣe | ṣai | ṣo | ṣau | ṣä | Fremdzeichen |

### Kharoṣṭhī Ṣa

The Kharoṣṭhī letter is generally accepted as being derived from the Aramaic Heth , and is thus related to H and Eta.

## Devanagari Ṣa

Devanāgarī :
Abugida
Brahmic scripts
Inherent vowel :
Languages
Hindi
Marathi
Nepali
Konkani
Maithili
Sindhi
Bodo
Pali
Prakrit
Sanskrit and more :
Transliteration
IAST
Hunterian
NLK
ISO 15919
Harvard-Kyoto
ITRANS
Velthuis
SLP1
WX notation
(ISCII) :
Vowels and syllabic consonants अ a ॲ æ ऄ आ (का) ā इ (कि) i ई (की) ī उ (कु) u ऊ (कू) ū ॶ (कॖ) ॷ (कॗ) ऋ (कृ) r̥ ॠ (कॄ) r̥̄ ऌ (कॢ) l̥ ॡ (कॣ) l̥̄ ए (के) ē ऍ (कॅ) ê ऎ (कॆ) e ऐ (कै) ai (कॕ) (कॎ) ओ (को) ō ऑ (कॉ) ô ऒ (कॊ) o औ (कौ) au ॳ (कऺ) ॴ (कऻ) ॵ (कॏ)
(Schwa deletion) :
Consonants क k क़ q ख kh ख़ k̲h̲ ग g ग़ ġ ॻ gg घ gh ङ ṅ च c छ ch ज j ज़ z ॼ jj ॹ ž झ jh झ़ zh ञ ñ ट ṭ ठ ṭh ड ḍ ड़ ṛ ॾ ḍḍ ॸ ḍ ढ ḍh ढ़ ṛh ण ṇ त t थ th द d ध dh न n ऩ ṉ प p फ ph फ़ f ब b ॿ bb भ bh म m य y य़ ẏ ॺ र r ऱ ṟ ळ ḷ ऴ ḻ ल l व v श ś ष ṣ स s ह h ॽ
(Conjuncts) :
Diacritics, punctuation, symbols अं ṁ अः ḥ अँ m̐ अऀ ऽ ’ क़ क् ३ 3 ᳵ ẖ ᳶ ḫ अ॑ ` अ॒ _ अ॓ अ॔ ॐ aum̐ । ॥ ॰ ॱ ₹ INR
and more (Devanagari (Unicode block)
Devanagari Extended
Devanagari Extended-A
Vedic Extensions) :
Numerals ० 0 १ 1 २ 2 ३ 3 ४ 4 ५ 5 ६ 6 ७ 7 ८ 8 ९ 9
Āryabhaṭa
Akṣarapallī
Bhūtasaṃkhyā
Kaṭapayādi :
vte :
Ṣa (ष) is a consonant of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , after having gone through the Gupta letter . Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter ષ, and the Modi letter 𑘬.

### Devanagari-using Languages

In most modern languages, ष is pronounced as or [ʂ] when appropriate. In ancient and medieval Nepali however, ष was sometimes a homophone of ख, pronounced [kʰ], while in modern Nepali, it is [s]. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:
Devanagari ष with vowel marks :
| Ṣa | Ṣā | Ṣi | Ṣī | Ṣu | Ṣū | Ṣr̥ | Ṣr̥̄ | Ṣl̥ | Ṣl̥̄ | Ṣe | Ṣai | Ṣo | Ṣau | Ṣ |
| ष | षा | षि | षी | षु | षू | षृ | षॄ | षॢ | षॣ | षे | षै | षो | षौ | ष् |

### Conjuncts with ष

Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with Marathi in particular preferring the use of half forms where texts in other languages would show ligatures and vertical stacks.

#### Ligature conjuncts of ष

True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. Nepali and Marathi texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form for an initial "R" instead of repha.
* Repha र্ (r) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature rṣa:
* Eyelash र্ (r) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature rṣa:
* ष্ (ṣ) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature ṣra:
* ष্ (ṣ) + क্ (k) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature ṣkra:
* ष্ (ṣ) + ढ (ḍʱa) gives the ligature ṣḍʱa:
* ष্ (ṣ) + न (na) gives the ligature ṣna:
* ष্ (ṣ) + त (ta) gives the ligature ṣta:
* ष্ (ṣ) + ट (ṭa) gives the ligature ṣṭa:
* Repha र্ (r) + ष্ (ṣ) + ट্ (ṭ) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature rṣṭra:
* ष্ (ṣ) + ठ (ṭʰa) gives the ligature ṣṭʰa:
* ष্ (ṣ) + ठ্ (ṭʰ) + य (ya) gives the ligature ṣṭʰya:
* ष্ (ṣ) + ट্ (ṭ) + व (va) gives the ligature ṣṭva:

#### Devanagari Kṣa

One of the most common true ligatures in Devanagari is the conjunct kṣa क्ष. This ligature is a required form for most Devanagari languages, and the conjunct even has its own half form that freely joins other letters in horizontal conjuncts.
* क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature kṣa:
* Repha र্ (r) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature rkṣa:
* Eyelash र্ (r) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature rkṣa:
* छ্ (cʰ) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature cʰkṣa:
* ढ্ (ḍʱ) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature ḍʱkṣa:
* ड্ (ḍ) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature ḍkṣa:
* द্ (d) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature dkṣa:
* ङ্ (ŋ) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature ŋkṣa:
* ङ্ (ŋ) + क্ (k) + ष্ (ṣ) + य (ya) gives the ligature ŋkṣya:
* ट্ (ṭ) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature ṭkṣa:
* ठ্ (ṭʰ) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature ṭʰkṣa:

#### Stacked conjuncts of ष

Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.
* छ্ (cʰ) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature cʰṣa:
* ढ্ (ḍʱ) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature ḍʱṣa:
* ड্ (ḍ) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature ḍṣa:
* द্ (d) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature dṣa:
* ङ্ (ŋ) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature ŋṣa:
* ष্ (ṣ) + च (ca) gives the ligature ṣca:
* ष্ (ṣ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature ṣḍa:
* ष্ (ṣ) + ज (ja) gives the ligature ṣja:
* ष্ (ṣ) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ṣjña:
* ष্ (ṣ) + ल (la) gives the ligature ṣla:
* ष্ (ṣ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature ṣŋa:
* ष্ (ṣ) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ṣña:
* ठ্ (ṭʰ) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature ṭʰṣa:
* ट্ (ṭ) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature ṭṣa:

## Bengali Ṣa

The Bengali script ষ is derived from the Siddhaṃ , and is marked by a similar horizontal head line, but less geometric shape, than its Devanagari counterpart, ष. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter ষ will sometimes be transliterated as "ṣo" instead of "ṣa". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /ʂo/. Like all Indic consonants, ষ can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".
Bengali ষ with vowel marks :
| ṣa | ṣā | ṣi | ṣī | ṣu | ṣū | ṣr | ṣr̄ | ṣe | ṣai | ṣo | ṣau | ṣ |
| ষ | ষা | ষি | ষী | ষু | ষূ | ষৃ | ষৄ | ষে | ষৈ | ষো | ষৌ | ষ্ |

### ষ in Bengali-using languages

ষ is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including Bengali and Assamese.

### Conjuncts with ষ
#### Conjuncts in Kssa ক্ষ

The most important conjunct of ষ is the irregular kṣa ligature ক্ + ষ [ṣ] = ক্ষ. This conjunct not only has a special form in all Bengali alphabets, it even functions as an independent letter in the Assamese orthography.
This ক্ষ conjunct forms regular conjuncts with other letters, keeping its distinct form:
* ক্ষ (kṣ) + ম (ma) gives the ligature kṣma:
* ক্ষ (kṣ) + ম্ (m) + য (ya) gives the ligature kṣmya, with the ya phala suffix:
* ক্ষ (kṣ) + ন (na) gives the ligature kṣna:
* ক্ষ (kṣ) + ব (va) gives the ligature kṣva, with the va phala suffix:
* ক্ষ (kṣ) + য (ya) gives the ligature kṣya, with the ya phala suffix:

#### Other conjuncts with ষ

Bengali ষ exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, with both stacked and linear (horizontal) ligatures being common.
* র্ (r) + ষ (ṣa) gives the ligature rṣa, with the repha prefix:
* র্ (r) + ষ্ (ṣ) + য (ya) gives the ligature rṣya, with repha and the ya phala suffix:
* ষ্ (ṣ) + ক (ka) gives the ligature ṣka:
* ষ্ (ṣ) + ক্ (k) + র (ra) gives the ligature ṣkra, with the ra phala suffix:
* ষ্ (ṣ) + ম (ma) gives the ligature ṣma:
* ষ্ (ṣ) + ঞ (ña) gives the ligature ṣña:
* ষ্ (ṣ) + প (pa) gives the ligature ṣpa:
* ষ্ (ṣ) + ফ (pʰa) gives the ligature ṣpʰa:
* ষ্ (ṣ) + প্ (p) + র (ra) gives the ligature ṣpra, with the ra phala suffix:
* ষ্ (ṣ) + ট (ṭa) gives the ligature ṣṭa:
* ষ্ (ṣ) + ঠ (ṭʰa) gives the ligature ṣṭʰa:
* ষ্ (ṣ) + ঠ্ (ṭʰ) + য (ya) gives the ligature ṣṭʰya, with the ya phala suffix:
* ষ্ (ṣ) + ট্ (ṭ) + র (ra) gives the ligature ṣṭra, with the ra phala suffix:
* ষ্ (ṣ) + ট্ (ṭ) + য (ya) gives the ligature ṣṭya, with the ya phala suffix:
* ষ্ (ṣ) + ব (va) gives the ligature ṣva, with the va phala suffix:
* ষ্ (ṣ) + য (ya) gives the ligature ṣya, with the ya phala suffix:

## Gujarati Ṣa

Ṣa (ષ) is the thirty-first consonant of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari Ṣa with the top bar (shiro rekha) removed, and ultimately the Brahmi letter .

### Gujarati-using Languages

The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, ષ is pronounced as or [ʂ] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:
| Ṣa | Ṣā | Ṣi | Ṣī | Ṣu | Ṣū | Ṣr | Ṣl | Ṣr̄ | Ṣl̄ | Ṣĕ | Ṣe | Ṣai | Ṣŏ | Ṣo | Ṣau | Ṣ |
| Gujarati Ṣa syllables, with vowel marks in red. |||||||||||||||||

### Conjuncts with ષ

Gujarati ષ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. Most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra.
* ર્ (r) + ષ (ʂa) gives the ligature RṢa:
* ષ્ (ʂ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ṢRa:
* ક્ (k) + ષ (ʂa) gives the ligature KṢa:
* ર્ (r) + ક (ka) ષ (ʂa) gives the ligature RKṢa:
* ક્ (k) + ષ (ʂa) ર (ra) gives the ligature KṢRa:
* ઙ્ (ŋ) + ક (ka) ષ (ʂa) gives the ligature ṄKṢa:
* ષ્ (ʂ) + ત (ta) gives the ligature ṢTa:
* ષ્ (ʂ) + ઠ (ʈʰa) gives the ligature ṢṬha:

## Telugu Ṣa

Ṣa (ష) is a consonant of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter . It is closely related to the Kannada letter ಷ. Most Telugu consonants contain a v-shaped headstroke that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headstrokes do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu. The headstroke is normally lost when adding vowel matras.
Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of Ṣa (borrowed from Kannada) in the KṢa conjunct.

## Malayalam Ṣa

Ṣa (ഷ) is a consonant of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Grantha letter Ssa. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

### Conjuncts of ഷ

As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.
* ഷ് (ṣ) + ട (ṭa) gives the ligature ṣṭa:
* ഷ് (ṣ) + ഠ (ṭʰa) gives the ligature ṣṭʰa:
* ഷ് (ṣ) + ണ (ṇa) gives the ligature ṣṇa:
* ഷ് (ṣ) + പ (pa) gives the ligature ṣpa:
* ഷ് (ṣ) + മ (ma) gives the ligature ṣma:
* ക് (k) + ഷ (ṣa) gives the ligature kṣa:
* ക് (k) + ഷ് (ṣ) + ണ (ṇa) gives the ligature kṣṇa:
* ക് (k) + ഷ് (ṣ) + മ (ma) gives the ligature kṣma:
* ക് (k) + ഷ് (ṣ) + ല (la) gives the ligature kṣla:

## Odia Ṣa

Ṣa (ଷ) is a consonant of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Siddhaṃ letter Ssa. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.
Odia Ssa with vowel matras :
| Ṣa | Ṣā | Ṣi | Ṣī | Ṣu | Ṣū | Ṣr̥ | Ṣr̥̄ | Ṣl̥ | Ṣl̥̄ | Ṣe | Ṣai | Ṣo | Ṣau | Ṣ |
| ଷ | ଷା | ଷି | ଷୀ | ଷୁ | ଷୂ | ଷୃ | ଷୄ | ଷୢ | ଷୣ | ଷେ | ଷୈ | ଷୋ | ଷୌ | ଷ୍ |

### Conjuncts of ଷ

As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. Except for କ୍ଷ (Kṣa), ଷ generates conjuncts only by subjoining and does not form ligatures.

#### Odia Kṣa କ୍ଷ

Although ostensibly a conjunct of Ka and Ssa, Odia କ୍ଷ (Kṣa) is largely treated as an independent letter pronounced /kʰjɔ/. Unlike other Odia conjuncts, କ୍ଷ can be found as an independent letter subjoined to another letter or conjunct.
* ତ୍ (t) + କ୍ (k) + ଷ (ṣa) gives the ligature tkṣa:

## Kaithi Ṣa

Ṣa (𑂭) is a consonant of the Kaithi abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Siddhaṃ letter Ssa. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.
Kaithi Ssa with vowel matras :
| Ssa | Ssā | Ssi | Ssī | Ssu | Ssū | Sse | Ssai | Sso | Ssau | Ss |
| 𑂭 | 𑂭𑂰 | 𑂭𑂱 | 𑂭𑂲 | 𑂭𑂳 | 𑂭𑂴 | 𑂭𑂵 | 𑂭𑂶 | 𑂭𑂷 | 𑂭𑂸 | 𑂭𑂹 |

### Conjuncts of 𑂭

As is common in Indic scripts, Kaithi joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a half form of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicit virama. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjucts of ra are indicated with a repha or rakar mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.
* 𑂭୍ (ṣ) + 𑂩 (ra) gives the ligature ṣra:
* 𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂭 (ṣa) gives the ligature rṣa:

## Tirhuta Ṣa

Ṣa (𑒭) is a consonant of the Tirhuta abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Siddhaṃ letter Ssa. Like in other Indic scripts, Tirhuta consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent sylables with another vowel or no vowel at all.
Tirhuta Ṣa with vowel matras :
| Ṣa | Ṣā | Ṣi | Ṣī | Ṣu | Ṣū | Ṣṛ | Ṣṝ | Ṣḷ | Ṣḹ | Ṣē | Ṣe | Ṣai | Ṣō | Ṣo | Ṣau | Ṣ |
| 𑒭 | 𑒭𑒰 | 𑒭𑒱 | 𑒭𑒲 | 𑒭𑒳 | 𑒭𑒴 | 𑒭𑒵 | 𑒭𑒶 | 𑒭𑒷 | 𑒭𑒸 | 𑒭𑒹 | 𑒭𑒺 | 𑒭𑒻 | 𑒭𑒼 | 𑒭𑒽 | 𑒭𑒾 | 𑒭𑓂 |

### Conjuncts of 𑒭

As is common in Indic scripts, Tirhuta joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using an explicit virama. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjucts of ra are indicated with a repha or rakar mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, other consonants take unique combining forms when in conjunct with other letters, and there are a several vertical conjuncts and true ligatures that can be found in Tirhuta writing.
* 𑒏୍ (k) + 𑒭 (ṣa) gives the ligature kṣa:
* 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒏୍ (k) + 𑒭 (ṣa) gives the ligature rkṣa:
* 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒭 (ṣa) gives the ligature rṣa:
* 𑒭୍ (ṣ) + 𑒏 (ka) gives the ligature ṣka:
* 𑒭୍ (ṣ) + 𑒝 (ṇa) gives the ligature ṣṇa:
* 𑒭୍ (ṣ) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature ṣra:
* 𑒭୍ (ṣ) + 𑒙 (ṭa) gives the ligature ṣṭa:
* 𑒭୍ (ṣ) + 𑒚 (ṭʰa) gives the ligature ṣṭʰa:
* 𑒭 (ṣ) + 𑒅 (u) gives the ligature ṣu:
* 𑒭୍ (ṣ) + 𑒫 (va) gives the ligature ṣva:
* 𑒞୍ (t) + 𑒏 (ka) gives the ligature tka:
* 𑒞୍ (t) + 𑒭 (ṣa) gives the ligature tṣa:

## Comparison of Ṣa

The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Ṣa, are related as well.
Comparison of Ṣa in different scripts :
| | | | | | | | | Aramaic | Aramaic | Aramaic | Aramaic | Aramaic | Aramaic | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Kharoṣṭhī 𐨮 | Kharoṣṭhī 𐨮 | Kharoṣṭhī 𐨮 | Kharoṣṭhī 𐨮 | Kharoṣṭhī 𐨮 | Kharoṣṭhī 𐨮 | | | | | | | | | | | Ashoka Brahmi | Ashoka Brahmi | Ashoka Brahmi | Ashoka Brahmi | Ashoka Brahmi | Ashoka Brahmi | | | Kushana Brahmi | Kushana Brahmi | Kushana Brahmi | Kushana Brahmi | Kushana Brahmi | Kushana Brahmi | | | Tocharian  / | Tocharian  / | Tocharian  / | Tocharian  / | Tocharian  / | Tocharian  / | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | Gupta Brahmi | Gupta Brahmi | Gupta Brahmi | Gupta Brahmi | Gupta Brahmi | Gupta Brahmi | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pallava | Pallava | Pallava | Pallava | Pallava | Pallava | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Kadamba - | Kadamba - | Kadamba - | Kadamba - | Kadamba - | Kadamba - | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | Bhaiksuki 𑰬 | Bhaiksuki 𑰬 | Bhaiksuki 𑰬 | Bhaiksuki 𑰬 | Bhaiksuki 𑰬 | Bhaiksuki 𑰬 | | | Siddhaṃ | Siddhaṃ | Siddhaṃ | Siddhaṃ | Siddhaṃ | Siddhaṃ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Grantha 𑌷 | Grantha 𑌷 | Grantha 𑌷 | Grantha 𑌷 | Grantha 𑌷 | Grantha 𑌷 | | | Cham ꨦ | Cham ꨦ | Cham ꨦ | Cham ꨦ | Cham ꨦ | Cham ꨦ | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Sinhala ෂ | Sinhala ෂ | Sinhala ෂ | Sinhala ෂ | Sinhala ෂ | Sinhala ෂ | | | Pyu / Old Mon - | Pyu / Old Mon - | Pyu / Old Mon - | Pyu / Old Mon - | Pyu / Old Mon - | Pyu / Old Mon - | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Tibetan ཥ | Tibetan ཥ | Tibetan ཥ | Tibetan ཥ | Tibetan ཥ | Tibetan ཥ | | | | | Newa 𑐲 | Newa 𑐲 | Newa 𑐲 | Newa 𑐲 | Newa 𑐲 | Newa 𑐲 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ahom - | Ahom - | Ahom - | Ahom - | Ahom - | Ahom - | | | Malayalam ഷ | Malayalam ഷ | Malayalam ഷ | Malayalam ഷ | Malayalam ഷ | Malayalam ഷ | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Telugu ష | Telugu ష | Telugu ష | Telugu ష | Telugu ష | Telugu ష | | | Burmese ၑ | Burmese ၑ | Burmese ၑ | Burmese ၑ | Burmese ၑ | Burmese ၑ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Lepcha - | Lepcha - | Lepcha - | Lepcha - | Lepcha - | Lepcha - | | | | | Ranjana | Ranjana | Ranjana | Ranjana | Ranjana | Ranjana | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Saurashtra ꢰ | Saurashtra ꢰ | Saurashtra ꢰ | Saurashtra ꢰ | Saurashtra ꢰ | Saurashtra ꢰ | | | Dives Akuru 𑤫 | Dives Akuru 𑤫 | Dives Akuru 𑤫 | Dives Akuru 𑤫 | Dives Akuru 𑤫 | Dives Akuru 𑤫 | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Kannada ಷ | Kannada ಷ | Kannada ಷ | Kannada ಷ | Kannada ಷ | Kannada ಷ | | | Kayah Li - | Kayah Li - | Kayah Li - | Kayah Li - | Kayah Li - | Kayah Li - | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Limbu ᤚ | Limbu ᤚ | Limbu ᤚ | Limbu ᤚ | Limbu ᤚ | Limbu ᤚ | | | | | Soyombo 𑪀 | Soyombo 𑪀 | Soyombo 𑪀 | Soyombo 𑪀 | Soyombo 𑪀 | Soyombo 𑪀 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Khmer ឞ | Khmer ឞ | Khmer ឞ | Khmer ឞ | Khmer ឞ | Khmer ឞ | | | Tamil ஷ | Tamil ஷ | Tamil ஷ | Tamil ஷ | Tamil ஷ | Tamil ஷ | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Chakma - | Chakma - | Chakma - | Chakma - | Chakma - | Chakma - | | | Tai Tham ᩇ | Tai Tham ᩇ | Tai Tham ᩇ | Tai Tham ᩇ | Tai Tham ᩇ | Tai Tham ᩇ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Meitei Mayek ꫪ | Meitei Mayek ꫪ | Meitei Mayek ꫪ | Meitei Mayek ꫪ | Meitei Mayek ꫪ | Meitei Mayek ꫪ | | | | | Gaudi - | Gaudi - | Gaudi - | Gaudi - | Gaudi - | Gaudi - | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Thai ษ | Thai ษ | Thai ษ | Thai ษ | Thai ษ | Thai ษ | | | Lao ຩ | Lao ຩ | Lao ຩ | Lao ຩ | Lao ຩ | Lao ຩ | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Tai Le - | Tai Le - | Tai Le - | Tai Le - | Tai Le - | Tai Le - | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Marchen - | Marchen - | Marchen - | Marchen - | Marchen - | Marchen - | | | | | Tirhuta 𑒭 | Tirhuta 𑒭 | Tirhuta 𑒭 | Tirhuta 𑒭 | Tirhuta 𑒭 | Tirhuta 𑒭 | | | | | | | | | | | | | New Tai Lue - | New Tai Lue - | New Tai Lue - | New Tai Lue - | New Tai Lue - | New Tai Lue - | | | Tai Viet - | Tai Viet - | Tai Viet - | Tai Viet - | Tai Viet - | Tai Viet - | | | Aksara Kawi | Aksara Kawi | Aksara Kawi | Aksara Kawi | Aksara Kawi | Aksara Kawi |
| | | 'Phags-pa - | 'Phags-pa - | 'Phags-pa - | 'Phags-pa - | 'Phags-pa - | 'Phags-pa - | | | Odia ଷ | Odia ଷ | Odia ଷ | Odia ଷ | Odia ଷ | Odia ଷ | | | | | Sharada 𑆰 | Sharada 𑆰 | Sharada 𑆰 | Sharada 𑆰 | Sharada 𑆰 | Sharada 𑆰 | | | Rejang - | Rejang - | Rejang - | Rejang - | Rejang - | Rejang - | | | Batak - | Batak - | Batak - | Batak - | Batak - | Batak - | | | Buginese - | Buginese - | Buginese - | Buginese - | Buginese - | Buginese - |
| Zanabazar Square 𑨯 | Zanabazar Square 𑨯 | Zanabazar Square 𑨯 | Zanabazar Square 𑨯 | Zanabazar Square 𑨯 | Zanabazar Square 𑨯 | | | | | Bengali-Assamese | Bengali-Assamese | Bengali-Assamese | Bengali-Assamese | Bengali-Assamese | Bengali-Assamese | | | Takri - | Takri - | Takri - | Takri - | Takri - | Takri - | | | | | Javanese ꦰ | Javanese ꦰ | Javanese ꦰ | Javanese ꦰ | Javanese ꦰ | Javanese ꦰ | | | Balinese ᬱ | Balinese ᬱ | Balinese ᬱ | Balinese ᬱ | Balinese ᬱ | Balinese ᬱ | | | Makasar - | Makasar - | Makasar - | Makasar - | Makasar - | Makasar - |
| Hangul - | Hangul - | Hangul - | Hangul - | Hangul - | Hangul - | | | | | Northern Nagari - | Northern Nagari - | Northern Nagari - | Northern Nagari - | Northern Nagari - | Northern Nagari - | | | Dogri 𑠨 | Dogri 𑠨 | Dogri 𑠨 | Dogri 𑠨 | Dogri 𑠨 | Dogri 𑠨 | | | Laṇḍā - | Laṇḍā - | Laṇḍā - | Laṇḍā - | Laṇḍā - | Laṇḍā - | | | | | Sundanese - | Sundanese - | Sundanese - | Sundanese - | Sundanese - | Sundanese - | | | Baybayin - | Baybayin - | Baybayin - | Baybayin - | Baybayin - | Baybayin - |
| Modi 𑘬 | Modi 𑘬 | Modi 𑘬 | Modi 𑘬 | Modi 𑘬 | Modi 𑘬 | | | Gujarati ષ | Gujarati ષ | Gujarati ષ | Gujarati ષ | Gujarati ષ | Gujarati ષ | | | | | | | Khojki - | Khojki - | Khojki - | Khojki - | Khojki - | Khojki - | | | Khudabadi - | Khudabadi - | Khudabadi - | Khudabadi - | Khudabadi - | Khudabadi - | | | Mahajani - | Mahajani - | Mahajani - | Mahajani - | Mahajani - | Mahajani - | | | Tagbanwa - | Tagbanwa - | Tagbanwa - | Tagbanwa - | Tagbanwa - | Tagbanwa - |
| Devanagari | Devanagari | Devanagari | Devanagari | Devanagari | Devanagari | | | Nandinagari 𑧌 | Nandinagari 𑧌 | Nandinagari 𑧌 | Nandinagari 𑧌 | Nandinagari 𑧌 | Nandinagari 𑧌 | | | Kaithi | Kaithi | Kaithi | Kaithi | Kaithi | Kaithi | | | | | Gurmukhi - | Gurmukhi - | Gurmukhi - | Gurmukhi - | Gurmukhi - | Gurmukhi - | | | Multani - | Multani - | Multani - | Multani - | Multani - | Multani - | | | | | Buhid - | Buhid - | Buhid - | Buhid - | Buhid - | Buhid - |
| Canadian Syllabics - | Canadian Syllabics - | Canadian Syllabics - | Canadian Syllabics - | Canadian Syllabics - | Canadian Syllabics - | | | Soyombo 𑪀 | Soyombo 𑪀 | Soyombo 𑪀 | Soyombo 𑪀 | Soyombo 𑪀 | Soyombo 𑪀 | | | Sylheti Nagari - | Sylheti Nagari - | Sylheti Nagari - | Sylheti Nagari - | Sylheti Nagari - | Sylheti Nagari - | | | Gunjala Gondi - | Gunjala Gondi - | Gunjala Gondi - | Gunjala Gondi - | Gunjala Gondi - | Gunjala Gondi - | | | | | Masaram Gondi 𑴪 | Masaram Gondi 𑴪 | Masaram Gondi 𑴪 | Masaram Gondi 𑴪 | Masaram Gondi 𑴪 | Masaram Gondi 𑴪 | | | | | Hanuno'o - | Hanuno'o - | Hanuno'o - | Hanuno'o - | Hanuno'o - | Hanuno'o - |

## Character encodings of Ṣa

Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter Ṣa in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Ṣa from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII.
Character information :
| Preview | | | | | ஷ | ஷ | ష | ష | ଷ | ଷ | ಷ | ಷ | ഷ | ഷ | ષ | ષ |
| Unicode name | DEVANAGARI LETTER SSA | DEVANAGARI LETTER SSA | BENGALI LETTER SSA | BENGALI LETTER SSA | TAMIL LETTER SSA | TAMIL LETTER SSA | TELUGU LETTER SSA | TELUGU LETTER SSA | ORIYA LETTER SSA | ORIYA LETTER SSA | KANNADA LETTER SSA | KANNADA LETTER SSA | MALAYALAM LETTER SSA | MALAYALAM LETTER SSA | GUJARATI LETTER SSA | GUJARATI LETTER SSA |
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 2359 | U+0937 | 2487 | U+09B7 | 2999 | U+0BB7 | 3127 | U+0C37 | 2871 | U+0B37 | 3255 | U+0CB7 | 3383 | U+0D37 | 2743 | U+0AB7 |
| UTF-8 | 224 164 183 | E0 A4 B7 | 224 166 183 | E0 A6 B7 | 224 174 183 | E0 AE B7 | 224 176 183 | E0 B0 B7 | 224 172 183 | E0 AC B7 | 224 178 183 | E0 B2 B7 | 224 180 183 | E0 B4 B7 | 224 170 183 | E0 AA B7 |
| Numeric character reference | &#2359; | &#x937; | &#2487; | &#x9B7; | &#2999; | &#xBB7; | &#3127; | &#xC37; | &#2871; | &#xB37; | &#3255; | &#xCB7; | &#3383; | &#xD37; | &#2743; | &#xAB7; |
| ISCII | 214 | D6 | 214 | D6 | 214 | D6 | 214 | D6 | 214 | D6 | 214 | D6 | 214 | D6 | 214 | D6 |
Character information :
| Preview | AshokaKushanaGupta | AshokaKushanaGupta | 𐨮 | 𐨮 | | | 𑌷 | 𑌷 |
| Unicode name | BRAHMI LETTER SSA | BRAHMI LETTER SSA | KHAROSHTHI LETTER SSA | KHAROSHTHI LETTER SSA | SIDDHAM LETTER SSA | SIDDHAM LETTER SSA | GRANTHA LETTER SSA | GRANTHA LETTER SSA |
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 69681 | U+11031 | 68142 | U+10A2E | 71084 | U+115AC | 70455 | U+11337 |
| UTF-8 | 240 145 128 177 | F0 91 80 B1 | 240 144 168 174 | F0 90 A8 AE | 240 145 150 172 | F0 91 96 AC | 240 145 140 183 | F0 91 8C B7 |
| UTF-16 | 55300 56369 | D804 DC31 | 55298 56878 | D802 DE2E | 55301 56748 | D805 DDAC | 55300 57143 | D804 DF37 |
| Numeric character reference | &#69681; | &#x11031; | &#68142; | &#x10A2E; | &#71084; | &#x115AC; | &#70455; | &#x11337; |
Character information :
| Preview | ཥ | ཥ | ྵ | ྵ | 𑨯 | 𑨯 | 𑐲 | 𑐲 | 𑰬 | 𑰬 | 𑆰 | 𑆰 |
| Unicode name | TIBETAN LETTER SSA | TIBETAN LETTER SSA | TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER SSA | TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER SSA | ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER SSA | ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER SSA | NEWA LETTER SSA | NEWA LETTER SSA | BHAIKSUKI LETTER SSA | BHAIKSUKI LETTER SSA | SHARADA LETTER SSA | SHARADA LETTER SSA |
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 3941 | U+0F65 | 4021 | U+0FB5 | 72239 | U+11A2F | 70706 | U+11432 | 72748 | U+11C2C | 70064 | U+111B0 |
| UTF-8 | 224 189 165 | E0 BD A5 | 224 190 181 | E0 BE B5 | 240 145 168 175 | F0 91 A8 AF | 240 145 144 178 | F0 91 90 B2 | 240 145 176 172 | F0 91 B0 AC | 240 145 134 176 | F0 91 86 B0 |
| UTF-16 | 3941 | 0F65 | 4021 | 0FB5 | 55302 56879 | D806 DE2F | 55301 56370 | D805 DC32 | 55303 56364 | D807 DC2C | 55300 56752 | D804 DDB0 |
| Numeric character reference | &#3941; | &#xF65; | &#4021; | &#xFB5; | &#72239; | &#x11A2F; | &#70706; | &#x11432; | &#72748; | &#x11C2C; | &#70064; | &#x111B0; |
Character information :
| Preview | ၑ | ၑ | ᩇ | ᩇ |
| Unicode name | MYANMAR LETTER SSA | MYANMAR LETTER SSA | TAI THAM LETTER HIGH SSA | TAI THAM LETTER HIGH SSA |
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 4177 | U+1051 | 6727 | U+1A47 |
| UTF-8 | 225 129 145 | E1 81 91 | 225 169 135 | E1 A9 87 |
| Numeric character reference | &#4177; | &#x1051; | &#6727; | &#x1A47; |
Character information :
| Preview | ឞ | ឞ | ຩ | ຩ | ษ | ษ |
| Unicode name | KHMER LETTER SSO | KHMER LETTER SSO | LAO LETTER SANSKRIT SSA | LAO LETTER SANSKRIT SSA | THAI CHARACTER SO RUSI | THAI CHARACTER SO RUSI |
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 6046 | U+179E | 3753 | U+0EA9 | 3625 | U+0E29 |
| UTF-8 | 225 158 158 | E1 9E 9E | 224 186 169 | E0 BA A9 | 224 184 169 | E0 B8 A9 |
| Numeric character reference | &#6046; | &#x179E; | &#3753; | &#xEA9; | &#3625; | &#xE29; |
Character information :
| Preview | ෂ | ෂ | 𑤫 | 𑤫 | ꢰ | ꢰ | ꨦ | ꨦ |
| Unicode name | SINHALA LETTER MUURDHAJA SAYANNA | SINHALA LETTER MUURDHAJA SAYANNA | DIVES AKURU LETTER SSA | DIVES AKURU LETTER SSA | SAURASHTRA LETTER SSA | SAURASHTRA LETTER SSA | CHAM LETTER SSA | CHAM LETTER SSA |
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 3522 | U+0DC2 | 71979 | U+1192B | 43184 | U+A8B0 | 43558 | U+AA26 |
| UTF-8 | 224 183 130 | E0 B7 82 | 240 145 164 171 | F0 91 A4 AB | 234 162 176 | EA A2 B0 | 234 168 166 | EA A8 A6 |
| UTF-16 | 3522 | 0DC2 | 55302 56619 | D806 DD2B | 43184 | A8B0 | 43558 | AA26 |
| Numeric character reference | &#3522; | &#xDC2; | &#71979; | &#x1192B; | &#43184; | &#xA8B0; | &#43558; | &#xAA26; |
Character information :
| Preview | 𑘬 | 𑘬 | 𑧌 | 𑧌 | 𑪀 | 𑪀 | | |
| Unicode name | MODI LETTER SSA | MODI LETTER SSA | NANDINAGARI LETTER SSA | NANDINAGARI LETTER SSA | SOYOMBO LETTER SSA | SOYOMBO LETTER SSA | KAITHI LETTER SSA | KAITHI LETTER SSA |
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 71212 | U+1162C | 72140 | U+119CC | 72320 | U+11A80 | 69805 | U+110AD |
| UTF-8 | 240 145 152 172 | F0 91 98 AC | 240 145 167 140 | F0 91 A7 8C | 240 145 170 128 | F0 91 AA 80 | 240 145 130 173 | F0 91 82 AD |
| UTF-16 | 55301 56876 | D805 DE2C | 55302 56780 | D806 DDCC | 55302 56960 | D806 DE80 | 55300 56493 | D804 DCAD |
| Numeric character reference | &#71212; | &#x1162C; | &#72140; | &#x119CC; | &#72320; | &#x11A80; | &#69805; | &#x110AD; |
Character information :
| Preview | 𑒭 | 𑒭 | ᤚ | ᤚ | ꫪ | ꫪ |
| Unicode name | TIRHUTA LETTER SSA | TIRHUTA LETTER SSA | LIMBU LETTER SSA | LIMBU LETTER SSA | MEETEI MAYEK LETTER SSA | MEETEI MAYEK LETTER SSA |
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 70829 | U+114AD | 6426 | U+191A | 43754 | U+AAEA |
| UTF-8 | 240 145 146 173 | F0 91 92 AD | 225 164 154 | E1 A4 9A | 234 171 170 | EA AB AA |
| UTF-16 | 55301 56493 | D805 DCAD | 6426 | 191A | 43754 | AAEA |
| Numeric character reference | &#70829; | &#x114AD; | &#6426; | &#x191A; | &#43754; | &#xAAEA; |
Character information :
| Preview | 𑠨 | 𑠨 |
| Unicode name | DOGRA LETTER SSA | DOGRA LETTER SSA |
| Encodings | decimal | hex |
| Unicode | 71720 | U+11828 |
| UTF-8 | 240 145 160 168 | F0 91 A0 A8 |
| UTF-16 | 55302 56360 | D806 DC28 |
| Numeric character reference | &#71720; | &#x11828; |
Character information :
| Preview | ᬱ | ᬱ | ꦰ | ꦰ |
| Unicode name | BALINESE LETTER SA SAPA | BALINESE LETTER SA SAPA | JAVANESE LETTER SA MAHAPRANA | JAVANESE LETTER SA MAHAPRANA |
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 6961 | U+1B31 | 43440 | U+A9B0 |
| UTF-8 | 225 172 177 | E1 AC B1 | 234 166 176 | EA A6 B0 |
| Numeric character reference | &#6961; | &#x1B31; | &#43440; | &#xA9B0; |
Character information :
| Preview | 𑴪 | 𑴪 |
| Unicode name | MASARAM GONDI LETTER SSA | MASARAM GONDI LETTER SSA |
| Encodings | decimal | hex |
| Unicode | 73002 | U+11D2A |
| UTF-8 | 240 145 180 170 | F0 91 B4 AA |
| UTF-16 | 55303 56618 | D807 DD2A |
| Numeric character reference | &#73002; | &#x11D2A; |