# Alishan Forest Railway

Alishan Forest Railway (Chinese: 阿里山森林鐵路; pinyin: Ālǐshān Sēnlín Tiělù; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: A-lí-san Sim-lîm Thih-lō͘) is an 86 km network of 2 ft 6 in (762 mm) narrow gauge railways running up to and throughout the popular mountain resort of Alishan in Chiayi County, Taiwan. The railway, originally constructed for logging, has become a tourist attraction with its rare Z-shaped switchbacks, and over 50 tunnels and 77 wooden bridges. Taiwan's Ministry of Culture has listed the forest railway as a potential World Heritage Site.
The railway is managed by the Alishan Forest Railway and Cultural Heritage Office (AFRCHO).

## History
### Japanese era

The narrow gauge lines were originally constructed by the Japanese Colonial Government to facilitate the logging of cypress and Taiwania wood. Preliminary surveying was conducted in 1900 and route planning began in 1903, but the project was shelved in 1904 due to the Russo-Japanese War. In 1906, the Japanese Government contracted the Osaka-based Fujita-gumi to build the railroad. The company laid tracks from Kagi (Chiayi) to Rienryō (Liyuanliao) and imported 13-ton Shay locomotives to run on the tracks, but financial troubles and technical difficulties in construction in the mountainous terrain forced them to abandon the project in 1908. In 1910, the Japanese Government took interest in the abandoned railroad and decided to finish it themselves, also importing 18-ton Shays for the job. The tracks were extended to Alisan (Zhaoping) in 1913, marking the completion of the main line.
The Alishan Forest Railway became a major tourist railway when the tracks were extended to Niitakaguchi (新高口) in 1933. The station was located very close to Mount Niitaka (now Yu Shan), the highest mountain in Taiwan and the Japanese Empire, and the hike to the summit could be completed in seven to eleven hours, depending on the health of the individual. To cater to hikers, the railway operated an express service from Kagi to Niitakaguchi that only stopped at Shōhei; hikers would stay overnight at a lodge at Niitakaguchi and summit the next day.

### Since 1945

Diesel railcars supplemented the steam engines on the passenger services. In the 1980s, 10 Hitachi-built diesel-hydraulic locomotives were delivered and replaced the railcars and remaining steam engines.
The completion of the Alishan Highway in 1982 led to the loss of many rail passengers to faster and cheaper buses and the rail became primarily a tourist attraction.
Accidents on the line have resulted in a number of fatalities over the years. On 24 April 1981, a collapsed tunnel resulted in nine deaths and 13 injuries. On 1 March 2003, 17 people were killed and 156 injured when a train derailed near Alishan Railway Station. On 27 April 2011, five tourists, including three from mainland China, were killed and 113 people injured in a derailment.
| A train near Pingzhena station, on the main line, circa 2023 | A damaged portion of the Alishan Line visible from Alishan National Scenic Area |
In addition, services have been repeatedly disrupted due to damage from landslides. The main line from Chiayi to Alishan was partially closed in 2009 due to damage caused by landslides during Typhoon Morakot in 2009 and Typhoon Dujuan in 2015. It reopened between Chiayi and Fenqihu (approximately the halfway point) following typhoon damage repairs in January 2014, and to Shizilu in 2017. The full remaining main line between Chiayi and Zhushan reopened in July 2024, after the completion of Tunnel 42 in April 2024. In August 2015, the Chiayi–Fenqihu section was briefly closed due to damage during Typhoon Soudelor.
In order to further boost tourism in the region, on 5 December 2018 the Alishan Forest Railway commenced a "sister railway" partnership with Čierny Hron Railway in Slovakia; the Alishan Forest Railway has since partnered with nine other companies across five different countries.

## Operation

The railway was privatized through a build-operate-transfer (BOT) in June 2008 and maintained by the Hungtu Alishan International Development Corporation. On 1 May 2013, the management of the railway was taken over by Taiwan Railways Administration. On 1 July 2018, the railway was taken over by the newly established Alishan Forest Railway and Cultural Heritage Office of the Forestry Bureau.
The system is currently operated using diesel locomotives, although there are occasional special public runs using the old steam powered Shay locomotives.

## Lines

The main line runs from the city of Chiayi (elevation 30 m) to Alishan (elevation 2,216 m). The vegetation along the way changes from tropical to temperate and finally alpine. The line features many switchbacks on the way up the mountain.
* Main line
    Chiayi–Alishan
    Includes several steep gradients (max. 6.26%), a spiral and four switchbacks, known as the Dulishan Spiral. The longest line with most dramatic climate change.
* Shenmu line
    Alishan–Shenmu
    Runs frequently all day, a short (5-minute) ride downhill to Shenmu station.
* Chushan line
    Alishan–Chushan
    Early morning trains, popular for viewing the sunrise over Jade Mountain
* Zhaoping line
    Alishan–Zhaoping
    Runs frequently all day, a short (5-minute) ride uphill to Zhaoping station
* Mianyue line
    Alishan–Shihou
    Closed due to earthquake damage and typhoon, currently turned to mountain trail, reconstruction plans under discussion.
* Shuishan line
    Alishan–Shuishan
    No passenger service, mountain trail and thinning only
* The front of the train on the Zhushan Line
* Alishan station
* Zhushan Station

## List of stations
### Alishan line (Main line)

| Name | Chinese | Taiwanese | Hakka | Tsou | Elevation (m) | Distance (km) | Transfers and Notes | Location | Location |
| Chiayi | 嘉義 | Ka-gī | Kâ-ngi | | 30 | 0.0 | West Coast line: Chiayi Terminus for all trains | West | Chiayi |
| Beimen | 北門 | Pak-mn̂g | Pet-mùn | | 31 | 1.6 | | East | Chiayi |
| Lumachan | 鹿麻產 | Lo̍k-môa-sán | Lu̍k-mà-sán | | 82 | 10.8 | | Zhuqi | Chiayi County |
| Zhuqi | 竹崎 | Tek-kiā | Chuk-khì | | 127 | 14.2 | | Zhuqi | Chiayi County |
| Mulüliao | 木履寮 | Ba̍k-kia̍h-liàu | Muk-kiak-liàu | | 324 | 18.9 | No passenger service | Zhuqi | Chiayi County |
| Zhangnaoliao | 樟腦寮 | Chiuⁿ-ló͘-liâu | Chông-nó-liàu | | 543 | 23.3 | Train No.5 and No.8 non-stop | Zhuqi | Chiayi County |
| Dulishan | 獨立山 | To̍k-li̍p-soaⁿ | Thu̍k-li̍p-sân | | 743 | 27.4 | Train No.5 and No.8 non-stop | Zhuqi | Chiayi County |
| Liyuanliao | 梨園寮 | Lê-hn̂g-liâu | Lài-yèn-liàu | | 905 | 31.4 | Train No.5 and No.8 non-stop | Meishan | Chiayi County |
| Jiaoliping | 交力坪 | Ka-le̍k-pêⁿ | Kâu-li̍t-phiàng | | 997 | 34.9 | | Zhuqi | Chiayi County |
| Shuisheliao | 水社寮 | Chúi-siā-liâu | Súi-sa-liàu | | 1,186 | 40.5 | Train No.5 and No.8 non-stop | Zhuqi | Chiayi County |
| Fenqihu | 奮起湖 | Pùn-ki-ô͘ | Fun-hí-fù | | 1,403 | 45.8 | Train No.5 will stop for an hour Terminus for Train No.311 and No.312 | Zhuqi | Chiayi County |
| Duolin | 多林 | To-lîm | Tô-lìm | Ngungutu | 1,516 | 50.9 | Train No.5 and No.8 non-stop | Alishan | Chiayi County |
| Shizilu | 十字路 | Si̍p-jī-lō͘ | Sṳ̍p-sṳ-lu | Sʉa’fʉnʉ | 1,534 | 55.3 | Terminus for Train No.1 and No.2 Train No.5 and No.8 non-stop | Alishan | Chiayi County |
| Pingzhena | 屏遮那 | Hè-sen-ná | Phìn-châ-nâ | Heesiana | 1,711 | 60.5 | No passenger service | Alishan | Chiayi County |
| First Switch | 第一分道 | Tē-it-pun-tō | Thi-yit-fûn-tho | | 1,827 | 63.0 | No passenger service | Alishan | Chiayi County |
| Erwanping | 二萬坪 | Jī-bān-pêⁿ | Ngi-van-phìn | Hehesiana | 2,000 | 66.8 | stop for Train No.5 and No.8 | Alishan | Chiayi County |
| Shenmu | 神木 | Sîn-bo̍k | Sṳ̀n-muk | Ak’e fahei | 2,138 | 69.6 | → Shenmu line Formerly Third Switch Train No.5 and No.8 non-stop | Alishan | Chiayi County |
| Alishan | 阿里山 | A-lí-san | Â-lî-sân | Psoseongana | 2,216 | 71.4 | Terminus for Train No.5 and No.8 Formerly Fourth Switch | Alishan | Chiayi County |
| Zhaoping | 沼平 | Chau-pêng | Cheu-phiàng | Chuchumuana | 2,274 | 72.7 | → Mianyue line → Chushan line Formerly Alishan station | Alishan | Chiayi County |

### Chushan line

| Name | Chinese | Taiwanese | Hakka | Tsou | Elevation (m) | Distance (km) | Transfers and Notes | Location | Location |
| Alishan | 阿里山 | A-lí-san | Â-lî-sân | Psoseongana | 2,216 | 0 | | Alishan | Chiayi County |
| Zhaoping | 沼平 | Chau-pêng | Cheu-phiàng | Chuchumuana | 2,274 | 1.3 | → Alishan line → Mianyue line | Alishan | Chiayi County |
| Shizifendao | 十字分道 | Si̍p-jī-pun-tō | Sṳ̍p-sṳ-fûn-tho | | 2,310 | 2.9 | | Alishan | Chiayi County |
| Duigaoyue | 對高岳 | Tuì-ko-ga̍k | Tui-kô-ngo̍k | P’oocva | 2,350 | 4.9 | | Xinyi | Nantou County |
| Chushan | 祝山 | Chiok-soaⁿ | Chuk-sân | Yuafeofeo | 2,451 | 6.25 | Highest railway station in Taiwan | Xinyi | Nantou County |

### Mianyue line

| Name | Chinese | Taiwanese | Hakka | Elevation (m) | Distance (km) | Transfers and Notes | Location | Location |
| Alishan | 阿里山 | A-lí-san | Â-lî-sân | 2,216 | 0 | | Alishan | Chiayi County |
| Zhaoping | 沼平 | Chau-pêng | Cheu-phiàng | 2,274 | 1.3 | → Alishan line → Zhushan line | Alishan | Chiayi County |
| Shizifendao | 十字分道 | Si̍p-jī-pun-tō | Sṳ̍p-sṳ-fûn-tho | 2,310 | 2.9 | | Alishan | Chiayi County |
| Tashan | 塔山 | Thah-san | Thap-sân | 2,344 | 5.5 | Was the highest railway station in the Empire of Japan | Alishan | Chiayi County |
| Mianyue | 眠月 | Biân-goa̍t | Mìn-ngie̍t | 2,303 | 8.0 | located in the Taiwan pleione Natural reserve | Alishan | Chiayi County |
| Shihou | 石猴 | Chio̍h-kâu | Sa̍k-hèu | 2,318 | 9.26 | The Stone Monkey is destroyed in the 921 earthquake | Alishan | Chiayi County |

## Tribute

On 10 March 2018, Google celebrated the Alishan Forest Railway with a Google Doodle.