# Rainbow Quest

Rainbow Quest (1965–66) was a U.S. television series devoted to folk music and hosted by Pete Seeger. It was videotaped in black-and-white and featured musicians from traditional American music genres such as traditional folk music, old-time music, bluegrass and blues. The show's title is drawn from the lyrics of the song by Seeger "Oh, Had I A Golden Thread".

## Production

The program was produced on a low budget funded by Seeger and his co-producer, Sholom Rubinstein. Seeger's wife, Toshi Seeger, given the title "Chief Cook and Bottle Washer" (someone designated and capable of "doing it all") in the closing credits after each show. Toshi actually functioned as the show's director by default due to the fact that she continually made suggestions to Rubinstein that he, in turn, would pass along to the camera operators. Eventually the cameramen simply followed her instructions without waiting for Rubinstein to repeat them.
The shows were unrehearsed and there was no studio audience even though Seeger's metier was leading his audiences in song. Songs were traded between Seeger and his guests and Seeger often joined in while his guests performed. One show was dedicated to Woody Guthrie and another to Lead Belly. Lead Belly had died long before and Guthrie was incapacitated with Huntington's disease. Both shows featured film clips of the legendary singer/songwriters who had been close friends of Seeger's. Many of the other shows featured film clips made by the Seegers during their travels in the U.S. and elsewhere, including a demonstration in Mexico of guitar-making and another in the West Indies of making a steel drum.
Altogether 39 shows, each 52 minutes long, were recorded in 1965–66 at WNJU-TV (Channel 47), a New York City-based UHF station with studios in Newark, New Jersey. The shows were broadcast by Channel 47, primarily a Spanish-language outlet, to a very limited audience because only televisions equipped with a UHF antenna and tuner could receive them, and reception was difficult in an age prior to cable. For a few years in 1967–68, the shows were repeated on public television station WNDT (Channel 13, now WNET).
Among the guests featured on the program's 39 episodes were The Beers Family, June Carter, Johnny Cash, Judy Collins, Elizabeth Cotten, Cousin Emmy, Reverend Gary Davis, Donovan, Richard Fariña and Mimi Fariña, Roscoe Holcomb, Mississippi John Hurt, Sonia Malkine, Mamou Cajun Band, Shawn Phillips, Bernice Johnson Reagon, Buffy Sainte-Marie, Patrick Sky, The Stanley Brothers, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee, Doc Watson, and Hedy West. The Clancy Brothers and Tommy Makem and Tom Paxton appeared on the first show of the series on short notice because Seeger felt ill, as he explained on camera. Of the Clancy Brothers, only Paddy and Liam appeared, along with Makem. No explanation was given for Tom Clancy's absence from the group. A clip of Tommy Makem singing "The Butcher Boy" during this initial episode appeared in Martin Scorsese's Grammy-winning documentary about Bob Dylan, No Direction Home, which focused on his earliest musical influences. In many instances, recordings of their Rainbow Quest appearances are the only widely-available, or the best-available, video of these performers.

## Publication

In 1980, Norman Ross, president of Clearwater Publishing in New York, a firm that was primarily a publisher of microfilms and reference books, proposed to publish the series on videocassette. (At that time VHS and Betamax were relatively new inventions.) Ross's company, whose name was eponymous with the nonprofit organization founded by Seeger and the boat at the center of the organization's efforts to clean the Hudson River, was not affiliated with the organization. (Ross had named his publishing company Clearwater in honor of Seeger.) However, when Ross began having the 2" broadcast masters copied onto 3/4" cassettes to be used as dubmasters, it became clear that the studio tapes had badly deteriorated while in the vault. A local video studio, Devlin, reported that the surface of the tapes was flaking off, which had damaged their equipment and resulted in copies that were of very poor quality. Devlin resigned from the job.
Another studio in New York examined one of the tapes and reported that it could be rescued by passing it through a chemical bath several times and then transferring the image to new media. However, they estimated that the 2" tapes would only survive one such pass, and the cost would be $19,500 for the 39 shows, a sum that was far too costly for either Ross or the original producers to justify at that point. On the other hand, the loss of all 39 shows would have been a great tragedy, given the unique qualities of the series.
At the suggestion of Manny Kirchheimer, an independent film maker whose wife Gloria was an editor at Clearwater Publishing, the decision was made to seek a grant for the work and a proposal was prepared under the aegis of The Woody Guthrie Foundation, whose director, Harold Leventhal, was also Pete Seeger's manager. The proposal was submitted to the National Endowment for the Arts, where Bess Lomax Hawes (sister of the folklorist Alan Lomax), who had sung with Seeger and Woody Guthrie, among others, as a member of the Almanac Singers, was one of the key people involved in making the decision. Thus the grant was awarded, the tapes were processed and two new sets were created: 1" tapes that went back into the vault and 3/4" videocassettes that became the dubmasters for Clearwater Publishing, which then proceeded to offer copies of the series for sale.
Because Clearwater's marketing efforts were primarily directed to libraries, sales were sparse through the '80s and '90s, especially prior to the advent of the Internet, and only a few thousand cassettes were sold in total. However, a number of libraries acquired the complete (38 shows) collection, including University of Wisconsin-Madison, University of Pennsylvania, Ohio State University, National University (available only to National University faculty in San Diego), and the Tokyo Folklore Center. During this period Sun Video, owned by Caspar Weinberger, Jr., offered a small selection of the shows to the general public. In 2003 Ross, having sold both Clearwater Publishing and his subsequent firm, Norman Ross Publishing, withdrew from the agreement. A subsequent agreement with Shanachie Records, negotiated by Rubinstein, resulted in 12 of the shows becoming available on DVD, however the remaining 27 were no longer available for sale. Two episodes, one featuring Tommy Makem and another featuring Johnny Cash and June Carter were available on Netflix' streaming service as of December 2011. Sholom Rubinstein died a few years later.
In September 2015 archivist and librarian Karl-Rainer Blumenthal announced that he had uploaded copies of 10 available episodes to the Internet Archive. His blog post, with streaming players for the videos, originally included a footnote stating that "The show has been in the public domain since the 1990s"; he has since edited his comment, noting that he "cannot confidently characterize the copyright status of this work".

## Episode list

* The Clancy Brothers and Tommy Makem with Tom Paxton
* "Lead Belly" (solo performance by Seeger)
* Elizabeth Cotten with Rosa Valentin & Rafael Martinez
* Ruth Rubin
* Jean Ritchie and Bernice Reagon
* Malvina Reynolds and Jack Elliott
* Bessie Jones and Children from the Downtown Community School
* New Lost City Ramblers
* The Beers Family
* Herbert Manana
* Martha Schlamme & Abraham Stockman
* Doc Watson with Clint Howard and Fred Price
* Norman Studer and Grant Rogers
* "Political Satire" (solo performance by Seeger)
* Lino Manocchia, Ralph Marino, and Federico Picciano
* Mimi and Richard Fariña
* Roscoe Holcomb with Jean Redpath
* The Stanley Brothers and the Clinch Mountain Boys with Cousin Emmy
* Sonia Malkine
* "Woody Guthrie" (solo performance by Seeger)
* Patrick Sky and The Pennywhistlers
* Len Chandler
* Donovan, Shawn Phillips, and Reverend Gary Davis
* Alexander Zelkin [fr]
* Mamou Cajun Band
* Frank Warner and film of Frank Proffit
* Paul Draper & Coleridge Perkinson
* Penny Cohen and Sonya Cohen
* Theodore Bikel and Rashid Hussein
* Steve Addiss and Bill Crofut with Pham Duy
* The Greenbriar Boys
* Judy Collins
* Jim Garland and Hazel Garland
* Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee
* Bessie Jones and Children from the Downtown Community School
* Mississippi John Hurt, Hedy West & Paul Cadwell
* Herbert Levy, K. L. Wong and Hi-Landers Steel Band
* Buffy Sainte-Marie
* Johnny Cash and June Carter

## VHS/DVD releases

Starting in the early 1980s 38 of the shows were made available on VHS, Betamax and 3/4" (U-Matic) tapes by Norman Ross through the companies he owned, Clearwater Publishing, Norman Ross Publishing and Ross Publishing. The 39th show, featuring Johnny Cash and June Carter, was withheld at the request of Pete Seeger because Johnny Cash was heavily on drugs during his appearance. However, in the late '90s this show was released to the public by Sholom Rubinstein. In 2005, 12 episodes were released on six DVDs by Shanachie, two episodes per disc.
* Johnny Cash and June Carter / Roscoe Holcomb with Jean Redpath
* The Clancy Brothers and Tommy Makem / The Mamou String Band
* The Stanley Brothers with Cousin Emmy / Doc Watson with Clint Howard and Fred Price
* The New Lost City Ramblers / The Greenbriar Boys
* Judy Collins / Elizabeth Cotten
* Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee / Mississippi John Hurt